msvc/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.50.35717/include/bitset

// bitset standard header

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception

#ifndef _BITSET_
#define _BITSET_
#include <yvals_core.h>
#if _STL_COMPILER_PREPROCESSOR
#include <__msvc_bit_utils.hpp>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <xstring>

#pragma pack(push, _CRT_PACKING)
#pragma warning(push, _STL_WARNING_LEVEL)
#pragma warning(disable : _STL_DISABLED_WARNINGS)
_STL_DISABLE_CLANG_WARNINGS
#pragma push_macro("new")
#undef new

#ifndef _STD_BITSET_TO_STREAM_STACK_RESERVATION
#define _STD_BITSET_TO_STREAM_STACK_RESERVATION 128
#endif // !defined(_STD_BITSET_TO_STREAM_STACK_RESERVATION)

#if _USE_STD_VECTOR_ALGORITHMS
// These bitset functions sometimes assume that the bit array has zero padding to a multiple of 2 or 4 bytes.
// The assumptions hold true even for the vNext suggestion to use smaller types for small bitsets (see GH-1498)
// due to vectorization thresholds.

extern "C" {
__declspec(noalias) void __stdcall __std_bitset_to_string_1(
    char* _Dest, const void* _Src, size_t _Size_bits, char _Elem0, char _Elem1) noexcept;
__declspec(noalias) void __stdcall __std_bitset_to_string_2(
    wchar_t* _Dest, const void* _Src, size_t _Size_bits, wchar_t _Elem0, wchar_t _Elem1) noexcept;
__declspec(noalias) bool __stdcall __std_bitset_from_string_1(void* _Dest, const char* _Src, size_t _Size_bytes,
    size_t _Size_bits, size_t _Size_chars, char _Elem0, char _Elem1) noexcept;
__declspec(noalias) bool __stdcall __std_bitset_from_string_2(void* _Dest, const wchar_t* _Src, size_t _Size_bytes,
    size_t _Size_bits, size_t _Size_chars, wchar_t _Elem0, wchar_t _Elem1) noexcept;
} // extern "C"
#endif // _USE_STD_VECTOR_ALGORITHMS

_STD_BEGIN
template <class _Elem, size_t _Bits, bool _Dynamic = (_Bits * sizeof(_Elem) > _STD_BITSET_TO_STREAM_STACK_RESERVATION)>
struct _Buffer_for_bitset {
    _Buffer_for_bitset() noexcept                            = default;
    _Buffer_for_bitset(const _Buffer_for_bitset&)            = delete;
    _Buffer_for_bitset& operator=(const _Buffer_for_bitset&) = delete;

    ~_Buffer_for_bitset() {
        delete[] _Buf;
    }

    void _Allocate() {
        _Buf = new _Elem[_Bits];
    }

    _Elem* _Buf = nullptr;
};

template <class _Elem, size_t _Bits>
struct _Buffer_for_bitset<_Elem, _Bits, false> {
    _Buffer_for_bitset() noexcept { /* intentionally not initializing _Buf */ }
    _Buffer_for_bitset(const _Buffer_for_bitset&)            = delete;
    _Buffer_for_bitset& operator=(const _Buffer_for_bitset&) = delete;

    void _Allocate() noexcept {}

    _Elem _Buf[(_Bits != 0) ? _Bits : 1];
};

_EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Bits>
class bitset { // store fixed-length sequence of Boolean elements
private:
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4296) // expression is always true (/Wall)
    using _Ty = conditional_t<_Bits <= sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT, unsigned long, unsigned long long>;
#pragma warning(pop)

public:
    class reference { // proxy for an element
        friend bitset;

    public:
        _CONSTEXPR23 reference(const reference&) = default;

        _CONSTEXPR23 ~reference() noexcept {} // TRANSITION, ABI

        _CONSTEXPR23 reference& operator=(const bool _Val) noexcept {
            _Pbitset->_Set_unchecked(_Mypos, _Val);
            return *this;
        }

        _CONSTEXPR23 reference& operator=(const reference& _Bitref) noexcept {
            _Pbitset->_Set_unchecked(_Mypos, static_cast<bool>(_Bitref));
            return *this;
        }

        _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bool operator~() const noexcept {
            return !_Pbitset->_Subscript(_Mypos);
        }

        _CONSTEXPR23 operator bool() const noexcept {
            return _Pbitset->_Subscript(_Mypos);
        }

        _CONSTEXPR23 reference& flip() noexcept {
            _Pbitset->_Flip_unchecked(_Mypos);
            return *this;
        }

    private:
        _CONSTEXPR23 reference(bitset<_Bits>& _Bitset, const size_t _Pos) noexcept : _Pbitset(&_Bitset), _Mypos(_Pos) {}

        bitset<_Bits>* _Pbitset;
        size_t _Mypos; // position of element in bitset
    };

private:
    constexpr bool _Subscript(size_t _Pos) const noexcept {
        return (_Array[_Pos / _Bitsperword] & (_Ty{1} << _Pos % _Bitsperword)) != 0;
    }

    static constexpr bool _Need_mask          = _Bits < CHAR_BIT * sizeof(unsigned long long);
    static constexpr unsigned long long _Mask = (1ULL << (_Need_mask ? _Bits : 0)) - 1ULL;

public:
    _NODISCARD constexpr bool operator[](const size_t _Pos) const noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _MSVC_STL_HARDENING_BITSET || _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
        _STL_VERIFY(_Pos < _Bits, "bitset subscript out of range");
#endif

        return _Subscript(_Pos);
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 reference operator[](const size_t _Pos) noexcept /* strengthened */ {
#if _MSVC_STL_HARDENING_BITSET || _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL != 0
        _STL_VERIFY(_Pos < _Bits, "bitset subscript out of range");
#endif

        return reference(*this, _Pos);
    }

    constexpr bitset() noexcept : _Array() {} // construct with all false values

    constexpr bitset(unsigned long long _Val) noexcept : _Array{static_cast<_Ty>(_Need_mask ? _Val & _Mask : _Val)} {}

private:
    template <class _Traits, class _Elem>
    _CONSTEXPR23 void _Construct(const _Elem* const _Ptr, size_t _Count, const _Elem _Elem0, const _Elem _Elem1) {
#if _USE_STD_VECTOR_ALGORITHMS
        constexpr size_t _Bitset_from_string_vector_threshold = 16;
        if constexpr (_Bits >= _Bitset_from_string_vector_threshold
                      && _Is_implementation_handled_char_traits<_Traits> && sizeof(_Elem) <= 2) {
            if (!_STD _Is_constant_evaluated()) {
                bool _Result;

                if constexpr (sizeof(_Elem) == 1) {
                    _Result = __std_bitset_from_string_1(_Array, reinterpret_cast<const char*>(_Ptr), sizeof(_Array),
                        _Bits, _Count, static_cast<char>(_Elem0), static_cast<char>(_Elem1));
                } else {
                    _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(_Elem) == 2);
                    _Result = __std_bitset_from_string_2(_Array, reinterpret_cast<const wchar_t*>(_Ptr), sizeof(_Array),
                        _Bits, _Count, static_cast<wchar_t>(_Elem0), static_cast<wchar_t>(_Elem1));
                }

                if (!_Result) {
                    _Xinv();
                }

                return;
            }
        }
#endif // _USE_STD_VECTOR_ALGORITHMS
        if (_Count > _Bits) {
            for (size_t _Idx = _Bits; _Idx < _Count; ++_Idx) {
                const auto _Ch = _Ptr[_Idx];
                if (!_Traits::eq(_Elem1, _Ch) && !_Traits::eq(_Elem0, _Ch)) {
                    _Xinv();
                }
            }

            _Count = _Bits;
        }

        size_t _Wpos = 0;
        if (_Count != 0) {
            size_t _Bits_used_in_word = 0;
            auto _Last                = _Ptr + _Count;
            _Ty _This_word            = 0;
            do {
                --_Last;
                const auto _Ch = *_Last;
                _This_word |= static_cast<_Ty>(_Traits::eq(_Elem1, _Ch)) << _Bits_used_in_word;
                if (!_Traits::eq(_Elem1, _Ch) && !_Traits::eq(_Elem0, _Ch)) {
                    _Xinv();
                }

                if (++_Bits_used_in_word == _Bitsperword) {
                    _Array[_Wpos] = _This_word;
                    ++_Wpos;
                    _This_word         = 0;
                    _Bits_used_in_word = 0;
                }
            } while (_Ptr != _Last);

            if (_Bits_used_in_word != 0) {
                _Array[_Wpos] = _This_word;
                ++_Wpos;
            }
        }

        for (; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
            _Array[_Wpos] = 0;
        }
    }

public:
    template <class _Elem, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
    _CONSTEXPR23 explicit bitset(const basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>& _Str,
        typename basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type _Pos   = 0,
        typename basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>::size_type _Count = basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Alloc>::npos,
        _Elem _Elem0 = static_cast<_Elem>('0'), _Elem _Elem1 = static_cast<_Elem>('1')) {
        // construct from [_Pos, _Pos + _Count) elements in string
        if (_Str.size() < _Pos) {
            _Xran(); // _Pos off end
        }

        if (_Str.size() - _Pos < _Count) {
            _Count = _Str.size() - _Pos; // trim _Count to size
        }

        _Construct<_Traits>(_Str.data() + _Pos, _Count, _Elem0, _Elem1);
    }

    template <class _Elem>
    _CONSTEXPR23 explicit bitset(const _Elem* _Ntcts,
        typename basic_string<_Elem>::size_type _Count = basic_string<_Elem>::npos,
        _Elem _Elem0 = static_cast<_Elem>('0'), _Elem _Elem1 = static_cast<_Elem>('1')) {
        if (_Count == basic_string<_Elem>::npos) {
            _Count = char_traits<_Elem>::length(_Ntcts);
        }

        _Construct<char_traits<_Elem>>(_Ntcts, _Count, _Elem0, _Elem1);
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& operator&=(const bitset& _Right) noexcept {
        for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
            _Array[_Wpos] &= _Right._Array[_Wpos];
        }

        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& operator|=(const bitset& _Right) noexcept {
        for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
            _Array[_Wpos] |= _Right._Array[_Wpos];
        }

        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& operator^=(const bitset& _Right) noexcept {
        for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
            _Array[_Wpos] ^= _Right._Array[_Wpos];
        }

        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& operator<<=(size_t _Pos) noexcept { // shift left by _Pos, first by words then by bits
        const auto _Wordshift = static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(_Pos / _Bitsperword);
        if (_Wordshift != 0) {
            for (ptrdiff_t _Wpos = _Words; 0 <= _Wpos; --_Wpos) {
                _Array[_Wpos] = _Wordshift <= _Wpos ? _Array[_Wpos - _Wordshift] : 0;
            }
        }

        if ((_Pos %= _Bitsperword) != 0) { // 0 < _Pos < _Bitsperword, shift by bits
            for (ptrdiff_t _Wpos = _Words; 0 < _Wpos; --_Wpos) {
                _Array[_Wpos] = (_Array[_Wpos] << _Pos) | (_Array[_Wpos - 1] >> (_Bitsperword - _Pos));
            }

            _Array[0] <<= _Pos;
        }
        _Trim();
        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& operator>>=(size_t _Pos) noexcept { // shift right by _Pos, first by words then by bits
        const auto _Wordshift = static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(_Pos / _Bitsperword);
        if (_Wordshift != 0) {
            for (ptrdiff_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
                _Array[_Wpos] = _Wordshift <= _Words - _Wpos ? _Array[_Wpos + _Wordshift] : 0;
            }
        }

        if ((_Pos %= _Bitsperword) != 0) { // 0 < _Pos < _Bitsperword, shift by bits
            for (ptrdiff_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos < _Words; ++_Wpos) {
                _Array[_Wpos] = (_Array[_Wpos] >> _Pos) | (_Array[_Wpos + 1] << (_Bitsperword - _Pos));
            }

            _Array[_Words] >>= _Pos;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& set() noexcept { // set all bits true
#if _HAS_CXX23
        if (_STD is_constant_evaluated()) {
            for (auto& _El : _Array) {
                _El = static_cast<_Ty>(-1);
            }
        } else
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
        {
            _CSTD memset(&_Array, 0xFF, sizeof(_Array));
        }
        _Trim();
        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& set(const size_t _Pos, bool _Val = true) { // set bit at _Pos to _Val
        if (_Bits <= _Pos) {
            _Xran(); // _Pos off end
        }

        return _Set_unchecked(_Pos, _Val);
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& reset() noexcept { // set all bits false
#if _HAS_CXX23
        if (_STD is_constant_evaluated()) {
            for (auto& _El : _Array) {
                _El = 0;
            }
        } else
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
        {
            _CSTD memset(&_Array, 0, sizeof(_Array));
        }
        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& reset(const size_t _Pos) { // set bit at _Pos to false
        return set(_Pos, false);
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bitset operator~() const noexcept { // flip all bits
        bitset _Tmp = *this;
        _Tmp.flip();
        return _Tmp;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& flip() noexcept { // flip all bits
        for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
            _Array[_Wpos] = ~_Array[_Wpos];
        }

        _Trim();
        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& flip(const size_t _Pos) { // flip bit at _Pos
        if (_Bits <= _Pos) {
            _Xran(); // _Pos off end
        }

        return _Flip_unchecked(_Pos);
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 unsigned long to_ulong() const noexcept(_Bits <= 32) /* strengthened */ {
        constexpr bool _Bits_zero  = _Bits == 0;
        constexpr bool _Bits_small = _Bits <= 32;
        constexpr bool _Bits_large = _Bits > 64;
        if constexpr (_Bits_zero) {
            return 0;
        } else if constexpr (_Bits_small) {
            return static_cast<unsigned long>(_Array[0]);
        } else {
            if constexpr (_Bits_large) {
                for (size_t _Idx = 1; _Idx <= _Words; ++_Idx) {
                    if (_Array[_Idx] != 0) {
                        _Xoflo(); // fail if any high-order words are nonzero
                    }
                }
            }

            if (!_STD _In_range<unsigned long>(_Array[0])) {
                _Xoflo();
            }

            return static_cast<unsigned long>(_Array[0]);
        }
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 unsigned long long to_ullong() const noexcept(_Bits <= 64) /* strengthened */ {
        constexpr bool _Bits_zero  = _Bits == 0;
        constexpr bool _Bits_large = _Bits > 64;
        if constexpr (_Bits_zero) {
            return 0;
        } else {
            if constexpr (_Bits_large) {
                for (size_t _Idx = 1; _Idx <= _Words; ++_Idx) {
                    if (_Array[_Idx] != 0) {
                        _Xoflo(); // fail if any high-order words are nonzero
                    }
                }
            }

            return _Array[0];
        }
    }

    template <class _Elem = char, class _Tr = char_traits<_Elem>, class _Alloc = allocator<_Elem>>
    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 basic_string<_Elem, _Tr, _Alloc> to_string(
        const _Elem _Elem0 = static_cast<_Elem>('0'), const _Elem _Elem1 = static_cast<_Elem>('1')) const {
        // convert bitset to string
        basic_string<_Elem, _Tr, _Alloc> _Str;
        _Str._Resize_and_overwrite(_Bits, [this, _Elem0, _Elem1](_Elem* _Buf, size_t _Len) {
            _To_string(_Buf, _Len, _Elem0, _Elem1);
            return _Len;
        });
        return _Str;
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 size_t count() const noexcept { // count number of set bits
        return _Select_popcount_impl<_Ty>([this](auto _Popcount_impl) {
            size_t _Val = 0;
            for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
                _Val += _Popcount_impl(_Array[_Wpos]);
            }

            return _Val;
        });
    }

    _NODISCARD constexpr size_t size() const noexcept {
        return _Bits;
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bool operator==(const bitset& _Right) const noexcept {
#if _HAS_CXX23
        if (_STD is_constant_evaluated()) {
            for (size_t _Index = 0; _Index <= _Words; ++_Index) {
                if (_Array[_Index] != _Right._Array[_Index]) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            return true;
        } else
#endif // _HAS_CXX23
        {
            return _CSTD memcmp(&_Array[0], &_Right._Array[0], sizeof(_Array)) == 0;
        }
    }

#if !_HAS_CXX20
    _NODISCARD bool operator!=(const bitset& _Right) const noexcept {
        return !(*this == _Right);
    }
#endif // !_HAS_CXX20

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bool test(const size_t _Pos) const {
        if (_Bits <= _Pos) {
            _Xran(); // _Pos off end
        }

        return _Subscript(_Pos);
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bool any() const noexcept {
        for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos <= _Words; ++_Wpos) {
            if (_Array[_Wpos] != 0) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bool none() const noexcept {
        return !any();
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bool all() const noexcept {
        constexpr bool _Zero_length = _Bits == 0;
        if constexpr (_Zero_length) { // must test for this, otherwise would count one full word
            return true;
        }

        constexpr bool _No_padding = _Bits % _Bitsperword == 0;
        for (size_t _Wpos = 0; _Wpos < _Words + _No_padding; ++_Wpos) {
            if (_Array[_Wpos] != ~static_cast<_Ty>(0)) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return _No_padding || _Array[_Words] == (static_cast<_Ty>(1) << (_Bits % _Bitsperword)) - 1;
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bitset operator<<(const size_t _Pos) const noexcept {
        bitset _Tmp = *this;
        _Tmp <<= _Pos;
        return _Tmp;
    }

    _NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bitset operator>>(const size_t _Pos) const noexcept {
        bitset _Tmp = *this;
        _Tmp >>= _Pos;
        return _Tmp;
    }

    _NODISCARD _Ty _Getword(size_t _Wpos) const noexcept { // nonstandard extension; get underlying word
        return _Array[_Wpos];
    }

    template <class _Elem>
    _CONSTEXPR23 void _To_string(
        _Elem* const _Buf, const size_t _Len, const _Elem _Elem0, const _Elem _Elem1) const noexcept {
#if _USE_STD_VECTOR_ALGORITHMS
        constexpr size_t _Bitset_to_string_vector_threshold = 32;
        if constexpr (_Bits >= _Bitset_to_string_vector_threshold && is_integral_v<_Elem> && sizeof(_Elem) <= 2) {
            if (!_Is_constant_evaluated()) {
                if constexpr (sizeof(_Elem) == 1) {
                    __std_bitset_to_string_1(reinterpret_cast<char*>(_Buf), _Array, _Len, static_cast<char>(_Elem0),
                        static_cast<char>(_Elem1));
                } else {
                    _STL_INTERNAL_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(_Elem) == 2);
                    __std_bitset_to_string_2(reinterpret_cast<wchar_t*>(_Buf), _Array, _Len,
                        static_cast<wchar_t>(_Elem0), static_cast<wchar_t>(_Elem1));
                }

                return;
            }
        }
#endif // _USE_STD_VECTOR_ALGORITHMS

        for (size_t _Pos = 0; _Pos < _Len; ++_Pos) {
            _Buf[_Pos] = _Subscript(_Len - 1 - _Pos) ? _Elem1 : _Elem0;
        }
    }

private:
    friend hash<bitset<_Bits>>;

    static constexpr ptrdiff_t _Bitsperword = CHAR_BIT * sizeof(_Ty);
    static constexpr ptrdiff_t _Words       = _Bits == 0 ? 0 : (_Bits - 1) / _Bitsperword; // NB: number of words - 1

    _CONSTEXPR23 void _Trim() noexcept { // clear any trailing bits in last word
        constexpr bool _Work_to_do = _Bits == 0 || _Bits % _Bitsperword != 0;
        if constexpr (_Work_to_do) {
            _Array[_Words] &= (_Ty{1} << _Bits % _Bitsperword) - 1;
        }
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& _Set_unchecked(const size_t _Pos, const bool _Val) noexcept {
        // set bit at _Pos to _Val, no checking
        auto& _Selected_word = _Array[_Pos / _Bitsperword];
        const auto _Bit      = _Ty{1} << _Pos % _Bitsperword;
        if (_Val) {
            _Selected_word |= _Bit;
        } else {
            _Selected_word &= ~_Bit;
        }

        return *this;
    }

    _CONSTEXPR23 bitset& _Flip_unchecked(const size_t _Pos) noexcept { // flip bit at _Pos, no checking
        _Array[_Pos / _Bitsperword] ^= _Ty{1} << _Pos % _Bitsperword;
        return *this;
    }

    [[noreturn]] static void _Xinv() {
        _Xinvalid_argument("invalid bitset char");
    }

    [[noreturn]] static void _Xoflo() {
        _Xoverflow_error("bitset overflow");
    }

    [[noreturn]] static void _Xran() {
        _Xout_of_range("invalid bitset position");
    }

    _Ty _Array[_Words + 1];
};

_EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Bits>
_NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bitset<_Bits> operator&(const bitset<_Bits>& _Left, const bitset<_Bits>& _Right) noexcept {
    bitset<_Bits> _Ans = _Left;
    _Ans &= _Right;
    return _Ans;
}

_EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Bits>
_NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bitset<_Bits> operator|(const bitset<_Bits>& _Left, const bitset<_Bits>& _Right) noexcept {
    bitset<_Bits> _Ans = _Left;
    _Ans |= _Right;
    return _Ans;
}

_EXPORT_STD template <size_t _Bits>
_NODISCARD _CONSTEXPR23 bitset<_Bits> operator^(const bitset<_Bits>& _Left, const bitset<_Bits>& _Right) noexcept {
    bitset<_Bits> _Ans = _Left;
    _Ans ^= _Right;
    return _Ans;
}

_EXPORT_STD template <class _Elem, class _Tr, size_t _Bits>
basic_ostream<_Elem, _Tr>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_Elem, _Tr>& _Ostr, const bitset<_Bits>& _Right) {
    using _Ctype             = typename basic_ostream<_Elem, _Tr>::_Ctype;
    const _Ctype& _Ctype_fac = _STD use_facet<_Ctype>(_Ostr.getloc());
    const _Elem _Elem0       = _Ctype_fac.widen('0');
    const _Elem _Elem1       = _Ctype_fac.widen('1');

    _Buffer_for_bitset<_Elem, _Bits> _Buf;
    _Buf._Allocate();
    _Right._To_string(_Buf._Buf, _Bits, _Elem0, _Elem1);
    _Ostr.write(_Buf._Buf, _Bits);
    return _Ostr;
}

_EXPORT_STD template <class _Elem, class _Tr, size_t _Bits>
basic_istream<_Elem, _Tr>& operator>>(basic_istream<_Elem, _Tr>& _Istr, bitset<_Bits>& _Right) {
    using _Istr_t                    = basic_istream<_Elem, _Tr>;
    using _Ctype                     = typename _Istr_t::_Ctype;
    const _Ctype& _Ctype_fac         = _STD use_facet<_Ctype>(_Istr.getloc());
    const _Elem _Elem0               = _Ctype_fac.widen('0');
    const _Elem _Elem1               = _Ctype_fac.widen('1');
    typename _Istr_t::iostate _State = _Istr_t::goodbit;
    size_t _Count                    = 0;
    _Buffer_for_bitset<_Elem, _Bits> _Buf;
    const typename _Istr_t::sentry _Ok(_Istr);

    if (_Ok) { // valid stream, extract elements
        _TRY_IO_BEGIN
        _Buf._Allocate();
        typename _Tr::int_type _Meta = _Istr.rdbuf()->sgetc();
        for (; _Count < _Bits; ++_Count, _Meta = _Istr.rdbuf()->snextc()) {
            // test _Meta
            if (_Tr::eq_int_type(_Tr::eof(), _Meta)) { // end of file, quit
                _State |= _Istr_t::eofbit;
                break;
            }

            const _Elem _Char = _Tr::to_char_type(_Meta);

            if (!_Tr::eq(_Char, _Elem0) && !_Tr::eq(_Char, _Elem1)) {
                break; // invalid element
            }

            // valid, append '0' or '1'
            _Buf._Buf[_Count] = '0' + _Tr::eq(_Char, _Elem1);
        }

        _CATCH_IO_(_Istr_t, _Istr)
    }

    constexpr bool _Has_bits = _Bits > 0;

    if constexpr (_Has_bits) {
        if (_Count == 0) {
            _State |= _Istr_t::failbit;
        }
    }

    _Istr.setstate(_State);
    _Right = bitset<_Bits>{_Buf._Buf, _Count}; // convert string and store
    return _Istr;
}

template <size_t _Bits>
struct hash<bitset<_Bits>> {
    using _ARGUMENT_TYPE_NAME _CXX17_DEPRECATE_ADAPTOR_TYPEDEFS = bitset<_Bits>;
    using _RESULT_TYPE_NAME _CXX17_DEPRECATE_ADAPTOR_TYPEDEFS   = size_t;

    _NODISCARD _STATIC_CALL_OPERATOR size_t operator()(const bitset<_Bits>& _Keyval) _CONST_CALL_OPERATOR noexcept {
        return _Hash_representation(_Keyval._Array);
    }
};
_STD_END

#pragma pop_macro("new")
_STL_RESTORE_CLANG_WARNINGS
#pragma warning(pop)
#pragma pack(pop)
#endif // _STL_COMPILER_PREPROCESSOR
#endif // _BITSET_