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  1. git/mingw64/share/doc/connect/manual.html +1420 -0
  2. git/mingw64/share/doc/connect/manual.txt +625 -0
  3. git/mingw64/share/doc/expat/AUTHORS +10 -0
  4. git/mingw64/share/doc/expat/changelog +1926 -0
  5. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/BreakingChanges.adoc +335 -0
  6. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/BreakingChanges.html +940 -0
  7. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/DecisionMaking.adoc +74 -0
  8. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/DecisionMaking.html +545 -0
  9. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/blame-options.adoc +151 -0
  10. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.adoc +51 -0
  11. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-ancillarymanipulators.adoc +36 -0
  12. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-developerinterfaces.adoc +33 -0
  13. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-foreignscminterface.adoc +30 -0
  14. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-guide.adoc +39 -0
  15. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-mainporcelain.adoc +141 -0
  16. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-plumbinginterrogators.adoc +72 -0
  17. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-plumbingmanipulators.adoc +60 -0
  18. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-purehelpers.adoc +54 -0
  19. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-synchelpers.adoc +18 -0
  20. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-synchingrepositories.adoc +15 -0
  21. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-userinterfaces.adoc +24 -0
  22. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/config.adoc +568 -0
  23. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/date-formats.adoc +31 -0
  24. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-algorithm-option.adoc +20 -0
  25. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-context-options.adoc +12 -0
  26. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-format.adoc +186 -0
  27. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-generate-patch.adoc +210 -0
  28. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-options.adoc +917 -0
  29. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/docbook-xsl.css +296 -0
  30. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/docinfo.html +5 -0
  31. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html +464 -0
  32. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/fetch-options.adoc +358 -0
  33. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/for-each-ref-options.adoc +85 -0
  34. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/format-patch-caveats.adoc +33 -0
  35. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/format-patch-end-of-commit-message.adoc +8 -0
  36. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/fsck-msgids.adoc +253 -0
  37. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-add.adoc +460 -0
  38. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-add.html +1058 -0
  39. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-am.adoc +316 -0
  40. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-am.html +951 -0
  41. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-annotate.adoc +33 -0
  42. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-annotate.html +724 -0
  43. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-apply.adoc +299 -0
  44. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-apply.html +852 -0
  45. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-archive.adoc +248 -0
  46. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-archive.html +777 -0
  47. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-backfill.adoc +75 -0
  48. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-backfill.html +553 -0
  49. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-bash.adoc +107 -0
  50. git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-bash.html +586 -0
git/mingw64/share/doc/connect/manual.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,1420 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
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+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
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+ <head>
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+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
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+ <meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.5.2" />
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+ <title>SSH Proxy Command&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;connect.c</title>
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+ <style type="text/css">
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+ /* Debug borders */
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+ p, li, dt, dd, div, pre, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
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+ /*
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+ border: 1px solid red;
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+ */
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+ }
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+
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+ body {
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+ margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
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+ }
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+
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+ a {
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+ color: blue;
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+ text-decoration: underline;
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+ }
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+ a:visited {
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+ font-weight: bold;
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+ color: #083194;
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+ tt {
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+ color: navy;
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+ }
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+ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
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+ color: #527bbd;
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+ font-family: sans-serif;
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+ margin-top: 1.2em;
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+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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+ line-height: 1.3;
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+ }
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+
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+ h1, h2, h3 {
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+ border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
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+ }
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+ h2 {
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+ padding-top: 0.5em;
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+ }
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+ h3 {
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+ float: left;
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+ }
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+ h3 + * {
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+ clear: left;
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+ }
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+
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+ div.sectionbody {
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+ font-family: serif;
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+ margin-left: 0;
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+ }
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+
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+ hr {
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+ border: 1px solid silver;
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+ }
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+
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+ p {
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+ margin-top: 0.5em;
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+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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+ }
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+
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+ ul, ol, li > p {
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+ margin-top: 0;
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+ }
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+
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+ pre {
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+ padding: 0;
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+ margin: 0;
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+ }
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+
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+ span#author {
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+ color: #527bbd;
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+ font-family: sans-serif;
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+ font-weight: bold;
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+ font-size: 1.1em;
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+ }
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+ span#email {
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+ }
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+ span#revnumber, span#revdate, span#revremark {
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+ font-family: sans-serif;
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+ }
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+
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+ div#footer {
99
+ font-family: sans-serif;
100
+ font-size: small;
101
+ border-top: 2px solid silver;
102
+ padding-top: 0.5em;
103
+ margin-top: 4.0em;
104
+ }
105
+ div#footer-text {
106
+ float: left;
107
+ padding-bottom: 0.5em;
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+ }
109
+ div#footer-badges {
110
+ float: right;
111
+ padding-bottom: 0.5em;
112
+ }
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+
114
+ div#preamble {
115
+ margin-top: 1.5em;
116
+ margin-bottom: 1.5em;
117
+ }
118
+ div.tableblock, div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
119
+ div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
120
+ div.admonitionblock {
121
+ margin-top: 1.0em;
122
+ margin-bottom: 1.5em;
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+ }
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+ div.admonitionblock {
125
+ margin-top: 2.0em;
126
+ margin-bottom: 2.0em;
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+ margin-right: 10%;
128
+ color: #606060;
129
+ }
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+
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+ div.content { /* Block element content. */
132
+ padding: 0;
133
+ }
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+
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+ /* Block element titles. */
136
+ div.title, caption.title {
137
+ color: #527bbd;
138
+ font-family: sans-serif;
139
+ font-weight: bold;
140
+ text-align: left;
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+ margin-top: 1.0em;
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+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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+ }
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+ div.title + * {
145
+ margin-top: 0;
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+ }
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+
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+ td div.title:first-child {
149
+ margin-top: 0.0em;
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+ }
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+ div.content div.title:first-child {
152
+ margin-top: 0.0em;
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+ }
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+ div.content + div.title {
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+ margin-top: 0.0em;
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+ }
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+
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+ div.sidebarblock > div.content {
159
+ background: #ffffee;
160
+ border: 1px solid silver;
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+ padding: 0.5em;
162
+ }
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+
164
+ div.listingblock > div.content {
165
+ border: 1px solid silver;
166
+ background: #f4f4f4;
167
+ padding: 0.5em;
168
+ }
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+
170
+ div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
171
+ padding-left: 1.0em;
172
+ margin-left: 1.0em;
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+ margin-right: 10%;
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+ border-left: 5px solid #dddddd;
175
+ color: #777777;
176
+ }
177
+
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+ div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
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+ padding-top: 0.5em;
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+ text-align: right;
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+ }
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+
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+ div.verseblock > div.content {
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+ white-space: pre;
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+ }
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+ div.verseblock > div.attribution {
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+ padding-top: 0.75em;
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+ text-align: left;
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+ }
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+ /* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
191
+ div.verseblock + div.attribution {
192
+ text-align: left;
193
+ }
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+
195
+ div.admonitionblock .icon {
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+ vertical-align: top;
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+ font-size: 1.1em;
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+ font-weight: bold;
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+ text-decoration: underline;
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+ color: #527bbd;
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+ padding-right: 0.5em;
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+ }
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+ div.admonitionblock td.content {
204
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
205
+ border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
206
+ }
207
+
208
+ div.exampleblock > div.content {
209
+ border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
210
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
211
+ }
212
+
213
+ div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
214
+ span.image img { border-style: none; }
215
+ a.image:visited { color: white; }
216
+
217
+ dl {
218
+ margin-top: 0.8em;
219
+ margin-bottom: 0.8em;
220
+ }
221
+ dt {
222
+ margin-top: 0.5em;
223
+ margin-bottom: 0;
224
+ font-style: normal;
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+ color: navy;
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+ }
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+ dd > *:first-child {
228
+ margin-top: 0.1em;
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+ }
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+
231
+ ul, ol {
232
+ list-style-position: outside;
233
+ }
234
+ ol.arabic {
235
+ list-style-type: decimal;
236
+ }
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+ ol.loweralpha {
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+ list-style-type: lower-alpha;
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+ }
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+ ol.upperalpha {
241
+ list-style-type: upper-alpha;
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+ }
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+ ol.lowerroman {
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+ list-style-type: lower-roman;
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+ }
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+ ol.upperroman {
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+ list-style-type: upper-roman;
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+ }
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+
250
+ div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
251
+ div.compact p, div.compact p,
252
+ div.compact div, div.compact div {
253
+ margin-top: 0.1em;
254
+ margin-bottom: 0.1em;
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+ }
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+
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+ div.tableblock > table {
258
+ border: 3px solid #527bbd;
259
+ }
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+ thead, p.table.header {
261
+ font-family: sans-serif;
262
+ font-weight: bold;
263
+ }
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+ tfoot {
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+ font-weight: bold;
266
+ }
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+ td > div.verse {
268
+ white-space: pre;
269
+ }
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+ p.table {
271
+ margin-top: 0;
272
+ }
273
+ /* Because the table frame attribute is overriden by CSS in most browsers. */
274
+ div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
275
+ border-style: none;
276
+ }
277
+ div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
278
+ border-left-style: none;
279
+ border-right-style: none;
280
+ }
281
+ div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
282
+ border-top-style: none;
283
+ border-bottom-style: none;
284
+ }
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+
286
+
287
+ div.hdlist {
288
+ margin-top: 0.8em;
289
+ margin-bottom: 0.8em;
290
+ }
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+ div.hdlist tr {
292
+ padding-bottom: 15px;
293
+ }
294
+ dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
295
+ font-weight: bold;
296
+ }
297
+ td.hdlist1 {
298
+ vertical-align: top;
299
+ font-style: normal;
300
+ padding-right: 0.8em;
301
+ color: navy;
302
+ }
303
+ td.hdlist2 {
304
+ vertical-align: top;
305
+ }
306
+ div.hdlist.compact tr {
307
+ margin: 0;
308
+ padding-bottom: 0;
309
+ }
310
+
311
+ .comment {
312
+ background: yellow;
313
+ }
314
+
315
+ .footnote, .footnoteref {
316
+ font-size: 0.8em;
317
+ }
318
+
319
+ span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
320
+ vertical-align: super;
321
+ }
322
+
323
+ #footnotes {
324
+ margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
325
+ padding: 7px 0 0 0;
326
+ }
327
+
328
+ #footnotes div.footnote {
329
+ margin: 0 0 5px 0;
330
+ }
331
+
332
+ #footnotes hr {
333
+ border: none;
334
+ border-top: 1px solid silver;
335
+ height: 1px;
336
+ text-align: left;
337
+ margin-left: 0;
338
+ width: 20%;
339
+ min-width: 100px;
340
+ }
341
+
342
+
343
+ @media print {
344
+ div#footer-badges { display: none; }
345
+ }
346
+
347
+ div#toc {
348
+ margin-bottom: 2.5em;
349
+ }
350
+
351
+ div#toctitle {
352
+ color: #527bbd;
353
+ font-family: sans-serif;
354
+ font-size: 1.1em;
355
+ font-weight: bold;
356
+ margin-top: 1.0em;
357
+ margin-bottom: 0.1em;
358
+ }
359
+
360
+ div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
361
+ margin-top: 0;
362
+ margin-bottom: 0;
363
+ }
364
+ div.toclevel2 {
365
+ margin-left: 2em;
366
+ font-size: 0.9em;
367
+ }
368
+ div.toclevel3 {
369
+ margin-left: 4em;
370
+ font-size: 0.9em;
371
+ }
372
+ div.toclevel4 {
373
+ margin-left: 6em;
374
+ font-size: 0.9em;
375
+ }
376
+ /* Workarounds for IE6's broken and incomplete CSS2. */
377
+
378
+ div.sidebar-content {
379
+ background: #ffffee;
380
+ border: 1px solid silver;
381
+ padding: 0.5em;
382
+ }
383
+ div.sidebar-title, div.image-title {
384
+ color: #527bbd;
385
+ font-family: sans-serif;
386
+ font-weight: bold;
387
+ margin-top: 0.0em;
388
+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
389
+ }
390
+
391
+ div.listingblock div.content {
392
+ border: 1px solid silver;
393
+ background: #f4f4f4;
394
+ padding: 0.5em;
395
+ }
396
+
397
+ div.quoteblock-attribution {
398
+ padding-top: 0.5em;
399
+ text-align: right;
400
+ }
401
+
402
+ div.verseblock-content {
403
+ white-space: pre;
404
+ }
405
+ div.verseblock-attribution {
406
+ padding-top: 0.75em;
407
+ text-align: left;
408
+ }
409
+
410
+ div.exampleblock-content {
411
+ border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
412
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
413
+ }
414
+
415
+ /* IE6 sets dynamically generated links as visited. */
416
+ div#toc a:visited { color: blue; }
417
+ </style>
418
+ <script type="text/javascript">
419
+ /*<![CDATA[*/
420
+ window.onload = function(){asciidoc.footnotes();}
421
+ var asciidoc = { // Namespace.
422
+
423
+ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
424
+ // Table Of Contents generator
425
+ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
426
+
427
+ /* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
428
+ * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
429
+ *
430
+ * Table Of Content generator
431
+ * Version: 0.4
432
+ *
433
+ * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
434
+ * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
435
+ */
436
+
437
+ /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
438
+ /* modified by Stuart Rackham, 2006, 2009. License: GPL */
439
+
440
+ // toclevels = 1..4.
441
+ toc: function (toclevels) {
442
+
443
+ function getText(el) {
444
+ var text = "";
445
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498
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500
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501
+ // Footnotes generator
502
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503
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504
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505
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506
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507
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508
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509
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542
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543
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544
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545
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546
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547
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548
+ }
549
+ /*]]>*/
550
+ </script>
551
+ </head>
552
+ <body>
553
+ <div id="header">
554
+ <h1>SSH Proxy Command&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;connect.c</h1>
555
+ </div>
556
+ <div id="content">
557
+ <div id="preamble">
558
+ <div class="sectionbody">
559
+ <div class="paragraph"><p><tt>connect.c</tt> is a simple relaying command to make network connection
560
+ via SOCKS and https proxy. It is mainly intended to be used as proxy
561
+ command of OpenSSH. You can make SSH session beyond the firewall with
562
+ this command,</p></div>
563
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Features of <tt>connect.c</tt> are:</p></div>
564
+ <div class="ulist"><ul>
565
+ <li>
566
+ <p>
567
+ Supports SOCKS (version 4/4a/5) and https CONNECT method.
568
+ </p>
569
+ </li>
570
+ <li>
571
+ <p>
572
+ Supports NO-AUTH and USERPASS authentication of SOCKS5
573
+ </p>
574
+ </li>
575
+ <li>
576
+ <p>
577
+ You can input password from tty, <tt>ssh-askpass</tt> or environment variable.
578
+ </p>
579
+ </li>
580
+ <li>
581
+ <p>
582
+ Run on UNIX or Windows platform.
583
+ </p>
584
+ </li>
585
+ <li>
586
+ <p>
587
+ You can compile with various C compiler (cc, gcc, Visual C, Borland C. etc.)
588
+ </p>
589
+ </li>
590
+ <li>
591
+ <p>
592
+ Simple and general program independent from OpenSSH.
593
+ </p>
594
+ </li>
595
+ <li>
596
+ <p>
597
+ You can also relay local socket stream instead of standard I/O.
598
+ </p>
599
+ </li>
600
+ </ul></div>
601
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>You can download source code
602
+ (<a href="http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/raw/tip/connect.c">connect.c</a>)
603
+ on the <a href="http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/">project page</a>.</p></div>
604
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Pre-compiled binary for MS Windows is also available on
605
+ <a href="http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/downloads/">download page</a>.</p></div>
606
+ </div>
607
+ </div>
608
+ <h2 id="_what_is_proxy_command">What is proxy command?</h2>
609
+ <div class="sectionbody">
610
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>OpenSSH development team decides to stop supporting SOCKS and any
611
+ other tunneling mechanism. It was aimed to separate complexity to
612
+ support various mechanism of proxying from core code. And they
613
+ recommends more flexible mechanism: ProxyCommand option instead.</p></div>
614
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Proxy command mechanism is delegation of network stream
615
+ communication. If ProxyCommand options is specified, SSH invoke
616
+ specified external command and talk with standard I/O of thid
617
+ command. Invoked command undertakes network communication with
618
+ relaying to/from standard input/output including iniitial
619
+ communication or negotiation for proxying. Thus, ssh can split out
620
+ proxying code into external command.</p></div>
621
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>connect.c</tt> program was made for this purpose.</p></div>
622
+ </div>
623
+ <h2 id="_how_to_use">How to Use</h2>
624
+ <div class="sectionbody">
625
+ <h3 id="_get_source">Get Source</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
626
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>You can get source code from <a href="http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/downloads/">project download page</a>.
627
+ Pre-compiled MS Windows binary is also available there.</p></div>
628
+ <h3 id="_compile_and_install">Compile and Install</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
629
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>In most environment, you can compile <tt>connect.c</tt> simply. On UNIX
630
+ environment, you can use cc or gcc. On Windows environment, you can
631
+ use Microsoft Visual C, Borland C or Cygwin gcc.</p></div>
632
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
633
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
634
+ UNIX cc
635
+ </dt>
636
+ <dd>
637
+ <p>
638
+ <tt>cc connect.c -o connect</tt>
639
+ </p>
640
+ </dd>
641
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
642
+ UNIX gcc
643
+ </dt>
644
+ <dd>
645
+ <p>
646
+ <tt>gcc connect.c -o connect</tt>
647
+ </p>
648
+ </dd>
649
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
650
+ Solaris
651
+ </dt>
652
+ <dd>
653
+ <p>
654
+ <tt>gcc connect.c -o connect -lnsl -lsocket -lresolv</tt>
655
+ </p>
656
+ </dd>
657
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
658
+ Microsoft Visual C/C++
659
+ </dt>
660
+ <dd>
661
+ <p>
662
+ <tt>cl connect.c wsock32.lib advapi32.lib</tt>
663
+ </p>
664
+ </dd>
665
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
666
+ Borland C
667
+ </dt>
668
+ <dd>
669
+ <p>
670
+ <tt>bcc32 connect.c wsock32.lib advapi32.lib</tt>
671
+ </p>
672
+ </dd>
673
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
674
+ Cygwin gcc
675
+ </dt>
676
+ <dd>
677
+ <p>
678
+ <tt>gcc connect.c -o connect</tt>
679
+ </p>
680
+ </dd>
681
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
682
+ Mac OS/Darwin
683
+ </dt>
684
+ <dd>
685
+ <p>
686
+ <tt>gcc connect.c -o connect -lresolv</tt>
687
+ </p>
688
+ </dd>
689
+ </dl></div>
690
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>To install connect command, simply copy compiled binary to directory
691
+ in your <tt>PATH</tt> (ex. <tt>/usr/local/bin</tt>). Like this:</p></div>
692
+ <div class="listingblock">
693
+ <div class="content">
694
+ <pre><tt>$ cp connect /usr/local/bin</tt></pre>
695
+ </div></div>
696
+ <h3 id="_modify_your_tt_ssh_config_tt">Modify your <tt>~/.ssh/config</tt></h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
697
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Modify your <tt>~/.ssh/config</tt> file to use connect command as proxy
698
+ command. For the case of SOCKS server is running on firewall host
699
+ socks.local.net with port 1080, you can add <tt>ProxyCommand</tt> option in
700
+ <tt>~/.ssh/config</tt>, like this:</p></div>
701
+ <div class="listingblock">
702
+ <div class="content">
703
+ <pre><tt>Host remote.outside.net
704
+ ProxyCommand connect -S socks.local.net %h %p</tt></pre>
705
+ </div></div>
706
+ <div class="paragraph"><p><tt>%h</tt> and <tt>%p</tt> will be replaced on invoking proxy command with target
707
+ hostname and port specified to SSH command.</p></div>
708
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>If you hate writing many entries of remote hosts, following example
709
+ may help you.</p></div>
710
+ <div class="listingblock">
711
+ <div class="content">
712
+ <pre><tt>## Outside of the firewall, use connect command with SOCKS conenction.
713
+ Host *
714
+ ProxyCommand connect -S socks.local.net %h %p
715
+
716
+ ## Inside of the firewall, use connect command with direct connection.
717
+ Host *.local.net
718
+ ProxyCommand connect %h %p</tt></pre>
719
+ </div></div>
720
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to use http proxy, use <tt>-H</tt> option instead of <tt>-S</tt> option
721
+ in examle above, like this:</p></div>
722
+ <div class="listingblock">
723
+ <div class="content">
724
+ <pre><tt>## Outside of the firewall, with HTTP proxy
725
+ Host *
726
+ ProxyCommand connect -H proxy.local.net:8080 %h %p
727
+
728
+ ## Inside of the firewall, direct
729
+ Host *.local.net
730
+ ProxyCommand connect %h %p</tt></pre>
731
+ </div></div>
732
+ <h3 id="_use_ssh">Use SSH</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
733
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>After editing your <tt>~/.ssh/config</tt> file, you are ready to use ssh. You
734
+ can execute ssh without any special options as if remote host is IP
735
+ reachable host. Following is an example to execute hostname command on
736
+ host <tt>remote.outside.net</tt>.</p></div>
737
+ <div class="listingblock">
738
+ <div class="content">
739
+ <pre><tt>local$ ssh remote.outside.net hostname
740
+ Hello, this is remote.outside.net
741
+ remote$</tt></pre>
742
+ </div></div>
743
+ <h3 id="_have_trouble">Have trouble?</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
744
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>If you have trouble, execute connect command from command line with <tt>-d</tt>
745
+ option to see what is happened. Some debug message may appear and
746
+ reports progress. This information may tell you what is wrong. In this
747
+ example, error has occurred on authentication stage of SOCKS5
748
+ protocol.</p></div>
749
+ <div class="listingblock">
750
+ <div class="content">
751
+ <pre><tt>$ connect -d -S socks.local.net unknown.remote.outside.net 110
752
+ DEBUG: relay_method = SOCKS (2)
753
+ DEBUG: relay_host=socks.local.net
754
+ DEBUG: relay_port=1080
755
+ DEBUG: relay_user=gotoh
756
+ DEBUG: socks_version=5
757
+ DEBUG: socks_resolve=REMOTE (2)
758
+ DEBUG: local_type=stdio
759
+ DEBUG: dest_host=unknown.remote.outside.net
760
+ DEBUG: dest_port=110
761
+ DEBUG: Program is $Revision: 1.20 $
762
+ DEBUG: connecting to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:1080
763
+ DEBUG: begin_socks_relay()
764
+ DEBUG: atomic_out() [4 bytes]
765
+ DEBUG: &gt;&gt;&gt; 05 02 00 02
766
+ DEBUG: atomic_in() [2 bytes]
767
+ DEBUG: &lt;&lt;&lt; 05 02
768
+ DEBUG: auth method: USERPASS
769
+ DEBUG: atomic_out() [some bytes]
770
+ DEBUG: &gt;&gt;&gt; xx xx xx xx ...
771
+ DEBUG: atomic_in() [2 bytes]
772
+ DEBUG: &lt;&lt;&lt; 01 01
773
+ ERROR: Authentication faield.
774
+ FATAL: failed to begin relaying via SOCKS.</tt></pre>
775
+ </div></div>
776
+ </div>
777
+ <h2 id="_more_detail">More Detail</h2>
778
+ <div class="sectionbody">
779
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Command line usage is here:</p></div>
780
+ <div class="listingblock">
781
+ <div class="content">
782
+ <pre><tt>usage: connect [-dnhs45] [-R resolve] [-p local-port] [-w sec]
783
+ [-H [user@]proxy-server[:port]]
784
+ [-S [user@]socks-server[:port]]
785
+ host port</tt></pre>
786
+ </div></div>
787
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>host and port is target hostname and port-number to connect.</p></div>
788
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
789
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
790
+ <tt>-H</tt> [user@]server[:port]
791
+ </dt>
792
+ <dd>
793
+ <p>
794
+ Specify hostname and port number of http proxy server to
795
+ relay. If port is omitted, 80 is used.
796
+ </p>
797
+ </dd>
798
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
799
+ <tt>-h</tt>
800
+ </dt>
801
+ <dd>
802
+ <p>
803
+ Use HTTP proxy via proxy server sepcified by environment variable
804
+ <tt>HTTP_PROXY</tt>.
805
+ </p>
806
+ </dd>
807
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
808
+ <tt>-S</tt> [_user_@]<em>server</em>\[:_port_]
809
+ </dt>
810
+ <dd>
811
+ <p>
812
+ Specify hostname and port number of SOCKS server to
813
+ relay. Like <tt>-H</tt> option, port number can be omit and default is 1080.
814
+ </p>
815
+ </dd>
816
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
817
+ <tt>-s</tt>
818
+ </dt>
819
+ <dd>
820
+ <p>
821
+ Use SOCKS proxy via SOCKS server sepcified by environment variable
822
+ <tt>SOCKS5_SERVER</tt>.
823
+ </p>
824
+ </dd>
825
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
826
+ <tt>-4</tt>
827
+ </dt>
828
+ <dd>
829
+ <p>
830
+ Use SOCKS version 4 protocol.
831
+ This option must be used with <tt>-S</tt>.
832
+ </p>
833
+ </dd>
834
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
835
+ <tt>-5</tt>
836
+ </dt>
837
+ <dd>
838
+ <p>
839
+ Use SOCKS version 5 protocol.
840
+ This option must be used with <tt>-S</tt>.
841
+ </p>
842
+ </dd>
843
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
844
+ <tt>-R</tt> <em>method</em>
845
+ </dt>
846
+ <dd>
847
+ <p>
848
+ The method to resolve hostname. 3 keywords (<tt>local</tt>,
849
+ <tt>remote</tt>, <tt>both</tt>) or dot-notation IP address is allowed. Keyword
850
+ both means; <em>"Try local first, then remote"</em>. If dot-notation IP
851
+ address is specified, use this host as nameserver (UNIX
852
+ only). Default is remote for SOCKS5 or local for others. On SOCKS4
853
+ protocol, remote resolving method (remote and both) use protocol
854
+ version 4a.
855
+ </p>
856
+ </dd>
857
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
858
+ <tt>-p</tt> <em>port</em>
859
+ </dt>
860
+ <dd>
861
+ <p>
862
+ Accept on local TCP port and relay it instead of standard input
863
+ and output. With this option, program will terminate when remote or
864
+ local TCP session is closed.
865
+ </p>
866
+ </dd>
867
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
868
+ <tt>-w</tt> <em>timeout</em>
869
+ </dt>
870
+ <dd>
871
+ <p>
872
+ Timeout seconds for connecting to remote host.
873
+ </p>
874
+ </dd>
875
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
876
+ <tt>-a</tt> <em>auth</em>
877
+ </dt>
878
+ <dd>
879
+ <p>
880
+ option specifiys user intended authentication methods
881
+ separated by comma. Currently <tt>userpass</tt> and <tt>none</tt> are
882
+ supported. Default is userpass. You can also specifying this parameter
883
+ by the environment variable <tt>SOCKS5_AUTH</tt>.
884
+ </p>
885
+ </dd>
886
+ </dl></div>
887
+ <div class="paragraph"><p><tt>-d</tt>: Run with debug message output. If you fail to connect, use this
888
+ option to see what is done.</p></div>
889
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>As additional feature,
890
+ you can omit port argument when program name is special format
891
+ containing port number itself like "connect-25". For example:</p></div>
892
+ <div class="listingblock">
893
+ <div class="content">
894
+ <pre><tt>$ ln -s connect connect-25
895
+ $ ./connect-25 smtphost.outside.net
896
+ 220 smtphost.outside.net ESMTP Sendmail
897
+ QUIT
898
+ 221 2.0.0 smtphost.remote.net closing connection
899
+ $</tt></pre>
900
+ </div></div>
901
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>This example means that the command name "connect-25" indicates port
902
+ number 25 so you can omit 2nd argument (and used if specified
903
+ explicitly).
904
+ This is usefull for the application which invokes only with hostname
905
+ argument.</p></div>
906
+ <h3 id="_specifying_user_name_via_environment_variables">Specifying user name via environment variables</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
907
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>There are 5 environemnt variables to specify user name without command
908
+ line option. This mechanism is usefull for the user who using another
909
+ user name different from system account.</p></div>
910
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
911
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
912
+ <tt>SOCKS5_USER</tt>
913
+ </dt>
914
+ <dd>
915
+ <p>
916
+ Used for SOCKS v5 access.
917
+ </p>
918
+ </dd>
919
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
920
+ <tt>SOCKS4_USER</tt>
921
+ </dt>
922
+ <dd>
923
+ <p>
924
+ Used for SOCKS v4 access.
925
+ </p>
926
+ </dd>
927
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
928
+ <tt>SOCKS_USER</tt>
929
+ </dt>
930
+ <dd>
931
+ <p>
932
+ Used for SOCKS v5 or v4 access and varaibles above are not defined.
933
+ </p>
934
+ </dd>
935
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
936
+ <tt>HTTP_PROXY_USER</tt>
937
+ </dt>
938
+ <dd>
939
+ <p>
940
+ Used for HTTP proxy access.
941
+ </p>
942
+ </dd>
943
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
944
+ <tt>CONNECT_USER</tt>
945
+ </dt>
946
+ <dd>
947
+ <p>
948
+ Used for all type of access if all above are not defined.
949
+ </p>
950
+ </dd>
951
+ </dl></div>
952
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Following table describes how user name is determined. Left most number is order to check. If variable is not defined, check next variable, and so on.</p></div>
953
+ <div class="tableblock">
954
+ <table rules="all"
955
+ width="50%"
956
+ frame="border"
957
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
958
+ <col width="25%" />
959
+ <col width="25%" />
960
+ <col width="25%" />
961
+ <col width="25%" />
962
+ <tbody>
963
+ <tr>
964
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"></p></td>
965
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">SOCKS v5</p></td>
966
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">SOCKS v4</p></td>
967
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">HTTP proxy</p></td>
968
+ </tr>
969
+ <tr>
970
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">1</p></td>
971
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>SOCKS5_USER</tt></p></td>
972
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>SOCKS4_USER</tt></p></td>
973
+ <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>HTTP_PROXY_USER</tt></p></td>
974
+ </tr>
975
+ <tr>
976
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">2</p></td>
977
+ <td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>SOCKS_USER</tt></p></td>
978
+ </tr>
979
+ <tr>
980
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">3</p></td>
981
+ <td colspan="3" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>CONNECT_USER</tt></p></td>
982
+ </tr>
983
+ <tr>
984
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">4</p></td>
985
+ <td colspan="3" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table">(query user name to system)</p></td>
986
+ </tr>
987
+ </tbody>
988
+ </table>
989
+ </div>
990
+ <h3 id="_specifying_password_via_environment_variables">Specifying password via environment variables</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
991
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>There are 5 environemnt variables to specify password. If you use this
992
+ feature, please note that it is not secure way.</p></div>
993
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
994
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
995
+ <tt>SOCKS5_PASSWD</tt>
996
+ </dt>
997
+ <dd>
998
+ <p>
999
+ Used for SOCKS v5 access. This variables is compatible with NEC SOCKS implementation.
1000
+ </p>
1001
+ </dd>
1002
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1003
+ <tt>SOCKS5_PASSWORD</tt>
1004
+ </dt>
1005
+ <dd>
1006
+ <p>
1007
+ Used for SOCKS v5 access if <tt>SOCKS5_PASSWD</tt> is not defined.
1008
+ </p>
1009
+ </dd>
1010
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1011
+ <tt>SOCKS_PASSWORD</tt>
1012
+ </dt>
1013
+ <dd>
1014
+ <p>
1015
+ Used for SOCKS v5 (or v4) access all above is not defined.
1016
+ </p>
1017
+ </dd>
1018
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1019
+ <tt>HTTP_PROXY_PASSWORD</tt>
1020
+ </dt>
1021
+ <dd>
1022
+ <p>
1023
+ Used for HTTP proxy access.
1024
+ </p>
1025
+ </dd>
1026
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1027
+ <tt>CONNECT_PASSWORD</tt>
1028
+ </dt>
1029
+ <dd>
1030
+ <p>
1031
+ Used for all type of access if all above are not defined.
1032
+ </p>
1033
+ </dd>
1034
+ </dl></div>
1035
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Following table describes how password is determined. Left most number
1036
+ is order to check. If variable is not defined, check next variable,
1037
+ and so on. Finally ask to user interactively using external program or
1038
+ tty input.</p></div>
1039
+ <div class="tableblock">
1040
+ <table rules="all"
1041
+ width="50%"
1042
+ frame="border"
1043
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
1044
+ <col width="33%" />
1045
+ <col width="33%" />
1046
+ <col width="33%" />
1047
+ <tbody>
1048
+ <tr>
1049
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"></p></td>
1050
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">SOCKS v5</p></td>
1051
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">HTTP proxy</p></td>
1052
+ </tr>
1053
+ <tr>
1054
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">1</p></td>
1055
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>SOCKS5_PASSWD</tt></p></td>
1056
+ <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>HTTP_PROXY_PASSWORD</tt></p></td>
1057
+ </tr>
1058
+ <tr>
1059
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">2</p></td>
1060
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>SOCKS_PASSWORD</tt></p></td>
1061
+ </tr>
1062
+ <tr>
1063
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">3</p></td>
1064
+ <td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table"><tt>CONNECT_PASSWORD</tt></p></td>
1065
+ </tr>
1066
+ <tr>
1067
+ <td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">4</p></td>
1068
+ <td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top"><p class="table">(ask to user interactively)</p></td>
1069
+ </tr>
1070
+ </tbody>
1071
+ </table>
1072
+ </div>
1073
+ </div>
1074
+ <h2 id="_limitations">Limitations</h2>
1075
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1076
+ <h3 id="_socks5_authentication">SOCKS5 authentication</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1077
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Only NO-AUTH and USER/PASSWORD authentications are supported. GSSAPI
1078
+ authentication (RFC 1961) and other draft authentications (CHAP, EAP,
1079
+ MAF, etc.) is not supported.</p></div>
1080
+ <h3 id="_http_authentication">HTTP authentication</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1081
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>BASIC authentication is supported but DIGEST authentication is not.</p></div>
1082
+ <h3 id="_switching_proxy_server_on_event">Switching proxy server on event</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1083
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>There is no mechanism to switch proxy server regarding to PC
1084
+ environment. This limitation might be bad news for mobile user. Since
1085
+ I do not want to make this program complex, I do not want to support
1086
+ although this feature is already requested. Please advice me if there
1087
+ is good idea of detecting environment to swich and simple way to
1088
+ specify conditioned directive of servers.</p></div>
1089
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>One tricky workaround exists. It is replacing <tt>~/.ssh/config</tt> file by
1090
+ script on ppp up/down.</p></div>
1091
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>There&#8217;s another example of wrapper script (contributed by Darren
1092
+ Tucker). This script costs executing ifconfig and grep to detect
1093
+ current environment, but it works. Note that you should modify
1094
+ addresses if you use it.</p></div>
1095
+ <div class="listingblock">
1096
+ <div class="content">
1097
+ <pre><tt>#!/bin/sh
1098
+ ## ~/bin/myconnect --- Proxy server switching wrapper
1099
+
1100
+ if ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr:192\.168\.1" &gt;/dev/null; then
1101
+ opts="-S 192.168.1.1:1080"
1102
+ elif ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr:10\." &gt;/dev/null; then
1103
+ opts="-H 10.1.1.1:80"
1104
+ else
1105
+ opts="-s"
1106
+ fi
1107
+ exec /usr/local/bin/connect $opts $@</tt></pre>
1108
+ </div></div>
1109
+ </div>
1110
+ <h2 id="_tips">Tips</h2>
1111
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1112
+ <h3 id="_proxying_socket_connection">Proxying socket connection</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1113
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>In usual, <tt>connect.c</tt> relays network connection to/from standard
1114
+ input/output. By specifying -p option, however, <tt>connect.c</tt> relays local
1115
+ network stream instead of standard input/output. With this option,
1116
+ connect command waits connection from other program, then start
1117
+ relaying between both network stream.</p></div>
1118
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>This feature may be useful for the program which is hard to SOCKSify.</p></div>
1119
+ <h3 id="_use_with_ssh_askpass_command">Use with ssh-askpass command</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1120
+ <div class="paragraph"><p><tt>connect.c</tt> ask you password when authentication is required. If you
1121
+ are using on tty/pty terminal, connect can input from terminal with
1122
+ prompt. But you can also use ssh-askpass program to input password. If
1123
+ you are graphical environment like X Window or MS Windows, and program
1124
+ does not have tty/pty, and environment variable <tt>SSH_ASKPASS</tt> is
1125
+ specified, then <tt>connect.c</tt> invoke command specified by environment
1126
+ variable SSH_ASKPASS to input password. ssh-askpass program might be
1127
+ installed if you are using OpenSSH on UNIX environment. On Windows
1128
+ environment, pre-compiled binary is available from here.</p></div>
1129
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>This feature is limited on window system environment.</p></div>
1130
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>And also useful on Emacs on MS Windows (NT Emacs or Meadow). It is
1131
+ hard to send passphrase to connect command (and also ssh) because
1132
+ external command is invoked on hidden terminal and do I/O with this
1133
+ terminal. Using ssh-askpass avoids this problem.</p></div>
1134
+ <h3 id="_use_for_network_stream_of_emacs">Use for Network Stream of Emacs</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1135
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Although <tt>connect.c</tt> is made for OpenSSH, it is generic and independent
1136
+ from OpenSSH. So we can use this for other purpose. For example, you
1137
+ can use this command in Emacs to open network connection with remote
1138
+ host over the firewall via SOCKS or HTTP proxy without SOCKSifying
1139
+ Emacs itself.</p></div>
1140
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>There is sample code:
1141
+ <a href="http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/src/tip/relay.el">http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/src/tip/relay.el</a></p></div>
1142
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>With this code, you can use <tt>relay-open-network-stream</tt> function instead
1143
+ of <tt>open-network-stream</tt> to make network connection. See top comments of
1144
+ the source for more detail.</p></div>
1145
+ <h3 id="_remote_resolver">Remote resolver</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1146
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>If you are SOCKS4 user on UNIX environment, you might want specify
1147
+ nameserver to resolve remote hostname. You can do it specifying <tt>-R</tt>
1148
+ option followed by IP address of resolver.</p></div>
1149
+ <h3 id="_hopping_connection_via_ssh">Hopping Connection via SSH</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1150
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Conbination of ssh and connect command have more interesting
1151
+ usage. Following command makes indirect connection to host2:port from
1152
+ your current host via host1.</p></div>
1153
+ <div class="listingblock">
1154
+ <div class="content">
1155
+ <pre><tt>$ ssh host1 connect host2 port</tt></pre>
1156
+ </div></div>
1157
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>This method is useful for the situations like:</p></div>
1158
+ <div class="ulist"><ul>
1159
+ <li>
1160
+ <p>
1161
+ You are outside of organizasion now, but you want to access an
1162
+ internal host barriered by firewall.
1163
+ </p>
1164
+ </li>
1165
+ <li>
1166
+ <p>
1167
+ You want to use some service which is allowed only from some limited hosts.
1168
+ </p>
1169
+ </li>
1170
+ </ul></div>
1171
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, I want to use local NetNews service in my office from
1172
+ home. I cannot make NNTP session directly because NNTP host is
1173
+ barriered by firewall. Fortunately, I have ssh account on internal
1174
+ host and allowed using SOCKS5 on firewall from outside. So I use
1175
+ following command to connect to NNTP service.</p></div>
1176
+ <div class="listingblock">
1177
+ <div class="content">
1178
+ <pre><tt>$ ssh host1 connect news 119
1179
+ 200 news.my-office.com InterNetNews NNRP server INN 2.3.2 ready (posting ok).
1180
+ quit
1181
+ 205 .
1182
+ $</tt></pre>
1183
+ </div></div>
1184
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>By combinating hopping connection and relay.el, I can read NetNews
1185
+ using <a href="http://www.gohome.org/wl/">Wanderlust</a> on Emacs at home.</p></div>
1186
+ <div class="listingblock">
1187
+ <div class="content">
1188
+ <pre><tt> |
1189
+ External (internet) | Internal (office)
1190
+ |
1191
+ +------+ +----------+ +-------+ +-----------+
1192
+ | HOME | | firewall | | host1 | | NNTP host |
1193
+ +------+ +----------+ +-------+ +-----------+
1194
+ emacs &lt;-------------- ssh ---------------&gt; sshd &lt;-- connect --&gt; nntpd
1195
+ &lt;-- connect --&gt; socksd &lt;-- SOCKS --&gt;</tt></pre>
1196
+ </div></div>
1197
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>As an advanced example, you can use SSH hopping as fetchmail&#8217;s plug-in
1198
+ program to access via secure tunnel. This method requires that connect
1199
+ program is insatalled on remote host. There&#8217;s example of .fetchmailrc
1200
+ bellow. When fetchmail access to mail-server, you will login to remote
1201
+ host using SSH then execute connect program on remote host to relay
1202
+ conversation with pop server. Thus fetchmail can retrieve mails in
1203
+ secure.</p></div>
1204
+ <div class="listingblock">
1205
+ <div class="content">
1206
+ <pre><tt>poll mail-server
1207
+ protocol pop3
1208
+ plugin "ssh %h connect localhost %p"
1209
+ username "username"
1210
+ password "password"</tt></pre>
1211
+ </div></div>
1212
+ </div>
1213
+ <h2 id="_break_the_more_restricted_wall">Break The More Restricted Wall</h2>
1214
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1215
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>If firewall does not provide SOCKS nor HTTPS other than port 443, you
1216
+ cannot break the wall in usual way. But if you have you own host which
1217
+ is accessible from internet, you can make ssh connection to your own
1218
+ host by configuring sshd as waiting at port 443 instead of standard
1219
+ 22. By this, you can login to your own host via port 443. Once you
1220
+ have logged-in to extenal home machine, you can execute connect as
1221
+ second hop to make connection from your own host to final target host,
1222
+ like this:</p></div>
1223
+ <div class="listingblock">
1224
+ <div class="content">
1225
+ <pre><tt>internal$ cat ~/.ssh/config
1226
+ Host home
1227
+ ProxyCommand connect -H firewall:8080 %h 443
1228
+
1229
+ Host server # internal
1230
+ ProxyCommand ssh home connect %h %p
1231
+
1232
+ internal$ ssh home
1233
+ You are logged in to home!
1234
+ home# exit
1235
+ internal$ ssh server
1236
+ You are logged in to server!
1237
+ server# exit
1238
+ internal$</tt></pre>
1239
+ </div></div>
1240
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>This way is similar to "Hopping connection via SSH" except configuring
1241
+ outer sshd as waiting at port 443 (https). This means that you have a
1242
+ capability to break the strongly restricted wall if you have own host
1243
+ out side of the wall.</p></div>
1244
+ <div class="listingblock">
1245
+ <div class="content">
1246
+ <pre><tt> |
1247
+ Internal (office) | External (internet)
1248
+ |
1249
+ +--------+ +----------+ +------+ +--------+
1250
+ | office | | firewall | | home | | server |
1251
+ +--------+ +----------+ +------+ +--------+
1252
+ &lt;------------------ ssh ---------------------&gt;sshd:443
1253
+ &lt;-- connect --&gt; http-proxy &lt;-- https:443 --&gt; any
1254
+ connect &lt;-- tcp --&gt; port</tt></pre>
1255
+ </div></div>
1256
+ <div class="admonitionblock">
1257
+ <table><tr>
1258
+ <td class="icon">
1259
+ <div class="title">Note</div>
1260
+ </td>
1261
+ <td class="content">If you wanna use this, you should give up hosting https
1262
+ service at port 443 on you external host <em>home</em>.</td>
1263
+ </tr></table>
1264
+ </div>
1265
+ </div>
1266
+ <h2 id="_f_y_i">F.Y.I.</h2>
1267
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1268
+ <h3 id="_difference_between_socks_versions">Difference between SOCKS versions</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1269
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>SOCKS version 4 is first popular implementation which is documented
1270
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4.protocol">here</a>. Since this
1271
+ protocol provide IP address based requesting, client program should
1272
+ resolve name of outer host by itself. Version 4a (documented
1273
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4a.protocol">here</a>) is
1274
+ enhanced to allow request by hostname instead of IP address.</p></div>
1275
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>SOCKS version 5 is re-designed protocol stands on experience of
1276
+ version 4 and 4a. There is no compativility with previous
1277
+ versions. Instead, there&#8217;s some improvement: IPv6 support, request by
1278
+ hostname, UDP proxying, etc.</p></div>
1279
+ <h3 id="_configuration_to_use_https">Configuration to use HTTPS</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1280
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>Many http proxy servers implementation supports https CONNECT method
1281
+ (SLL). You might add configuration to allow using https. For the
1282
+ example of <a href="http://www.delegate.org/delegate/">DeleGate</a> (DeleGate is a
1283
+ multi-purpose application level gateway, or a proxy server) , you
1284
+ should add https to REMITTABLE parameter to allow HTTP-Proxy like
1285
+ this:</p></div>
1286
+ <div class="listingblock">
1287
+ <div class="content">
1288
+ <pre><tt>delegated -Pxxxx ...... REMITTABLE='+,https' ...</tt></pre>
1289
+ </div></div>
1290
+ <div class="paragraph"><p>For the case of Squid, you should allow target ports via https by ACL,
1291
+ and so on.</p></div>
1292
+ <h3 id="_socks5_servers">SOCKS5 Servers</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1293
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
1294
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1295
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/refsoftware.html">NEC SOCKS Reference Implementation</a>
1296
+ </dt>
1297
+ <dd>
1298
+ <p>
1299
+ Reference implementation of SOKCS server and library.
1300
+ </p>
1301
+ </dd>
1302
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1303
+ <a href="http://www.inet.no/dante/index.html">Dante</a>
1304
+ </dt>
1305
+ <dd>
1306
+ <p>
1307
+ Dante is free implementation of SOKCS server and library. Many
1308
+ enhancements and modulalized.
1309
+ </p>
1310
+ </dd>
1311
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1312
+ <a href="http://www.delegate.org/delegate/">DeleGate</a>
1313
+ </dt>
1314
+ <dd>
1315
+ <p>
1316
+ DeleGate is multi function proxy service provider. DeleGate 5.x.x
1317
+ or earlier can be SOCKS4 server, and 6.x.x can be SOCKS5 and
1318
+ SOCKS4 server. and 7.7.0 or later can be SOCKS5 and SOCKS4a
1319
+ server.
1320
+ </p>
1321
+ </dd>
1322
+ </dl></div>
1323
+ <h3 id="_specifications">Specifications</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1324
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
1325
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1326
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4.protocol">socks4.protocol.txt</a>
1327
+ </dt>
1328
+ <dd>
1329
+ <p>
1330
+ SOCKS: A protocol for TCP proxy across firewalls
1331
+ </p>
1332
+ </dd>
1333
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1334
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4a.protocol">socks4a.protocol.txt</a>
1335
+ </dt>
1336
+ <dd>
1337
+ <p>
1338
+ SOCKS 4A: A Simple Extension to SOCKS 4 Protocol
1339
+ </p>
1340
+ </dd>
1341
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1342
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/rfc/rfc1928.txt">RFC 1928</a>
1343
+ </dt>
1344
+ <dd>
1345
+ <p>
1346
+ SOCKS Protocol Version 5
1347
+ </p>
1348
+ </dd>
1349
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1350
+ <a href="http://www.socks.nec.com/rfc/rfc1929.txt">RFC 1929</a>
1351
+ </dt>
1352
+ <dd>
1353
+ <p>
1354
+ Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5
1355
+ </p>
1356
+ </dd>
1357
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1358
+ <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>
1359
+ </dt>
1360
+ <dd>
1361
+ <p>
1362
+ Hypertext Transfer Protocol&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;HTTP/1.1
1363
+ </p>
1364
+ </dd>
1365
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1366
+ <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt">RFC 2617</a>
1367
+ </dt>
1368
+ <dd>
1369
+ <p>
1370
+ HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication
1371
+ </p>
1372
+ </dd>
1373
+ </dl></div>
1374
+ <h3 id="_related_links">Related Links</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1375
+ <div class="ulist"><ul>
1376
+ <li>
1377
+ <p>
1378
+ <a href="http://www.openssh.org/">OpenSSH Home</a>
1379
+ </p>
1380
+ </li>
1381
+ <li>
1382
+ <p>
1383
+ <a href="http://www.ssh.com/">Proprietary SSH</a>
1384
+ </p>
1385
+ </li>
1386
+ <li>
1387
+ <p>
1388
+ <a href="http://www.taiyo.co.jp/~gotoh/ssh/openssh-socks.html">Using OpenSSH through a SOCKS compatible PROXY on your LAN</a> (J. Grant)
1389
+ </p>
1390
+ </li>
1391
+ </ul></div>
1392
+ <h3 id="_similars">Similars</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1393
+ <div class="dlist"><dl>
1394
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1395
+ <a href="http://proxytunnel.sourceforge.net/">Proxy Tunnel</a>
1396
+ </dt>
1397
+ <dd>
1398
+ <p>
1399
+ Proxying command using https CONNECT.
1400
+ </p>
1401
+ </dd>
1402
+ <dt class="hdlist1">
1403
+ <a href="http://www.snurgle.org/~griffon/ssh-https-tunnel">stunnel</a>
1404
+ </dt>
1405
+ <dd>
1406
+ <p>
1407
+ Proxy through an https tunnel (Perl script)
1408
+ </p>
1409
+ </dd>
1410
+ </dl></div>
1411
+ </div>
1412
+ </div>
1413
+ <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
1414
+ <div id="footer">
1415
+ <div id="footer-text">
1416
+ Last updated 2009-12-17 21:28:59 JST
1417
+ </div>
1418
+ </div>
1419
+ </body>
1420
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/connect/manual.txt ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ SSH Proxy Command -- connect.c
2
+ ==============================
3
+
4
+ `connect.c` is a simple relaying command to make network connection
5
+ via SOCKS and https proxy. It is mainly intended to be used as proxy
6
+ command of OpenSSH. You can make SSH session beyond the firewall with
7
+ this command,
8
+
9
+ Features of `connect.c` are:
10
+
11
+ * Supports SOCKS (version 4/4a/5) and https CONNECT method.
12
+ * Supports NO-AUTH and USERPASS authentication of SOCKS5
13
+ * You can input password from tty, `ssh-askpass` or environment variable.
14
+ * Run on UNIX or Windows platform.
15
+ * You can compile with various C compiler (cc, gcc, Visual C, Borland C. etc.)
16
+ * Simple and general program independent from OpenSSH.
17
+ * You can also relay local socket stream instead of standard I/O.
18
+
19
+ You can download source code
20
+ (http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/raw/tip/connect.c[connect.c])
21
+ on the http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/[project page].
22
+
23
+ Pre-compiled binary for MS Windows is also available on
24
+ http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/downloads/[download page].
25
+
26
+
27
+ What is proxy command?
28
+ ----------------------
29
+
30
+ OpenSSH development team decides to stop supporting SOCKS and any
31
+ other tunneling mechanism. It was aimed to separate complexity to
32
+ support various mechanism of proxying from core code. And they
33
+ recommends more flexible mechanism: ProxyCommand option instead.
34
+
35
+ Proxy command mechanism is delegation of network stream
36
+ communication. If ProxyCommand options is specified, SSH invoke
37
+ specified external command and talk with standard I/O of thid
38
+ command. Invoked command undertakes network communication with
39
+ relaying to/from standard input/output including iniitial
40
+ communication or negotiation for proxying. Thus, ssh can split out
41
+ proxying code into external command.
42
+
43
+ The `connect.c` program was made for this purpose.
44
+
45
+ How to Use
46
+ ----------
47
+
48
+ Get Source
49
+ ~~~~~~~~~~
50
+
51
+ You can get source code from http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/downloads/[project download page].
52
+ Pre-compiled MS Windows binary is also available there.
53
+
54
+
55
+ Compile and Install
56
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
57
+ In most environment, you can compile `connect.c` simply. On UNIX
58
+ environment, you can use cc or gcc. On Windows environment, you can
59
+ use Microsoft Visual C, Borland C or Cygwin gcc.
60
+
61
+ UNIX cc:: `cc connect.c -o connect`
62
+ UNIX gcc:: `gcc connect.c -o connect`
63
+ Solaris:: `gcc connect.c -o connect -lnsl -lsocket -lresolv`
64
+ Microsoft Visual C/C++:: `cl connect.c wsock32.lib advapi32.lib`
65
+ Borland C:: `bcc32 connect.c wsock32.lib advapi32.lib`
66
+ Cygwin gcc:: `gcc connect.c -o connect`
67
+ Mac OS/Darwin:: `gcc connect.c -o connect -lresolv`
68
+
69
+
70
+ To install connect command, simply copy compiled binary to directory
71
+ in your `PATH` (ex. `/usr/local/bin`). Like this:
72
+
73
+ ----
74
+ $ cp connect /usr/local/bin
75
+ ----
76
+
77
+ Modify your `~/.ssh/config`
78
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
79
+
80
+ Modify your `~/.ssh/config` file to use connect command as proxy
81
+ command. For the case of SOCKS server is running on firewall host
82
+ socks.local.net with port 1080, you can add `ProxyCommand` option in
83
+ `~/.ssh/config`, like this:
84
+
85
+ ----
86
+ Host remote.outside.net
87
+ ProxyCommand connect -S socks.local.net %h %p
88
+ ----
89
+
90
+ `%h` and `%p` will be replaced on invoking proxy command with target
91
+ hostname and port specified to SSH command.
92
+
93
+ If you hate writing many entries of remote hosts, following example
94
+ may help you.
95
+
96
+ ----
97
+ ## Outside of the firewall, use connect command with SOCKS conenction.
98
+ Host *
99
+ ProxyCommand connect -S socks.local.net %h %p
100
+
101
+ ## Inside of the firewall, use connect command with direct connection.
102
+ Host *.local.net
103
+ ProxyCommand connect %h %p
104
+ ----
105
+
106
+ If you want to use http proxy, use `-H` option instead of `-S` option
107
+ in examle above, like this:
108
+
109
+ ----
110
+ ## Outside of the firewall, with HTTP proxy
111
+ Host *
112
+ ProxyCommand connect -H proxy.local.net:8080 %h %p
113
+
114
+ ## Inside of the firewall, direct
115
+ Host *.local.net
116
+ ProxyCommand connect %h %p
117
+ ----
118
+
119
+
120
+ Use SSH
121
+ ~~~~~~~
122
+
123
+ After editing your `~/.ssh/config` file, you are ready to use ssh. You
124
+ can execute ssh without any special options as if remote host is IP
125
+ reachable host. Following is an example to execute hostname command on
126
+ host `remote.outside.net`.
127
+
128
+ ----
129
+ local$ ssh remote.outside.net hostname
130
+ Hello, this is remote.outside.net
131
+ remote$
132
+ ----
133
+
134
+
135
+ Have trouble?
136
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
137
+
138
+ If you have trouble, execute connect command from command line with `-d`
139
+ option to see what is happened. Some debug message may appear and
140
+ reports progress. This information may tell you what is wrong. In this
141
+ example, error has occurred on authentication stage of SOCKS5
142
+ protocol.
143
+
144
+ ----
145
+ $ connect -d -S socks.local.net unknown.remote.outside.net 110
146
+ DEBUG: relay_method = SOCKS (2)
147
+ DEBUG: relay_host=socks.local.net
148
+ DEBUG: relay_port=1080
149
+ DEBUG: relay_user=gotoh
150
+ DEBUG: socks_version=5
151
+ DEBUG: socks_resolve=REMOTE (2)
152
+ DEBUG: local_type=stdio
153
+ DEBUG: dest_host=unknown.remote.outside.net
154
+ DEBUG: dest_port=110
155
+ DEBUG: Program is $Revision: 1.20 $
156
+ DEBUG: connecting to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:1080
157
+ DEBUG: begin_socks_relay()
158
+ DEBUG: atomic_out() [4 bytes]
159
+ DEBUG: >>> 05 02 00 02
160
+ DEBUG: atomic_in() [2 bytes]
161
+ DEBUG: <<< 05 02
162
+ DEBUG: auth method: USERPASS
163
+ DEBUG: atomic_out() [some bytes]
164
+ DEBUG: >>> xx xx xx xx ...
165
+ DEBUG: atomic_in() [2 bytes]
166
+ DEBUG: <<< 01 01
167
+ ERROR: Authentication faield.
168
+ FATAL: failed to begin relaying via SOCKS.
169
+ ----
170
+
171
+
172
+ More Detail
173
+ -----------
174
+
175
+ Command line usage is here:
176
+
177
+ ----
178
+ usage: connect [-dnhs45] [-R resolve] [-p local-port] [-w sec]
179
+ [-H [user@]proxy-server[:port]]
180
+ [-S [user@]socks-server[:port]]
181
+ host port
182
+ ----
183
+
184
+ host and port is target hostname and port-number to connect.
185
+
186
+
187
+ `-H` [user@]server[:port]::
188
+ Specify hostname and port number of http proxy server to
189
+ relay. If port is omitted, 80 is used.
190
+
191
+ `-h`::
192
+ Use HTTP proxy via proxy server sepcified by environment variable
193
+ `HTTP_PROXY`.
194
+
195
+ `-S` \[_user_@]_server_\[:_port_]::
196
+ Specify hostname and port number of SOCKS server to
197
+ relay. Like `-H` option, port number can be omit and default is 1080.
198
+
199
+ `-s`::
200
+ Use SOCKS proxy via SOCKS server sepcified by environment variable
201
+ `SOCKS5_SERVER`.
202
+
203
+
204
+ `-4`:: Use SOCKS version 4 protocol.
205
+ This option must be used with `-S`.
206
+ `-5`:: Use SOCKS version 5 protocol.
207
+ This option must be used with `-S`.
208
+
209
+ `-R` _method_:: The method to resolve hostname. 3 keywords (`local`,
210
+ `remote`, `both`) or dot-notation IP address is allowed. Keyword
211
+ both means; _"Try local first, then remote"_. If dot-notation IP
212
+ address is specified, use this host as nameserver (UNIX
213
+ only). Default is remote for SOCKS5 or local for others. On SOCKS4
214
+ protocol, remote resolving method (remote and both) use protocol
215
+ version 4a.
216
+
217
+ `-p` _port_:: Accept on local TCP port and relay it instead of standard input
218
+ and output. With this option, program will terminate when remote or
219
+ local TCP session is closed.
220
+
221
+ `-w` _timeout_:: Timeout seconds for connecting to remote host.
222
+
223
+ `-a` _auth_:: option specifiys user intended authentication methods
224
+ separated by comma. Currently `userpass` and `none` are
225
+ supported. Default is userpass. You can also specifying this parameter
226
+ by the environment variable `SOCKS5_AUTH`.
227
+
228
+ `-d`: Run with debug message output. If you fail to connect, use this
229
+ option to see what is done.
230
+
231
+ As additional feature,
232
+ you can omit port argument when program name is special format
233
+ containing port number itself like "connect-25". For example:
234
+
235
+ ----
236
+ $ ln -s connect connect-25
237
+ $ ./connect-25 smtphost.outside.net
238
+ 220 smtphost.outside.net ESMTP Sendmail
239
+ QUIT
240
+ 221 2.0.0 smtphost.remote.net closing connection
241
+ $
242
+ ----
243
+
244
+ This example means that the command name "connect-25" indicates port
245
+ number 25 so you can omit 2nd argument (and used if specified
246
+ explicitly).
247
+ This is usefull for the application which invokes only with hostname
248
+ argument.
249
+
250
+
251
+ Specifying user name via environment variables
252
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
253
+
254
+ There are 5 environemnt variables to specify user name without command
255
+ line option. This mechanism is usefull for the user who using another
256
+ user name different from system account.
257
+
258
+ `SOCKS5_USER`::
259
+ Used for SOCKS v5 access.
260
+ `SOCKS4_USER`::
261
+ Used for SOCKS v4 access.
262
+ `SOCKS_USER`::
263
+ Used for SOCKS v5 or v4 access and varaibles above are not defined.
264
+ `HTTP_PROXY_USER`::
265
+ Used for HTTP proxy access.
266
+ `CONNECT_USER`::
267
+ Used for all type of access if all above are not defined.
268
+
269
+ Following table describes how user name is determined. Left most number is order to check. If variable is not defined, check next variable, and so on.
270
+
271
+ [width="50%"]
272
+ |====
273
+ | | SOCKS v5 | SOCKS v4 | HTTP proxy
274
+ | 1 | `SOCKS5_USER` | `SOCKS4_USER` .2+^| `HTTP_PROXY_USER`
275
+ | 2 2+^| `SOCKS_USER`
276
+ | 3 3+^| `CONNECT_USER`
277
+ | 4 3+^| (query user name to system)
278
+ |====
279
+
280
+
281
+ Specifying password via environment variables
282
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
283
+
284
+ There are 5 environemnt variables to specify password. If you use this
285
+ feature, please note that it is not secure way.
286
+
287
+ `SOCKS5_PASSWD`::
288
+ Used for SOCKS v5 access. This variables is compatible with NEC SOCKS implementation.
289
+ `SOCKS5_PASSWORD`::
290
+ Used for SOCKS v5 access if `SOCKS5_PASSWD` is not defined.
291
+ `SOCKS_PASSWORD`::
292
+ Used for SOCKS v5 (or v4) access all above is not defined.
293
+ `HTTP_PROXY_PASSWORD`::
294
+ Used for HTTP proxy access.
295
+ `CONNECT_PASSWORD`::
296
+ Used for all type of access if all above are not defined.
297
+
298
+ Following table describes how password is determined. Left most number
299
+ is order to check. If variable is not defined, check next variable,
300
+ and so on. Finally ask to user interactively using external program or
301
+ tty input.
302
+
303
+ [width="50%"]
304
+ |====
305
+ | | SOCKS v5 | HTTP proxy
306
+ | 1 | `SOCKS5_PASSWD` .2+^| `HTTP_PROXY_PASSWORD`
307
+ | 2 | `SOCKS_PASSWORD`
308
+ | 3 2+^| `CONNECT_PASSWORD`
309
+ | 4 2+^| (ask to user interactively)
310
+ |====
311
+
312
+
313
+ Limitations
314
+ -----------
315
+
316
+ SOCKS5 authentication
317
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
318
+
319
+ Only NO-AUTH and USER/PASSWORD authentications are supported. GSSAPI
320
+ authentication (RFC 1961) and other draft authentications (CHAP, EAP,
321
+ MAF, etc.) is not supported.
322
+
323
+
324
+ HTTP authentication
325
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
326
+
327
+ BASIC authentication is supported but DIGEST authentication is not.
328
+
329
+
330
+ Switching proxy server on event
331
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
332
+
333
+ There is no mechanism to switch proxy server regarding to PC
334
+ environment. This limitation might be bad news for mobile user. Since
335
+ I do not want to make this program complex, I do not want to support
336
+ although this feature is already requested. Please advice me if there
337
+ is good idea of detecting environment to swich and simple way to
338
+ specify conditioned directive of servers.
339
+
340
+ One tricky workaround exists. It is replacing `~/.ssh/config` file by
341
+ script on ppp up/down.
342
+
343
+ There's another example of wrapper script (contributed by Darren
344
+ Tucker). This script costs executing ifconfig and grep to detect
345
+ current environment, but it works. Note that you should modify
346
+ addresses if you use it.
347
+
348
+ ----
349
+ #!/bin/sh
350
+ ## ~/bin/myconnect --- Proxy server switching wrapper
351
+
352
+ if ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr:192\.168\.1" >/dev/null; then
353
+ opts="-S 192.168.1.1:1080"
354
+ elif ifconfig eth0 |grep "inet addr:10\." >/dev/null; then
355
+ opts="-H 10.1.1.1:80"
356
+ else
357
+ opts="-s"
358
+ fi
359
+ exec /usr/local/bin/connect $opts $@
360
+ ----
361
+
362
+
363
+ Tips
364
+ ----
365
+
366
+ Proxying socket connection
367
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
368
+
369
+ In usual, `connect.c` relays network connection to/from standard
370
+ input/output. By specifying -p option, however, `connect.c` relays local
371
+ network stream instead of standard input/output. With this option,
372
+ connect command waits connection from other program, then start
373
+ relaying between both network stream.
374
+
375
+ This feature may be useful for the program which is hard to SOCKSify.
376
+
377
+
378
+ Use with ssh-askpass command
379
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
380
+
381
+ `connect.c` ask you password when authentication is required. If you
382
+ are using on tty/pty terminal, connect can input from terminal with
383
+ prompt. But you can also use ssh-askpass program to input password. If
384
+ you are graphical environment like X Window or MS Windows, and program
385
+ does not have tty/pty, and environment variable `SSH_ASKPASS` is
386
+ specified, then `connect.c` invoke command specified by environment
387
+ variable SSH_ASKPASS to input password. ssh-askpass program might be
388
+ installed if you are using OpenSSH on UNIX environment. On Windows
389
+ environment, pre-compiled binary is available from here.
390
+
391
+ This feature is limited on window system environment.
392
+
393
+ And also useful on Emacs on MS Windows (NT Emacs or Meadow). It is
394
+ hard to send passphrase to connect command (and also ssh) because
395
+ external command is invoked on hidden terminal and do I/O with this
396
+ terminal. Using ssh-askpass avoids this problem.
397
+
398
+
399
+ Use for Network Stream of Emacs
400
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
401
+
402
+ Although `connect.c` is made for OpenSSH, it is generic and independent
403
+ from OpenSSH. So we can use this for other purpose. For example, you
404
+ can use this command in Emacs to open network connection with remote
405
+ host over the firewall via SOCKS or HTTP proxy without SOCKSifying
406
+ Emacs itself.
407
+
408
+ There is sample code:
409
+ http://bitbucket.org/gotoh/connect/src/tip/relay.el
410
+
411
+ With this code, you can use `relay-open-network-stream` function instead
412
+ of `open-network-stream` to make network connection. See top comments of
413
+ the source for more detail.
414
+
415
+
416
+ Remote resolver
417
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
418
+
419
+ If you are SOCKS4 user on UNIX environment, you might want specify
420
+ nameserver to resolve remote hostname. You can do it specifying `-R`
421
+ option followed by IP address of resolver.
422
+
423
+
424
+ Hopping Connection via SSH
425
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
426
+
427
+ Conbination of ssh and connect command have more interesting
428
+ usage. Following command makes indirect connection to host2:port from
429
+ your current host via host1.
430
+
431
+ ----
432
+ $ ssh host1 connect host2 port
433
+ ----
434
+
435
+ This method is useful for the situations like:
436
+
437
+ * You are outside of organizasion now, but you want to access an
438
+ internal host barriered by firewall.
439
+
440
+ * You want to use some service which is allowed only from some limited hosts.
441
+
442
+ For example, I want to use local NetNews service in my office from
443
+ home. I cannot make NNTP session directly because NNTP host is
444
+ barriered by firewall. Fortunately, I have ssh account on internal
445
+ host and allowed using SOCKS5 on firewall from outside. So I use
446
+ following command to connect to NNTP service.
447
+
448
+ ----
449
+ $ ssh host1 connect news 119
450
+ 200 news.my-office.com InterNetNews NNRP server INN 2.3.2 ready (posting ok).
451
+ quit
452
+ 205 .
453
+ $
454
+ ----
455
+
456
+ By combinating hopping connection and relay.el, I can read NetNews
457
+ using http://www.gohome.org/wl/[Wanderlust] on Emacs at home.
458
+
459
+ ----
460
+ |
461
+ External (internet) | Internal (office)
462
+ |
463
+ +------+ +----------+ +-------+ +-----------+
464
+ | HOME | | firewall | | host1 | | NNTP host |
465
+ +------+ +----------+ +-------+ +-----------+
466
+ emacs <-------------- ssh ---------------> sshd <-- connect --> nntpd
467
+ <-- connect --> socksd <-- SOCKS -->
468
+ ----
469
+
470
+ As an advanced example, you can use SSH hopping as fetchmail's plug-in
471
+ program to access via secure tunnel. This method requires that connect
472
+ program is insatalled on remote host. There's example of .fetchmailrc
473
+ bellow. When fetchmail access to mail-server, you will login to remote
474
+ host using SSH then execute connect program on remote host to relay
475
+ conversation with pop server. Thus fetchmail can retrieve mails in
476
+ secure.
477
+
478
+ ----
479
+ poll mail-server
480
+ protocol pop3
481
+ plugin "ssh %h connect localhost %p"
482
+ username "username"
483
+ password "password"
484
+ ----
485
+
486
+
487
+ Break The More Restricted Wall
488
+ ------------------------------
489
+
490
+ If firewall does not provide SOCKS nor HTTPS other than port 443, you
491
+ cannot break the wall in usual way. But if you have you own host which
492
+ is accessible from internet, you can make ssh connection to your own
493
+ host by configuring sshd as waiting at port 443 instead of standard
494
+ 22. By this, you can login to your own host via port 443. Once you
495
+ have logged-in to extenal home machine, you can execute connect as
496
+ second hop to make connection from your own host to final target host,
497
+ like this:
498
+
499
+ ----
500
+ internal$ cat ~/.ssh/config
501
+ Host home
502
+ ProxyCommand connect -H firewall:8080 %h 443
503
+
504
+ Host server # internal
505
+ ProxyCommand ssh home connect %h %p
506
+
507
+ internal$ ssh home
508
+ You are logged in to home!
509
+ home# exit
510
+ internal$ ssh server
511
+ You are logged in to server!
512
+ server# exit
513
+ internal$
514
+ ----
515
+
516
+ This way is similar to "Hopping connection via SSH" except configuring
517
+ outer sshd as waiting at port 443 (https). This means that you have a
518
+ capability to break the strongly restricted wall if you have own host
519
+ out side of the wall.
520
+
521
+ ----
522
+ |
523
+ Internal (office) | External (internet)
524
+ |
525
+ +--------+ +----------+ +------+ +--------+
526
+ | office | | firewall | | home | | server |
527
+ +--------+ +----------+ +------+ +--------+
528
+ <------------------ ssh --------------------->sshd:443
529
+ <-- connect --> http-proxy <-- https:443 --> any
530
+ connect <-- tcp --> port
531
+ ----
532
+
533
+ NOTE: If you wanna use this, you should give up hosting https
534
+ service at port 443 on you external host 'home'.
535
+
536
+
537
+ F.Y.I.
538
+ ------
539
+
540
+ Difference between SOCKS versions
541
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
542
+
543
+ SOCKS version 4 is first popular implementation which is documented
544
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4.protocol[here]. Since this
545
+ protocol provide IP address based requesting, client program should
546
+ resolve name of outer host by itself. Version 4a (documented
547
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4a.protocol[here]) is
548
+ enhanced to allow request by hostname instead of IP address.
549
+
550
+ SOCKS version 5 is re-designed protocol stands on experience of
551
+ version 4 and 4a. There is no compativility with previous
552
+ versions. Instead, there's some improvement: IPv6 support, request by
553
+ hostname, UDP proxying, etc.
554
+
555
+
556
+ Configuration to use HTTPS
557
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
558
+
559
+ Many http proxy servers implementation supports https CONNECT method
560
+ (SLL). You might add configuration to allow using https. For the
561
+ example of http://www.delegate.org/delegate/[DeleGate] (DeleGate is a
562
+ multi-purpose application level gateway, or a proxy server) , you
563
+ should add https to REMITTABLE parameter to allow HTTP-Proxy like
564
+ this:
565
+
566
+ ----
567
+ delegated -Pxxxx ...... REMITTABLE='+,https' ...
568
+ ----
569
+
570
+ For the case of Squid, you should allow target ports via https by ACL,
571
+ and so on.
572
+
573
+
574
+ SOCKS5 Servers
575
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
576
+
577
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/refsoftware.html[NEC SOCKS Reference Implementation]::
578
+ Reference implementation of SOKCS server and library.
579
+
580
+ http://www.inet.no/dante/index.html[Dante]::
581
+ Dante is free implementation of SOKCS server and library. Many
582
+ enhancements and modulalized.
583
+
584
+ http://www.delegate.org/delegate/[DeleGate]::
585
+ DeleGate is multi function proxy service provider. DeleGate 5.x.x
586
+ or earlier can be SOCKS4 server, and 6.x.x can be SOCKS5 and
587
+ SOCKS4 server. and 7.7.0 or later can be SOCKS5 and SOCKS4a
588
+ server.
589
+
590
+
591
+ Specifications
592
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
593
+
594
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4.protocol[socks4.protocol.txt]::
595
+ SOCKS: A protocol for TCP proxy across firewalls
596
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/protocol/socks4a.protocol[socks4a.protocol.txt]::
597
+ SOCKS 4A: A Simple Extension to SOCKS 4 Protocol
598
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/rfc/rfc1928.txt[RFC 1928]::
599
+ SOCKS Protocol Version 5
600
+ http://www.socks.nec.com/rfc/rfc1929.txt[RFC 1929]::
601
+ Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5
602
+ http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt[RFC 2616]::
603
+ Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
604
+ http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt[RFC 2617]::
605
+ HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication
606
+
607
+
608
+ Related Links
609
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
610
+
611
+ * http://www.openssh.org/[OpenSSH Home]
612
+ * http://www.ssh.com/[Proprietary SSH]
613
+ * http://www.taiyo.co.jp/~gotoh/ssh/openssh-socks.html[Using OpenSSH through a SOCKS compatible PROXY on your LAN] (J. Grant)
614
+
615
+
616
+ Similars
617
+ ~~~~~~~~
618
+
619
+ http://proxytunnel.sourceforge.net/[Proxy Tunnel]:: Proxying command using https CONNECT.
620
+ http://www.snurgle.org/~griffon/ssh-https-tunnel[stunnel]:: Proxy through an https tunnel (Perl script)
621
+
622
+
623
+ // This document is rescured from the document
624
+ // in the internet web cache.
625
+ // Original date of this document is 2004-09-06.
git/mingw64/share/doc/expat/AUTHORS ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ Expat is brought to you by:
2
+
3
+ Clark Cooper
4
+ Fred L. Drake, Jr.
5
+ Greg Stein
6
+ James Clark
7
+ Karl Waclawek
8
+ Rhodri James
9
+ Sebastian Pipping
10
+ Steven Solie
git/mingw64/share/doc/expat/changelog ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,1926 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ __ __ _
2
+ ___\ \/ /_ __ __ _| |_
3
+ / _ \\ /| '_ \ / _` | __|
4
+ | __// \| |_) | (_| | |_
5
+ \___/_/\_\ .__/ \__,_|\__|
6
+ |_| XML parser
7
+
8
+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9
+ !! <blink>Expat is UNDERSTAFFED and WITHOUT FUNDING.</blink> !!
10
+ !! ~~~~~~~~~~~~ !!
11
+ !! The following topics need *additional skilled C developers* to progress !!
12
+ !! in a timely manner or at all (loosely ordered by descending priority): !!
13
+ !! _______________________ !!
14
+ !! - teaming up on fixing the UNFIXED SECURITY ISSUES listed at: !!
15
+ !! """"""""""""""""""""""" !!
16
+ !! https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/issues/1160 !!
17
+ !! !!
18
+ !! - teaming up on researching and fixing future security reports and !!
19
+ !! ClusterFuzz findings with few-days-max response times in communication !!
20
+ !! in order to (1) have a sound fix ready before the end of a 90 days !!
21
+ !! grace period and (2) in a sustainable manner, !!
22
+ !! !!
23
+ !! - implementing and auto-testing XML 1.0r5 support !!
24
+ !! (needs discussion before pull requests), !!
25
+ !! !!
26
+ !! For details, please reach out via e-mail to sebastian@pipping.org so we !!
27
+ !! can schedule a voice call on the topic, in English or German. !!
28
+ !! !!
29
+ !! THANK YOU! Sebastian Pipping -- Berlin, 2026-03-17 !!
30
+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
31
+
32
+ Release 2.7.5 Tue March 17 2026
33
+ Security fixes:
34
+ #1158 CVE-2026-32776 -- Fix NULL function pointer dereference for
35
+ empty external parameter entities; it takes use of both
36
+ functions XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate and
37
+ XML_SetParamEntityParsing for an application to be
38
+ vulnerable.
39
+ #1161 #1162 CVE-2026-32777 -- Protect from XML_TOK_INSTANCE_START
40
+ infinite loop in function entityValueProcessor; it takes
41
+ use of both functions XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate and
42
+ XML_SetParamEntityParsing for an application to be
43
+ vulnerable.
44
+ #1163 CVE-2026-32778 -- Fix NULL dereference in function setContext
45
+ on retry after an earlier ouf-of-memory condition; it takes
46
+ use of function XML_ParserCreateNS or XML_ParserCreate_MM
47
+ for an application to be vulnerable.
48
+ #1160 Three more unfixed vulnerabilities left
49
+
50
+ Other changes:
51
+ #1146 #1147 Autotools: Fix condition for symbol versioning check, in
52
+ particular when compiling with slibtool (not libtool)
53
+ #1156 Address Cppcheck >=2.20.0 warnings
54
+ #1153 tests: Make test_buffer_can_grow_to_max work for MinGW on
55
+ Ubuntu 24.04
56
+ #1157 #1159 Version info bumped from 12:2:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.2)
57
+ to 12:3:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.3); see https://verbump.de/
58
+ for what these numbers do
59
+
60
+ Infrastructure:
61
+ #1148 CI: Fix FreeBSD and Solaris CI
62
+ #1149 CI: Bump to WASI SDK 30
63
+ #1153 CI: Adapt to breaking changes with Ubuntu 22.04
64
+ #1156 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in Cppcheck
65
+
66
+ Special thanks to:
67
+ Berkay Eren Ürün
68
+ Christian Ng
69
+ Fabio Scaccabarozzi
70
+ Francesco Bertolaccini
71
+ Mark Brand
72
+ Rhodri James
73
+ and
74
+ AddressSanitizer
75
+ Buttercup
76
+ OSS-Fuzz / ClusterFuzz
77
+ Trail of Bits
78
+
79
+ Release 2.7.4 Sat January 31 2026
80
+ Security fixes:
81
+ #1131 CVE-2026-24515 -- Function XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate
82
+ failed to copy the encoding handler data passed to
83
+ XML_SetUnknownEncodingHandler from the parent to the new
84
+ subparser. This can cause a NULL dereference (CWE-476) from
85
+ external entities that declare use of an unknown encoding.
86
+ The expected impact is denial of service. It takes use of
87
+ both functions XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate and
88
+ XML_SetUnknownEncodingHandler for an application to be
89
+ vulnerable.
90
+ #1075 CVE-2026-25210 -- Add missing check for integer overflow
91
+ related to buffer size determination in function doContent
92
+
93
+ Bug fixes:
94
+ #1073 lib: Fix missing undoing of group size expansion in doProlog
95
+ failure cases
96
+ #1107 xmlwf: Fix a memory leak
97
+ #1104 WASI: Fix format specifiers for 32bit WASI SDK
98
+
99
+ Other changes:
100
+ #1105 lib: Fix strict aliasing
101
+ #1106 lib: Leverage feature "flexible array member" of C99
102
+ #1051 lib: Swap (size_t)(-1) for C99 equivalent SIZE_MAX
103
+ #1109 lib|xmlwf: Return NULL instead of 0 for pointers
104
+ #1068 lib|Windows: Clean up use of macro _MSC_EXTENSIONS with MSVC
105
+ #1112 lib: Remove unused import
106
+ #1110 xmlwf: Warn about XXE in --help output (and man page)
107
+ #1102 #1103 WASI: Stop using getpid
108
+ #1113 #1130 Autotools: Drop file expat.m4 that provided obsolete Autoconf
109
+ macro AM_WITH_EXPAT
110
+ #1123 Autotools: Limit -Wno-pedantic-ms-format to MinGW
111
+ #1129 #1134 ..
112
+ #1087 Autotools|macOS: Sync CMake templates with CMake 4.0
113
+ #1139 #1140 Autotools|CMake: Introduce off-by-default symbol versioning
114
+ The related build system flags are:
115
+ - For Autotools, configure with --enable-symbol-versioning
116
+ - For CMake, configure with -DEXPAT_SYMBOL_VERSIONING=ON
117
+ Please double-check for consequences before activating
118
+ this inside distro packaging. Bug reports welcome!
119
+ #1117 Autotools|CMake: Remove libbsd support
120
+ #1105 Autotools|CMake: Stop using -fno-strict-aliasing, and use
121
+ -Wstrict-aliasing=3 instead
122
+ #1124 Autotools|CMake: Prefer command gsed (GNU sed) over sed
123
+ (e.g. for Solaris) inside fix-xmltest-log.sh
124
+ #1067 CMake: Detect and warn about unusable check_c_compiler_flag
125
+ #1137 CMake: Drop support for CMake <3.17
126
+ #1138 CMake|Windows: Fix libexpat.def.cmake version comments
127
+
128
+ #1086 #1110 docs: Add warning about external reference handlers and XXE
129
+ #1066 docs: Be explicit that parent parsers need to outlive
130
+ subparsers
131
+ #1089 ..
132
+ #1090 #1091 ..
133
+ #1092 #1093 ..
134
+ #1094 #1098 ..
135
+ #1115 #1116 docs: Misc non-content improvements to doc/reference.html
136
+ #1132 #1133 Version info bumped from 12:1:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.1)
137
+ to 12:2:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.2); see https://verbump.de/
138
+ for what these numbers do
139
+
140
+ Infrastructure:
141
+ #1119 #1121 Document guidelines for contributing to Expat
142
+ #1120 Introduce a pull request template
143
+ #1074 CI: Stop using about-to-be-removed image "macos-13"
144
+ #1083 #1088 CI: Mitigate random Wine crashes
145
+ #1104 CI: Cover compilation with WASI SDK
146
+ #1116 CI: Enforce clean doc XML formatting
147
+ #1124 ..
148
+ #1135 #1136 CI: Cover Solaris 11.4
149
+ #1125 CI: Extend CI coverage of FreeBSD
150
+ #1139 #1140 CI: Cover symbol versioning
151
+ #1114 xmlwf: Reformat helpgen code (using Black 25.12.0)
152
+ #1071 .gitignore: Add files CPackConfig.cmake and
153
+ CPackSourceConfig.cmake
154
+
155
+ Special thanks to:
156
+ Alfonso Gregory
157
+ Bénédikt Tran
158
+ Gordon Messmer
159
+ Hanno Böck
160
+ Jakub Kulík
161
+ Matthew Fernandez
162
+ Neil Pang
163
+ Rosen Penev
164
+ and
165
+ Artiphishell Inc.
166
+
167
+ Release 2.7.3 Wed September 24 2025
168
+ Security fixes:
169
+ #1046 #1048 Fix alignment of internal allocations for some non-amd64
170
+ architectures (e.g. sparc32); fixes up on the fix to
171
+ CVE-2025-59375 from #1034 (of Expat 2.7.2 and related
172
+ backports)
173
+ #1059 Fix a class of false positives where input should have been
174
+ rejected with error XML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITY; regression from
175
+ CVE-2024-8176 fix pull request #973 (of Expat 2.7.0 and
176
+ related backports). Please check the added unit tests for
177
+ example documents.
178
+
179
+ Other changes:
180
+ #1043 Prove and regression-proof absence of integer overflow
181
+ from function expat_realloc
182
+ #1062 Remove "harmless" cast that truncated a size_t to unsigned
183
+ #1049 Autotools: Remove "ln -s" discovery
184
+ #1054 docs: Be consistent with use of floating point around
185
+ XML_SetAllocTrackerMaximumAmplification
186
+ #1056 docs: Make it explicit that XML_GetCurrentColumnNumber
187
+ starts at 0
188
+ #1057 docs: Better integrate the effect of the activation
189
+ thresholds
190
+ #1058 docs: Fix an in-comment typo in expat.h
191
+ #1045 docs: Fix a typo in README.md
192
+ #1041 docs: Improve change log of release 2.7.2
193
+ #1053 xmlwf: Resolve use of functions XML_GetErrorLineNumber
194
+ and XML_GetErrorColumnNumber
195
+ #1032 Windows: Normalize .bat files to CRLF line endings
196
+ #1060 #1061 Version info bumped from 12:0:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.0)
197
+ to 12:1:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.1); see https://verbump.de/
198
+ for what these numbers do
199
+
200
+ Infrastructure:
201
+ #1047 #1050 CI: Cleanup UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer fatality
202
+ #1044 CI|Linux: Stop aborting at first job failure
203
+ #1052 CI|FreeBSD: Upgrade to FreeBSD 15.0
204
+ #1039 CI|FreeBSD: Do not install CMake meta-package
205
+
206
+ Special thanks to:
207
+ Bénédikt Tran
208
+ Berkay Eren Ürün
209
+ Daniel Engberg
210
+ Hanno Böck
211
+ Matthew Fernandez
212
+ Rolf Eike Beer
213
+ Sam James
214
+ Tim Bray
215
+ and
216
+ Clang/GCC UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer
217
+ OSS-Fuzz / ClusterFuzz
218
+ Z3 Theorem Prover
219
+
220
+ Release 2.7.2 Tue September 16 2025
221
+ Security fixes:
222
+ #1018 #1034 CVE-2025-59375 -- Disallow use of disproportional amounts of
223
+ dynamic memory from within an Expat parser (e.g. previously
224
+ a ~250 KiB sized document was able to cause allocation of
225
+ ~800 MiB from the heap, i.e. an "amplification" of factor
226
+ ~3,300); once a threshold (that defaults to 64 MiB) is
227
+ reached, a maximum amplification factor (that defaults to
228
+ 100.0) is enforced, and violating documents are rejected
229
+ with an out-of-memory error.
230
+ There are two new API functions to fine-tune this new
231
+ behavior:
232
+ - XML_SetAllocTrackerActivationThreshold
233
+ - XML_SetAllocTrackerMaximumAmplification .
234
+ If you ever need to increase these defaults for non-attack
235
+ XML payload, please file a bug report with libexpat.
236
+ There is also a new environment variable
237
+ EXPAT_MALLOC_DEBUG=(0|1|2) to control the verbosity
238
+ of allocations debugging at runtime, disabled by default.
239
+ Known impact is (reliable and easy) denial of service:
240
+ CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:H/RL:O/RC:C
241
+ (Base Score: 7.5, Temporal Score: 7.2)
242
+ Please note that a layer of compression around XML can
243
+ significantly reduce the minimum attack payload size.
244
+ Distributors intending to backport (or cherry-pick) the
245
+ fix need to copy 99% of the related pull request, not just
246
+ the "lib: Implement tracking of dynamic memory allocations"
247
+ commit, to not end up with a state that literally does both
248
+ too much and too little at the same time. Appending ".diff"
249
+ to the pull request URL could be of help.
250
+
251
+ Other changes:
252
+ #1008 #1017 Autotools|macOS: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.31
253
+ #1007 CMake: Drop support for CMake <3.15
254
+ #1004 CMake: Fix off_t detection for -Werror
255
+ #1007 CMake|Windows: Fix -DEXPAT_MSVC_STATIC_CRT=ON
256
+ #1013 Windows: Drop support for Visual Studio <=16.0/2019
257
+ #1026 xmlwf: Mention supported environment variables in
258
+ --help output
259
+ #1024 xmlwf: Fix (internal) help generator
260
+ #1034 docs: Promote the contract to call function
261
+ XML_FreeContentModel when registering a custom
262
+ element declaration handler (via a call to function
263
+ XML_SetElementDeclHandler)
264
+ #1027 docs: Add missing <p>..</p> wrap
265
+ #994 docs: Drop AppVeyor badge
266
+ #1000 tests: Fix portable_strndup
267
+ #1036 Drop casts around malloc/free/realloc that C99 does not need
268
+ #1010 Replace empty for loops with while loops
269
+ #1011 Add const with internal XmlInitUnknownEncodingNS
270
+ #14 #1037 Drop an OpenVMS support leftover
271
+ #999 #1001 Address more clang-tidy warnings
272
+ #1030 #1038 Version info bumped from 11:2:10 (libexpat*.so.1.10.2)
273
+ to 12:0:11 (libexpat*.so.1.11.0); see https://verbump.de/
274
+ for what these numbers do
275
+
276
+ Infrastructure:
277
+ #1003 CI: Cover compilation on FreeBSD
278
+ #1009 #1035 CI: Upgrade Clang from 19 to 21
279
+ #1031 CI: Make calling Cppcheck without --suppress=objectIndex
280
+ and --suppress=unknownMacro possible
281
+ #1013 CI|Windows: Get off of deprecated image "windows-2019"
282
+ #1008 #1017 ..
283
+ #1023 #1025 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in GitHub Actions
284
+
285
+ Special thanks to:
286
+ Alexander Bluhm
287
+ Neil Pang
288
+ Theo Buehler
289
+ and
290
+ GNU Time
291
+ OSS-Fuzz / ClusterFuzz
292
+ Perl XML::Parser
293
+
294
+ Release 2.7.1 Thu March 27 2025
295
+ Bug fixes:
296
+ #980 #989 Restore event pointer behavior from Expat 2.6.4
297
+ (that the fix to CVE-2024-8176 changed in 2.7.0);
298
+ affected API functions are:
299
+ - XML_GetCurrentByteCount
300
+ - XML_GetCurrentByteIndex
301
+ - XML_GetCurrentColumnNumber
302
+ - XML_GetCurrentLineNumber
303
+ - XML_GetInputContext
304
+
305
+ Other changes:
306
+ #976 #977 Autotools: Integrate files "fuzz/xml_lpm_fuzzer.{cpp,proto}"
307
+ with Automake that were missing from 2.7.0 release tarballs
308
+ #983 #984 Fix printf format specifiers for 32bit Emscripten
309
+ #992 docs: Promote OpenSSF Best Practices self-certification
310
+ #978 tests/benchmark: Resolve mistaken double close
311
+ #986 Address Frama-C warnings
312
+ #990 #993 Version info bumped from 11:1:10 (libexpat*.so.1.10.1)
313
+ to 11:2:10 (libexpat*.so.1.10.2); see https://verbump.de/
314
+ for what these numbers do
315
+
316
+ Infrastructure:
317
+ #982 CI: Start running Perl XML::Parser integration tests
318
+ #987 CI: Enforce Clang Static Analyzer clean code
319
+ #991 CI: Re-enable warning clang-analyzer-valist.Uninitialized
320
+ for clang-tidy
321
+ #981 CI: Cover compilation with musl
322
+ #983 #984 CI: Cover compilation with 32bit Emscripten
323
+ #976 #977 CI: Protect against fuzzer files missing from future
324
+ release archives
325
+
326
+ Special thanks to:
327
+ Berkay Eren Ürün
328
+ Matthew Fernandez
329
+ and
330
+ Perl XML::Parser
331
+
332
+ Release 2.7.0 Thu March 13 2025
333
+ Security fixes:
334
+ #893 #973 CVE-2024-8176 -- Fix crash from chaining a large number
335
+ of entities caused by stack overflow by resolving use of
336
+ recursion, for all three uses of entities:
337
+ - general entities in character data ("<e>&g1;</e>")
338
+ - general entities in attribute values ("<e k1='&g1;'/>")
339
+ - parameter entities ("%p1;")
340
+ Known impact is (reliable and easy) denial of service:
341
+ CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:H/RL:O/RC:C
342
+ (Base Score: 7.5, Temporal Score: 7.2)
343
+ Please note that a layer of compression around XML can
344
+ significantly reduce the minimum attack payload size.
345
+
346
+ Other changes:
347
+ #935 #937 Autotools: Make generated CMake files look for
348
+ libexpat.@SO_MAJOR@.dylib on macOS
349
+ #925 Autotools: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.29
350
+ #945 #962 #966 CMake: Drop support for CMake <3.13
351
+ #942 CMake: Small fuzzing related improvements
352
+ #921 docs: Add missing documentation of error code
353
+ XML_ERROR_NOT_STARTED that was introduced with 2.6.4
354
+ #941 docs: Document need for C++11 compiler for use from C++
355
+ #959 tests/benchmark: Fix a (harmless) TOCTTOU
356
+ #944 Windows: Fix installer target location of file xmlwf.xml
357
+ for CMake
358
+ #953 Windows: Address warning -Wunknown-warning-option
359
+ about -Wno-pedantic-ms-format from LLVM MinGW
360
+ #971 Address Cppcheck warnings
361
+ #969 #970 Mass-migrate links from http:// to https://
362
+ #947 #958 ..
363
+ #974 #975 Document changes since the previous release
364
+ #974 #975 Version info bumped from 11:0:10 (libexpat*.so.1.10.0)
365
+ to 11:1:10 (libexpat*.so.1.10.1); see https://verbump.de/
366
+ for what these numbers do
367
+
368
+ Infrastructure:
369
+ #926 tests: Increase robustness
370
+ #927 #932 ..
371
+ #930 #933 tests: Increase test coverage
372
+ #617 #950 ..
373
+ #951 #952 ..
374
+ #954 #955 .. Fuzzing: Add new fuzzer "xml_lpm_fuzzer" based on
375
+ #961 Google's libprotobuf-mutator ("LPM")
376
+ #957 Fuzzing|CI: Start producing fuzzing code coverage reports
377
+ #936 CI: Pass -q -q for LCOV >=2.1 in coverage.sh
378
+ #942 CI: Small fuzzing related improvements
379
+ #139 #203 ..
380
+ #791 #946 CI: Make GitHub Actions build using MSVC on Windows and
381
+ produce 32bit and 64bit Windows binaries
382
+ #956 CI: Get off of about-to-be-removed Ubuntu 20.04
383
+ #960 #964 CI: Start uploading to Coverity Scan for static analysis
384
+ #972 CI: Stop loading DTD from the internet to address flaky CI
385
+ #971 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in Cppcheck
386
+
387
+ Special thanks to:
388
+ Alexander Gieringer
389
+ Berkay Eren Ürün
390
+ Hanno Böck
391
+ Jann Horn
392
+ Mark Brand
393
+ Sebastian Andrzej Siewior
394
+ Snild Dolkow
395
+ Thomas Pröll
396
+ Tomas Korbar
397
+ valord577
398
+ and
399
+ Google Project Zero
400
+ Linutronix
401
+ Red Hat
402
+ Siemens
403
+
404
+ Release 2.6.4 Wed November 6 2024
405
+ Security fixes:
406
+ #915 CVE-2024-50602 -- Fix crash within function XML_ResumeParser
407
+ from a NULL pointer dereference by disallowing function
408
+ XML_StopParser to (stop or) suspend an unstarted parser.
409
+ A new error code XML_ERROR_NOT_STARTED was introduced to
410
+ properly communicate this situation. // CWE-476 CWE-754
411
+
412
+ Other changes:
413
+ #903 CMake: Add alias target "expat::expat"
414
+ #905 docs: Document use via CMake >=3.18 with FetchContent
415
+ and SOURCE_SUBDIR and its consequences
416
+ #902 tests: Reduce use of global parser instance
417
+ #904 tests: Resolve duplicate handler
418
+ #317 #918 tests: Improve tests on doctype closing (ex CVE-2019-15903)
419
+ #914 Fix signedness of format strings
420
+ #915 For use from C++, expat.h started requiring C++11 due to
421
+ use of C99 features
422
+ #919 #920 Version info bumped from 10:3:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.3)
423
+ to 11:0:10 (libexpat*.so.1.10.0); see https://verbump.de/
424
+ for what these numbers do
425
+
426
+ Infrastructure:
427
+ #907 CI: Upgrade Clang from 18 to 19
428
+ #913 CI: Drop macos-12 and add macos-15
429
+ #910 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in GitHub Actions
430
+ #898 Add missing entries to .gitignore
431
+
432
+ Special thanks to:
433
+ Hanno Böck
434
+ José Eduardo Gutiérrez Conejo
435
+ José Ricardo Cardona Quesada
436
+
437
+ Release 2.6.3 Wed September 4 2024
438
+ Security fixes:
439
+ #887 #890 CVE-2024-45490 -- Calling function XML_ParseBuffer with
440
+ len < 0 without noticing and then calling XML_GetBuffer
441
+ will have XML_ParseBuffer fail to recognize the problem
442
+ and XML_GetBuffer corrupt memory.
443
+ With the fix, XML_ParseBuffer now complains with error
444
+ XML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT just like sibling XML_Parse
445
+ has been doing since Expat 2.2.1, and now documented.
446
+ Impact is denial of service to potentially artitrary code
447
+ execution.
448
+ #888 #891 CVE-2024-45491 -- Internal function dtdCopy can have an
449
+ integer overflow for nDefaultAtts on 32-bit platforms
450
+ (where UINT_MAX equals SIZE_MAX).
451
+ Impact is denial of service to potentially artitrary code
452
+ execution.
453
+ #889 #892 CVE-2024-45492 -- Internal function nextScaffoldPart can
454
+ have an integer overflow for m_groupSize on 32-bit
455
+ platforms (where UINT_MAX equals SIZE_MAX).
456
+ Impact is denial of service to potentially artitrary code
457
+ execution.
458
+
459
+ Other changes:
460
+ #851 #879 Autotools: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.28
461
+ #853 Autotools: Always provide path to find(1) for portability
462
+ #861 Autotools: Ensure that the m4 directory always exists.
463
+ #870 Autotools: Simplify handling of SIZEOF_VOID_P
464
+ #869 Autotools: Support non-GNU sed
465
+ #856 Autotools|CMake: Fix main() to main(void)
466
+ #865 Autotools|CMake: Fix compile tests for HAVE_SYSCALL_GETRANDOM
467
+ #863 Autotools|CMake: Stop requiring dos2unix
468
+ #854 #855 CMake: Fix check for symbols size_t and off_t
469
+ #864 docs|tests: Convert README to Markdown and update
470
+ #741 Windows: Drop support for Visual Studio <=15.0/2017
471
+ #886 Drop needless XML_DTD guards around is_param access
472
+ #885 Fix typo in a code comment
473
+ #894 #896 Version info bumped from 10:2:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.2)
474
+ to 10:3:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.3); see https://verbump.de/
475
+ for what these numbers do
476
+
477
+ Infrastructure:
478
+ #880 Readme: Promote the call for help
479
+ #868 CI: Fix various issues
480
+ #849 CI: Allow triggering GitHub Actions workflows manually
481
+ #851 #872 ..
482
+ #873 #879 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in GitHub Actions
483
+
484
+ Special thanks to:
485
+ Alexander Bluhm
486
+ Berkay Eren Ürün
487
+ Dag-Erling Smørgrav
488
+ Ferenc Géczi
489
+ TaiYou
490
+
491
+ Release 2.6.2 Wed March 13 2024
492
+ Security fixes:
493
+ #839 #842 CVE-2024-28757 -- Prevent billion laughs attacks with
494
+ isolated use of external parsers. Please see the commit
495
+ message of commit 1d50b80cf31de87750103656f6eb693746854aa8
496
+ for details.
497
+
498
+ Bug fixes:
499
+ #839 #841 Reject direct parameter entity recursion
500
+ and avoid the related undefined behavior
501
+
502
+ Other changes:
503
+ #847 Autotools: Fix build for DOCBOOK_TO_MAN containing spaces
504
+ #837 Add missing #821 and #824 to 2.6.1 change log
505
+ #838 #843 Version info bumped from 10:1:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.1)
506
+ to 10:2:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.2); see https://verbump.de/
507
+ for what these numbers do
508
+
509
+ Special thanks to:
510
+ Philippe Antoine
511
+ Tomas Korbar
512
+ and
513
+ Clang UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer
514
+ OSS-Fuzz / ClusterFuzz
515
+
516
+ Release 2.6.1 Thu February 29 2024
517
+ Bug fixes:
518
+ #817 Make tests independent of CPU speed, and thus more robust
519
+ #828 #836 Expose billion laughs API with XML_DTD defined and
520
+ XML_GE undefined, regression from 2.6.0
521
+
522
+ Other changes:
523
+ #829 Hide test-only code behind new internal macro
524
+ #833 Autotools: Reject expat_config.h.in defining SIZEOF_VOID_P
525
+ #821 #824 Autotools: Fix "make clean" for case:
526
+ ./configure --without-docbook && make clean all
527
+ #819 Address compiler warnings
528
+ #832 #834 Version info bumped from 10:0:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.0)
529
+ to 10:1:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.1); see https://verbump.de/
530
+ for what these numbers do
531
+
532
+ Infrastructure:
533
+ #818 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in clang-format
534
+
535
+ Special thanks to:
536
+ David Hall
537
+ Snild Dolkow
538
+
539
+ Release 2.6.0 Tue February 6 2024
540
+ Security fixes:
541
+ #789 #814 CVE-2023-52425 -- Fix quadratic runtime issues with big tokens
542
+ that can cause denial of service, in partial where
543
+ dealing with compressed XML input. Applications
544
+ that parsed a document in one go -- a single call to
545
+ functions XML_Parse or XML_ParseBuffer -- were not affected.
546
+ The smaller the chunks/buffers you use for parsing
547
+ previously, the bigger the problem prior to the fix.
548
+ Backporters should be careful to no omit parts of
549
+ pull request #789 and to include earlier pull request #771,
550
+ in order to not break the fix.
551
+ #777 CVE-2023-52426 -- Fix billion laughs attacks for users
552
+ compiling *without* XML_DTD defined (which is not common).
553
+ Users with XML_DTD defined have been protected since
554
+ Expat >=2.4.0 (and that was CVE-2013-0340 back then).
555
+
556
+ Bug fixes:
557
+ #753 Fix parse-size-dependent "invalid token" error for
558
+ external entities that start with a byte order mark
559
+ #780 Fix NULL pointer dereference in setContext via
560
+ XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate for compilation with
561
+ XML_DTD undefined
562
+ #812 #813 Protect against closing entities out of order
563
+
564
+ Other changes:
565
+ #723 Improve support for arc4random/arc4random_buf
566
+ #771 #788 Improve buffer growth in XML_GetBuffer and XML_Parse
567
+ #761 #770 xmlwf: Support --help and --version
568
+ #759 #770 xmlwf: Support custom buffer size for XML_GetBuffer and read
569
+ #744 xmlwf: Improve language and URL clickability in help output
570
+ #673 examples: Add new example "element_declarations.c"
571
+ #764 Be stricter about macro XML_CONTEXT_BYTES at build time
572
+ #765 Make inclusion to expat_config.h consistent
573
+ #726 #727 Autotools: configure.ac: Support --disable-maintainer-mode
574
+ #678 #705 ..
575
+ #706 #733 #792 Autotools: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.26
576
+ #795 Autotools: Make installation of shipped man page doc/xmlwf.1
577
+ independent of docbook2man availability
578
+ #815 Autotools|CMake: Add missing -DXML_STATIC to pkg-config file
579
+ section "Cflags.private" in order to fix compilation
580
+ against static libexpat using pkg-config on Windows
581
+ #724 #751 Autotools|CMake: Require a C99 compiler
582
+ (a de-facto requirement already since Expat 2.2.2 of 2017)
583
+ #793 Autotools|CMake: Fix PACKAGE_BUGREPORT variable
584
+ #750 #786 Autotools|CMake: Make test suite require a C++11 compiler
585
+ #749 CMake: Require CMake >=3.5.0
586
+ #672 CMake: Lowercase off_t and size_t to help a bug in Meson
587
+ #746 CMake: Sort xmlwf sources alphabetically
588
+ #785 CMake|Windows: Fix generation of DLL file version info
589
+ #790 CMake: Build tests/benchmark/benchmark.c as well for
590
+ a build with -DEXPAT_BUILD_TESTS=ON
591
+ #745 #757 docs: Document the importance of isFinal + adjust tests
592
+ accordingly
593
+ #736 docs: Improve use of "NULL" and "null"
594
+ #713 docs: Be specific about version of XML (XML 1.0r4)
595
+ and version of C (C99); (XML 1.0r5 will need a sponsor.)
596
+ #762 docs: reference.html: Promote function XML_ParseBuffer more
597
+ #779 docs: reference.html: Add HTML anchors to XML_* macros
598
+ #760 docs: reference.html: Upgrade to OK.css 1.2.0
599
+ #763 #739 docs: Fix typos
600
+ #696 docs|CI: Use HTTPS URLs instead of HTTP at various places
601
+ #669 #670 ..
602
+ #692 #703 ..
603
+ #733 #772 Address compiler warnings
604
+ #798 #800 Address clang-tidy warnings
605
+ #775 #776 Version info bumped from 9:10:8 (libexpat*.so.1.8.10)
606
+ to 10:0:9 (libexpat*.so.1.9.0); see https://verbump.de/
607
+ for what these numbers do
608
+
609
+ Infrastructure:
610
+ #700 #701 docs: Document security policy in file SECURITY.md
611
+ #766 docs: Improve parse buffer variables in-code documentation
612
+ #674 #738 ..
613
+ #740 #747 ..
614
+ #748 #781 #782 Refactor coverage and conformance tests
615
+ #714 #716 Refactor debug level variables to unsigned long
616
+ #671 Improve handling of empty environment variable value
617
+ in function getDebugLevel (without visible user effect)
618
+ #755 #774 ..
619
+ #758 #783 ..
620
+ #784 #787 tests: Improve test coverage with regard to parse chunk size
621
+ #660 #797 #801 Fuzzing: Improve fuzzing coverage
622
+ #367 #799 Fuzzing|CI: Start running OSS-Fuzz fuzzing regression tests
623
+ #698 #721 CI: Resolve some Travis CI leftovers
624
+ #669 CI: Be robust towards absence of Git tags
625
+ #693 #694 CI: Set permissions to "contents: read" for security
626
+ #709 CI: Pin all GitHub Actions to specific commits for security
627
+ #739 CI: Reject spelling errors using codespell
628
+ #798 CI: Enforce clang-tidy clean code
629
+ #773 #808 ..
630
+ #809 #810 CI: Upgrade Clang from 15 to 18
631
+ #796 CI: Start using Clang's Control Flow Integrity sanitizer
632
+ #675 #720 #722 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in GitHub Actions Ubuntu images
633
+ #689 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in Clang/LLVM Debian packaging
634
+ #763 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in codespell
635
+ #803 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in Cppcheck
636
+
637
+ Special thanks to:
638
+ Ivan Galkin
639
+ Joyce Brum
640
+ Philippe Antoine
641
+ Rhodri James
642
+ Snild Dolkow
643
+ spookyahell
644
+ Steven Garske
645
+ and
646
+ Clang AddressSanitizer
647
+ Clang UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer
648
+ codespell
649
+ GCC Farm Project
650
+ OSS-Fuzz
651
+ Sony Mobile
652
+
653
+ Release 2.5.0 Tue October 25 2022
654
+ Security fixes:
655
+ #616 #649 #650 CVE-2022-43680 -- Fix heap use-after-free after overeager
656
+ destruction of a shared DTD in function
657
+ XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate in out-of-memory situations.
658
+ Expected impact is denial of service or potentially
659
+ arbitrary code execution.
660
+
661
+ Bug fixes:
662
+ #612 #645 Fix corruption from undefined entities
663
+ #613 #654 Fix case when parsing was suspended while processing nested
664
+ entities
665
+ #616 #652 #653 Stop leaking opening tag bindings after a closing tag
666
+ mismatch error where a parser is reset through
667
+ XML_ParserReset and then reused to parse
668
+ #656 CMake: Fix generation of pkg-config file
669
+ #658 MinGW|CMake: Fix static library name
670
+
671
+ Other changes:
672
+ #663 Protect header expat_config.h from multiple inclusion
673
+ #666 examples: Make use of XML_GetBuffer and be more
674
+ consistent across examples
675
+ #648 Address compiler warnings
676
+ #667 #668 Version info bumped from 9:9:8 to 9:10:8;
677
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
678
+
679
+ Special thanks to:
680
+ Jann Horn
681
+ Mark Brand
682
+ Osyotr
683
+ Rhodri James
684
+ and
685
+ Google Project Zero
686
+
687
+ Release 2.4.9 Tue September 20 2022
688
+ Security fixes:
689
+ #629 #640 CVE-2022-40674 -- Heap use-after-free vulnerability in
690
+ function doContent. Expected impact is denial of service
691
+ or potentially arbitrary code execution.
692
+
693
+ Bug fixes:
694
+ #634 MinGW: Fix mis-compilation for -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=0
695
+ #614 docs: Fix documentation on effect of switch XML_DTD on
696
+ symbol visibility in doc/reference.html
697
+
698
+ Other changes:
699
+ #638 MinGW: Make fix-xmltest-log.sh drop more Wine bug output
700
+ #596 #625 Autotools: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.22
701
+ #608 CMake: Migrate from use of CMAKE_*_POSTFIX to
702
+ dedicated variables EXPAT_*_POSTFIX to stop affecting
703
+ other projects
704
+ #597 #599 Windows|CMake: Add missing -DXML_STATIC to test runners
705
+ and fuzzers
706
+ #512 #621 Windows|CMake: Render .def file from a template to fix
707
+ linking with -DEXPAT_DTD=OFF and/or -DEXPAT_ATTR_INFO=ON
708
+ #611 #621 MinGW|CMake: Apply MSVC .def file when linking
709
+ #622 #624 MinGW|CMake: Sync library name with GNU Autotools,
710
+ i.e. produce libexpat-1.dll rather than libexpat.dll
711
+ by default. Filename libexpat.dll.a is unaffected.
712
+ #632 MinGW|CMake: Set missing variable CMAKE_RC_COMPILER in
713
+ toolchain file "cmake/mingw-toolchain.cmake" to avoid
714
+ error "windres: Command not found" on e.g. Ubuntu 20.04
715
+ #597 #627 CMake: Unify inconsistent use of set() and option() in
716
+ context of public build time options to take need for
717
+ set(.. FORCE) in projects using Expat by means of
718
+ add_subdirectory(..) off Expat's users' shoulders
719
+ #626 #641 Stop exporting API symbols when building a static library
720
+ #644 Resolve use of deprecated "fgrep" by "grep -F"
721
+ #620 CMake: Make documentation on variables a bit more consistent
722
+ #636 CMake: Drop leading whitespace from a #cmakedefine line in
723
+ file expat_config.h.cmake
724
+ #594 xmlwf: Fix harmless variable mix-up in function nsattcmp
725
+ #592 #593 #610 Address Cppcheck warnings
726
+ #643 Address Clang 15 compiler warnings
727
+ #642 #644 Version info bumped from 9:8:8 to 9:9:8;
728
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
729
+
730
+ Infrastructure:
731
+ #597 #598 CI: Windows: Start covering MSVC 2022
732
+ #619 CI: macOS: Migrate off deprecated macOS 10.15
733
+ #632 CI: Linux: Make migration off deprecated Ubuntu 18.04 work
734
+ #643 CI: Upgrade Clang from 14 to 15
735
+ #637 apply-clang-format.sh: Add support for BSD find
736
+ #633 coverage.sh: Exclude MinGW headers
737
+ #635 coverage.sh: Fix name collision for -funsigned-char
738
+
739
+ Special thanks to:
740
+ David Faure
741
+ Felix Wilhelm
742
+ Frank Bergmann
743
+ Rhodri James
744
+ Rosen Penev
745
+ Thijs Schreijer
746
+ Vincent Torri
747
+ and
748
+ Google Project Zero
749
+
750
+ Release 2.4.8 Mon March 28 2022
751
+ Other changes:
752
+ #587 pkg-config: Move "-lm" to section "Libs.private"
753
+ #587 CMake|MSVC: Fix pkg-config section "Libs"
754
+ #55 #582 CMake|macOS: Start using linker arguments
755
+ "-compatibility_version <version>" and
756
+ "-current_version <version>" in a way compatible with
757
+ GNU Libtool
758
+ #590 #591 Version info bumped from 9:7:8 to 9:8:8;
759
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
760
+
761
+ Infrastructure:
762
+ #589 CI: Upgrade Clang from 13 to 14
763
+
764
+ Special thanks to:
765
+ evpobr
766
+ Kai Pastor
767
+ Sam James
768
+
769
+ Release 2.4.7 Fri March 4 2022
770
+ Bug fixes:
771
+ #572 #577 Relax fix to CVE-2022-25236 (introduced with release 2.4.5)
772
+ with regard to all valid URI characters (RFC 3986),
773
+ i.e. the following set (excluding whitespace):
774
+ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
775
+ 0123456789 % -._~ :/?#[]@ !$&'()*+,;=
776
+
777
+ Other changes:
778
+ #555 #570 #581 CMake|Windows: Store Expat version in the DLL
779
+ #577 Document consequences of namespace separator choices not just
780
+ in doc/reference.html but also in header <expat.h>
781
+ #577 Document Expat's lack of validation of namespace URIs against
782
+ RFC 3986, and that the XML 1.0r4 specification doesn't
783
+ require Expat to validate namespace URIs, and that Expat
784
+ may do more in that regard in future releases.
785
+ If you find need for strict RFC 3986 URI validation on
786
+ application level today, https://uriparser.github.io/ may
787
+ be of interest.
788
+ #579 Fix documentation of XML_EndDoctypeDeclHandler in <expat.h>
789
+ #575 Document that a call to XML_FreeContentModel can be done at
790
+ a later time from outside the element declaration handler
791
+ #574 Make hardcoded namespace URIs easier to find in code
792
+ #573 Update documentation on use of XML_POOR_ENTOPY on Solaris
793
+ #569 #571 tests: Resolve use of macros NAN and INFINITY for GNU G++
794
+ 4.8.2 on Solaris.
795
+ #578 #580 Version info bumped from 9:6:8 to 9:7:8;
796
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
797
+
798
+ Special thanks to:
799
+ Jeffrey Walton
800
+ Johnny Jazeix
801
+ Thijs Schreijer
802
+
803
+ Release 2.4.6 Sun February 20 2022
804
+ Bug fixes:
805
+ #566 Fix a regression introduced by the fix for CVE-2022-25313
806
+ in release 2.4.5 that affects applications that (1)
807
+ call function XML_SetElementDeclHandler and (2) are
808
+ parsing XML that contains nested element declarations
809
+ (e.g. "<!ELEMENT junk ((bar|foo|xyz+), zebra*)>").
810
+
811
+ Other changes:
812
+ #567 #568 Version info bumped from 9:5:8 to 9:6:8;
813
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
814
+
815
+ Special thanks to:
816
+ Matt Sergeant
817
+ Samanta Navarro
818
+ Sergei Trofimovich
819
+ and
820
+ NixOS
821
+ Perl XML::Parser
822
+
823
+ Release 2.4.5 Fri February 18 2022
824
+ Security fixes:
825
+ #562 CVE-2022-25235 -- Passing malformed 2- and 3-byte UTF-8
826
+ sequences (e.g. from start tag names) to the XML
827
+ processing application on top of Expat can cause
828
+ arbitrary damage (e.g. code execution) depending
829
+ on how invalid UTF-8 is handled inside the XML
830
+ processor; validation was not their job but Expat's.
831
+ Exploits with code execution are known to exist.
832
+ #561 CVE-2022-25236 -- Passing (one or more) namespace separator
833
+ characters in "xmlns[:prefix]" attribute values
834
+ made Expat send malformed tag names to the XML
835
+ processor on top of Expat which can cause
836
+ arbitrary damage (e.g. code execution) depending
837
+ on such unexpectable cases are handled inside the XML
838
+ processor; validation was not their job but Expat's.
839
+ Exploits with code execution are known to exist.
840
+ #558 CVE-2022-25313 -- Fix stack exhaustion in doctype parsing
841
+ that could be triggered by e.g. a 2 megabytes
842
+ file with a large number of opening braces.
843
+ Expected impact is denial of service or potentially
844
+ arbitrary code execution.
845
+ #560 CVE-2022-25314 -- Fix integer overflow in function copyString;
846
+ only affects the encoding name parameter at parser creation
847
+ time which is often hardcoded (rather than user input),
848
+ takes a value in the gigabytes to trigger, and a 64-bit
849
+ machine. Expected impact is denial of service.
850
+ #559 CVE-2022-25315 -- Fix integer overflow in function storeRawNames;
851
+ needs input in the gigabytes and a 64-bit machine.
852
+ Expected impact is denial of service or potentially
853
+ arbitrary code execution.
854
+
855
+ Other changes:
856
+ #557 #564 Version info bumped from 9:4:8 to 9:5:8;
857
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
858
+
859
+ Special thanks to:
860
+ Ivan Fratric
861
+ Samanta Navarro
862
+ and
863
+ Google Project Zero
864
+ JetBrains
865
+
866
+ Release 2.4.4 Sun January 30 2022
867
+ Security fixes:
868
+ #550 CVE-2022-23852 -- Fix signed integer overflow
869
+ (undefined behavior) in function XML_GetBuffer
870
+ (that is also called by function XML_Parse internally)
871
+ for when XML_CONTEXT_BYTES is defined to >0 (which is both
872
+ common and default).
873
+ Impact is denial of service or more.
874
+ #551 CVE-2022-23990 -- Fix unsigned integer overflow in function
875
+ doProlog triggered by large content in element type
876
+ declarations when there is an element declaration handler
877
+ present (from a prior call to XML_SetElementDeclHandler).
878
+ Impact is denial of service or more.
879
+
880
+ Bug fixes:
881
+ #544 #545 xmlwf: Fix a memory leak on output file opening error
882
+
883
+ Other changes:
884
+ #546 Autotools: Fix broken CMake support under Cygwin
885
+ #554 Windows: Add missing files to the installer to fix
886
+ compilation with CMake from installed sources
887
+ #552 #554 Version info bumped from 9:3:8 to 9:4:8;
888
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
889
+
890
+ Special thanks to:
891
+ Carlo Bramini
892
+ hwt0415
893
+ Roland Illig
894
+ Samanta Navarro
895
+ and
896
+ Clang LeakSan and the Clang team
897
+
898
+ Release 2.4.3 Sun January 16 2022
899
+ Security fixes:
900
+ #531 #534 CVE-2021-45960 -- Fix issues with left shifts by >=29 places
901
+ resulting in
902
+ a) realloc acting as free
903
+ b) realloc allocating too few bytes
904
+ c) undefined behavior
905
+ depending on architecture and precise value
906
+ for XML documents with >=2^27+1 prefixed attributes
907
+ on a single XML tag a la
908
+ "<r xmlns:a='[..]' a:a123='[..]' [..] />"
909
+ where XML_ParserCreateNS is used to create the parser
910
+ (which needs argument "-n" when running xmlwf).
911
+ Impact is denial of service, or more.
912
+ #532 #538 CVE-2021-46143 (ZDI-CAN-16157) -- Fix integer overflow
913
+ on variable m_groupSize in function doProlog leading
914
+ to realloc acting as free.
915
+ Impact is denial of service or more.
916
+ #539 CVE-2022-22822 to CVE-2022-22827 -- Prevent integer overflows
917
+ near memory allocation at multiple places. Mitre assigned
918
+ a dedicated CVE for each involved internal C function:
919
+ - CVE-2022-22822 for function addBinding
920
+ - CVE-2022-22823 for function build_model
921
+ - CVE-2022-22824 for function defineAttribute
922
+ - CVE-2022-22825 for function lookup
923
+ - CVE-2022-22826 for function nextScaffoldPart
924
+ - CVE-2022-22827 for function storeAtts
925
+ Impact is denial of service or more.
926
+
927
+ Other changes:
928
+ #535 CMake: Make call to file(GENERATE [..]) work for CMake <3.19
929
+ #541 Autotools|CMake: MinGW: Make run.sh(.in) work for Cygwin
930
+ and MSYS2 by not going through Wine on these platforms
931
+ #527 #528 Address compiler warnings
932
+ #533 #543 Version info bumped from 9:2:8 to 9:3:8;
933
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
934
+
935
+ Infrastructure:
936
+ #536 CI: Check for realistic minimum CMake version
937
+ #529 #539 CI: Cover compilation with -m32
938
+ #529 CI: Store coverage reports as artifacts for download
939
+ #528 CI: Upgrade Clang from 11 to 13
940
+
941
+ Special thanks to:
942
+ An anonymous whitehat
943
+ Christopher Degawa
944
+ J. Peter Mugaas
945
+ Tyson Smith
946
+ and
947
+ GCC Farm Project
948
+ Trend Micro Zero Day Initiative
949
+
950
+ Release 2.4.2 Sun December 19 2021
951
+ Other changes:
952
+ #509 #510 Link againgst libm for function "isnan"
953
+ #513 #514 Include expat_config.h as early as possible
954
+ #498 Autotools: Include files with release archives:
955
+ - buildconf.sh
956
+ - fuzz/*.c
957
+ #507 #519 Autotools: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.20
958
+ #495 #524 CMake: MinGW: Fix pkg-config section "Libs" for
959
+ - non-release build types (e.g. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug)
960
+ - multi-config CMake generators (e.g. Ninja Multi-Config)
961
+ #502 #503 docs: Document that function XML_GetBuffer may return NULL
962
+ when asking for a buffer of 0 (zero) bytes size
963
+ #522 #523 docs: Fix return value docs for both
964
+ XML_SetBillionLaughsAttackProtection* functions
965
+ #525 #526 Version info bumped from 9:1:8 to 9:2:8;
966
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
967
+
968
+ Special thanks to:
969
+ Donghee Na
970
+ Joergen Ibsen
971
+ Kai Pastor
972
+
973
+ Release 2.4.1 Sun May 23 2021
974
+ Bug fixes:
975
+ #488 #490 Autotools: Fix installed header expat_config.h for multilib
976
+ systems; regression introduced in 2.4.0 by pull request #486
977
+
978
+ Other changes:
979
+ #491 #492 Version info bumped from 9:0:8 to 9:1:8;
980
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
981
+
982
+ Special thanks to:
983
+ Gentoo's QA check "multilib_check_headers"
984
+
985
+ Release 2.4.0 Sun May 23 2021
986
+ Security fixes:
987
+ #34 #466 #484 CVE-2013-0340/CWE-776 -- Protect against billion laughs attacks
988
+ (denial-of-service; flavors targeting CPU time or RAM or both,
989
+ leveraging general entities or parameter entities or both)
990
+ by tracking and limiting the input amplification factor
991
+ (<amplification> := (<direct> + <indirect>) / <direct>).
992
+ By conservative default, amplification up to a factor of 100.0
993
+ is tolerated and rejection only starts after 8 MiB of output bytes
994
+ (=<direct> + <indirect>) have been processed.
995
+ The fix adds the following to the API:
996
+ - A new error code XML_ERROR_AMPLIFICATION_LIMIT_BREACH to
997
+ signals this specific condition.
998
+ - Two new API functions ..
999
+ - XML_SetBillionLaughsAttackProtectionMaximumAmplification and
1000
+ - XML_SetBillionLaughsAttackProtectionActivationThreshold
1001
+ .. to further tighten billion laughs protection parameters
1002
+ when desired. Please see file "doc/reference.html" for details.
1003
+ If you ever need to increase the defaults for non-attack XML
1004
+ payload, please file a bug report with libexpat.
1005
+ - Two new XML_FEATURE_* constants ..
1006
+ - that can be queried using the XML_GetFeatureList function, and
1007
+ - that are shown in "xmlwf -v" output.
1008
+ - Two new environment variable switches ..
1009
+ - EXPAT_ACCOUNTING_DEBUG=(0|1|2|3) and
1010
+ - EXPAT_ENTITY_DEBUG=(0|1)
1011
+ .. for runtime debugging of accounting and entity processing.
1012
+ Specific behavior of these values may change in the future.
1013
+ - Two new command line arguments "-a FACTOR" and "-b BYTES"
1014
+ for xmlwf to further tighten billion laughs protection
1015
+ parameters when desired.
1016
+ If you ever need to increase the defaults for non-attack XML
1017
+ payload, please file a bug report with libexpat.
1018
+
1019
+ Bug fixes:
1020
+ #332 #470 For (non-default) compilation with -DEXPAT_MIN_SIZE=ON (CMake)
1021
+ or CPPFLAGS=-DXML_MIN_SIZE (GNU Autotools): Fix segfault
1022
+ for UTF-16 payloads containing CDATA sections.
1023
+ #485 #486 Autotools: Fix generated CMake files for non-64bit and
1024
+ non-Linux platforms (e.g. macOS and MinGW in particular)
1025
+ that were introduced with release 2.3.0
1026
+
1027
+ Other changes:
1028
+ #468 #469 xmlwf: Improve help output and the xmlwf man page
1029
+ #463 xmlwf: Improve maintainability through some refactoring
1030
+ #477 xmlwf: Fix man page DocBook validity
1031
+ #456 Autotools: Sync CMake templates with CMake 3.18
1032
+ #458 #459 CMake: Support absolute paths for both CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR
1033
+ and CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR
1034
+ #471 #481 CMake: Add support for standard variable BUILD_SHARED_LIBS
1035
+ #457 Unexpose symbol _INTERNAL_trim_to_complete_utf8_characters
1036
+ #467 Resolve macro HAVE_EXPAT_CONFIG_H
1037
+ #472 Delete unused legacy helper file "conftools/PrintPath"
1038
+ #473 #483 Improve attribution
1039
+ #464 #465 #477 doc/reference.html: Fix XHTML validity
1040
+ #475 #478 doc/reference.html: Replace the 90s look by OK.css
1041
+ #479 Version info bumped from 8:0:7 to 9:0:8
1042
+ due to addition of new symbols and error codes;
1043
+ see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do
1044
+
1045
+ Infrastructure:
1046
+ #456 CI: Enable periodic runs
1047
+ #457 CI: Start covering the list of exported symbols
1048
+ #474 CI: Isolate coverage task
1049
+ #476 #482 CI: Adapt to breaking changes in image "ubuntu-18.04"
1050
+ #477 CI: Cover well-formedness and DocBook/XHTML validity
1051
+ of doc/reference.html and doc/xmlwf.xml
1052
+
1053
+ Special thanks to:
1054
+ Dimitry Andric
1055
+ Eero Helenius
1056
+ Nick Wellnhofer
1057
+ Rhodri James
1058
+ Tomas Korbar
1059
+ Yury Gribov
1060
+ and
1061
+ Clang LeakSan
1062
+ JetBrains
1063
+ OSS-Fuzz
1064
+
1065
+ Release 2.3.0 Thu March 25 2021
1066
+ Bug fixes:
1067
+ #438 When calling XML_ParseBuffer without a prior successful call to
1068
+ XML_GetBuffer as a user, no longer trigger undefined behavior
1069
+ (by adding an integer to a NULL pointer) but rather return
1070
+ XML_STATUS_ERROR and set the error code to (new) code
1071
+ XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER. Found by UBSan (UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer)
1072
+ of Clang 11 (but not Clang 9).
1073
+ #444 xmlwf: Exit status 2 was used for both:
1074
+ - malformed input files (documented) and
1075
+ - invalid command-line arguments (undocumented).
1076
+ The case of invalid command-line arguments now
1077
+ has its own exit status 4, resolving the ambiguity.
1078
+
1079
+ Other changes:
1080
+ #439 xmlwf: Add argument -k to allow continuing after
1081
+ non-fatal errors
1082
+ #439 xmlwf: Add section about exit status to the -h help output
1083
+ #422 #426 #447 Windows: Drop support for Visual Studio <=14.0/2015
1084
+ #434 Windows: CMake: Detect unsupported Visual Studio at
1085
+ configure time (rather than at compile time)
1086
+ #382 #428 testrunner: Make verbose mode (argument "-v") report
1087
+ about passed tests, and make default mode report about
1088
+ failures, as well.
1089
+ #442 CMake: Call "enable_language(CXX)" prior to tinkering
1090
+ with CMAKE_CXX_* variables
1091
+ #448 Document use of libexpat from a CMake-based project
1092
+ #451 Autotools: Install CMake files as generated by CMake 3.19.6
1093
+ so that users with "find_package(expat [..] CONFIG [..])"
1094
+ are served on distributions that are *not* using the CMake
1095
+ build system inside for libexpat packaging
1096
+ #436 #437 Autotools: Drop obsolescent macro AC_HEADER_STDC
1097
+ #450 #452 Autotools: Resolve use of obsolete macro AC_CONFIG_HEADER
1098
+ #441 Address compiler warnings
1099
+ #443 Version info bumped from 7:12:6 to 8:0:7
1100
+ due to addition of error code XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER
1101
+ (see https://verbump.de/ for what these numbers do)
1102
+
1103
+ Infrastructure:
1104
+ #435 #446 Replace Travis CI by GitHub Actions
1105
+
1106
+ Special thanks to:
1107
+ Alexander Richardson
1108
+ Oleksandr Popovych
1109
+ Thomas Beutlich
1110
+ Tim Bray
1111
+ and
1112
+ Clang LeakSan, Clang 11 UBSan and the Clang team
1113
+
1114
+ Release 2.2.10 Sat October 3 2020
1115
+ Bug fixes:
1116
+ #390 #395 #398 Fix undefined behavior during parsing caused by
1117
+ pointer arithmetic with NULL pointers
1118
+ #404 #405 Fix reading uninitialized variable during parsing
1119
+ #406 xmlwf: Add missing check for malloc NULL return
1120
+
1121
+ Other changes:
1122
+ #396 Windows: Drop support for Visual Studio <=8.0/2005
1123
+ #409 Windows: Add missing file "Changes" to the installer
1124
+ to fix compilation with CMake from installed sources
1125
+ #403 xmlwf: Document exit codes in xmlwf manpage and
1126
+ exit with code 3 (rather than code 1) for output errors
1127
+ when used with "-d DIRECTORY"
1128
+ #356 #359 MinGW: Provide declaration of rand_s for mingwrt <5.3.0
1129
+ #383 #392 Autotools: Use -Werror while configure tests the compiler
1130
+ for supported compile flags to avoid false positives
1131
+ #383 #393 #394 Autotools: Improve handling of user (C|CPP|CXX|LD)FLAGS,
1132
+ e.g. ensure that they have the last word over flags added
1133
+ while running ./configure
1134
+ #360 CMake: Create libexpatw.{dll,so} and expatw.pc (with emphasis
1135
+ on suffix "w") with -DEXPAT_CHAR_TYPE=(ushort|wchar_t)
1136
+ #360 CMake: Detect and deny unsupported build combinations
1137
+ involving -DEXPAT_CHAR_TYPE=(ushort|wchar_t)
1138
+ #360 CMake: Install pre-compiled shipped xmlwf.1 manpage in case
1139
+ of -DEXPAT_BUILD_DOCS=OFF
1140
+ #375 #380 #419 CMake: Fix use of Expat by means of add_subdirectory
1141
+ #407 #408 CMake: Keep expat target name constant at "expat"
1142
+ (i.e. refrain from using the target name to control
1143
+ build artifact filenames)
1144
+ #385 CMake: Fix compilation with -DEXPAT_SHARED_LIBS=OFF for
1145
+ Windows
1146
+ CMake: Expose man page compilation as target "xmlwf-manpage"
1147
+ #413 #414 CMake: Introduce option EXPAT_BUILD_PKGCONFIG
1148
+ to control generation of pkg-config file "expat.pc"
1149
+ #424 CMake: Add minimalistic support for building binary packages
1150
+ with CMake target "package"; based on CPack
1151
+ #366 CMake: Add option -DEXPAT_OSSFUZZ_BUILD=(ON|OFF) with
1152
+ default OFF to build fuzzer code against OSS-Fuzz and
1153
+ related environment variable LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE
1154
+ #354 Fix testsuite for -DEXPAT_DTD=OFF and -DEXPAT_NS=OFF, each
1155
+ #354 #355 ..
1156
+ #356 #412 Address compiler warnings
1157
+ #368 #369 Address pngcheck warnings with doc/*.png images
1158
+ #425 Version info bumped from 7:11:6 to 7:12:6
1159
+
1160
+ Special thanks to:
1161
+ asavah
1162
+ Ben Wagner
1163
+ Bhargava Shastry
1164
+ Frank Landgraf
1165
+ Jeffrey Walton
1166
+ Joe Orton
1167
+ Kleber Tarcísio
1168
+ Ma Lin
1169
+ Maciej Sroczyński
1170
+ Mohammed Khajapasha
1171
+ Vadim Zeitlin
1172
+ and
1173
+ Cppcheck 2.0 and the Cppcheck team
1174
+
1175
+ Release 2.2.9 Wed September 25 2019
1176
+ Other changes:
1177
+ examples: Drop executable bits from elements.c
1178
+ #349 Windows: Change the name of the Windows DLLs from expat*.dll
1179
+ to libexpat*.dll once more (regression from 2.2.8, first
1180
+ fixed in 1.95.3, issue #61 on SourceForge today,
1181
+ was issue #432456 back then); needs a fix due
1182
+ case-insensitive file systems on Windows and the fact that
1183
+ Perl's XML::Parser::Expat compiles into Expat.dll.
1184
+ #347 Windows: Only define _CRT_RAND_S if not defined
1185
+ Version info bumped from 7:10:6 to 7:11:6
1186
+
1187
+ Special thanks to:
1188
+ Ben Wagner
1189
+
1190
+ Release 2.2.8 Fri September 13 2019
1191
+ Security fixes:
1192
+ #317 #318 CVE-2019-15903 -- Fix heap overflow triggered by
1193
+ XML_GetCurrentLineNumber (or XML_GetCurrentColumnNumber),
1194
+ and deny internal entities closing the doctype;
1195
+ fixed in commit c20b758c332d9a13afbbb276d30db1d183a85d43
1196
+
1197
+ Bug fixes:
1198
+ #240 Fix cases where XML_StopParser did not have any effect
1199
+ when called from inside of an end element handler
1200
+ #341 xmlwf: Fix exit code for operation without "-d DIRECTORY";
1201
+ previously, only "-d DIRECTORY" would give you a proper
1202
+ exit code:
1203
+ # xmlwf -d . <<<'<not well-formed>' 2>/dev/null ; echo $?
1204
+ 2
1205
+ # xmlwf <<<'<not well-formed>' 2>/dev/null ; echo $?
1206
+ 0
1207
+ Now both cases return exit code 2.
1208
+
1209
+ Other changes:
1210
+ #299 #302 Windows: Replace LoadLibrary hack to access
1211
+ unofficial API function SystemFunction036 (RtlGenRandom)
1212
+ by using official API function rand_s (needs WinXP+)
1213
+ #325 Windows: Drop support for Visual Studio <=7.1/2003
1214
+ and document supported compilers in README.md
1215
+ #286 Windows: Remove COM code from xmlwf; in case it turns
1216
+ out needed later, there will be a dedicated repository
1217
+ below https://github.com/libexpat/ for that code
1218
+ #322 Windows: Remove explicit MSVC solution and project files.
1219
+ You can generate Visual Studio solution files through
1220
+ CMake, e.g.: cmake -G"Visual Studio 15 2017" .
1221
+ #338 xmlwf: Make "xmlwf -h" help output more friendly
1222
+ #339 examples: Improve elements.c
1223
+ #244 #264 Autotools: Add argument --enable-xml-attr-info
1224
+ #239 #301 Autotools: Add arguments
1225
+ --with-getrandom
1226
+ --without-getrandom
1227
+ --with-sys-getrandom
1228
+ --without-sys-getrandom
1229
+ #312 #343 Autotools: Fix linking issues with "./configure LD=clang"
1230
+ Autotools: Fix "make run-xmltest" for out-of-source builds
1231
+ #329 #336 CMake: Pull all options from Expat <=2.2.7 into namespace
1232
+ prefix EXPAT_ with the exception of DOCBOOK_TO_MAN:
1233
+ - BUILD_doc -> EXPAT_BUILD_DOCS (plural)
1234
+ - BUILD_examples -> EXPAT_BUILD_EXAMPLES
1235
+ - BUILD_shared -> EXPAT_SHARED_LIBS
1236
+ - BUILD_tests -> EXPAT_BUILD_TESTS
1237
+ - BUILD_tools -> EXPAT_BUILD_TOOLS
1238
+ - DOCBOOK_TO_MAN -> DOCBOOK_TO_MAN (unchanged)
1239
+ - INSTALL -> EXPAT_ENABLE_INSTALL
1240
+ - MSVC_USE_STATIC_CRT -> EXPAT_MSVC_STATIC_CRT
1241
+ - USE_libbsd -> EXPAT_WITH_LIBBSD
1242
+ - WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS -> EXPAT_WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS
1243
+ - XML_CONTEXT_BYTES -> EXPAT_CONTEXT_BYTES
1244
+ - XML_DEV_URANDOM -> EXPAT_DEV_URANDOM
1245
+ - XML_DTD -> EXPAT_DTD
1246
+ - XML_NS -> EXPAT_NS
1247
+ - XML_UNICODE -> EXPAT_CHAR_TYPE=ushort (!)
1248
+ - XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T -> EXPAT_CHAR_TYPE=wchar_t (!)
1249
+ #244 #264 CMake: Add argument -DEXPAT_ATTR_INFO=(ON|OFF),
1250
+ default OFF
1251
+ #326 CMake: Add argument -DEXPAT_LARGE_SIZE=(ON|OFF),
1252
+ default OFF
1253
+ #328 CMake: Add argument -DEXPAT_MIN_SIZE=(ON|OFF),
1254
+ default OFF
1255
+ #239 #277 CMake: Add arguments
1256
+ -DEXPAT_WITH_GETRANDOM=(ON|OFF|AUTO), default AUTO
1257
+ -DEXPAT_WITH_SYS_GETRANDOM=(ON|OFF|AUTO), default AUTO
1258
+ #326 CMake: Install expat_config.h to include directory
1259
+ #326 CMake: Generate and install configuration files for
1260
+ future find_package(expat [..] CONFIG [..])
1261
+ CMake: Now produces a summary of applied configuration
1262
+ CMake: Require C++ compiler only when tests are enabled
1263
+ #330 CMake: Fix compilation for 16bit character types,
1264
+ i.e. ex -DXML_UNICODE=ON (and ex -DXML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T=ON)
1265
+ #265 CMake: Fix linking with MinGW
1266
+ #330 CMake: Add full support for MinGW; to enable, use
1267
+ -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=[expat]/cmake/mingw-toolchain.cmake
1268
+ #330 CMake: Port "make run-xmltest" from GNU Autotools to CMake
1269
+ #316 CMake: Windows: Make binary postfix match MSVC
1270
+ Old: expat[d].lib
1271
+ New: expat[w][d][MD|MT].lib
1272
+ CMake: Migrate files from Windows to Unix line endings
1273
+ #308 CMake: Integrate OSS-Fuzz fuzzers, option
1274
+ -DEXPAT_BUILD_FUZZERS=(ON|OFF), default OFF
1275
+ #14 Drop an OpenVMS support leftover
1276
+ #235 #268 ..
1277
+ #270 #310 ..
1278
+ #313 #331 #333 Address compiler warnings
1279
+ #282 #283 ..
1280
+ #284 #285 Address cppcheck warnings
1281
+ #294 #295 Address Clang Static Analyzer warnings
1282
+ #24 #293 Mass-apply clang-format 9 (and ensure conformance during CI)
1283
+ Version info bumped from 7:9:6 to 7:10:6
1284
+
1285
+ Special thanks to:
1286
+ David Loffredo
1287
+ Joonun Jang
1288
+ Kishore Kunche
1289
+ Marco Maggi
1290
+ Mitch Phillips
1291
+ Mohammed Khajapasha
1292
+ Rolf Ade
1293
+ xantares
1294
+ Zhongyuan Zhou
1295
+
1296
+ Release 2.2.7 Wed June 19 2019
1297
+ Security fixes:
1298
+ #186 #262 CVE-2018-20843 -- Fix extraction of namespace prefixes from
1299
+ XML names; XML names with multiple colons could end up in
1300
+ the wrong namespace, and take a high amount of RAM and CPU
1301
+ resources while processing, opening the door to
1302
+ use for denial-of-service attacks
1303
+
1304
+ Other changes:
1305
+ #195 #197 Autotools/CMake: Utilize -fvisibility=hidden to stop
1306
+ exporting non-API symbols
1307
+ #227 Autotools: Add --without-examples and --without-tests
1308
+ #228 Autotools: Modernize configure.ac
1309
+ #245 #246 Autotools: Fix check for -fvisibility=hidden for Clang
1310
+ #247 #248 Autotools: Fix compilation for lack of docbook2x-man
1311
+ #236 #258 Autotools: Produce .tar.{gz,lz,xz} release archives
1312
+ #212 CMake: Make libdir of pkgconfig expat.pc support multilib
1313
+ #158 #263 CMake: Build man page in PROJECT_BINARY_DIR not _SOURCE_DIR
1314
+ #219 Remove fallback to bcopy, assume that memmove(3) exists
1315
+ #257 Use portable "/usr/bin/env bash" shebang (e.g. for OpenBSD)
1316
+ #243 Windows: Fix syntax of .def module definition files
1317
+ Version info bumped from 7:8:6 to 7:9:6
1318
+
1319
+ Special thanks to:
1320
+ Benjamin Peterson
1321
+ Caolán McNamara
1322
+ Hanno Böck
1323
+ KangLin
1324
+ Kishore Kunche
1325
+ Marco Maggi
1326
+ Rhodri James
1327
+ Sebastian Dröge
1328
+ userwithuid
1329
+ Yury Gribov
1330
+
1331
+ Release 2.2.6 Sun August 12 2018
1332
+ Bug fixes:
1333
+ #170 #206 Avoid doing arithmetic with NULL pointers in XML_GetBuffer
1334
+ #204 #205 Fix 2.2.5 regression with suspend-resume while parsing
1335
+ a document like '<root/>'
1336
+
1337
+ Other changes:
1338
+ #165 #168 Autotools: Fix docbook-related configure syntax error
1339
+ #166 Autotools: Avoid grep option `-q` for Solaris
1340
+ #167 Autotools: Support
1341
+ ./configure DOCBOOK_TO_MAN="xmlto man --skip-validation"
1342
+ #159 #167 Autotools: Support DOCBOOK_TO_MAN command which produces
1343
+ xmlwf.1 rather than XMLWF.1; also covers case insensitive
1344
+ file systems
1345
+ #181 Autotools: Drop -rpath option passed to libtool
1346
+ #188 Autotools: Detect and deny SGML docbook2man as ours is XML
1347
+ #188 Autotools/CMake: Support command db2x_docbook2man as well
1348
+ #174 CMake: Introduce option WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS, defaults to OFF
1349
+ #184 #185 CMake: Introduce option MSVC_USE_STATIC_CRT, defaults to OFF
1350
+ #207 #208 CMake: Introduce option XML_UNICODE and XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T,
1351
+ both defaulting to OFF
1352
+ #175 CMake: Prefer check_symbol_exists over check_function_exists
1353
+ #176 CMake: Create the same pkg-config file as with GNU Autotools
1354
+ #178 #179 CMake: Use GNUInstallDirs module to set proper defaults for
1355
+ install directories
1356
+ #208 CMake: Utilize expat_config.h.cmake for XML_DEV_URANDOM
1357
+ #180 Windows: Fix compilation of test suite for Visual Studio 2008
1358
+ #131 #173 #202 Address compiler warnings
1359
+ #187 #190 #200 Fix miscellaneous typos
1360
+ Version info bumped from 7:7:6 to 7:8:6
1361
+
1362
+ Special thanks to:
1363
+ Anton Maklakov
1364
+ Benjamin Peterson
1365
+ Brad King
1366
+ Franek Korta
1367
+ Frank Rast
1368
+ Joe Orton
1369
+ luzpaz
1370
+ Pedro Vicente
1371
+ Rainer Jung
1372
+ Rhodri James
1373
+ Rolf Ade
1374
+ Rolf Eike Beer
1375
+ Thomas Beutlich
1376
+ Tomasz Kłoczko
1377
+
1378
+ Release 2.2.5 Tue October 31 2017
1379
+ Bug fixes:
1380
+ #8 If the parser runs out of memory, make sure its internal
1381
+ state reflects the memory it actually has, not the memory
1382
+ it wanted to have.
1383
+ #11 The default handler wasn't being called when it should for
1384
+ a SYSTEM or PUBLIC doctype if an entity declaration handler
1385
+ was registered.
1386
+ #137 #138 Fix a case of mistakenly reported parsing success where
1387
+ XML_StopParser was called from an element handler
1388
+ #162 Function XML_ErrorString was returning NULL rather than
1389
+ a message for code XML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT
1390
+ introduced with release 2.2.1
1391
+
1392
+ Other changes:
1393
+ #106 xmlwf: Add argument -N adding notation declarations
1394
+ #75 #106 Test suite: Resolve expected failure cases where xmlwf
1395
+ output was incomplete
1396
+ #127 Windows: Fix test suite compilation
1397
+ #126 #127 Windows: Fix compilation for Visual Studio 2012
1398
+ Windows: Upgrade shipped project files to Visual Studio 2017
1399
+ #33 #132 tests: Mass-fix compilation for XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T
1400
+ #129 examples: Fix compilation for XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T
1401
+ #130 benchmark: Fix compilation for XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T
1402
+ #144 xmlwf: Fix compilation for XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T; still needs
1403
+ Windows or MinGW for 2-byte wchar_t
1404
+ #9 Address two Clang Static Analyzer false positives
1405
+ #59 Resolve troublesome macros hiding parser struct membership
1406
+ and dereferencing that pointer
1407
+ #6 Resolve superfluous internal malloc/realloc switch
1408
+ #153 #155 Improve docbook2x-man detection
1409
+ #160 Undefine NDEBUG in the test suite (rather than rejecting it)
1410
+ #161 Address compiler warnings
1411
+ Version info bumped from 7:6:6 to 7:7:6
1412
+
1413
+ Special thanks to:
1414
+ Benbuck Nason
1415
+ Hans Wennborg
1416
+ José Gutiérrez de la Concha
1417
+ Pedro Monreal Gonzalez
1418
+ Rhodri James
1419
+ Rolf Ade
1420
+ Stephen Groat
1421
+ and
1422
+ Core Infrastructure Initiative
1423
+
1424
+ Release 2.2.4 Sat August 19 2017
1425
+ Bug fixes:
1426
+ #115 Fix copying of partial characters for UTF-8 input
1427
+
1428
+ Other changes:
1429
+ #109 Fix "make check" for non-x86 architectures that default
1430
+ to unsigned type char (-128..127 rather than 0..255)
1431
+ #109 coverage.sh: Cover -funsigned-char
1432
+ Autotools: Introduce --without-xmlwf argument
1433
+ #65 Autotools: Replace handwritten Makefile with GNU Automake
1434
+ #43 CMake: Auto-detect high quality entropy extractors, add new
1435
+ option USE_libbsd=ON to use arc4random_buf of libbsd
1436
+ #74 CMake: Add -fno-strict-aliasing only where supported
1437
+ #114 CMake: Always honor manually set BUILD_* options
1438
+ #114 CMake: Compile man page if docbook2x-man is available, only
1439
+ #117 Include file tests/xmltest.log.expected in source tarball
1440
+ (required for "make run-xmltest")
1441
+ #117 Include (existing) Visual Studio 2013 files in source tarball
1442
+ Improve test suite error output
1443
+ #111 Fix some typos in documentation
1444
+ Version info bumped from 7:5:6 to 7:6:6
1445
+
1446
+ Special thanks to:
1447
+ Jakub Wilk
1448
+ Joe Orton
1449
+ Lin Tian
1450
+ Rolf Eike Beer
1451
+
1452
+ Release 2.2.3 Wed August 2 2017
1453
+ Security fixes:
1454
+ #82 CVE-2017-11742 -- Windows: Fix DLL hijacking vulnerability
1455
+ using Steve Holme's LoadLibrary wrapper for/of cURL
1456
+
1457
+ Bug fixes:
1458
+ #85 Fix a dangling pointer issue related to realloc
1459
+
1460
+ Other changes:
1461
+ Increase code coverage
1462
+ #91 Linux: Allow getrandom to fail if nonblocking pool has not
1463
+ yet been initialized and read /dev/urandom then, instead.
1464
+ This is in line with what recent Python does.
1465
+ #81 Pre-10.7/Lion macOS: Support entropy from arc4random
1466
+ #86 Check that a UTF-16 encoding in an XML declaration has the
1467
+ right endianness
1468
+ #4 #5 #7 Recover correctly when some reallocations fail
1469
+ Repair "./configure && make" for systems without any
1470
+ provider of high quality entropy
1471
+ and try reading /dev/urandom on those
1472
+ Ensure that user-defined character encodings have converter
1473
+ functions when they are needed
1474
+ Fix mis-leading description of argument -c in xmlwf.1
1475
+ Rely on macro HAVE_ARC4RANDOM_BUF (rather than __CloudABI__)
1476
+ for CloudABI
1477
+ #100 Fix use of SIPHASH_MAIN in siphash.h
1478
+ #23 Test suite: Fix memory leaks
1479
+ Version info bumped from 7:4:6 to 7:5:6
1480
+
1481
+ Special thanks to:
1482
+ Chanho Park
1483
+ Joe Orton
1484
+ Pascal Cuoq
1485
+ Rhodri James
1486
+ Simon McVittie
1487
+ Vadim Zeitlin
1488
+ Viktor Szakats
1489
+ and
1490
+ Core Infrastructure Initiative
1491
+
1492
+ Release 2.2.2 Wed July 12 2017
1493
+ Security fixes:
1494
+ #43 Protect against compilation without any source of high
1495
+ quality entropy enabled, e.g. with CMake build system;
1496
+ commit ff0207e6076e9828e536b8d9cd45c9c92069b895
1497
+ #60 Windows with _UNICODE:
1498
+ Unintended use of LoadLibraryW with a non-wide string
1499
+ resulted in failure to load advapi32.dll and degradation
1500
+ in quality of used entropy when compiled with _UNICODE for
1501
+ Windows; you can launch existing binaries with
1502
+ EXPAT_ENTROPY_DEBUG=1 in the environment to inspect the
1503
+ quality of entropy used during runtime; commits
1504
+ * 95b95032f907ef1cd17ee7a9a1768010a825d61d
1505
+ * 73a5a2e9c081f49f2d775cf7ced864158b68dc80
1506
+ [MOX-006] Fix non-NULL parser parameter validation in XML_Parse;
1507
+ resulted in NULL dereference, previously;
1508
+ commit ac256dafdffc9622ab0dc2c62fcecb0dfcfa71fe
1509
+
1510
+ Bug fixes:
1511
+ #69 Fix improper use of unsigned long long integer literals
1512
+
1513
+ Other changes:
1514
+ #73 Start requiring a C99 compiler
1515
+ #49 Fix "==" Bashism in configure script
1516
+ #50 Fix too eager getrandom detection for Debian GNU/kFreeBSD
1517
+ #52 and macOS
1518
+ #51 Address lack of stdint.h in Visual Studio 2003 to 2008
1519
+ #58 Address compile warnings
1520
+ #68 Fix "./buildconf.sh && ./configure" for some versions
1521
+ of Dash for /bin/sh
1522
+ #72 CMake: Ease use of Expat in context of a parent project
1523
+ with multiple CMakeLists.txt files
1524
+ #72 CMake: Resolve mistaken executable permissions
1525
+ #76 Address compile warning with -DNDEBUG (not recommended!)
1526
+ #77 Address compile warning about macro redefinition
1527
+
1528
+ Special thanks to:
1529
+ Alexander Bluhm
1530
+ Ben Boeckel
1531
+ Cătălin Răceanu
1532
+ Kerin Millar
1533
+ László Böszörményi
1534
+ S. P. Zeidler
1535
+ Segev Finer
1536
+ Václav Slavík
1537
+ Victor Stinner
1538
+ Viktor Szakats
1539
+ and
1540
+ Radically Open Security
1541
+
1542
+ Release 2.2.1 Sat June 17 2017
1543
+ Security fixes:
1544
+ CVE-2017-9233 -- External entity infinite loop DoS
1545
+ Details: https://libexpat.github.io/doc/cve-2017-9233/
1546
+ Commit c4bf96bb51dd2a1b0e185374362ee136fe2c9d7f
1547
+ [MOX-002] CVE-2016-9063 -- Detect integer overflow; commit
1548
+ d4f735b88d9932bd5039df2335eefdd0723dbe20
1549
+ (Fixed version of existing downstream patches!)
1550
+ (SF.net) #539 Fix regression from fix to CVE-2016-0718 cutting off
1551
+ longer tag names; commits
1552
+ * 896b6c1fd3b842f377d1b62135dccf0a579cf65d
1553
+ * af507cef2c93cb8d40062a0abe43a4f4e9158fb2
1554
+ #16 * 0dbbf43fdb20f593ddf4fa1ff67288000dd4a7fd
1555
+ #25 More integer overflow detection (function poolGrow); commits
1556
+ * 810b74e4703dcfdd8f404e3cb177d44684775143
1557
+ * 44178553f3539ce69d34abee77a05e879a7982ac
1558
+ [MOX-002] Detect overflow from len=INT_MAX call to XML_Parse; commits
1559
+ * 4be2cb5afcc018d996f34bbbce6374b7befad47f
1560
+ * 7e5b71b748491b6e459e5c9a1d090820f94544d8
1561
+ [MOX-005] #30 Use high quality entropy for hash initialization:
1562
+ * arc4random_buf on BSD, systems with libbsd
1563
+ (when configured with --with-libbsd), CloudABI
1564
+ * RtlGenRandom on Windows XP / Server 2003 and later
1565
+ * getrandom on Linux 3.17+
1566
+ In a way, that's still part of CVE-2016-5300.
1567
+ https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/pull/30/commits
1568
+ [MOX-005] For the low quality entropy extraction fallback code,
1569
+ the parser instance address can no longer leak, commit
1570
+ 04ad658bd3079dd15cb60fc67087900f0ff4b083
1571
+ [MOX-003] Prevent use of uninitialised variable; commit
1572
+ [MOX-004] a4dc944f37b664a3ca7199c624a98ee37babdb4b
1573
+ Add missing parameter validation to public API functions
1574
+ and dedicated error code XML_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:
1575
+ [MOX-006] * NULL checks; commits
1576
+ * d37f74b2b7149a3a95a680c4c4cd2a451a51d60a (merge/many)
1577
+ * 9ed727064b675b7180c98cb3d4f75efba6966681
1578
+ * 6a747c837c50114dfa413994e07c0ba477be4534
1579
+ * Negative length (XML_Parse); commit
1580
+ [MOX-002] 70db8d2538a10f4c022655d6895e4c3e78692e7f
1581
+ [MOX-001] #35 Change hash algorithm to William Ahern's version of SipHash
1582
+ to go further with fixing CVE-2012-0876.
1583
+ https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/pull/39/commits
1584
+
1585
+ Bug fixes:
1586
+ #32 Fix sharing of hash salt across parsers;
1587
+ relevant where XML_ExternalEntityParserCreate is called
1588
+ prior to XML_Parse, in particular (e.g. FBReader)
1589
+ #28 xmlwf: Auto-disable use of memory-mapping (and parsing
1590
+ as a single chunk) for files larger than ~1 GB (2^30 bytes)
1591
+ rather than failing with error "out of memory"
1592
+ #3 Fix double free after malloc failure in DTD code; commit
1593
+ 7ae9c3d3af433cd4defe95234eae7dc8ed15637f
1594
+ #17 Fix memory leak on parser error for unbound XML attribute
1595
+ prefix with new namespaces defined in the same tag;
1596
+ found by Google's OSS-Fuzz; commits
1597
+ * 16f87daae5a16132e479e4f71862128c7a915c73
1598
+ * b47dbc9745932c160893d433220e462bd605f8cd
1599
+ xmlwf on Windows: Add missing calls to CloseHandle
1600
+
1601
+ New features:
1602
+ #30 Introduced environment switch EXPAT_ENTROPY_DEBUG=1
1603
+ for runtime debugging of entropy extraction
1604
+
1605
+ Other changes:
1606
+ Increase code coverage
1607
+ #33 Reject use of XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T with sizeof(wchar_t) != 2;
1608
+ XML_UNICODE_WCHAR_T was never meant to be used outside
1609
+ of Windows; 4-byte wchar_t is common on Linux
1610
+ (SF.net) #538 Start using -fno-strict-aliasing
1611
+ (SF.net) #540 Support compilation against cloudlibc of CloudABI
1612
+ Allow MinGW cross-compilation
1613
+ (SF.net) #534 CMake: Introduce option "BUILD_doc" (enabled by default)
1614
+ to bypass compilation of the xmlwf.1 man page
1615
+ (SF.net) pr2 CMake: Introduce option "INSTALL" (enabled by default)
1616
+ to bypass installation of expat files
1617
+ CMake: Fix ninja support
1618
+ Autotools: Add parameters --enable-xml-context [COUNT]
1619
+ and --disable-xml-context; default of context of 1024
1620
+ bytes enabled unchanged
1621
+ #14 Drop AmigaOS 4.x code and includes
1622
+ #14 Drop ancient build systems:
1623
+ * Borland C++ Builder
1624
+ * OpenVMS
1625
+ * Open Watcom
1626
+ * Visual Studio 6.0
1627
+ * Pre-X Mac OS (MPW Makefile)
1628
+ If you happen to rely on some of these, please get in
1629
+ touch for joining with maintenance.
1630
+ #10 Move from WIN32 to _WIN32
1631
+ #13 Fix "make run-xmltest" order instability
1632
+ Address compile warnings
1633
+ Bump version info from 7:2:6 to 7:3:6
1634
+ Add AUTHORS file
1635
+
1636
+ Infrastructure:
1637
+ #1 Migrate from SourceForge to GitHub (except downloads):
1638
+ https://github.com/libexpat/
1639
+ #1 Re-create http://libexpat.org/ project website
1640
+ Start utilizing Travis CI
1641
+
1642
+ Special thanks to:
1643
+ Andy Wang
1644
+ Don Lewis
1645
+ Ed Schouten
1646
+ Karl Waclawek
1647
+ Pascal Cuoq
1648
+ Rhodri James
1649
+ Sergei Nikulov
1650
+ Tobias Taschner
1651
+ Viktor Szakats
1652
+ and
1653
+ Core Infrastructure Initiative
1654
+ Mozilla Foundation (MOSS Track 3: Secure Open Source)
1655
+ Radically Open Security
1656
+
1657
+ Release 2.2.0 Tue June 21 2016
1658
+ Security fixes:
1659
+ #537 CVE-2016-0718 -- Fix crash on malformed input
1660
+ CVE-2016-4472 -- Improve insufficient fix to CVE-2015-1283 /
1661
+ CVE-2015-2716 introduced with Expat 2.1.1
1662
+ #499 CVE-2016-5300 -- Use more entropy for hash initialization
1663
+ than the original fix to CVE-2012-0876
1664
+ #519 CVE-2012-6702 -- Resolve troublesome internal call to srand
1665
+ that was introduced with Expat 2.1.0
1666
+ when addressing CVE-2012-0876 (issue #496)
1667
+
1668
+ Bug fixes:
1669
+ Fix uninitialized reads of size 1
1670
+ (e.g. in little2_updatePosition)
1671
+ Fix detection of UTF-8 character boundaries
1672
+
1673
+ Other changes:
1674
+ #532 Fix compilation for Visual Studio 2010 (keyword "C99")
1675
+ Autotools: Resolve use of "$<" to better support bmake
1676
+ Autotools: Add QA script "qa.sh" (and make target "qa")
1677
+ Autotools: Respect CXXFLAGS if given
1678
+ Autotools: Fix "make run-xmltest"
1679
+ Autotools: Have "make run-xmltest" check for expected output
1680
+ p90 CMake: Fix static build (BUILD_shared=OFF) on Windows
1681
+ #536 CMake: Add soversion, support -DNO_SONAME=yes to bypass
1682
+ #323 CMake: Add suffix "d" to differentiate debug from release
1683
+ CMake: Define WIN32 with CMake on Windows
1684
+ Annotate memory allocators for GCC
1685
+ Address all currently known compile warnings
1686
+ Make sure that API symbols remain visible despite
1687
+ -fvisibility=hidden
1688
+ Remove executable flag from source files
1689
+ Resolve COMPILED_FROM_DSP in favor of WIN32
1690
+
1691
+ Special thanks to:
1692
+ Björn Lindahl
1693
+ Christian Heimes
1694
+ Cristian Rodríguez
1695
+ Daniel Krügler
1696
+ Gustavo Grieco
1697
+ Karl Waclawek
1698
+ László Böszörményi
1699
+ Marco Grassi
1700
+ Pascal Cuoq
1701
+ Sergei Nikulov
1702
+ Thomas Beutlich
1703
+ Warren Young
1704
+ Yann Droneaud
1705
+
1706
+ Release 2.1.1 Sat March 12 2016
1707
+ Security fixes:
1708
+ #582: CVE-2015-1283 - Multiple integer overflows in XML_GetBuffer
1709
+
1710
+ Bug fixes:
1711
+ #502: Fix potential null pointer dereference
1712
+ #520: Symbol XML_SetHashSalt was not exported
1713
+ Output of "xmlwf -h" was incomplete
1714
+
1715
+ Other changes:
1716
+ #503: Document behavior of calling XML_SetHashSalt with salt 0
1717
+ Minor improvements to man page xmlwf(1)
1718
+ Improvements to the experimental CMake build system
1719
+ libtool now invoked with --verbose
1720
+
1721
+ Release 2.1.0 Sat March 24 2012
1722
+ - Security fixes:
1723
+ #2958794: CVE-2012-1148 - Memory leak in poolGrow.
1724
+ #2895533: CVE-2012-1147 - Resource leak in readfilemap.c.
1725
+ #3496608: CVE-2012-0876 - Hash DOS attack.
1726
+ #2894085: CVE-2009-3560 - Buffer over-read and crash in big2_toUtf8().
1727
+ #1990430: CVE-2009-3720 - Parser crash with special UTF-8 sequences.
1728
+ - Bug Fixes:
1729
+ #1742315: Harmful XML_ParserCreateNS suggestion.
1730
+ #1785430: Expat build fails on linux-amd64 with gcc version>=4.1 -O3.
1731
+ #1983953, 2517952, 2517962, 2649838:
1732
+ Build modifications using autoreconf instead of buildconf.sh.
1733
+ #2815947, #2884086: OBJEXT and EXEEXT support while building.
1734
+ #2517938: xmlwf should return non-zero exit status if not well-formed.
1735
+ #2517946: Wrong statement about XMLDecl in xmlwf.1 and xmlwf.sgml.
1736
+ #2855609: Dangling positionPtr after error.
1737
+ #2990652: CMake support.
1738
+ #3010819: UNEXPECTED_STATE with a trailing "%" in entity value.
1739
+ #3206497: Uninitialized memory returned from XML_Parse.
1740
+ #3287849: make check fails on mingw-w64.
1741
+ - Patches:
1742
+ #1749198: pkg-config support.
1743
+ #3010222: Fix for bug #3010819.
1744
+ #3312568: CMake support.
1745
+ #3446384: Report byte offsets for attr names and values.
1746
+ - New Features / API changes:
1747
+ Added new API member XML_SetHashSalt() that allows setting an initial
1748
+ value (salt) for hash calculations. This is part of the fix for
1749
+ bug #3496608 to randomize hash parameters.
1750
+ When compiled with XML_ATTR_INFO defined, adds new API member
1751
+ XML_GetAttributeInfo() that allows retrieving the byte
1752
+ offsets for attribute names and values (patch #3446384).
1753
+ Added CMake build system.
1754
+ See bug #2990652 and patch #3312568.
1755
+ Added run-benchmark target to Makefile.in - relies on testdata module
1756
+ present in the same relative location as in the repository.
1757
+
1758
+ Release 2.0.1 Tue June 5 2007
1759
+ - Fixed bugs #1515266, #1515600: The character data handler's calling
1760
+ of XML_StopParser() was not handled properly; if the parser was
1761
+ stopped and the handler set to NULL, the parser would segfault.
1762
+ - Fixed bug #1690883: Expat failed on EBCDIC systems as it assumed
1763
+ some character constants to be ASCII encoded.
1764
+ - Minor cleanups of the test harness.
1765
+ - Fixed xmlwf bug #1513566: "out of memory" error on file size zero.
1766
+ - Fixed outline.c bug #1543233: missing a final XML_ParserFree() call.
1767
+ - Fixes and improvements for Windows platform:
1768
+ bugs #1409451, #1476160, #1548182, #1602769, #1717322.
1769
+ - Build fixes for various platforms:
1770
+ HP-UX, Tru64, Solaris 9: patch #1437840, bug #1196180.
1771
+ All Unix: #1554618 (refreshed config.sub/config.guess).
1772
+ #1490371, #1613457: support both, DESTDIR and INSTALL_ROOT,
1773
+ without relying on GNU-Make specific features.
1774
+ #1647805: Patched configure.in to work better with Intel compiler.
1775
+ - Fixes to Makefile.in to have make check work correctly:
1776
+ bugs #1408143, #1535603, #1536684.
1777
+ - Added Open Watcom support: patch #1523242.
1778
+
1779
+ Release 2.0.0 Wed Jan 11 2006
1780
+ - We no longer use the "check" library for C unit testing; we
1781
+ always use the (partial) internal implementation of the API.
1782
+ - Report XML_NS setting via XML_GetFeatureList().
1783
+ - Fixed headers for use from C++.
1784
+ - XML_GetCurrentLineNumber() and XML_GetCurrentColumnNumber()
1785
+ now return unsigned integers.
1786
+ - Added XML_LARGE_SIZE switch to enable 64-bit integers for
1787
+ byte indexes and line/column numbers.
1788
+ - Updated to use libtool 1.5.22 (the most recent).
1789
+ - Added support for AmigaOS.
1790
+ - Some mostly minor bug fixes. SF issues include: #1006708,
1791
+ #1021776, #1023646, #1114960, #1156398, #1221160, #1271642.
1792
+
1793
+ Release 1.95.8 Fri Jul 23 2004
1794
+ - Major new feature: suspend/resume. Handlers can now request
1795
+ that a parse be suspended for later resumption or aborted
1796
+ altogether. See "Temporarily Stopping Parsing" in the
1797
+ documentation for more details.
1798
+ - Some mostly minor bug fixes, but compilation should no
1799
+ longer generate warnings on most platforms. SF issues
1800
+ include: #827319, #840173, #846309, #888329, #896188, #923913,
1801
+ #928113, #961698, #985192.
1802
+
1803
+ Release 1.95.7 Mon Oct 20 2003
1804
+ - Fixed enum XML_Status issue (reported on SourceForge many
1805
+ times), so compilers that are properly picky will be happy.
1806
+ - Introduced an XMLCALL macro to control the calling
1807
+ convention used by the Expat API; this macro should be used
1808
+ to annotate prototypes and definitions of callback
1809
+ implementations in code compiled with a calling convention
1810
+ other than the default convention for the host platform.
1811
+ - Improved ability to build without the configure-generated
1812
+ expat_config.h header. This is useful for applications
1813
+ which embed Expat rather than linking in the library.
1814
+ - Fixed a variety of bugs: see SF issues #458907, #609603,
1815
+ #676844, #679754, #692878, #692964, #695401, #699323, #699487,
1816
+ #820946.
1817
+ - Improved hash table lookups.
1818
+ - Added more regression tests and improved documentation.
1819
+
1820
+ Release 1.95.6 Tue Jan 28 2003
1821
+ - Added XML_FreeContentModel().
1822
+ - Added XML_MemMalloc(), XML_MemRealloc(), XML_MemFree().
1823
+ - Fixed a variety of bugs: see SF issues #615606, #616863,
1824
+ #618199, #653180, #673791.
1825
+ - Enhanced the regression test suite.
1826
+ - Man page improvements: includes SF issue #632146.
1827
+
1828
+ Release 1.95.5 Fri Sep 6 2002
1829
+ - Added XML_UseForeignDTD() for improved SAX2 support.
1830
+ - Added XML_GetFeatureList().
1831
+ - Defined XML_Bool type and the values XML_TRUE and XML_FALSE.
1832
+ - Use an incomplete struct instead of a void* for the parser
1833
+ (may not retain).
1834
+ - Fixed UTF-8 decoding bug that caused legal UTF-8 to be rejected.
1835
+ - Finally fixed bug where default handler would report DTD
1836
+ events that were already handled by another handler.
1837
+ Initial patch contributed by Darryl Miles.
1838
+ - Removed unnecessary DllMain() function that caused static
1839
+ linking into a DLL to be difficult.
1840
+ - Added VC++ projects for building static libraries.
1841
+ - Reduced line-length for all source code and headers to be
1842
+ no longer than 80 characters, to help with AS/400 support.
1843
+ - Reduced memory copying during parsing (SF patch #600964).
1844
+ - Fixed a variety of bugs: see SF issues #580793, #434664,
1845
+ #483514, #580503, #581069, #584041, #584183, #584832, #585537,
1846
+ #596555, #596678, #598352, #598944, #599715, #600479, #600971.
1847
+
1848
+ Release 1.95.4 Fri Jul 12 2002
1849
+ - Added support for VMS, contributed by Craig Berry. See
1850
+ vms/README.vms for more information.
1851
+ - Added Mac OS (classic) support, with a makefile for MPW,
1852
+ contributed by Thomas Wegner and Daryle Walker.
1853
+ - Added Borland C++ Builder 5 / BCC 5.5 support, contributed
1854
+ by Patrick McConnell (SF patch #538032).
1855
+ - Fixed a variety of bugs: see SF issues #441449, #563184,
1856
+ #564342, #566334, #566901, #569461, #570263, #575168, #579196.
1857
+ - Made skippedEntityHandler conform to SAX2 (see source comment)
1858
+ - Re-implemented WFC: Entity Declared from XML 1.0 spec and
1859
+ added a new error "entity declared in parameter entity":
1860
+ see SF bug report #569461 and SF patch #578161
1861
+ - Re-implemented section 5.1 from XML 1.0 spec:
1862
+ see SF bug report #570263 and SF patch #578161
1863
+
1864
+ Release 1.95.3 Mon Jun 3 2002
1865
+ - Added a project to the MSVC workspace to create a wchar_t
1866
+ version of the library; the DLLs are named libexpatw.dll.
1867
+ - Changed the name of the Windows DLLs from expat.dll to
1868
+ libexpat.dll; this fixes SF bug #432456.
1869
+ - Added the XML_ParserReset() API function.
1870
+ - Fixed XML_SetReturnNSTriplet() to work for element names.
1871
+ - Made the XML_UNICODE builds usable (thanks, Karl!).
1872
+ - Allow xmlwf to read from standard input.
1873
+ - Install a man page for xmlwf on Unix systems.
1874
+ - Fixed many bugs; see SF bug reports #231864, #461380, #464837,
1875
+ #466885, #469226, #477667, #484419, #487840, #494749, #496505,
1876
+ #547350. Other bugs which we can't test as easily may also
1877
+ have been fixed, especially in the area of build support.
1878
+
1879
+ Release 1.95.2 Fri Jul 27 2001
1880
+ - More changes to make MSVC happy with the build; add a single
1881
+ workspace to support both the library and xmlwf application.
1882
+ - Added a Windows installer for Windows users; includes
1883
+ xmlwf.exe.
1884
+ - Added compile-time constants that can be used to determine the
1885
+ Expat version
1886
+ - Removed a lot of GNU-specific dependencies to aide portability
1887
+ among the various Unix flavors.
1888
+ - Fix the UTF-8 BOM bug.
1889
+ - Cleaned up warning messages for several compilers.
1890
+ - Added the -Wall, -Wstrict-prototypes options for GCC.
1891
+
1892
+ Release 1.95.1 Sun Oct 22 15:11:36 EDT 2000
1893
+ - Changes to get expat to build under Microsoft compiler
1894
+ - Removed all aborts and instead return an UNEXPECTED_STATE error.
1895
+ - Fixed a bug where a stray '%' in an entity value would cause an
1896
+ abort.
1897
+ - Defined XML_SetEndNamespaceDeclHandler. Thanks to Darryl Miles for
1898
+ finding this oversight.
1899
+ - Changed default patterns in lib/Makefile.in to fit non-GNU makes
1900
+ Thanks to robin@unrated.net for reporting and providing an
1901
+ account to test on.
1902
+ - The reference had the wrong label for XML_SetStartNamespaceDecl.
1903
+ Reported by an anonymous user.
1904
+
1905
+ Release 1.95.0 Fri Sep 29 2000
1906
+ - XML_ParserCreate_MM
1907
+ Allows you to set a memory management suite to replace the
1908
+ standard malloc,realloc, and free.
1909
+ - XML_SetReturnNSTriplet
1910
+ If you turn this feature on when namespace processing is in
1911
+ effect, then qualified, prefixed element and attribute names
1912
+ are returned as "uri|name|prefix" where '|' is whatever
1913
+ separator character is used in namespace processing.
1914
+ - Merged in features from perl-expat
1915
+ o XML_SetElementDeclHandler
1916
+ o XML_SetAttlistDeclHandler
1917
+ o XML_SetXmlDeclHandler
1918
+ o XML_SetEntityDeclHandler
1919
+ o StartDoctypeDeclHandler takes 3 additional parameters:
1920
+ sysid, pubid, has_internal_subset
1921
+ o Many paired handler setters (like XML_SetElementHandler)
1922
+ now have corresponding individual handler setters
1923
+ o XML_GetInputContext for getting the input context of
1924
+ the current parse position.
1925
+ - Added reference material
1926
+ - Packaged into a distribution that builds a sharable library
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/BreakingChanges.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ = Upcoming breaking changes
2
+
3
+ The Git project aims to ensure backwards compatibility to the best extent
4
+ possible. Minor releases will not break backwards compatibility unless there is
5
+ a very strong reason to do so, like for example a security vulnerability.
6
+
7
+ Regardless of that, due to the age of the Git project, it is only natural to
8
+ accumulate a backlog of backwards-incompatible changes that will eventually be
9
+ required to keep the project aligned with a changing world. These changes fall
10
+ into several categories:
11
+
12
+ * Changes to long established defaults.
13
+ * Concepts that have been replaced with a superior design.
14
+ * Concepts, commands, configuration or options that have been lacking in major
15
+ ways and that cannot be fixed and which will thus be removed without any
16
+ replacement.
17
+
18
+ Explicitly not included in this list are fixes to minor bugs that may cause a
19
+ change in user-visible behavior.
20
+
21
+ The Git project irregularly releases breaking versions that deliberately break
22
+ backwards compatibility with older versions. This is done to ensure that Git
23
+ remains relevant, safe and maintainable going forward. The release cadence of
24
+ breaking versions is typically measured in multiple years. We had the following
25
+ major breaking releases in the past:
26
+
27
+ * Git 1.6.0, released in August 2008.
28
+ * Git 2.0, released in May 2014.
29
+
30
+ We use <major>.<minor> release numbers these days, starting from Git 2.0. For
31
+ future releases, our plan is to increment <major> in the release number when we
32
+ make the next breaking release. Before Git 2.0, the release numbers were
33
+ 1.<major>.<minor> with the intention to increment <major> for "usual" breaking
34
+ releases, reserving the jump to Git 2.0 for really large backward-compatibility
35
+ breaking changes.
36
+
37
+ The intent of this document is to track upcoming deprecations for future
38
+ breaking releases. Furthermore, this document also tracks what will _not_ be
39
+ deprecated. This is done such that the outcome of discussions document both
40
+ when the discussion favors deprecation, but also when it rejects a deprecation.
41
+
42
+ Items should have a clear summary of the reasons why we do or do not want to
43
+ make the described change that can be easily understood without having to read
44
+ the mailing list discussions. If there are alternatives to the changed feature,
45
+ those alternatives should be pointed out to our users.
46
+
47
+ All items should be accompanied by references to relevant mailing list threads
48
+ where the deprecation was discussed. These references use message-IDs, which
49
+ can visited via
50
+
51
+ https://lore.kernel.org/git/$message_id/
52
+
53
+ to see the message and its surrounding discussion. Such a reference is there to
54
+ make it easier for you to find how the project reached consensus on the
55
+ described item back then.
56
+
57
+ This is a living document as the environment surrounding the project changes
58
+ over time. If circumstances change, an earlier decision to deprecate or change
59
+ something may need to be revisited from time to time. So do not take items on
60
+ this list to mean "it is settled, do not waste our time bringing it up again".
61
+
62
+ == Procedure
63
+
64
+ Discussing the desire to make breaking changes, declaring that breaking
65
+ changes are made at a certain version boundary, and recording these
66
+ decisions in this document, are necessary but not sufficient.
67
+ Because such changes are expected to be numerous, and the design and
68
+ implementation of them are expected to span over time, they have to
69
+ be deployable trivially at such a version boundary, prepared over long
70
+ time.
71
+
72
+ The breaking changes MUST be guarded with the a compile-time switch,
73
+ WITH_BREAKING_CHANGES, to help this process. When built with it,
74
+ the resulting Git binary together with its documentation would
75
+ behave as if these breaking changes slated for the next big version
76
+ boundary are already in effect. We also have a CI job to exercise
77
+ the work-in-progress version of Git with these breaking changes.
78
+
79
+
80
+ == Git 3.0
81
+
82
+ The following subsections document upcoming breaking changes for Git 3.0. There
83
+ is no planned release date for this breaking version yet.
84
+
85
+ Proposed changes and removals only include items which are "ready" to be done.
86
+ In other words, this is not supposed to be a wishlist of features that should
87
+ be changed to or replaced in case the alternative was implemented already.
88
+
89
+ === Changes
90
+
91
+ * The default hash function for new repositories will be changed from "sha1"
92
+ to "sha256". SHA-1 has been deprecated by NIST in 2011 and is nowadays
93
+ recommended against in FIPS 140-2 and similar certifications. Furthermore,
94
+ there are practical attacks on SHA-1 that weaken its cryptographic properties:
95
+ +
96
+ ** The SHAppening (2015). The first demonstration of a practical attack
97
+ against SHA-1 with 2^57 operations.
98
+ ** SHAttered (2017). Generation of two valid PDF files with 2^63 operations.
99
+ ** Birthday-Near-Collision (2019). This attack allows for chosen prefix
100
+ attacks with 2^68 operations.
101
+ ** Shambles (2020). This attack allows for chosen prefix attacks with 2^63
102
+ operations.
103
+ +
104
+ While we have protections in place against known attacks, it is expected
105
+ that more attacks against SHA-1 will be found by future research. Paired
106
+ with the ever-growing capability of hardware, it is only a matter of time
107
+ before SHA-1 will be considered broken completely. We want to be prepared
108
+ and will thus change the default hash algorithm to "sha256" for newly
109
+ initialized repositories.
110
+ +
111
+ An important requirement for this change is that the ecosystem is ready to
112
+ support the "sha256" object format. This includes popular Git libraries,
113
+ applications and forges.
114
+ +
115
+ There is no plan to deprecate the "sha1" object format at this point in time.
116
+ +
117
+ Cf. <2f5de416-04ba-c23d-1e0b-83bb655829a7@zombino.com>,
118
+ <20170223155046.e7nxivfwqqoprsqj@LykOS.localdomain>,
119
+ <CA+EOSBncr=4a4d8n9xS4FNehyebpmX8JiUwCsXD47EQDE+DiUQ@mail.gmail.com>.
120
+
121
+ * The default storage format for references in newly created repositories will
122
+ be changed from "files" to "reftable". The "reftable" format provides
123
+ multiple advantages over the "files" format:
124
+ +
125
+ ** It is impossible to store two references that only differ in casing on
126
+ case-insensitive filesystems with the "files" format. This issue is common
127
+ on Windows and macOS platforms. As the "reftable" backend does not use
128
+ filesystem paths to encode reference names this problem goes away.
129
+ ** Similarly, macOS normalizes path names that contain unicode characters,
130
+ which has the consequence that you cannot store two names with unicode
131
+ characters that are encoded differently with the "files" backend. Again,
132
+ this is not an issue with the "reftable" backend.
133
+ ** Deleting references with the "files" backend requires Git to rewrite the
134
+ complete "packed-refs" file. In large repositories with many references
135
+ this file can easily be dozens of megabytes in size, in extreme cases it
136
+ may be gigabytes. The "reftable" backend uses tombstone markers for
137
+ deleted references and thus does not have to rewrite all of its data.
138
+ ** Repository housekeeping with the "files" backend typically performs
139
+ all-into-one repacks of references. This can be quite expensive, and
140
+ consequently housekeeping is a tradeoff between the number of loose
141
+ references that accumulate and slow down operations that read references,
142
+ and compressing those loose references into the "packed-refs" file. The
143
+ "reftable" backend uses geometric compaction after every write, which
144
+ amortizes costs and ensures that the backend is always in a
145
+ well-maintained state.
146
+ ** Operations that write multiple references at once are not atomic with the
147
+ "files" backend. Consequently, Git may see in-between states when it reads
148
+ references while a reference transaction is in the process of being
149
+ committed to disk.
150
+ ** Writing many references at once is slow with the "files" backend because
151
+ every reference is created as a separate file. The "reftable" backend
152
+ significantly outperforms the "files" backend by multiple orders of
153
+ magnitude.
154
+ ** The reftable backend uses a binary format with prefix compression for
155
+ reference names. As a result, the format uses less space compared to the
156
+ "packed-refs" file.
157
+ +
158
+ Users that get immediate benefit from the "reftable" backend could continue to
159
+ opt-in to the "reftable" format manually by setting the "init.defaultRefFormat"
160
+ config. But defaults matter, and we think that overall users will have a better
161
+ experience with less platform-specific quirks when they use the new backend by
162
+ default.
163
+ +
164
+ A prerequisite for this change is that the ecosystem is ready to support the
165
+ "reftable" format. Most importantly, alternative implementations of Git like
166
+ JGit, libgit2 and Gitoxide need to support it.
167
+
168
+ * In new repositories, the default branch name will be `main`. We have been
169
+ warning that the default name will change since 675704c74dd (init:
170
+ provide useful advice about init.defaultBranch, 2020-12-11). The new name
171
+ matches the default branch name used in new repositories by many of the
172
+ big Git forges.
173
+
174
+ * Git will require Rust as a mandatory part of the build process. While Git
175
+ already started to adopt Rust in Git 2.49, all parts written in Rust are
176
+ optional for the time being. This includes:
177
+ +
178
+ ** The Rust wrapper around libgit.a that is part of "contrib/" and which has
179
+ been introduced in Git 2.49.
180
+ ** Subsystems that have an alternative implementation in Rust to test
181
+ interoperability between our C and Rust codebase.
182
+ ** Newly written features that are not mission critical for a fully functional
183
+ Git client.
184
+ +
185
+ These changes are meant as test balloons to allow distributors of Git to prepare
186
+ for Rust becoming a mandatory part of the build process. There will be multiple
187
+ milestones for the introduction of Rust:
188
+ +
189
+ --
190
+ 1. Initially, with Git 2.52, support for Rust will be auto-detected by Meson and
191
+ disabled in our Makefile so that the project can sort out the initial
192
+ infrastructure.
193
+ 2. In Git 2.55, both build systems will default-enable support for Rust.
194
+ Consequently, builds will break by default if Rust is not available on the
195
+ build host. The use of Rust can still be explicitly disabled via build
196
+ flags.
197
+ 3. In Git 3.0, the build options will be removed and support for Rust is
198
+ mandatory.
199
+ --
200
+ +
201
+ You can explicitly ask both Meson and our Makefile-based system to enable Rust
202
+ by saying `meson configure -Drust=enabled` and `make WITH_RUST=YesPlease`,
203
+ respectively.
204
+ +
205
+ The Git project will declare the last version before Git 3.0 to be a long-term
206
+ support release. This long-term release will receive important bug fixes for at
207
+ least four release cycles and security fixes for six release cycles. The Git
208
+ project will hand over maintainership of the long-term release to distributors
209
+ in case they need to extend the life of that long-term release even further.
210
+ Details of how this long-term release will be handed over to the community will
211
+ be discussed once the Git project decides to stop officially supporting it.
212
+ +
213
+ We will evaluate the impact on downstream distributions before making Rust
214
+ mandatory in Git 3.0. If we see that the impact on downstream distributions
215
+ would be significant, we may decide to defer this change to a subsequent minor
216
+ release. This evaluation will also take into account our own experience with
217
+ how painful it is to keep Rust an optional component.
218
+
219
+ === Removals
220
+
221
+ * Support for grafting commits has long been superseded by git-replace(1).
222
+ Grafts are inferior to replacement refs:
223
+ +
224
+ ** Grafts are a local-only mechanism and cannot be shared across
225
+ repositories.
226
+ ** Grafts can lead to hard-to-diagnose problems when transferring objects
227
+ between repositories.
228
+ +
229
+ The grafting mechanism has been marked as outdated since e650d0643b (docs: mark
230
+ info/grafts as outdated, 2014-03-05) and will be removed.
231
+ +
232
+ Cf. <20140304174806.GA11561@sigill.intra.peff.net>.
233
+
234
+ * The git-pack-redundant(1) command can be used to remove redundant pack files.
235
+ The subcommand is unusably slow and the reason why nobody reports it as a
236
+ performance bug is suspected to be the absence of users. We have nominated
237
+ the command for removal and have started to emit a user-visible warning in
238
+ c3b58472be (pack-redundant: gauge the usage before proposing its removal,
239
+ 2020-08-25) whenever the command is executed.
240
+ +
241
+ So far there was a single complaint about somebody still using the command, but
242
+ that complaint did not cause us to reverse course. On the contrary, we have
243
+ doubled down on the deprecation and starting with 4406522b76 (pack-redundant:
244
+ escalate deprecation warning to an error, 2023-03-23), the command dies unless
245
+ the user passes the `--i-still-use-this` option.
246
+ +
247
+ There have not been any subsequent complaints, so this command will finally be
248
+ removed.
249
+ +
250
+ Cf. <xmqq1rjuz6n3.fsf_-_@gitster.c.googlers.com>,
251
+ <CAKvOHKAFXQwt4D8yUCCkf_TQL79mYaJ=KAKhtpDNTvHJFuX1NA@mail.gmail.com>,
252
+ <20230323204047.GA9290@coredump.intra.peff.net>,
253
+
254
+ * Support for storing shorthands for remote URLs in "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/branches/"
255
+ and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/remotes/" has been long superseded by storing remotes in
256
+ the repository configuration.
257
+ +
258
+ The mechanism has originally been introduced in f170e4b39d ([PATCH] fetch/pull:
259
+ short-hand notation for remote repositories., 2005-07-16) and was superseded by
260
+ 6687f8fea2 ([PATCH] Use .git/remote/origin, not .git/branches/origin.,
261
+ 2005-08-20), where we switched from ".git/branches/" to ".git/remotes/". That
262
+ commit already mentions an upcoming deprecation of the ".git/branches/"
263
+ directory, and starting with a1d4aa7424 (Add repository-layout document.,
264
+ 2005-09-01) we have also marked this layout as deprecated. Eventually we also
265
+ started to migrate away from ".git/remotes/" in favor of config-based remotes,
266
+ and we have marked the directory as legacy in 3d3d282146 (Documentation:
267
+ Grammar correction, wording fixes and cleanup, 2011-08-23)
268
+ +
269
+ As our documentation mentions, these directories are unlikely to be used in
270
+ modern repositories and most users aren't even aware of these mechanisms. They
271
+ have been deprecated for almost 20 years and 14 years respectively, and we are
272
+ not aware of any active users that have complained about this deprecation.
273
+ Furthermore, the ".git/branches/" directory is nowadays misleadingly named and
274
+ may cause confusion as "branches" are almost exclusively used in the context of
275
+ references.
276
+ +
277
+ These features will be removed.
278
+
279
+ * Support for "--stdin" option in the "name-rev" command was
280
+ deprecated (and hidden from the documentation) in the Git 2.40
281
+ timeframe, in preference to its synonym "--annotate-stdin". Git 3.0
282
+ removes the support for "--stdin" altogether.
283
+
284
+ * The git-whatchanged(1) command has outlived its usefulness more than
285
+ 10 years ago, and takes more keystrokes to type than its rough
286
+ equivalent `git log --raw`. We have nominated the command for
287
+ removal, have changed the command to refuse to work unless the
288
+ `--i-still-use-this` option is given, and asked the users to report
289
+ when they do so.
290
+ +
291
+ The command will be removed.
292
+
293
+ * Support for `core.commentString=auto` has been deprecated and will
294
+ be removed in Git 3.0.
295
+ +
296
+ cf. <xmqqa59i45wc.fsf@gitster.g>
297
+
298
+ * Support for `core.preferSymlinkRefs=true` has been deprecated and will be
299
+ removed in Git 3.0. Writing symbolic refs as symbolic links will be phased
300
+ out in favor of using plain files using the textual representation of
301
+ symbolic refs.
302
+ +
303
+ Symbolic references were initially always stored as a symbolic link. This was
304
+ changed in 9b143c6e15 (Teach update-ref about a symbolic ref stored in a
305
+ textfile., 2005-09-25), where a new textual symref format was introduced to
306
+ store those symbolic refs in a plain file. In 9f0bb90d16
307
+ (core.prefersymlinkrefs: use symlinks for .git/HEAD, 2006-05-02), the Git
308
+ project switched the default to use the textual symrefs in favor of symbolic
309
+ links.
310
+ +
311
+ The migration away from symbolic links has happened almost 20 years ago by now,
312
+ and there is no known reason why one should prefer them nowadays. Furthermore,
313
+ symbolic links are not supported on some platforms.
314
+ +
315
+ Note that only the writing side for such symbolic links is deprecated. Reading
316
+ such symbolic links is still supported for now.
317
+
318
+ == Superseded features that will not be deprecated
319
+
320
+ Some features have gained newer replacements that aim to improve the design in
321
+ certain ways. The fact that there is a replacement does not automatically mean
322
+ that the old way of doing things will eventually be removed. This section tracks
323
+ those features with newer alternatives.
324
+
325
+ * The features git-checkout(1) offers are covered by the pair of commands
326
+ git-restore(1) and git-switch(1). Because the use of git-checkout(1) is still
327
+ widespread, and it is not expected that this will change anytime soon, all
328
+ three commands will stay.
329
+ +
330
+ This decision may get revisited in case we ever figure out that there are
331
+ almost no users of any of the commands anymore.
332
+ +
333
+ Cf. <xmqqttjazwwa.fsf@gitster.g>,
334
+ <xmqqleeubork.fsf@gitster.g>,
335
+ <112b6568912a6de6672bf5592c3a718e@manjaro.org>.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/BreakingChanges.html ADDED
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+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
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+ <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
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+ <title>Upcoming breaking changes</title>
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+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
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+ html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
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+ q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
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+ img{border:0}
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+ svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
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+ button,select{text-transform:none}
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+ button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}
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+ html,body{font-size:100%}
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+ body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;word-wrap:anywhere;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
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+ .left{float:left!important}
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+ .text-center{text-align:center!important}
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+ .text-justify{text-align:justify!important}
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+ .hide{display:none}
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+ img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}
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+ .subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em}
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+ a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit}
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+ a img{border:0}
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+ p{line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
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+ p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic}
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+ #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}}
434
+ @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}}
435
+ </style>
436
+ <style>
437
+ pre>code {
438
+ display: inline;
439
+ }
440
+ </style>
441
+ </head>
442
+ <body class="article">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>Upcoming breaking changes</h1>
445
+ </div>
446
+ <div id="content">
447
+ <div id="preamble">
448
+ <div class="sectionbody">
449
+ <div class="paragraph">
450
+ <p>The Git project aims to ensure backwards compatibility to the best extent
451
+ possible. Minor releases will not break backwards compatibility unless there is
452
+ a very strong reason to do so, like for example a security vulnerability.</p>
453
+ </div>
454
+ <div class="paragraph">
455
+ <p>Regardless of that, due to the age of the Git project, it is only natural to
456
+ accumulate a backlog of backwards-incompatible changes that will eventually be
457
+ required to keep the project aligned with a changing world. These changes fall
458
+ into several categories:</p>
459
+ </div>
460
+ <div class="ulist">
461
+ <ul>
462
+ <li>
463
+ <p>Changes to long established defaults.</p>
464
+ </li>
465
+ <li>
466
+ <p>Concepts that have been replaced with a superior design.</p>
467
+ </li>
468
+ <li>
469
+ <p>Concepts, commands, configuration or options that have been lacking in major
470
+ ways and that cannot be fixed and which will thus be removed without any
471
+ replacement.</p>
472
+ </li>
473
+ </ul>
474
+ </div>
475
+ <div class="paragraph">
476
+ <p>Explicitly not included in this list are fixes to minor bugs that may cause a
477
+ change in user-visible behavior.</p>
478
+ </div>
479
+ <div class="paragraph">
480
+ <p>The Git project irregularly releases breaking versions that deliberately break
481
+ backwards compatibility with older versions. This is done to ensure that Git
482
+ remains relevant, safe and maintainable going forward. The release cadence of
483
+ breaking versions is typically measured in multiple years. We had the following
484
+ major breaking releases in the past:</p>
485
+ </div>
486
+ <div class="ulist">
487
+ <ul>
488
+ <li>
489
+ <p>Git 1.6.0, released in August 2008.</p>
490
+ </li>
491
+ <li>
492
+ <p>Git 2.0, released in May 2014.</p>
493
+ </li>
494
+ </ul>
495
+ </div>
496
+ <div class="paragraph">
497
+ <p>We use &lt;major&gt;.&lt;minor&gt; release numbers these days, starting from Git 2.0. For
498
+ future releases, our plan is to increment &lt;major&gt; in the release number when we
499
+ make the next breaking release. Before Git 2.0, the release numbers were
500
+ 1.&lt;major&gt;.&lt;minor&gt; with the intention to increment &lt;major&gt; for "usual" breaking
501
+ releases, reserving the jump to Git 2.0 for really large backward-compatibility
502
+ breaking changes.</p>
503
+ </div>
504
+ <div class="paragraph">
505
+ <p>The intent of this document is to track upcoming deprecations for future
506
+ breaking releases. Furthermore, this document also tracks what will <em>not</em> be
507
+ deprecated. This is done such that the outcome of discussions document both
508
+ when the discussion favors deprecation, but also when it rejects a deprecation.</p>
509
+ </div>
510
+ <div class="paragraph">
511
+ <p>Items should have a clear summary of the reasons why we do or do not want to
512
+ make the described change that can be easily understood without having to read
513
+ the mailing list discussions. If there are alternatives to the changed feature,
514
+ those alternatives should be pointed out to our users.</p>
515
+ </div>
516
+ <div class="paragraph">
517
+ <p>All items should be accompanied by references to relevant mailing list threads
518
+ where the deprecation was discussed. These references use message-IDs, which
519
+ can visited via</p>
520
+ </div>
521
+ <div class="literalblock">
522
+ <div class="content">
523
+ <pre>https://lore.kernel.org/git/$message_id/</pre>
524
+ </div>
525
+ </div>
526
+ <div class="paragraph">
527
+ <p>to see the message and its surrounding discussion. Such a reference is there to
528
+ make it easier for you to find how the project reached consensus on the
529
+ described item back then.</p>
530
+ </div>
531
+ <div class="paragraph">
532
+ <p>This is a living document as the environment surrounding the project changes
533
+ over time. If circumstances change, an earlier decision to deprecate or change
534
+ something may need to be revisited from time to time. So do not take items on
535
+ this list to mean "it is settled, do not waste our time bringing it up again".</p>
536
+ </div>
537
+ </div>
538
+ </div>
539
+ <div class="sect1">
540
+ <h2 id="_procedure">Procedure</h2>
541
+ <div class="sectionbody">
542
+ <div class="paragraph">
543
+ <p>Discussing the desire to make breaking changes, declaring that breaking
544
+ changes are made at a certain version boundary, and recording these
545
+ decisions in this document, are necessary but not sufficient.
546
+ Because such changes are expected to be numerous, and the design and
547
+ implementation of them are expected to span over time, they have to
548
+ be deployable trivially at such a version boundary, prepared over long
549
+ time.</p>
550
+ </div>
551
+ <div class="paragraph">
552
+ <p>The breaking changes MUST be guarded with the a compile-time switch,
553
+ WITH_BREAKING_CHANGES, to help this process. When built with it,
554
+ the resulting Git binary together with its documentation would
555
+ behave as if these breaking changes slated for the next big version
556
+ boundary are already in effect. We also have a CI job to exercise
557
+ the work-in-progress version of Git with these breaking changes.</p>
558
+ </div>
559
+ </div>
560
+ </div>
561
+ <div class="sect1">
562
+ <h2 id="_git_3_0">Git 3.0</h2>
563
+ <div class="sectionbody">
564
+ <div class="paragraph">
565
+ <p>The following subsections document upcoming breaking changes for Git 3.0. There
566
+ is no planned release date for this breaking version yet.</p>
567
+ </div>
568
+ <div class="paragraph">
569
+ <p>Proposed changes and removals only include items which are "ready" to be done.
570
+ In other words, this is not supposed to be a wishlist of features that should
571
+ be changed to or replaced in case the alternative was implemented already.</p>
572
+ </div>
573
+ <div class="sect2">
574
+ <h3 id="_changes">Changes</h3>
575
+ <div class="ulist">
576
+ <ul>
577
+ <li>
578
+ <p>The default hash function for new repositories will be changed from "sha1"
579
+ to "sha256". SHA-1 has been deprecated by NIST in 2011 and is nowadays
580
+ recommended against in FIPS 140-2 and similar certifications. Furthermore,
581
+ there are practical attacks on SHA-1 that weaken its cryptographic properties:</p>
582
+ <div class="ulist">
583
+ <ul>
584
+ <li>
585
+ <p>The SHAppening (2015). The first demonstration of a practical attack
586
+ against SHA-1 with 2^57 operations.</p>
587
+ </li>
588
+ <li>
589
+ <p>SHAttered (2017). Generation of two valid PDF files with 2^63 operations.</p>
590
+ </li>
591
+ <li>
592
+ <p>Birthday-Near-Collision (2019). This attack allows for chosen prefix
593
+ attacks with 2^68 operations.</p>
594
+ </li>
595
+ <li>
596
+ <p>Shambles (2020). This attack allows for chosen prefix attacks with 2^63
597
+ operations.</p>
598
+ <div class="paragraph">
599
+ <p>While we have protections in place against known attacks, it is expected
600
+ that more attacks against SHA-1 will be found by future research. Paired
601
+ with the ever-growing capability of hardware, it is only a matter of time
602
+ before SHA-1 will be considered broken completely. We want to be prepared
603
+ and will thus change the default hash algorithm to "sha256" for newly
604
+ initialized repositories.</p>
605
+ </div>
606
+ <div class="paragraph">
607
+ <p>An important requirement for this change is that the ecosystem is ready to
608
+ support the "sha256" object format. This includes popular Git libraries,
609
+ applications and forges.</p>
610
+ </div>
611
+ <div class="paragraph">
612
+ <p>There is no plan to deprecate the "sha1" object format at this point in time.</p>
613
+ </div>
614
+ <div class="paragraph">
615
+ <p>Cf. &lt;<a href="mailto:2f5de416-04ba-c23d-1e0b-83bb655829a7@zombino.com">2f5de416-04ba-c23d-1e0b-83bb655829a7@zombino.com</a>&gt;,
616
+ &lt;20170223155046.e7nxivfwqqoprsqj@LykOS.localdomain&gt;,
617
+ &lt;CA+EOSBncr=<a href="mailto:4a4d8n9xS4FNehyebpmX8JiUwCsXD47EQDE+DiUQ@mail.gmail.com">4a4d8n9xS4FNehyebpmX8JiUwCsXD47EQDE+DiUQ@mail.gmail.com</a>&gt;.</p>
618
+ </div>
619
+ </li>
620
+ </ul>
621
+ </div>
622
+ </li>
623
+ <li>
624
+ <p>The default storage format for references in newly created repositories will
625
+ be changed from "files" to "reftable". The "reftable" format provides
626
+ multiple advantages over the "files" format:</p>
627
+ <div class="ulist">
628
+ <ul>
629
+ <li>
630
+ <p>It is impossible to store two references that only differ in casing on
631
+ case-insensitive filesystems with the "files" format. This issue is common
632
+ on Windows and macOS platforms. As the "reftable" backend does not use
633
+ filesystem paths to encode reference names this problem goes away.</p>
634
+ </li>
635
+ <li>
636
+ <p>Similarly, macOS normalizes path names that contain unicode characters,
637
+ which has the consequence that you cannot store two names with unicode
638
+ characters that are encoded differently with the "files" backend. Again,
639
+ this is not an issue with the "reftable" backend.</p>
640
+ </li>
641
+ <li>
642
+ <p>Deleting references with the "files" backend requires Git to rewrite the
643
+ complete "packed-refs" file. In large repositories with many references
644
+ this file can easily be dozens of megabytes in size, in extreme cases it
645
+ may be gigabytes. The "reftable" backend uses tombstone markers for
646
+ deleted references and thus does not have to rewrite all of its data.</p>
647
+ </li>
648
+ <li>
649
+ <p>Repository housekeeping with the "files" backend typically performs
650
+ all-into-one repacks of references. This can be quite expensive, and
651
+ consequently housekeeping is a tradeoff between the number of loose
652
+ references that accumulate and slow down operations that read references,
653
+ and compressing those loose references into the "packed-refs" file. The
654
+ "reftable" backend uses geometric compaction after every write, which
655
+ amortizes costs and ensures that the backend is always in a
656
+ well-maintained state.</p>
657
+ </li>
658
+ <li>
659
+ <p>Operations that write multiple references at once are not atomic with the
660
+ "files" backend. Consequently, Git may see in-between states when it reads
661
+ references while a reference transaction is in the process of being
662
+ committed to disk.</p>
663
+ </li>
664
+ <li>
665
+ <p>Writing many references at once is slow with the "files" backend because
666
+ every reference is created as a separate file. The "reftable" backend
667
+ significantly outperforms the "files" backend by multiple orders of
668
+ magnitude.</p>
669
+ </li>
670
+ <li>
671
+ <p>The reftable backend uses a binary format with prefix compression for
672
+ reference names. As a result, the format uses less space compared to the
673
+ "packed-refs" file.</p>
674
+ <div class="paragraph">
675
+ <p>Users that get immediate benefit from the "reftable" backend could continue to
676
+ opt-in to the "reftable" format manually by setting the "init.defaultRefFormat"
677
+ config. But defaults matter, and we think that overall users will have a better
678
+ experience with less platform-specific quirks when they use the new backend by
679
+ default.</p>
680
+ </div>
681
+ <div class="paragraph">
682
+ <p>A prerequisite for this change is that the ecosystem is ready to support the
683
+ "reftable" format. Most importantly, alternative implementations of Git like
684
+ JGit, libgit2 and Gitoxide need to support it.</p>
685
+ </div>
686
+ </li>
687
+ </ul>
688
+ </div>
689
+ </li>
690
+ <li>
691
+ <p>In new repositories, the default branch name will be <code>main</code>. We have been
692
+ warning that the default name will change since 675704c74dd (init:
693
+ provide useful advice about init.defaultBranch, 2020-12-11). The new name
694
+ matches the default branch name used in new repositories by many of the
695
+ big Git forges.</p>
696
+ </li>
697
+ <li>
698
+ <p>Git will require Rust as a mandatory part of the build process. While Git
699
+ already started to adopt Rust in Git 2.49, all parts written in Rust are
700
+ optional for the time being. This includes:</p>
701
+ <div class="ulist">
702
+ <ul>
703
+ <li>
704
+ <p>The Rust wrapper around libgit.a that is part of "contrib/" and which has
705
+ been introduced in Git 2.49.</p>
706
+ </li>
707
+ <li>
708
+ <p>Subsystems that have an alternative implementation in Rust to test
709
+ interoperability between our C and Rust codebase.</p>
710
+ </li>
711
+ <li>
712
+ <p>Newly written features that are not mission critical for a fully functional
713
+ Git client.</p>
714
+ <div class="paragraph">
715
+ <p>These changes are meant as test balloons to allow distributors of Git to prepare
716
+ for Rust becoming a mandatory part of the build process. There will be multiple
717
+ milestones for the introduction of Rust:</p>
718
+ </div>
719
+ <div class="openblock">
720
+ <div class="content">
721
+ <div class="olist arabic">
722
+ <ol class="arabic">
723
+ <li>
724
+ <p>Initially, with Git 2.52, support for Rust will be auto-detected by Meson and
725
+ disabled in our Makefile so that the project can sort out the initial
726
+ infrastructure.</p>
727
+ </li>
728
+ <li>
729
+ <p>In Git 2.55, both build systems will default-enable support for Rust.
730
+ Consequently, builds will break by default if Rust is not available on the
731
+ build host. The use of Rust can still be explicitly disabled via build
732
+ flags.</p>
733
+ </li>
734
+ <li>
735
+ <p>In Git 3.0, the build options will be removed and support for Rust is
736
+ mandatory.</p>
737
+ </li>
738
+ </ol>
739
+ </div>
740
+ </div>
741
+ </div>
742
+ <div class="paragraph">
743
+ <p>You can explicitly ask both Meson and our Makefile-based system to enable Rust
744
+ by saying <code>meson</code> <code>configure</code> <code>-Drust=enabled</code> and <code>make</code> <code>WITH_RUST=YesPlease</code>,
745
+ respectively.</p>
746
+ </div>
747
+ <div class="paragraph">
748
+ <p>The Git project will declare the last version before Git 3.0 to be a long-term
749
+ support release. This long-term release will receive important bug fixes for at
750
+ least four release cycles and security fixes for six release cycles. The Git
751
+ project will hand over maintainership of the long-term release to distributors
752
+ in case they need to extend the life of that long-term release even further.
753
+ Details of how this long-term release will be handed over to the community will
754
+ be discussed once the Git project decides to stop officially supporting it.</p>
755
+ </div>
756
+ <div class="paragraph">
757
+ <p>We will evaluate the impact on downstream distributions before making Rust
758
+ mandatory in Git 3.0. If we see that the impact on downstream distributions
759
+ would be significant, we may decide to defer this change to a subsequent minor
760
+ release. This evaluation will also take into account our own experience with
761
+ how painful it is to keep Rust an optional component.</p>
762
+ </div>
763
+ </li>
764
+ </ul>
765
+ </div>
766
+ </li>
767
+ </ul>
768
+ </div>
769
+ </div>
770
+ <div class="sect2">
771
+ <h3 id="_removals">Removals</h3>
772
+ <div class="ulist">
773
+ <ul>
774
+ <li>
775
+ <p>Support for grafting commits has long been superseded by git-replace(1).
776
+ Grafts are inferior to replacement refs:</p>
777
+ <div class="ulist">
778
+ <ul>
779
+ <li>
780
+ <p>Grafts are a local-only mechanism and cannot be shared across
781
+ repositories.</p>
782
+ </li>
783
+ <li>
784
+ <p>Grafts can lead to hard-to-diagnose problems when transferring objects
785
+ between repositories.</p>
786
+ <div class="paragraph">
787
+ <p>The grafting mechanism has been marked as outdated since e650d0643b (docs: mark
788
+ info/grafts as outdated, 2014-03-05) and will be removed.</p>
789
+ </div>
790
+ <div class="paragraph">
791
+ <p>Cf. &lt;<a href="mailto:20140304174806.GA11561@sigill.intra.peff.net">20140304174806.GA11561@sigill.intra.peff.net</a>&gt;.</p>
792
+ </div>
793
+ </li>
794
+ </ul>
795
+ </div>
796
+ </li>
797
+ <li>
798
+ <p>The git-pack-redundant(1) command can be used to remove redundant pack files.
799
+ The subcommand is unusably slow and the reason why nobody reports it as a
800
+ performance bug is suspected to be the absence of users. We have nominated
801
+ the command for removal and have started to emit a user-visible warning in
802
+ c3b58472be (pack-redundant: gauge the usage before proposing its removal,
803
+ 2020-08-25) whenever the command is executed.</p>
804
+ <div class="paragraph">
805
+ <p>So far there was a single complaint about somebody still using the command, but
806
+ that complaint did not cause us to reverse course. On the contrary, we have
807
+ doubled down on the deprecation and starting with 4406522b76 (pack-redundant:
808
+ escalate deprecation warning to an error, 2023-03-23), the command dies unless
809
+ the user passes the <code>--i-still-use-this</code> option.</p>
810
+ </div>
811
+ <div class="paragraph">
812
+ <p>There have not been any subsequent complaints, so this command will finally be
813
+ removed.</p>
814
+ </div>
815
+ <div class="paragraph">
816
+ <p>Cf. &lt;<a href="mailto:xmqq1rjuz6n3.fsf_-_@gitster.c.googlers.com">xmqq1rjuz6n3.fsf_-_@gitster.c.googlers.com</a>&gt;,
817
+ &lt;CAKvOHKAFXQwt4D8yUCCkf_TQL79mYaJ=<a href="mailto:KAKhtpDNTvHJFuX1NA@mail.gmail.com">KAKhtpDNTvHJFuX1NA@mail.gmail.com</a>&gt;,
818
+ &lt;<a href="mailto:20230323204047.GA9290@coredump.intra.peff.net">20230323204047.GA9290@coredump.intra.peff.net</a>&gt;,</p>
819
+ </div>
820
+ </li>
821
+ <li>
822
+ <p>Support for storing shorthands for remote URLs in "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/branches/"
823
+ and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/remotes/" has been long superseded by storing remotes in
824
+ the repository configuration.</p>
825
+ <div class="paragraph">
826
+ <p>The mechanism has originally been introduced in f170e4b39d ([PATCH] fetch/pull:
827
+ short-hand notation for remote repositories., 2005-07-16) and was superseded by
828
+ 6687f8fea2 ([PATCH] Use .git/remote/origin, not .git/branches/origin.,
829
+ 2005-08-20), where we switched from ".git/branches/" to ".git/remotes/". That
830
+ commit already mentions an upcoming deprecation of the ".git/branches/"
831
+ directory, and starting with a1d4aa7424 (Add repository-layout document.,
832
+ 2005-09-01) we have also marked this layout as deprecated. Eventually we also
833
+ started to migrate away from ".git/remotes/" in favor of config-based remotes,
834
+ and we have marked the directory as legacy in 3d3d282146 (Documentation:
835
+ Grammar correction, wording fixes and cleanup, 2011-08-23)</p>
836
+ </div>
837
+ <div class="paragraph">
838
+ <p>As our documentation mentions, these directories are unlikely to be used in
839
+ modern repositories and most users aren&#8217;t even aware of these mechanisms. They
840
+ have been deprecated for almost 20 years and 14 years respectively, and we are
841
+ not aware of any active users that have complained about this deprecation.
842
+ Furthermore, the ".git/branches/" directory is nowadays misleadingly named and
843
+ may cause confusion as "branches" are almost exclusively used in the context of
844
+ references.</p>
845
+ </div>
846
+ <div class="paragraph">
847
+ <p>These features will be removed.</p>
848
+ </div>
849
+ </li>
850
+ <li>
851
+ <p>Support for "--stdin" option in the "name-rev" command was
852
+ deprecated (and hidden from the documentation) in the Git 2.40
853
+ timeframe, in preference to its synonym "--annotate-stdin". Git 3.0
854
+ removes the support for "--stdin" altogether.</p>
855
+ </li>
856
+ <li>
857
+ <p>The git-whatchanged(1) command has outlived its usefulness more than
858
+ 10 years ago, and takes more keystrokes to type than its rough
859
+ equivalent <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--raw</code>. We have nominated the command for
860
+ removal, have changed the command to refuse to work unless the
861
+ <code>--i-still-use-this</code> option is given, and asked the users to report
862
+ when they do so.</p>
863
+ <div class="paragraph">
864
+ <p>The command will be removed.</p>
865
+ </div>
866
+ </li>
867
+ <li>
868
+ <p>Support for <code>core.commentString=auto</code> has been deprecated and will
869
+ be removed in Git 3.0.</p>
870
+ <div class="paragraph">
871
+ <p>cf. &lt;xmqqa59i45wc.fsf@gitster.g&gt;</p>
872
+ </div>
873
+ </li>
874
+ <li>
875
+ <p>Support for <code>core.preferSymlinkRefs=true</code> has been deprecated and will be
876
+ removed in Git 3.0. Writing symbolic refs as symbolic links will be phased
877
+ out in favor of using plain files using the textual representation of
878
+ symbolic refs.</p>
879
+ <div class="paragraph">
880
+ <p>Symbolic references were initially always stored as a symbolic link. This was
881
+ changed in 9b143c6e15 (Teach update-ref about a symbolic ref stored in a
882
+ textfile., 2005-09-25), where a new textual symref format was introduced to
883
+ store those symbolic refs in a plain file. In 9f0bb90d16
884
+ (core.prefersymlinkrefs: use symlinks for .git/HEAD, 2006-05-02), the Git
885
+ project switched the default to use the textual symrefs in favor of symbolic
886
+ links.</p>
887
+ </div>
888
+ <div class="paragraph">
889
+ <p>The migration away from symbolic links has happened almost 20 years ago by now,
890
+ and there is no known reason why one should prefer them nowadays. Furthermore,
891
+ symbolic links are not supported on some platforms.</p>
892
+ </div>
893
+ <div class="paragraph">
894
+ <p>Note that only the writing side for such symbolic links is deprecated. Reading
895
+ such symbolic links is still supported for now.</p>
896
+ </div>
897
+ </li>
898
+ </ul>
899
+ </div>
900
+ </div>
901
+ </div>
902
+ </div>
903
+ <div class="sect1">
904
+ <h2 id="_superseded_features_that_will_not_be_deprecated">Superseded features that will not be deprecated</h2>
905
+ <div class="sectionbody">
906
+ <div class="paragraph">
907
+ <p>Some features have gained newer replacements that aim to improve the design in
908
+ certain ways. The fact that there is a replacement does not automatically mean
909
+ that the old way of doing things will eventually be removed. This section tracks
910
+ those features with newer alternatives.</p>
911
+ </div>
912
+ <div class="ulist">
913
+ <ul>
914
+ <li>
915
+ <p>The features git-checkout(1) offers are covered by the pair of commands
916
+ git-restore(1) and git-switch(1). Because the use of git-checkout(1) is still
917
+ widespread, and it is not expected that this will change anytime soon, all
918
+ three commands will stay.</p>
919
+ <div class="paragraph">
920
+ <p>This decision may get revisited in case we ever figure out that there are
921
+ almost no users of any of the commands anymore.</p>
922
+ </div>
923
+ <div class="paragraph">
924
+ <p>Cf. &lt;xmqqttjazwwa.fsf@gitster.g&gt;,
925
+ &lt;xmqqleeubork.fsf@gitster.g&gt;,
926
+ &lt;<a href="mailto:112b6568912a6de6672bf5592c3a718e@manjaro.org">112b6568912a6de6672bf5592c3a718e@manjaro.org</a>&gt;.</p>
927
+ </div>
928
+ </li>
929
+ </ul>
930
+ </div>
931
+ </div>
932
+ </div>
933
+ </div>
934
+ <div id="footer">
935
+ <div id="footer-text">
936
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
937
+ </div>
938
+ </div>
939
+ </body>
940
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/DecisionMaking.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ Decision-Making Process in the Git Project
2
+ ==========================================
3
+
4
+ Introduction
5
+ ------------
6
+ This document describes the current decision-making process in the Git
7
+ project. It is a descriptive rather than prescriptive doc; that is, we want to
8
+ describe how things work in practice rather than explicitly recommending any
9
+ particular process or changes to the current process.
10
+
11
+ Here we document how the project makes decisions for discussions
12
+ (with or without patches), in scale larger than an individual patch
13
+ series (which is fully covered by the SubmittingPatches document).
14
+
15
+
16
+ Larger Discussions (with patches)
17
+ ---------------------------------
18
+ As with discussions on an individual patch series, starting a larger-scale
19
+ discussion often begins by sending a patch or series to the list. This might
20
+ take the form of an initial design doc, with implementation following in later
21
+ iterations of the series (for example,
22
+ link:https://lore.kernel.org/git/0169ce6fb9ccafc089b74ae406db0d1a8ff8ac65.1688165272.git.steadmon@google.com/[adding unit tests] or
23
+ link:https://lore.kernel.org/git/20200420235310.94493-1-emilyshaffer@google.com/[config-based hooks]),
24
+ or it might include a full implementation from the beginning.
25
+ In either case, discussion progresses the same way for an individual patch series,
26
+ until consensus is reached or the topic is dropped.
27
+
28
+
29
+ Larger Discussions (without patches)
30
+ ------------------------------------
31
+ Occasionally, larger discussions might occur without an associated patch series.
32
+ These may be very large-scale technical decisions that are beyond the scope of
33
+ even a single large patch series, or they may be more open-ended,
34
+ policy-oriented discussions (examples:
35
+ link:https://lore.kernel.org/git/ZZ77NQkSuiRxRDwt@nand.local/[introducing Rust]
36
+ or link:https://lore.kernel.org/git/YHofmWcIAidkvJiD@google.com/[improving submodule UX]).
37
+ In either case, discussion progresses as described above for general patch series.
38
+
39
+ For larger discussions without a patch series or other concrete implementation,
40
+ it may be hard to judge when consensus has been reached, as there are not any
41
+ official guidelines. If discussion stalls at this point, it may be helpful to
42
+ restart discussion with an RFC patch series (such as a partial, unfinished
43
+ implementation or proof of concept) that can be more easily debated.
44
+
45
+ When consensus is reached that it is a good idea, the original
46
+ proposer is expected to coordinate the effort to make it happen,
47
+ with help from others who were involved in the discussion, as
48
+ needed.
49
+
50
+ For decisions that require code changes, it is often the case that the original
51
+ proposer will follow up with a patch series, although it is also common for
52
+ other interested parties to provide an implementation (or parts of the
53
+ implementation, for very large changes).
54
+
55
+ For non-technical decisions such as community norms or processes, it is up to
56
+ the community as a whole to implement and sustain agreed-upon changes.
57
+ The project leadership committee (PLC) may help the implementation of
58
+ policy decisions.
59
+
60
+
61
+ Other Discussion Venues
62
+ -----------------------
63
+ Occasionally decision proposals are presented off-list, e.g. at the semi-regular
64
+ Contributors' Summit. While higher-bandwidth face-to-face discussion is often
65
+ useful for quickly reaching consensus among attendees, generally we expect to
66
+ summarize the discussion in notes that can later be presented on-list. For an
67
+ example, see the thread
68
+ link:https://lore.kernel.org/git/AC2EB721-2979-43FD-922D-C5076A57F24B@jramsay.com.au/[Notes
69
+ from Git Contributor Summit, Los Angeles (April 5, 2020)] by James Ramsay.
70
+
71
+ We prefer that "official" discussion happens on the list so that the full
72
+ community has opportunity to engage in discussion. This also means that the
73
+ mailing list archives contain a more-or-less complete history of project
74
+ discussions and decisions.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/DecisionMaking.html ADDED
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+ <body class="article">
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+ <div id="header">
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+ <h1>Decision-Making Process in the Git Project</h1>
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+ <h2 id="_introduction">Introduction</h2>
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450
+ <div class="paragraph">
451
+ <p>This document describes the current decision-making process in the Git
452
+ project. It is a descriptive rather than prescriptive doc; that is, we want to
453
+ describe how things work in practice rather than explicitly recommending any
454
+ particular process or changes to the current process.</p>
455
+ </div>
456
+ <div class="paragraph">
457
+ <p>Here we document how the project makes decisions for discussions
458
+ (with or without patches), in scale larger than an individual patch
459
+ series (which is fully covered by the SubmittingPatches document).</p>
460
+ </div>
461
+ </div>
462
+ </div>
463
+ <div class="sect1">
464
+ <h2 id="_larger_discussions_with_patches">Larger Discussions (with patches)</h2>
465
+ <div class="sectionbody">
466
+ <div class="paragraph">
467
+ <p>As with discussions on an individual patch series, starting a larger-scale
468
+ discussion often begins by sending a patch or series to the list. This might
469
+ take the form of an initial design doc, with implementation following in later
470
+ iterations of the series (for example,
471
+ <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/0169ce6fb9ccafc089b74ae406db0d1a8ff8ac65.1688165272.git.steadmon@google.com/">adding unit tests</a> or
472
+ <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/20200420235310.94493-1-emilyshaffer@google.com/">config-based hooks</a>),
473
+ or it might include a full implementation from the beginning.
474
+ In either case, discussion progresses the same way for an individual patch series,
475
+ until consensus is reached or the topic is dropped.</p>
476
+ </div>
477
+ </div>
478
+ </div>
479
+ <div class="sect1">
480
+ <h2 id="_larger_discussions_without_patches">Larger Discussions (without patches)</h2>
481
+ <div class="sectionbody">
482
+ <div class="paragraph">
483
+ <p>Occasionally, larger discussions might occur without an associated patch series.
484
+ These may be very large-scale technical decisions that are beyond the scope of
485
+ even a single large patch series, or they may be more open-ended,
486
+ policy-oriented discussions (examples:
487
+ <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/ZZ77NQkSuiRxRDwt@nand.local/">introducing Rust</a>
488
+ or <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/YHofmWcIAidkvJiD@google.com/">improving submodule UX</a>).
489
+ In either case, discussion progresses as described above for general patch series.</p>
490
+ </div>
491
+ <div class="paragraph">
492
+ <p>For larger discussions without a patch series or other concrete implementation,
493
+ it may be hard to judge when consensus has been reached, as there are not any
494
+ official guidelines. If discussion stalls at this point, it may be helpful to
495
+ restart discussion with an RFC patch series (such as a partial, unfinished
496
+ implementation or proof of concept) that can be more easily debated.</p>
497
+ </div>
498
+ <div class="paragraph">
499
+ <p>When consensus is reached that it is a good idea, the original
500
+ proposer is expected to coordinate the effort to make it happen,
501
+ with help from others who were involved in the discussion, as
502
+ needed.</p>
503
+ </div>
504
+ <div class="paragraph">
505
+ <p>For decisions that require code changes, it is often the case that the original
506
+ proposer will follow up with a patch series, although it is also common for
507
+ other interested parties to provide an implementation (or parts of the
508
+ implementation, for very large changes).</p>
509
+ </div>
510
+ <div class="paragraph">
511
+ <p>For non-technical decisions such as community norms or processes, it is up to
512
+ the community as a whole to implement and sustain agreed-upon changes.
513
+ The project leadership committee (PLC) may help the implementation of
514
+ policy decisions.</p>
515
+ </div>
516
+ </div>
517
+ </div>
518
+ <div class="sect1">
519
+ <h2 id="_other_discussion_venues">Other Discussion Venues</h2>
520
+ <div class="sectionbody">
521
+ <div class="paragraph">
522
+ <p>Occasionally decision proposals are presented off-list, e.g. at the semi-regular
523
+ Contributors' Summit. While higher-bandwidth face-to-face discussion is often
524
+ useful for quickly reaching consensus among attendees, generally we expect to
525
+ summarize the discussion in notes that can later be presented on-list. For an
526
+ example, see the thread
527
+ <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/AC2EB721-2979-43FD-922D-C5076A57F24B@jramsay.com.au/">Notes
528
+ from Git Contributor Summit, Los Angeles (April 5, 2020)</a> by James Ramsay.</p>
529
+ </div>
530
+ <div class="paragraph">
531
+ <p>We prefer that "official" discussion happens on the list so that the full
532
+ community has opportunity to engage in discussion. This also means that the
533
+ mailing list archives contain a more-or-less complete history of project
534
+ discussions and decisions.</p>
535
+ </div>
536
+ </div>
537
+ </div>
538
+ </div>
539
+ <div id="footer">
540
+ <div id="footer-text">
541
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
542
+ </div>
543
+ </div>
544
+ </body>
545
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/blame-options.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ `-b`::
2
+ Show blank SHA-1 for boundary commits. This can also
3
+ be controlled via the `blame.blankBoundary` config option.
4
+
5
+ `--root`::
6
+ Do not treat root commits as boundaries. This can also be
7
+ controlled via the `blame.showRoot` config option.
8
+
9
+ `--show-stats`::
10
+ Include additional statistics at the end of blame output.
11
+
12
+ `-L <start>,<end>`::
13
+ `-L :<funcname>`::
14
+ Annotate only the line range given by `<start>,<end>`,
15
+ or by the function name regex _<funcname>_.
16
+ May be specified multiple times. Overlapping ranges are allowed.
17
+ +
18
+ _<start>_ and _<end>_ are optional. `-L <start>` or `-L <start>,` spans from
19
+ _<start>_ to end of file. `-L ,<end>` spans from start of file to _<end>_.
20
+ +
21
+ include::line-range-format.adoc[]
22
+
23
+ `-l`::
24
+ Show long rev (Default: off).
25
+
26
+ `-t`::
27
+ Show raw timestamp (Default: off).
28
+
29
+ `-S <revs-file>`::
30
+ Use revisions from _<revs-file>_ instead of calling
31
+ linkgit:git-rev-list[1].
32
+
33
+ `--reverse <start>..<end>`::
34
+ Walk history forward instead of backward. Instead of showing
35
+ the revision in which a line appeared, this shows the last
36
+ revision in which a line has existed. This requires a range of
37
+ revision like `<start>..<end>` where the path to blame exists in
38
+ _<start>_. `git blame --reverse <start>` is taken as `git blame
39
+ --reverse <start>..HEAD` for convenience.
40
+
41
+ `--first-parent`::
42
+ Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
43
+ commit. This option can be used to determine when a line
44
+ was introduced to a particular integration branch, rather
45
+ than when it was introduced to the history overall.
46
+
47
+ `-p`::
48
+ `--porcelain`::
49
+ Show in a format designed for machine consumption.
50
+
51
+ `--line-porcelain`::
52
+ Show the porcelain format, but output commit information for
53
+ each line, not just the first time a commit is referenced.
54
+ Implies `--porcelain`.
55
+
56
+ `--incremental`::
57
+ Show the result incrementally in a format designed for
58
+ machine consumption.
59
+
60
+ `--encoding=<encoding>`::
61
+ Specify the encoding used to output author names
62
+ and commit summaries. Setting it to `none` makes blame
63
+ output unconverted data. For more information see the
64
+ discussion about encoding in the linkgit:git-log[1]
65
+ manual page.
66
+
67
+ `--contents <file>`::
68
+ Annotate using the contents from _<file>_, starting from _<rev>_
69
+ if it is specified, and `HEAD` otherwise. You may specify `-` to make
70
+ the command read from the standard input for the file contents.
71
+
72
+ `--date <format>`::
73
+ Specify the format used to output dates. If `--date` is not
74
+ provided, the value of the `blame.date` config variable is
75
+ used. If the `blame.date` config variable is also not set, the
76
+ iso format is used. For supported values, see the discussion
77
+ of the `--date` option at linkgit:git-log[1].
78
+
79
+ `--progress`::
80
+ `--no-progress`::
81
+ Enable progress reporting on the standard error stream even if
82
+ not attached to a terminal. By default, progress status is
83
+ reported only when it is attached. You can't use `--progress`
84
+ together with `--porcelain` or `--incremental`.
85
+
86
+ `-M[<num>]`::
87
+ Detect moved or copied lines within a file. When a commit
88
+ moves or copies a block of lines (e.g. the original file
89
+ has _A_ and then _B_, and the commit changes it to _B_ and then
90
+ _A_), the traditional `blame` algorithm notices only half of
91
+ the movement and typically blames the lines that were moved
92
+ up (i.e. _B_) to the parent and assigns blame to the lines that
93
+ were moved down (i.e. _A_) to the child commit. With this
94
+ option, both groups of lines are blamed on the parent by
95
+ running extra passes of inspection.
96
+ +
97
+ _<num>_ is optional, but it is the lower bound on the number of
98
+ alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying
99
+ within a file for it to associate those lines with the parent
100
+ commit. The default value is 20.
101
+
102
+ `-C[<num>]`::
103
+ In addition to `-M`, detect lines moved or copied from other
104
+ files that were modified in the same commit. This is
105
+ useful when you reorganize your program and move code
106
+ around across files. When this option is given twice,
107
+ the command additionally looks for copies from other
108
+ files in the commit that creates the file. When this
109
+ option is given three times, the command additionally
110
+ looks for copies from other files in any commit.
111
+ +
112
+ _<num>_ is optional, but it is the lower bound on the number of
113
+ alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying
114
+ between files for it to associate those lines with the parent
115
+ commit. And the default value is 40. If there are more than one
116
+ `-C` options given, the _<num>_ argument of the last `-C` will
117
+ take effect.
118
+
119
+ `--ignore-rev <rev>`::
120
+ Ignore changes made by the revision when assigning blame, as if the
121
+ change never happened. Lines that were changed or added by an ignored
122
+ commit will be blamed on the previous commit that changed that line or
123
+ nearby lines. This option may be specified multiple times to ignore
124
+ more than one revision. If the `blame.markIgnoredLines` config option
125
+ is set, then lines that were changed by an ignored commit and attributed to
126
+ another commit will be marked with a `?` in the blame output. If the
127
+ `blame.markUnblamableLines` config option is set, then those lines touched
128
+ by an ignored commit that we could not attribute to another revision are
129
+ marked with a `*`. In the porcelain modes, we print `ignored` and
130
+ `unblamable` on a newline respectively.
131
+
132
+ `--ignore-revs-file <file>`::
133
+ Ignore revisions listed in _<file>_, which must be in the same format as an
134
+ `fsck.skipList`. This option may be repeated, and these files will be
135
+ processed after any files specified with the `blame.ignoreRevsFile` config
136
+ option. An empty file name, `""`, will clear the list of revs from
137
+ previously processed files.
138
+
139
+ `--color-lines`::
140
+ Color line annotations in the default format differently if they come from
141
+ the same commit as the preceding line. This makes it easier to distinguish
142
+ code blocks introduced by different commits. The color defaults to cyan and
143
+ can be adjusted using the `color.blame.repeatedLines` config option.
144
+
145
+ `--color-by-age`::
146
+ Color line annotations depending on the age of the line in
147
+ the default format. The `color.blame.highlightRecent` config
148
+ option controls what color is used for each range of age.
149
+
150
+ `-h`::
151
+ Show help message.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-annotate[1]::
2
+ Annotate file lines with commit information.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-blame[1]::
5
+ Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-bugreport[1]::
8
+ Collect information for user to file a bug report.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-count-objects[1]::
11
+ Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-diagnose[1]::
14
+ Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-difftool[1]::
17
+ Show changes using common diff tools.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-fsck[1]::
20
+ Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-help[1]::
23
+ Display help information about Git.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-instaweb[1]::
26
+ Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-merge-tree[1]::
29
+ Perform merge without touching index or working tree.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:git-rerere[1]::
32
+ Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:git-show-branch[1]::
35
+ Show branches and their commits.
36
+
37
+ linkgit:git-verify-commit[1]::
38
+ Check the GPG signature of commits.
39
+
40
+ linkgit:git-verify-tag[1]::
41
+ Check the GPG signature of tags.
42
+
43
+ linkgit:git-version[1]::
44
+ Display version information about Git.
45
+
46
+ linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]::
47
+ Show logs with differences each commit introduces.
48
+
49
+ linkgit:gitweb[1]::
50
+ Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).
51
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-ancillarymanipulators.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-config[1]::
2
+ Get and set repository or global options.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-fast-export[1]::
5
+ Git data exporter.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-fast-import[1]::
8
+ Backend for fast Git data importers.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-filter-branch[1]::
11
+ Rewrite branches.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-mergetool[1]::
14
+ Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-pack-refs[1]::
17
+ Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-prune[1]::
20
+ Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-reflog[1]::
23
+ Manage reflog information.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-refs[1]::
26
+ Low-level access to refs.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-remote[1]::
29
+ Manage set of tracked repositories.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:git-repack[1]::
32
+ Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:git-replace[1]::
35
+ Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
36
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-developerinterfaces.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5]::
2
+ The bundle file format.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:gitformat-chunk[5]::
5
+ Chunk-based file formats.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:gitformat-commit-graph[5]::
8
+ Git commit-graph format.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:gitformat-index[5]::
11
+ Git index format.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:gitformat-pack[5]::
14
+ Git pack format.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:gitformat-signature[5]::
17
+ Git cryptographic signature formats.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:gitprotocol-capabilities[5]::
20
+ Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:gitprotocol-common[5]::
23
+ Things common to various protocols.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:gitprotocol-http[5]::
26
+ Git HTTP-based protocols.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:gitprotocol-pack[5]::
29
+ How packs are transferred over-the-wire.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:gitprotocol-v2[5]::
32
+ Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.
33
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-foreignscminterface.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-archimport[1]::
2
+ Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
5
+ Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-cvsimport[1]::
8
+ Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-cvsserver[1]::
11
+ A CVS server emulator for Git.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-imap-send[1]::
14
+ Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-p4[1]::
17
+ Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-quiltimport[1]::
20
+ Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-request-pull[1]::
23
+ Generates a summary of pending changes.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-send-email[1]::
26
+ Send a collection of patches as emails.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-svn[1]::
29
+ Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.
30
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-guide.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7]::
2
+ A Git core tutorial for developers.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:gitcredentials[7]::
5
+ Providing usernames and passwords to Git.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]::
8
+ Git for CVS users.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:gitdiffcore[7]::
11
+ Tweaking diff output.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:giteveryday[7]::
14
+ A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:gitfaq[7]::
17
+ Frequently asked questions about using Git.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:gitglossary[7]::
20
+ A Git Glossary.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:gitnamespaces[7]::
23
+ Git namespaces.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:gitremote-helpers[7]::
26
+ Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:gitsubmodules[7]::
29
+ Mounting one repository inside another.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:gittutorial[7]::
32
+ A tutorial introduction to Git.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]::
35
+ A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.
36
+
37
+ linkgit:gitworkflows[7]::
38
+ An overview of recommended workflows with Git.
39
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-mainporcelain.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-add[1]::
2
+ Add file contents to the index.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-am[1]::
5
+ Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-archive[1]::
8
+ Create an archive of files from a named tree.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-backfill[1]::
11
+ Download missing objects in a partial clone.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-bisect[1]::
14
+ Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-branch[1]::
17
+ List, create, or delete branches.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-bundle[1]::
20
+ Move objects and refs by archive.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-checkout[1]::
23
+ Switch branches or restore working tree files.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1]::
26
+ Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-citool[1]::
29
+ Graphical alternative to git-commit.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:git-clean[1]::
32
+ Remove untracked files from the working tree.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:git-clone[1]::
35
+ Clone a repository into a new directory.
36
+
37
+ linkgit:git-commit[1]::
38
+ Record changes to the repository.
39
+
40
+ linkgit:git-describe[1]::
41
+ Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.
42
+
43
+ linkgit:git-diff[1]::
44
+ Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
45
+
46
+ linkgit:git-fetch[1]::
47
+ Download objects and refs from another repository.
48
+
49
+ linkgit:git-format-patch[1]::
50
+ Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
51
+
52
+ linkgit:git-gc[1]::
53
+ Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
54
+
55
+ linkgit:git-grep[1]::
56
+ Print lines matching a pattern.
57
+
58
+ linkgit:git-gui[1]::
59
+ A portable graphical interface to Git.
60
+
61
+ linkgit:git-history[1]::
62
+ EXPERIMENTAL: Rewrite history.
63
+
64
+ linkgit:git-init[1]::
65
+ Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
66
+
67
+ linkgit:git-log[1]::
68
+ Show commit logs.
69
+
70
+ linkgit:git-maintenance[1]::
71
+ Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.
72
+
73
+ linkgit:git-merge[1]::
74
+ Join two or more development histories together.
75
+
76
+ linkgit:git-mv[1]::
77
+ Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
78
+
79
+ linkgit:git-notes[1]::
80
+ Add or inspect object notes.
81
+
82
+ linkgit:git-pull[1]::
83
+ Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.
84
+
85
+ linkgit:git-push[1]::
86
+ Update remote refs along with associated objects.
87
+
88
+ linkgit:git-range-diff[1]::
89
+ Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).
90
+
91
+ linkgit:git-rebase[1]::
92
+ Reapply commits on top of another base tip.
93
+
94
+ linkgit:git-reset[1]::
95
+ Set `HEAD` or the index to a known state.
96
+
97
+ linkgit:git-restore[1]::
98
+ Restore working tree files.
99
+
100
+ linkgit:git-revert[1]::
101
+ Revert some existing commits.
102
+
103
+ linkgit:git-rm[1]::
104
+ Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
105
+
106
+ linkgit:git-shortlog[1]::
107
+ Summarize 'git log' output.
108
+
109
+ linkgit:git-show[1]::
110
+ Show various types of objects.
111
+
112
+ linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1]::
113
+ Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.
114
+
115
+ linkgit:git-stash[1]::
116
+ Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
117
+
118
+ linkgit:git-status[1]::
119
+ Show the working tree status.
120
+
121
+ linkgit:git-submodule[1]::
122
+ Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
123
+
124
+ linkgit:git-survey[1]::
125
+ EXPERIMENTAL: Measure various repository dimensions of scale.
126
+
127
+ linkgit:git-switch[1]::
128
+ Switch branches.
129
+
130
+ linkgit:git-tag[1]::
131
+ Create, list, delete or verify tags.
132
+
133
+ linkgit:git-worktree[1]::
134
+ Manage multiple working trees.
135
+
136
+ linkgit:gitk[1]::
137
+ The Git repository browser.
138
+
139
+ linkgit:scalar[1]::
140
+ A tool for managing large Git repositories.
141
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-plumbinginterrogators.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-cat-file[1]::
2
+ Provide contents or details of repository objects.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-cherry[1]::
5
+ Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-diff-files[1]::
8
+ Compares files in the working tree and the index.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-diff-index[1]::
11
+ Compare a tree to the working tree or index.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-diff-pairs[1]::
14
+ Compare the content and mode of provided blob pairs.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-diff-tree[1]::
17
+ Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1]::
20
+ Output information on each ref.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-for-each-repo[1]::
23
+ Run a Git command on a list of repositories.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
26
+ Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-last-modified[1]::
29
+ EXPERIMENTAL: Show when files were last modified.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:git-ls-files[1]::
32
+ Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:git-ls-remote[1]::
35
+ List references in a remote repository.
36
+
37
+ linkgit:git-ls-tree[1]::
38
+ List the contents of a tree object.
39
+
40
+ linkgit:git-merge-base[1]::
41
+ Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
42
+
43
+ linkgit:git-name-rev[1]::
44
+ Find symbolic names for given revs.
45
+
46
+ linkgit:git-pack-redundant[1]::
47
+ Find redundant pack files.
48
+
49
+ linkgit:git-repo[1]::
50
+ Retrieve information about the repository.
51
+
52
+ linkgit:git-rev-list[1]::
53
+ Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
54
+
55
+ linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]::
56
+ Pick out and massage parameters.
57
+
58
+ linkgit:git-show-index[1]::
59
+ Show packed archive index.
60
+
61
+ linkgit:git-show-ref[1]::
62
+ List references in a local repository.
63
+
64
+ linkgit:git-unpack-file[1]::
65
+ Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
66
+
67
+ linkgit:git-var[1]::
68
+ Show a Git logical variable.
69
+
70
+ linkgit:git-verify-pack[1]::
71
+ Validate packed Git archive files.
72
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-plumbingmanipulators.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-apply[1]::
2
+ Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-checkout-index[1]::
5
+ Copy files from the index to the working tree.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-commit-graph[1]::
8
+ Write and verify Git commit-graph files.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]::
11
+ Create a new commit object.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-hash-object[1]::
14
+ Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-index-pack[1]::
17
+ Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-merge-file[1]::
20
+ Run a three-way file merge.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-merge-index[1]::
23
+ Run a merge for files needing merging.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-mktag[1]::
26
+ Creates a tag object with extra validation.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-mktree[1]::
29
+ Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:git-multi-pack-index[1]::
32
+ Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]::
35
+ Create a packed archive of objects.
36
+
37
+ linkgit:git-prune-packed[1]::
38
+ Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
39
+
40
+ linkgit:git-read-tree[1]::
41
+ Reads tree information into the index.
42
+
43
+ linkgit:git-replay[1]::
44
+ EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare repos too.
45
+
46
+ linkgit:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
47
+ Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.
48
+
49
+ linkgit:git-unpack-objects[1]::
50
+ Unpack objects from a packed archive.
51
+
52
+ linkgit:git-update-index[1]::
53
+ Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
54
+
55
+ linkgit:git-update-ref[1]::
56
+ Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
57
+
58
+ linkgit:git-write-tree[1]::
59
+ Create a tree object from the current index.
60
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-purehelpers.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-check-attr[1]::
2
+ Display gitattributes information.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-check-ignore[1]::
5
+ Debug gitignore / exclude files.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-check-mailmap[1]::
8
+ Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]::
11
+ Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-column[1]::
14
+ Display data in columns.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-credential[1]::
17
+ Retrieve and store user credentials.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:git-credential-cache[1]::
20
+ Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:git-credential-store[1]::
23
+ Helper to store credentials on disk.
24
+
25
+ linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1]::
26
+ Produce a merge commit message.
27
+
28
+ linkgit:git-hook[1]::
29
+ Run git hooks.
30
+
31
+ linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]::
32
+ Add or parse structured information in commit messages.
33
+
34
+ linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]::
35
+ Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
36
+
37
+ linkgit:git-mailsplit[1]::
38
+ Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
39
+
40
+ linkgit:git-merge-one-file[1]::
41
+ The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
42
+
43
+ linkgit:git-patch-id[1]::
44
+ Compute unique IDs for patches.
45
+
46
+ linkgit:git-sh-i18n[1]::
47
+ Git's i18n setup code for shell scripts.
48
+
49
+ linkgit:git-sh-setup[1]::
50
+ Common Git shell script setup code.
51
+
52
+ linkgit:git-stripspace[1]::
53
+ Remove unnecessary whitespace.
54
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-synchelpers.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-http-fetch[1]::
2
+ Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-http-push[1]::
5
+ Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]::
8
+ Receive what is pushed into the repository.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-shell[1]::
11
+ Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-upload-archive[1]::
14
+ Send archive back to git-archive.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:git-upload-pack[1]::
17
+ Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
18
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-synchingrepositories.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:git-daemon[1]::
2
+ A really simple server for Git repositories.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]::
5
+ Receive missing objects from another repository.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:git-http-backend[1]::
8
+ Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:git-send-pack[1]::
11
+ Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:git-update-server-info[1]::
14
+ Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
15
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/cmds-userinterfaces.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ linkgit:gitattributes[5]::
2
+ Defining attributes per path.
3
+
4
+ linkgit:gitcli[7]::
5
+ Git command-line interface and conventions.
6
+
7
+ linkgit:githooks[5]::
8
+ Hooks used by Git.
9
+
10
+ linkgit:gitignore[5]::
11
+ Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.
12
+
13
+ linkgit:gitmailmap[5]::
14
+ Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.
15
+
16
+ linkgit:gitmodules[5]::
17
+ Defining submodule properties.
18
+
19
+ linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5]::
20
+ Git Repository Layout.
21
+
22
+ linkgit:gitrevisions[7]::
23
+ Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.
24
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/config.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ CONFIGURATION FILE
2
+ ------------------
3
+
4
+ The Git configuration file contains a number of variables that affect
5
+ the Git commands' behavior. The files `.git/config` and optionally
6
+ `config.worktree` (see the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of
7
+ linkgit:git-worktree[1]) in each repository are used to store the
8
+ configuration for that repository, and `$HOME/.gitconfig` is used to
9
+ store a per-user configuration as fallback values for the `.git/config`
10
+ file. The file `/etc/gitconfig` can be used to store a system-wide
11
+ default configuration.
12
+
13
+ The configuration variables are used by both the Git plumbing
14
+ and the porcelain commands. The variables are divided into sections, wherein
15
+ the fully qualified variable name of the variable itself is the last
16
+ dot-separated segment and the section name is everything before the last
17
+ dot. The variable names are case-insensitive, allow only alphanumeric
18
+ characters and `-`, and must start with an alphabetic character. Some
19
+ variables may appear multiple times; we say then that the variable is
20
+ multivalued.
21
+
22
+ Syntax
23
+ ~~~~~~
24
+
25
+ The syntax is fairly flexible and permissive. Whitespace characters,
26
+ which in this context are the space character (SP) and the horizontal
27
+ tabulation (HT), are mostly ignored. The '#' and ';' characters begin
28
+ comments to the end of line. Blank lines are ignored.
29
+
30
+ The file consists of sections and variables. A section begins with
31
+ the name of the section in square brackets and continues until the next
32
+ section begins. Section names are case-insensitive. Only alphanumeric
33
+ characters, `-` and `.` are allowed in section names. Each variable
34
+ must belong to some section, which means that there must be a section
35
+ header before the first setting of a variable.
36
+
37
+ Sections can be further divided into subsections. To begin a subsection
38
+ put its name in double quotes, separated by space from the section name,
39
+ in the section header, like in the example below:
40
+
41
+ --------
42
+ [section "subsection"]
43
+
44
+ --------
45
+
46
+ Subsection names are case sensitive and can contain any characters except
47
+ newline and the null byte. Doublequote `"` and backslash can be included
48
+ by escaping them as `\"` and `\\`, respectively. Backslashes preceding
49
+ other characters are dropped when reading; for example, `\t` is read as
50
+ `t` and `\0` is read as `0`. Section headers cannot span multiple lines.
51
+ Variables may belong directly to a section or to a given subsection. You
52
+ can have `[section]` if you have `[section "subsection"]`, but you don't
53
+ need to.
54
+
55
+ There is also a deprecated `[section.subsection]` syntax. With this
56
+ syntax, the subsection name is converted to lower-case and is also
57
+ compared case sensitively. These subsection names follow the same
58
+ restrictions as section names.
59
+
60
+ All the other lines (and the remainder of the line after the section
61
+ header) are recognized as setting variables, in the form
62
+ 'name = value' (or just 'name', which is a short-hand to say that
63
+ the variable is the boolean "true").
64
+ The variable names are case-insensitive, allow only alphanumeric characters
65
+ and `-`, and must start with an alphabetic character.
66
+
67
+ Whitespace characters surrounding `name`, `=` and `value` are discarded.
68
+ Internal whitespace characters within 'value' are retained verbatim.
69
+ Comments starting with either `#` or `;` and extending to the end of line
70
+ are discarded. A line that defines a value can be continued to the next
71
+ line by ending it with a backslash (`\`); the backslash and the end-of-line
72
+ characters are discarded.
73
+
74
+ If `value` needs to contain leading or trailing whitespace characters,
75
+ it must be enclosed in double quotation marks (`"`). Inside double quotation
76
+ marks, double quote (`"`) and backslash (`\`) characters must be escaped:
77
+ use `\"` for `"` and `\\` for `\`.
78
+
79
+ The following escape sequences (beside `\"` and `\\`) are recognized:
80
+ `\n` for newline character (NL), `\t` for horizontal tabulation (HT, TAB)
81
+ and `\b` for backspace (BS). Other char escape sequences (including octal
82
+ escape sequences) are invalid.
83
+
84
+
85
+ Includes
86
+ ~~~~~~~~
87
+
88
+ The `include` and `includeIf` sections allow you to include config
89
+ directives from another source. These sections behave identically to
90
+ each other with the exception that `includeIf` sections may be ignored
91
+ if their condition does not evaluate to true; see "Conditional includes"
92
+ below.
93
+
94
+ You can include a config file from another by setting the special
95
+ `include.path` (or `includeIf.*.path`) variable to the name of the file
96
+ to be included. The variable takes a pathname as its value, and is
97
+ subject to tilde expansion. These variables can be given multiple times.
98
+
99
+ The contents of the included file are inserted immediately, as if they
100
+ had been found at the location of the include directive. If the value of the
101
+ variable is a relative path, the path is considered to
102
+ be relative to the configuration file in which the include directive
103
+ was found. See below for examples.
104
+
105
+ Conditional includes
106
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
107
+
108
+ You can conditionally include a config file from another by setting an
109
+ `includeIf.<condition>.path` variable to the name of the file to be
110
+ included.
111
+
112
+ The condition starts with a keyword followed by a colon and some data
113
+ whose format and meaning depends on the keyword. Supported keywords
114
+ are:
115
+
116
+ `gitdir`::
117
+ The data that follows the keyword `gitdir` and a colon is used as a glob
118
+ pattern. If the location of the .git directory matches the
119
+ pattern, the include condition is met.
120
+ +
121
+ The .git location may be auto-discovered, or come from `$GIT_DIR`
122
+ environment variable. If the repository is auto-discovered via a .git
123
+ file (e.g. from submodules, or a linked worktree), the .git location
124
+ would be the final location where the .git directory is, not where the
125
+ .git file is.
126
+ +
127
+ The pattern can contain standard globbing wildcards and two additional
128
+ ones, `**/` and `/**`, that can match multiple path components. Please
129
+ refer to linkgit:gitignore[5] for details. For convenience:
130
+
131
+ * If the pattern starts with `~/`, `~` will be substituted with the
132
+ content of the environment variable `HOME`.
133
+
134
+ * If the pattern starts with `./`, it is replaced with the directory
135
+ containing the current config file.
136
+
137
+ * If the pattern does not start with either `~/`, `./` or `/`, `**/`
138
+ will be automatically prepended. For example, the pattern `foo/bar`
139
+ becomes `**/foo/bar` and would match `/any/path/to/foo/bar`.
140
+
141
+ * If the pattern ends with `/`, `**` will be automatically added. For
142
+ example, the pattern `foo/` becomes `foo/**`. In other words, it
143
+ matches "foo" and everything inside, recursively.
144
+
145
+ `gitdir/i`::
146
+ This is the same as `gitdir` except that matching is done
147
+ case-insensitively (e.g. on case-insensitive file systems)
148
+
149
+ `onbranch`::
150
+ The data that follows the keyword `onbranch` and a colon is taken to be a
151
+ pattern with standard globbing wildcards and two additional
152
+ ones, `**/` and `/**`, that can match multiple path components.
153
+ If we are in a worktree where the name of the branch that is
154
+ currently checked out matches the pattern, the include condition
155
+ is met.
156
+ +
157
+ If the pattern ends with `/`, `**` will be automatically added. For
158
+ example, the pattern `foo/` becomes `foo/**`. In other words, it matches
159
+ all branches that begin with `foo/`. This is useful if your branches are
160
+ organized hierarchically and you would like to apply a configuration to
161
+ all the branches in that hierarchy.
162
+
163
+ `hasconfig:remote.*.url`::
164
+ The data that follows this keyword and a colon is taken to
165
+ be a pattern with standard globbing wildcards and two
166
+ additional ones, `**/` and `/**`, that can match multiple
167
+ components. The first time this keyword is seen, the rest of
168
+ the config files will be scanned for remote URLs (without
169
+ applying any values). If there exists at least one remote URL
170
+ that matches this pattern, the include condition is met.
171
+ +
172
+ Files included by this option (directly or indirectly) are not allowed
173
+ to contain remote URLs.
174
+ +
175
+ Note that unlike other includeIf conditions, resolving this condition
176
+ relies on information that is not yet known at the point of reading the
177
+ condition. A typical use case is this option being present as a
178
+ system-level or global-level config, and the remote URL being in a
179
+ local-level config; hence the need to scan ahead when resolving this
180
+ condition. In order to avoid the chicken-and-egg problem in which
181
+ potentially-included files can affect whether such files are potentially
182
+ included, Git breaks the cycle by prohibiting these files from affecting
183
+ the resolution of these conditions (thus, prohibiting them from
184
+ declaring remote URLs).
185
+ +
186
+ As for the naming of this keyword, it is for forwards compatibility with
187
+ a naming scheme that supports more variable-based include conditions,
188
+ but currently Git only supports the exact keyword described above.
189
+
190
+ A few more notes on matching via `gitdir` and `gitdir/i`:
191
+
192
+ * Symlinks in `$GIT_DIR` are not resolved before matching.
193
+
194
+ * Both the symlink & realpath versions of paths will be matched
195
+ outside of `$GIT_DIR`. E.g. if ~/git is a symlink to
196
+ /mnt/storage/git, both `gitdir:~/git` and `gitdir:/mnt/storage/git`
197
+ will match.
198
+ +
199
+ This was not the case in the initial release of this feature in
200
+ v2.13.0, which only matched the realpath version. Configuration that
201
+ wants to be compatible with the initial release of this feature needs
202
+ to either specify only the realpath version, or both versions.
203
+
204
+ * Note that "../" is not special and will match literally, which is
205
+ unlikely what you want.
206
+
207
+ Example
208
+ ~~~~~~~
209
+
210
+ ----
211
+ # Core variables
212
+ [core]
213
+ ; Don't trust file modes
214
+ filemode = false
215
+
216
+ # Our diff algorithm
217
+ [diff]
218
+ external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper
219
+ renames = true
220
+
221
+ [branch "devel"]
222
+ remote = origin
223
+ merge = refs/heads/devel
224
+
225
+ # Proxy settings
226
+ [core]
227
+ gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org"
228
+ gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest
229
+
230
+ [include]
231
+ path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path
232
+ path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file
233
+ path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory
234
+
235
+ ; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git
236
+ [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"]
237
+ path = /path/to/foo.inc
238
+
239
+ ; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group
240
+ [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"]
241
+ path = /path/to/foo.inc
242
+
243
+ ; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group
244
+ [includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"]
245
+ path = /path/to/foo.inc
246
+
247
+ ; relative paths are always relative to the including
248
+ ; file (if the condition is true); their location is not
249
+ ; affected by the condition
250
+ [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"]
251
+ path = foo.inc
252
+
253
+ ; include only if we are in a worktree where foo-branch is
254
+ ; currently checked out
255
+ [includeIf "onbranch:foo-branch"]
256
+ path = foo.inc
257
+
258
+ ; include only if a remote with the given URL exists (note
259
+ ; that such a URL may be provided later in a file or in a
260
+ ; file read after this file is read, as seen in this example)
261
+ [includeIf "hasconfig:remote.*.url:https://example.com/**"]
262
+ path = foo.inc
263
+ [remote "origin"]
264
+ url = https://example.com/git
265
+ ----
266
+
267
+ Values
268
+ ~~~~~~
269
+
270
+ Values of many variables are treated as a simple string, but there
271
+ are variables that take values of specific types and there are rules
272
+ as to how to spell them.
273
+
274
+ boolean::
275
+
276
+ When a variable is said to take a boolean value, many
277
+ synonyms are accepted for 'true' and 'false'; these are all
278
+ case-insensitive.
279
+
280
+ true;; Boolean true literals are `yes`, `on`, `true`,
281
+ and `1`. Also, a variable defined without `= <value>`
282
+ is taken as true.
283
+
284
+ false;; Boolean false literals are `no`, `off`, `false`,
285
+ `0` and the empty string.
286
+ +
287
+ When converting a value to its canonical form using the `--type=bool` type
288
+ specifier, 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or
289
+ "false" (spelled in lowercase).
290
+
291
+ integer::
292
+ The value for many variables that specify various sizes can
293
+ be suffixed with `k`, `M`,... to mean "scale the number by
294
+ 1024", "by 1024x1024", etc.
295
+
296
+ color::
297
+ The value for a variable that takes a color is a list of
298
+ colors (at most two, one for foreground and one for background)
299
+ and attributes (as many as you want), separated by spaces.
300
+ +
301
+ The basic colors accepted are `normal`, `black`, `red`, `green`,
302
+ `yellow`, `blue`, `magenta`, `cyan`, `white` and `default`. The first
303
+ color given is the foreground; the second is the background. All the
304
+ basic colors except `normal` and `default` have a bright variant that can
305
+ be specified by prefixing the color with `bright`, like `brightred`.
306
+ +
307
+ The color `normal` makes no change to the color. It is the same as an
308
+ empty string, but can be used as the foreground color when specifying a
309
+ background color alone (for example, "normal red").
310
+ +
311
+ The color `default` explicitly resets the color to the terminal default,
312
+ for example to specify a cleared background. Although it varies between
313
+ terminals, this is usually not the same as setting to "white black".
314
+ +
315
+ Colors may also be given as numbers between 0 and 255; these use ANSI
316
+ 256-color mode (but note that not all terminals may support this). If
317
+ your terminal supports it, you may also specify 24-bit RGB values as
318
+ hex, like `#ff0ab3`, or 12-bit RGB values like `#f1b`, which is
319
+ equivalent to the 24-bit color `#ff11bb`.
320
+ +
321
+ The accepted attributes are `bold`, `dim`, `ul`, `blink`, `reverse`,
322
+ `italic`, and `strike` (for crossed-out or "strikethrough" letters).
323
+ The position of any attributes with respect to the colors
324
+ (before, after, or in between), doesn't matter. Specific attributes may
325
+ be turned off by prefixing them with `no` or `no-` (e.g., `noreverse`,
326
+ `no-ul`, etc).
327
+ +
328
+ The pseudo-attribute `reset` resets all colors and attributes before
329
+ applying the specified coloring. For example, `reset green` will result
330
+ in a green foreground and default background without any active
331
+ attributes.
332
+ +
333
+ An empty color string produces no color effect at all. This can be used
334
+ to avoid coloring specific elements without disabling color entirely.
335
+ +
336
+ For git's pre-defined color slots, the attributes are meant to be reset
337
+ at the beginning of each item in the colored output. So setting
338
+ `color.decorate.branch` to `black` will paint that branch name in a
339
+ plain `black`, even if the previous thing on the same output line (e.g.
340
+ opening parenthesis before the list of branch names in `log --decorate`
341
+ output) is set to be painted with `bold` or some other attribute.
342
+ However, custom log formats may do more complicated and layered
343
+ coloring, and the negated forms may be useful there.
344
+
345
+ pathname::
346
+ A variable that takes a pathname value can be given a
347
+ string that begins with "`~/`" or "`~user/`", and the usual
348
+ tilde expansion happens to such a string: `~/`
349
+ is expanded to the value of `$HOME`, and `~user/` to the
350
+ specified user's home directory.
351
+ +
352
+ If a path starts with `%(prefix)/`, the remainder is interpreted as a
353
+ path relative to Git's "runtime prefix", i.e. relative to the location
354
+ where Git itself was installed. For example, `%(prefix)/bin/` refers to
355
+ the directory in which the Git executable itself lives. If Git was
356
+ compiled without runtime prefix support, the compiled-in prefix will be
357
+ substituted instead. In the unlikely event that a literal path needs to
358
+ be specified that should _not_ be expanded, it needs to be prefixed by
359
+ `./`, like so: `./%(prefix)/bin`.
360
+ +
361
+ If prefixed with `:(optional)`, the configuration variable is treated
362
+ as if it does not exist, if the named path does not exist.
363
+
364
+ Variables
365
+ ~~~~~~~~~
366
+
367
+ Note that this list is non-comprehensive and not necessarily complete.
368
+ For command-specific variables, you will find a more detailed description
369
+ in the appropriate manual page.
370
+
371
+ Other git-related tools may and do use their own variables. When
372
+ inventing new variables for use in your own tool, make sure their
373
+ names do not conflict with those that are used by Git itself and
374
+ other popular tools, and describe them in your documentation.
375
+
376
+ include::config/add.adoc[]
377
+
378
+ include::config/advice.adoc[]
379
+
380
+ include::config/alias.adoc[]
381
+
382
+ include::config/am.adoc[]
383
+
384
+ include::config/apply.adoc[]
385
+
386
+ include::config/attr.adoc[]
387
+
388
+ include::config/bitmap-pseudo-merge.adoc[]
389
+
390
+ include::config/blame.adoc[]
391
+
392
+ include::config/branch.adoc[]
393
+
394
+ include::config/browser.adoc[]
395
+
396
+ include::config/bundle.adoc[]
397
+
398
+ include::config/checkout.adoc[]
399
+
400
+ include::config/clean.adoc[]
401
+
402
+ include::config/clone.adoc[]
403
+
404
+ include::config/color.adoc[]
405
+
406
+ include::config/column.adoc[]
407
+
408
+ include::config/commit.adoc[]
409
+
410
+ include::config/commitgraph.adoc[]
411
+
412
+ include::config/completion.adoc[]
413
+
414
+ include::config/core.adoc[]
415
+
416
+ include::config/credential.adoc[]
417
+
418
+ include::config/diff.adoc[]
419
+
420
+ include::config/difftool.adoc[]
421
+
422
+ include::config/extensions.adoc[]
423
+
424
+ include::config/fastimport.adoc[]
425
+
426
+ include::config/feature.adoc[]
427
+
428
+ include::config/fetch.adoc[]
429
+
430
+ include::config/filter.adoc[]
431
+
432
+ include::config/format.adoc[]
433
+
434
+ include::config/fsck.adoc[]
435
+
436
+ include::config/fsmonitor--daemon.adoc[]
437
+
438
+ include::config/gc.adoc[]
439
+
440
+ include::config/gitcvs.adoc[]
441
+
442
+ include::config/gitweb.adoc[]
443
+
444
+ include::config/gpg.adoc[]
445
+
446
+ include::config/grep.adoc[]
447
+
448
+ include::config/gui.adoc[]
449
+
450
+ include::config/guitool.adoc[]
451
+
452
+ include::config/help.adoc[]
453
+
454
+ include::config/http.adoc[]
455
+
456
+ include::config/i18n.adoc[]
457
+
458
+ include::config/imap.adoc[]
459
+
460
+ include::config/includeif.adoc[]
461
+
462
+ include::config/index.adoc[]
463
+
464
+ include::config/init.adoc[]
465
+
466
+ include::config/instaweb.adoc[]
467
+
468
+ include::config/interactive.adoc[]
469
+
470
+ include::config/log.adoc[]
471
+
472
+ include::config/lsrefs.adoc[]
473
+
474
+ include::config/mailinfo.adoc[]
475
+
476
+ include::config/mailmap.adoc[]
477
+
478
+ include::config/maintenance.adoc[]
479
+
480
+ include::config/man.adoc[]
481
+
482
+ include::config/merge.adoc[]
483
+
484
+ include::config/mergetool.adoc[]
485
+
486
+ include::config/notes.adoc[]
487
+
488
+ include::config/pack.adoc[]
489
+
490
+ include::config/pager.adoc[]
491
+
492
+ include::config/pretty.adoc[]
493
+
494
+ include::config/promisor.adoc[]
495
+
496
+ include::config/protocol.adoc[]
497
+
498
+ include::config/pull.adoc[]
499
+
500
+ include::config/push.adoc[]
501
+
502
+ include::config/rebase.adoc[]
503
+
504
+ include::config/receive.adoc[]
505
+
506
+ include::config/reftable.adoc[]
507
+
508
+ include::config/remote.adoc[]
509
+
510
+ include::config/remotes.adoc[]
511
+
512
+ include::config/repack.adoc[]
513
+
514
+ include::config/rerere.adoc[]
515
+
516
+ include::config/revert.adoc[]
517
+
518
+ include::config/safe.adoc[]
519
+
520
+ include::config/sendemail.adoc[]
521
+
522
+ include::config/sendpack.adoc[]
523
+
524
+ include::config/sequencer.adoc[]
525
+
526
+ include::config/showbranch.adoc[]
527
+
528
+ include::config/sideband.adoc[]
529
+
530
+ include::config/sparse.adoc[]
531
+
532
+ include::config/splitindex.adoc[]
533
+
534
+ include::config/ssh.adoc[]
535
+
536
+ include::config/stash.adoc[]
537
+
538
+ include::config/status.adoc[]
539
+
540
+ include::config/submodule.adoc[]
541
+
542
+ include::config/survey.adoc[]
543
+
544
+ include::config/tag.adoc[]
545
+
546
+ include::config/tar.adoc[]
547
+
548
+ include::config/trace2.adoc[]
549
+
550
+ include::config/trailer.adoc[]
551
+
552
+ include::config/transfer.adoc[]
553
+
554
+ include::config/uploadarchive.adoc[]
555
+
556
+ include::config/uploadpack.adoc[]
557
+
558
+ include::config/url.adoc[]
559
+
560
+ include::config/user.adoc[]
561
+
562
+ include::config/versionsort.adoc[]
563
+
564
+ include::config/web.adoc[]
565
+
566
+ include::config/windows.adoc[]
567
+
568
+ include::config/worktree.adoc[]
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/date-formats.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ DATE FORMATS
2
+ ------------
3
+
4
+ The `GIT_AUTHOR_DATE` and `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE` environment variables
5
+ support the following date formats:
6
+
7
+ Git internal format::
8
+ It is `<unix-timestamp> <time-zone-offset>`, where
9
+ `<unix-timestamp>` is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
10
+ `<time-zone-offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
11
+ For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is `+0100`.
12
+
13
+ RFC 2822::
14
+ The standard date format as described by RFC 2822, for example
15
+ `Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200`.
16
+
17
+ ISO 8601::
18
+ Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
19
+ `2005-04-07T22:13:13`. The parser accepts a space instead of the
20
+ `T` character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
21
+ for example `2005-04-07T22:13:13.019` will be treated as
22
+ `2005-04-07T22:13:13`.
23
+ +
24
+ NOTE: In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
25
+ `YYYY.MM.DD`, `MM/DD/YYYY` and `DD.MM.YYYY`.
26
+
27
+ ifdef::git-commit[]
28
+ In addition to recognizing all date formats above, the `--date` option
29
+ will also try to make sense of other, more human-centric date formats,
30
+ such as relative dates like "yesterday" or "last Friday at noon".
31
+ endif::git-commit[]
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-algorithm-option.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ `--diff-algorithm=(patience|minimal|histogram|myers)`::
2
+ Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:
3
+ +
4
+ --
5
+ `default`;;
6
+ `myers`;;
7
+ The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default.
8
+ `minimal`;;
9
+ Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is
10
+ produced.
11
+ `patience`;;
12
+ Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.
13
+ `histogram`;;
14
+ This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support
15
+ low-occurrence common elements".
16
+ --
17
+ +
18
+ For instance, if you configured the `diff.algorithm` variable to a
19
+ non-default value and want to use the default one, then you
20
+ have to use `--diff-algorithm=default` option.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-context-options.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ `-U<n>`::
2
+ `--unified=<n>`::
3
+ Generate diffs with _<n>_ lines of context. The number of context
4
+ lines defaults to `diff.context` or 3 if the configuration variable
5
+ is unset. (`-U` without `<n>` is silently accepted as a synonym for
6
+ `-p` due to a historical accident).
7
+
8
+ `--inter-hunk-context=<n>`::
9
+ Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified _<number>_
10
+ of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
11
+ Defaults to `diff.interHunkContext` or 0 if the config option
12
+ is unset.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-format.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ Raw output format
2
+ -----------------
3
+
4
+ The raw output format from `git-diff-index`, `git-diff-tree`,
5
+ `git-diff-files` and `git diff --raw` are very similar.
6
+
7
+ These commands all compare two sets of things; what is
8
+ compared differs:
9
+
10
+ `git-diff-index <tree-ish>`::
11
+ compares the _<tree-ish>_ and the files on the filesystem.
12
+
13
+ `git-diff-index --cached <tree-ish>`::
14
+ compares the _<tree-ish>_ and the index.
15
+
16
+ `git-diff-tree [-r] <tree-ish-1> <tree-ish-2> [<pattern>...]`::
17
+ compares the trees named by the two arguments.
18
+
19
+ `git-diff-files [<pattern>...]`::
20
+ compares the index and the files on the filesystem.
21
+
22
+ The `git-diff-tree` command begins its output by printing the hash of
23
+ what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output
24
+ line per changed file.
25
+
26
+ An output line is formatted this way:
27
+
28
+ ------------------------------------------------
29
+ in-place edit :100644 100644 bcd1234 0123456 M file0
30
+ copy-edit :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 C68 file1 file2
31
+ rename-edit :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 R86 file1 file3
32
+ create :000000 100644 0000000 1234567 A file4
33
+ delete :100644 000000 1234567 0000000 D file5
34
+ unmerged :000000 000000 0000000 0000000 U file6
35
+ ------------------------------------------------
36
+
37
+ That is, from the left to the right:
38
+
39
+ . a colon.
40
+ . mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged.
41
+ . a space.
42
+ . mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged.
43
+ . a space.
44
+ . sha1 for "src"; 0\{40\} if creation or unmerged.
45
+ . a space.
46
+ . sha1 for "dst"; 0\{40\} if deletion, unmerged or "work tree out of sync with the index".
47
+ . a space.
48
+ . status, followed by optional "score" number.
49
+ . a tab or a NUL when `-z` option is used.
50
+ . path for "src"
51
+ . a tab or a NUL when `-z` option is used; only exists for C or R.
52
+ . path for "dst"; only exists for C or R.
53
+ . an LF or a NUL when `-z` option is used, to terminate the record.
54
+
55
+ Possible status letters are:
56
+
57
+ - `A`: addition of a file
58
+ - `C`: copy of a file into a new one
59
+ - `D`: deletion of a file
60
+ - `M`: modification of the contents or mode of a file
61
+ - `R`: renaming of a file
62
+ - `T`: change in the type of the file (regular file, symbolic link or submodule)
63
+ - `U`: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can
64
+ be committed)
65
+ - `X`: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it)
66
+
67
+ Status letters `C` and `R` are always followed by a score (denoting the
68
+ percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or
69
+ copy). Status letter `M` may be followed by a score (denoting the
70
+ percentage of dissimilarity) for file rewrites.
71
+
72
+ The sha1 for "dst" is shown as all 0's if a file on the filesystem
73
+ is out of sync with the index.
74
+
75
+ Example:
76
+
77
+ ------------------------------------------------
78
+ :100644 100644 5be4a4a 0000000 M file.c
79
+ ------------------------------------------------
80
+
81
+ Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
82
+ quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
83
+ (see linkgit:git-config[1]). Using `-z` the filename is output
84
+ verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.
85
+
86
+ diff format for merges
87
+ ----------------------
88
+
89
+ `git-diff-tree`, `git-diff-files` and `git-diff --raw`
90
+ can take `-c` or `--cc` option
91
+ to generate diff output also for merge commits. The output differs
92
+ from the format described above in the following way:
93
+
94
+ . there is a colon for each parent
95
+ . there are more "src" modes and "src" sha1
96
+ . status is concatenated status characters for each parent
97
+ . no optional "score" number
98
+ . tab-separated pathname(s) of the file
99
+
100
+ For `-c` and `--cc`, only the destination or final path is shown even
101
+ if the file was renamed on any side of history. With
102
+ `--combined-all-paths`, the name of the path in each parent is shown
103
+ followed by the name of the path in the merge commit.
104
+
105
+ Examples for `-c` and `--cc` without `--combined-all-paths`:
106
+
107
+ ------------------------------------------------
108
+ ::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM desc.c
109
+ ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM bar.sh
110
+ ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR phooey.c
111
+ ------------------------------------------------
112
+
113
+ Examples when `--combined-all-paths` added to either `-c` or `--cc`:
114
+
115
+ ------------------------------------------------
116
+ ::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM desc.c desc.c desc.c
117
+ ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM foo.sh bar.sh bar.sh
118
+ ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR fooey.c fuey.c phooey.c
119
+ ------------------------------------------------
120
+
121
+ Note that 'combined diff' lists only files which were modified from
122
+ all parents.
123
+
124
+
125
+ include::diff-generate-patch.adoc[]
126
+
127
+
128
+ other diff formats
129
+ ------------------
130
+
131
+ The `--summary` option describes newly added, deleted, renamed and
132
+ copied files. The `--stat` option adds `diffstat`(1) graph to the
133
+ output. These options can be combined with other options, such as
134
+ `-p`, and are meant for human consumption.
135
+
136
+ When showing a change that involves a rename or a copy, `--stat` output
137
+ formats the pathnames compactly by combining common prefix and suffix of
138
+ the pathnames. For example, a change that moves `arch/i386/Makefile` to
139
+ `arch/x86/Makefile` while modifying 4 lines will be shown like this:
140
+
141
+ ------------------------------------
142
+ arch/{i386 => x86}/Makefile | 4 +--
143
+ ------------------------------------
144
+
145
+ The `--numstat` option gives the diffstat(1) information but is designed
146
+ for easier machine consumption. An entry in `--numstat` output looks
147
+ like this:
148
+
149
+ ----------------------------------------
150
+ 1 2 README
151
+ 3 1 arch/{i386 => x86}/Makefile
152
+ ----------------------------------------
153
+
154
+ That is, from left to right:
155
+
156
+ . the number of added lines;
157
+ . a tab;
158
+ . the number of deleted lines;
159
+ . a tab;
160
+ . pathname (possibly with rename/copy information);
161
+ . a newline.
162
+
163
+ When `-z` output option is in effect, the output is formatted this way:
164
+
165
+ ----------------------------------------
166
+ 1 2 README NUL
167
+ 3 1 NUL arch/i386/Makefile NUL arch/x86/Makefile NUL
168
+ ----------------------------------------
169
+
170
+ That is:
171
+
172
+ . the number of added lines;
173
+ . a tab;
174
+ . the number of deleted lines;
175
+ . a tab;
176
+ . a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
177
+ . pathname in preimage;
178
+ . a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
179
+ . pathname in postimage (only exists if renamed/copied);
180
+ . a NUL.
181
+
182
+ The extra `NUL` before the preimage path in renamed case is to allow
183
+ scripts that read the output to tell if the current record being read is
184
+ a single-path record or a rename/copy record without reading ahead.
185
+ After reading added and deleted lines, reading up to `NUL` would yield
186
+ the pathname, but if that is `NUL`, the record will show two paths.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-generate-patch.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ [[generate_patch_text_with_p]]
2
+ Generating patch text with -p
3
+ -----------------------------
4
+
5
+ Running
6
+ linkgit:git-diff[1],
7
+ linkgit:git-log[1],
8
+ linkgit:git-show[1],
9
+ linkgit:git-diff-index[1],
10
+ linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], or
11
+ linkgit:git-diff-files[1]
12
+ with the `-p` option produces patch text.
13
+ You can customize the creation of patch text via the
14
+ `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` and the `GIT_DIFF_OPTS` environment variables
15
+ (see linkgit:git[1]), and the `diff` attribute (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]).
16
+
17
+ What the `-p` option produces is slightly different from the traditional
18
+ diff format:
19
+
20
+ 1. It is preceded by a "git diff" header that looks like this:
21
+
22
+ diff --git a/file1 b/file2
23
+ +
24
+ The `a/` and `b/` filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
25
+ involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
26
+ `/dev/null` is _not_ used in place of the `a/` or `b/` filenames.
27
+ +
28
+ When a rename/copy is involved, `file1` and `file2` show the
29
+ name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
30
+ the file that the rename/copy produces, respectively.
31
+
32
+ 2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
33
+ +
34
+ [synopsis]
35
+ old mode <mode>
36
+ new mode <mode>
37
+ deleted file mode <mode>
38
+ new file mode <mode>
39
+ copy from <path>
40
+ copy to <path>
41
+ rename from <path>
42
+ rename to <path>
43
+ similarity index <number>
44
+ dissimilarity index <number>
45
+ index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
46
+ +
47
+ File modes _<mode>_ are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type
48
+ and file permission bits.
49
+ +
50
+ Path names in extended headers do not include the `a/` and `b/` prefixes.
51
+ +
52
+ The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and
53
+ the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It
54
+ is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign. The
55
+ similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal
56
+ files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old
57
+ file made it into the new one.
58
+ +
59
+ The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change.
60
+ The _<mode>_ is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise,
61
+ separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.
62
+
63
+ 3. Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for
64
+ the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see
65
+ linkgit:git-config[1]).
66
+
67
+ 4. All the `file1` files in the output refer to files before the
68
+ commit, and all the `file2` files refer to files after the commit.
69
+ It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially. For
70
+ example, this patch will swap a and b:
71
+
72
+ diff --git a/a b/b
73
+ rename from a
74
+ rename to b
75
+ diff --git a/b b/a
76
+ rename from b
77
+ rename to a
78
+
79
+ 5. Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk
80
+ applies. See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in
81
+ linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details of how to tailor this to
82
+ specific languages.
83
+
84
+
85
+ Combined diff format
86
+ --------------------
87
+
88
+ Any diff-generating command can take the `-c` or `--cc` option to
89
+ produce a 'combined diff' when showing a merge. This is the default
90
+ format when showing merges with linkgit:git-diff[1] or
91
+ linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give suitable
92
+ `--diff-merges` option to any of these commands to force generation of
93
+ diffs in a specific format.
94
+
95
+ A "combined diff" format looks like this:
96
+
97
+ ------------
98
+ diff --combined describe.c
99
+ index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
100
+ --- a/describe.c
101
+ +++ b/describe.c
102
+ @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
103
+ return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
104
+ }
105
+
106
+ - static void describe(char *arg)
107
+ -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
108
+ ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
109
+ {
110
+ + unsigned char sha1[20];
111
+ + struct commit *cmit;
112
+ struct commit_list *list;
113
+ static int initialized = 0;
114
+ struct commit_name *n;
115
+
116
+ + if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
117
+ + usage(describe_usage);
118
+ + cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
119
+ + if (!cmit)
120
+ + usage(describe_usage);
121
+ +
122
+ if (!initialized) {
123
+ initialized = 1;
124
+ for_each_ref(get_name);
125
+ ------------
126
+
127
+ 1. It is preceded by a "git diff" header, that looks like
128
+ this (when the `-c` option is used):
129
+
130
+ diff --combined file
131
+ +
132
+ or like this (when the `--cc` option is used):
133
+
134
+ diff --cc file
135
+
136
+ 2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines
137
+ (this example shows a merge with two parents):
138
+ +
139
+ [synopsis]
140
+ index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
141
+ mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
142
+ new file mode <mode>
143
+ deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
144
+ +
145
+ The `mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>` line appears only if at least one of
146
+ the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
147
+ information about detected content movement (renames and
148
+ copying detection) are designed to work with the diff of two
149
+ _<tree-ish>_ and are not used by combined diff format.
150
+
151
+ 3. It is followed by a two-line from-file/to-file header:
152
+
153
+ --- a/file
154
+ +++ b/file
155
+ +
156
+ Similar to the two-line header for the traditional 'unified' diff
157
+ format, `/dev/null` is used to signal created or deleted
158
+ files.
159
+ +
160
+ However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a
161
+ two-line from-file/to-file, you get an N+1 line from-file/to-file header,
162
+ where N is the number of parents in the merge commit:
163
+
164
+ --- a/file
165
+ --- a/file
166
+ --- a/file
167
+ +++ b/file
168
+ +
169
+ This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is
170
+ active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in different
171
+ parents.
172
+
173
+ 4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from
174
+ accidentally feeding it to `patch -p1`. Combined diff format
175
+ was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not
176
+ meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the
177
+ extended 'index' header:
178
+
179
+ @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
180
+ +
181
+ There are (number of parents + 1) `@` characters in the chunk
182
+ header for combined diff format.
183
+
184
+ Unlike the traditional 'unified' diff format, which shows two
185
+ files A and B with a single column that has `-` (minus --
186
+ appears in A but removed in B), `+` (plus -- missing in A but
187
+ added to B), or `" "` (space -- unchanged) prefix, this format
188
+ compares two or more files file1, file2,... with one file X, and
189
+ shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for each of
190
+ fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X's line is
191
+ different from it.
192
+
193
+ A `-` character in the column N means that the line appears in
194
+ fileN but it does not appear in the result. A `+` character
195
+ in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
196
+ and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was
197
+ added, from the point of view of that parent).
198
+
199
+ In the above example output, the function signature was changed
200
+ from both files (hence two `-` removals from both file1 and
201
+ file2, plus `++` to mean one line that was added does not appear
202
+ in either file1 or file2). Also, eight other lines are the same
203
+ from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `+`).
204
+
205
+ When shown by `git diff-tree -c`, it compares the parents of a
206
+ merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the
207
+ parents). When shown by `git diff-files -c`, it compares the
208
+ two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file
209
+ (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka
210
+ "their version").
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/diff-options.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ // Please don't remove this comment as asciidoc behaves badly when
2
+ // the first non-empty line is ifdef/ifndef. The symptom is that
3
+ // without this comment the <git-diff-core> attribute conditionally
4
+ // defined below ends up being defined unconditionally.
5
+ // Last checked with asciidoc 7.0.2.
6
+
7
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
8
+ ifndef::git-diff[]
9
+ ifndef::git-log[]
10
+ :git-diff-core: 1
11
+ endif::git-log[]
12
+ endif::git-diff[]
13
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
14
+
15
+ ifdef::git-format-patch[]
16
+ -p::
17
+ --no-stat::
18
+ Generate plain patches without any diffstats.
19
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
20
+
21
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
22
+ `-p`::
23
+ `-u`::
24
+ `--patch`::
25
+ Generate patch (see <<generate_patch_text_with_p>>).
26
+ ifdef::git-diff[]
27
+ This is the default.
28
+ endif::git-diff[]
29
+
30
+ `-s`::
31
+ `--no-patch`::
32
+ Suppress all output from the diff machinery. Useful for
33
+ commands like `git show` that show the patch by default to
34
+ squelch their output, or to cancel the effect of options like
35
+ `--patch`, `--stat` earlier on the command line in an alias.
36
+
37
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
38
+
39
+ ifdef::git-log[]
40
+ `-m`::
41
+ Show diffs for merge commits in the default format. This is
42
+ similar to `--diff-merges=on`, except `-m` will
43
+ produce no output unless `-p` is given as well.
44
+
45
+ `-c`::
46
+ Produce combined diff output for merge commits.
47
+ Shortcut for `--diff-merges=combined -p`.
48
+
49
+ `--cc`::
50
+ Produce dense combined diff output for merge commits.
51
+ Shortcut for `--diff-merges=dense-combined -p`.
52
+
53
+ `--dd`::
54
+ Produce diff with respect to first parent for both merge and
55
+ regular commits.
56
+ Shortcut for `--diff-merges=first-parent -p`.
57
+
58
+ `--remerge-diff`::
59
+ Produce remerge-diff output for merge commits.
60
+ Shortcut for `--diff-merges=remerge -p`.
61
+
62
+ `--no-diff-merges`::
63
+ Synonym for `--diff-merges=off`.
64
+
65
+ `--diff-merges=<format>`::
66
+ Specify diff format to be used for merge commits. Default is
67
+ {diff-merges-default} unless `--first-parent` is in use, in
68
+ which case `first-parent` is the default.
69
+ +
70
+ The following formats are supported:
71
+ +
72
+ --
73
+ `off`::
74
+ `none`::
75
+ Disable output of diffs for merge commits. Useful to override
76
+ implied value.
77
+
78
+ `on`::
79
+ `m`::
80
+ Make diff output for merge commits to be shown in the default
81
+ format. The default format can be changed using
82
+ `log.diffMerges` configuration variable, whose default value
83
+ is `separate`.
84
+
85
+ `first-parent`::
86
+ `1`::
87
+ Show full diff with respect to first parent. This is the same
88
+ format as `--patch` produces for non-merge commits.
89
+
90
+ `separate`::
91
+ Show full diff with respect to each of parents.
92
+ Separate log entry and diff is generated for each parent.
93
+
94
+ `combined`::
95
+ `c`::
96
+ Show differences from each of the parents to the merge
97
+ result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between
98
+ a parent and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists
99
+ only files which were modified from all parents.
100
+
101
+ `dense-combined`::
102
+ `cc`::
103
+ Further compress output produced by `--diff-merges=combined`
104
+ by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents
105
+ have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them
106
+ without modification.
107
+
108
+ `remerge`::
109
+ `r`:: Remerge two-parent merge commits to create a temporary tree
110
+ object--potentially containing files with conflict markers
111
+ and such. A diff is then shown between that temporary tree
112
+ and the actual merge commit.
113
+ --
114
+ +
115
+ The output emitted when this option is used is subject to change, and
116
+ so is its interaction with other options (unless explicitly
117
+ documented).
118
+
119
+
120
+ `--combined-all-paths`::
121
+ Cause combined diffs (used for merge commits) to
122
+ list the name of the file from all parents. It thus only has
123
+ effect when `--diff-merges=[dense-]combined` is in use, and
124
+ is likely only useful if filename changes are detected (i.e.
125
+ when either rename or copy detection have been requested).
126
+ endif::git-log[]
127
+
128
+ `-U<n>`::
129
+ `--unified=<n>`::
130
+ Generate diffs with _<n>_ lines of context. The number of context
131
+ lines defaults to `diff.context` or 3 if the configuration variable
132
+ is unset. (`-U` without `<n>` is silently accepted as a synonym for
133
+ `-p` due to a historical accident).
134
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
135
+ Implies `--patch`.
136
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
137
+
138
+ `--output=<file>`::
139
+ Output to a specific file instead of stdout.
140
+
141
+ `--output-indicator-new=<char>`::
142
+ `--output-indicator-old=<char>`::
143
+ `--output-indicator-context=<char>`::
144
+ Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context
145
+ lines in the generated patch. Normally they are `+`, `-` and
146
+ ' ' respectively.
147
+
148
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
149
+ `--raw`::
150
+ ifndef::git-log[]
151
+ Generate the diff in raw format.
152
+ ifdef::git-diff-core[]
153
+ This is the default.
154
+ endif::git-diff-core[]
155
+ endif::git-log[]
156
+ ifdef::git-log[]
157
+ For each commit, show a summary of changes using the raw diff
158
+ format. See the "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT" section of
159
+ linkgit:git-diff[1]. This is different from showing the log
160
+ itself in raw format, which you can achieve with
161
+ `--format=raw`.
162
+ endif::git-log[]
163
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
164
+
165
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
166
+ `--patch-with-raw`::
167
+ Synonym for `-p --raw`.
168
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
169
+
170
+ ifdef::git-log[]
171
+ `-t`::
172
+ Show the tree objects in the diff output.
173
+ endif::git-log[]
174
+
175
+ `--indent-heuristic`::
176
+ Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches
177
+ easier to read. This is the default.
178
+
179
+ `--no-indent-heuristic`::
180
+ Disable the indent heuristic.
181
+
182
+ `--minimal`::
183
+ Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible
184
+ diff is produced.
185
+
186
+ `--patience`::
187
+ Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
188
+
189
+ `--histogram`::
190
+ Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.
191
+
192
+ `--anchored=<text>`::
193
+ Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.
194
+ +
195
+ This option may be specified more than once.
196
+ +
197
+ If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once,
198
+ and starts with _<text>_, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from
199
+ appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience
200
+ diff" algorithm internally.
201
+
202
+ include::diff-algorithm-option.adoc[]
203
+
204
+ `--stat[=<width>[,<name-width>[,<count>]]]`::
205
+ Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary
206
+ will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph
207
+ part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns
208
+ if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by
209
+ _<width>_. The width of the filename part can be limited by
210
+ giving another width _<name-width>_ after a comma or by setting
211
+ `diff.statNameWidth=<name-width>`. The width of the graph part can be
212
+ limited by using `--stat-graph-width=<graph-width>` or by setting
213
+ `diff.statGraphWidth=<graph-width>`. Using `--stat` or
214
+ `--stat-graph-width` affects all commands generating a stat graph,
215
+ while setting `diff.statNameWidth` or `diff.statGraphWidth`
216
+ does not affect `git format-patch`.
217
+ By giving a third parameter _<count>_, you can limit the output to
218
+ the first _<count>_ lines, followed by `...` if there are more.
219
+ +
220
+ These parameters can also be set individually with `--stat-width=<width>`,
221
+ `--stat-name-width=<name-width>` and `--stat-count=<count>`.
222
+
223
+ `--compact-summary`::
224
+ Output a condensed summary of extended header information such
225
+ as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally `+l`
226
+ if it's a symlink) and mode changes (`+x` or `-x` for adding
227
+ or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The
228
+ information is put between the filename part and the graph
229
+ part. Implies `--stat`.
230
+
231
+ `--numstat`::
232
+ Similar to `--stat`, but shows number of added and
233
+ deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without
234
+ abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For
235
+ binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying
236
+ `0 0`.
237
+
238
+ `--shortstat`::
239
+ Output only the last line of the `--stat` format containing total
240
+ number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
241
+ lines.
242
+
243
+ `-X [<param>,...]`::
244
+ `--dirstat[=<param>,...]`::
245
+ Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each
246
+ sub-directory. The behavior of `--dirstat` can be customized by
247
+ passing it a comma separated list of parameters.
248
+ The defaults are controlled by the `diff.dirstat` configuration
249
+ variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
250
+ The following parameters are available:
251
+ +
252
+ --
253
+ `changes`;;
254
+ Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been
255
+ removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores
256
+ the amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words,
257
+ rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes.
258
+ This is the default behavior when no parameter is given.
259
+ `lines`;;
260
+ Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff
261
+ analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary
262
+ files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no
263
+ natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive `--dirstat`
264
+ behavior than the `changes` behavior, but it does count rearranged
265
+ lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output
266
+ is consistent with what you get from the other `--*stat` options.
267
+ `files`;;
268
+ Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed.
269
+ Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is
270
+ the computationally cheapest `--dirstat` behavior, since it does
271
+ not have to look at the file contents at all.
272
+ `cumulative`;;
273
+ Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well.
274
+ Note that when using `cumulative`, the sum of the percentages
275
+ reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can
276
+ be specified with the `noncumulative` parameter.
277
+ _<limit>_;;
278
+ An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default).
279
+ Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes
280
+ are not shown in the output.
281
+ --
282
+ +
283
+ Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring
284
+ directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files,
285
+ and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories:
286
+ `--dirstat=files,10,cumulative`.
287
+
288
+ `--cumulative`::
289
+ Synonym for `--dirstat=cumulative`.
290
+
291
+ `--dirstat-by-file[=<param>,...]`::
292
+ Synonym for `--dirstat=files,<param>,...`.
293
+
294
+ `--summary`::
295
+ Output a condensed summary of extended header information
296
+ such as creations, renames and mode changes.
297
+
298
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
299
+ `--patch-with-stat`::
300
+ Synonym for `-p --stat`.
301
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
302
+
303
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
304
+
305
+ `-z`::
306
+ ifdef::git-log[]
307
+ Separate the commits with __NUL__s instead of newlines.
308
+ +
309
+ Also, when `--raw` or `--numstat` has been given, do not munge
310
+ pathnames and use __NUL__s as output field terminators.
311
+ endif::git-log[]
312
+ ifndef::git-log[]
313
+ When `--raw`, `--numstat`, `--name-only` or `--name-status` has been
314
+ given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.
315
+ endif::git-log[]
316
+ +
317
+ Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
318
+ explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see
319
+ linkgit:git-config[1]).
320
+
321
+ `--name-only`::
322
+ Show only the name of each changed file in the post-image tree.
323
+ The file names are often encoded in UTF-8.
324
+ For more information see the discussion about encoding in the linkgit:git-log[1]
325
+ manual page.
326
+
327
+ `--name-status`::
328
+ Show only the name(s) and status of each changed file. See the description
329
+ of the `--diff-filter` option on what the status letters mean.
330
+ Just like `--name-only` the file names are often encoded in UTF-8.
331
+
332
+ `--submodule[=<format>]`::
333
+ Specify how differences in submodules are shown. When specifying
334
+ `--submodule=short` the `short` format is used. This format just
335
+ shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range.
336
+ When `--submodule` or `--submodule=log` is specified, the `log`
337
+ format is used. This format lists the commits in the range like
338
+ linkgit:git-submodule[1] `summary` does. When `--submodule=diff`
339
+ is specified, the `diff` format is used. This format shows an
340
+ inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the
341
+ commit range. Defaults to `diff.submodule` or the `short` format
342
+ if the config option is unset.
343
+
344
+ `--color[=<when>]`::
345
+ Show colored diff.
346
+ `--color` (i.e. without `=<when>`) is the same as `--color=always`.
347
+ _<when>_ can be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto`.
348
+ ifdef::git-diff[]
349
+ It can be changed by the `color.ui` and `color.diff`
350
+ configuration settings.
351
+ endif::git-diff[]
352
+
353
+ `--no-color`::
354
+ Turn off colored diff.
355
+ ifdef::git-diff[]
356
+ This can be used to override configuration settings.
357
+ endif::git-diff[]
358
+ It is the same as `--color=never`.
359
+
360
+ `--color-moved[=<mode>]`::
361
+ Moved lines of code are colored differently.
362
+ ifdef::git-diff[]
363
+ It can be changed by the `diff.colorMoved` configuration setting.
364
+ endif::git-diff[]
365
+ The _<mode>_ defaults to `no` if the option is not given
366
+ and to `zebra` if the option with no mode is given.
367
+ The mode must be one of:
368
+ +
369
+ --
370
+ `no`::
371
+ Moved lines are not highlighted.
372
+ `default`::
373
+ Is a synonym for `zebra`. This may change to a more sensible mode
374
+ in the future.
375
+ `plain`::
376
+ Any line that is added in one location and was removed
377
+ in another location will be colored with `color.diff.newMoved`.
378
+ Similarly `color.diff.oldMoved` will be used for removed lines
379
+ that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any
380
+ moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine
381
+ if a block of code was moved without permutation.
382
+ `blocks`::
383
+ Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters
384
+ are detected greedily. The detected blocks are
385
+ painted using either the `color.diff.(old|new)Moved` color.
386
+ Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart.
387
+ `zebra`::
388
+ Blocks of moved text are detected as in `blocks` mode. The blocks
389
+ are painted using either the `color.diff.(old|new)Moved` color or
390
+ `color.diff.(old|new)MovedAlternative`. The change between
391
+ the two colors indicates that a new block was detected.
392
+ `dimmed-zebra`::
393
+ Similar to `zebra`, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts
394
+ of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent
395
+ blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting.
396
+ `dimmed_zebra` is a deprecated synonym.
397
+ --
398
+
399
+ `--no-color-moved`::
400
+ Turn off move detection. This can be used to override configuration
401
+ settings. It is the same as `--color-moved=no`.
402
+
403
+ `--color-moved-ws=<mode>,...`::
404
+ This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the
405
+ move detection for `--color-moved`.
406
+ ifdef::git-diff[]
407
+ It can be set by the `diff.colorMovedWS` configuration setting.
408
+ endif::git-diff[]
409
+ These modes can be given as a comma separated list:
410
+ +
411
+ --
412
+ `no`::
413
+ Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection.
414
+ `ignore-space-at-eol`::
415
+ Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
416
+ `ignore-space-change`::
417
+ Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace
418
+ at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
419
+ more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
420
+ `ignore-all-space`::
421
+ Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
422
+ even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.
423
+ `allow-indentation-change`::
424
+ Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then
425
+ group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in
426
+ whitespace is the same per line. This is incompatible with the
427
+ other modes.
428
+ --
429
+
430
+ `--no-color-moved-ws`::
431
+ Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection. This can be
432
+ used to override configuration settings. It is the same as
433
+ `--color-moved-ws=no`.
434
+
435
+ `--word-diff[=<mode>]`::
436
+ By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see
437
+ `--word-diff-regex` below. The _<mode>_ defaults to `plain`, and
438
+ must be one of:
439
+ +
440
+ --
441
+ `color`::
442
+ Highlight changed words using only colors. Implies `--color`.
443
+ `plain`::
444
+ Show words as ++[-removed-]++ and ++{+added+}++. Makes no
445
+ attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in the input,
446
+ so the output may be ambiguous.
447
+ `porcelain`::
448
+ Use a special line-based format intended for script
449
+ consumption. Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the
450
+ usual unified diff format, starting with a `+`/`-`/` `
451
+ character at the beginning of the line and extending to the
452
+ end of the line. Newlines in the input are represented by a
453
+ tilde `~` on a line of its own.
454
+ `none`::
455
+ Disable word diff again.
456
+ --
457
+ +
458
+ Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to
459
+ highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled.
460
+
461
+ `--word-diff-regex=<regex>`::
462
+ Use _<regex>_ to decide what a word is, instead of considering
463
+ runs of non-whitespace to be a word. Also implies
464
+ `--word-diff` unless it was already enabled.
465
+ +
466
+ Every non-overlapping match of the
467
+ _<regex>_ is considered a word. Anything between these matches is
468
+ considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
469
+ differences. You may want to append `|[^[:space:]]` to your regular
470
+ expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters.
471
+ A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the
472
+ newline.
473
+ +
474
+ For example, `--word-diff-regex=.` will treat each character as a word
475
+ and, correspondingly, show differences character by character.
476
+ +
477
+ The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
478
+ linkgit:gitattributes[5] or linkgit:git-config[1]. Giving it explicitly
479
+ overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers
480
+ override configuration settings.
481
+
482
+ `--color-words[=<regex>]`::
483
+ Equivalent to `--word-diff=color` plus (if a regex was
484
+ specified) `--word-diff-regex=<regex>`.
485
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
486
+
487
+ `--no-renames`::
488
+ Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration
489
+ file gives the default to do so.
490
+
491
+ `--rename-empty`::
492
+ `--no-rename-empty`::
493
+ Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.
494
+
495
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
496
+ `--check`::
497
+ Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors.
498
+ What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by `core.whitespace`
499
+ configuration. By default, trailing whitespaces (including
500
+ lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character
501
+ that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the
502
+ initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors.
503
+ Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible
504
+ with `--exit-code`.
505
+
506
+ `--ws-error-highlight=<kind>`::
507
+ Highlight whitespace errors in the `context`, `old` or `new`
508
+ lines of the diff. Multiple values are separated by comma,
509
+ `none` resets previous values, `default` reset the list to
510
+ `new` and `all` is a shorthand for `old,new,context`. When
511
+ this option is not given, and the configuration variable
512
+ `diff.wsErrorHighlight` is not set, only whitespace errors in
513
+ `new` lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored
514
+ with `color.diff.whitespace`.
515
+
516
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
517
+
518
+ `--full-index`::
519
+ Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full
520
+ pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index"
521
+ line when generating patch format output.
522
+
523
+ `--binary`::
524
+ In addition to `--full-index`, output a binary diff that
525
+ can be applied with `git-apply`.
526
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
527
+ Implies `--patch`.
528
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
529
+
530
+ `--abbrev[=<n>]`::
531
+ Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
532
+ name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header
533
+ lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least _<n>_
534
+ hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object.
535
+ In diff-patch output format, `--full-index` takes higher
536
+ precedence, i.e. if `--full-index` is specified, full blob
537
+ names will be shown regardless of `--abbrev`.
538
+ Non default number of digits can be specified with `--abbrev=<n>`.
539
+
540
+ `-B[<n>][/<m>]`::
541
+ `--break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]`::
542
+ Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and
543
+ create. This serves two purposes:
544
+ +
545
+ It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file
546
+ not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very
547
+ few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a
548
+ single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of
549
+ everything new, and the number _<m>_ controls this aspect of the `-B`
550
+ option (defaults to 60%). `-B/70%` specifies that less than 30% of the
551
+ original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total
552
+ rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of
553
+ deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines).
554
+ +
555
+ When used with `-M`, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the
556
+ source of a rename (usually `-M` only considers a file that disappeared
557
+ as the source of a rename), and the number _<n>_ controls this aspect of
558
+ the `-B` option (defaults to 50%). `-B20%` specifies that a change with
559
+ addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file's size are
560
+ eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to
561
+ another file.
562
+
563
+ `-M[<n>]`::
564
+ `--find-renames[=<n>]`::
565
+ ifndef::git-log[]
566
+ Detect renames.
567
+ endif::git-log[]
568
+ ifdef::git-log[]
569
+ If generating diffs, detect and report renames for each commit.
570
+ For following files across renames while traversing history, see
571
+ `--follow`.
572
+ endif::git-log[]
573
+ If _<n>_ is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity
574
+ index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the
575
+ file's size). For example, `-M90%` means Git should consider a
576
+ delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file
577
+ hasn't changed. Without a `%` sign, the number is to be read as
578
+ a fraction, with a decimal point before it. I.e., `-M5` becomes
579
+ 0.5, and is thus the same as `-M50%`. Similarly, `-M05` is
580
+ the same as `-M5%`. To limit detection to exact renames, use
581
+ `-M100%`. The default similarity index is 50%.
582
+
583
+ `-C[<n>]`::
584
+ `--find-copies[=<n>]`::
585
+ Detect copies as well as renames. See also `--find-copies-harder`.
586
+ If _<n>_ is specified, it has the same meaning as for `-M<n>`.
587
+
588
+ `--find-copies-harder`::
589
+ For performance reasons, by default, `-C` option finds copies only
590
+ if the original file of the copy was modified in the same
591
+ changeset. This flag makes the command
592
+ inspect unmodified files as candidates for the source of
593
+ copy. This is a very expensive operation for large
594
+ projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one
595
+ `-C` option has the same effect.
596
+
597
+ `-D`::
598
+ `--irreversible-delete`::
599
+ Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not
600
+ the diff between the preimage and `/dev/null`. The resulting patch
601
+ is not meant to be applied with `patch` or `git apply`; this is
602
+ solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the
603
+ text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks
604
+ enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually,
605
+ hence the name of the option.
606
+ +
607
+ When used together with `-B`, omit also the preimage in the deletion part
608
+ of a delete/create pair.
609
+
610
+ `-l<num>`::
611
+ The `-M` and `-C` options involve some preliminary steps that
612
+ can detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an
613
+ exhaustive fallback portion that compares all remaining
614
+ unpaired destinations to all relevant sources. (For renames,
615
+ only remaining unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all
616
+ original sources are relevant.) For N sources and
617
+ destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2). This option
618
+ prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from
619
+ running if the number of source/destination files involved
620
+ exceeds the specified number. Defaults to `diff.renameLimit`.
621
+ Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.
622
+
623
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
624
+ `--diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]`::
625
+ Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`),
626
+ Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their
627
+ type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (`T`),
628
+ are Unmerged (`U`), are
629
+ Unknown (`X`), or have had their pairing Broken (`B`).
630
+ Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used.
631
+ When `*` (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all
632
+ paths are selected if there is any file that matches
633
+ other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file
634
+ that matches other criteria, nothing is selected.
635
+ +
636
+ Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g.
637
+ `--diff-filter=ad` excludes added and deleted paths.
638
+ +
639
+ Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, copied and
640
+ renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is disabled.
641
+
642
+ `-S<string>`::
643
+ Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
644
+ the specified _<string>_ (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file.
645
+ Intended for the scripter's use.
646
+ +
647
+ It is useful when you're looking for an exact block of code (like a
648
+ struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first
649
+ came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting
650
+ block in the preimage back into `-S`, and keep going until you get the
651
+ very first version of the block.
652
+ +
653
+ Binary files are searched as well.
654
+
655
+ `-G<regex>`::
656
+ Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed
657
+ lines that match _<regex>_.
658
+ +
659
+ To illustrate the difference between `-S<regex>` `--pickaxe-regex` and
660
+ `-G<regex>`, consider a commit with the following diff in the same
661
+ file:
662
+ +
663
+ ----
664
+ + return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0);
665
+ ...
666
+ - hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);
667
+ ----
668
+ +
669
+ While `git log -G"frotz\(nitfol"` will show this commit, `git log
670
+ -S"frotz\(nitfol" --pickaxe-regex` will not (because the number of
671
+ occurrences of that string did not change).
672
+ +
673
+ Unless `--text` is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv
674
+ filter will be ignored.
675
+ +
676
+ See the 'pickaxe' entry in linkgit:gitdiffcore[7] for more
677
+ information.
678
+
679
+ `--find-object=<object-id>`::
680
+ Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
681
+ the specified object. Similar to `-S`, just the argument is different
682
+ in that it doesn't search for a specific string but for a specific
683
+ object id.
684
+ +
685
+ The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the `-t` option in
686
+ `git-log` to also find trees.
687
+
688
+ `--pickaxe-all`::
689
+ When `-S` or `-G` finds a change, show all the changes in that
690
+ changeset, not just the files that contain the change
691
+ in _<string>_.
692
+
693
+ `--pickaxe-regex`::
694
+ Treat the _<string>_ given to `-S` as an extended POSIX regular
695
+ expression to match.
696
+
697
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
698
+
699
+ `-O<orderfile>`::
700
+ Control the order in which files appear in the output.
701
+ This overrides the `diff.orderFile` configuration variable
702
+ (see linkgit:git-config[1]). To cancel `diff.orderFile`,
703
+ use `-O/dev/null`.
704
+ +
705
+ The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in
706
+ _<orderfile>_.
707
+ All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output
708
+ first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not
709
+ the first) are output next, and so on.
710
+ All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output
711
+ last, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the
712
+ file.
713
+ If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern
714
+ but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is
715
+ the normal order.
716
+ +
717
+ _<orderfile>_ is parsed as follows:
718
+ +
719
+ --
720
+ - Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for
721
+ readability.
722
+
723
+ - Lines starting with a hash ("`#`") are ignored, so they can be used
724
+ for comments. Add a backslash ("`\`") to the beginning of the
725
+ pattern if it starts with a hash.
726
+
727
+ - Each other line contains a single pattern.
728
+ --
729
+ +
730
+ Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for
731
+ `fnmatch`(3) without the `FNM_PATHNAME` flag, except a pathname also
732
+ matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname
733
+ components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern "`foo*bar`"
734
+ matches "`fooasdfbar`" and "`foo/bar/baz/asdf`" but not "`foobarx`".
735
+
736
+ `--skip-to=<file>`::
737
+ `--rotate-to=<file>`::
738
+ Discard the files before the named _<file>_ from the output
739
+ (i.e. 'skip to'), or move them to the end of the output
740
+ (i.e. 'rotate to'). These options were invented primarily for the use
741
+ of the `git difftool` command, and may not be very useful
742
+ otherwise.
743
+
744
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
745
+ `-R`::
746
+ Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or
747
+ on-disk file to tree contents.
748
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
749
+
750
+ `--relative[=<path>]`::
751
+ `--no-relative`::
752
+ When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be
753
+ told to exclude changes outside the directory and show
754
+ pathnames relative to it with this option. When you are
755
+ not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you
756
+ can name which subdirectory to make the output relative
757
+ to by giving a _<path>_ as an argument.
758
+ `--no-relative` can be used to countermand both `diff.relative` config
759
+ option and previous `--relative`.
760
+
761
+ `-a`::
762
+ `--text`::
763
+ Treat all files as text.
764
+
765
+ `--ignore-cr-at-eol`::
766
+ Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.
767
+
768
+ `--ignore-space-at-eol`::
769
+ Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
770
+
771
+ `-b`::
772
+ `--ignore-space-change`::
773
+ Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace
774
+ at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
775
+ more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
776
+
777
+ `-w`::
778
+ `--ignore-all-space`::
779
+ Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores
780
+ differences even if one line has whitespace where the other
781
+ line has none.
782
+
783
+ `--ignore-blank-lines`::
784
+ Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.
785
+
786
+
787
+ `-I<regex>`::
788
+ `--ignore-matching-lines=<regex>`::
789
+ Ignore changes whose all lines match _<regex>_. This option may
790
+ be specified more than once.
791
+
792
+ `--inter-hunk-context=<number>`::
793
+ Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified _<number>_
794
+ of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
795
+ Defaults to `diff.interHunkContext` or 0 if the config option
796
+ is unset.
797
+
798
+ `-W`::
799
+ `--function-context`::
800
+ Show whole function as context lines for each change.
801
+ The function names are determined in the same way as
802
+ `git diff` works out patch hunk headers (see "Defining a
803
+ custom hunk-header" in linkgit:gitattributes[5]).
804
+
805
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
806
+ ifndef::git-log[]
807
+ `--exit-code`::
808
+ Make the program exit with codes similar to `diff`(1).
809
+ That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and
810
+ 0 means no differences.
811
+
812
+ `--quiet`::
813
+ Disable all output of the program. Implies `--exit-code`.
814
+ Disables execution of external diff helpers whose exit code
815
+ is not trusted, i.e. their respective configuration option
816
+ `diff.trustExitCode` or ++diff.++__<driver>__++.trustExitCode++ or
817
+ environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF_TRUST_EXIT_CODE` is
818
+ false.
819
+ endif::git-log[]
820
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
821
+
822
+ `--ext-diff`::
823
+ Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
824
+ external diff driver with linkgit:gitattributes[5], you need
825
+ to use this option with linkgit:git-log[1] and friends.
826
+
827
+ `--no-ext-diff`::
828
+ Disallow external diff drivers.
829
+
830
+ `--textconv`::
831
+ `--no-textconv`::
832
+ Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run
833
+ when comparing binary files. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for
834
+ details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way
835
+ conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human
836
+ consumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv
837
+ filters are enabled by default only for linkgit:git-diff[1] and
838
+ linkgit:git-log[1], but not for linkgit:git-format-patch[1] or
839
+ diff plumbing commands.
840
+
841
+
842
+ `--ignore-submodules[=(none|untracked|dirty|all)]`::
843
+ Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. `all` is the default.
844
+ Using `none` will consider the submodule modified when it either contains
845
+ untracked or modified files or its `HEAD` differs from the commit recorded
846
+ in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the
847
+ `ignore` option in linkgit:git-config[1] or linkgit:gitmodules[5]. When
848
+ `untracked` is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only
849
+ contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified
850
+ content). Using `dirty` ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules,
851
+ only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was
852
+ the behavior until 1.7.0). Using `all` hides all changes to submodules.
853
+
854
+ `--src-prefix=<prefix>`::
855
+ Show the given source _<prefix>_ instead of "a/".
856
+
857
+ `--dst-prefix=<prefix>`::
858
+ Show the given destination _<prefix>_ instead of "b/".
859
+
860
+ `--no-prefix`::
861
+ Do not show any source or destination prefix.
862
+
863
+ `--default-prefix`::
864
+ ifdef::git-format-patch[]
865
+ Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/").
866
+ This overrides configuration variables such as `format.noprefix`,
867
+ `diff.srcPrefix`, `diff.dstPrefix`, and `diff.mnemonicPrefix`
868
+ (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
869
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
870
+ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
871
+ Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/").
872
+ This overrides configuration variables such as `diff.noprefix`,
873
+ `diff.srcPrefix`, `diff.dstPrefix`, and `diff.mnemonicPrefix`
874
+ (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
875
+ endif::git-format-patch[]
876
+
877
+ `--line-prefix=<prefix>`::
878
+ Prepend an additional _<prefix>_ to every line of output.
879
+
880
+ `--ita-invisible-in-index`::
881
+ By default entries added by `git add -N` appear as an existing
882
+ empty file in `git diff` and a new file in `git diff --cached`.
883
+ This option makes the entry appear as a new file in `git diff`
884
+ and non-existent in `git diff --cached`. This option could be
885
+ reverted with `--ita-visible-in-index`. Both options are
886
+ experimental and could be removed in future.
887
+
888
+ --max-depth=<depth>::
889
+ For each pathspec given on command line, descend at most `<depth>`
890
+ levels of directories. A value of `-1` means no limit.
891
+ Cannot be combined with wildcards in the pathspec.
892
+ Given a tree containing `foo/bar/baz`, the following list shows the
893
+ matches generated by each set of options:
894
+ +
895
+ --
896
+ - `--max-depth=0 -- foo`: `foo`
897
+
898
+ - `--max-depth=1 -- foo`: `foo/bar`
899
+
900
+ - `--max-depth=1 -- foo/bar`: `foo/bar/baz`
901
+
902
+ - `--max-depth=1 -- foo foo/bar`: `foo/bar/baz`
903
+
904
+ - `--max-depth=2 -- foo`: `foo/bar/baz`
905
+ --
906
+ +
907
+ If no pathspec is given, the depth is measured as if all
908
+ top-level entries were specified. Note that this is different
909
+ than measuring from the root, in that `--max-depth=0` would
910
+ still return `foo`. This allows you to still limit depth while
911
+ asking for a subset of the top-level entries.
912
+ +
913
+ Note that this option is only supported for diffs between tree objects,
914
+ not against the index or working tree.
915
+
916
+ For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
917
+ linkgit:gitdiffcore[7].
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/docbook-xsl.css ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ /*
2
+ CSS stylesheet for XHTML produced by DocBook XSL stylesheets.
3
+ Tested with XSL stylesheets 1.61.2, 1.67.2
4
+ */
5
+
6
+ span.strong {
7
+ font-weight: bold;
8
+ }
9
+
10
+ body blockquote {
11
+ margin-top: .75em;
12
+ line-height: 1.5;
13
+ margin-bottom: .75em;
14
+ }
15
+
16
+ html body {
17
+ margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
18
+ line-height: 1.2;
19
+ font-family: sans-serif;
20
+ }
21
+
22
+ body div {
23
+ margin: 0;
24
+ }
25
+
26
+ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
27
+ div.toc p b,
28
+ div.list-of-figures p b,
29
+ div.list-of-tables p b,
30
+ div.abstract p.title
31
+ {
32
+ color: #527bbd;
33
+ font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif;
34
+ }
35
+
36
+ div.toc p:first-child,
37
+ div.list-of-figures p:first-child,
38
+ div.list-of-tables p:first-child,
39
+ div.example p.title
40
+ {
41
+ margin-bottom: 0.2em;
42
+ }
43
+
44
+ body h1 {
45
+ margin: .0em 0 0 -4%;
46
+ line-height: 1.3;
47
+ border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
48
+ }
49
+
50
+ body h2 {
51
+ margin: 0.5em 0 0 -4%;
52
+ line-height: 1.3;
53
+ border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
54
+ }
55
+
56
+ body h3 {
57
+ margin: .8em 0 0 -3%;
58
+ line-height: 1.3;
59
+ }
60
+
61
+ body h4 {
62
+ margin: .8em 0 0 -3%;
63
+ line-height: 1.3;
64
+ }
65
+
66
+ body h5 {
67
+ margin: .8em 0 0 -2%;
68
+ line-height: 1.3;
69
+ }
70
+
71
+ body h6 {
72
+ margin: .8em 0 0 -1%;
73
+ line-height: 1.3;
74
+ }
75
+
76
+ body hr {
77
+ border: none; /* Broken on IE6 */
78
+ }
79
+ div.footnotes hr {
80
+ border: 1px solid silver;
81
+ }
82
+
83
+ div.navheader th, div.navheader td, div.navfooter td {
84
+ font-family: sans-serif;
85
+ font-size: 0.9em;
86
+ font-weight: bold;
87
+ color: #527bbd;
88
+ }
89
+ div.navheader img, div.navfooter img {
90
+ border-style: none;
91
+ }
92
+ div.navheader a, div.navfooter a {
93
+ font-weight: normal;
94
+ }
95
+ div.navfooter hr {
96
+ border: 1px solid silver;
97
+ }
98
+
99
+ body td {
100
+ line-height: 1.2
101
+ }
102
+
103
+ body th {
104
+ line-height: 1.2;
105
+ }
106
+
107
+ ol {
108
+ line-height: 1.2;
109
+ }
110
+
111
+ ul, body dir, body menu {
112
+ line-height: 1.2;
113
+ }
114
+
115
+ html {
116
+ margin: 0;
117
+ padding: 0;
118
+ }
119
+
120
+ body h1, body h2, body h3, body h4, body h5, body h6 {
121
+ margin-left: 0
122
+ }
123
+
124
+ body pre {
125
+ margin: 0.5em 10% 0.5em 1em;
126
+ line-height: 1.0;
127
+ color: navy;
128
+ }
129
+
130
+ tt.literal, code.literal {
131
+ color: navy;
132
+ font-family: sans-serif;
133
+ }
134
+
135
+ code.literal:before { content: "'"; }
136
+ code.literal:after { content: "'"; }
137
+
138
+ em {
139
+ font-style: italic;
140
+ color: #064;
141
+ }
142
+
143
+ div.literallayout p {
144
+ padding: 0em;
145
+ margin: 0em;
146
+ }
147
+
148
+ div.literallayout {
149
+ font-family: monospace;
150
+ margin: 0em;
151
+ color: navy;
152
+ border: 1px solid silver;
153
+ background: #f4f4f4;
154
+ padding: 0.5em;
155
+ }
156
+
157
+ .programlisting, .screen {
158
+ border: 1px solid silver;
159
+ background: #f4f4f4;
160
+ margin: 0.5em 10% 0.5em 0;
161
+ padding: 0.5em 1em;
162
+ }
163
+
164
+ div.sidebar {
165
+ background: #ffffee;
166
+ margin: 1.0em 10% 0.5em 0;
167
+ padding: 0.5em 1em;
168
+ border: 1px solid silver;
169
+ }
170
+ div.sidebar * { padding: 0; }
171
+ div.sidebar div { margin: 0; }
172
+ div.sidebar p.title {
173
+ font-family: sans-serif;
174
+ margin-top: 0.5em;
175
+ margin-bottom: 0.2em;
176
+ }
177
+
178
+ div.bibliomixed {
179
+ margin: 0.5em 5% 0.5em 1em;
180
+ }
181
+
182
+ div.glossary dt {
183
+ font-weight: bold;
184
+ }
185
+ div.glossary dd p {
186
+ margin-top: 0.2em;
187
+ }
188
+
189
+ dl {
190
+ margin: .8em 0;
191
+ line-height: 1.2;
192
+ }
193
+
194
+ dt {
195
+ margin-top: 0.5em;
196
+ }
197
+
198
+ dt span.term {
199
+ font-style: normal;
200
+ color: navy;
201
+ }
202
+
203
+ div.variablelist dd p {
204
+ margin-top: 0;
205
+ }
206
+
207
+ div.itemizedlist li, div.orderedlist li {
208
+ margin-left: -0.8em;
209
+ margin-top: 0.5em;
210
+ }
211
+
212
+ ul, ol {
213
+ list-style-position: outside;
214
+ }
215
+
216
+ div.sidebar ul, div.sidebar ol {
217
+ margin-left: 2.8em;
218
+ }
219
+
220
+ div.itemizedlist p.title,
221
+ div.orderedlist p.title,
222
+ div.variablelist p.title
223
+ {
224
+ margin-bottom: -0.8em;
225
+ }
226
+
227
+ div.revhistory table {
228
+ border-collapse: collapse;
229
+ border: none;
230
+ }
231
+ div.revhistory th {
232
+ border: none;
233
+ color: #527bbd;
234
+ font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif;
235
+ }
236
+ div.revhistory td {
237
+ border: 1px solid silver;
238
+ }
239
+
240
+ /* Keep TOC and index lines close together. */
241
+ div.toc dl, div.toc dt,
242
+ div.list-of-figures dl, div.list-of-figures dt,
243
+ div.list-of-tables dl, div.list-of-tables dt,
244
+ div.indexdiv dl, div.indexdiv dt
245
+ {
246
+ line-height: normal;
247
+ margin-top: 0;
248
+ margin-bottom: 0;
249
+ }
250
+
251
+ /*
252
+ Table styling does not work because of overriding attributes in
253
+ generated HTML.
254
+ */
255
+ div.table table,
256
+ div.informaltable table
257
+ {
258
+ margin-left: 0;
259
+ margin-right: 5%;
260
+ margin-bottom: 0.8em;
261
+ }
262
+ div.informaltable table
263
+ {
264
+ margin-top: 0.4em
265
+ }
266
+ div.table thead,
267
+ div.table tfoot,
268
+ div.table tbody,
269
+ div.informaltable thead,
270
+ div.informaltable tfoot,
271
+ div.informaltable tbody
272
+ {
273
+ /* No effect in IE6. */
274
+ border-top: 2px solid #527bbd;
275
+ border-bottom: 2px solid #527bbd;
276
+ }
277
+ div.table thead, div.table tfoot,
278
+ div.informaltable thead, div.informaltable tfoot
279
+ {
280
+ font-weight: bold;
281
+ }
282
+
283
+ div.mediaobject img {
284
+ border: 1px solid silver;
285
+ margin-bottom: 0.8em;
286
+ }
287
+ div.figure p.title,
288
+ div.table p.title
289
+ {
290
+ margin-top: 1em;
291
+ margin-bottom: 0.4em;
292
+ }
293
+
294
+ @media print {
295
+ div.navheader, div.navfooter { display: none; }
296
+ }
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/docinfo.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <style>
2
+ pre>code {
3
+ display: inline;
4
+ }
5
+ </style>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
3
+ <head>
4
+ <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
5
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
6
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
7
+ <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
8
+ <title>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</title>
9
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
10
+ <style>
11
+ /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
12
+ /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
13
+ /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
14
+ html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
15
+ a{background:none}
16
+ a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
17
+ a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
18
+ h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
19
+ b,strong{font-weight:bold}
20
+ abbr{font-size:.9em}
21
+ abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none}
22
+ dfn{font-style:italic}
23
+ hr{height:0}
24
+ mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
25
+ code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
26
+ pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
27
+ q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
28
+ small{font-size:80%}
29
+ sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
30
+ sup{top:-.5em}
31
+ sub{bottom:-.25em}
32
+ img{border:0}
33
+ svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
34
+ figure{margin:0}
35
+ audio,video{display:inline-block}
36
+ audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}
37
+ fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}
38
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39
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+ #footer{padding:0 .9375em}
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+ .hide-on-print{display:none!important}
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+ .hide-for-print{display:none!important}
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+ @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem}
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+ </style>
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+ <style>
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+ pre>code {
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+ display: inline;
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+ }
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+ </style>
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+ </head>
442
+ <body class="article">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</h1>
445
+ </div>
446
+ <div id="content">
447
+ <div class="paragraph">
448
+ <p>This document has been moved to <a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>.</p>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div class="paragraph">
451
+ <p>Please let the owners of the referring site know so that they can update the
452
+ link you clicked to get here.</p>
453
+ </div>
454
+ <div class="paragraph">
455
+ <p>Thanks.</p>
456
+ </div>
457
+ </div>
458
+ <div id="footer">
459
+ <div id="footer-text">
460
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
461
+ </div>
462
+ </div>
463
+ </body>
464
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/fetch-options.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ `--all`::
2
+ `--no-all`::
3
+ Fetch all remotes, except for the ones that has the
4
+ `remote.<name>.skipFetchAll` configuration variable set.
5
+ This overrides the configuration variable `fetch.all`.
6
+
7
+ `-a`::
8
+ `--append`::
9
+ Append ref names and object names of fetched refs to the
10
+ existing contents of `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. Without this
11
+ option old data in `.git/FETCH_HEAD` will be overwritten.
12
+
13
+ `--atomic`::
14
+ Use an atomic transaction to update local refs. Either all refs are
15
+ updated, or on error, no refs are updated.
16
+
17
+ `--depth=<depth>`::
18
+ Limit fetching to the specified number of commits from the tip of
19
+ each remote branch history. If fetching to a 'shallow' repository
20
+ created by `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see
21
+ linkgit:git-clone[1]), deepen or shorten the history to the specified
22
+ number of commits. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched.
23
+
24
+ `--deepen=<depth>`::
25
+ Similar to `--depth`, except it specifies the number of commits
26
+ from the current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of
27
+ each remote branch history.
28
+
29
+ `--shallow-since=<date>`::
30
+ Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
31
+ include all reachable commits after _<date>_.
32
+
33
+ `--shallow-exclude=<ref>`::
34
+ Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
35
+ exclude commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag.
36
+ This option can be specified multiple times.
37
+
38
+ `--unshallow`::
39
+ If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow
40
+ repository to a complete one, removing all the limitations
41
+ imposed by shallow repositories.
42
+ +
43
+ If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that
44
+ the current repository has the same history as the source repository.
45
+
46
+ `--update-shallow`::
47
+ By default when fetching from a shallow repository,
48
+ `git fetch` refuses refs that require updating
49
+ `.git/shallow`. This option updates `.git/shallow` and accepts such
50
+ refs.
51
+
52
+ `--negotiation-tip=(<commit>|<glob>)`::
53
+ By default, Git will report, to the server, commits reachable
54
+ from all local refs to find common commits in an attempt to
55
+ reduce the size of the to-be-received packfile. If specified,
56
+ Git will only report commits reachable from the given tips.
57
+ This is useful to speed up fetches when the user knows which
58
+ local ref is likely to have commits in common with the
59
+ upstream ref being fetched.
60
+ +
61
+ This option may be specified more than once; if so, Git will report
62
+ commits reachable from any of the given commits.
63
+ +
64
+ The argument to this option may be a glob on ref names, a ref, or the (possibly
65
+ abbreviated) SHA-1 of a commit. Specifying a glob is equivalent to specifying
66
+ this option multiple times, one for each matching ref name.
67
+ +
68
+ See also the `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm` and `push.negotiate`
69
+ configuration variables documented in linkgit:git-config[1], and the
70
+ `--negotiate-only` option below.
71
+
72
+ `--negotiate-only`::
73
+ Do not fetch anything from the server, and instead print the
74
+ ancestors of the provided `--negotiation-tip=` arguments,
75
+ which we have in common with the server.
76
+ +
77
+ This is incompatible with `--recurse-submodules=(yes|on-demand)`.
78
+ Internally this is used to implement the `push.negotiate` option, see
79
+ linkgit:git-config[1].
80
+
81
+ `--dry-run`::
82
+ Show what would be done, without making any changes.
83
+
84
+ `--porcelain`::
85
+ Print the output to standard output in an easy-to-parse format for
86
+ scripts. See section OUTPUT in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for details.
87
+ +
88
+ This is incompatible with `--recurse-submodules=(yes|on-demand)` and takes
89
+ precedence over the `fetch.output` config option.
90
+
91
+ `--filter=<filter-spec>`::
92
+ Use the partial clone feature and request that the server sends
93
+ a subset of reachable objects according to a given object filter.
94
+ When using `--filter`, the supplied _<filter-spec>_ is used for
95
+ the partial fetch.
96
+ +
97
+ If `--filter=auto` is used, the filter specification is determined
98
+ automatically by combining the filter specifications advertised by
99
+ the server for the promisor remotes that the client accepts (see
100
+ linkgit:gitprotocol-v2[5] and the `promisor.acceptFromServer`
101
+ configuration option in linkgit:git-config[1]).
102
+ +
103
+ For details on all other available filter specifications, see the
104
+ `--filter=<filter-spec>` option in linkgit:git-rev-list[1].
105
+ +
106
+ For example, `--filter=blob:none` will filter out all blobs (file
107
+ contents) until needed by Git. Also, `--filter=blob:limit=<size>` will
108
+ filter out all blobs of size at least _<size>_.
109
+
110
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
111
+ `--write-fetch-head`::
112
+ `--no-write-fetch-head`::
113
+ Write the list of remote refs fetched in the `FETCH_HEAD`
114
+ file directly under `$GIT_DIR`. This is the default.
115
+ Passing `--no-write-fetch-head` from the command line tells
116
+ Git not to write the file. Under `--dry-run` option, the
117
+ file is never written.
118
+ endif::git-pull[]
119
+
120
+ `-f`::
121
+ `--force`::
122
+ ifdef::git-pull[]
123
+ When `git fetch` is used with `<src>:<dst>` refspec, it may
124
+ refuse to update the local branch as discussed
125
+ in the _<refspec>_ part of the linkgit:git-fetch[1]
126
+ documentation.
127
+ endif::git-pull[]
128
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
129
+ When `git fetch` is used with `<src>:<dst>` refspec, it may
130
+ refuse to update the local branch as discussed in the _<refspec>_ part below.
131
+ endif::git-pull[]
132
+ This option overrides that check.
133
+
134
+ `-k`::
135
+ `--keep`::
136
+ Keep downloaded pack.
137
+
138
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
139
+ `--multiple`::
140
+ Allow several _<repository>_ and _<group>_ arguments to be
141
+ specified. No __<refspec>__s may be specified.
142
+
143
+ `--auto-maintenance`::
144
+ `--no-auto-maintenance`::
145
+ `--auto-gc`::
146
+ `--no-auto-gc`::
147
+ Run `git maintenance run --auto` at the end to perform automatic
148
+ repository maintenance if needed.
149
+ This is enabled by default.
150
+
151
+ `--write-commit-graph`::
152
+ `--no-write-commit-graph`::
153
+ Write a commit-graph after fetching. This overrides the config
154
+ setting `fetch.writeCommitGraph`.
155
+ endif::git-pull[]
156
+
157
+ `--prefetch`::
158
+ Modify the configured refspec to place all refs into the
159
+ `refs/prefetch/` namespace. See the `prefetch` task in
160
+ linkgit:git-maintenance[1].
161
+
162
+ `-p`::
163
+ `--prune`::
164
+ Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no
165
+ longer exist on the remote. Tags are not subject to pruning
166
+ if they are fetched only because of the default tag
167
+ auto-following or due to a `--tags` option. However, if tags
168
+ are fetched due to an explicit refspec (either on the command
169
+ line or in the remote configuration, for example if the remote
170
+ was cloned with the `--mirror` option), then they are also
171
+ subject to pruning. Supplying `--prune-tags` is a shorthand for
172
+ providing the tag refspec.
173
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
174
+ +
175
+ See the PRUNING section below for more details.
176
+
177
+ `-P`::
178
+ `--prune-tags`::
179
+ Before fetching, remove any local tags that no longer exist on
180
+ the remote if `--prune` is enabled. This option should be used
181
+ more carefully, unlike `--prune` it will remove any local
182
+ references (local tags) that have been created. This option is
183
+ a shorthand for providing the explicit tag refspec along with
184
+ `--prune`, see the discussion about that in its documentation.
185
+ +
186
+ See the PRUNING section below for more details.
187
+
188
+ endif::git-pull[]
189
+
190
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
191
+ `-n`::
192
+ endif::git-pull[]
193
+ `--no-tags`::
194
+ By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded
195
+ from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally.
196
+ This option disables this automatic tag following. The default
197
+ behavior for a remote may be specified with the `remote.<name>.tagOpt`
198
+ setting. See linkgit:git-config[1].
199
+
200
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
201
+ `--refetch`::
202
+ Instead of negotiating with the server to avoid transferring commits and
203
+ associated objects that are already present locally, this option fetches
204
+ all objects as a fresh clone would. Use this to reapply a partial clone
205
+ filter from configuration or using `--filter=` when the filter
206
+ definition has changed. Automatic post-fetch maintenance will perform
207
+ object database pack consolidation to remove any duplicate objects.
208
+ endif::git-pull[]
209
+
210
+ `--refmap=<refspec>`::
211
+ When fetching refs listed on the command line, use the
212
+ specified refspec (can be given more than once) to map the
213
+ refs to remote-tracking branches, instead of the values of
214
+ `remote.<name>.fetch` configuration variables for the remote
215
+ repository. Providing an empty _<refspec>_ to the
216
+ `--refmap` option causes Git to ignore the configured
217
+ refspecs and rely entirely on the refspecs supplied as
218
+ command-line arguments. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking
219
+ Branches" for details.
220
+
221
+ `-t`::
222
+ `--tags`::
223
+ Fetch all tags from the remote (i.e., fetch remote tags
224
+ `refs/tags/*` into local tags with the same name), in addition
225
+ to whatever else would otherwise be fetched. Using this
226
+ option alone does not subject tags to pruning, even if `--prune`
227
+ is used (though tags may be pruned anyway if they are also the
228
+ destination of an explicit refspec; see `--prune`).
229
+
230
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
231
+ `--recurse-submodules[=(yes|on-demand|no)]`::
232
+ Control if and under what conditions new commits of
233
+ submodules should be fetched too. When recursing through submodules,
234
+ `git fetch` always attempts to fetch "changed" submodules, that is, a
235
+ submodule that has commits that are referenced by a newly fetched
236
+ superproject commit but are missing in the local submodule clone. A
237
+ changed submodule can be fetched as long as it is present locally e.g.
238
+ in `$GIT_DIR/modules/` (see linkgit:gitsubmodules[7]); if the upstream
239
+ adds a new submodule, that submodule cannot be fetched until it is
240
+ cloned e.g. by `git submodule update`.
241
+ +
242
+ When set to `on-demand`, only changed submodules are fetched. When set
243
+ to `yes`, all populated submodules are fetched and submodules that are
244
+ both unpopulated and changed are fetched. When set to `no`, submodules
245
+ are never fetched.
246
+ +
247
+ When unspecified, this uses the value of `fetch.recurseSubmodules` if it
248
+ is set (see linkgit:git-config[1]), defaulting to `on-demand` if unset.
249
+ When this option is used without any value, it defaults to `yes`.
250
+ endif::git-pull[]
251
+
252
+ `-j <n>`::
253
+ `--jobs=<n>`::
254
+ Parallelize all forms of fetching up to _<n>_ jobs at a time.
255
+ +
256
+ A value of 0 will use some reasonable default.
257
+ +
258
+ If the `--multiple` option was specified, the different remotes will be fetched
259
+ in parallel. If multiple submodules are fetched, they will be fetched in
260
+ parallel. To control them independently, use the config settings
261
+ `fetch.parallel` and `submodule.fetchJobs` (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
262
+ +
263
+ Typically, parallel recursive and multi-remote fetches will be faster. By
264
+ default fetches are performed sequentially, not in parallel.
265
+
266
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
267
+ `--no-recurse-submodules`::
268
+ Disable recursive fetching of submodules (this has the same effect as
269
+ using the `--recurse-submodules=no` option).
270
+ endif::git-pull[]
271
+
272
+ `--set-upstream`::
273
+ If the remote is fetched successfully, add upstream
274
+ (tracking) reference, used by argument-less
275
+ linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information,
276
+ see `branch.<name>.merge` and `branch.<name>.remote` in
277
+ linkgit:git-config[1].
278
+
279
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
280
+ `--submodule-prefix=<path>`::
281
+ Prepend _<path>_ to paths printed in informative messages
282
+ such as "Fetching submodule foo". This option is used
283
+ internally when recursing over submodules.
284
+
285
+ `--recurse-submodules-default=(yes|on-demand)`::
286
+ This option is used internally to temporarily provide a
287
+ non-negative default value for the `--recurse-submodules`
288
+ option. All other methods of configuring fetch's submodule
289
+ recursion (such as settings in linkgit:gitmodules[5] and
290
+ linkgit:git-config[1]) override this option, as does
291
+ specifying `--[no-]recurse-submodules` directly.
292
+
293
+ `-u`::
294
+ `--update-head-ok`::
295
+ By default `git fetch` refuses to update the head which
296
+ corresponds to the current branch. This flag disables the
297
+ check. This is purely for the internal use for `git pull`
298
+ to communicate with `git fetch`, and unless you are
299
+ implementing your own Porcelain you are not supposed to
300
+ use it.
301
+ endif::git-pull[]
302
+
303
+ `--upload-pack <upload-pack>`::
304
+ When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled
305
+ by `git fetch-pack`, `--exec=<upload-pack>` is passed to
306
+ the command to specify non-default path for the command
307
+ run on the other end.
308
+
309
+ ifndef::git-pull[]
310
+ `-q`::
311
+ `--quiet`::
312
+ Pass `--quiet` to `git-fetch-pack` and silence any other internally
313
+ used git commands. Progress is not reported to the standard error
314
+ stream.
315
+
316
+ `-v`::
317
+ `--verbose`::
318
+ Be verbose.
319
+ endif::git-pull[]
320
+
321
+ `--progress`::
322
+ Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
323
+ by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `-q`
324
+ is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
325
+ standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
326
+
327
+ `-o <option>`::
328
+ `--server-option=<option>`::
329
+ Transmit the given string to the server when communicating using
330
+ protocol version 2. The given string must not contain a _NUL_ or _LF_
331
+ character. The server's handling of server options, including
332
+ unknown ones, is server-specific.
333
+ When multiple `--server-option=<option>` are given, they are all
334
+ sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line.
335
+ When no `--server-option=<option>` is given from the command line,
336
+ the values of configuration variable `remote.<name>.serverOption`
337
+ are used instead.
338
+
339
+ `--show-forced-updates`::
340
+ By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during
341
+ fetch. This can be disabled through `fetch.showForcedUpdates`, but
342
+ the `--show-forced-updates` option guarantees this check occurs.
343
+ See linkgit:git-config[1].
344
+
345
+ `--no-show-forced-updates`::
346
+ By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during
347
+ fetch. Pass `--no-show-forced-updates` or set `fetch.showForcedUpdates`
348
+ to false to skip this check for performance reasons. If used during
349
+ `git-pull` the `--ff-only` option will still check for forced updates
350
+ before attempting a fast-forward update. See linkgit:git-config[1].
351
+
352
+ `-4`::
353
+ `--ipv4`::
354
+ Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
355
+
356
+ `-6`::
357
+ `--ipv6`::
358
+ Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/for-each-ref-options.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ `<pattern>...`::
2
+ If one or more _<pattern>_ parameters are given, only refs are shown that
3
+ match against at least one pattern, either using `fnmatch`(3) or
4
+ literally, in the latter case matching completely or from the
5
+ beginning up to a slash.
6
+
7
+ `--stdin`::
8
+ The list of patterns is read from standard input instead of from
9
+ the argument list.
10
+
11
+ `--count=<count>`::
12
+ Stop after showing _<count>_ refs.
13
+
14
+ `--sort=<key>`::
15
+ Sort on the field name _<key>_. Prefix `-` to sort in
16
+ descending order of the value. When unspecified,
17
+ `refname` is used. You may use the `--sort=<key>` option
18
+ multiple times, in which case the last key becomes the primary
19
+ key.
20
+
21
+ `--format[=<format>]`::
22
+ A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from a ref being shown and
23
+ the object it points at. In addition, the string literal `%%`
24
+ renders as `%` and `%xx` - where `xx` are hex digits - renders as
25
+ the character with hex code `xx`. For example, `%00` interpolates to
26
+ `\0` (_NUL_), `%09` to `\t` (_TAB_), and `%0a` to `\n` (_LF_).
27
+
28
+ When unspecified, _<format>_ defaults to `%(objectname) SPC %(objecttype)
29
+ TAB %(refname)`.
30
+
31
+ `--color[=<when>]`::
32
+ Respect any colors specified in the `--format` option. The
33
+ _<when>_ field must be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto` (if
34
+ _<when>_ is absent, behave as if `always` was given).
35
+
36
+ `--shell`::
37
+ `--perl`::
38
+ `--python`::
39
+ `--tcl`::
40
+ If given, strings that substitute `%(fieldname)`
41
+ placeholders are quoted as string literals suitable for
42
+ the specified host language. This is meant to produce
43
+ a scriptlet that can directly be "eval"ed.
44
+
45
+ `--points-at=<object>`::
46
+ Only list refs which points at the given object.
47
+
48
+ `--merged[=<object>]`::
49
+ Only list refs whose tips are reachable from the
50
+ specified commit (`HEAD` if not specified).
51
+
52
+ `--no-merged[=<object>]`::
53
+ Only list refs whose tips are not reachable from _<object>_(`HEAD` if not
54
+ specified).
55
+
56
+ `--contains[=<object>]`::
57
+ Only list refs which contain _<object>_(`HEAD` if not specified).
58
+
59
+ `--no-contains[=<object>]`::
60
+ Only list refs which don't contain _<object>_ (`HEAD`
61
+ if not specified).
62
+
63
+ `--ignore-case`::
64
+ Sorting and filtering refs are case insensitive.
65
+
66
+ `--omit-empty`::
67
+ Do not print a newline after formatted refs where the format expands
68
+ to the empty string.
69
+
70
+ `--exclude=<excluded-pattern>`::
71
+ If one or more `--exclude` options are given, only refs which do not
72
+ match any _<excluded-pattern>_ parameters are shown. Matching is done
73
+ using the same rules as _<pattern>_ above.
74
+
75
+ `--include-root-refs`::
76
+ List root refs (`HEAD` and pseudorefs) apart from regular refs.
77
+
78
+ `--start-after=<marker>`::
79
+ Allows paginating the output by skipping references up to and including the
80
+ specified marker. When paging, it should be noted that references may be
81
+ deleted, modified or added between invocations. Output will only yield those
82
+ references which follow the marker lexicographically. Output begins from the
83
+ first reference that would come after the marker alphabetically. Cannot be
84
+ used with `--sort=<key>` or `--stdin` options, or the _<pattern>_ argument(s)
85
+ to limit the refs.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/format-patch-caveats.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ The output from linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can lead to a different
2
+ commit message when applied with linkgit:git-am[1]. The patch that is
3
+ applied may also be different from the one that was generated, or patch
4
+ application may fail outright.
5
+ ifdef::git-am[]
6
+ See the <<discussion,DISCUSSION>> section above for the syntactic rules.
7
+ endif::git-am[]
8
+
9
+ ifndef::git-am[]
10
+ include::format-patch-end-of-commit-message.adoc[]
11
+ endif::git-am[]
12
+
13
+ Note that this is especially problematic for unindented diffs that occur
14
+ in the commit message; the diff in the commit message might get applied
15
+ along with the patch section, or the patch application machinery might
16
+ trip up because the patch target doesn't apply. This could for example
17
+ be caused by a diff in a Markdown code block.
18
+
19
+ The solution for this is to indent the diff or other text that could
20
+ cause problems.
21
+
22
+ This loss of fidelity might be simple to notice if you are applying
23
+ patches directly from a mailbox. However, changes originating from Git
24
+ could be applied in bulk, in which case this would be much harder to
25
+ notice. This could for example be a Linux distribution which uses patch
26
+ files to apply changes on top of the commits from the upstream
27
+ repositories. This goes to show that this behavior does not only impact
28
+ email workflows.
29
+
30
+ Given these limitations, one might be tempted to use a general-purpose
31
+ utility like patch(1) instead. However, patch(1) will not only look for
32
+ unindented diffs (like linkgit:git-am[1]) but will try to apply indented
33
+ diffs as well.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/format-patch-end-of-commit-message.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ Any line that is of the form:
2
+
3
+ * three-dashes and end-of-line, or
4
+ * a line that begins with "diff -", or
5
+ * a line that begins with "Index: "
6
+
7
+ is taken as the beginning of a patch, and the commit log message
8
+ is terminated before the first occurrence of such a line.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/fsck-msgids.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ `badDate`::
2
+ (ERROR) Invalid date format in an author/committer line.
3
+
4
+ `badDateOverflow`::
5
+ (ERROR) Invalid date value in an author/committer line.
6
+
7
+ `badEmail`::
8
+ (ERROR) Invalid email format in an author/committer line.
9
+
10
+ `badFilemode`::
11
+ (INFO) A tree contains a bad filemode entry.
12
+
13
+ `badGpgsig`::
14
+ (ERROR) A tag contains a bad (truncated) signature (e.g., `gpgsig`) header.
15
+
16
+ `badHeadTarget`::
17
+ (ERROR) The `HEAD` ref is a symref that does not refer to a branch.
18
+
19
+ `badHeaderContinuation`::
20
+ (ERROR) A continuation header (such as for `gpgsig`) is unexpectedly truncated.
21
+
22
+ `badName`::
23
+ (ERROR) An author/committer name is empty.
24
+
25
+ `badObjectSha1`::
26
+ (ERROR) An object has a bad sha1.
27
+
28
+ `badPackedRefEntry`::
29
+ (ERROR) The "packed-refs" file contains an invalid entry.
30
+
31
+ `badPackedRefHeader`::
32
+ (ERROR) The "packed-refs" file contains an invalid
33
+ header.
34
+
35
+ `badParentSha1`::
36
+ (ERROR) A commit object has a bad parent sha1.
37
+
38
+ `badRefContent`::
39
+ (ERROR) A ref has bad content.
40
+
41
+ `badRefFiletype`::
42
+ (ERROR) A ref has a bad file type.
43
+
44
+ `badRefName`::
45
+ (ERROR) A ref has an invalid format.
46
+
47
+ `badRefOid`::
48
+ (ERROR) A ref points to an invalid object ID.
49
+
50
+ `badReferentName`::
51
+ (ERROR) The referent name of a symref is invalid.
52
+
53
+ `badReftableTableName`::
54
+ (WARN) A reftable table has an invalid name.
55
+
56
+ `badTagName`::
57
+ (INFO) A tag has an invalid format.
58
+
59
+ `badTimezone`::
60
+ (ERROR) Found an invalid time zone in an author/committer line.
61
+
62
+ `badTree`::
63
+ (ERROR) A tree cannot be parsed.
64
+
65
+ `badTreeSha1`::
66
+ (ERROR) A tree has an invalid format.
67
+
68
+ `badType`::
69
+ (ERROR) Found an invalid object type.
70
+
71
+ `duplicateEntries`::
72
+ (ERROR) A tree contains duplicate file entries.
73
+
74
+ `emptyName`::
75
+ (WARN) A path contains an empty name.
76
+
77
+ `emptyPackedRefsFile`::
78
+ (INFO) "packed-refs" file is empty. Report to the
79
+ git@vger.kernel.org mailing list if you see this error. As only
80
+ very early versions of Git would create such an empty
81
+ "packed_refs" file, we might tighten this rule in the future.
82
+
83
+ `extraHeaderEntry`::
84
+ (IGNORE) Extra headers found after `tagger`.
85
+
86
+ `fullPathname`::
87
+ (WARN) A path contains the full path starting with "/".
88
+
89
+ `gitattributesBlob`::
90
+ (ERROR) A non-blob found at `.gitattributes`.
91
+
92
+ `gitattributesLarge`::
93
+ (ERROR) The `.gitattributes` blob is too large.
94
+
95
+ `gitattributesLineLength`::
96
+ (ERROR) The `.gitattributes` blob contains too long lines.
97
+
98
+ `gitattributesMissing`::
99
+ (ERROR) Unable to read `.gitattributes` blob.
100
+
101
+ `gitattributesSymlink`::
102
+ (INFO) `.gitattributes` is a symlink.
103
+
104
+ `gitignoreSymlink`::
105
+ (INFO) `.gitignore` is a symlink.
106
+
107
+ `gitmodulesBlob`::
108
+ (ERROR) A non-blob found at `.gitmodules`.
109
+
110
+ `gitmodulesLarge`::
111
+ (ERROR) The `.gitmodules` file is too large to parse.
112
+
113
+ `gitmodulesMissing`::
114
+ (ERROR) Unable to read `.gitmodules` blob.
115
+
116
+ `gitmodulesName`::
117
+ (ERROR) A submodule name is invalid.
118
+
119
+ `gitmodulesParse`::
120
+ (INFO) Could not parse `.gitmodules` blob.
121
+
122
+ `gitmodulesPath`::
123
+ (ERROR) `.gitmodules` path is invalid.
124
+
125
+ `gitmodulesSymlink`::
126
+ (ERROR) `.gitmodules` is a symlink.
127
+
128
+ `gitmodulesUpdate`::
129
+ (ERROR) Found an invalid submodule update setting.
130
+
131
+ `gitmodulesUrl`::
132
+ (ERROR) Found an invalid submodule url.
133
+
134
+ `hasDot`::
135
+ (WARN) A tree contains an entry named `.`.
136
+
137
+ `hasDotdot`::
138
+ (WARN) A tree contains an entry named `..`.
139
+
140
+ `hasDotgit`::
141
+ (WARN) A tree contains an entry named `.git`.
142
+
143
+ `largePathname`::
144
+ (WARN) A tree contains an entry with a very long path name. If
145
+ the value of `fsck.largePathname` contains a colon, that value
146
+ is used as the maximum allowable length (e.g., "warn:10" would
147
+ complain about any path component of 11 or more bytes). The
148
+ default value is 4096.
149
+
150
+ `mailmapSymlink`::
151
+ (INFO) `.mailmap` is a symlink.
152
+
153
+ `missingAuthor`::
154
+ (ERROR) Author is missing.
155
+
156
+ `missingCommitter`::
157
+ (ERROR) Committer is missing.
158
+
159
+ `missingEmail`::
160
+ (ERROR) Email is missing in an author/committer line.
161
+
162
+ `missingNameBeforeEmail`::
163
+ (ERROR) Missing name before an email in an author/committer line.
164
+
165
+ `missingObject`::
166
+ (ERROR) Missing `object` line in tag object.
167
+
168
+ `missingSpaceBeforeDate`::
169
+ (ERROR) Missing space before date in an author/committer line.
170
+
171
+ `missingSpaceBeforeEmail`::
172
+ (ERROR) Missing space before the email in an author/committer line.
173
+
174
+ `missingTag`::
175
+ (ERROR) Unexpected end after `type` line in a tag object.
176
+
177
+ `missingTagEntry`::
178
+ (ERROR) Missing `tag` line in a tag object.
179
+
180
+ `missingTaggerEntry`::
181
+ (INFO) Missing `tagger` line in a tag object.
182
+
183
+ `missingTree`::
184
+ (ERROR) Missing `tree` line in a commit object.
185
+
186
+ `missingType`::
187
+ (ERROR) Invalid type value on the `type` line in a tag object.
188
+
189
+ `missingTypeEntry`::
190
+ (ERROR) Missing `type` line in a tag object.
191
+
192
+ `multipleAuthors`::
193
+ (ERROR) Multiple author lines found in a commit.
194
+
195
+ `nulInCommit`::
196
+ (WARN) Found a NUL byte in the commit object body.
197
+
198
+ `nulInHeader`::
199
+ (FATAL) NUL byte exists in the object header.
200
+
201
+ `nullSha1`::
202
+ (WARN) Tree contains entries pointing to a null sha1.
203
+
204
+ `packedRefEntryNotTerminated`::
205
+ (ERROR) The "packed-refs" file contains an entry that is
206
+ not terminated by a newline.
207
+
208
+ `packedRefUnsorted`::
209
+ (ERROR) The "packed-refs" file is not sorted.
210
+
211
+ `refMissingNewline`::
212
+ (INFO) A loose ref that does not end with newline(LF). As
213
+ valid implementations of Git never created such a loose ref
214
+ file, it may become an error in the future. Report to the
215
+ git@vger.kernel.org mailing list if you see this error, as
216
+ we need to know what tools created such a file.
217
+
218
+ `symlinkRef`::
219
+ (INFO) A symbolic link is used as a symref. Report to the
220
+ git@vger.kernel.org mailing list if you see this error, as we
221
+ are assessing the feasibility of dropping the support to drop
222
+ creating symbolic links as symrefs.
223
+
224
+ `symrefTargetIsNotARef`::
225
+ (INFO) The target of a symbolic reference points neither to
226
+ a root reference nor to a reference starting with "refs/".
227
+ Although we allow create a symref pointing to the referent which
228
+ is outside the "ref" by using `git symbolic-ref`, we may tighten
229
+ the rule in the future. Report to the git@vger.kernel.org
230
+ mailing list if you see this error, as we need to know what tools
231
+ created such a file.
232
+
233
+ `trailingRefContent`::
234
+ (INFO) A loose ref has trailing content. As valid implementations
235
+ of Git never created such a loose ref file, it may become an
236
+ error in the future. Report to the git@vger.kernel.org mailing
237
+ list if you see this error, as we need to know what tools
238
+ created such a file.
239
+
240
+ `treeNotSorted`::
241
+ (ERROR) A tree is not properly sorted.
242
+
243
+ `unknownType`::
244
+ (ERROR) Found an unknown object type.
245
+
246
+ `unterminatedHeader`::
247
+ (FATAL) Missing end-of-line in the object header.
248
+
249
+ `zeroPaddedDate`::
250
+ (ERROR) Found a zero padded date in an author/committer line.
251
+
252
+ `zeroPaddedFilemode`::
253
+ (WARN) Found a zero padded filemode in a tree.
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-add.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-add(1)
2
+ ==========
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-add - Add file contents to the index
7
+
8
+ SYNOPSIS
9
+ --------
10
+ [synopsis]
11
+ git add [--verbose | -v] [--dry-run | -n] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p]
12
+ [--edit | -e] [--[no-]all | -A | --[no-]ignore-removal | [--update | -u]] [--sparse]
13
+ [--intent-to-add | -N] [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--ignore-missing] [--renormalize]
14
+ [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]
15
+ [--] [<pathspec>...]
16
+
17
+ DESCRIPTION
18
+ -----------
19
+ Add contents of new or changed files to the index. The "index" (also
20
+ known as the "staging area") is what you use to prepare the contents of
21
+ the next commit.
22
+
23
+ When you run `git commit` without any other arguments, it will only
24
+ commit staged changes. For example, if you've edited `file.c` and want
25
+ to commit your changes to that file, you can run:
26
+
27
+ git add file.c
28
+ git commit
29
+
30
+ You can also add only part of your changes to a file with `git add -p`.
31
+
32
+ This command can be performed multiple times before a commit. It only
33
+ adds the content of the specified file(s) at the time the add command is
34
+ run; if you want subsequent changes included in the next commit, then
35
+ you must run `git add` again to add the new content to the index.
36
+
37
+ The `git status` command can be used to obtain a summary of which
38
+ files have changes that are staged for the next commit.
39
+
40
+ The `git add` command will not add ignored files by default. You can
41
+ use the `--force` option to add ignored files. If you specify the exact
42
+ filename of an ignored file, `git add` will fail with a list of ignored
43
+ files. Otherwise it will silently ignore the file.
44
+
45
+ Please see linkgit:git-commit[1] for alternative ways to add content to a
46
+ commit.
47
+
48
+
49
+ OPTIONS
50
+ -------
51
+ `<pathspec>...`::
52
+ Files to add content from. Fileglobs (e.g. `*.c`) can
53
+ be given to add all matching files. Also a
54
+ leading directory name (e.g. `dir` to add `dir/file1`
55
+ and `dir/file2`) can be given to update the index to
56
+ match the current state of the directory as a whole (e.g.
57
+ specifying `dir` will record not just a file `dir/file1`
58
+ modified in the working tree, a file `dir/file2` added to
59
+ the working tree, but also a file `dir/file3` removed from
60
+ the working tree). Note that older versions of Git used
61
+ to ignore removed files; use `--no-all` option if you want
62
+ to add modified or new files but ignore removed ones.
63
+ +
64
+ For more details about the _<pathspec>_ syntax, see the 'pathspec' entry
65
+ in linkgit:gitglossary[7].
66
+
67
+ `-n`::
68
+ `--dry-run`::
69
+ Don't actually add the file(s), just show if they exist and/or will
70
+ be ignored.
71
+
72
+ `-v`::
73
+ `--verbose`::
74
+ Be verbose.
75
+
76
+ `-f`::
77
+ `--force`::
78
+ Allow adding otherwise ignored files. The option is also used when
79
+ `submodule.<name>.ignore=all` is set, but you want to stage an
80
+ update of the submodule. The `path` to the submodule must be explicitly
81
+ specified.
82
+
83
+ `--sparse`::
84
+ Allow updating index entries outside of the sparse-checkout cone.
85
+ Normally, `git add` refuses to update index entries whose paths do
86
+ not fit within the sparse-checkout cone, since those files might
87
+ be removed from the working tree without warning. See
88
+ linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1] for more details.
89
+
90
+ `-i`::
91
+ `--interactive`::
92
+ Add modified contents in the working tree interactively to
93
+ the index. Optional path arguments may be supplied to limit
94
+ operation to a subset of the working tree. See ``Interactive
95
+ mode'' for details.
96
+
97
+ `-p`::
98
+ `--patch`::
99
+ Interactively choose hunks of patch between the index and the
100
+ work tree and add them to the index. This gives the user a chance
101
+ to review the difference before adding modified contents to the
102
+ index.
103
+ +
104
+ This effectively runs `add --interactive`, but bypasses the
105
+ initial command menu and directly jumps to the `patch` subcommand.
106
+ See ``Interactive mode'' for details.
107
+
108
+ include::diff-context-options.adoc[]
109
+
110
+ `-e`::
111
+ `--edit`::
112
+ Open the diff vs. the index in an editor and let the user
113
+ edit it. After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers
114
+ and apply the patch to the index.
115
+ +
116
+ The intent of this option is to pick and choose lines of the patch to
117
+ apply, or even to modify the contents of lines to be staged. This can be
118
+ quicker and more flexible than using the interactive hunk selector.
119
+ However, it is easy to confuse oneself and create a patch that does not
120
+ apply to the index. See EDITING PATCHES below.
121
+
122
+ `-u`::
123
+ `--update`::
124
+ Update the index just where it already has an entry matching
125
+ _<pathspec>_. This removes as well as modifies index entries to
126
+ match the working tree, but adds no new files.
127
+ +
128
+ If no _<pathspec>_ is given when `-u` option is used, all
129
+ tracked files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions
130
+ of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its
131
+ subdirectories).
132
+
133
+ `-A`::
134
+ `--all`::
135
+ `--no-ignore-removal`::
136
+ Update the index not only where the working tree has a file
137
+ matching _<pathspec>_ but also where the index already has an
138
+ entry. This adds, modifies, and removes index entries to
139
+ match the working tree.
140
+ +
141
+ If no _<pathspec>_ is given when `-A` option is used, all
142
+ files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions
143
+ of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its
144
+ subdirectories).
145
+
146
+ `--no-all`::
147
+ `--ignore-removal`::
148
+ Update the index by adding new files that are unknown to the
149
+ index and files modified in the working tree, but ignore
150
+ files that have been removed from the working tree. This
151
+ option is a no-op when no _<pathspec>_ is used.
152
+ +
153
+ This option is primarily to help users who are used to older
154
+ versions of Git, whose `git add <pathspec>...` was a synonym
155
+ for `git add --no-all <pathspec>...`, i.e. ignored removed files.
156
+
157
+ `-N`::
158
+ `--intent-to-add`::
159
+ Record only the fact that the path will be added later. An entry
160
+ for the path is placed in the index with no content. This is
161
+ useful for, among other things, showing the unstaged content of
162
+ such files with `git diff` and committing them with `git commit
163
+ -a`.
164
+
165
+ `--refresh`::
166
+ Don't add the file(s), but only refresh their stat()
167
+ information in the index.
168
+
169
+ `--ignore-errors`::
170
+ If some files could not be added because of errors indexing
171
+ them, do not abort the operation, but continue adding the
172
+ others. The command shall still exit with non-zero status.
173
+ The configuration variable `add.ignoreErrors` can be set to
174
+ true to make this the default behaviour.
175
+
176
+ `--ignore-missing`::
177
+ This option can only be used together with `--dry-run`. By using
178
+ this option the user can check if any of the given files would
179
+ be ignored, no matter if they are already present in the work
180
+ tree or not.
181
+
182
+ `--no-warn-embedded-repo`::
183
+ By default, `git add` will warn when adding an embedded
184
+ repository to the index without using `git submodule add` to
185
+ create an entry in `.gitmodules`. This option will suppress the
186
+ warning (e.g., if you are manually performing operations on
187
+ submodules).
188
+
189
+ `--renormalize`::
190
+ Apply the "clean" process freshly to all tracked files to
191
+ forcibly add them again to the index. This is useful after
192
+ changing `core.autocrlf` configuration or the `text` attribute
193
+ in order to correct files added with wrong _CRLF/LF_ line endings.
194
+ This option implies `-u`. Lone CR characters are untouched, thus
195
+ while a _CRLF_ cleans to _LF_, a _CRCRLF_ sequence is only partially
196
+ cleaned to _CRLF_.
197
+
198
+ `--chmod=(+|-)x`::
199
+ Override the executable bit of the added files. The executable
200
+ bit is only changed in the index, the files on disk are left
201
+ unchanged.
202
+
203
+ `--pathspec-from-file=<file>`::
204
+ Pathspec is passed in _<file>_ instead of commandline args. If
205
+ _<file>_ is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec
206
+ elements are separated by _LF_ or _CR/LF_. Pathspec elements can be
207
+ quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
208
+ (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and
209
+ global `--literal-pathspecs`.
210
+
211
+ `--pathspec-file-nul`::
212
+ Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are
213
+ separated with _NUL_ character and all other characters are taken
214
+ literally (including newlines and quotes).
215
+
216
+ `--`::
217
+ This option can be used to separate command-line options from
218
+ the list of files, (useful when filenames might be mistaken
219
+ for command-line options).
220
+
221
+
222
+ EXAMPLES
223
+ --------
224
+
225
+ * Adds content from all ++*.txt++ files under `Documentation` directory
226
+ and its subdirectories:
227
+ +
228
+ ------------
229
+ $ git add Documentation/\*.txt
230
+ ------------
231
+ +
232
+ Note that the asterisk ++*++ is quoted from the shell in this
233
+ example; this lets the command include the files from
234
+ subdirectories of `Documentation/` directory.
235
+
236
+ * Considers adding content from all ++git-*.sh++ scripts:
237
+ +
238
+ ------------
239
+ $ git add git-*.sh
240
+ ------------
241
+ +
242
+ Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are
243
+ listing the files explicitly), it does not consider
244
+ `subdir/git-foo.sh`.
245
+
246
+ INTERACTIVE MODE
247
+ ----------------
248
+ When the command enters the interactive mode, it shows the
249
+ output of the 'status' subcommand, and then goes into its
250
+ interactive command loop.
251
+
252
+ The command loop shows the list of subcommands available, and
253
+ gives a prompt "What now> ". In general, when the prompt ends
254
+ with a single '>', you can pick only one of the choices given
255
+ and type return, like this:
256
+
257
+ ------------
258
+ *** Commands ***
259
+ 1: status 2: update 3: revert 4: add untracked
260
+ 5: patch 6: diff 7: quit 8: help
261
+ What now> 1
262
+ ------------
263
+
264
+ You also could say `s` or `sta` or `status` above as long as the
265
+ choice is unique.
266
+
267
+ The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit).
268
+
269
+ status::
270
+
271
+ This shows the change between `HEAD` and index (i.e. what will be
272
+ committed if you say `git commit`), and between index and
273
+ working tree files (i.e. what you could stage further before
274
+ `git commit` using `git add`) for each path. A sample output
275
+ looks like this:
276
+ +
277
+ ------------
278
+ staged unstaged path
279
+ 1: binary nothing foo.png
280
+ 2: +403/-35 +1/-1 add-interactive.c
281
+ ------------
282
+ +
283
+ It shows that `foo.png` has differences from `HEAD` (but that is
284
+ binary so line count cannot be shown) and there is no
285
+ difference between indexed copy and the working tree
286
+ version (if the working tree version were also different,
287
+ 'binary' would have been shown in place of 'nothing'). The
288
+ other file, `add-interactive.c`, has 403 lines added
289
+ and 35 lines deleted if you commit what is in the index, but
290
+ working tree file has further modifications (one addition and
291
+ one deletion).
292
+
293
+ update::
294
+
295
+ This shows the status information and issues an "Update>>"
296
+ prompt. When the prompt ends with double '>>', you can
297
+ make more than one selection, concatenated with whitespace or
298
+ comma. Also you can say ranges. E.g. "2-5 7,9" to choose
299
+ 2,3,4,5,7,9 from the list. If the second number in a range is
300
+ omitted, all remaining patches are taken. E.g. "7-" to choose
301
+ 7,8,9 from the list. You can say '*' to choose everything.
302
+ +
303
+ What you chose are then highlighted with '*',
304
+ like this:
305
+ +
306
+ ------------
307
+ staged unstaged path
308
+ 1: binary nothing foo.png
309
+ * 2: +403/-35 +1/-1 add-interactive.c
310
+ ------------
311
+ +
312
+ To remove selection, prefix the input with `-`
313
+ like this:
314
+ +
315
+ ------------
316
+ Update>> -2
317
+ ------------
318
+ +
319
+ After making the selection, answer with an empty line to stage the
320
+ contents of working tree files for selected paths in the index.
321
+
322
+ revert::
323
+
324
+ This has a very similar UI to 'update', and the staged
325
+ information for selected paths are reverted to that of the
326
+ HEAD version. Reverting new paths makes them untracked.
327
+
328
+ add untracked::
329
+
330
+ This has a very similar UI to 'update' and
331
+ 'revert', and lets you add untracked paths to the index.
332
+
333
+ patch::
334
+
335
+ This lets you choose one path out of a 'status' like selection.
336
+ After choosing the path, it presents the diff between the index
337
+ and the working tree file and asks you if you want to stage
338
+ the change of each hunk. You can select one of the following
339
+ options and type return:
340
+
341
+ y - stage this hunk
342
+ n - do not stage this hunk
343
+ q - quit; do not stage this hunk or any of the remaining ones
344
+ a - stage this hunk and all later hunks in the file
345
+ d - do not stage this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file
346
+ g - select a hunk to go to
347
+ / - search for a hunk matching the given regex
348
+ j - go to the next undecided hunk, roll over at the bottom
349
+ J - go to the next hunk, roll over at the bottom
350
+ k - go to the previous undecided hunk, roll over at the top
351
+ K - go to the previous hunk, roll over at the top
352
+ s - split the current hunk into smaller hunks
353
+ e - manually edit the current hunk
354
+ p - print the current hunk
355
+ P - print the current hunk using the pager
356
+ ? - print help
357
+ +
358
+ After deciding the fate for all hunks, if there is any hunk
359
+ that was chosen, the index is updated with the selected hunks.
360
+ +
361
+ You can omit having to type return here, by setting the configuration
362
+ variable `interactive.singleKey` to `true`.
363
+
364
+ diff::
365
+
366
+ This lets you review what will be committed (i.e. between
367
+ `HEAD` and index).
368
+
369
+
370
+ EDITING PATCHES
371
+ ---------------
372
+
373
+ Invoking `git add -e` or selecting `e` from the interactive hunk
374
+ selector will open a patch in your editor; after the editor exits, the
375
+ result is applied to the index. You are free to make arbitrary changes
376
+ to the patch, but note that some changes may have confusing results, or
377
+ even result in a patch that cannot be applied. If you want to abort the
378
+ operation entirely (i.e., stage nothing new in the index), simply delete
379
+ all lines of the patch. The list below describes some common things you
380
+ may see in a patch, and which editing operations make sense on them.
381
+
382
+ --
383
+ added content::
384
+
385
+ Added content is represented by lines beginning with "{plus}". You can
386
+ prevent staging any addition lines by deleting them.
387
+
388
+ removed content::
389
+
390
+ Removed content is represented by lines beginning with "-". You can
391
+ prevent staging their removal by converting the "-" to a " " (space).
392
+
393
+ modified content::
394
+
395
+ Modified content is represented by "-" lines (removing the old content)
396
+ followed by "{plus}" lines (adding the replacement content). You can
397
+ prevent staging the modification by converting "-" lines to " ", and
398
+ removing "{plus}" lines. Beware that modifying only half of the pair is
399
+ likely to introduce confusing changes to the index.
400
+ --
401
+
402
+ There are also more complex operations that can be performed. But beware
403
+ that because the patch is applied only to the index and not the working
404
+ tree, the working tree will appear to "undo" the change in the index.
405
+ For example, introducing a new line into the index that is in neither
406
+ the `HEAD` nor the working tree will stage the new line for commit, but
407
+ the line will appear to be reverted in the working tree.
408
+
409
+ Avoid using these constructs, or do so with extreme caution.
410
+
411
+ --
412
+ removing untouched content::
413
+
414
+ Content which does not differ between the index and working tree may be
415
+ shown on context lines, beginning with a " " (space). You can stage
416
+ context lines for removal by converting the space to a "-". The
417
+ resulting working tree file will appear to re-add the content.
418
+
419
+ modifying existing content::
420
+
421
+ One can also modify context lines by staging them for removal (by
422
+ converting " " to "-") and adding a "{plus}" line with the new content.
423
+ Similarly, one can modify "{plus}" lines for existing additions or
424
+ modifications. In all cases, the new modification will appear reverted
425
+ in the working tree.
426
+
427
+ new content::
428
+
429
+ You may also add new content that does not exist in the patch; simply
430
+ add new lines, each starting with "{plus}". The addition will appear
431
+ reverted in the working tree.
432
+ --
433
+
434
+ There are also several operations which should be avoided entirely, as
435
+ they will make the patch impossible to apply:
436
+
437
+ * adding context (" ") or removal ("-") lines
438
+ * deleting context or removal lines
439
+ * modifying the contents of context or removal lines
440
+
441
+ CONFIGURATION
442
+ -------------
443
+
444
+ include::includes/cmd-config-section-all.adoc[]
445
+
446
+ :git-add: 1
447
+ include::config/add.adoc[]
448
+
449
+ SEE ALSO
450
+ --------
451
+ linkgit:git-status[1]
452
+ linkgit:git-rm[1]
453
+ linkgit:git-reset[1]
454
+ linkgit:git-mv[1]
455
+ linkgit:git-commit[1]
456
+ linkgit:git-update-index[1]
457
+
458
+ GIT
459
+ ---
460
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-add.html ADDED
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+ </head>
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+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-add(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
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+ <p>git-add - Add file contents to the index</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content"><code>git</code> <code>add</code> [<code>--verbose</code> | <code>-v</code>] [<code>--dry-run</code> | <code>-n</code>] [<code>--force</code> | <code>-f</code>] [<code>--interactive</code> | <code>-i</code>] [<code>--patch</code> | <code>-p</code>]
456
+ [<code>--edit</code> | <code>-e</code>] [<code>--</code>[<code>no-</code>]<code>all</code> | <code>-A</code> | <code>--</code>[<code>no-</code>]<code>ignore-removal</code> | [<code>--update</code> | <code>-u</code>]] [<code>--sparse</code>]
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+ [<code>--intent-to-add</code> | <code>-N</code>] [<code>--refresh</code>] [<code>--ignore-errors</code>] [<code>--ignore-missing</code>] [<code>--renormalize</code>]
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+ [<code>--chmod=</code>(<code>+</code>|<code>-</code>)<code>x</code>] [<code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em>&lt;file&gt;</em> [<code>--pathspec-file-nul</code>]]
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+ [<code>--</code>] [<em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em>&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
460
+ </div>
461
+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="sect1">
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+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
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+ <div class="sectionbody">
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+ <div class="paragraph">
467
+ <p>Add contents of new or changed files to the index. The "index" (also
468
+ known as the "staging area") is what you use to prepare the contents of
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+ the next commit.</p>
470
+ </div>
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+ <div class="paragraph">
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+ <p>When you run <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> without any other arguments, it will only
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+ commit staged changes. For example, if you&#8217;ve edited <code>file.c</code> and want
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+ to commit your changes to that file, you can run:</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="literalblock">
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+ <div class="content">
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+ <pre>git add file.c
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+ git commit</pre>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="paragraph">
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+ <p>You can also add only part of your changes to a file with <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>-p</code>.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="paragraph">
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+ <p>This command can be performed multiple times before a commit. It only
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+ adds the content of the specified file(s) at the time the add command is
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+ run; if you want subsequent changes included in the next commit, then
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+ you must run <code>git</code> <code>add</code> again to add the new content to the index.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="paragraph">
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+ <p>The <code>git</code> <code>status</code> command can be used to obtain a summary of which
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+ files have changes that are staged for the next commit.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="paragraph">
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+ <p>The <code>git</code> <code>add</code> command will not add ignored files by default. You can
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+ use the <code>--force</code> option to add ignored files. If you specify the exact
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+ filename of an ignored file, <code>git</code> <code>add</code> will fail with a list of ignored
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+ files. Otherwise it will silently ignore the file.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="paragraph">
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+ <p>Please see <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for alternative ways to add content to a
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+ commit.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="sect1">
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+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
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+ <div class="sectionbody">
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+ <div class="dlist">
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+ <dl>
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+ <dt class="hdlist1"><em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em>...</dt>
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+ <dd>
514
+ <p>Files to add content from. Fileglobs (e.g. <code>*.c</code>) can
515
+ be given to add all matching files. Also a
516
+ leading directory name (e.g. <code>dir</code> to add <code>dir/file1</code>
517
+ and <code>dir/file2</code>) can be given to update the index to
518
+ match the current state of the directory as a whole (e.g.
519
+ specifying <code>dir</code> will record not just a file <code>dir/file1</code>
520
+ modified in the working tree, a file <code>dir/file2</code> added to
521
+ the working tree, but also a file <code>dir/file3</code> removed from
522
+ the working tree). Note that older versions of Git used
523
+ to ignore removed files; use <code>--no-all</code> option if you want
524
+ to add modified or new files but ignore removed ones.</p>
525
+ <div class="paragraph">
526
+ <p>For more details about the <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em> syntax, see the <em>pathspec</em> entry
527
+ in <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p>
528
+ </div>
529
+ </dd>
530
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-n</code></dt>
531
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--dry-run</code></dt>
532
+ <dd>
533
+ <p>Don&#8217;t actually add the file(s), just show if they exist and/or will
534
+ be ignored.</p>
535
+ </dd>
536
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-v</code></dt>
537
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--verbose</code></dt>
538
+ <dd>
539
+ <p>Be verbose.</p>
540
+ </dd>
541
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-f</code></dt>
542
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--force</code></dt>
543
+ <dd>
544
+ <p>Allow adding otherwise ignored files. The option is also used when
545
+ <code>submodule.</code><em>&lt;name&gt;</em><code>.ignore=all</code> is set, but you want to stage an
546
+ update of the submodule. The <code>path</code> to the submodule must be explicitly
547
+ specified.</p>
548
+ </dd>
549
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--sparse</code></dt>
550
+ <dd>
551
+ <p>Allow updating index entries outside of the sparse-checkout cone.
552
+ Normally, <code>git</code> <code>add</code> refuses to update index entries whose paths do
553
+ not fit within the sparse-checkout cone, since those files might
554
+ be removed from the working tree without warning. See
555
+ <a href="git-sparse-checkout.html">git-sparse-checkout(1)</a> for more details.</p>
556
+ </dd>
557
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-i</code></dt>
558
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--interactive</code></dt>
559
+ <dd>
560
+ <p>Add modified contents in the working tree interactively to
561
+ the index. Optional path arguments may be supplied to limit
562
+ operation to a subset of the working tree. See &#8220;Interactive
563
+ mode&#8221; for details.</p>
564
+ </dd>
565
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-p</code></dt>
566
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--patch</code></dt>
567
+ <dd>
568
+ <p>Interactively choose hunks of patch between the index and the
569
+ work tree and add them to the index. This gives the user a chance
570
+ to review the difference before adding modified contents to the
571
+ index.</p>
572
+ <div class="paragraph">
573
+ <p>This effectively runs <code>add</code> <code>--interactive</code>, but bypasses the
574
+ initial command menu and directly jumps to the <code>patch</code> subcommand.
575
+ See &#8220;Interactive mode&#8221; for details.</p>
576
+ </div>
577
+ </dd>
578
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-U</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em></dt>
579
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--unified=</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em></dt>
580
+ <dd>
581
+ <p>Generate diffs with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> lines of context. The number of context
582
+ lines defaults to <code>diff.context</code> or 3 if the configuration variable
583
+ is unset. (<code>-U</code> without <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> is silently accepted as a synonym for
584
+ <code>-p</code> due to a historical accident).</p>
585
+ </dd>
586
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--inter-hunk-context=</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em></dt>
587
+ <dd>
588
+ <p>Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified <em>&lt;number&gt;</em>
589
+ of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
590
+ Defaults to <code>diff.interHunkContext</code> or 0 if the config option
591
+ is unset.</p>
592
+ </dd>
593
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-e</code></dt>
594
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--edit</code></dt>
595
+ <dd>
596
+ <p>Open the diff vs. the index in an editor and let the user
597
+ edit it. After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers
598
+ and apply the patch to the index.</p>
599
+ <div class="paragraph">
600
+ <p>The intent of this option is to pick and choose lines of the patch to
601
+ apply, or even to modify the contents of lines to be staged. This can be
602
+ quicker and more flexible than using the interactive hunk selector.
603
+ However, it is easy to confuse oneself and create a patch that does not
604
+ apply to the index. See EDITING PATCHES below.</p>
605
+ </div>
606
+ </dd>
607
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-u</code></dt>
608
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--update</code></dt>
609
+ <dd>
610
+ <p>Update the index just where it already has an entry matching
611
+ <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em>. This removes as well as modifies index entries to
612
+ match the working tree, but adds no new files.</p>
613
+ <div class="paragraph">
614
+ <p>If no <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em> is given when <code>-u</code> option is used, all
615
+ tracked files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions
616
+ of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its
617
+ subdirectories).</p>
618
+ </div>
619
+ </dd>
620
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-A</code></dt>
621
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--all</code></dt>
622
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-ignore-removal</code></dt>
623
+ <dd>
624
+ <p>Update the index not only where the working tree has a file
625
+ matching <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em> but also where the index already has an
626
+ entry. This adds, modifies, and removes index entries to
627
+ match the working tree.</p>
628
+ <div class="paragraph">
629
+ <p>If no <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em> is given when <code>-A</code> option is used, all
630
+ files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions
631
+ of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its
632
+ subdirectories).</p>
633
+ </div>
634
+ </dd>
635
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-all</code></dt>
636
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-removal</code></dt>
637
+ <dd>
638
+ <p>Update the index by adding new files that are unknown to the
639
+ index and files modified in the working tree, but ignore
640
+ files that have been removed from the working tree. This
641
+ option is a no-op when no <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em> is used.</p>
642
+ <div class="paragraph">
643
+ <p>This option is primarily to help users who are used to older
644
+ versions of Git, whose <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em>... was a synonym
645
+ for <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>--no-all</code> <em>&lt;pathspec&gt;</em>..., i.e. ignored removed files.</p>
646
+ </div>
647
+ </dd>
648
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-N</code></dt>
649
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--intent-to-add</code></dt>
650
+ <dd>
651
+ <p>Record only the fact that the path will be added later. An entry
652
+ for the path is placed in the index with no content. This is
653
+ useful for, among other things, showing the unstaged content of
654
+ such files with <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> and committing them with <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>
655
+ <code>-a</code>.</p>
656
+ </dd>
657
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--refresh</code></dt>
658
+ <dd>
659
+ <p>Don&#8217;t add the file(s), but only refresh their stat()
660
+ information in the index.</p>
661
+ </dd>
662
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-errors</code></dt>
663
+ <dd>
664
+ <p>If some files could not be added because of errors indexing
665
+ them, do not abort the operation, but continue adding the
666
+ others. The command shall still exit with non-zero status.
667
+ The configuration variable <code>add.ignoreErrors</code> can be set to
668
+ true to make this the default behaviour.</p>
669
+ </dd>
670
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-missing</code></dt>
671
+ <dd>
672
+ <p>This option can only be used together with <code>--dry-run</code>. By using
673
+ this option the user can check if any of the given files would
674
+ be ignored, no matter if they are already present in the work
675
+ tree or not.</p>
676
+ </dd>
677
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-warn-embedded-repo</code></dt>
678
+ <dd>
679
+ <p>By default, <code>git</code> <code>add</code> will warn when adding an embedded
680
+ repository to the index without using <code>git</code> <code>submodule</code> <code>add</code> to
681
+ create an entry in .<code>gitmodules</code>. This option will suppress the
682
+ warning (e.g., if you are manually performing operations on
683
+ submodules).</p>
684
+ </dd>
685
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--renormalize</code></dt>
686
+ <dd>
687
+ <p>Apply the "clean" process freshly to all tracked files to
688
+ forcibly add them again to the index. This is useful after
689
+ changing <code>core.autocrlf</code> configuration or the <code>text</code> attribute
690
+ in order to correct files added with wrong <em>CRLF/LF</em> line endings.
691
+ This option implies <code>-u</code>. Lone CR characters are untouched, thus
692
+ while a <em>CRLF</em> cleans to <em>LF</em>, a <em>CRCRLF</em> sequence is only partially
693
+ cleaned to <em>CRLF</em>.</p>
694
+ </dd>
695
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--chmod=</code>(<code>+</code>|<code>-</code>)<code>x</code></dt>
696
+ <dd>
697
+ <p>Override the executable bit of the added files. The executable
698
+ bit is only changed in the index, the files on disk are left
699
+ unchanged.</p>
700
+ </dd>
701
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em>&lt;file&gt;</em></dt>
702
+ <dd>
703
+ <p>Pathspec is passed in <em>&lt;file&gt;</em> instead of commandline args. If
704
+ <em>&lt;file&gt;</em> is exactly <code>-</code> then standard input is used. Pathspec
705
+ elements are separated by <em>LF</em> or <em>CR/LF</em>. Pathspec elements can be
706
+ quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
707
+ (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). See also <code>--pathspec-file-nul</code> and
708
+ global <code>--literal-pathspecs</code>.</p>
709
+ </dd>
710
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--pathspec-file-nul</code></dt>
711
+ <dd>
712
+ <p>Only meaningful with <code>--pathspec-from-file</code>. Pathspec elements are
713
+ separated with <em>NUL</em> character and all other characters are taken
714
+ literally (including newlines and quotes).</p>
715
+ </dd>
716
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--</code></dt>
717
+ <dd>
718
+ <p>This option can be used to separate command-line options from
719
+ the list of files, (useful when filenames might be mistaken
720
+ for command-line options).</p>
721
+ </dd>
722
+ </dl>
723
+ </div>
724
+ </div>
725
+ </div>
726
+ <div class="sect1">
727
+ <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
728
+ <div class="sectionbody">
729
+ <div class="ulist">
730
+ <ul>
731
+ <li>
732
+ <p>Adds content from all <code>*.txt</code> files under <code>Documentation</code> directory
733
+ and its subdirectories:</p>
734
+ <div class="listingblock">
735
+ <div class="content">
736
+ <pre>$ git add Documentation/\*.txt</pre>
737
+ </div>
738
+ </div>
739
+ <div class="paragraph">
740
+ <p>Note that the asterisk <code>*</code> is quoted from the shell in this
741
+ example; this lets the command include the files from
742
+ subdirectories of <code>Documentation/</code> directory.</p>
743
+ </div>
744
+ </li>
745
+ <li>
746
+ <p>Considers adding content from all <code>git-*.sh</code> scripts:</p>
747
+ <div class="listingblock">
748
+ <div class="content">
749
+ <pre>$ git add git-*.sh</pre>
750
+ </div>
751
+ </div>
752
+ <div class="paragraph">
753
+ <p>Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are
754
+ listing the files explicitly), it does not consider
755
+ <code>subdir/git-foo.sh</code>.</p>
756
+ </div>
757
+ </li>
758
+ </ul>
759
+ </div>
760
+ </div>
761
+ </div>
762
+ <div class="sect1">
763
+ <h2 id="_interactive_mode">INTERACTIVE MODE</h2>
764
+ <div class="sectionbody">
765
+ <div class="paragraph">
766
+ <p>When the command enters the interactive mode, it shows the
767
+ output of the <em>status</em> subcommand, and then goes into its
768
+ interactive command loop.</p>
769
+ </div>
770
+ <div class="paragraph">
771
+ <p>The command loop shows the list of subcommands available, and
772
+ gives a prompt "What now&gt; ". In general, when the prompt ends
773
+ with a single <em>&gt;</em>, you can pick only one of the choices given
774
+ and type return, like this:</p>
775
+ </div>
776
+ <div class="listingblock">
777
+ <div class="content">
778
+ <pre> *** Commands ***
779
+ 1: status 2: update 3: revert 4: add untracked
780
+ 5: patch 6: diff 7: quit 8: help
781
+ What now&gt; 1</pre>
782
+ </div>
783
+ </div>
784
+ <div class="paragraph">
785
+ <p>You also could say <code>s</code> or <code>sta</code> or <code>status</code> above as long as the
786
+ choice is unique.</p>
787
+ </div>
788
+ <div class="paragraph">
789
+ <p>The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit).</p>
790
+ </div>
791
+ <div class="dlist">
792
+ <dl>
793
+ <dt class="hdlist1">status</dt>
794
+ <dd>
795
+ <p>This shows the change between <code>HEAD</code> and index (i.e. what will be
796
+ committed if you say <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>), and between index and
797
+ working tree files (i.e. what you could stage further before
798
+ <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> using <code>git</code> <code>add</code>) for each path. A sample output
799
+ looks like this:</p>
800
+ <div class="listingblock">
801
+ <div class="content">
802
+ <pre> staged unstaged path
803
+ 1: binary nothing foo.png
804
+ 2: +403/-35 +1/-1 add-interactive.c</pre>
805
+ </div>
806
+ </div>
807
+ <div class="paragraph">
808
+ <p>It shows that <code>foo.png</code> has differences from <code>HEAD</code> (but that is
809
+ binary so line count cannot be shown) and there is no
810
+ difference between indexed copy and the working tree
811
+ version (if the working tree version were also different,
812
+ <em>binary</em> would have been shown in place of <em>nothing</em>). The
813
+ other file, <code>add-interactive.c</code>, has 403 lines added
814
+ and 35 lines deleted if you commit what is in the index, but
815
+ working tree file has further modifications (one addition and
816
+ one deletion).</p>
817
+ </div>
818
+ </dd>
819
+ <dt class="hdlist1">update</dt>
820
+ <dd>
821
+ <p>This shows the status information and issues an "Update&gt;&gt;"
822
+ prompt. When the prompt ends with double <em>&gt;&gt;</em>, you can
823
+ make more than one selection, concatenated with whitespace or
824
+ comma. Also you can say ranges. E.g. "2-5 7,9" to choose
825
+ 2,3,4,5,7,9 from the list. If the second number in a range is
826
+ omitted, all remaining patches are taken. E.g. "7-" to choose
827
+ 7,8,9 from the list. You can say <em>*</em> to choose everything.</p>
828
+ <div class="paragraph">
829
+ <p>What you chose are then highlighted with <em>*</em>,
830
+ like this:</p>
831
+ </div>
832
+ <div class="listingblock">
833
+ <div class="content">
834
+ <pre> staged unstaged path
835
+ 1: binary nothing foo.png
836
+ * 2: +403/-35 +1/-1 add-interactive.c</pre>
837
+ </div>
838
+ </div>
839
+ <div class="paragraph">
840
+ <p>To remove selection, prefix the input with <code>-</code>
841
+ like this:</p>
842
+ </div>
843
+ <div class="listingblock">
844
+ <div class="content">
845
+ <pre>Update&gt;&gt; -2</pre>
846
+ </div>
847
+ </div>
848
+ <div class="paragraph">
849
+ <p>After making the selection, answer with an empty line to stage the
850
+ contents of working tree files for selected paths in the index.</p>
851
+ </div>
852
+ </dd>
853
+ <dt class="hdlist1">revert</dt>
854
+ <dd>
855
+ <p>This has a very similar UI to <em>update</em>, and the staged
856
+ information for selected paths are reverted to that of the
857
+ HEAD version. Reverting new paths makes them untracked.</p>
858
+ </dd>
859
+ <dt class="hdlist1">add untracked</dt>
860
+ <dd>
861
+ <p>This has a very similar UI to <em>update</em> and
862
+ <em>revert</em>, and lets you add untracked paths to the index.</p>
863
+ </dd>
864
+ <dt class="hdlist1">patch</dt>
865
+ <dd>
866
+ <p>This lets you choose one path out of a <em>status</em> like selection.
867
+ After choosing the path, it presents the diff between the index
868
+ and the working tree file and asks you if you want to stage
869
+ the change of each hunk. You can select one of the following
870
+ options and type return:</p>
871
+ <div class="literalblock">
872
+ <div class="content">
873
+ <pre>y - stage this hunk
874
+ n - do not stage this hunk
875
+ q - quit; do not stage this hunk or any of the remaining ones
876
+ a - stage this hunk and all later hunks in the file
877
+ d - do not stage this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file
878
+ g - select a hunk to go to
879
+ / - search for a hunk matching the given regex
880
+ j - go to the next undecided hunk, roll over at the bottom
881
+ J - go to the next hunk, roll over at the bottom
882
+ k - go to the previous undecided hunk, roll over at the top
883
+ K - go to the previous hunk, roll over at the top
884
+ s - split the current hunk into smaller hunks
885
+ e - manually edit the current hunk
886
+ p - print the current hunk
887
+ P - print the current hunk using the pager
888
+ ? - print help</pre>
889
+ </div>
890
+ </div>
891
+ <div class="paragraph">
892
+ <p>After deciding the fate for all hunks, if there is any hunk
893
+ that was chosen, the index is updated with the selected hunks.</p>
894
+ </div>
895
+ <div class="paragraph">
896
+ <p>You can omit having to type return here, by setting the configuration
897
+ variable <code>interactive.singleKey</code> to <code>true</code>.</p>
898
+ </div>
899
+ </dd>
900
+ <dt class="hdlist1">diff</dt>
901
+ <dd>
902
+ <p>This lets you review what will be committed (i.e. between
903
+ <code>HEAD</code> and index).</p>
904
+ </dd>
905
+ </dl>
906
+ </div>
907
+ </div>
908
+ </div>
909
+ <div class="sect1">
910
+ <h2 id="_editing_patches">EDITING PATCHES</h2>
911
+ <div class="sectionbody">
912
+ <div class="paragraph">
913
+ <p>Invoking <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>-e</code> or selecting <code>e</code> from the interactive hunk
914
+ selector will open a patch in your editor; after the editor exits, the
915
+ result is applied to the index. You are free to make arbitrary changes
916
+ to the patch, but note that some changes may have confusing results, or
917
+ even result in a patch that cannot be applied. If you want to abort the
918
+ operation entirely (i.e., stage nothing new in the index), simply delete
919
+ all lines of the patch. The list below describes some common things you
920
+ may see in a patch, and which editing operations make sense on them.</p>
921
+ </div>
922
+ <div class="openblock">
923
+ <div class="content">
924
+ <div class="dlist">
925
+ <dl>
926
+ <dt class="hdlist1">added content</dt>
927
+ <dd>
928
+ <p>Added content is represented by lines beginning with "&#43;". You can
929
+ prevent staging any addition lines by deleting them.</p>
930
+ </dd>
931
+ <dt class="hdlist1">removed content</dt>
932
+ <dd>
933
+ <p>Removed content is represented by lines beginning with "-". You can
934
+ prevent staging their removal by converting the "-" to a " " (space).</p>
935
+ </dd>
936
+ <dt class="hdlist1">modified content</dt>
937
+ <dd>
938
+ <p>Modified content is represented by "-" lines (removing the old content)
939
+ followed by "&#43;" lines (adding the replacement content). You can
940
+ prevent staging the modification by converting "-" lines to " ", and
941
+ removing "&#43;" lines. Beware that modifying only half of the pair is
942
+ likely to introduce confusing changes to the index.</p>
943
+ </dd>
944
+ </dl>
945
+ </div>
946
+ </div>
947
+ </div>
948
+ <div class="paragraph">
949
+ <p>There are also more complex operations that can be performed. But beware
950
+ that because the patch is applied only to the index and not the working
951
+ tree, the working tree will appear to "undo" the change in the index.
952
+ For example, introducing a new line into the index that is in neither
953
+ the <code>HEAD</code> nor the working tree will stage the new line for commit, but
954
+ the line will appear to be reverted in the working tree.</p>
955
+ </div>
956
+ <div class="paragraph">
957
+ <p>Avoid using these constructs, or do so with extreme caution.</p>
958
+ </div>
959
+ <div class="openblock">
960
+ <div class="content">
961
+ <div class="dlist">
962
+ <dl>
963
+ <dt class="hdlist1">removing untouched content</dt>
964
+ <dd>
965
+ <p>Content which does not differ between the index and working tree may be
966
+ shown on context lines, beginning with a " " (space). You can stage
967
+ context lines for removal by converting the space to a "-". The
968
+ resulting working tree file will appear to re-add the content.</p>
969
+ </dd>
970
+ <dt class="hdlist1">modifying existing content</dt>
971
+ <dd>
972
+ <p>One can also modify context lines by staging them for removal (by
973
+ converting " " to "-") and adding a "&#43;" line with the new content.
974
+ Similarly, one can modify "&#43;" lines for existing additions or
975
+ modifications. In all cases, the new modification will appear reverted
976
+ in the working tree.</p>
977
+ </dd>
978
+ <dt class="hdlist1">new content</dt>
979
+ <dd>
980
+ <p>You may also add new content that does not exist in the patch; simply
981
+ add new lines, each starting with "&#43;". The addition will appear
982
+ reverted in the working tree.</p>
983
+ </dd>
984
+ </dl>
985
+ </div>
986
+ </div>
987
+ </div>
988
+ <div class="paragraph">
989
+ <p>There are also several operations which should be avoided entirely, as
990
+ they will make the patch impossible to apply:</p>
991
+ </div>
992
+ <div class="ulist">
993
+ <ul>
994
+ <li>
995
+ <p>adding context (" ") or removal ("-") lines</p>
996
+ </li>
997
+ <li>
998
+ <p>deleting context or removal lines</p>
999
+ </li>
1000
+ <li>
1001
+ <p>modifying the contents of context or removal lines</p>
1002
+ </li>
1003
+ </ul>
1004
+ </div>
1005
+ </div>
1006
+ </div>
1007
+ <div class="sect1">
1008
+ <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
1009
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1010
+ <div class="paragraph">
1011
+ <p>Everything below this line in this section is selectively included
1012
+ from the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content is the same
1013
+ as what&#8217;s found there:</p>
1014
+ </div>
1015
+ <div class="dlist">
1016
+ <dl>
1017
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>add.ignoreErrors</code></dt>
1018
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>add.ignore-errors</code> (deprecated)</dt>
1019
+ <dd>
1020
+ <p>Tells <code>git</code> <code>add</code> to continue adding files when some files cannot be
1021
+ added due to indexing errors.
1022
+ Equivalent to the <code>--ignore-errors</code> option.
1023
+ <code>add.ignore-errors</code> is deprecated, as it does not follow the usual
1024
+ naming convention for configuration variables.</p>
1025
+ </dd>
1026
+ </dl>
1027
+ </div>
1028
+ </div>
1029
+ </div>
1030
+ <div class="sect1">
1031
+ <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
1032
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1033
+ <div class="paragraph">
1034
+ <p><a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
1035
+ <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
1036
+ <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
1037
+ <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
1038
+ <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
1039
+ <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a></p>
1040
+ </div>
1041
+ </div>
1042
+ </div>
1043
+ <div class="sect1">
1044
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1045
+ <div class="sectionbody">
1046
+ <div class="paragraph">
1047
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
1048
+ </div>
1049
+ </div>
1050
+ </div>
1051
+ </div>
1052
+ <div id="footer">
1053
+ <div id="footer-text">
1054
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
1055
+ </div>
1056
+ </div>
1057
+ </body>
1058
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-am.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-am(1)
2
+ =========
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-am - Apply a series of patches from a mailbox
7
+
8
+
9
+ SYNOPSIS
10
+ --------
11
+ [verse]
12
+ 'git am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--[no-]keep-cr] [--[no-]utf8] [--[no-]verify]
13
+ [--[no-]3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date]
14
+ [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
15
+ [--whitespace=<action>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>]
16
+ [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet]
17
+ [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>]
18
+ [--quoted-cr=<action>]
19
+ [--empty=(stop|drop|keep)]
20
+ [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]
21
+ 'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --retry | --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)] | --allow-empty)
22
+
23
+ DESCRIPTION
24
+ -----------
25
+ Splits mail messages in a mailbox into commit log messages,
26
+ authorship information, and patches, and applies them to the
27
+ current branch. You could think of it as a reverse operation
28
+ of linkgit:git-format-patch[1] run on a branch with a straight
29
+ history without merges.
30
+
31
+ OPTIONS
32
+ -------
33
+ (<mbox>|<Maildir>)...::
34
+ The list of mailbox files to read patches from. If you do not
35
+ supply this argument, the command reads from the standard input.
36
+ If you supply directories, they will be treated as Maildirs.
37
+
38
+ -s::
39
+ --signoff::
40
+ Add a `Signed-off-by` trailer to the commit message (see
41
+ linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]), using the committer identity
42
+ of yourself. See the signoff option in linkgit:git-commit[1]
43
+ for more information.
44
+
45
+ -k::
46
+ --keep::
47
+ Pass `-k` flag to linkgit:git-mailinfo[1].
48
+
49
+ --keep-non-patch::
50
+ Pass `-b` flag to linkgit:git-mailinfo[1].
51
+
52
+ --keep-cr::
53
+ --no-keep-cr::
54
+ With `--keep-cr`, call linkgit:git-mailsplit[1]
55
+ with the same option, to prevent it from stripping CR at the end of
56
+ lines. `am.keepcr` configuration variable can be used to specify the
57
+ default behaviour. `--no-keep-cr` is useful to override `am.keepcr`.
58
+
59
+ -c::
60
+ --scissors::
61
+ Remove everything in body before a scissors line (see
62
+ linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). Can be activated by default using
63
+ the `mailinfo.scissors` configuration variable.
64
+
65
+ --no-scissors::
66
+ Ignore scissors lines (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]).
67
+
68
+ --quoted-cr=<action>::
69
+ This flag will be passed down to linkgit:git-mailinfo[1].
70
+
71
+ --empty=(drop|keep|stop)::
72
+ How to handle an e-mail message lacking a patch:
73
+ +
74
+ --
75
+ `drop`;;
76
+ The e-mail message will be skipped.
77
+ `keep`;;
78
+ An empty commit will be created, with the contents of the e-mail
79
+ message as its log.
80
+ `stop`;;
81
+ The command will fail, stopping in the middle of the current `am`
82
+ session. This is the default behavior.
83
+ --
84
+
85
+ -m::
86
+ --message-id::
87
+ Pass the `-m` flag to linkgit:git-mailinfo[1],
88
+ so that the `Message-ID` header is added to the commit message.
89
+ The `am.messageid` configuration variable can be used to specify
90
+ the default behaviour.
91
+
92
+ --no-message-id::
93
+ Do not add the Message-ID header to the commit message.
94
+ `--no-message-id` is useful to override `am.messageid`.
95
+
96
+ -q::
97
+ --quiet::
98
+ Be quiet. Only print error messages.
99
+
100
+ -u::
101
+ --utf8::
102
+ Pass `-u` flag to linkgit:git-mailinfo[1].
103
+ The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail
104
+ is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable
105
+ `i18n.commitEncoding` can be used to specify the project's
106
+ preferred encoding if it is not UTF-8).
107
+ +
108
+ This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the
109
+ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this.
110
+
111
+ --no-utf8::
112
+ Pass `-n` flag to linkgit:git-mailinfo[1].
113
+
114
+ -3::
115
+ --3way::
116
+ --no-3way::
117
+ When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on
118
+ 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs
119
+ it is supposed to apply to and we have those blobs
120
+ available locally. `--no-3way` can be used to override
121
+ am.threeWay configuration variable. For more information,
122
+ see am.threeWay in linkgit:git-config[1].
123
+
124
+ include::rerere-options.adoc[]
125
+
126
+ --ignore-space-change::
127
+ --ignore-whitespace::
128
+ --whitespace=<action>::
129
+ -C<n>::
130
+ -p<n>::
131
+ --directory=<dir>::
132
+ --exclude=<path>::
133
+ --include=<path>::
134
+ --reject::
135
+ These flags are passed to the linkgit:git-apply[1] program that
136
+ applies the patch.
137
+ +
138
+ Valid <action> for the `--whitespace` option are:
139
+ `nowarn`, `warn`, `fix`, `error`, and `error-all`.
140
+
141
+ --patch-format::
142
+ By default the command will try to detect the patch format
143
+ automatically. This option allows the user to bypass the automatic
144
+ detection and specify the patch format that the patch(es) should be
145
+ interpreted as. Valid formats are mbox, mboxrd,
146
+ stgit, stgit-series, and hg.
147
+
148
+ -i::
149
+ --interactive::
150
+ Run interactively.
151
+
152
+ --verify::
153
+ -n::
154
+ --no-verify::
155
+ Run the `pre-applypatch` and `applypatch-msg` hooks. This is the
156
+ default. Skip these hooks with `-n` or `--no-verify`. See also
157
+ linkgit:githooks[5].
158
+ +
159
+ Note that `post-applypatch` cannot be skipped.
160
+
161
+ --committer-date-is-author-date::
162
+ By default the command records the date from the e-mail
163
+ message as the commit author date, and uses the time of
164
+ commit creation as the committer date. This allows the
165
+ user to lie about the committer date by using the same
166
+ value as the author date.
167
+ +
168
+ WARNING: The history walking machinery assumes that commits have
169
+ non-decreasing commit timestamps. You should consider if you really need
170
+ to use this option. Then you should only use this option to override the
171
+ committer date when applying commits on top of a base which commit is
172
+ older (in terms of the commit date) than the oldest patch you are
173
+ applying.
174
+
175
+ --ignore-date::
176
+ By default the command records the date from the e-mail
177
+ message as the commit author date, and uses the time of
178
+ commit creation as the committer date. This allows the
179
+ user to lie about the author date by using the same
180
+ value as the committer date.
181
+
182
+ --skip::
183
+ Skip the current patch. This is only meaningful when
184
+ restarting an aborted patch.
185
+
186
+ -S[<keyid>]::
187
+ --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]::
188
+ --no-gpg-sign::
189
+ GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and
190
+ defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
191
+ stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to
192
+ countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, and
193
+ earlier `--gpg-sign`.
194
+
195
+ --continue::
196
+ -r::
197
+ --resolved::
198
+ After a patch failure (e.g. attempting to apply
199
+ conflicting patch), the user has applied it by hand and
200
+ the index file stores the result of the application.
201
+ Make a commit using the authorship and commit log
202
+ extracted from the e-mail message and the current index
203
+ file, and continue.
204
+
205
+ --resolvemsg=<msg>::
206
+ When a patch failure occurs, <msg> will be printed
207
+ to the screen before exiting. This overrides the
208
+ standard message informing you to use `--continue`
209
+ or `--skip` to handle the failure. This is solely
210
+ for internal use between linkgit:git-rebase[1] and
211
+ linkgit:git-am[1].
212
+
213
+ --abort::
214
+ Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation.
215
+ Revert the contents of files involved in the am operation to their
216
+ pre-am state.
217
+
218
+ --quit::
219
+ Abort the patching operation but keep HEAD and the index
220
+ untouched.
221
+
222
+ --retry::
223
+ Try to apply the last conflicting patch again. This is generally
224
+ only useful for passing extra options to the retry attempt
225
+ (e.g., `--3way`), since otherwise you'll just see the same
226
+ failure again.
227
+
228
+ --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)]::
229
+ Show the message at which linkgit:git-am[1] has stopped due to
230
+ conflicts. If `raw` is specified, show the raw contents of
231
+ the e-mail message; if `diff`, show the diff portion only.
232
+ Defaults to `raw`.
233
+
234
+ --allow-empty::
235
+ After a patch failure on an input e-mail message lacking a patch,
236
+ create an empty commit with the contents of the e-mail message
237
+ as its log message.
238
+
239
+ [[discussion]]
240
+ DISCUSSION
241
+ ----------
242
+
243
+ The commit author name is taken from the "From: " line of the
244
+ message, and commit author date is taken from the "Date: " line
245
+ of the message. The "Subject: " line is used as the title of
246
+ the commit, after stripping common prefix "[PATCH <anything>]".
247
+ The "Subject: " line is supposed to concisely describe what the
248
+ commit is about in one line of text.
249
+
250
+ "From: ", "Date: ", and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the
251
+ respective commit author name and title values taken from the headers.
252
+
253
+ The commit message is formed by the title taken from the
254
+ "Subject: ", a blank line and the body of the message up to
255
+ where the patch begins. Excess whitespace at the end of each
256
+ line is automatically stripped.
257
+
258
+ The patch is expected to be inline, directly following the
259
+ message.
260
+ include::format-patch-end-of-commit-message.adoc[]
261
+
262
+ This means that the contents of the commit message can inadvertently
263
+ interrupt the processing (see the <<caveats,CAVEATS>> section below).
264
+
265
+ When initially invoking linkgit:git-am[1], you give it the names of the mailboxes
266
+ to process. Upon seeing the first patch that does not apply, it
267
+ aborts in the middle. You can recover from this in one of two ways:
268
+
269
+ . skip the current patch by re-running the command with the `--skip`
270
+ option.
271
+
272
+ . hand resolve the conflict in the working directory, and update
273
+ the index file to bring it into a state that the patch should
274
+ have produced. Then run the command with the `--continue` option.
275
+
276
+ The command refuses to process new mailboxes until the current
277
+ operation is finished, so if you decide to start over from scratch,
278
+ run `git am --abort` before running the command with mailbox
279
+ names.
280
+
281
+ Before any patches are applied, ORIG_HEAD is set to the tip of the
282
+ current branch. This is useful if you have problems with multiple
283
+ commits, like running linkgit:git-am[1] on the wrong branch or an error
284
+ in the commits that is more easily fixed by changing the mailbox (e.g.
285
+ errors in the "From:" lines).
286
+
287
+ [[caveats]]
288
+ CAVEATS
289
+ -------
290
+
291
+ :git-am: 1
292
+ include::format-patch-caveats.adoc[]
293
+
294
+ HOOKS
295
+ -----
296
+ This command can run `applypatch-msg`, `pre-applypatch`,
297
+ and `post-applypatch` hooks. See linkgit:githooks[5] for more
298
+ information.
299
+
300
+ See the `--verify`/`-n`/`--no-verify` options.
301
+
302
+ CONFIGURATION
303
+ -------------
304
+
305
+ include::includes/cmd-config-section-all.adoc[]
306
+
307
+ include::config/am.adoc[]
308
+
309
+ SEE ALSO
310
+ --------
311
+ linkgit:git-apply[1],
312
+ linkgit:git-format-patch[1].
313
+
314
+ GIT
315
+ ---
316
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-am.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,951 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
3
+ <head>
4
+ <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
5
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
6
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
7
+ <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
8
+ <title>git-am(1)</title>
9
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
10
+ <style>
11
+ /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
12
+ /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
13
+ /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
14
+ html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
15
+ a{background:none}
16
+ a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
17
+ a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
18
+ h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
19
+ b,strong{font-weight:bold}
20
+ abbr{font-size:.9em}
21
+ abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none}
22
+ dfn{font-style:italic}
23
+ hr{height:0}
24
+ mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
25
+ code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
26
+ pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
27
+ q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
28
+ small{font-size:80%}
29
+ sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
30
+ sup{top:-.5em}
31
+ sub{bottom:-.25em}
32
+ img{border:0}
33
+ svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
34
+ figure{margin:0}
35
+ audio,video{display:inline-block}
36
+ audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}
37
+ fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}
38
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+ </head>
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+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-am(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
447
+ <p>git-am - Apply a series of patches from a mailbox</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content"><em>git am</em> [--signoff] [--keep] [--[no-]keep-cr] [--[no-]utf8] [--[no-]verify]
456
+ [--[no-]3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date]
457
+ [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
458
+ [--whitespace=&lt;action&gt;] [-C&lt;n&gt;] [-p&lt;n&gt;] [--directory=&lt;dir&gt;]
459
+ [--exclude=&lt;path&gt;] [--include=&lt;path&gt;] [--reject] [-q | --quiet]
460
+ [--[no-]scissors] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [--patch-format=&lt;format&gt;]
461
+ [--quoted-cr=&lt;action&gt;]
462
+ [--empty=(stop|drop|keep)]
463
+ [(&lt;mbox&gt; | &lt;Maildir&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
464
+ <em>git am</em> (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --retry | --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)] | --allow-empty)</pre>
465
+ </div>
466
+ </div>
467
+ </div>
468
+ <div class="sect1">
469
+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
470
+ <div class="sectionbody">
471
+ <div class="paragraph">
472
+ <p>Splits mail messages in a mailbox into commit log messages,
473
+ authorship information, and patches, and applies them to the
474
+ current branch. You could think of it as a reverse operation
475
+ of <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> run on a branch with a straight
476
+ history without merges.</p>
477
+ </div>
478
+ </div>
479
+ </div>
480
+ <div class="sect1">
481
+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
482
+ <div class="sectionbody">
483
+ <div class="dlist">
484
+ <dl>
485
+ <dt class="hdlist1">(&lt;mbox&gt;|&lt;Maildir&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;</dt>
486
+ <dd>
487
+ <p>The list of mailbox files to read patches from. If you do not
488
+ supply this argument, the command reads from the standard input.
489
+ If you supply directories, they will be treated as Maildirs.</p>
490
+ </dd>
491
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
492
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--signoff</dt>
493
+ <dd>
494
+ <p>Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer to the commit message (see
495
+ <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>), using the committer identity
496
+ of yourself. See the signoff option in <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
497
+ for more information.</p>
498
+ </dd>
499
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-k</dt>
500
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--keep</dt>
501
+ <dd>
502
+ <p>Pass <code>-k</code> flag to <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>.</p>
503
+ </dd>
504
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--keep-non-patch</dt>
505
+ <dd>
506
+ <p>Pass <code>-b</code> flag to <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>.</p>
507
+ </dd>
508
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--keep-cr</dt>
509
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-keep-cr</dt>
510
+ <dd>
511
+ <p>With <code>--keep-cr</code>, call <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
512
+ with the same option, to prevent it from stripping CR at the end of
513
+ lines. <code>am.keepcr</code> configuration variable can be used to specify the
514
+ default behaviour. <code>--no-keep-cr</code> is useful to override <code>am.keepcr</code>.</p>
515
+ </dd>
516
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-c</dt>
517
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--scissors</dt>
518
+ <dd>
519
+ <p>Remove everything in body before a scissors line (see
520
+ <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>). Can be activated by default using
521
+ the <code>mailinfo.scissors</code> configuration variable.</p>
522
+ </dd>
523
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-scissors</dt>
524
+ <dd>
525
+ <p>Ignore scissors lines (see <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>).</p>
526
+ </dd>
527
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--quoted-cr=&lt;action&gt;</dt>
528
+ <dd>
529
+ <p>This flag will be passed down to <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>.</p>
530
+ </dd>
531
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--empty=(drop|keep|stop)</dt>
532
+ <dd>
533
+ <p>How to handle an e-mail message lacking a patch:</p>
534
+ <div class="openblock">
535
+ <div class="content">
536
+ <div class="dlist">
537
+ <dl>
538
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>drop</code></dt>
539
+ <dd>
540
+ <p>The e-mail message will be skipped.</p>
541
+ </dd>
542
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>keep</code></dt>
543
+ <dd>
544
+ <p>An empty commit will be created, with the contents of the e-mail
545
+ message as its log.</p>
546
+ </dd>
547
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>stop</code></dt>
548
+ <dd>
549
+ <p>The command will fail, stopping in the middle of the current <code>am</code>
550
+ session. This is the default behavior.</p>
551
+ </dd>
552
+ </dl>
553
+ </div>
554
+ </div>
555
+ </div>
556
+ </dd>
557
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-m</dt>
558
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--message-id</dt>
559
+ <dd>
560
+ <p>Pass the <code>-m</code> flag to <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>,
561
+ so that the <code>Message-ID</code> header is added to the commit message.
562
+ The <code>am.messageid</code> configuration variable can be used to specify
563
+ the default behaviour.</p>
564
+ </dd>
565
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-message-id</dt>
566
+ <dd>
567
+ <p>Do not add the Message-ID header to the commit message.
568
+ <code>--no-message-id</code> is useful to override <code>am.messageid</code>.</p>
569
+ </dd>
570
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
571
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
572
+ <dd>
573
+ <p>Be quiet. Only print error messages.</p>
574
+ </dd>
575
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-u</dt>
576
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--utf8</dt>
577
+ <dd>
578
+ <p>Pass <code>-u</code> flag to <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>.
579
+ The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail
580
+ is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable
581
+ <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> can be used to specify the project&#8217;s
582
+ preferred encoding if it is not UTF-8).</p>
583
+ <div class="paragraph">
584
+ <p>This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the
585
+ default. You can use <code>--no-utf8</code> to override this.</p>
586
+ </div>
587
+ </dd>
588
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-utf8</dt>
589
+ <dd>
590
+ <p>Pass <code>-n</code> flag to <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>.</p>
591
+ </dd>
592
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-3</dt>
593
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--3way</dt>
594
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-3way</dt>
595
+ <dd>
596
+ <p>When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on
597
+ 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs
598
+ it is supposed to apply to and we have those blobs
599
+ available locally. <code>--no-3way</code> can be used to override
600
+ am.threeWay configuration variable. For more information,
601
+ see am.threeWay in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
602
+ </dd>
603
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--rerere-autoupdate</code></dt>
604
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-rerere-autoupdate</code></dt>
605
+ <dd>
606
+ <p>After the rerere mechanism reuses a recorded resolution on
607
+ the current conflict to update the files in the working
608
+ tree, allow it to also update the index with the result of
609
+ resolution. <code>--no-rerere-autoupdate</code> is a good way to
610
+ double-check what <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a> did and catch potential
611
+ mismerges, before committing the result to the index with a
612
+ separate <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>.</p>
613
+ </dd>
614
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-space-change</dt>
615
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-whitespace</dt>
616
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--whitespace=&lt;action&gt;</dt>
617
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-C&lt;n&gt;</dt>
618
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-p&lt;n&gt;</dt>
619
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--directory=&lt;dir&gt;</dt>
620
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=&lt;path&gt;</dt>
621
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--include=&lt;path&gt;</dt>
622
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--reject</dt>
623
+ <dd>
624
+ <p>These flags are passed to the <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a> program that
625
+ applies the patch.</p>
626
+ <div class="paragraph">
627
+ <p>Valid &lt;action&gt; for the <code>--whitespace</code> option are:
628
+ <code>nowarn</code>, <code>warn</code>, <code>fix</code>, <code>error</code>, and <code>error-all</code>.</p>
629
+ </div>
630
+ </dd>
631
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--patch-format</dt>
632
+ <dd>
633
+ <p>By default the command will try to detect the patch format
634
+ automatically. This option allows the user to bypass the automatic
635
+ detection and specify the patch format that the patch(es) should be
636
+ interpreted as. Valid formats are mbox, mboxrd,
637
+ stgit, stgit-series, and hg.</p>
638
+ </dd>
639
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
640
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--interactive</dt>
641
+ <dd>
642
+ <p>Run interactively.</p>
643
+ </dd>
644
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--verify</dt>
645
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
646
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-verify</dt>
647
+ <dd>
648
+ <p>Run the <code>pre-applypatch</code> and <code>applypatch-msg</code> hooks. This is the
649
+ default. Skip these hooks with <code>-n</code> or <code>--no-verify</code>. See also
650
+ <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p>
651
+ <div class="paragraph">
652
+ <p>Note that <code>post-applypatch</code> cannot be skipped.</p>
653
+ </div>
654
+ </dd>
655
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--committer-date-is-author-date</dt>
656
+ <dd>
657
+ <p>By default the command records the date from the e-mail
658
+ message as the commit author date, and uses the time of
659
+ commit creation as the committer date. This allows the
660
+ user to lie about the committer date by using the same
661
+ value as the author date.</p>
662
+ <div class="admonitionblock warning">
663
+ <table>
664
+ <tr>
665
+ <td class="icon">
666
+ <div class="title">Warning</div>
667
+ </td>
668
+ <td class="content">
669
+ The history walking machinery assumes that commits have
670
+ non-decreasing commit timestamps. You should consider if you really need
671
+ to use this option. Then you should only use this option to override the
672
+ committer date when applying commits on top of a base which commit is
673
+ older (in terms of the commit date) than the oldest patch you are
674
+ applying.
675
+ </td>
676
+ </tr>
677
+ </table>
678
+ </div>
679
+ </dd>
680
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-date</dt>
681
+ <dd>
682
+ <p>By default the command records the date from the e-mail
683
+ message as the commit author date, and uses the time of
684
+ commit creation as the committer date. This allows the
685
+ user to lie about the author date by using the same
686
+ value as the committer date.</p>
687
+ </dd>
688
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--skip</dt>
689
+ <dd>
690
+ <p>Skip the current patch. This is only meaningful when
691
+ restarting an aborted patch.</p>
692
+ </dd>
693
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
694
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
695
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
696
+ <dd>
697
+ <p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
698
+ defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
699
+ stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
700
+ countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable, and
701
+ earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.</p>
702
+ </dd>
703
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--continue</dt>
704
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-r</dt>
705
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--resolved</dt>
706
+ <dd>
707
+ <p>After a patch failure (e.g. attempting to apply
708
+ conflicting patch), the user has applied it by hand and
709
+ the index file stores the result of the application.
710
+ Make a commit using the authorship and commit log
711
+ extracted from the e-mail message and the current index
712
+ file, and continue.</p>
713
+ </dd>
714
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--resolvemsg=&lt;msg&gt;</dt>
715
+ <dd>
716
+ <p>When a patch failure occurs, &lt;msg&gt; will be printed
717
+ to the screen before exiting. This overrides the
718
+ standard message informing you to use <code>--continue</code>
719
+ or <code>--skip</code> to handle the failure. This is solely
720
+ for internal use between <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> and
721
+ <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>.</p>
722
+ </dd>
723
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--abort</dt>
724
+ <dd>
725
+ <p>Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation.
726
+ Revert the contents of files involved in the am operation to their
727
+ pre-am state.</p>
728
+ </dd>
729
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--quit</dt>
730
+ <dd>
731
+ <p>Abort the patching operation but keep HEAD and the index
732
+ untouched.</p>
733
+ </dd>
734
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--retry</dt>
735
+ <dd>
736
+ <p>Try to apply the last conflicting patch again. This is generally
737
+ only useful for passing extra options to the retry attempt
738
+ (e.g., <code>--3way</code>), since otherwise you&#8217;ll just see the same
739
+ failure again.</p>
740
+ </dd>
741
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)]</dt>
742
+ <dd>
743
+ <p>Show the message at which <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> has stopped due to
744
+ conflicts. If <code>raw</code> is specified, show the raw contents of
745
+ the e-mail message; if <code>diff</code>, show the diff portion only.
746
+ Defaults to <code>raw</code>.</p>
747
+ </dd>
748
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty</dt>
749
+ <dd>
750
+ <p>After a patch failure on an input e-mail message lacking a patch,
751
+ create an empty commit with the contents of the e-mail message
752
+ as its log message.</p>
753
+ </dd>
754
+ </dl>
755
+ </div>
756
+ </div>
757
+ </div>
758
+ <div class="sect1">
759
+ <h2 id="discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
760
+ <div class="sectionbody">
761
+ <div class="paragraph">
762
+ <p>The commit author name is taken from the "From: " line of the
763
+ message, and commit author date is taken from the "Date: " line
764
+ of the message. The "Subject: " line is used as the title of
765
+ the commit, after stripping common prefix "[PATCH &lt;anything&gt;]".
766
+ The "Subject: " line is supposed to concisely describe what the
767
+ commit is about in one line of text.</p>
768
+ </div>
769
+ <div class="paragraph">
770
+ <p>"From: ", "Date: ", and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the
771
+ respective commit author name and title values taken from the headers.</p>
772
+ </div>
773
+ <div class="paragraph">
774
+ <p>The commit message is formed by the title taken from the
775
+ "Subject: ", a blank line and the body of the message up to
776
+ where the patch begins. Excess whitespace at the end of each
777
+ line is automatically stripped.</p>
778
+ </div>
779
+ <div class="paragraph">
780
+ <p>The patch is expected to be inline, directly following the
781
+ message.
782
+ Any line that is of the form:</p>
783
+ </div>
784
+ <div class="ulist">
785
+ <ul>
786
+ <li>
787
+ <p>three-dashes and end-of-line, or</p>
788
+ </li>
789
+ <li>
790
+ <p>a line that begins with "diff -", or</p>
791
+ </li>
792
+ <li>
793
+ <p>a line that begins with "Index: "</p>
794
+ </li>
795
+ </ul>
796
+ </div>
797
+ <div class="paragraph">
798
+ <p>is taken as the beginning of a patch, and the commit log message
799
+ is terminated before the first occurrence of such a line.</p>
800
+ </div>
801
+ <div class="paragraph">
802
+ <p>This means that the contents of the commit message can inadvertently
803
+ interrupt the processing (see the <a href="#caveats">CAVEATS</a> section below).</p>
804
+ </div>
805
+ <div class="paragraph">
806
+ <p>When initially invoking <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>, you give it the names of the mailboxes
807
+ to process. Upon seeing the first patch that does not apply, it
808
+ aborts in the middle. You can recover from this in one of two ways:</p>
809
+ </div>
810
+ <div class="olist arabic">
811
+ <ol class="arabic">
812
+ <li>
813
+ <p>skip the current patch by re-running the command with the <code>--skip</code>
814
+ option.</p>
815
+ </li>
816
+ <li>
817
+ <p>hand resolve the conflict in the working directory, and update
818
+ the index file to bring it into a state that the patch should
819
+ have produced. Then run the command with the <code>--continue</code> option.</p>
820
+ </li>
821
+ </ol>
822
+ </div>
823
+ <div class="paragraph">
824
+ <p>The command refuses to process new mailboxes until the current
825
+ operation is finished, so if you decide to start over from scratch,
826
+ run <code>git</code> <code>am</code> <code>--abort</code> before running the command with mailbox
827
+ names.</p>
828
+ </div>
829
+ <div class="paragraph">
830
+ <p>Before any patches are applied, ORIG_HEAD is set to the tip of the
831
+ current branch. This is useful if you have problems with multiple
832
+ commits, like running <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> on the wrong branch or an error
833
+ in the commits that is more easily fixed by changing the mailbox (e.g.
834
+ errors in the "From:" lines).</p>
835
+ </div>
836
+ </div>
837
+ </div>
838
+ <div class="sect1">
839
+ <h2 id="caveats">CAVEATS</h2>
840
+ <div class="sectionbody">
841
+ <div class="paragraph">
842
+ <p>The output from <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> can lead to a different
843
+ commit message when applied with <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>. The patch that is
844
+ applied may also be different from the one that was generated, or patch
845
+ application may fail outright.
846
+ See the <a href="#discussion">DISCUSSION</a> section above for the syntactic rules.</p>
847
+ </div>
848
+ <div class="paragraph">
849
+ <p>Note that this is especially problematic for unindented diffs that occur
850
+ in the commit message; the diff in the commit message might get applied
851
+ along with the patch section, or the patch application machinery might
852
+ trip up because the patch target doesn&#8217;t apply. This could for example
853
+ be caused by a diff in a Markdown code block.</p>
854
+ </div>
855
+ <div class="paragraph">
856
+ <p>The solution for this is to indent the diff or other text that could
857
+ cause problems.</p>
858
+ </div>
859
+ <div class="paragraph">
860
+ <p>This loss of fidelity might be simple to notice if you are applying
861
+ patches directly from a mailbox. However, changes originating from Git
862
+ could be applied in bulk, in which case this would be much harder to
863
+ notice. This could for example be a Linux distribution which uses patch
864
+ files to apply changes on top of the commits from the upstream
865
+ repositories. This goes to show that this behavior does not only impact
866
+ email workflows.</p>
867
+ </div>
868
+ <div class="paragraph">
869
+ <p>Given these limitations, one might be tempted to use a general-purpose
870
+ utility like patch(1) instead. However, patch(1) will not only look for
871
+ unindented diffs (like <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>) but will try to apply indented
872
+ diffs as well.</p>
873
+ </div>
874
+ </div>
875
+ </div>
876
+ <div class="sect1">
877
+ <h2 id="_hooks">HOOKS</h2>
878
+ <div class="sectionbody">
879
+ <div class="paragraph">
880
+ <p>This command can run <code>applypatch-msg</code>, <code>pre-applypatch</code>,
881
+ and <code>post-applypatch</code> hooks. See <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more
882
+ information.</p>
883
+ </div>
884
+ <div class="paragraph">
885
+ <p>See the <code>--verify</code>/<code>-n</code>/<code>--no-verify</code> options.</p>
886
+ </div>
887
+ </div>
888
+ </div>
889
+ <div class="sect1">
890
+ <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
891
+ <div class="sectionbody">
892
+ <div class="paragraph">
893
+ <p>Everything below this line in this section is selectively included
894
+ from the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content is the same
895
+ as what&#8217;s found there:</p>
896
+ </div>
897
+ <div class="dlist">
898
+ <dl>
899
+ <dt class="hdlist1">am.keepcr</dt>
900
+ <dd>
901
+ <p>If true, <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> will call <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
902
+ for patches in mbox format with parameter <code>--keep-cr</code>. In this
903
+ case <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a> will
904
+ not remove <code>\r</code> from lines ending with <code>\r\n</code>. Can be overridden
905
+ by giving <code>--no-keep-cr</code> from the command line.</p>
906
+ </dd>
907
+ <dt class="hdlist1">am.threeWay</dt>
908
+ <dd>
909
+ <p>By default, <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> will fail if the patch does not
910
+ apply cleanly. When set to true, this setting tells
911
+ <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> to fall back on 3-way merge if the patch
912
+ records the identity of blobs it is supposed to apply to and we
913
+ have those blobs available locally (equivalent to giving the
914
+ <code>--3way</code> option from the command line). Defaults to <code>false</code>.</p>
915
+ </dd>
916
+ <dt class="hdlist1">am.messageId</dt>
917
+ <dd>
918
+ <p>Add a <code>Message-ID</code> trailer based on the email header to the
919
+ commit when using <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> (see
920
+ <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>). See also the <code>--message-id</code>
921
+ and <code>--no-message-id</code> options.</p>
922
+ </dd>
923
+ </dl>
924
+ </div>
925
+ </div>
926
+ </div>
927
+ <div class="sect1">
928
+ <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
929
+ <div class="sectionbody">
930
+ <div class="paragraph">
931
+ <p><a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>,
932
+ <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>.</p>
933
+ </div>
934
+ </div>
935
+ </div>
936
+ <div class="sect1">
937
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
938
+ <div class="sectionbody">
939
+ <div class="paragraph">
940
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
941
+ </div>
942
+ </div>
943
+ </div>
944
+ </div>
945
+ <div id="footer">
946
+ <div id="footer-text">
947
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
948
+ </div>
949
+ </div>
950
+ </body>
951
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-annotate.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-annotate(1)
2
+ ===============
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit information
7
+
8
+ SYNOPSIS
9
+ --------
10
+ [verse]
11
+ 'git annotate' [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>
12
+
13
+ DESCRIPTION
14
+ -----------
15
+ Annotates each line in the given file with information from the commit
16
+ which introduced the line. Optionally annotates from a given revision.
17
+
18
+ The only difference between this command and linkgit:git-blame[1] is that
19
+ they use slightly different output formats, and this command exists only
20
+ for backward compatibility to support existing scripts, and provide a more
21
+ familiar command name for people coming from other SCM systems.
22
+
23
+ OPTIONS
24
+ -------
25
+ include::blame-options.adoc[]
26
+
27
+ SEE ALSO
28
+ --------
29
+ linkgit:git-blame[1]
30
+
31
+ GIT
32
+ ---
33
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-annotate.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,724 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
3
+ <head>
4
+ <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
5
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
6
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
7
+ <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
8
+ <title>git-annotate(1)</title>
9
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
10
+ <style>
11
+ /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
12
+ /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
13
+ /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
14
+ html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
15
+ a{background:none}
16
+ a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
17
+ a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
18
+ h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
19
+ b,strong{font-weight:bold}
20
+ abbr{font-size:.9em}
21
+ abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none}
22
+ dfn{font-style:italic}
23
+ hr{height:0}
24
+ mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
25
+ code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
26
+ pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
27
+ q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
28
+ small{font-size:80%}
29
+ sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
30
+ sup{top:-.5em}
31
+ sub{bottom:-.25em}
32
+ img{border:0}
33
+ svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
34
+ figure{margin:0}
35
+ audio,video{display:inline-block}
36
+ audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}
37
+ fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}
38
+ legend{border:0;padding:0}
39
+ button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0}
40
+ button,input{line-height:normal}
41
+ button,select{text-transform:none}
42
+ button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}
43
+ button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}
44
+ input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{padding:0}
45
+ button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}
46
+ textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}
47
+ table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}
48
+ *,::before,::after{box-sizing:border-box}
49
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+ </head>
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+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-annotate(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
447
+ <p>git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit information</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content"><em>git annotate</em> [&lt;options&gt;] [&lt;rev-opts&gt;] [&lt;rev&gt;] [--] &lt;file&gt;</pre>
456
+ </div>
457
+ </div>
458
+ </div>
459
+ <div class="sect1">
460
+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
461
+ <div class="sectionbody">
462
+ <div class="paragraph">
463
+ <p>Annotates each line in the given file with information from the commit
464
+ which introduced the line. Optionally annotates from a given revision.</p>
465
+ </div>
466
+ <div class="paragraph">
467
+ <p>The only difference between this command and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> is that
468
+ they use slightly different output formats, and this command exists only
469
+ for backward compatibility to support existing scripts, and provide a more
470
+ familiar command name for people coming from other SCM systems.</p>
471
+ </div>
472
+ </div>
473
+ </div>
474
+ <div class="sect1">
475
+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
476
+ <div class="sectionbody">
477
+ <div class="dlist">
478
+ <dl>
479
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-b</code></dt>
480
+ <dd>
481
+ <p>Show blank SHA-1 for boundary commits. This can also
482
+ be controlled via the <code>blame.blankBoundary</code> config option.</p>
483
+ </dd>
484
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--root</code></dt>
485
+ <dd>
486
+ <p>Do not treat root commits as boundaries. This can also be
487
+ controlled via the <code>blame.showRoot</code> config option.</p>
488
+ </dd>
489
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--show-stats</code></dt>
490
+ <dd>
491
+ <p>Include additional statistics at the end of blame output.</p>
492
+ </dd>
493
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-L</code> <em>&lt;start&gt;</em><code>,</code><em>&lt;end&gt;</em></dt>
494
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-L</code> <code>:</code><em>&lt;funcname&gt;</em></dt>
495
+ <dd>
496
+ <p>Annotate only the line range given by <em>&lt;start&gt;</em><code>,</code><em>&lt;end&gt;</em>,
497
+ or by the function name regex <em>&lt;funcname&gt;</em>.
498
+ May be specified multiple times. Overlapping ranges are allowed.</p>
499
+ <div class="paragraph">
500
+ <p><em>&lt;start&gt;</em> and <em>&lt;end&gt;</em> are optional. <code>-L</code> <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> or <code>-L</code> <em>&lt;start&gt;</em><code>,</code> spans from
501
+ <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> to end of file. <code>-L</code> <code>,</code><em>&lt;end&gt;</em> spans from start of file to <em>&lt;end&gt;</em>.</p>
502
+ </div>
503
+ <div class="paragraph">
504
+ <p><em>&lt;start&gt;</em> and <em>&lt;end&gt;</em> can take one of these forms:</p>
505
+ </div>
506
+ <div class="ulist">
507
+ <ul>
508
+ <li>
509
+ <p><em>&lt;number&gt;</em></p>
510
+ <div class="paragraph">
511
+ <p>If <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> or <em>&lt;end&gt;</em> is a number, it specifies an
512
+ absolute line number (lines count from 1).</p>
513
+ </div>
514
+ </li>
515
+ <li>
516
+ <p><code>/</code><em>&lt;regex&gt;</em><code>/</code></p>
517
+ <div class="paragraph">
518
+ <p>This form will use the first line matching the given
519
+ POSIX <em>&lt;regex&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> is a regex, it will search from the end of
520
+ the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise from the start of file.
521
+ If <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> is <code>^/</code><em>&lt;regex&gt;</em><code>/</code>, it will search from the start of file.
522
+ If <em>&lt;end&gt;</em> is a regex, it will search starting at the line given by
523
+ <em>&lt;start&gt;</em>.</p>
524
+ </div>
525
+ </li>
526
+ <li>
527
+ <p><code>+</code><em>&lt;offset&gt;</em> or <code>-</code><em>&lt;offset&gt;</em></p>
528
+ <div class="paragraph">
529
+ <p>This is only valid for <em>&lt;end&gt;</em> and will specify a number
530
+ of lines before or after the line given by <em>&lt;start&gt;</em>.</p>
531
+ </div>
532
+ </li>
533
+ </ul>
534
+ </div>
535
+ <div class="paragraph">
536
+ <p>If <code>:</code><em>&lt;funcname&gt;</em> is given in place of <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> and <em>&lt;end&gt;</em>, it is a
537
+ regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname line
538
+ that matches <em>&lt;funcname&gt;</em>, up to the next funcname line. <code>:</code><em>&lt;funcname&gt;</em>
539
+ searches from the end of the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise
540
+ from the start of file. <code>^:</code><em>&lt;funcname&gt;</em> searches from the start of
541
+ file. The function names are determined in the same way as <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>
542
+ works out patch hunk headers (see <em>Defining a custom hunk-header</em>
543
+ in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
544
+ </div>
545
+ </dd>
546
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-l</code></dt>
547
+ <dd>
548
+ <p>Show long rev (Default: off).</p>
549
+ </dd>
550
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-t</code></dt>
551
+ <dd>
552
+ <p>Show raw timestamp (Default: off).</p>
553
+ </dd>
554
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-S</code> <em>&lt;revs-file&gt;</em></dt>
555
+ <dd>
556
+ <p>Use revisions from <em>&lt;revs-file&gt;</em> instead of calling
557
+ <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>.</p>
558
+ </dd>
559
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--reverse</code> <em>&lt;start&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;end&gt;</em></dt>
560
+ <dd>
561
+ <p>Walk history forward instead of backward. Instead of showing
562
+ the revision in which a line appeared, this shows the last
563
+ revision in which a line has existed. This requires a range of
564
+ revision like <em>&lt;start&gt;</em><code>..</code><em>&lt;end&gt;</em> where the path to blame exists in
565
+ <em>&lt;start&gt;</em>. <code>git</code> <code>blame</code> <code>--reverse</code> <em>&lt;start&gt;</em> is taken as <code>git</code> <code>blame</code>
566
+ <code>--reverse</code> <em>&lt;start&gt;</em><code>..</code><code>HEAD</code> for convenience.</p>
567
+ </dd>
568
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--first-parent</code></dt>
569
+ <dd>
570
+ <p>Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
571
+ commit. This option can be used to determine when a line
572
+ was introduced to a particular integration branch, rather
573
+ than when it was introduced to the history overall.</p>
574
+ </dd>
575
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-p</code></dt>
576
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--porcelain</code></dt>
577
+ <dd>
578
+ <p>Show in a format designed for machine consumption.</p>
579
+ </dd>
580
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--line-porcelain</code></dt>
581
+ <dd>
582
+ <p>Show the porcelain format, but output commit information for
583
+ each line, not just the first time a commit is referenced.
584
+ Implies <code>--porcelain</code>.</p>
585
+ </dd>
586
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--incremental</code></dt>
587
+ <dd>
588
+ <p>Show the result incrementally in a format designed for
589
+ machine consumption.</p>
590
+ </dd>
591
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--encoding=</code><em>&lt;encoding&gt;</em></dt>
592
+ <dd>
593
+ <p>Specify the encoding used to output author names
594
+ and commit summaries. Setting it to <code>none</code> makes blame
595
+ output unconverted data. For more information see the
596
+ discussion about encoding in the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
597
+ manual page.</p>
598
+ </dd>
599
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--contents</code> <em>&lt;file&gt;</em></dt>
600
+ <dd>
601
+ <p>Annotate using the contents from <em>&lt;file&gt;</em>, starting from <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>
602
+ if it is specified, and <code>HEAD</code> otherwise. You may specify <code>-</code> to make
603
+ the command read from the standard input for the file contents.</p>
604
+ </dd>
605
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--date</code> <em>&lt;format&gt;</em></dt>
606
+ <dd>
607
+ <p>Specify the format used to output dates. If <code>--date</code> is not
608
+ provided, the value of the <code>blame.date</code> config variable is
609
+ used. If the <code>blame.date</code> config variable is also not set, the
610
+ iso format is used. For supported values, see the discussion
611
+ of the <code>--date</code> option at <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.</p>
612
+ </dd>
613
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--progress</code></dt>
614
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-progress</code></dt>
615
+ <dd>
616
+ <p>Enable progress reporting on the standard error stream even if
617
+ not attached to a terminal. By default, progress status is
618
+ reported only when it is attached. You can&#8217;t use <code>--progress</code>
619
+ together with <code>--porcelain</code> or <code>--incremental</code>.</p>
620
+ </dd>
621
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-M</code>[<em>&lt;num&gt;</em>]</dt>
622
+ <dd>
623
+ <p>Detect moved or copied lines within a file. When a commit
624
+ moves or copies a block of lines (e.g. the original file
625
+ has <em>A</em> and then <em>B</em>, and the commit changes it to <em>B</em> and then
626
+ <em>A</em>), the traditional <code>blame</code> algorithm notices only half of
627
+ the movement and typically blames the lines that were moved
628
+ up (i.e. <em>B</em>) to the parent and assigns blame to the lines that
629
+ were moved down (i.e. <em>A</em>) to the child commit. With this
630
+ option, both groups of lines are blamed on the parent by
631
+ running extra passes of inspection.</p>
632
+ <div class="paragraph">
633
+ <p><em>&lt;num&gt;</em> is optional, but it is the lower bound on the number of
634
+ alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying
635
+ within a file for it to associate those lines with the parent
636
+ commit. The default value is 20.</p>
637
+ </div>
638
+ </dd>
639
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-C</code>[<em>&lt;num&gt;</em>]</dt>
640
+ <dd>
641
+ <p>In addition to <code>-M</code>, detect lines moved or copied from other
642
+ files that were modified in the same commit. This is
643
+ useful when you reorganize your program and move code
644
+ around across files. When this option is given twice,
645
+ the command additionally looks for copies from other
646
+ files in the commit that creates the file. When this
647
+ option is given three times, the command additionally
648
+ looks for copies from other files in any commit.</p>
649
+ <div class="paragraph">
650
+ <p><em>&lt;num&gt;</em> is optional, but it is the lower bound on the number of
651
+ alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying
652
+ between files for it to associate those lines with the parent
653
+ commit. And the default value is 40. If there are more than one
654
+ <code>-C</code> options given, the <em>&lt;num&gt;</em> argument of the last <code>-C</code> will
655
+ take effect.</p>
656
+ </div>
657
+ </dd>
658
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-rev</code> <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em></dt>
659
+ <dd>
660
+ <p>Ignore changes made by the revision when assigning blame, as if the
661
+ change never happened. Lines that were changed or added by an ignored
662
+ commit will be blamed on the previous commit that changed that line or
663
+ nearby lines. This option may be specified multiple times to ignore
664
+ more than one revision. If the <code>blame.markIgnoredLines</code> config option
665
+ is set, then lines that were changed by an ignored commit and attributed to
666
+ another commit will be marked with a ? in the blame output. If the
667
+ <code>blame.markUnblamableLines</code> config option is set, then those lines touched
668
+ by an ignored commit that we could not attribute to another revision are
669
+ marked with a <code>*</code>. In the porcelain modes, we print <code>ignored</code> and
670
+ <code>unblamable</code> on a newline respectively.</p>
671
+ </dd>
672
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-revs-file</code> <em>&lt;file&gt;</em></dt>
673
+ <dd>
674
+ <p>Ignore revisions listed in <em>&lt;file&gt;</em>, which must be in the same format as an
675
+ <code>fsck.skipList</code>. This option may be repeated, and these files will be
676
+ processed after any files specified with the <code>blame.ignoreRevsFile</code> config
677
+ option. An empty file name, "", will clear the list of revs from
678
+ previously processed files.</p>
679
+ </dd>
680
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--color-lines</code></dt>
681
+ <dd>
682
+ <p>Color line annotations in the default format differently if they come from
683
+ the same commit as the preceding line. This makes it easier to distinguish
684
+ code blocks introduced by different commits. The color defaults to cyan and
685
+ can be adjusted using the <code>color.blame.repeatedLines</code> config option.</p>
686
+ </dd>
687
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--color-by-age</code></dt>
688
+ <dd>
689
+ <p>Color line annotations depending on the age of the line in
690
+ the default format. The <code>color.blame.highlightRecent</code> config
691
+ option controls what color is used for each range of age.</p>
692
+ </dd>
693
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-h</code></dt>
694
+ <dd>
695
+ <p>Show help message.</p>
696
+ </dd>
697
+ </dl>
698
+ </div>
699
+ </div>
700
+ </div>
701
+ <div class="sect1">
702
+ <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
703
+ <div class="sectionbody">
704
+ <div class="paragraph">
705
+ <p><a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a></p>
706
+ </div>
707
+ </div>
708
+ </div>
709
+ <div class="sect1">
710
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
711
+ <div class="sectionbody">
712
+ <div class="paragraph">
713
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
714
+ </div>
715
+ </div>
716
+ </div>
717
+ </div>
718
+ <div id="footer">
719
+ <div id="footer-text">
720
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
721
+ </div>
722
+ </div>
723
+ </body>
724
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-apply.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-apply(1)
2
+ ============
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-apply - Apply a patch to files and/or to the index
7
+
8
+
9
+ SYNOPSIS
10
+ --------
11
+ [verse]
12
+ 'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check]
13
+ [--index | --intent-to-add] [--3way] [--ours | --theirs | --union]
14
+ [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=<file>] [-R | --reverse]
15
+ [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z]
16
+ [-p<n>] [-C<n>] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached]
17
+ [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
18
+ [--whitespace=(nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all)]
19
+ [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--directory=<root>]
20
+ [--verbose | --quiet] [--unsafe-paths] [--allow-empty] [<patch>...]
21
+
22
+ DESCRIPTION
23
+ -----------
24
+ Reads the supplied diff output (i.e. "a patch") and applies it to files.
25
+ When running from a subdirectory in a repository, patched paths
26
+ outside the directory are ignored.
27
+ With the `--index` option, the patch is also applied to the index, and
28
+ with the `--cached` option, the patch is only applied to the index.
29
+ Without these options, the command applies the patch only to files,
30
+ and does not require them to be in a Git repository.
31
+
32
+ This command applies the patch but does not create a commit. Use
33
+ linkgit:git-am[1] to create commits from patches generated by
34
+ linkgit:git-format-patch[1] and/or received by email.
35
+
36
+ OPTIONS
37
+ -------
38
+ <patch>...::
39
+ The files to read the patch from. '-' can be used to read
40
+ from the standard input.
41
+
42
+ --stat::
43
+ Instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the
44
+ input. Turns off "apply".
45
+
46
+ --numstat::
47
+ Similar to `--stat`, but shows the number of added and
48
+ deleted lines in decimal notation and the pathname without
49
+ abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For
50
+ binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying
51
+ `0 0`. Turns off "apply".
52
+
53
+ --summary::
54
+ Instead of applying the patch, output a condensed
55
+ summary of information obtained from git diff extended
56
+ headers, such as creations, renames, and mode changes.
57
+ Turns off "apply".
58
+
59
+ --check::
60
+ Instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is
61
+ applicable to the current working tree and/or the index
62
+ file and detects errors. Turns off "apply".
63
+
64
+ --index::
65
+ Apply the patch to both the index and the working tree (or
66
+ merely check that it would apply cleanly to both if `--check` is
67
+ in effect). Note that `--index` expects index entries and
68
+ working tree copies for relevant paths to be identical (their
69
+ contents and metadata such as file mode must match), and will
70
+ raise an error if they are not, even if the patch would apply
71
+ cleanly to both the index and the working tree in isolation.
72
+
73
+ --cached::
74
+ Apply the patch to just the index, without touching the working
75
+ tree. If `--check` is in effect, merely check that it would
76
+ apply cleanly to the index entry.
77
+
78
+ -N::
79
+ --intent-to-add::
80
+ When applying the patch only to the working tree, mark new
81
+ files to be added to the index later (see `--intent-to-add`
82
+ option in linkgit:git-add[1]). This option is ignored if
83
+ `--index` or `--cached` are used, and has no effect outside a Git
84
+ repository. Note that `--index` could be implied by other options
85
+ such as `--3way`.
86
+
87
+ -3::
88
+ --3way::
89
+ Attempt 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs it is supposed
90
+ to apply to and we have those blobs available locally, possibly leaving the
91
+ conflict markers in the files in the working tree for the user to
92
+ resolve. This option implies the `--index` option unless the
93
+ `--cached` option is used, and is incompatible with the `--reject` option.
94
+ When used with the `--cached` option, any conflicts are left at higher stages
95
+ in the cache.
96
+
97
+ --ours::
98
+ --theirs::
99
+ --union::
100
+ Instead of leaving conflicts in the file, resolve conflicts favouring
101
+ our (or their or both) side of the lines. Requires --3way.
102
+
103
+ --build-fake-ancestor=<file>::
104
+ Newer 'git diff' output has embedded 'index information'
105
+ for each blob to help identify the original version that
106
+ the patch applies to. When this flag is given, and if
107
+ the original versions of the blobs are available locally,
108
+ builds a temporary index containing those blobs.
109
+ +
110
+ When a pure mode change is encountered (which has no index information),
111
+ the information is read from the current index instead.
112
+
113
+ -R::
114
+ --reverse::
115
+ Apply the patch in reverse.
116
+
117
+ --reject::
118
+ For atomicity, 'git apply' by default fails the whole patch and
119
+ does not touch the working tree when some of the hunks
120
+ do not apply. This option makes it apply
121
+ the parts of the patch that are applicable, and leave the
122
+ rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files.
123
+
124
+ -z::
125
+ When `--numstat` has been given, do not munge pathnames,
126
+ but use a NUL-terminated machine-readable format.
127
+ +
128
+ Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
129
+ explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see
130
+ linkgit:git-config[1]).
131
+
132
+ -p<n>::
133
+ Remove <n> leading path components (separated by slashes) from
134
+ traditional diff paths. E.g., with `-p2`, a patch against
135
+ `a/dir/file` will be applied directly to `file`. The default is
136
+ 1.
137
+
138
+ -C<n>::
139
+ Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
140
+ and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
141
+ context exist they all must match. By default no context is
142
+ ever ignored.
143
+
144
+ --unidiff-zero::
145
+ By default, 'git apply' expects that the patch being
146
+ applied is a unified diff with at least one line of context.
147
+ This provides good safety measures, but breaks down when
148
+ applying a diff generated with `--unified=0`. To bypass these
149
+ checks use `--unidiff-zero`.
150
+ +
151
+ Note, for the reasons stated above, the usage of context-free patches is
152
+ discouraged.
153
+
154
+ --apply::
155
+ If you use any of the options marked "Turns off
156
+ 'apply'" above, 'git apply' reads and outputs the
157
+ requested information without actually applying the
158
+ patch. Give this flag after those flags to also apply
159
+ the patch.
160
+
161
+ --no-add::
162
+ When applying a patch, ignore additions made by the
163
+ patch. This can be used to extract the common part between
164
+ two files by first running 'diff' on them and applying
165
+ the result with this option, which would apply the
166
+ deletion part but not the addition part.
167
+
168
+ --allow-binary-replacement::
169
+ --binary::
170
+ Historically we did not allow binary patch application
171
+ without an explicit permission from the user, and this
172
+ flag was the way to do so. Currently, we always allow binary
173
+ patch application, so this is a no-op.
174
+
175
+ --exclude=<path-pattern>::
176
+ Don't apply changes to files matching the given path pattern. This can
177
+ be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to exclude certain
178
+ files or directories.
179
+
180
+ --include=<path-pattern>::
181
+ Apply changes to files matching the given path pattern. This can
182
+ be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to include certain
183
+ files or directories.
184
+ +
185
+ When `--exclude` and `--include` patterns are used, they are examined in the
186
+ order they appear on the command line, and the first match determines if a
187
+ patch to each path is used. A patch to a path that does not match any
188
+ include/exclude pattern is used by default if there is no include pattern
189
+ on the command line, and ignored if there is any include pattern.
190
+
191
+ --ignore-space-change::
192
+ --ignore-whitespace::
193
+ When applying a patch, ignore changes in whitespace in context
194
+ lines if necessary.
195
+ Context lines will preserve their whitespace, and they will not
196
+ undergo whitespace fixing regardless of the value of the
197
+ `--whitespace` option. New lines will still be fixed, though.
198
+
199
+ --whitespace=<action>::
200
+ When applying a patch, detect a new or modified line that has
201
+ whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is
202
+ controlled by `core.whitespace` configuration. By default,
203
+ trailing whitespaces (including lines that solely consist of
204
+ whitespaces) and a space character that is immediately followed
205
+ by a tab character inside the initial indent of the line are
206
+ considered whitespace errors.
207
+ +
208
+ By default, the command outputs warning messages but applies the patch.
209
+ When `git-apply` is used for statistics and not applying a
210
+ patch, it defaults to `nowarn`.
211
+ +
212
+ You can use different `<action>` values to control this
213
+ behavior:
214
+ +
215
+ * `nowarn` turns off the trailing whitespace warning.
216
+ * `warn` outputs warnings for a few such errors, but applies the
217
+ patch as-is (default).
218
+ * `fix` outputs warnings for a few such errors, and applies the
219
+ patch after fixing them (`strip` is a synonym -- the tool
220
+ used to consider only trailing whitespace characters as errors, and the
221
+ fix involved 'stripping' them, but modern Gits do more).
222
+ * `error` outputs warnings for a few such errors, and refuses
223
+ to apply the patch.
224
+ * `error-all` is similar to `error` but shows all errors.
225
+
226
+ --inaccurate-eof::
227
+ Under certain circumstances, some versions of 'diff' do not correctly
228
+ detect a missing new-line at the end of the file. As a result, patches
229
+ created by such 'diff' programs do not record incomplete lines
230
+ correctly. This option adds support for applying such patches by
231
+ working around this bug.
232
+
233
+ -v::
234
+ --verbose::
235
+ Report progress to stderr. By default, only a message about the
236
+ current patch being applied will be printed. This option will cause
237
+ additional information to be reported.
238
+
239
+ -q::
240
+ --quiet::
241
+ Suppress stderr output. Messages about patch status and progress
242
+ will not be printed.
243
+
244
+ --recount::
245
+ Do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers, but infer them
246
+ by inspecting the patch (e.g. after editing the patch without
247
+ adjusting the hunk headers appropriately).
248
+
249
+ --directory=<root>::
250
+ Prepend <root> to all filenames. If a "-p" argument was also passed,
251
+ it is applied before prepending the new root.
252
+ +
253
+ For example, a patch that talks about updating `a/git-gui.sh` to `b/git-gui.sh`
254
+ can be applied to the file in the working tree `modules/git-gui/git-gui.sh` by
255
+ running `git apply --directory=modules/git-gui`.
256
+
257
+ --unsafe-paths::
258
+ By default, a patch that affects outside the working area
259
+ (either a Git controlled working tree, or the current working
260
+ directory when "git apply" is used as a replacement of GNU
261
+ patch) is rejected as a mistake (or a mischief).
262
+ +
263
+ When `git apply` is used as a "better GNU patch", the user can pass
264
+ the `--unsafe-paths` option to override this safety check. This option
265
+ has no effect when `--index` or `--cached` is in use.
266
+
267
+ --allow-empty::
268
+ Don't return an error for patches containing no diff. This includes
269
+ empty patches and patches with commit text only.
270
+
271
+ CONFIGURATION
272
+ -------------
273
+
274
+ include::includes/cmd-config-section-all.adoc[]
275
+
276
+ include::config/apply.adoc[]
277
+
278
+ SUBMODULES
279
+ ----------
280
+ If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git apply'
281
+ treats these changes as follows.
282
+
283
+ If `--index` is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule
284
+ commits must match the index exactly for the patch to apply. If any
285
+ of the submodules are checked-out, then these check-outs are completely
286
+ ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up to date or clean and they
287
+ are not updated.
288
+
289
+ If `--index` is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch
290
+ are ignored and only the absence or presence of the corresponding
291
+ subdirectory is checked and (if possible) updated.
292
+
293
+ SEE ALSO
294
+ --------
295
+ linkgit:git-am[1].
296
+
297
+ GIT
298
+ ---
299
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-apply.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,852 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
3
+ <head>
4
+ <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
5
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
6
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
7
+ <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
8
+ <title>git-apply(1)</title>
9
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
10
+ <style>
11
+ /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
12
+ /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
13
+ /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
14
+ html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
15
+ a{background:none}
16
+ a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
17
+ a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
18
+ h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
19
+ b,strong{font-weight:bold}
20
+ abbr{font-size:.9em}
21
+ abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none}
22
+ dfn{font-style:italic}
23
+ hr{height:0}
24
+ mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
25
+ code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
26
+ pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
27
+ q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
28
+ small{font-size:80%}
29
+ sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
30
+ sup{top:-.5em}
31
+ sub{bottom:-.25em}
32
+ img{border:0}
33
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+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-apply(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
447
+ <p>git-apply - Apply a patch to files and/or to the index</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content"><em>git apply</em> [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check]
456
+ [--index | --intent-to-add] [--3way] [--ours | --theirs | --union]
457
+ [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=&lt;file&gt;] [-R | --reverse]
458
+ [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z]
459
+ [-p&lt;n&gt;] [-C&lt;n&gt;] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached]
460
+ [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
461
+ [--whitespace=(nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all)]
462
+ [--exclude=&lt;path&gt;] [--include=&lt;path&gt;] [--directory=&lt;root&gt;]
463
+ [--verbose | --quiet] [--unsafe-paths] [--allow-empty] [&lt;patch&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
464
+ </div>
465
+ </div>
466
+ </div>
467
+ <div class="sect1">
468
+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
469
+ <div class="sectionbody">
470
+ <div class="paragraph">
471
+ <p>Reads the supplied diff output (i.e. "a patch") and applies it to files.
472
+ When running from a subdirectory in a repository, patched paths
473
+ outside the directory are ignored.
474
+ With the <code>--index</code> option, the patch is also applied to the index, and
475
+ with the <code>--cached</code> option, the patch is only applied to the index.
476
+ Without these options, the command applies the patch only to files,
477
+ and does not require them to be in a Git repository.</p>
478
+ </div>
479
+ <div class="paragraph">
480
+ <p>This command applies the patch but does not create a commit. Use
481
+ <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> to create commits from patches generated by
482
+ <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> and/or received by email.</p>
483
+ </div>
484
+ </div>
485
+ </div>
486
+ <div class="sect1">
487
+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
488
+ <div class="sectionbody">
489
+ <div class="dlist">
490
+ <dl>
491
+ <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;patch&gt;&#8230;&#8203;</dt>
492
+ <dd>
493
+ <p>The files to read the patch from. <em>-</em> can be used to read
494
+ from the standard input.</p>
495
+ </dd>
496
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--stat</dt>
497
+ <dd>
498
+ <p>Instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the
499
+ input. Turns off "apply".</p>
500
+ </dd>
501
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--numstat</dt>
502
+ <dd>
503
+ <p>Similar to <code>--stat</code>, but shows the number of added and
504
+ deleted lines in decimal notation and the pathname without
505
+ abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For
506
+ binary files, outputs two <code>-</code> instead of saying
507
+ <code>0</code> <code>0</code>. Turns off "apply".</p>
508
+ </dd>
509
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--summary</dt>
510
+ <dd>
511
+ <p>Instead of applying the patch, output a condensed
512
+ summary of information obtained from git diff extended
513
+ headers, such as creations, renames, and mode changes.
514
+ Turns off "apply".</p>
515
+ </dd>
516
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--check</dt>
517
+ <dd>
518
+ <p>Instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is
519
+ applicable to the current working tree and/or the index
520
+ file and detects errors. Turns off "apply".</p>
521
+ </dd>
522
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--index</dt>
523
+ <dd>
524
+ <p>Apply the patch to both the index and the working tree (or
525
+ merely check that it would apply cleanly to both if <code>--check</code> is
526
+ in effect). Note that <code>--index</code> expects index entries and
527
+ working tree copies for relevant paths to be identical (their
528
+ contents and metadata such as file mode must match), and will
529
+ raise an error if they are not, even if the patch would apply
530
+ cleanly to both the index and the working tree in isolation.</p>
531
+ </dd>
532
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--cached</dt>
533
+ <dd>
534
+ <p>Apply the patch to just the index, without touching the working
535
+ tree. If <code>--check</code> is in effect, merely check that it would
536
+ apply cleanly to the index entry.</p>
537
+ </dd>
538
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-N</dt>
539
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--intent-to-add</dt>
540
+ <dd>
541
+ <p>When applying the patch only to the working tree, mark new
542
+ files to be added to the index later (see <code>--intent-to-add</code>
543
+ option in <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>). This option is ignored if
544
+ <code>--index</code> or <code>--cached</code> are used, and has no effect outside a Git
545
+ repository. Note that <code>--index</code> could be implied by other options
546
+ such as <code>--3way</code>.</p>
547
+ </dd>
548
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-3</dt>
549
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--3way</dt>
550
+ <dd>
551
+ <p>Attempt 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs it is supposed
552
+ to apply to and we have those blobs available locally, possibly leaving the
553
+ conflict markers in the files in the working tree for the user to
554
+ resolve. This option implies the <code>--index</code> option unless the
555
+ <code>--cached</code> option is used, and is incompatible with the <code>--reject</code> option.
556
+ When used with the <code>--cached</code> option, any conflicts are left at higher stages
557
+ in the cache.</p>
558
+ </dd>
559
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--ours</dt>
560
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--theirs</dt>
561
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--union</dt>
562
+ <dd>
563
+ <p>Instead of leaving conflicts in the file, resolve conflicts favouring
564
+ our (or their or both) side of the lines. Requires --3way.</p>
565
+ </dd>
566
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--build-fake-ancestor=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
567
+ <dd>
568
+ <p>Newer <em>git diff</em> output has embedded <em>index information</em>
569
+ for each blob to help identify the original version that
570
+ the patch applies to. When this flag is given, and if
571
+ the original versions of the blobs are available locally,
572
+ builds a temporary index containing those blobs.</p>
573
+ <div class="paragraph">
574
+ <p>When a pure mode change is encountered (which has no index information),
575
+ the information is read from the current index instead.</p>
576
+ </div>
577
+ </dd>
578
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-R</dt>
579
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--reverse</dt>
580
+ <dd>
581
+ <p>Apply the patch in reverse.</p>
582
+ </dd>
583
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--reject</dt>
584
+ <dd>
585
+ <p>For atomicity, <em>git apply</em> by default fails the whole patch and
586
+ does not touch the working tree when some of the hunks
587
+ do not apply. This option makes it apply
588
+ the parts of the patch that are applicable, and leave the
589
+ rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files.</p>
590
+ </dd>
591
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-z</dt>
592
+ <dd>
593
+ <p>When <code>--numstat</code> has been given, do not munge pathnames,
594
+ but use a NUL-terminated machine-readable format.</p>
595
+ <div class="paragraph">
596
+ <p>Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
597
+ explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
598
+ <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
599
+ </div>
600
+ </dd>
601
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-p&lt;n&gt;</dt>
602
+ <dd>
603
+ <p>Remove &lt;n&gt; leading path components (separated by slashes) from
604
+ traditional diff paths. E.g., with <code>-p2</code>, a patch against
605
+ <code>a/dir/file</code> will be applied directly to <code>file</code>. The default is
606
+ 1.</p>
607
+ </dd>
608
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-C&lt;n&gt;</dt>
609
+ <dd>
610
+ <p>Ensure at least &lt;n&gt; lines of surrounding context match before
611
+ and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
612
+ context exist they all must match. By default no context is
613
+ ever ignored.</p>
614
+ </dd>
615
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--unidiff-zero</dt>
616
+ <dd>
617
+ <p>By default, <em>git apply</em> expects that the patch being
618
+ applied is a unified diff with at least one line of context.
619
+ This provides good safety measures, but breaks down when
620
+ applying a diff generated with <code>--unified=0</code>. To bypass these
621
+ checks use <code>--unidiff-zero</code>.</p>
622
+ <div class="paragraph">
623
+ <p>Note, for the reasons stated above, the usage of context-free patches is
624
+ discouraged.</p>
625
+ </div>
626
+ </dd>
627
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--apply</dt>
628
+ <dd>
629
+ <p>If you use any of the options marked "Turns off
630
+ <em>apply</em>" above, <em>git apply</em> reads and outputs the
631
+ requested information without actually applying the
632
+ patch. Give this flag after those flags to also apply
633
+ the patch.</p>
634
+ </dd>
635
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-add</dt>
636
+ <dd>
637
+ <p>When applying a patch, ignore additions made by the
638
+ patch. This can be used to extract the common part between
639
+ two files by first running <em>diff</em> on them and applying
640
+ the result with this option, which would apply the
641
+ deletion part but not the addition part.</p>
642
+ </dd>
643
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--allow-binary-replacement</dt>
644
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--binary</dt>
645
+ <dd>
646
+ <p>Historically we did not allow binary patch application
647
+ without an explicit permission from the user, and this
648
+ flag was the way to do so. Currently, we always allow binary
649
+ patch application, so this is a no-op.</p>
650
+ </dd>
651
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=&lt;path-pattern&gt;</dt>
652
+ <dd>
653
+ <p>Don&#8217;t apply changes to files matching the given path pattern. This can
654
+ be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to exclude certain
655
+ files or directories.</p>
656
+ </dd>
657
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--include=&lt;path-pattern&gt;</dt>
658
+ <dd>
659
+ <p>Apply changes to files matching the given path pattern. This can
660
+ be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to include certain
661
+ files or directories.</p>
662
+ <div class="paragraph">
663
+ <p>When <code>--exclude</code> and <code>--include</code> patterns are used, they are examined in the
664
+ order they appear on the command line, and the first match determines if a
665
+ patch to each path is used. A patch to a path that does not match any
666
+ include/exclude pattern is used by default if there is no include pattern
667
+ on the command line, and ignored if there is any include pattern.</p>
668
+ </div>
669
+ </dd>
670
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-space-change</dt>
671
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-whitespace</dt>
672
+ <dd>
673
+ <p>When applying a patch, ignore changes in whitespace in context
674
+ lines if necessary.
675
+ Context lines will preserve their whitespace, and they will not
676
+ undergo whitespace fixing regardless of the value of the
677
+ <code>--whitespace</code> option. New lines will still be fixed, though.</p>
678
+ </dd>
679
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--whitespace=&lt;action&gt;</dt>
680
+ <dd>
681
+ <p>When applying a patch, detect a new or modified line that has
682
+ whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is
683
+ controlled by <code>core.whitespace</code> configuration. By default,
684
+ trailing whitespaces (including lines that solely consist of
685
+ whitespaces) and a space character that is immediately followed
686
+ by a tab character inside the initial indent of the line are
687
+ considered whitespace errors.</p>
688
+ <div class="paragraph">
689
+ <p>By default, the command outputs warning messages but applies the patch.
690
+ When <code>git-apply</code> is used for statistics and not applying a
691
+ patch, it defaults to <code>nowarn</code>.</p>
692
+ </div>
693
+ <div class="paragraph">
694
+ <p>You can use different <em>&lt;action&gt;</em> values to control this
695
+ behavior:</p>
696
+ </div>
697
+ <div class="ulist">
698
+ <ul>
699
+ <li>
700
+ <p><code>nowarn</code> turns off the trailing whitespace warning.</p>
701
+ </li>
702
+ <li>
703
+ <p><code>warn</code> outputs warnings for a few such errors, but applies the
704
+ patch as-is (default).</p>
705
+ </li>
706
+ <li>
707
+ <p><code>fix</code> outputs warnings for a few such errors, and applies the
708
+ patch after fixing them (<code>strip</code> is a synonym&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;the tool
709
+ used to consider only trailing whitespace characters as errors, and the
710
+ fix involved <em>stripping</em> them, but modern Gits do more).</p>
711
+ </li>
712
+ <li>
713
+ <p><code>error</code> outputs warnings for a few such errors, and refuses
714
+ to apply the patch.</p>
715
+ </li>
716
+ <li>
717
+ <p><code>error-all</code> is similar to <code>error</code> but shows all errors.</p>
718
+ </li>
719
+ </ul>
720
+ </div>
721
+ </dd>
722
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--inaccurate-eof</dt>
723
+ <dd>
724
+ <p>Under certain circumstances, some versions of <em>diff</em> do not correctly
725
+ detect a missing new-line at the end of the file. As a result, patches
726
+ created by such <em>diff</em> programs do not record incomplete lines
727
+ correctly. This option adds support for applying such patches by
728
+ working around this bug.</p>
729
+ </dd>
730
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
731
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt>
732
+ <dd>
733
+ <p>Report progress to stderr. By default, only a message about the
734
+ current patch being applied will be printed. This option will cause
735
+ additional information to be reported.</p>
736
+ </dd>
737
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
738
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
739
+ <dd>
740
+ <p>Suppress stderr output. Messages about patch status and progress
741
+ will not be printed.</p>
742
+ </dd>
743
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--recount</dt>
744
+ <dd>
745
+ <p>Do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers, but infer them
746
+ by inspecting the patch (e.g. after editing the patch without
747
+ adjusting the hunk headers appropriately).</p>
748
+ </dd>
749
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--directory=&lt;root&gt;</dt>
750
+ <dd>
751
+ <p>Prepend &lt;root&gt; to all filenames. If a "-p" argument was also passed,
752
+ it is applied before prepending the new root.</p>
753
+ <div class="paragraph">
754
+ <p>For example, a patch that talks about updating <code>a/git-gui.sh</code> to <code>b/git-gui.sh</code>
755
+ can be applied to the file in the working tree <code>modules/git-gui/git-gui.sh</code> by
756
+ running <code>git</code> <code>apply</code> <code>--directory=modules/git-gui</code>.</p>
757
+ </div>
758
+ </dd>
759
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--unsafe-paths</dt>
760
+ <dd>
761
+ <p>By default, a patch that affects outside the working area
762
+ (either a Git controlled working tree, or the current working
763
+ directory when "git apply" is used as a replacement of GNU
764
+ patch) is rejected as a mistake (or a mischief).</p>
765
+ <div class="paragraph">
766
+ <p>When <code>git</code> <code>apply</code> is used as a "better GNU patch", the user can pass
767
+ the <code>--unsafe-paths</code> option to override this safety check. This option
768
+ has no effect when <code>--index</code> or <code>--cached</code> is in use.</p>
769
+ </div>
770
+ </dd>
771
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty</dt>
772
+ <dd>
773
+ <p>Don&#8217;t return an error for patches containing no diff. This includes
774
+ empty patches and patches with commit text only.</p>
775
+ </dd>
776
+ </dl>
777
+ </div>
778
+ </div>
779
+ </div>
780
+ <div class="sect1">
781
+ <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
782
+ <div class="sectionbody">
783
+ <div class="paragraph">
784
+ <p>Everything below this line in this section is selectively included
785
+ from the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content is the same
786
+ as what&#8217;s found there:</p>
787
+ </div>
788
+ <div class="dlist">
789
+ <dl>
790
+ <dt class="hdlist1">apply.ignoreWhitespace</dt>
791
+ <dd>
792
+ <p>When set to <em>change</em>, tells <em>git apply</em> to ignore changes in
793
+ whitespace, in the same way as the <code>--ignore-space-change</code>
794
+ option.
795
+ When set to one of: no, none, never, false, it tells <em>git apply</em> to
796
+ respect all whitespace differences.
797
+ See <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>.</p>
798
+ </dd>
799
+ <dt class="hdlist1">apply.whitespace</dt>
800
+ <dd>
801
+ <p>Tells <em>git apply</em> how to handle whitespace, in the same way
802
+ as the <code>--whitespace</code> option. See <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>.</p>
803
+ </dd>
804
+ </dl>
805
+ </div>
806
+ </div>
807
+ </div>
808
+ <div class="sect1">
809
+ <h2 id="_submodules">SUBMODULES</h2>
810
+ <div class="sectionbody">
811
+ <div class="paragraph">
812
+ <p>If the patch contains any changes to submodules then <em>git apply</em>
813
+ treats these changes as follows.</p>
814
+ </div>
815
+ <div class="paragraph">
816
+ <p>If <code>--index</code> is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule
817
+ commits must match the index exactly for the patch to apply. If any
818
+ of the submodules are checked-out, then these check-outs are completely
819
+ ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up to date or clean and they
820
+ are not updated.</p>
821
+ </div>
822
+ <div class="paragraph">
823
+ <p>If <code>--index</code> is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch
824
+ are ignored and only the absence or presence of the corresponding
825
+ subdirectory is checked and (if possible) updated.</p>
826
+ </div>
827
+ </div>
828
+ </div>
829
+ <div class="sect1">
830
+ <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
831
+ <div class="sectionbody">
832
+ <div class="paragraph">
833
+ <p><a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>.</p>
834
+ </div>
835
+ </div>
836
+ </div>
837
+ <div class="sect1">
838
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
839
+ <div class="sectionbody">
840
+ <div class="paragraph">
841
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
842
+ </div>
843
+ </div>
844
+ </div>
845
+ </div>
846
+ <div id="footer">
847
+ <div id="footer-text">
848
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
849
+ </div>
850
+ </div>
851
+ </body>
852
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-archive.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-archive(1)
2
+ ==============
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-archive - Create an archive of files from a named tree
7
+
8
+
9
+ SYNOPSIS
10
+ --------
11
+ [verse]
12
+ 'git archive' [--format=<fmt>] [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>]
13
+ [-o <file> | --output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes]
14
+ [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish>
15
+ [<path>...]
16
+
17
+ DESCRIPTION
18
+ -----------
19
+ Creates an archive of the specified format containing the tree
20
+ structure for the named tree, and writes it out to the standard
21
+ output. If <prefix> is specified it is
22
+ prepended to the filenames in the archive.
23
+
24
+ 'git archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID as opposed to a
25
+ commit ID or tag ID. When a tree ID is provided, the current time is
26
+ used as the modification time of each file in the archive. On the
27
+ other hand, when a commit ID or tag ID is provided, the commit time as
28
+ recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead.
29
+ Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header
30
+ if the tar format is used; it can be extracted using 'git
31
+ get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file comment.
32
+
33
+ OPTIONS
34
+ -------
35
+
36
+ --format=<fmt>::
37
+ Format of the resulting archive. Possible values are `tar`,
38
+ `zip`, `tar.gz`, `tgz`, and any format defined using the
39
+ configuration option `tar.<format>.command`. If `--format`
40
+ is not given, and the output file is specified, the format is
41
+ inferred from the filename if possible (e.g. writing to `foo.zip`
42
+ makes the output to be in the `zip` format). Otherwise the output
43
+ format is `tar`.
44
+
45
+ -l::
46
+ --list::
47
+ Show all available formats.
48
+
49
+ -v::
50
+ --verbose::
51
+ Report progress to stderr.
52
+
53
+ --prefix=<prefix>/::
54
+ Prepend <prefix>/ to paths in the archive. Can be repeated; its
55
+ rightmost value is used for all tracked files. See below which
56
+ value gets used by `--add-file`.
57
+ +
58
+ The <prefix> is used as given and is not normalized. It may
59
+ include leading slashes or parent directory components (e.g.,
60
+ `../`). Some archive consumers may treat such paths as
61
+ potentially unsafe and adjust or warn during extraction.
62
+
63
+ -o <file>::
64
+ --output=<file>::
65
+ Write the archive to <file> instead of stdout.
66
+
67
+ --add-file=<file>::
68
+ Add a non-tracked file to the archive. Can be repeated to add
69
+ multiple files. The path of the file in the archive is built by
70
+ concatenating the value of the last `--prefix` option (if any)
71
+ before this `--add-file` and the basename of <file>.
72
+
73
+ --add-virtual-file=<path>:<content>::
74
+ Add the specified contents to the archive. Can be repeated to add
75
+ multiple files.
76
+ +
77
+ The `<path>` argument can start and end with a literal double-quote
78
+ character; the contained file name is interpreted as a C-style string,
79
+ i.e. the backslash is interpreted as escape character. The path must
80
+ be quoted if it contains a colon, to avoid the colon from being
81
+ misinterpreted as the separator between the path and the contents, or
82
+ if the path begins or ends with a double-quote character.
83
+ +
84
+ The file mode is limited to a regular file, and the option may be
85
+ subject to platform-dependent command-line limits. For non-trivial
86
+ cases, write an untracked file and use `--add-file` instead.
87
+ +
88
+ Note that unlike `--add-file` the path created in the archive is not
89
+ affected by the `--prefix` option, as a full `<path>` can be given as
90
+ the value of the option.
91
+
92
+ --worktree-attributes::
93
+ Look for attributes in .gitattributes files in the working tree
94
+ as well (see <<ATTRIBUTES>>).
95
+
96
+ --mtime=<time>::
97
+ Set modification time of archive entries. Without this option
98
+ the committer time is used if `<tree-ish>` is a commit or tag,
99
+ and the current time if it is a tree.
100
+
101
+ <extra>::
102
+ This can be any options that the archiver backend understands.
103
+ See next section.
104
+
105
+ --remote=<repo>::
106
+ Instead of making a tar archive from the local repository,
107
+ retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. Note that the
108
+ remote repository may place restrictions on which sha1
109
+ expressions may be allowed in `<tree-ish>`. See
110
+ linkgit:git-upload-archive[1] for details.
111
+
112
+ --exec=<git-upload-archive>::
113
+ Used with --remote to specify the path to the
114
+ 'git-upload-archive' on the remote side.
115
+
116
+ <tree-ish>::
117
+ The tree or commit to produce an archive for.
118
+
119
+ <path>::
120
+ Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories
121
+ of the current working directory are included in the archive.
122
+ If one or more paths are specified, only these are included.
123
+
124
+ BACKEND EXTRA OPTIONS
125
+ ---------------------
126
+
127
+ zip
128
+ ~~~
129
+ -<digit>::
130
+ Specify compression level. Larger values allow the command
131
+ to spend more time to compress to smaller size. Supported
132
+ values are from `-0` (store-only) to `-9` (best ratio).
133
+ Default is `-6` if not given.
134
+
135
+ tar
136
+ ~~~
137
+ -<number>::
138
+ Specify compression level. The value will be passed to the
139
+ compression command configured in `tar.<format>.command`. See
140
+ manual page of the configured command for the list of supported
141
+ levels and the default level if this option isn't specified.
142
+
143
+ CONFIGURATION
144
+ -------------
145
+
146
+ tar.umask::
147
+ This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of
148
+ tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the
149
+ world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the
150
+ archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for
151
+ details. If `--remote` is used then only the configuration of
152
+ the remote repository takes effect.
153
+
154
+ tar.<format>.command::
155
+ This variable specifies a shell command through which the tar
156
+ output generated by `git archive` should be piped. The command
157
+ is executed using the shell with the generated tar file on its
158
+ standard input, and should produce the final output on its
159
+ standard output. Any compression-level options will be passed
160
+ to the command (e.g., `-9`).
161
+ +
162
+ The `tar.gz` and `tgz` formats are defined automatically and use the
163
+ magic command `git archive gzip` by default, which invokes an internal
164
+ implementation of gzip.
165
+
166
+ tar.<format>.remote::
167
+ If true, enable the format for use by remote clients via
168
+ linkgit:git-upload-archive[1]. Defaults to false for
169
+ user-defined formats, but true for the `tar.gz` and `tgz`
170
+ formats.
171
+
172
+ [[ATTRIBUTES]]
173
+ ATTRIBUTES
174
+ ----------
175
+
176
+ export-ignore::
177
+ Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore won't be
178
+ added to archive files. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details.
179
+
180
+ export-subst::
181
+ If the attribute export-subst is set for a file then Git will
182
+ expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive.
183
+ See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details.
184
+
185
+ Note that attributes are by default taken from the `.gitattributes` files
186
+ in the tree that is being archived. If you want to tweak the way the
187
+ output is generated after the fact (e.g. you committed without adding an
188
+ appropriate export-ignore in its `.gitattributes`), adjust the checked out
189
+ `.gitattributes` file as necessary and use `--worktree-attributes`
190
+ option. Alternatively you can keep necessary attributes that should apply
191
+ while archiving any tree in your `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file.
192
+
193
+ EXAMPLES
194
+ --------
195
+ `git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)`::
196
+
197
+ Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the
198
+ latest commit on the current branch, and extract it in the
199
+ `/var/tmp/junk` directory.
200
+
201
+ `git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
202
+
203
+ Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release.
204
+
205
+ `git archive --format=tar.gz --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
206
+
207
+ Same as above, but using the builtin tar.gz handling.
208
+
209
+ `git archive --prefix=git-1.4.0/ -o git-1.4.0.tar.gz v1.4.0`::
210
+
211
+ Same as above, but the format is inferred from the output file.
212
+
213
+ `git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0^{tree} | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
214
+
215
+ Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a
216
+ global extended pax header.
217
+
218
+ `git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs.zip`::
219
+
220
+ Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory
221
+ into 'git-1.4.0-docs.zip', with the prefix 'git-docs/'.
222
+
223
+ `git archive -o latest.zip HEAD`::
224
+
225
+ Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest
226
+ commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is
227
+ inferred by the extension of the output file.
228
+
229
+ `git archive -o latest.tar --prefix=build/ --add-file=configure --prefix= HEAD`::
230
+
231
+ Creates a tar archive that contains the contents of the latest
232
+ commit on the current branch with no prefix and the untracked
233
+ file 'configure' with the prefix 'build/'.
234
+
235
+ `git config tar.tar.xz.command "xz -c"`::
236
+
237
+ Configure a "tar.xz" format for making LZMA-compressed tarfiles.
238
+ You can use it specifying `--format=tar.xz`, or by creating an
239
+ output file like `-o foo.tar.xz`.
240
+
241
+
242
+ SEE ALSO
243
+ --------
244
+ linkgit:gitattributes[5]
245
+
246
+ GIT
247
+ ---
248
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-archive.html ADDED
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+ </head>
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+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-archive(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
447
+ <p>git-archive - Create an archive of files from a named tree</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content"><em>git archive</em> [--format=&lt;fmt&gt;] [--list] [--prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;/] [&lt;extra&gt;]
456
+ [-o &lt;file&gt; | --output=&lt;file&gt;] [--worktree-attributes]
457
+ [--remote=&lt;repo&gt; [--exec=&lt;git-upload-archive&gt;]] &lt;tree-ish&gt;
458
+ [&lt;path&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
459
+ </div>
460
+ </div>
461
+ </div>
462
+ <div class="sect1">
463
+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
464
+ <div class="sectionbody">
465
+ <div class="paragraph">
466
+ <p>Creates an archive of the specified format containing the tree
467
+ structure for the named tree, and writes it out to the standard
468
+ output. If &lt;prefix&gt; is specified it is
469
+ prepended to the filenames in the archive.</p>
470
+ </div>
471
+ <div class="paragraph">
472
+ <p><em>git archive</em> behaves differently when given a tree ID as opposed to a
473
+ commit ID or tag ID. When a tree ID is provided, the current time is
474
+ used as the modification time of each file in the archive. On the
475
+ other hand, when a commit ID or tag ID is provided, the commit time as
476
+ recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead.
477
+ Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header
478
+ if the tar format is used; it can be extracted using <em>git
479
+ get-tar-commit-id</em>. In ZIP files it is stored as a file comment.</p>
480
+ </div>
481
+ </div>
482
+ </div>
483
+ <div class="sect1">
484
+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
485
+ <div class="sectionbody">
486
+ <div class="dlist">
487
+ <dl>
488
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--format=&lt;fmt&gt;</dt>
489
+ <dd>
490
+ <p>Format of the resulting archive. Possible values are <code>tar</code>,
491
+ <code>zip</code>, <code>tar.gz</code>, <code>tgz</code>, and any format defined using the
492
+ configuration option <code>tar.</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em><code>.command</code>. If <code>--format</code>
493
+ is not given, and the output file is specified, the format is
494
+ inferred from the filename if possible (e.g. writing to <code>foo.zip</code>
495
+ makes the output to be in the <code>zip</code> format). Otherwise the output
496
+ format is <code>tar</code>.</p>
497
+ </dd>
498
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-l</dt>
499
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--list</dt>
500
+ <dd>
501
+ <p>Show all available formats.</p>
502
+ </dd>
503
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
504
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt>
505
+ <dd>
506
+ <p>Report progress to stderr.</p>
507
+ </dd>
508
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;/</dt>
509
+ <dd>
510
+ <p>Prepend &lt;prefix&gt;/ to paths in the archive. Can be repeated; its
511
+ rightmost value is used for all tracked files. See below which
512
+ value gets used by <code>--add-file</code>.</p>
513
+ <div class="paragraph">
514
+ <p>The &lt;prefix&gt; is used as given and is not normalized. It may
515
+ include leading slashes or parent directory components (e.g.,
516
+ <code>..</code><code>/</code>). Some archive consumers may treat such paths as
517
+ potentially unsafe and adjust or warn during extraction.</p>
518
+ </div>
519
+ </dd>
520
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-o &lt;file&gt;</dt>
521
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--output=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
522
+ <dd>
523
+ <p>Write the archive to &lt;file&gt; instead of stdout.</p>
524
+ </dd>
525
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--add-file=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
526
+ <dd>
527
+ <p>Add a non-tracked file to the archive. Can be repeated to add
528
+ multiple files. The path of the file in the archive is built by
529
+ concatenating the value of the last <code>--prefix</code> option (if any)
530
+ before this <code>--add-file</code> and the basename of &lt;file&gt;.</p>
531
+ </dd>
532
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--add-virtual-file=&lt;path&gt;:&lt;content&gt;</dt>
533
+ <dd>
534
+ <p>Add the specified contents to the archive. Can be repeated to add
535
+ multiple files.</p>
536
+ <div class="paragraph">
537
+ <p>The <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> argument can start and end with a literal double-quote
538
+ character; the contained file name is interpreted as a C-style string,
539
+ i.e. the backslash is interpreted as escape character. The path must
540
+ be quoted if it contains a colon, to avoid the colon from being
541
+ misinterpreted as the separator between the path and the contents, or
542
+ if the path begins or ends with a double-quote character.</p>
543
+ </div>
544
+ <div class="paragraph">
545
+ <p>The file mode is limited to a regular file, and the option may be
546
+ subject to platform-dependent command-line limits. For non-trivial
547
+ cases, write an untracked file and use <code>--add-file</code> instead.</p>
548
+ </div>
549
+ <div class="paragraph">
550
+ <p>Note that unlike <code>--add-file</code> the path created in the archive is not
551
+ affected by the <code>--prefix</code> option, as a full <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> can be given as
552
+ the value of the option.</p>
553
+ </div>
554
+ </dd>
555
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--worktree-attributes</dt>
556
+ <dd>
557
+ <p>Look for attributes in .gitattributes files in the working tree
558
+ as well (see <a href="#ATTRIBUTES">ATTRIBUTES</a>).</p>
559
+ </dd>
560
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--mtime=&lt;time&gt;</dt>
561
+ <dd>
562
+ <p>Set modification time of archive entries. Without this option
563
+ the committer time is used if <em>&lt;tree-ish&gt;</em> is a commit or tag,
564
+ and the current time if it is a tree.</p>
565
+ </dd>
566
+ <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;extra&gt;</dt>
567
+ <dd>
568
+ <p>This can be any options that the archiver backend understands.
569
+ See next section.</p>
570
+ </dd>
571
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--remote=&lt;repo&gt;</dt>
572
+ <dd>
573
+ <p>Instead of making a tar archive from the local repository,
574
+ retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. Note that the
575
+ remote repository may place restrictions on which sha1
576
+ expressions may be allowed in <em>&lt;tree-ish&gt;</em>. See
577
+ <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a> for details.</p>
578
+ </dd>
579
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--exec=&lt;git-upload-archive&gt;</dt>
580
+ <dd>
581
+ <p>Used with --remote to specify the path to the
582
+ <em>git-upload-archive</em> on the remote side.</p>
583
+ </dd>
584
+ <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree-ish&gt;</dt>
585
+ <dd>
586
+ <p>The tree or commit to produce an archive for.</p>
587
+ </dd>
588
+ <dt class="hdlist1">&lt;path&gt;</dt>
589
+ <dd>
590
+ <p>Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories
591
+ of the current working directory are included in the archive.
592
+ If one or more paths are specified, only these are included.</p>
593
+ </dd>
594
+ </dl>
595
+ </div>
596
+ </div>
597
+ </div>
598
+ <div class="sect1">
599
+ <h2 id="_backend_extra_options">BACKEND EXTRA OPTIONS</h2>
600
+ <div class="sectionbody">
601
+ <div class="sect2">
602
+ <h3 id="_zip">zip</h3>
603
+ <div class="dlist">
604
+ <dl>
605
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-&lt;digit&gt;</dt>
606
+ <dd>
607
+ <p>Specify compression level. Larger values allow the command
608
+ to spend more time to compress to smaller size. Supported
609
+ values are from <code>-0</code> (store-only) to <code>-9</code> (best ratio).
610
+ Default is <code>-6</code> if not given.</p>
611
+ </dd>
612
+ </dl>
613
+ </div>
614
+ </div>
615
+ <div class="sect2">
616
+ <h3 id="_tar">tar</h3>
617
+ <div class="dlist">
618
+ <dl>
619
+ <dt class="hdlist1">-&lt;number&gt;</dt>
620
+ <dd>
621
+ <p>Specify compression level. The value will be passed to the
622
+ compression command configured in <code>tar.</code><em>&lt;format&gt;</em><code>.command</code>. See
623
+ manual page of the configured command for the list of supported
624
+ levels and the default level if this option isn&#8217;t specified.</p>
625
+ </dd>
626
+ </dl>
627
+ </div>
628
+ </div>
629
+ </div>
630
+ </div>
631
+ <div class="sect1">
632
+ <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
633
+ <div class="sectionbody">
634
+ <div class="dlist">
635
+ <dl>
636
+ <dt class="hdlist1">tar.umask</dt>
637
+ <dd>
638
+ <p>This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of
639
+ tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the
640
+ world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the
641
+ archiving user&#8217;s umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for
642
+ details. If <code>--remote</code> is used then only the configuration of
643
+ the remote repository takes effect.</p>
644
+ </dd>
645
+ <dt class="hdlist1">tar.&lt;format&gt;.command</dt>
646
+ <dd>
647
+ <p>This variable specifies a shell command through which the tar
648
+ output generated by <code>git</code> <code>archive</code> should be piped. The command
649
+ is executed using the shell with the generated tar file on its
650
+ standard input, and should produce the final output on its
651
+ standard output. Any compression-level options will be passed
652
+ to the command (e.g., <code>-9</code>).</p>
653
+ <div class="paragraph">
654
+ <p>The <code>tar.gz</code> and <code>tgz</code> formats are defined automatically and use the
655
+ magic command <code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>gzip</code> by default, which invokes an internal
656
+ implementation of gzip.</p>
657
+ </div>
658
+ </dd>
659
+ <dt class="hdlist1">tar.&lt;format&gt;.remote</dt>
660
+ <dd>
661
+ <p>If true, enable the format for use by remote clients via
662
+ <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>. Defaults to false for
663
+ user-defined formats, but true for the <code>tar.gz</code> and <code>tgz</code>
664
+ formats.</p>
665
+ </dd>
666
+ </dl>
667
+ </div>
668
+ </div>
669
+ </div>
670
+ <div class="sect1">
671
+ <h2 id="ATTRIBUTES">ATTRIBUTES</h2>
672
+ <div class="sectionbody">
673
+ <div class="dlist">
674
+ <dl>
675
+ <dt class="hdlist1">export-ignore</dt>
676
+ <dd>
677
+ <p>Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore won&#8217;t be
678
+ added to archive files. See <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details.</p>
679
+ </dd>
680
+ <dt class="hdlist1">export-subst</dt>
681
+ <dd>
682
+ <p>If the attribute export-subst is set for a file then Git will
683
+ expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive.
684
+ See <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details.</p>
685
+ </dd>
686
+ </dl>
687
+ </div>
688
+ <div class="paragraph">
689
+ <p>Note that attributes are by default taken from the .<code>gitattributes</code> files
690
+ in the tree that is being archived. If you want to tweak the way the
691
+ output is generated after the fact (e.g. you committed without adding an
692
+ appropriate export-ignore in its .<code>gitattributes</code>), adjust the checked out
693
+ .<code>gitattributes</code> file as necessary and use <code>--worktree-attributes</code>
694
+ option. Alternatively you can keep necessary attributes that should apply
695
+ while archiving any tree in your <code>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes</code> file.</p>
696
+ </div>
697
+ </div>
698
+ </div>
699
+ <div class="sect1">
700
+ <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
701
+ <div class="sectionbody">
702
+ <div class="dlist">
703
+ <dl>
704
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>--format=tar</code> <code>--prefix=junk/</code> <code>HEAD</code> | (<code>cd</code> <code>/var/tmp/</code> &amp;&amp; <code>tar</code> <code>xf</code> <code>-</code>)</dt>
705
+ <dd>
706
+ <p>Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the
707
+ latest commit on the current branch, and extract it in the
708
+ <code>/var/tmp/junk</code> directory.</p>
709
+ </dd>
710
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>--format=tar</code> <code>--prefix=git-1.4.0/</code> <code>v1.4.0</code> | <code>gzip</code> &gt;<code>git-1.4.0.tar.gz</code></dt>
711
+ <dd>
712
+ <p>Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release.</p>
713
+ </dd>
714
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>--format=tar.gz</code> <code>--prefix=git-1.4.0/</code> <code>v1.4.0</code> &gt;<code>git-1.4.0.tar.gz</code></dt>
715
+ <dd>
716
+ <p>Same as above, but using the builtin tar.gz handling.</p>
717
+ </dd>
718
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>--prefix=git-1.4.0/</code> <code>-o</code> <code>git-1.4.0.tar.gz</code> <code>v1.4.0</code></dt>
719
+ <dd>
720
+ <p>Same as above, but the format is inferred from the output file.</p>
721
+ </dd>
722
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>--format=tar</code> <code>--prefix=git-1.4.0/</code> <code>v1.4.0^</code>{tree} | <code>gzip</code> &gt;<code>git-1.4.0.tar.gz</code></dt>
723
+ <dd>
724
+ <p>Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a
725
+ global extended pax header.</p>
726
+ </dd>
727
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>--format=zip</code> <code>--prefix=git-docs/</code> <code>HEAD:Documentation/</code> &gt; <code>git-1.4.0-docs.zip</code></dt>
728
+ <dd>
729
+ <p>Put everything in the current head&#8217;s Documentation/ directory
730
+ into <em>git-1.4.0-docs.zip</em>, with the prefix <em>git-docs/</em>.</p>
731
+ </dd>
732
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>-o</code> <code>latest.zip</code> <code>HEAD</code></dt>
733
+ <dd>
734
+ <p>Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest
735
+ commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is
736
+ inferred by the extension of the output file.</p>
737
+ </dd>
738
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>archive</code> <code>-o</code> <code>latest.tar</code> <code>--prefix=build/</code> <code>--add-file=configure</code> <code>--prefix=</code> <code>HEAD</code></dt>
739
+ <dd>
740
+ <p>Creates a tar archive that contains the contents of the latest
741
+ commit on the current branch with no prefix and the untracked
742
+ file <em>configure</em> with the prefix <em>build/</em>.</p>
743
+ </dd>
744
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>config</code> <code>tar.tar.xz.command</code> "xz <code>-c</code>"</dt>
745
+ <dd>
746
+ <p>Configure a "tar.xz" format for making LZMA-compressed tarfiles.
747
+ You can use it specifying <code>--format=tar.xz</code>, or by creating an
748
+ output file like <code>-o</code> <code>foo.tar.xz</code>.</p>
749
+ </dd>
750
+ </dl>
751
+ </div>
752
+ </div>
753
+ </div>
754
+ <div class="sect1">
755
+ <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
756
+ <div class="sectionbody">
757
+ <div class="paragraph">
758
+ <p><a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a></p>
759
+ </div>
760
+ </div>
761
+ </div>
762
+ <div class="sect1">
763
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
764
+ <div class="sectionbody">
765
+ <div class="paragraph">
766
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
767
+ </div>
768
+ </div>
769
+ </div>
770
+ </div>
771
+ <div id="footer">
772
+ <div id="footer-text">
773
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
774
+ </div>
775
+ </div>
776
+ </body>
777
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-backfill.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-backfill(1)
2
+ ===============
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-backfill - Download missing objects in a partial clone
7
+
8
+
9
+ SYNOPSIS
10
+ --------
11
+ [synopsis]
12
+ git backfill [--min-batch-size=<n>] [--[no-]sparse]
13
+
14
+ DESCRIPTION
15
+ -----------
16
+
17
+ Blobless partial clones are created using `git clone --filter=blob:none`
18
+ and then configure the local repository such that the Git client avoids
19
+ downloading blob objects unless they are required for a local operation.
20
+ This initially means that the clone and later fetches download reachable
21
+ commits and trees but no blobs. Later operations that change the `HEAD`
22
+ pointer, such as `git checkout` or `git merge`, may need to download
23
+ missing blobs in order to complete their operation.
24
+
25
+ In the worst cases, commands that compute blob diffs, such as `git blame`,
26
+ become very slow as they download the missing blobs in single-blob
27
+ requests to satisfy the missing object as the Git command needs it. This
28
+ leads to multiple download requests and no ability for the Git server to
29
+ provide delta compression across those objects.
30
+
31
+ The `git backfill` command provides a way for the user to request that
32
+ Git downloads the missing blobs (with optional filters) such that the
33
+ missing blobs representing historical versions of files can be downloaded
34
+ in batches. The `backfill` command attempts to optimize the request by
35
+ grouping blobs that appear at the same path, hopefully leading to good
36
+ delta compression in the packfile sent by the server.
37
+
38
+ In this way, `git backfill` provides a mechanism to break a large clone
39
+ into smaller chunks. Starting with a blobless partial clone with `git
40
+ clone --filter=blob:none` and then running `git backfill` in the local
41
+ repository provides a way to download all reachable objects in several
42
+ smaller network calls than downloading the entire repository at clone
43
+ time.
44
+
45
+ By default, `git backfill` downloads all blobs reachable from the `HEAD`
46
+ commit. This set can be restricted or expanded using various options.
47
+
48
+ THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. ITS BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.
49
+
50
+
51
+ OPTIONS
52
+ -------
53
+
54
+ `--min-batch-size=<n>`::
55
+ Specify a minimum size for a batch of missing objects to request
56
+ from the server. This size may be exceeded by the last set of
57
+ blobs seen at a given path. The default minimum batch size is
58
+ 50,000.
59
+
60
+ `--sparse`::
61
+ `--no-sparse`::
62
+ Only download objects if they appear at a path that matches the
63
+ current sparse-checkout. If the sparse-checkout feature is enabled,
64
+ then `--sparse` is assumed and can be disabled with `--no-sparse`.
65
+
66
+ You may also specify the commit limiting options from linkgit:git-rev-list[1].
67
+
68
+ SEE ALSO
69
+ --------
70
+ linkgit:git-clone[1],
71
+ linkgit:git-rev-list[1]
72
+
73
+ GIT
74
+ ---
75
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-backfill.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
3
+ <head>
4
+ <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
5
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
6
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
7
+ <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
8
+ <title>git-backfill(1)</title>
9
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
10
+ <style>
11
+ /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
12
+ /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
13
+ /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
14
+ html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
15
+ a{background:none}
16
+ a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
17
+ a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
18
+ h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
19
+ b,strong{font-weight:bold}
20
+ abbr{font-size:.9em}
21
+ abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none}
22
+ dfn{font-style:italic}
23
+ hr{height:0}
24
+ mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
25
+ code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
26
+ pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
27
+ q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
28
+ small{font-size:80%}
29
+ sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
30
+ sup{top:-.5em}
31
+ sub{bottom:-.25em}
32
+ img{border:0}
33
+ svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
34
+ figure{margin:0}
35
+ audio,video{display:inline-block}
36
+ audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}
37
+ fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}
38
+ legend{border:0;padding:0}
39
+ button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0}
40
+ button,input{line-height:normal}
41
+ button,select{text-transform:none}
42
+ button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}
43
+ button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}
44
+ input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{padding:0}
45
+ button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}
46
+ textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}
47
+ table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}
48
+ *,::before,::after{box-sizing:border-box}
49
+ html,body{font-size:100%}
50
+ body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;word-wrap:anywhere;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
51
+ a:hover{cursor:pointer}
52
+ img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto}
53
+ object,embed{height:100%}
54
+ img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}
55
+ .left{float:left!important}
56
+ .right{float:right!important}
57
+ .text-left{text-align:left!important}
58
+ .text-right{text-align:right!important}
59
+ .text-center{text-align:center!important}
60
+ .text-justify{text-align:justify!important}
61
+ .hide{display:none}
62
+ img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}
63
+ textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px}
64
+ select{width:100%}
65
+ .subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em}
66
+ div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0}
67
+ a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit}
68
+ a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f}
69
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+ pre>code {
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+ }
440
+ </style>
441
+ </head>
442
+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-backfill(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
447
+ <p>git-backfill - Download missing objects in a partial clone</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content"><code>git</code> <code>backfill</code> [<code>--min-batch-size=</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em>] [<code>--</code>[<code>no-</code>]<code>sparse</code>]</pre>
456
+ </div>
457
+ </div>
458
+ </div>
459
+ <div class="sect1">
460
+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
461
+ <div class="sectionbody">
462
+ <div class="paragraph">
463
+ <p>Blobless partial clones are created using <code>git</code> <code>clone</code> <code>--filter=blob:none</code>
464
+ and then configure the local repository such that the Git client avoids
465
+ downloading blob objects unless they are required for a local operation.
466
+ This initially means that the clone and later fetches download reachable
467
+ commits and trees but no blobs. Later operations that change the <code>HEAD</code>
468
+ pointer, such as <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> or <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>, may need to download
469
+ missing blobs in order to complete their operation.</p>
470
+ </div>
471
+ <div class="paragraph">
472
+ <p>In the worst cases, commands that compute blob diffs, such as <code>git</code> <code>blame</code>,
473
+ become very slow as they download the missing blobs in single-blob
474
+ requests to satisfy the missing object as the Git command needs it. This
475
+ leads to multiple download requests and no ability for the Git server to
476
+ provide delta compression across those objects.</p>
477
+ </div>
478
+ <div class="paragraph">
479
+ <p>The <code>git</code> <code>backfill</code> command provides a way for the user to request that
480
+ Git downloads the missing blobs (with optional filters) such that the
481
+ missing blobs representing historical versions of files can be downloaded
482
+ in batches. The <code>backfill</code> command attempts to optimize the request by
483
+ grouping blobs that appear at the same path, hopefully leading to good
484
+ delta compression in the packfile sent by the server.</p>
485
+ </div>
486
+ <div class="paragraph">
487
+ <p>In this way, <code>git</code> <code>backfill</code> provides a mechanism to break a large clone
488
+ into smaller chunks. Starting with a blobless partial clone with <code>git</code>
489
+ <code>clone</code> <code>--filter=blob:none</code> and then running <code>git</code> <code>backfill</code> in the local
490
+ repository provides a way to download all reachable objects in several
491
+ smaller network calls than downloading the entire repository at clone
492
+ time.</p>
493
+ </div>
494
+ <div class="paragraph">
495
+ <p>By default, <code>git</code> <code>backfill</code> downloads all blobs reachable from the <code>HEAD</code>
496
+ commit. This set can be restricted or expanded using various options.</p>
497
+ </div>
498
+ <div class="paragraph">
499
+ <p>THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. ITS BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.</p>
500
+ </div>
501
+ </div>
502
+ </div>
503
+ <div class="sect1">
504
+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
505
+ <div class="sectionbody">
506
+ <div class="dlist">
507
+ <dl>
508
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--min-batch-size=</code><em>&lt;n&gt;</em></dt>
509
+ <dd>
510
+ <p>Specify a minimum size for a batch of missing objects to request
511
+ from the server. This size may be exceeded by the last set of
512
+ blobs seen at a given path. The default minimum batch size is
513
+ 50,000.</p>
514
+ </dd>
515
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--sparse</code></dt>
516
+ <dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-sparse</code></dt>
517
+ <dd>
518
+ <p>Only download objects if they appear at a path that matches the
519
+ current sparse-checkout. If the sparse-checkout feature is enabled,
520
+ then <code>--sparse</code> is assumed and can be disabled with <code>--no-sparse</code>.</p>
521
+ </dd>
522
+ </dl>
523
+ </div>
524
+ <div class="paragraph">
525
+ <p>You may also specify the commit limiting options from <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>.</p>
526
+ </div>
527
+ </div>
528
+ </div>
529
+ <div class="sect1">
530
+ <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
531
+ <div class="sectionbody">
532
+ <div class="paragraph">
533
+ <p><a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>,
534
+ <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a></p>
535
+ </div>
536
+ </div>
537
+ </div>
538
+ <div class="sect1">
539
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
540
+ <div class="sectionbody">
541
+ <div class="paragraph">
542
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
543
+ </div>
544
+ </div>
545
+ </div>
546
+ </div>
547
+ <div id="footer">
548
+ <div id="footer-text">
549
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
550
+ </div>
551
+ </div>
552
+ </body>
553
+ </html>
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-bash.adoc ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ git-bash(1)
2
+ ===========
3
+
4
+ NAME
5
+ ----
6
+ git-bash - A Windows-specific wrapper to open a Git Bash window
7
+
8
+ SYNOPSIS
9
+ --------
10
+ [verse]
11
+ git-bash [--cd-to-home] [--cd=<directory>] [--minimal-search-path]
12
+ [--command=<path>] [--app-id=<id>] [<args>...]
13
+
14
+ DESCRIPTION
15
+ -----------
16
+
17
+ This command opens a window with an interactive Git Bash. It is specific to the
18
+ Git for Windows project.
19
+
20
+ By default, this will open a MinTTY window, but it can be configured in Git for
21
+ Windows' installer to use Windows' default Console window instead.
22
+
23
+ Before starting the interactive Bash session, the environment is adjusted a
24
+ bit. For example, the `PATH` is adjusted to find the `git` executable, and
25
+ `git-bash` will ensure that `HOME` is set (because it is expected to be present
26
+ by Git, and to point to the current user's home directory). See the
27
+ <<ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLES>> section below for more information.
28
+
29
+
30
+ OPTIONS
31
+ -------
32
+
33
+ --cd-to-home::
34
+ --no-cd::
35
+ --cd=<directory>::
36
+ By default, Git Bash will not change the current directory; To allow
37
+ e.g. for Windows Explorer integration ("Git Bash Here"), the
38
+ `--cd=<directory>` option can be used to change the current directory
39
+ before running the interactive Bash.
40
+ +
41
+ The `--cd-to-home` option can be used to change the current directory to the
42
+ user's home directory (as determined by the environment variable `HOME`). The
43
+ `--no-cd` option can be used to override `--cd` options that precede it.
44
+
45
+ --minimal-search-path::
46
+ --no-minimal-search-path::
47
+ By default, Git Bash will adjust the `PATH` not only to include the
48
+ `git` executable, but also all of the Unix-y tools (such as `sed`,
49
+ `awk`, etc). With `--minimal-search-path`, it will be adjusted so that
50
+ *only* the `git`, `git-gui` and `gitk` executables are found, as well
51
+ as the scripts `start-ssh-agent.cmd` and `start-ssh-pageant.cmd`.
52
+
53
+ --command=<command>::
54
+ Allows the user to ask for a different command to be specified.
55
+ Defaults to `usr\\bin\\mintty.exe`. If the specified command is not an
56
+ absolute path, it is interpreted relative to `git-bash.exe`.
57
+
58
+ --app-id=<command>::
59
+ Allows the user to override the ID used e.g. in Windows' Task Bar.
60
+ Defaults to `GitForWindows.Bash`.
61
+
62
+ --needs-console::
63
+ --no-needs-console::
64
+ --hide::
65
+ --no-hide::
66
+ --append-quote::
67
+ --no-append-quote::
68
+ These options do not make sense in the context of `git-bash`; They are
69
+ merely inherited from the Git Wrapper (see the <<GIT-WRAPPER>> section
70
+ below).
71
+
72
+ [[ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLES]]
73
+ ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
74
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
75
+
76
+ Upon startup, `git-bash` will ensure that a couple of environment variables are
77
+ set/adjusted.
78
+
79
+ The most important variable to adjust is `PATH`: Git Bash does want to make
80
+ sure that the `git` executable is in the search path.
81
+
82
+ If `HOME` is unset, `git-bash` will first look whether `%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%`
83
+ points to a valid directory and if it does, use it as value for `HOME`. If
84
+ either `HOMEDRIVE` or `HOMEPATH` are unset, or if they do not point to a valid
85
+ directory, `%USERPROFILE%` is used instead.
86
+
87
+ [[GIT-WRAPPER]]
88
+ GIT WRAPPER
89
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~
90
+
91
+ In the Git for Windows project, the source code of `git-bash` is called the
92
+ "Git Wrapper", as it merely parses the command-line parameters, sets up a few
93
+ environment variables, then spawns the actual command, and waits for the
94
+ spawned command to exit. The Git Wrapper is not only used for `git-bash` but
95
+ also for `git-cmd` and for certain placeholders internal to Git (the so-called
96
+ "built-ins").
97
+
98
+
99
+ Authors
100
+ -------
101
+ The "Git Wrapper" was written by Johannes Schindelin and other Git for Windows
102
+ contributors.
103
+
104
+ GIT
105
+ ---
106
+ Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
107
+
git/mingw64/share/doc/git-doc/git-bash.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <!DOCTYPE html>
2
+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
3
+ <head>
4
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+ </style>
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+ pre>code {
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+ display: inline;
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+ }
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+ </style>
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+ </head>
442
+ <body class="manpage">
443
+ <div id="header">
444
+ <h1>git-bash(1) Manual Page</h1>
445
+ <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446
+ <div class="sectionbody">
447
+ <p>git-bash - A Windows-specific wrapper to open a Git Bash window</p>
448
+ </div>
449
+ </div>
450
+ <div id="content">
451
+ <div class="sect1">
452
+ <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453
+ <div class="sectionbody">
454
+ <div class="verseblock">
455
+ <pre class="content">git-bash [--cd-to-home] [--cd=&lt;directory&gt;] [--minimal-search-path]
456
+ [--command=&lt;path&gt;] [--app-id=&lt;id&gt;] [&lt;args&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</pre>
457
+ </div>
458
+ </div>
459
+ </div>
460
+ <div class="sect1">
461
+ <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
462
+ <div class="sectionbody">
463
+ <div class="paragraph">
464
+ <p>This command opens a window with an interactive Git Bash. It is specific to the
465
+ Git for Windows project.</p>
466
+ </div>
467
+ <div class="paragraph">
468
+ <p>By default, this will open a MinTTY window, but it can be configured in Git for
469
+ Windows' installer to use Windows' default Console window instead.</p>
470
+ </div>
471
+ <div class="paragraph">
472
+ <p>Before starting the interactive Bash session, the environment is adjusted a
473
+ bit. For example, the <code>PATH</code> is adjusted to find the <code>git</code> executable, and
474
+ <code>git-bash</code> will ensure that <code>HOME</code> is set (because it is expected to be present
475
+ by Git, and to point to the current user&#8217;s home directory). See the
476
+ <a href="#ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLES">ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</a> section below for more information.</p>
477
+ </div>
478
+ </div>
479
+ </div>
480
+ <div class="sect1">
481
+ <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
482
+ <div class="sectionbody">
483
+ <div class="dlist">
484
+ <dl>
485
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--cd-to-home</dt>
486
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-cd</dt>
487
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--cd=&lt;directory&gt;</dt>
488
+ <dd>
489
+ <p>By default, Git Bash will not change the current directory; To allow
490
+ e.g. for Windows Explorer integration ("Git Bash Here"), the
491
+ <code>--cd=</code><em>&lt;directory&gt;</em> option can be used to change the current directory
492
+ before running the interactive Bash.</p>
493
+ <div class="paragraph">
494
+ <p>The <code>--cd-to-home</code> option can be used to change the current directory to the
495
+ user&#8217;s home directory (as determined by the environment variable <code>HOME</code>). The
496
+ <code>--no-cd</code> option can be used to override <code>--cd</code> options that precede it.</p>
497
+ </div>
498
+ </dd>
499
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--minimal-search-path</dt>
500
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-minimal-search-path</dt>
501
+ <dd>
502
+ <p>By default, Git Bash will adjust the <code>PATH</code> not only to include the
503
+ <code>git</code> executable, but also all of the Unix-y tools (such as <code>sed</code>,
504
+ <code>awk</code>, etc). With <code>--minimal-search-path</code>, it will be adjusted so that
505
+ <strong>only</strong> the <code>git</code>, <code>git-gui</code> and <code>gitk</code> executables are found, as well
506
+ as the scripts <code>start-ssh-agent.cmd</code> and <code>start-ssh-pageant.cmd</code>.</p>
507
+ </dd>
508
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--command=&lt;command&gt;</dt>
509
+ <dd>
510
+ <p>Allows the user to ask for a different command to be specified.
511
+ Defaults to <code>usr\\bin\\mintty.exe</code>. If the specified command is not an
512
+ absolute path, it is interpreted relative to <code>git-bash.exe</code>.</p>
513
+ </dd>
514
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--app-id=&lt;command&gt;</dt>
515
+ <dd>
516
+ <p>Allows the user to override the ID used e.g. in Windows' Task Bar.
517
+ Defaults to <code>GitForWindows.Bash</code>.</p>
518
+ </dd>
519
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--needs-console</dt>
520
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-needs-console</dt>
521
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--hide</dt>
522
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-hide</dt>
523
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--append-quote</dt>
524
+ <dt class="hdlist1">--no-append-quote</dt>
525
+ <dd>
526
+ <p>These options do not make sense in the context of <code>git-bash</code>; They are
527
+ merely inherited from the Git Wrapper (see the <a href="#GIT-WRAPPER">GIT WRAPPER</a> section
528
+ below).</p>
529
+ </dd>
530
+ </dl>
531
+ </div>
532
+ <div class="sect2">
533
+ <h3 id="ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLES">ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h3>
534
+ <div class="paragraph">
535
+ <p>Upon startup, <code>git-bash</code> will ensure that a couple of environment variables are
536
+ set/adjusted.</p>
537
+ </div>
538
+ <div class="paragraph">
539
+ <p>The most important variable to adjust is <code>PATH</code>: Git Bash does want to make
540
+ sure that the <code>git</code> executable is in the search path.</p>
541
+ </div>
542
+ <div class="paragraph">
543
+ <p>If <code>HOME</code> is unset, <code>git-bash</code> will first look whether <code>%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%</code>
544
+ points to a valid directory and if it does, use it as value for <code>HOME</code>. If
545
+ either <code>HOMEDRIVE</code> or <code>HOMEPATH</code> are unset, or if they do not point to a valid
546
+ directory, <code>%USERPROFILE%</code> is used instead.</p>
547
+ </div>
548
+ </div>
549
+ <div class="sect2">
550
+ <h3 id="GIT-WRAPPER">GIT WRAPPER</h3>
551
+ <div class="paragraph">
552
+ <p>In the Git for Windows project, the source code of <code>git-bash</code> is called the
553
+ "Git Wrapper", as it merely parses the command-line parameters, sets up a few
554
+ environment variables, then spawns the actual command, and waits for the
555
+ spawned command to exit. The Git Wrapper is not only used for <code>git-bash</code> but
556
+ also for <code>git-cmd</code> and for certain placeholders internal to Git (the so-called
557
+ "built-ins").</p>
558
+ </div>
559
+ </div>
560
+ </div>
561
+ </div>
562
+ <div class="sect1">
563
+ <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
564
+ <div class="sectionbody">
565
+ <div class="paragraph">
566
+ <p>The "Git Wrapper" was written by Johannes Schindelin and other Git for Windows
567
+ contributors.</p>
568
+ </div>
569
+ </div>
570
+ </div>
571
+ <div class="sect1">
572
+ <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
573
+ <div class="sectionbody">
574
+ <div class="paragraph">
575
+ <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
576
+ </div>
577
+ </div>
578
+ </div>
579
+ </div>
580
+ <div id="footer">
581
+ <div id="footer-text">
582
+ Last updated 2026-04-20 17:51:23 UTC
583
+ </div>
584
+ </div>
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+ </body>
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+ </html>