{ "01030000000187.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Training Datasets
PropertiesInstructionAlignment
Alpaca-GPT4OpenOrca Synth. Math-InstructOrca DPO PairsUltrafeedback CleanedSynth. Math-Alignment
Total # Samples52K2.91M 126K12.9K60.8K126K
Maximum # Samples Used52K100K 52K12.9K60.8K20.1K
Open Source\u039f\u039f X0X
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 1: Training datasets used for the instruction and alignment tuning stages, respectively. For the instruction tuning process, we utilized the Alpaca-GPT4 (Peng et al., 2023), OpenOrca (Mukherjee et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Instruct datasets, while for the alignment tuning, we employed the Orca DPO Pairs (Intel, 2023), Ultrafeedback Cleaned (Cui et al., 2023; Ivison et al., 2023), and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets. The 'Total # Samples' indicates the total number of samples in the entire dataset. The 'Maximum # Samples Used' indicates the actual maximum number of samples that were used in training, which could be lower than the total number of samples in a given dataset. 'Open Source' indicates whether the dataset is open-sourced.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "pretraining to quickly recover performance. We attribute the success of DUS to reducing such dis- crepancies in both the depthwise scaling and the continued pretraining steps. We also hypothesize that other methods of depthwise scaling could also work for DUS, as long as the discrepancy in the scaled model is sufficiently contained before the continued pretraining step.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Comparison to other up-scaling methods. Un- like Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), depthwise scaled models do not require additional modules like gat- ing networks or dynamic expert selection. Conse- quently, scaled models in DUS do not necessitate a distinct training framework for optimal training efficiency, nor do they require specialized CUDA kernels for fast inference. A DUS model can seam- lessly integrate into existing training and inference frameworks while maintaining high efficiency.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "3 Training Details", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "After DUS, including continued pretraining, we perform fine-tuning of SOLAR 10.7B in two stages: 1) instruction tuning and 2) alignment tuning.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Instruction tuning. In the instruction tuning stage, the model is trained to follow instructions in a QA format (Zhang et al., 2023b). We mostly use open-source datasets but also synthesize a math QA dataset to enhance the model's mathematical capa- bilities. A rundown of how we crafted the dataset is as follows. First, seed math data are collected from the Math (Hendrycks et al., 2021) dataset only, to avoid contamination with commonly used bench- mark datasets such as GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). Then, using a process similar to MetaMath (Yu et al., 2023), we rephrase the questions and an- swers of the seed math data. We use the resulting rephrased question-answer pairs as a QA dataset", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "and call it 'Synth. Math-Instruct'.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Alignment tuning. In the alignment tuning stage, the instruction-tuned model is further fine-tuned to be more aligned with human or strong AI (e.g., GPT4 (OpenAI, 2023)) preferences using direct preference optimization (DPO) (Rafailov et al., 2023). Similar to the instruction tuning stage, we use mostly open-source datasets but also synthe- size a math-focused alignment dataset utilizing the 'Synth. Math-Instruct' dataset mentioned in the instruction tuning stage.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "The alignment data synthesis process is as follows. We take advantage of the fact that the rephrased question-answer pairs in Synth. Math-Instruct data are beneficial in enhancing the model's mathematical capabilities (see Sec. 4.3.1). Thus, we speculate that the rephrased answer to the rephrased question is a better answer than the orig- inal answer, possibly due to the interim rephrasing step. Consequently, we set the rephrased question as the prompt and use the rephrased answer as the chosen response and the original answer as the re- jected response and create the {prompt, chosen, rejected} DPO tuple. We aggregate the tuples from the rephrased question-answer pairs and call the resulting dataset \u2018Synth. Math-Alignment'.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "4 Results", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "4.1 Experimental Details", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Training datasets. We present details regarding our training datasets for the instruction and align- ment tuning stages in Tab. 1. We do not always use the entire dataset and instead subsample a set amount. Note that most of our training data is open-source, and the undisclosed datasets can be substituted for open-source alternatives such as the MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000049.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The post-World War II period saw women participating in formal politics and even attempting to form a political party and an alliance supporting President Ramon Magsaysay's candidacy for the presidency (He served as president from 1953 to 1957), while the advent of the martial law period in 1972 witnessed feminist movements. Roces (2012, 6) attributes this to the burgeoning student movement and activism, so much so that by the time Marcos declared martial law, women were prepared to take on the resistance. Though inspired by North America's second-wave feminists, Filipino women were also drawn to the era's discourses and contexts, such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The women's movement continued to flourish in the Cory Aquino regime (1986\u20131992). The democratic transition provided political opportunity structures and venues ensuring women's access to the state and nonstate spheres. The drafting of the 1987 Constitution was one such opportunity. The movement managed to advocate for important provisions paving the way for women's rights legislation from the 1980s to the present. The provision in the 1987 Constitution mandates the state to recognize \u201cthe role of women in nation building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of men and women\" (Article 2, Section 14). This provision is said to be unique and is not even found in other countries' charters (Masilungan n.d.).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The post-Marcos period advanced the participation of women not only in civil society and nongovernment organizations but also in formal politics and bureaucracy. Several women from the movement joined formal politics, while others were invited by the Aquino and Ramos governments (1992\u20131998) to executive posts. The entry of women activists, NGO leaders, and those from the academe ensured that the new democracy would significantly help push measures promoting women's rights and gender equality. The House of Representative (HOR) and Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)'s \"How to Be a Gender-Responsive Legislator\" (2021, 52) listed several recent laws responding to women's empowerment and gender equality.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 11313: Safe Spaces Act (April 17, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 11210: 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law (March 11, 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000013.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 8.7A-C A gazelle horn used in al-Sadu weaving.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "4 Al-Sadu Symbols and Social Significance", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Perhaps the main reason for the uniqueness of al-Sadu weaving is that it was never mass-pro- duced for export in the same way other carpets were. Although it was traded among tribes, due to the length of time it takes to produce a tent, and due to its particular function in the harsh climate of the desert, it was not replicable in other geographies. Al-Sadu weaving could not be commercialized in the same way that other", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 8.8 Symbol of stars in contemporary al-Sadu weaving by Leila Yaser.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "objects such as kilims, clothes, bags, blankets, and tablecloths\u2014were in other parts of the world. Therefore, although the weaving practice and the symbols used may have changed, they did not change as much as in other textiles, so examining the symbols embedded in these weav- ings may yield a wealth of information about the life of local populations. In the absence of writ- ten records, al-Sadu weavings become, thus, re- cords of memories embodied in a thing.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "The natural environment of the nomadic tribe can be seen in al-Sadu designs, which contain symbols that reflect astronomical elements and the desert environment.24 Quite frequently, al- Sadu symbols indicate constellations and stars (fig. 8.8).25 In the vast sky of the pre-electric desert, the stars, the moon, and the sun had a great signifi- cance, being the main sources of orientation. It is important to note that, currently, the weavers in Kuwait explain these symbols simply as \u201cstars,\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "25", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "For more details on the symbols that appear in al-Sadu weavings, see also Altaf Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, Ibjad: Ornate Tent Dividers and Weavings of the Kuwait Desert (Kuwait: Al Sadu Society, 2006); Khawla Mohamed Ab- del and Aziez Al Manai, Al Sadu (Doha: National Mu- seum of Qatar, 2013); and Ali S. Alnajadah, \u201cThe Picto- graphic Codes in Al-Sadu Weavings of Kuwait,\u201d International Design Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 63^{-74}. In this latter study, Alnajadah tracks changes in the mean- ings of some al-Sadu symbols.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Khawlah M. Manna, Al-Sadu in Qatar: Traditional Tech- nical Values and Techniques (Doha: Qatar Museums Authority, Qatar National Museum, 2013), 99-100.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000072.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "25", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Event", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Celebration", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Information", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Videograph", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Diagram 5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Distribution of Komnas HAM's YouTube Content (2019- 2020)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "As of 1 December 2021, the Komnas HAM's YouTube channel has 2,290 subscribers with 185,676 total views. In the 2019-2020 period, content that specifically discusses the SDGs explicitly cannot be found on the Komnas HAM's YouTube. Nevertheless, on 15 December 2021, the Tanggap Rasa Podcast with the title of \u201cPodcast #EP32: SDGs dan Anak Muda\u201d (Translation: \u201cPodcast #EP32: SDGs and Youth\") has been broadcast and can increase the awareness and understanding of the citizen on the SDGs, especially towards young generations.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "HOME", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Komnas HAM 2.29K subscribers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "VIDEOS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "PLAYLISTS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], 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Consistent with the previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss averse). 10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey. 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Based on what was feasible in the short term and conversations with key stakeholders (i.e., registrar, early OER adopters, curriculum coordinators, student representatives, and the campus store), we incorporated an \"educational resources cost\" option into an existing \u201ccourse attribute\" drop-down menu under the system's advanced search options.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "18 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000103.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "WITH CHATGPT", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "CREATING SLIDES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "OER", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "COMMONS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u03a3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "01 - Find Open Educational Resources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Start by searching for information on platforms like OER Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring no copyright issues.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "02- \u0420\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430re Your Content", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've found. 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Migrant Workers More at Risk of COVID-19 Infection", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "COVID-19 infection among migrants appears to be higher than among non-migrant groups (Hintermeier et al., 2020). Migrant workers are disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 because of the nature of their work and their living conditions. Many migrant workers performed essential services, including jobs in healthcare, selected manufacturing, transportation, logistics, construction, and maintenance, which continued during periods of movement restrictions (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). Many migrant workers also have less access to personal protective equipment and testing and treatment facilities (OECD, ADBI and ILO, 2021). The lack of access was especially true for undocumented migrants.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Additionally, migrant workers employed in plantations far away from urban centres had limited access to information and testing. High rates of infection were also linked to overcrowded housing conditions, including shared facilities and sleeping areas, which increase the risk of transmission (ASEAN MP, 2021). Many workers in processing or assembly plants worked in conditions where physical distancing was rarely observed.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "In Malaysia, out of 2,188 positive cases recorded nationwide on 25 November 2020, 1,511 were foreign workers employed by Top Glove Corporation Bhd., one of the world's largest personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers (The Straits Times, 2020; Ngui, 2020). Many other migrant workers were employed as delivery agents, public transport drivers, or restaurant waiters, and are in constant contact with the general public. Infection risk is also higher", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "9 Keeping in mind that for 2020 the figures are only up to October of the year.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000039.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "39", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 9.4.1: Challenges in importing amongst tourism MSMEs who import \u2013 all survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "32", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "37", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "57", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "46", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "July 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "October 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "January 2021", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Big Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Small Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "No Challenge", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "There were very few tourism MSMEs that exported in each survey round. The base is too small for any conclusive analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "9.5. Adapting to the New Normal: Changing Business Models", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "In all survey phases, several MSMEs in the tourism sector reported changing their business models. In July 2020, 167 tourism MSMEs mentioned that they changed their business model, in October 2020, 223 mentioned the same, and in January 2021, it was 183 MSMEs. Some changed models in more ways than one. The main ways across all phases that MSMEs made changes were:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Adapting to social distancing;", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Devising new ways to reach customers through online markets or social media;", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Moving into new products and services in high demand during COVID-19;", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Reducing employee salaries.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "Compared to previous survey round results, in January 2021, tourism MSMEs had increasingly shifted towards adapting to social distancing to operate (57%). Starting online marketing remained a popular choice, as nearly a quarter (24%) mentioned it in January 2021, compared to 28% in July 2020 and 31% in October 2020. Reducing employee salaries as an approach reduced considerably in January 2021 at 8% of responses compared to 21% in July 2020 and 24% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "6. Compared to 38% in July 2020 and 22% in October 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000009.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The HONEYMOON.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "351", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Carington Bowles, ar A Map &Print Warhead and London", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Published as the Ath", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "S", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 4.3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "The Honey-Moon [graphic]. Mezzotint, hand-colored.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "PRINTED FOR CARINGTON BOWLES, LONDON, JUNE 1777", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "this list, Richard Walker, apothecary to the Prince of Wales, adds Arabic henna, manna, and rhu- barb.34 The influence of the Arabian medicine first on the Greek, then on the French and English phy- sicians, although often decried, brought an influx of medicinal plants from or through the Arabian", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "34", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Book. Interspersed with Some Occasional Observations on Some of the Most Celebrated Modern Dispensatories, and the Present State of Pharmacy (London: Printed and Sold by R. Willock, 1744). This volume contains a wealth of detailed recipes for various afflictions, albeit providing few specifics as to what was treated by using them.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Richard Walker, Memoirs of Medicine; Including a Sketch of Medical History from the Earliest Accounts to the Eighteenth Century (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1799).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Peninsula to Europe, where they were customarily used in tinctures, purges, and other more or less effective elixirs.35 Alternately, incense was used for its love-inducing and rejuvenating properties, as seen in an 1787 etching by James Gillray represent- ing a group of five elderly women of fashion at- tending an altar of Love (fig. 4.5).36", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "For the influence of the Arabian medicine on Western Europe, see volume 3 of John Astruc's Treatise on the Diseases of Women, in Which Is Attempted to Join a Just Theory to the Most Safe and Approved Practice... (Lon- don: Printed for J. Nourse, 1767). For detailed recipes of medicines containing ingredients of Arabic origin, see Pharmacopoia Reformata cited above.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Arabian incense is made by using frankincense or gum Arabic resin mixed with sweet-smelling essential oils, such as myrrh and oud.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000119.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
MitosisMeiosis
(begins with a single cell)(begins with a single cell)
#chromosomes in parent cells # DNA replications
#nuclear divisions
#daughter cells produced
purpose
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork. Instructor signature:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with \u201c2n\u201d and \u201cn\u201d in various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the \u201cn\u201d classification changes. (Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "71", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000088.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Comparative Summary Table", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
JurisdictionGATS XVIIForeignRestrictions on ForeignForeign
Reservation (1994)Ownership PermittedOwnershipOwnership Reporting Requirements
ArgentinaYYProhibition on ownership of
property that contains or
borders large and permanent bodies of water and of land in
border security zones. Rural
land can only be acquired upon
certificate being granted (total percentage must not exceed 15% of the territory, in which shares of nationals of one country must not exceed 30%; maximum limit per foreigner; certain long-term residents exempted).
AustraliaNYApproval is needed from theAcquisitions of
Treasurer if the acquisition constitutes a \"significantresidential and agricultural
action,\" including acquiring an interest in different types ofland by foreign persons must be
reported to the
AustriaYYland where the monetary threshold is met for that type of land. The Treasurer may prohibit a significant action that is found to be contrary to the national interest. Prior authorization required with exceptions; authorization may be refused if therelevant government agency.
acquisition contradicts national public policy interests.
BelgiumNYNone.
BrazilYYAcquisition of rural property by an alien individual or
company, including Brazilian companies controlled by
foreigners, may not exceed 50 modules; foreign ownership of rural areas may not exceed a quarter of the surface of the municipalities, and ownership
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000035.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Basis Fields", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "A vector field may be written as a linear combination of basis vector fields. If n is the dimension, then any set of n linearly independent vector fields may be used as a basis. The coordinate basis X is an example of a basis.\u00b9 We will see later that not every basis is a coordinate basis: in order to be a coordinate basis, there must be a coordinate system such that each basis element is the directional derivative operator in a corresponding coordinate direction.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Let e be a tuple of basis vector fields, such as the coordinate basis X. The general vector field v applied to an arbitrary manifold function f can be expressed as a linear combination", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "v(f)(m)=e(f)(m)b(m)=\\sum_{i}e_{i}(f)(m)b^{i}(m) ,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "where bis a tuple-valued coefficient function on the manifold. When expressed in a coordinate basis, the coefficients that specify the direction of the vector are naturally expressed as functions b^{i} of the coordinates of the manifold point. Here, the coefficient function bis more naturally expressed as a tuple-valued function on the manifold. If b is the coefficient function expressed as a function of coordinates, then b=b\\circ\\chi is the coefficient function as a function on the manifold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "The coordinate-basis forms have a simple definition in terms of the coordinate-basis vectors and the coordinates (equation 3.40). With this choice, the dual property, equation (3.41), holds without further fuss. More generally, we can define a basis of one-forms \u1ebd that is dual to e in that the property", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\\tilde{e}^{i}(e_{j})(m)=\\delta_{j}^{i}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "(4.2)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "is satisfied, analogous to property (3.41). Figure 4.1 illustrates the duality of basis fields.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "1We cannot say if the basis vectors are orthogonal or normalized until we introduce a metric.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000180.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication. Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.1. If the edits involve substantial updates, the edition number increases to the next whole number.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The files posted alongside this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in this book, please let us know in the Rebus Community forum, where reported errors will be visible to others.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "We will contact the author, make the necessary changes, and replace all file types as soon as possible. Once we receive the updated files, this Version History page will be updated to reflect the edits made.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Version History", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
VersionDateChangeAffected Sections
1.0April 30, 2022Original
1.0June 3, 2022Small edits for clarity on Creative Commons licensing and attribution.1. Introduction to Open Educational Resources
", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000064.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "estuarine influenced areas. Batangas, Cebu and Iloilo are located very near to protected areas and tourism areas. Batangas is within the center of the center of global marine biodiversity while Cebu is in the Mactan key biodiversity area. Manila has the highest number of foreign shipcalls while Cebu has the highest domestic shipcalls and second to Manila in international shipcalls.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "PORT", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "SHIPCALLS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Foreign Domestic", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "MANILA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "2454", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], 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0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "112", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "704", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "ZAMBOANGA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "41,27", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "LUCENA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "74", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "4,428", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "Table 1. Top 10 ports in the Philippines in shipcalls (2020 data from PPA, CPA and SBMA)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "The port of Manila has been documented to have a significant number of possible IAS. The on- going SAILS-PORTEC research program has detected IAS in Davao, Cebu and Matnog ports. These ports are adjacent to specific oil tanker pathways/routes. In Luzon where the refineries and oil storage facilities are located such as Batangas, are at higher risk. These loading ports are at high risk for IAS/MNIS and these are located near to international ports.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "The shipcall statistics in Table 1 represent the year 2020, when the COVID 19 pandemic caused a global and domestic maritime transport slowdown. The average reduction in shipcalls is around 40%. Nonetheless, Manila and Cebu are likely the main ports that need to be closely monitored for potential IAS bioinvasion. In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Manila was experiencing port congestion with a report that ships may stay at berth for five days (Wallis, 2019). This will increase the risks for biofouling. Based on the 2021 statistics from the PPA, the average berthing time has been reduced to 1 day. This is a result of less shipping traffic due to the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000184.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Semantic Search Pack: Value", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "SS Pack allows businesses to access further data more rapidly", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The SS Pack can reduce the information acquisition time by returning all the information that matches the user's search intent.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The performance optimized for individual search systems is maintained by automatic updates of real-time search log records, augmented by Upstage's technological know-how.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1.8X \u21911", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Higher Return of Information", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Unlike existing search systems that only return information limited to the entered search keywords, SS Pack returns all relevant data that meet the user's search intent", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Optimal Attempt", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Reduced Information Acquisition Time", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "By returning all semantic-based information of the search keywords, the time required for information acquisition is reduced drastically compared to that of traditional keyword-matching search systems", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "SOTA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Cutting-Edge Technology", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "The analysis of user logs saved in real-time allows us to further optimize the individual search services over time", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "1 Evaluated against 100 internal test queries. Comparison of the amount of information returned with at least one keyword included in the search term and the amount of returned information against that of SS Pack", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "2 State-of-the-art, current highest level of results and performance", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000033.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Functional Abstraction", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "xvii", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "But this corrected use of Leibniz notation is ugly. We had to introduce extraneous symbols (q and \u0121) in order to indicate the ar- gument position specifying the partial derivative. Nothing would change here if we replaced q and \u0121 by a and b.^{3} We can sim- plify the notation by admitting that the partial derivatives of the Lagrangian are themselves new functions, and by specifying the particular partial derivative by the position of the argument that is varied", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\\frac{d}{dt}((\\partial_{2}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dt}w(t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dt}w(t))=0 ,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "where \\partial_{i}L is the function which is the partial derivative of the function L with respect to the ith argument.4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Two different notions of derivative appear in this expression. The functions \\partial_{2}L and \\partial_{1}L, constructed from the Lagrangian L, have the same arguments as L. The derivative d/dt is an expression derivative. It applies to an expression that involves the variable t and it gives the rate of change of the value of the expression as the value of the variable t is varied.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "These are both useful interpretations of the idea of a derivative. But functions give us more power. There are many equivalent ways to write expressions that compute the same value. For example 1/(1/r_{1}+1/r_{2})=(r_{1}r_{2})/(r_{1}+r_{2}). These expressions compute the same function of the two variables r_{1} and r_{2}. The first expression fails if r_{1}=0 but the second one gives the right value of the function. If we abstract the function, say as \\Pi(r_{1},r_{2}), we can ignore the details of how it is computed. The ideas become clearer because they do not depend on the detailed shape of the expressions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "That the symbols q and \u0121 can be replaced by other arbitrarily chosen non- conflicting symbols without changing the meaning of the expression tells us that the partial derivative symbol is a logical quantifier, like forall and exists (\u2200 and \u2203).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "4The argument positions of the Lagrangian are indicated by indices starting with zero for the time argument.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000060.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "1,000 tonne", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "1,800", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "1,600", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.8. Domestic Wood Pellets Production", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "1,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "800", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "600", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "126", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "127", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "131", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "147", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "2014", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "2015", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Domestic production", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Source: Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Applications of wood pellets in Japan include power generation, boilers, stoves, agriculture use, and others. Although the trade statistics do not specify the usage of the imported wood pellets, according to the Japan Wood Pellet Association (JPA), most are used for power generation.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "The price of domestic wood pellets for power generation has a wide range. According to a survey of domestic wood pellet manufacturers undertaken by JPA in 2020, the average price of domestic wood pellets for power generation is around 14,000^{\\sim}29,000\\ne/tonne, while according to the Trade Statistics of Japan, the average cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) price of imported wood pellets is around 18,000 \\/tonne in 2020 (Figure 4.9).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Figure 4-9. Average Cost, Insurance, and Freight Prices of Wood Pellets and Wood Chips", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Yen/tonne", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "30,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "25,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "20,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "15,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "10,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "5,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "2014 2015 -Wood chips, coniferous", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": { "text": "2012 -Wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "2013", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "Average price = import value/import tonne.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "Source: Estimated by IEEJ based on Trade Statistics of Japan.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "Wood chips, non-coniferous", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000165.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Record your observations in Table 13.2.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 13.2. Effect of cations on flocculation of a clay suspension.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Added cationRelative Size & Settling Rates of Floccules
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
Check
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Activity 4. Determining CEC by replacing adsorbed cations.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "In this activity, you will titrate the filtrate with a 0.01 molar solution of NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to faint pink when the quantity of OH ions added via the NaOH equals the quantity of H^{+} ions in the solution (that is, when the pH is raised to 7). For this activity, assume the soil samples have been extracted and the filtrates are now available for analysis.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "1. Place 10 ml of each filtrate into separate 125 ml flasks. This 10 ml quantity is the amount of filtrate from 1.0 gram of soil.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "2. Add 10 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "3. Titrate the extract with the NaOH solution to a faint pink endpoint. The titration must be done very carefully to obtain meaningful results. If you put too much NaOH in the flask and get a bright pink color, discard the solution and repeat the process. In the table below, record the milliliters of NaOH solution used to achieve the endpoint.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Calculate the CEC and record your data in Table 13.3.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Here is an example of how to calculate the CEC, assuming 2.5 mL of NaOH was required to achieve an end point. The reaction occurring during titration is", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "NaOH+H^{+}\\rightarrow Na^{+}+H_{2}O", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Thus, one mole of NaOH reacts with one mole of = moles of H+ in solution.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "H^{+}. Therefore, at the phenolphthalein end point, moles of NaOH added", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "The solution of 0.01 molar NaOH contains 1 cmol charge per liter (1~cmol_{c}/L). Therefore 2.5 mL NaOH contains", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "vol_{e}of~NaOH=2.5~mL~NaOH\\times\\frac{1~L}{1000~mL}\\times\\frac{0.01~mol~NaOH}{1~L}\\times\\frac{1~mol_{c}}{1~mol~NaOH}\\times\\frac{100~cmol_{c}}{1~mol_{c}}=0.0025~mol_{c}NaOH", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Thus, the CEC is", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg~soil}=\\frac{0.0025~cmol_{c}}{1~g~soil}\\times\\frac{1000g~soil}{1~kg~soil}=\\frac{2.5cmolc}{kg~soil}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "114 Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000192.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Edward Beeching, Cl\u00e9mentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen Rajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and Thomas Wolf. 2023. 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The flan collection: Designing data and methods for effective instruction tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.13688.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000020.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "X", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "to speak, using half my allocated 20 minutes because he had a different memory of our internment. As a young boy he had a wonderful time in camp, getting up to mischief, playing games, feeling adventurous. Girls are more vulnerable. Puberty can be a greater problem for them.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Another interesting matter associated with this book is that the Iranian- born anthropologist Dr Pedram Khosronejad contacted me in 2019 after reading my book in the house of a friend. Pandanus Press having ceased to exist, Pedram took considerable trouble to locate and invite me to join a small group for a project he was devising. Their parents had also been interned from Persia during the period covered by my book. The group is now aged between 64 and 85 years of age \u2013 the children of internees from Persia'. The group works collectively and individually in association with Dr Khosronejad's experiment of a reciprocal anthropology of the aged. Outcomes of their work will include a publication as well as documentary film. This book remains one of several unique contributions within the development of the project.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "With the literary title used in its initial hard copy, this book has not been part of bibliographies on civilian or refugee internment in Australia, although it is unusual as an account of a female's personal experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000125.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ways . Review Figure 2.16^{8} below , which is a line graph of the percentage of Canadian vs. foreign television programmes watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to understand which line graph corresponds to which colour from the legend.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "54 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000026.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Else had told us how phosphorenscence burning on human skin could not be put out, and how a seventeen-year-old soldier, weak from starvation, had been fed at a stranger mother's breast in the bunker before he returned to fight Russian soldiers in the final Breslau street battles. She had told us how a fat man had wedged himself into the shelter's entrance, and had been mown down by the hysterical mob. She had told us how she herself had carried her sick mother across a burning rooftop.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Beneath the reconstructed Novi Targ square, John identified shelters in two places, downstairs bolted against public entry. Plain and ugly high- rise public housing of cheap materials now stood around the bare square, where once interesting seventeenth-century merchant houses had stood amid a lively marketplace. People had lived in apartments even before the Communist-style transformations. Before their destruction, the old buildings of Breslau were of stately proportions, made of good material by experienced artisans who valued their talents and who took pride in a town with depth to its history.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Novi Targ now looks much sadder and more neglected than my glossy photos show. Breslau's lively markets that were once a feature of the city, as shown in my photographs of 1905, were relocated by the council in the second half of the twentieth century to a large new market hall. This was allegedly because of the congestion caused in the city's central squares by traders with their cars, animals and stalls.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "I was nevertheless deeply moved. This ugly restoration was on ground where my grandmother and her children had walked so many times. Grandmother Emma and my beloved aunt Else had lived there for fifteen years before 1945. My mother had corresponded with them from far away.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Had we stayed longer, we would have enjoyed other moments of pleasure in a city that remains drab, and in which not even the theatre has been restored. The original buildings, and what they stood for, were German. The culture of Silesia before 1945 has not yet been generally acknowledged. It is also part of Polish history. I am sure this will change.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000189.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelAlpaca-GPT4OpenOrcaSynth. Math-InstructH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SFT v10XX69.1567.6686.0365.8860.1282.9552.24
SFT v20\u039fX69.2165.3685.3965.9358.4782.7957.32
SFT v30\u039f70.0365.8785.5565.3157.9381.3764.14
SFT v40070.8867.3285.8765.8758.9782.4864.75
SFT v3 + v40071.1167.3285.9665.9558.802.0866.57
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 3: Ablation studies on the different datasets used for instruction tuning. 'SFT v3+v4' indicates that the model", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "is merged from 'SFT v3^{\\prime} and 'SFT v4' by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelUltrafeedback CleanSynth. Math-AlignmentH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v1X73.0671.4288.4966.1472.0481.4558.83
DPO v273.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v1 + v20073.2171.3388.3665.9272.6582.7958.23
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Table 4: Ablation studies on the different datasets used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. 'SFT v3^{,} is used as the SFT base model for DPO. We name ablated models with the 'DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. 'DPO v1+v2' indicates that the model is merged from 'DPO v1' and 'DPO v2^{\\prime} by simply averaging the model weights. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelBase SFT ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
DPO v2SFT v373.4271.5088.2865.9771.7182.7960.27
DPO v3SFT v3 + v473.5871.3388.0865.3972.4581.9362.32
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Table 5: Ablation studies on the different SFT base models used during the direct preference optimization (DPO) stage. Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets are used. We name ablated models with the \u2018DPO' prefix to indicate the alignment tuning stage. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "indicate that using OpenOrca results in a model that behaves differently from using only Alpaca-GPT4.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Second, we investigate whether Synth. Math- Instruct dataset is beneficial. For 'SFT v3^{7}, we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset, which boosts GSM8K scores to 64.14 and achieves comparable scores for the other tasks. Interestingly, when we add the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset to 'SFT v1' to train 'SFT v{4}^{,}, we get our highest H6 score of 70.88 with higher scores than 'SFT v^{3^{\\prime}} for all tasks. From the above, we can see that adding the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset is helpful.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Lastly, we see whether merging models trained with and without OpenOrca can boost performance. In the first analysis, we saw that using OpenOrca re- sulted in a model that behaved differently from the model that was trained without OpenOrca. Build- ing on this intuition, we merge 'SFT v3^{\\prime} and 'SFT v4' as they are the best-performing models with and without OpenOrca. To our surprise, the result- ing merged model 'SFT v^{3}+v4^{,} retains the high scores for non-GSM8K tasks from 'SFT v{4}^{,} but also achieves a higher GSM8K score than 'SFT v3' or 'SFT v4^{\\prime}. Thus, we see that merging models that specialize in different tasks is a promising way to obtain a model that performs well generally.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "4.3.2 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "As we utilize DPO for practical alignment tuning, there are additional aspects to ablate such as the SFT base models used. Thus, we present ablations for the different training datasets used for training, the different SFT base models to initialize the DPO model, and finally, the model merging strategy to obtain the final alignment-tuned model.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We ablate on the different alignment datasets used during DPO in Tab. 4. We use 'SFT v3^{\\prime} as the SFT base model for DPO. \u2018DPO v1^{,} only uses the Ultrafeedback Clean dataset while \u2018DPO v2^{,} also used the Synth. Math-Alignment dataset.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "First, we test how Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment impacts model perfor- mance. For 'DPO v1', it achieves 73.06 in H6, which is a substantial boost from the SFT base model score of 70.03. However, we note that while scores for tasks like ARC, HellaSwag, and Truth- fulQA all improved by good margins, the score for GSM8K is 58.83, which is lower than the SFT base model score of 64.14. Adding Synth. Math-Alignment to train 'DPO v2^{\\prime}, we see that the GSM8k score improves to 60.27, which is lower than the SFT base model but still higher than 'DPO v1^{\\prime}. Other task scores are also not nega-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000014.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "158", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 8.15 Typical black-and-white Bedouin tent.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "AL-OGAYYEL AND OSKAY", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "WOMES DOMESTIC SOM", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 8.16", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Typical three-poled Bedouin tent", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "black and white, with a little red-dyed wool for decoration. This wool comes from sheep and cam- els, whose wool is known for its softness and, when left undyed, for its beautiful natural colors.49", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Figure 8.16 indicates the complex nature of the interior of a Bedouin tent. The inside area is divid- ed into many parts, each of them with its specific use. It is important to note that a \u201cwell-to-do\u201d Bed- ouin tent like the one shown in figure 8.16 indi- cates the higher status of the family living in it than that of a family living in the humbler,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "three-poled tent in figure 8.15. These images also show that different areas are used by men and by women.50 For example, the tent contains a space which is allocated to female weavers, like a studio where they perform their craft and practice their skills.51 Thus, in the Bedouin society, the tent is a not only a signifier of social relationships and fam- ily status but also of gender roles. It is, therefore, an extremely important space because here wom- en make items that support their family or tribe. While the function of the textile is to create and demarcate the Bedouin space, the way the space is constructed influences the way the nomads live and the way the family or the tribe is perceived by the outside world. The textile is, therefore, structuring the formation of a private and a public identity by delineating the space: the outside, non- patterned textiles are public, while the inside, patterned textiles are private.52 We can infer,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "51", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "52", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "49 For details, see Al-Sabah, Ibjad, 17.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "See also Dickson, The Arab of the Desert, 66-67; and Canavan, \"Applications of Textile Products,\" 541. Here, Canavan explains that dividers were parts of women's possessions, accompanying them into marriage, as well as \"testimony of a tribe's wealth and prestige.\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Refah Al Raheel, interviewed by Rana Al-Ogayyel, Ri- yadh, 2017.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "While the outside of the traditional tents is black and without much pattern except for stripes, the inside of", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000120.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100 amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu). Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein. The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the symptoms of sickle cell anemia.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Genes in DNA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "2 copies of the allele", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "that codes for", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "normal hemoglobin", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "(SS)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Protein", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Characteristics", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels \u2192 normal health", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "2 copies of the allele", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "that codes for", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "sickle-shaped red blood cells clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "pain, damage to body organs", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "+ anemia = sickle cell anemia", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000158.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "to expand this section to include notes, tips and feedback from TWP instructors. If you use these materials, please let me know how it went, what worked for you, and any suggested changes or additions. I'd love to hear from you at chwixson (at) plymouth (dot) edu or fill out as much of [this form] as you'd like.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Throughout the chapters, I tried to generate Reflection & Discussion Questions that could be used either as in class (whole group or think/pair/share) discussion prompts or as written reflections assigned out of class. If your students generate any written answers to any of the Reflection & Discussion Questions in this chapter, I would be very interested to see them.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Our Mental Shortcuts", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "If you'd like to reinforce Kahneman's ideas about System 1 and System 2 thinking the video below (12 minutes) is very good, (thanks to Mike Davidson for this suggestion.) //www.youtube.com/embed/UBVV8pch1dM", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Reflection & Discussion Question 1: Taking Stock of What You Already Know", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "98 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000048.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Filipino Women in Electoral Politics", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The nature and extent of Filipino women's political participation is a product of the country's colonial history, martial law, and democratization post-1986. Historians argue that Spain's strong Catholic traditions ushered in patriarchal norms and practices that were not present in the pre-Hispanic period. National hero, Jose Rizal, has documented this in his \u201cLetter to the Women of Malolos,\u201d praising the women for advocating their right to education. Historians also found proof of women's contribution to the Philippine revolution (Camagay 1998). Decades later, the suffragist movement ushered in one of the first national issues to have brought Filipino women together. It was a hard- fought battle; the movement had to contend with staunch opposition from antisuffragists in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution. The reluctance was expected because only 21-year- old Filipino men had been allowed to vote during the time. They framed their opposition based on traditional notions of womanhood and their role in the private sphere, foremost of which is motherhood. Another key argument against female suffrage was the idea that politics is supposed to be \u201cdirty\u201d and that this would taint families if women took part in politics. The assumptions catered to the age-old public-private divide, strongly suggesting that only men are qualified to occupy the former.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Eventually, the 1935 Constitution granted women suffrage on the condition that more than 300,000 women would vote affirmatively in a plebiscite. When signing the law paving the way for the said plebiscite, President Manuel Quezon had this to say to Filipino men: \u201cAre you going to deprive our women of the opportunity to say how their lives are going to be regulated and is it fair for us to presume that men can always speak in this country for women?\" (Official Gazette 1936). In April 1937, more than 400,000 women voted in favor of their right to vote and participate in political life. In 1946 and 1947, Filipinos elected the first woman member of the House of Representatives, and senator, respectively. Nonetheless, data from 1946 to 1992 indicate an uphill climb. For instance, in the 1949 and 1953 elections for the House of Representatives, only one woman was elected out of the 100 positions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000200.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Introduction of product services and key features", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Key Functions by Main Service Flow", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Service StageFunction NameExplanationExpected Benefit
1. Project creationProject creation and managementSelect document type to automatically run project creation, Pipeline configuration with recommended Modelset and Endpoint deploymentThe intuitive Ul environment allows the the person in charge to quickly proceed with the entire process from project creation to deployment, improving work efficiency
2. Data labeling and fine-tuningData storage managementProvides convenient functions for uploading raw data, viewer, and data management (search using image metadata, sorting, filtering, hashtags settings on image data) Image data bookmark for Qualitative EvaluationConveniently manage raw data to be used for OCR Pack and actual date from live service
Create and manage Labeling SpaceCreating a Labeling Space to manage raw data annotation, managing labeling resources (Ontology, Characters to be Recognized), data set dump, data set version management 3Labeling work can be outsourced within the pack. Labeled data is continuously supplied from which data sets can be created with ease. The Auto Labeling function increases both efficiency and convenience.
Model trainingVarious basic models for each selected document, information comparison betweenProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own
models, basic model training, training pause function, re-training, cancel function, and configuration support for Characters to be Recognized and Ontology that is frequentlyOCR model specialized to the customers' needs
modified while developing specialized models
3. Pipeline configuration andPipeline, EndpointChoose Detector, Recognizer, or Parser to create a Pipeline or an EndpointProviding a foundation for customers to implement, manage, and upgrade their own
deploymentCreation and managementConnect Pipelines to Endpoints, perform tasks such as deployment controllers,OCR model specialized to the customers' needs
deployment recovery, and more
4. Monitoring and evaluationProject monitoringMonitoring of deployed Pipelines and Endpoints, notifying the customer of importantMonitor important indicators for each project and quickly identify and respond to
issues such as suspicion of model performance degradation, and Qualitative Evaluationissues
of actual incoming customer data
Full Pack MonitoringMonitoring traffic of all deployed Endpoints, quality monitoring of all deployed models, and monitoring of resources (GPU, CPU, Storage) connected to the PackMonitoring useful information about the overall OCR Pack at a glance
Quantitative / Qualitative EvaluationQuantitative evaluation leaderboard / Qualitative EvaluationViewing the model's performance to help the customer choose the appropriate model
Guide and helpProvides context-specific guides to help you troubleshoot yourself, download terminalThe customer can diagnose, respond to, and solve problems occurring in the Pack
logs for error situations and Pack documentationon their own without external help
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000025.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "gesture in honour of local culture. Few of the artefacts were authentically part of this area. It told us nothing of any interest or with any authority. We wondered whose culture we were looking at.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "At the central railway station, we tried to question officials, in German and English, about the location of Steinkirche. But only Polish was spoken at the information office and other counters. Nor could we locate the correct train line on the information screens.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "On our walk back to the centre of town, past the dilapidated theatre where my mother had attended performances, John spotted another bookshop. Surprisingly it was trading busily on a Polish Catholic Sunday. It sold old maps and books. We found old pictures of Breslau labelled in Polish and English. We found descriptions in both Polish and English of Neumarkt Platz (Novi Targ). Various maps showed clear plans of its location. They also showed the Neptune fountain I had been seeking. For centuries it had a conspicuous place in town maps as a well drawing water from the Oder, whose tributaries flowed together and separated the town into different quarters, spanned by a multitude of bridges.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "I was thrilled. Before this find, my family had begun to question whether the fountain had actually existed. 'You and your fountain!' they cried. But I always knew it was there, in my memory and beyond.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "When we walked to Novi Targ, we found the old houses by the square had been destroyed totally by the War. So, to my disappointment, had the Neptune fountain. In Microcosm, his history of Wroclaw, Norman Davies tells how, after the War, the rubble of Breslau had been removed in trainloads to rebuild Warsaw in its original style. Some fine Breslau buildings left standing by War were even knocked down for their old bricks.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "I viewed this horrible information as being akin to the punishment Dante dished out to sinners in his Purgatory. Atonement was to be made only by suffering punishment that fitted the spirit of a crime.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "We then looked for the air-raid shelters in which my grandmother and aunt Else had sheltered from the fire-bombs that rained down on the city in early 1945.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000055.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "pharmaceutical products (Casson, Muliastra, and Obidzinski, 2014). The development of biofuels from biomass has raised interest in expanding the palm oil plantation area. This is because palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "CPO is the primary product derived from the red fruit of the oil palm, while palm kernel oil, derived from the fruit's nut, is considered a secondary product. Oil palm biomass includes EFBs, palm mesocarps fibres (PMFs), PKS, oil palm fronds, oil palm trunks, as well as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Oil palm fronds account for 70% of the total oil palm biomass produced, while EFB accounts for 10% and oil palm trunks account for only about 5% of the total biomass produced.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "According to Harahap et al. (2019), Indonesia housed 11 million hectares (Mha) of oil palm plantations and produced 31 million tonnes (Mt) of CPO in 2015. Oil extraction from palm fruits occurs in palm oil mills. One tonne (t) of CPO production results in nearly 5 t of solid biomass waste, including EFBs, PKSs, PMFs, and POME; see Figure 3.3. This implies that, in 2015, Indonesia produced around 155 Mt of palm biomass residue.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Figure 3.3. Biomass Use in Oil Palm Industry", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "One hectare of oil palm plantation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Fresh fruit bunch", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Palm fruits", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Legend:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Residue production", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "~15 t", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "~2 t Effluent", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Mesocarp", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Crude palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Palm kernel", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "-8 t Shell", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "~1 t Empty fruit bunch", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "~3 t", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Source: Harahap et al. (2019).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Regarding the potential for biodiesel, the previous Table 2.10 projected the demand of FAME for both B30 and B40 mandates using the volume of diesel fuel needed for the road transport sector. As shown, the FAME demand will reach 19.1 million kL in 2040 for the B30 mandate and 25.4 million kL for the B40 mandate. The current FAME production capacity is 12.85 million kL, indicating a shortage of supply to meet the 2040 demand for both the B30 and B40 mandates.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Increasing the capacity for FAME production implies that the demand for domestic CPO will continue to increase. The estimated CPO required to produce FAME in 2040 is also calculated above (Table 2.11). The estimated CPO consumption for B30 and B40 mandate in 2040 will be 17.5 and 23.4 million tonnes, respectively. This was calculated based on", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000028.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "between this and the fact that the development of the underlying wave function for the whole universe is unique.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Summarizing:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Definition 1. A universe U is a chain of states (one state U_{t} for each moment of time t), with the property that the transition between adjacent states is always possible.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Definition 2. A multiverse M is the set of all possible universes U in the sense of Definition 1 together with a probability measure on this set.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "It may of course be said that quantum mechanics should allow for transitions between all kinds of states, although the probability for most such transitions may be extremely small. In this extremely simplified treatment, I will assume that for a given state at a given moment of time t, the dynamical laws will only permit transitions to a very limited number of states at the previous and next moments, which will make the probabilistic part of the investigation particularly simple. However, modifications are called for near the endpoints (the Big Bang and the Big Crunch); see Section 5.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "As it stands, the model presented so far is too simple to generate any results. In fact, there are no observable differences at all between the states, which mean that there are no measurable variables which could be related to the (so far non- specified) dynamics.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "There are of course many different variables which we can choose to enrich this structure, and which ones to choose must depend on what properties we want to explain. For explaining the second law of thermodynamics, the obvious choice is the entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "4. Entropy", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "According to Boltzmann, the total entropy of a certain macro-state at a certain time is given by", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "S=k_{B}ln~\\Omega,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "(2)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "or inversely", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "O=W^{S}, with W=e^{1/k_{B}},", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "where \u03a9 denotes the number of corresponding micro-states and k_{B} is Boltzmann's constant.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "(3)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "This formula was from the beginning derived for simple cases, like an ideal gas. Nevertheless, it does represent a kind of universal truth in statistical mechanics: the number of possible micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state grows expo- nentially with the entropy. Although there are many complications when one tries to consider the entropy of the universe as a whole, I will still take it as the starting point for the discussion that the entropy (at a given time t) is an exponential function of the total entropy as in (3). A more difficult question is if and how the constant W may vary with time, but for the purpose of the present paper, I will simply let it be constant.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "One may of course argue that this can only be true when the universe is still quite ordered and the entropy is very far from reaching its maximum. But this is certainly what the situation is like in our universe today, and according to the computations in [10, 11], it would take an almost incredibly long time to reach such a state of maximal entropy. Thus, it will in the following be taken for granted that this time is much longer than the life-span of our universe.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "312", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000092.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "laboratory experiments that have formed key pillars of the field, such as those experiments depicted in Examples 1 and 2 in the book's Introduction section. The thought experiments in Section 1 are, for the most part, re-castings of the simple cognitive tests devised by psychologists and economists over the past three-to-four decades to illustrate the fallacies, miscalculations, and biases distinguishing Homo sapiens from Homo economicus. Similarly, the laboratory experiments presented in Section 2 are, for the most part, re-castings of the seminal experiments conducted by Kahneman and Tversky (among many others). These experiments helped motivate the revised theories of human choice behavior, such as Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) Prospect Theory, which form another pillar of behavioral economics. Alongside these experiments, Section 2 presents the revised theories of human choice behavior with varying degrees of rigor. This is where the theoretical bases of Homo economicus' rational choice behavior are examined, and where key refinements to this theory are developed-theoretical refinements underpinning the myriad departures from rational choice behavior we witness Homo sapiens make in this section's laboratory and field experiments (and which are examined further in Sections 3 and 4).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Section 3 submerses the student in the world of behavioral game theory. Here we explore games such as Ultimatum Bargaining presented in Example 5. We follow Camerer (2003)'s lead, first by characterizing the games analytically (i.e., identifying solution, or equilibrium, concepts that are predicted to result when members of Homo economicus play the games), and then by discussing empirical results obtained from corresponding field experiments conducted with Homo sapiens. It is within the context of these games and field experiments that theories of social interaction are tested concerning inter alia trust and trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, reciprocity, etc. As with the thought and laboratory experiments presented in Sections 1 and 2, the games and field experiments presented in Section 3 are meant to be replicated with students as subjects and the instructor as the experimenter, or researcher.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Finally, Section 4 wades into the vast sea of empirical research and choice architecture. Here the student explores studies reporting on (1) the outcomes of actual policy nudges, such as the SMarT retirement-savings plan presented in Example 3 of the Introduction, (2) analyses of secondary datasets to test for choice behavior consistent with the revised theories discussed in Section 2, such as the test for loss aversion in Example 4 of the Introduction, and (3) analyses of primary datasets obtained from novel field experiments to further test the revised theories. The main purpose of this section is not only to introduce the student to interesting empirical studies and policy adaptations in the field of behavioral economics, but also, in the process, to incubate in the student an abiding appreciation for 3 the obscure settings that sometimes lend themselves to such study.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RIGOR", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Because the mathematical and computational rigor of material presented in this textbook varies throughout, particularly in Sections 2-4, the extent of the rigor used in the presentation of a given topic is indicated with superscripts. Topics without a superscript are considered basic and universal enough that backgrounds in economics, mathematics, or statistics are not required for the reader to understand the material. Topics with a single asterisk (*) indicate that higher mathematical reasoning skills are recommended for the reader to fully grasp the material. Topics with a double", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "3. Our approach to studying behavioral economics is focused on the underlying laboratory experimentation and behavioral games that form the bedrock of the field. As such, we eschew delving into related fields such as neuroeconomics and auction theory. See Cartwright (2018) and Just (2013) for introductions to the former and latter fields, respectively. XX ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000179.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Cortempuray Cabula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Cacula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Calcula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Cacula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Calcul", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Cata", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Cacuu", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Catsu", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Calcula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Calcul\u043b\u0430\u0433", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\u0421\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0440\u043er\u0430r\u0443 \u0421\u0430\u0431\u0430", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Cacula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Cottenphirey ex", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Contemporary Ca", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "NO", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "of Functies", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Strategle Technolegy Plan", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Figure 12.2. A set of open textbooks printed in bulk are featured in this photo. Open textbooks from the Open Course Library, picture by Tom Caswell, CC BY 2.0.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "What tool(s) do you typically use in your course?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Ask whether the instructor utilizes your institution's course management system (Canvas, Blackboard, etc.), or a separate course website to communicate and share content with students. This may affect the tools and practices you recommend.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "What supporting materials do you utilize for this course?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "If the instructor relies on self-grading homework platforms or ancillary presentations and lecture notes from publishers, you will want to discuss the various free and low-cost options available to replace that content (See Chapter 15, Finding Ancillaries for OER).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Alternatively, does the instructor already supplement their course materials with course notes or materials they have personally created? Often, when traditional materials are lacking or require supplement, instructors will create notes, reading lists, or other content to \u201cback up\u201d any traditional, commercial content used in their course. This instructor-created content can be reused with OER as well, or even adapted into a new open resource in the future.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "164 SUPPORTING OER ADOPTION", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000089.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
JurisdictionGATS XVII | ReservationForeign Restrictions on Foreign Ownership OwnershipForeign Ownership Requirements
(1994)PermittedReporting
by persons of same nationality must not exceed 40% of the quarter.
Canada ChileY NProhibition on ownership of residential property with exceptions; some provinces also restrict ownership, including of agricultural land. Prohibition on acquisition of public lands within 10 Y Y
kilometers from the border and favorable military report required for acquisition of land 5 kilometers from the coast; nationals of bordering countries and legal persons with their principal place of business in one of those countries cannot obtain rights to real estate located totally or partially in the border area.
ChinaN (2001)No individuals, domestic or foreign, can privately own land. The state grants land use rights to land users for a N
certain number of years.
Foreigners can obtain such
land use rights, own residential
houses and apartments, or
incorporate foreign-invested
enterprises to invest in real estate.
EgyptYProhibition on ownership of agriculture lands, land in Sinai Peninsula; otherwise, Y
permitted to own up to two properties, up to 4,000 square meters, for residential
purposes; no disposition for 5
years; approval required to
acquire land in tourist areas; joint ownership with an Egyptian who has majority
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000161.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "of any individual to color their decisions, even when they're acting in good faith.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Credentials: Academic credentials tend to represent a significant commitment of time towards gaining mastery of a subject, and therefore requiring a particular degree may increase the likelihood of accurate information. However, not all groups are equally represented in higher education. Degree completion is uneven across race and income factors (among others), making academia not demographically representative of our society as a whole. Some perspectives are therefore systematically underrepresented in groups with advanced degrees.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Peer Review: Peer review sometimes only results in collaborative improvements to a work. It can also prevent the publication of very obviously flawed or poorly executed or analyzed research. Very new or radical ideas may be initially rejected because they are such a departure from existing dogma. Peer review is largely a practice of academia, therefore has the same exclusionary problems mentioned in the credentials section. It is possible for individual reviewers to act in a biased or unethical way to prevent the publication of some works.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Fact Checking: Not a lot of downside here. Let me know if your students come up with anything good. Domains: For some top level domains (mostly just .gov and .edu) looking at the domain provides some assurance that the web content there is an official communication of a particular institution. There really isn't any problem with domains excluding", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "106 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000182.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Al Pack", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Upstage offers 3 Al packs that process unstructured information and data, making a tangible impact on your business", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
OCRRecommendationProduct semantic search
A solution that recognizes characters in anA solution that recommends the best products andA solution that enables semantic search, analyzes and
Packimage and extracts necessary informationcontentsorganizes key information in unstructured text data
into a standardized form (DB)
ApplicationApplicable to all fields that require text extraction from standardized documents, such as receipts, bills, credit cards, ID cards, certificates, and medical receiptsApplicable to all fields that use any form of recommendation including alternative products, products and contents that are likely to be purchased nextApplicable to all fields that deal with various types of unstructured data containing text information that require semantic search and conversion into a DB
Achieved 1st place in the OCR World CompetitionTeam with specialists and technologies thatCreation of the first natural language evaluation
The team includes specialists who havereceived Kaggle's Gold Medal recommendationsystem in Korean (KLUE)
Highlightpresented 14 papers in the world's most(Education platform)World's No.1 in Kaggle text embedding competition in
renowned Al conferencesProven superior performance of more than 170%E-commerce subject (Shopee)
compared to other global top-tier recommendation models
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000115.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total magnification is 10\\times45=450x", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Changing objectives:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the following changes will occur:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "a. The size of the field of view decreases", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "b.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "The field of view becomes darker", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "c.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "The size of the image increases", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "d.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "The resolution (ability to see detail) increases", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "e.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Steps for Using the Microscope:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold it in place.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "TEF", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Plan", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "90.75", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "3. Look into the eyepiece.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "in focus before moving to the next steps.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "7. Move the slide to get a centered view.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000071.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "be used as a good opportunity to learn from each other and increase the capacity of human rights institutions in various countries.94", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "What works in other countries, can be learned and developed according to the situation in Indonesia. 95 Partnerships can be carried out formally through a memorandum of understanding or with a partnerships agreement for potential strategic partners.96", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "3.2.6. SDGs Dissemination in Social Media", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Information dissemination in the digital era is closely related to the use of social media. Therefore, the dissemination of the SDGs through social media platforms owned by the Komnas HAM needs to be optimized as a way to increase public participation to be active as \u201cagents\u201d of the Komnas HAM in Indonesia. To be able to achieve this, the community needs to first receive education about the SDGs to clearly understand the focus of each goal and its derivatives. Once there is a fairly good understanding at the level of the general public, especially those who interact with the Komnas HAM's social media, an easier way to report SDGs related to human rights violations can be formulated.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The Komnas HAM, for example, has used social media Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. There has been an increase in the frequency of Instagram social media uploads from 2019-2020 from 111 uploads in 2019 to 198 uploads in 2020. The variety of content uploaded by the Komnas HAM on Instagram is also increasingly diverse with the following details:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "56", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "47", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "21", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Events", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Information", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "Celebration Greetings 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Infographics", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Videographic", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "Diagram 4 Distribution of @komnas.ham Instagram Content (2019-2020)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "If observed from the Komnas HAM's Instagram account within the 2019-2020 period, the SDGs have only been mentioned explicitly twice in the following contents:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "94 See also Komnas HAM, \u201cThe NHRI Practice and Experience in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, and Palestine in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals Achievements\" (n. 93).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "95 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "96 Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000170.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "cropping.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Contour FarmingContour FarmingContour Strip CroppingContour Strip CroppingContour Strip Cropping
Slope Gradient (%)Max Slope Length (ft)P ValueStrip Width (ft)P Value, RGMMP Value, RRGM
1-24000.61300.300.45
3-53000.51000.250.38
6-82000.51000.250.38
9-121200.6800.300.45
13-161000.7800.350.52
17-201000.8600.400.60
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Table adapted from Jones et al. (1988) with permission. \u2020Strip cropping uses a four-year rotation of row crop followed by one year of a small grain and two years of meadow (forages) for RGMM, or uses two years of row crops followed by one year of small grain and one year of meadow for RRGM. Meadow includes alfalfa, clover, grass, etc.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "How does the erosion rate under contour tillage compare to the tolerable erosion rate?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "How does the erosion rate under contour tillage compare to the erosion rate under conservation tillage alone?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Next we will test the impact of installing terraces on the landscape. Using Table 16.5, determine the Pt factor. When terraces are installed, contour tillage is usually used as well. Also, note that installing a terrace results in a shorter length of the slope (because the terrace stops water from continuing to run down slope), so this calculation is performed for each terrace individually. Also note that the net P factor is determined by multiplying the Pc and Pt values together, or writing the RUSLE as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "A4=R\\times K\\times LS\\times Pc\\times Pt", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Table 16.5. Conservation practice (P) values for terraces with underground outlets or waterways.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Terrace IntervalUnderground OutletsWaterways with percent grade of:
(ft)0.1-0.30.4-0.70.8
Pt ValuesPt ValuesPt ValuesPt Values
<1100.50.60.71.0
110-1400.60.70.81.0
140-1800.70.80.91.0
180-2250.80.80.91.0
225-3000.90.91.01.0
300+1.01.01.01.0
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "146 Soil Erosion and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000156.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Fact-Checking 2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "In this", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "context, we are talking about fact-checking that is done", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "before a source", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "is published.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Over the last two decades there has been an increase in fact checking as an activity that takes place after a source has been published, a practice discussed in more detail in the chapter, SIFTing Information.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Fact checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in a work (usually an article or book) are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "name. spell the person's Fact- checkers are primarily useful in catching accidental mistakes.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. Others may hire freelancers per piece, or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "2. Content in this section is adapted from the Wikipedia entry \"Fact-checking\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fact-checking) and is used under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "48 | Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000160.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Other advice that might smooth the way for this exercise is to remind students right before they start that we aren't interested in what these organizations' websites say about themselves, but what they can learn about them from the rest of the internet. Encourage use of Wikipedia for this type of source research. Encourage them to slow down and to practice \"click restraint\u201d once they have Googled one of these orgs. What can they learn from looking at just the search results page, without clicking through to anything? What is the overall impression from a variety of results?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Center for Consumer Freedom: Many of the Google search results (with or without including the search term funding) indicate this is astroturing. A look at the Wikipedia page tells us that this org was started by a pretty well known PR guy and the sidebar lists their focus as \"represents the interests of restaurant and food companies\" and their method as \u201clobbying.\" National Consumers League: Students may note that it has been around since 1899, has no critical results on the first page of Google results, and even has an entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022 One Fair Wage: a legitimately grass-roots effort to raise the minimum wage for restaurant workers. \u2022 Save Our Tips: This is one case where adding the word funding to the search helps a bit. If we do that we find sources indicating that this group is funded in part by the National Restaurant Association and a conservative strategy and consulting group. Not what you would expect for a grassroots effort lead by waitstaff.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "104 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000050.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 11", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (May 23, 2008)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (March 8, 2004)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 9208 (May 26, 2003), as amended by Republic Act No. 10364 (February 6, 2013): Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises Act of 2002 (November 13, 2002)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 8972: Solo Parent's Welfare Act (November 7, 2000)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Republic Act No. 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 (February 13, 1998)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (September 30, 1997)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Republic Act No. 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (February 14, 1995)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "During the first Aquino administration (1986\u20131992), three women sectoral representatives were appointed in Congress. Yet feminist activists such as Teresita Quintos-Deles and Jurgette Honculada's appointments were blocked by the House Committee on Appointments (Abao and Yang 2001, 19).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "While reliable electoral data during the Marcos regime is unavailable, it is safe to argue that the repressive regime hampered the participation of women in formal politics given the widespread militarization and electoral fraud characterizing the dictatorship. And even with the legal framework guaranteed by the transition, women found it difficult to enter formal politics, despite women's consistently high voter turnout during elections (Table 1).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000109.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet (x) in time (t) is equal to:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "x=v.t ( 7 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "y=\\frac{1}{2}gt^{2} ( 8 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Rearranging Equation (8) gives:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "t=(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "( 9 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "x=C_{v}\\sqrt{2gh}(\\frac{2y}{g})^{0.5} ( 10 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Equations (10) can be rearranged to find C_{v}:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "C_{v}=\\frac{x}{2\\sqrt{yh}} ( 11 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of C_{v} can be determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against \\sqrt{yh} will have a slope of 2C_{v}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "If C_{d} is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against \\sqrt{h} (Equation 6) will be linear, and", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "the slope of this graph will be:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "s=C_{d}A_{o}\\sqrt{2g} ( 12 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000145.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Chapter 4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Nonlinear equations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "4.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The pressure drop in a fluid in motion is examined. For a flow in a pipe with a circular cross section of diameter D (meter), the Reynolds number, Re, is given by", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Re=\\frac{Dv}{v},", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "in which v (m/s) is the average flow velocity and v (m^{2}/s) is the viscosity of the fluid. The flow is called laminar if Re<2100 (low flow velocity) and turbulent if Re>3000. For 2100\\le Re\\le3000, the flow is neither laminar nor turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "For turbulent flows, the pressure drop between inflow and outflow is given by", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "P_{out}-P_{in}=\\frac{\\rho wLv^{2}}{2gD}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "in which w is a friction coefficient, \\rho(kg/m^{3}) is the fluid density, L (m) is the length and g (m/s^{2}) is the acceleration of gravity. If the fluid contains particles (sand, paper fibers), then the friction coefficient w satisfies the equation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{w}}=\\frac{ln(Re\\sqrt{w})+14-\\frac{5.6}{k}}{k}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "in which k is a parameter known from experiments.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "In this chapter, numerical methods will be discussed that can be used to determine w if the values of Re and k are known.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "4.2 Definitions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "In this chapter, various iterative methods will be considered to solve nonlinear equations of the form f(p)=0 The point p is called a zero of the function f, or a root of the equation f(x)=0. First, some useful definitions and concepts are introduced.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Convergence", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Each numerical method generates a sequence \\{p_{n}\\}=p_{0},p_{1},p_{2},... which should converge to p: lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}p_{n}=p. Assume that the sequence indeed converges, with p_{n}\\ne p for all n. If there exist positive constants A and a satisfying", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\frac{|p-p_{n+1}|}{|p-p_{n}|^{\\alpha}}=\\lambda.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "(4.1)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000123.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "To get started, let's consider the data visualization' in Figure 1.1 below.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "140,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "120,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "100,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "80,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "60,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "40,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "20,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Fruit Production in British Columbia", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "2018 Year", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "2010", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.1. Production", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "of apples,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "blueberries,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "cranberries,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "graphs, and", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "strawberrie", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "s in British", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Columbia, 2016-2020.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Apples Blueberries Cranberries Grapes Strawberries", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "The underlying raw data went through many stages before it", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "was presented to you in this data visualization. The information had to be:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Collected via surveys", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Inputted into a database", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "Stored on secure servers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "Cleaned for accuracy and consistency Analyzed to understand the trends Presented as a bar graph", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "4 | The Data Journey", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000019.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Author's Note to the 2021 Edition", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "This book is a minimally amended, reprinted version of Sing me that lovely song again (Pandanus Press, 2006). The title was chosen by Ian Templeman, the publisher, because he was more interested in its literary merits than in academic history. For that reason, many of my dates were removed from the original manuscript during editing.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "My original intention was to get my parents and the elder of my two brothers to write their own memories of how they experienced their internment in Persia and five years behind barbed wire in Australia during World War II, focusing on individual memory by gender and age. It seemed a remarkable opportunity to make this anecdotal and analytical contribution to social science: they had each lived in the same space with the same people for the same period. It was to be an experiment made in heaven, that is, within an impeccable laboratory. But my parents had been too distressed by their loss of freedom and the congested and pressured atmosphere of life in camp to collaborate.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Because I wanted to keep the focus on my own memories, and the tone of voice my own, I wrote my own book with only minimal research in various archives in Australia and abroad. I did some research as a check on some important facts.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Asked to speak about my book at an academic conference at the University of Queensland in 2006, I did some further research to validate my contribution. My speech was then published in National Socialism in Oceania (edited by Emily Turner-Graham and Christine Winter, Peter Lang, 2010) with the title I had originally suggested to Pandanus Press, 'At Home in Exile: Ambiguities of wartime patriotism'. When in 2015 I was asked by Japanese scholars to speak at Cowra, NSW, at a conference on internment, I suggested that my younger brother, Peter, also be invited", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "ix", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000058.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "3. Perspective of supply and demand balance of wood pellets and cost structure in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "According to a survey taken by the Japan Woody Bioenergy Association in FY2018 (from April 2018 to March 2019) with 55 biomass power generators, more than half of fuel for biomass power generation is domestically produced wood biomass at present in Japan in terms of weight (Figure 4.5).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.5. Breakdown of Biomass Power Generation Fuel in Japan", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Others", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "PKS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Import pellets, chips", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Domestic logs and wood chips", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Domestic wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Note: The share of fuel calculated in terms of biomass fuel weight ('Wood pellets', 'Construction wood waste',", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "'Waste materials', 'Others': tonne; others: dry tonne).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association (JWBA), 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "When translating the survey result into energy form, it is estimated that, within biomass power generation using wood biomass ('Unutilised wood', 'General wood', and 'Construction wood waste'), around 30% of input fuel is met by import biomass fuel (Figure 4.6).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "38", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000059.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.6. Input Biomass Fuel for Each Type of Biomass Power Generation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "100%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "90%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "80%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "2%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "27%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "70%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "60%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "50%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "98%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "33%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "100%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "100%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "40%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "30%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "20%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "31%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Unutilised wood General wood", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "and other biomass", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Domestic logs and wood chips Import pellets, chips Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Domestic wood pellets", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "PKS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Other waste", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Others", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "PKS = palm kernel shell.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "Heat value used: Domestic logs and wood chips: 19.4~MJ/kg; Domestic wood pellets, Import pellets, chips: 15.5~MJ/kg PKS: 18~MJ/kg; Construction wood waste, Other waste, and Others: assuming the same with wood pellets.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "Source: Depicted by IEEJ based on Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "According to Japan's trade statistics, its import of wood pellets has increased around 16 times from 2014 to 2019. Viet Nam and Canada are the largest suppliers of Japan's wood pellet imports (Figure 4.7). On the other hand, domestic wood pellet production stayed almost the same over the same period (Figure 4.8).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "1,000 tonne", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.7. Wood Pellets Import", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "1,800", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "1,600", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "1,614", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "1,060", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 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Fish species on IUCN Red List
Potosi PupfishCyprinodon alvarezi
La Palma PupfishCyprinodon longidorsalis
Butterfly SplitfinAmeca splendens
Golden SkiffiaSkiffia francesae
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List \"Extinct in the Wild\" held in public aquariums.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Public aquariums, because of their in- house expertise, can act quickly to collect and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the extinction of the Barrens Topminnow include monitoring populations and propagating and stocking juveniles into existing or newly created spring habitats. The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with propagations and developed a program called \"Keeper Kids,\" where students on spring break help feed the Barrens Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes experience.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca spendens).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the R\u00edo Ameca in western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "THE LAKE STURGEON. Acipenser rubicundus, Le S. (p. 661.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10252, U. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, Michigan, by J. W. Milner.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "The", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a small, endangered tropical cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is now bred and displayed in numerous public aquariums after overharvest in the wild drove wild populations to near extinction. Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish sold to hobbyists in the United States and European Union today are captive bred.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "132 Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000174.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Tycho Brahe's Observatory", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Three years after the publication of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, Tycho Brahe was born to a family of Danish nobility. He developed an early interest in astronomy and, as a young man, made significant astronomical observations. Among these was a careful study of what we now know was an exploding star that flared up to great brilliance in the night sky. His growing reputation gained him the patronage of the Danish King Frederick II, and at the age of 30, Brahe was able to establish a fine astronomical observatory on the North Sea island of Hven (Figure 1). Brahe was the last and greatest of the pre-telescopic observers in Europe.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Tycho Brahe (I546-I6oI) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "IOANNIS KEPPLER\u0130 Mathematica Carfarei hanc Imaginem. AGENTORATENS BIBOTHICA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Confecr MATTHIAS BERNEGGERVS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "MDCZXVL", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "(a)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "(b)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Figure 1. (a) A stylized engraving shows Tycho Brahe using his instruments to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. The large curved instrument in the foreground allowed", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Chapter 3 Orbits and Gravity Section 3.1: The Laws of Planetary Motion | 99", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000084.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "TABLE 38: THREE CASE STUDIES ON NBFC COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SmallMediumLarge
Total applicable compliances7841,1881,693
Compliances with imprisonment154362622
Percentage of imprisonment clauses20%30%37%
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "* These are real data from three NBFCs", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "TABLE 39: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN NBFC CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Small Mid RangeLarge
Less than 3 months 10 4282
3 months to less than 1 year 67 203373
1 year to less than 3 years 50 5868
3 years to less than 5 years 40 880
19 19 5 years to 10 years19
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "* In table 38", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "86", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000169.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Lime is recommended if pH<5.8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Target pH of 5.5=", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "[6,405-(1,590\\times buffer~pH)+(98\\times buffer~pH\\times buffer~pH)]\\times depth", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Depth is in inches", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Used if cash flow is limited or in lime availability problem areas in Central and Western Kansas Lime is recommended if pH<5.5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "This buffer contains chromium (Cr), a toxic heavy metal. Therefore, your lab instructor will perform the SMP buffer analysis. As a class, determine which soil-water mixtures from Activity 1 need lime (pH\\le6.4). To those solutions, add 10 ml of the SMP buffer solution, and stir with a glass rod. Allow the mixtures to stand for 30 minutes, which should be enough time for the acid cations to be displaced from the CEC and forced into solution. Read the pH on meter.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Assuming the desired pH is 6.0 (i.e. use the middle equation), calculate the lime requirement, show your work below, and record your results in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Activity 5: Evaluating Liming Materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "The type of liming material and the size or fineness of the material determine how efficiently liming materials raise soil pH. This experiment was actually initiated earlier in the semester to allow time for the liming agents to react. Amending the soil with several different liming agents allows us assess the effects of particle size and liming material based on the relative changes in soil. The treatments included the following:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaCO_{3}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaO", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Reagent grade CaSO_{4}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Coarse dolomitic limestone (35 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Fine dolomitic limestone (120 mesh)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Control (no amendments)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "When this experiment was initiated, each lab section was divided into six groups, with each group responsible for one of the six treatments. Your laboratory instructor assigned a treatment to your group, and you completed the following steps:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "1. Label four plastic bags", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "2. Weigh 20 g of air-dry soil into each plastic bag.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "3. Weigh 0.1 gram of designated liming material onto weighing paper.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "4. Add the liming material to the soil and mix thoroughly to distribute evenly in the soil.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "5. Add a few mL of water to each bag and mix.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "6. Close the bags to start incubation.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Now that the liming agents have had time to react, you will collect the results.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "130 Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000032.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Programming and Understanding", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "One way to become aware of the precision required to unam- biguously communicate a mathematical idea is to program it for a computer. Rather than using canned programs purely as an aid to visualization or numerical computation, we use computer programming in a functional style to encourage clear thinking. Programming forces us to be precise and unambiguous, without forcing us to be excessively rigorous. The computer does not toler- ate vague descriptions or incomplete constructions. Thus the act of programming makes us keenly aware of our errors of reasoning or unsupported conclusions.\u00b9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Although this book is about differential geometry, we can show how thinking about programming can help in understanding in a more elementary context. The traditional use of Leibniz's notation and Newton's notation is convenient in simple situations, but in more complicated situations it can be a serious handicap to clear reasoning.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "A mechanical system is described by a Lagrangian function of the system state (time, coordinates, and velocities). A motion of the system is described by a path that gives the coordinates for each moment of time. A path is allowed if and only if it satisfies the Lagrange equations. Traditionally, the Lagrange equations are written", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\\frac{d}{dt}\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial\\dot{q}}-\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial q}=0 .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "What could this expression possibly mean?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Let's try to write a program that implements Lagrange equa- tions. What are Lagrange equations for? Our program must take a proposed path and give a result that allows us to decide if the path is allowed. This is already a problem; the equation shown above does not have a slot for a path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "1The idea of using computer programming to develop skills of clear thinking was originally advocated by Seymour Papert. An extensive discussion of this idea, applied to the education of young children, can be found in Papert [13].", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000057.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.2. Operating Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "MW", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "350", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "250", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "General wood (10MW\u2264)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "General wood (<10MW)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Unutilised wood (2MW\u2264)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Unutilised wood (<2MW)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "12-13 2014", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "FIT= feed-in-tariff. Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "The newly approved capacity has stagnated lately because some strict measures reduced the accumulated idle capacity in the revised FIT Act of 2017. For instance, developers are required to have entered into the grid connection agreement with a utility company for an FIT approval and to submit a business plan for assessment of feasibility and sustainability. As a result, the approved biomass power capacity is about 160MW on average in FY2018 and FY2019.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "A recent change in the FIT scheme is that new projects of biomass co-firing with coal in the category of unutilised wood, general wood, and construction wood waste are no longer eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2019.4 The data collected after implementation of the FIT scheme revealed that the generation costs of these biomass co-firing with coal are lower than the estimated costs of conventional biomass power plants in terms of capital expenditures, operation and maintenance, and fuels. Hence, biomass co-firing with coal does not have a rationale to receive support through the FIT scheme since it could make profits without it. For reference, Figure 4.3 illustrates a biomass co-firing ratio of the major power utilities' coal-fired power plants. Nearly half of the coal-fired power plants co-combusted biomass in FY2019 and most of them are less than 1% ratio of biomass.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "4 Biomass of waste materials co-firing with coal is not eligible for the FIT scheme from FY2021.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000004.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "322", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "observer model with three parameters captures PSS, sensory noise and an in- terval bias (i.e., a tendency to select one interval in preference to the other under uncertainty).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The 2xSJ task provides estimates that correlate fairly well with equivalent parameters estimated using ToJS, SJs, and ternary tasks. However, each trial takes longer than in those single-presentation tasks, which makes experi- ments more onerous. There are a few reasons why the roving-standard 2xSJ is still worth considering. Firstly, it asks about synchrony explicitly (unlike the TOJ) and by requiring relative judgements it reveals a point of maximal syn- chrony perception (whereas the sJ and ternary tasks often reveal a range of SOA values that are classified as synchronous). Secondly, it can be added in to a single-presentation task (as a follow-up question every two trials), which somewhat mitigates the burden of additional experimental time. Finally, a case can be made that it will be more resistant to some forms of decision-level bias (Morgan, Grant, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2015; Morgan, Melmoth, & Solomon, 2013). As with the other tasks I have described, code to fit data from the 2xSJ accompanies this chapter.23 For further information, read the comments there and consult Yarrow et al. (2016).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "12 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "In this chapter, I have outlined the benefits of fitting formal observer models to judgements about simultaneity, and described how this can be achieved us- ing Matlab code (see book's GitHub repository). In doing so, I have presented one particular observer model in some detail, and highlighted the fundamen- tally subjective nature of the sJ task, which requires us to think carefully about how both the strategic decisions and perceptual sensitivity of a participant can affect their psychometric function. I have gone on to supply a brief over- view of appropriate models for several closely related timing tasks. I hope I have also provided enough of a tutorial regarding bespoke model fitting and evaluation to allow the interested reader to go forward and explore their own models of perceived simultaneity. Modelling may seem intimidating, but in fact, a good understanding of just a few basic concepts (which is best gained through practical exploration) will take you a long way, providing tools to engage more fully with the timing literature. This is an endeavour I would very much encourage!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "23 .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000082.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "TABLE 28: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN STATE LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Imprisonment termsNumber of clausesPercentage of all statesPercentage of total
Less than 3 months4,44821.3%17.0%
3 months to less than 1 year4,80623.0%18.4%
1 year to less than 3 years9,76646.7%37.4%
3 years to less than 5 years8344.0%3.2%
5 years to less than 10 years1,0214.9%3.9%
More than 10 years200.1%0.1%
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Source: Team Lease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "TABLE 29: STATES WITH MORE THAN 1,000 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
StateNumber of clausesGSDP (In Rs lakh crore)GSDP (In $ billion)
Gujarat146915.6200.4
Punjab12735.370.2
Maharashtra121026.3351.0
Karnataka117515.4205.9
Tamil Nadu104316.3217.4
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Sources: Team Lease Regtech, and Reserve Bank of India for GSDPs", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Exchange rate: Rs 75 to USD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "81", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000040.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia in particular, identifying known experts at the national, subnational and community level. The survey and interviews with key informants asked key questions to regional experts on violent extremism to ascertain if hostile sentiments espoused are exacerbating insecurities for women.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The survey was made available in English, Bahasa, Thai and Tagalog. We used the Qualtrics platform to facilitate the ease of dissemination and response from home computers, iPads or mobile phone survey options. Qualtrics, one of the most widely used research platforms, supports the implementation of both large-scale survey and experimental study designs. It is administered online with responses gathered into a central and privacy protected database that only the approved researchers have access to.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The platform allows for the easy migration of data into various statistical packages, including STATA, the main statistical analysis package that we will use to analyse the data. A limitation of this study is that we were unable to translate the survey in all ASEAN languages, and there is a selection bias in that we are focussing the survey in areas", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "of the region that most experience violent extremism and terrorism. However, through our networks, where possible, we disseminated the survey throughout all ASEAN countries.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "It is important to note the limitations of this six-month study. Although the survey was disseminated among all member states, the majority of expert respondents came from Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. While this can be regarded as highly selective rather than representative, it is important to note that Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand are the countries that continue to face the most pressing threat of ongoing violent extremism and conflict.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "This is with the exception of Myanmar. Given the current political circumstances and challenges posed by COVID-19, on top of the short project time span, it was unfeasible to include Myanmar within the scope of this study. It is also important to note that the data derived from the surveys and interviews were based on the perceptions of experts and key informants, who are involved in peacebuilding, and on P/CVE strategies throughout the region. As a result, it is important to note the subjectivity of responses.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "OVER 50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "41-50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "31-40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "25-30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Figure 1: Age by gender of respondents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Male Female", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000080.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "III. Regulatory cholesterol", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "T", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "his", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "report", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "'regulatory", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "defines", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "cholesterol'", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "as the policy actions of the three arms of the State, i.e. the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, using the instruments of legislations, rules, regulations or orders, to create or raise barriers to a smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money and most importantly, the flow of the entrepreneurial spirit. In India, a wrong political choice in the early decades of Independence has created a policy fraternity that shuns data and causalities and leans on rhetoric and ideologies to frame economic policies. Inflation in the 1970s, for instance, was not caused by hoarders and speculators; it was a matter of supply and demand. \u201cExcoriating, coercing, or imprisoning the hoarders and speculators changes nothing in terms of creating new supply,\" write Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah.28 \"The economic theory of people hostile to economic forces is wrong.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "By taking one policy tool imprisonment this report highlights the excesses of overregulation and the resultant regulatory cholesterol while doing business in India. Although the biggest constituency at the receiving end of these laws is that of entrepreneurs running for- profit firms and corporations, this regulatory overreach also impacts not-for-profits such as schools and hospitals-both necessary institutions for India with a huge demand. Step", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000105.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "The Scholarly Publishing Cycle", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we can update the cycle as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "RETAILERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "PUBLISHERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "S", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "+ Tools Content", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Validation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "READERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Content", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "AGGREGATORS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Content + Tools", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "LIBRARIES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Services", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Content + Tools", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "$", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "INSTITUTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of creation as well.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support scholarly reading.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our own work in the area.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000051.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "12 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 1: Percentage of Government Positions Held by Women During the Presidencies of Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No. of Seats Government PositionAquino AdministrationRamos Administration
(1986-1992)(1992-1998)
Senate 248.316.7
House of Representatives 2029.410.4
Cabinet 2015.05.0
Governor 735.45.4
Provincial Board Member 6269.910.9
City/Municipal Mayor 1,5787.411.2
City/Municipal Vice 1,578 Mayor6.514.9
City Municipal Councilor 12,40610.5N/A
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Source: Tancangco 1991 as cited in Valte (1992).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Current Situation: 2001-2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Filipino women are still very much a minority in the formal political sphere. It can also be observed that in executive positions such as the cabinet, few women are appointed, especially during President Fidel Ramos's time, compared to Cory Aquino's administration (Table 1). As mentioned above, the Philippines has made significant strides in legislating for women's rights. However, 35 years after re- democratization and 84 years after the grant of suffrage, participation of women in politics is still a work in progress, as in most countries.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "In 2019, the overall percentage of women in all elective posts in the country was only about 20 percent (PCW 2021), barely reaching the 30 percent international requirement for women's political", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000097.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Invade", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Player 2 Nature Player 2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "weak", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Concede", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "p", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Strong", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "(1-p)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Concede", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Invade", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Concede", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "0,1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "0,1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Fight", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "1,0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "-0.2, 0.8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?12", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player 2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1 recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type. If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is p-0.2(1-p)=1.2p-0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2 is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy than concede for Player 1 when 1.2p-0.2>0\\Rightarrow p>1/6. In other words, if the probability that Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the Escalation Game?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "BURNING BRIDGES GAME", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty (thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and published posthumously.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000031.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Probability, Combinatorics and Control", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "lim\\frac{P_{LL}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "and", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "lim\\frac{P_{LL}+P_{HH}}{P_{LH}+P_{HL}}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "(13)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "equal zero when certain parameters tend to infinity in some well-defined way. However, it is worthwhile at this stage to note their implications for cosmology.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "The strong broken symmetry in Definition 5 actually means that a monotonic behavior of the entropy is far more probable than a non-monotonic one. In the case of a weak broken symmetry, this is not necessarily so; it could very well be that the most probable scenario would be high entropy at both ends. Thus, this is definitely a weaker statement, but it can nevertheless be argued that it can be used to explain the time asymmetry that we observe, referring to a kind of anthropic principle: it is an obvious observational fact that we live in a universe with low entropy at at least one end. If the statement in Definition 4 is fulfilled, then clearly among such scenarios, the monotonic ones (LH and HL) are the by far most probable ones. Thus, since universes with high entropy at both ends would seem to be quite uninhabitable, one can argue that given the existence of an observer, then with almost certainty he must live in a universe with monotonic entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Summing up, both limits above can be used to argue in favor of time asymmetry. Nevertheless, at least to the mind of the author, the strong broken symmetry is the preferable one. This alternative will be further studied in Section 9.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "8. Numerical computations in the combinatorial multiverse", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "With the setup in Sections 6 and 7, we can now use Mathematica or MATLAB to generate instances of the combinatorial multiverse for small values of m and W and then compute the corresponding probability weights P_{LL}, P_{LH}, P_{HI} and P_{HH} It is important to note that the matrices here can be treated as sparse, rather than as full matrices, which make the computations considerably faster.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "In particular, in the case m=2 in Section 6 and with a randomly generated dynamics which is manifested by an adjacency matrix A, we can compute the power A^{4} and read of the first row, which contains all the information we need about the paths from the state at t=-2 with S=0 So what do we find?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "In Figure 3, I have plotted the ratio N_{LL}/(N_{LH}+N_{HL}) for the cases m=2 (light gray) and m=3 (dark gray) for values of W ranging from 3 to 30. What is actually displayed are the mean values of 1000 randomly generated matrices as above for each value of W. Although the picture clearly supports the claim that", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "0.10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "0.08", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "0.06", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "0.04", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "0.02", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "0.00", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "12345 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526 27 28 29 30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Figure 3.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "The ratio N_{LL}/(N_{LH}+N_{HL}) as a function of W for the cases m=2 (light gray) and m=3 (dark gray) [4].", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "318", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000124.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Ontario Television Viewing in 2004", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 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"False Causation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "Correlation does not imply causation.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other or that they are related in a meaningful way.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "Review Figure below, which shows a line graph of the 2.10^{23}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "46 | Misleading Data Visualizations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000162.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Edward Bernays", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "2.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "3.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Wikipedia. Public Relations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Pinterest. Retrieved June 10, 2021.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "4.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Bernays, Edward. Crystalizing Public Opinion.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "5.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Encyclopedia of Propaganda", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Possible directions for the discussion:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022 What the sources suggest about the level of", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "research. Do sources like Wikipedia and Pinterest indicate a deep engagement with the topic? What about the Encyclopedia of Propaganda? Call back to the chapter, Identifying a Topic, encyclopedias are good preliminary sources, but if research stops with an overview source, how valuable is it?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Ways in which the citations are ambiguous. Is enough information provided that readers can find the original information? Is number 1 about that person or written by that person? Is number 4 a book or an article? It has implications for how we would look for it. For number 5, there is more than one book with the title Encyclopedia of Propaganda, and also it's unlikely they meant to refer to the whole encyclopedia.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "\u2022 The difference between discovering a source on a social media platform and citing the content. Is enough information given to find the Pinterest source? Revisit the creator concept from the chapter, Types of Sources. Social media companies distribute but do not create content, so they are not the ones that should be cited. Opportunity to talk about specific sources students have found on social media", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "114 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000136.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Getting away from the usual demands", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Being close to nature", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Enjoying the sounds and smells of nature", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Catching fish", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Spending time with family or friends", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "The scenic beauty", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Experiencing solitude", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Experiencing excitement/adventure", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Reliving my childhood memories of going fishing", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Catching my own food", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "14%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "16%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "29%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], 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attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations, such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows these stages:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an \u201caverage\u201d angler. Rather, anglers are a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis (Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018) categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "216 Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000096.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Percentile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u0627\u0633\u0627", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Perceived Ability Actual Test Score", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Q1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Q2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Q3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Q4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Quartile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, \u201cThat's unfair for seniors and others living on fixed incomes.\u201d How might Evelyn frame her response in a way that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that ultimately led to regret?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using this graph.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000181.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Upstage aims to enrich your business by providing Easy-to-Apply Al solutions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Our Purpose", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Making Al Beneficial", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Our Mission", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Easy-to-apply Al, Everywhere", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "What We Do", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Providing the world's best and easy-to-use", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Al solutions for everyone", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Plug-and-play to cross/multi-cloud system", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Ensuring performance tailored to customer data via retraining", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Providing a platform that allows easy distribution and management of Al solutions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Al consulting service to help Al transformation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000069.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "76", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Replace", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Trash", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Replace Plastics with Recyclable Materials. Plastics can be replaced by material made from polypropylene, a material type that is 100% recyclable. However, recyclable materials should have a forward linkage \u2013 link to a recycler who is willing to take on the recyclables. Paper-based wrappers are another alternative for bagels and sandwich papers. Containers and packaging can use plastics with a certain percentage of recycled content and designed to be recyclable or reusable. Highly recyclable packaging is of little benefit if it is not disposed of correctly. The success of a recyclable package is an equal demand from recycling companies through improved recyclability of packaging and investments in efficient recycling facilities and systems. This requires investment and innovation since quality and availability are still often a stumbling block for companies to use recycled plastic. The recyclability of plastic packaging can often be improved by: choosing a common type of plastic (such as PE, PP or PET);", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "choosing a common color (white or transparent); and", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "avoiding combinations of materials, such as plastic windows in cardboard packaging. Watermarking technology is also being developed so that packaging can be more easily recognized by sorters.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "m. Waste Segregation and Segregated Bins. Shakey's Philippines implementation of waste segregation and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in its corporate office is one good testament of compliance to RA 9003. The country's premier pizza restaurant has installed \"Stop Before You Drop\" trash bins for the implementation of company-wide proper waste management. The bins are labeled to indicate the different types of waste to aid in proper disposal and culture development of its employees. Waste collected are weighed on a daily basis to aid in monitoring wastages and to map out more waste management initiatives. 56", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "n.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins. McDonalds has installed sorting and recycling points in select restaurants in its markets. It also improved its recycling bin signage to make the recycling process easier to understand. McDonald's Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the other hand, collect customer waste to sort for recycling. initiatives.57", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Figure 32. In-store Sorting and Recycling Bins, McDonalds", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "56", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "57", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "https://www.shakeyspizza.ph/images/asm-2021/PIZZA_ASM_2020_Report.pdf https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/packaging-and-waste.html", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000157.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Stop", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Check your emotions. If a claim causes strong emotion anger, glee, pride, vindication STOP. You must fact-check this claim. Remember from the chapter, Our Mental Shortcuts, that we more readily accept information that confirms our beliefs (confirmation bias) and we tend to think less critically about that kind of information than we do about information that challenges our beliefs (motivated reasoning.) A strong emotional reaction is a sign that these cognitive biases are at work. Remember, these mental shortcuts don't make us bad people, we all have them. But we do need to account for them if we want to move toward better information.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "In addition, if you get lost while working on the other moves, or hit dead ends, or find yourself going down an increasingly confusing rabbit hole during your investigation, STOP. Back up and start over knowing what you know now. You're likely to take a more informed path with different search terms and better decisions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "In these chapters we're focusing on researching a wicked problem, but the SIFT method is a great thing to use before you share information on social media. Often we feel compelled to share the things that evoke the strongest feelings, but those strong feelings are a good sign that those things need to be checked before they are shared.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "SIFTing Information | 69", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000108.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "CONTENTS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
About the Publishervii
About This Projectix
Acknowledgmentsxi
LAB MANUAL
Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration13
Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings24
Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices66
Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs76
Experiment #10: Pumps84
References101
Links by Chapter102
Image Credits104
", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000101.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "[markets] build loyalty and\u2014more important-make people want to extend themselves to the degree that corporations need today: to be flexible, concerned, and willing to pitch in. That's what a social relationship delivers.\" (page 90)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Hence, in the less-predictable world of Homo sapiens, businesses must decide the extent to which they participate with their employees and customers in monetary and/or social markets.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "As a follow-on to Heyman and Ariely's (2004) experiments exploring the payment-effort trade-off, Vohs et al. (2006) sought to understand the behavioral psychology underscoring the trade-off. In its most general terms, the authors' hypothesis is that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly. When reminded of money, people desire to be free from dependency upon others and prefer that others not depend upon them. Vohs et al. designed several experiments to test this hypothesis from a variety of angles.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "In one experiment, the authors found that participants (a sample of University of Minnesota students) who were reminded about money-both Monopoly money and real money\u2014in the context of a series of word descrambling tasks worked longer at the tasks than participants in a non-money- 25 primed control group before requesting help from the experimenter. In subsequent experiments with different groups of students, Vohs et al. found that (1) participants in a high-money treatment worked significantly longer than participants in a low-money treatment before asking for help from another available participant, (2) participants in a money-primed treatment volunteered to help code fewer data sheets than did participants in the non-money-primed control condition, (3) participants in a high-money treatment volunteered to gather fewer pencils that had spilled onto the floor than did participants in a low-money treatment, and (4) participants in a money-primed treatment donated significantly less money to a university student fund than participants in the non-money primed control. Three final experiments tested the effects of money on social intimacy, desire to engage in leisure activities alone, and preference to work alone. As expected, participants who were primed with money ahead of time were subsequently less socially intimate and exhibited a stronger preference for engaging in leisure activities and working alone.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "So yes, Vohs et al.'s experiments suggest that money makes Homo sapiens feel self-sufficient and behave accordingly.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "PRICE AND THE PLACEBO EFFECT", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Is it possible that the magnitudes of placebo effects experienced by Homo sapiens (e.g., through medical therapies or medications) are somehow influenced by the prices we pay for them? To investigate this possibility, Waber et al. (2008) studied the effect of price on a group of Homo sapiens' analgesic responses to placebo pills. Over 80 healthy volunteers in Boston, MA were recruited via an online advertisement to participate in a field experiment where each participant was informed by a brochure about a purported new opioid analgesic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The opioid was described as similar to codeine but with a faster onset time. In reality, and not disclosed to the participants, the pill was a placebo. After randomization, half of the participants were informed that the drug had a regular price of $2.50 per pill (\u201cregular price\u201d), and half of the participants that", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "25. The descrambling task consisted of 30 sets of five jumbled words. Participants created sensible phrases using four of the five words. In the control and play-money treatment, the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., \u201ccold it desk outside is\" became \"it is cold outside\"). In the real-money treatment, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., \"high a salary desk paying\" became \"a high-paying salary\"), whereas the remaining 15 were neutral phrases. Participants in the play- money treatment were primed with money by a stack of Monopoly money in their visual periphery while completing the neutral descrambling task.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "220 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000114.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders....................................94
Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics...................................................97
1.Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits: ..97
HumanTraits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics98
Human Genetics Problems..............100
Pedigree Analysis ...102
Practice Problems.........102
Lab Materials............. .....104
Contributors and Attributions104
From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation.105
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000137.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Proportion of Anglers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "No Daily Limit", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Daily Limit-4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": ">8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Catch Per Day", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8 fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, so they cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip (Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000191.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Acknowledgements", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "We would like to extend our gratitude to the teams at Hugging Face, particularly Cl\u00e9mentine Four- rier, Lewis Tunstall, Omar Sanseviero, and Philipp Schmid. Our appreciation also extends to the teams at AWS, notably Ritesh Vajaria, Gal Oshri, Jay Kwon, Brandon Lee, Effie Bae, and Rahul Sharma. We are grateful to the teams at Korea Telecom (KT), especially Jin Hyoung Lee, Jungsuk Park, Sungjoon Park, Hong-rae Wang, Kyeongsoo Jung, and Sunyoong Yoon, whose significant support has been instrumental in ensuring the broad compati- bility of our model. Additionally, we would like to extend our thanks to the open community for their invaluable contributions and feedback.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Limitations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Our study on the Depth Up-Scaling (DUS) has im- portant limitations and considerations. One key limitation is the need for more thorough explo- rations of hyperparameters used in the DUS ap- proach. Namely, we removed m=8 layers from both ends of our base model, primarily due to hard- ware limitations. However, we have not yet deter- mined if this value is optimal for enhancing perfor- mance. The extended time and cost of continued pretraining made it challenging to conduct more comprehensive experiments, which we aim to ad- dress in future work through various comparative analyses.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "In terms of the model's broader implications, there are several points to note. The model's sig- nificant computational demands for training and inference might limit its use, especially for those with restricted computational resources. Addition- ally, like all machine learning models, it is vulnera- ble to biases in its training data, which could lead to skewed outcomes in certain situations. Further- more, the substantial energy consumption required for training and operating the model raises environ- mental concerns, which are critical in the pursuit of sustainable Al development.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Lastly, while the fine-tuned variant of the model shows improved performance in following instruc- tions, it still requires task-specific fine-tuning for optimal performance in specialized applications. This fine-tuning process can be resource-intensive and not always effective. Recognizing and address- ing these limitations is essential for a comprehen- sive understanding of the proposed Large Language Model's capabilities and for guiding future research", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "and development in the field of LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Ethics Statement", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "We conscientiously address and emphasize the commitment of SOLAR 10.7B in maintaining the highest ethical standards. First, we highlight that SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct has shown low levels of data contamination in our evaluations, a testament to our rigorous data handling and processing pro- tocols. This aspect is crucial, as it underpins the reliability and integrity of the results obtained from SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Furthermore, during the course of our experi- ments, we ensured that all setups and methodolo- gies employed steer clear of any potential ethical pitfalls. This preemptive consideration and avoid- ance of ethically questionable practices underscore our dedication to conducting research that is not only innovative but also responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Additionally, we ensure that SOLAR complies with general ethical considerations in all aspects of its operation. This includes adherence to pri- vacy norms, respect for intellectual property, and ensuring the absence of bias in our algorithms. Our commitment to these ethical principles is unwaver- ing, and we believe it significantly contributes to the credibility and societal acceptance of SOLAR.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "In conclusion, the ethical framework within which SOLAR operates is robust and comprehen- sive, ensuring that our advancements in this field are not only scientifically sound but also ethically responsible.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "References", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Ian L Alberts, Lorenzo Mercolli, Thomas Pyka, George Prenosil, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, and Ali Afshar-Oromieh. 2023. Large language models (llm) and chatgpt: what will the impact on nuclear medicine be? European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 50(6):1549\u20131552.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Rohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin John- son, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng Chen, et al. 2023. Palm 2 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.10403.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Aram Bahrini, Mohammadsadra Khamoshifar, Hos- sein Abbasimehr, Robert J Riggs, Maryam Esmaeili, Rastin Mastali Majdabadkohne, and Morteza Pase- hvar. 2023. Chatgpt: Applications, opportunities, and threats. In 2023 Systems and Information Engi- neering Design Symposium (SIEDS), pages 274\u2013279. IEEE.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000144.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Chapter 3. Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Note that the exact error equals", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "35", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "M-Q(h)=e-2.7525...=-0.0342....", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "In this example the error estimate is very reliable.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "To receive a better approximation the error estimate can be added to the approximation:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Q(h)+c_{p}h^{p}=2.7525...-0.0348...=2.7177....", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "In the above example, the value of p was computed using Richardson's extrapolation. However, using Theorem 3.2.1, it is clear that p=1, and this value could have been used immediately in equation (3.13b) in order to determine c_{p}h^{p}. In practice, more complex situations are found, and the following complications may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "It is not known whether higher-order derivatives exist and/or are bounded. The final result is a combination of various approximation methods. The influence of these approximations on p is not always clear.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "During implementation of the algorithm in a computer program, errors may be made.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "To reveal any of these complications it is good practice to verify whether the calculated p is close to the p that follows from theory.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "* 3.7.3 Formulae of higher accuracy from Richardson's extrapolation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "In several applications the value of p in (3.10) is known. In that case Richardson's extrapolation can be used to determine formulae of higher accuracy.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "This is done by making use of the fact that the error estimates for \\mathcal{Q}(h) and Q(2h) equal", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "M-\\mathcal{Q}(h)=c_{p}h^{p}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}),", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "(3.15a)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "M-\\mathcal{Q}(2h)=c_{p}(2h)^{p}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}) .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "(3.15b)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Multiplying equation (3.15a) by 2^{p} and subtracting equation (3.15b) from this yields 2^{p}(M-Q(h))-(M-Q(2h))=2^{p}(c_{p}h^{p})-c_{p}(2h)^{p}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}),", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "such that", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "This means that", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "(2^{p}-1)M-2^{p}\\mathcal{Q}(h)+\\mathcal{Q}(2h)=\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "M=\\frac{2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h)}{2^{p}-1}+\\mathcal{O}(h^{p+1}) .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "(3.16)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "The value (2^{p}Q(h)-Q(2h))/(2^{p}-1) is a new approximation formula for M with an accuracy that is one order higher than the order of \\mathcal{Q}(h).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Example 3.7.2 (Forward difference of higher accuracy)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "As an example, the forward-difference method is considered. The error in the forward-difference formula may be written as", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-\\mathcal{Q}_{f}(h)=c_{1}h+\\mathcal{O}(h^{2}),", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "(3.17)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "and the difference for 2h equals", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "f^{\\prime}(x)-\\mathcal{Q}_{f}(2h)=c_{1}2h+\\mathcal{O}(h^{2}).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "(3.18)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000171.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Acknowledgment of CountryV
Accessibility Informationvi
Acknowledgmentsvii
About the Authorsviii
Introduction1
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Part I. Chapter One - Exploring Your Data", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 1.1: Data and Types of Statistical Variables3
Section 1.2: Descriptive Statistics5
Section 1.3: Missing Data6
Section 1.4: Checking Values7
Section 1.5: Normality8
Section 1.6: Outliers9
Section 1.7: Chapter One Self-Test10
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Part II. Chapter Two - Test Statistics, p Values, Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 2.1: p Values12
Section 2.2: Significance13
Section 2.3: Confidence Intervals14
Section 2.4: Effect Sizes16
Section 2.5: Statistical Power17
Section 2.6: Chapter Two Self-Test18
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Part III. Chapter Three - Comparing Two Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 3.1: Looking at Group Differences20
Section 3.2: Between Versus Within Groups Analysis21
Section 3.3: Independent T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up22
Section 3.4: Paired T-test Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up25
Section 3.5: Chapter Three Self-Test27
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Part IV. Chapter Four - Comparing Associations Between Two Variables", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 4.1: Examining Relationships29
Section 4.2: Correlation Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up31
Section 4.3: Chapter Four Self-Test33
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"text": "Compared to regular model 20%\u2191", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": { "text": "0.735", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "Upstage", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "DKT Model", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "Traditional Statistical Model (IRT)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000177.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "\u039f", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 7.3. You can read more about KSU's marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "For an even simpler graphic, we can look to Kansas State University. KSU's Open/Alternative Textbook Initiative developed their OER icon, a book with an \u201cO\u201d on the cover, to be recognizable even at a small scale. This was done because it would be used as a marking denoting the use of open materials in their course schedule. This graphic is clear, easy to read, and emblematic of the initiative itself, by representing open textbooks with a book icon.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Aligning with Your Identity", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Like KSU did with their OER icon, your branding should be reflective of your initiative's work in some way. Think about your audience and what you want them to feel when they see your program's marketing on campus. Does your program have a unique name or tagline that influences the way you present it (e.g., playful, bold, colorful, or innovative)?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "CC", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "OpenEd CVCC", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Innovation & Affordability", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Figure 7.4. You can read more about CVCC's marketing approach in Marking Open and Affordable Courses (Hare, Kirschner, and Reed 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "A great example of a program whose name and messaging align clearly with their work is Central Virginia Community College (CVCC). CVCC uses the tagline \u201cOpenEd CVCC: Innovation and Affordability\" as their program's name and their icon features this theme of innovation through graphics of light bulbs, gears, and representations of various disciplines.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "CVCC's logo is more complex than the ones we shared in our \"simple\" section. However, this isn't a problem in their case. Keep in mind that the simplicity of any graphic will depend on where and how it's used. CVCC's logo might have more going on than KSU's icon, but it is meant to be used at a larger scale, so it can accommodate this complexity. If your logo will be used in print materials or as a smaller icon, that's when you'll want to focus on simpler designs. For graphics that will be displayed more prominently, though, a larger graphic works fine.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "90 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000197.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "C Additional Information", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "We present additional information for the sake of space in the main paper.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Filtered task names. We present task names we use to filter FLAN dervied datasets such as OpenOrca in Table 8.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Filtered Task Name
task228_arc_answer_generation_easy
ai2_arcARCChallenge:1.0.0 ai2_arcARCEasy:1.0.0
task229_arc_answer_generation_hard
hellaswag:1.1.0
task1389_hellaswag_completion
cot_gsm8k
cot_gsm8k_ii
drop:2.0.0 winogrande:1.1.0
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Table 8: Task names that we use to filter data for FLAN derived datasets such as OpenOrca.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
0.06N/A0.150.28N/A0.70
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Table 9: Data contamination test results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct. We show 'result <0.1, \\% values where a value higher than 0.9 indicates high probability of data contamination. HellaSwag and Winogrande datasets are not currently supported. We set SOLAR 10.7B as our reference model when performing the data contamina- tion tests.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Results on data contamination. To show the in- tegrity of SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, we also report the data contamination test (Shi et al., 2023) results in Table. 9. All four tested benchmark datasets yield results well below the contamination thresh- old, affirming the absence of data contamination in our model. One interesting point is that the value for GSM8K is noticeably higher than for other datasets, even without contamination. One potential reason for this is the stronger data similar- ity in math-related instruction datasets.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000083.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "TABLE 35: UNION-STATE BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES BY CATEGORIES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Appendices", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
CategoryNumber of clauses in Union lawsIn percentNumber of clauses in State lawsIn percent
Commercial52910.1%8173.9%
Environment, Health and Safety83415.9%3451.7%
Finance & Taxation410.8%8884.2%
General751.4%3601.7%
Industry Specific297956.9%12005.7%
Labour53410.2%1728582.7%
Secretarial2474.7%00.0%
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "TABLE 36: THREE CASE STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING COMPLIANCES*", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SmallMediumLarge
Total Applicable Compliances6693,1095,796
Compliances with imprisonment4612,1724,085
Percentage of imprisonment clauses69%70%70%
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "* These are real data from three companies operating in the automotive components", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "business", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "TABLE 37: BREAKDOWN OF IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "MANUFACTURING CASE STUDIES*", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
SmallMediumLarge
Less than 3 months 2582185
3 months to less than 1 year 1876991,220
1 year to less than 3 years 1781,0701,964
3 years to less than 5 years 59245505
5 years to 10 years 1276211
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "* In Table 36", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000086.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "I. Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "This report, prepared by the research staff of the Law Library of Congress, surveys 39 jurisdictions regarding whether, and if so how, they restrict ownership of land by foreigners.1 The jurisdictions surveyed were among those with the highest gross domestic product according to 2021 World Bank data, selected to ensure broadly representative coverage.2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "We identified 10 countries that do not restrict land ownership by foreigners: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "We found that the following countries do not permit foreign ownership of land, although exceptions may apply in some cases or other rights to land may be acquired: China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, and Thailand.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Among the other jurisdictions surveyed, some have restrictions that apply to different types of land, including agricultural, residential, and commercial land. Other types of restriction are based on the location of the land, such as near the border or military establishments. Some jurisdictions restrict particular categories of foreigners from land ownership. Some require special permission or approval for foreigners before they can acquire land.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Ownership of agricultural land by foreigners is restricted by some provinces of Canada, and by Egypt, India (restricted for diplomatic personnel, nonresidents of Indian origin and nonresident citizens without registration), Iran, Poland (permit required), and Russia. Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey restrict ownership of rural or local land to a percentage of the total land of the local jurisdiction.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Article XVII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) obligates members to provide national treatment to other members, i.e., \"treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own.\"3 If land ownership restrictions result in less favorable treatment of foreigners, GATS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "1 The surveyed jurisdictions are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "2 World Bank Databank, Gross Domestic Product 2021 (Jan. 15, 2023), https://perma.cc/GP7Y-Z8K8.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. XVII, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183, 33 I.L.M. 1167 (1994), https://perma.cc/Z89Y- SEVS.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000141.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "COPYRIGHT \u266b", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "COPYRIGHT PROTECTS CREATIVE WORK YOURS, MINE, EVERYONE'S!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "BUT COPYRIGHT DOESN'T COVER EVERYTHING", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "We're all both consumers and creators of creative work. As consumers, we watch movies, listen to music, read books, and more! As creators, we take photos, write songs, make videos, etc.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Copyright protects creative work, so people can't generally copy or share or perform other people's work without permission.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Copyright comes from the Constitution. Its purpose is to promote more creativity. The idea is that letting each of us decide what happens to our own creations will encourage us to keep creating.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Copyright gives a lot of protection, but it also has limitations. Not everything gets copyright protection. Facts and ideas are not protected by copyright, neither are US Government documents, like NASA photos and reports by federal agencies.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Another limitation of copyright is \"fair use,\" which allows us to copy and re-use copyrighted work without the artist's permission in certain, limited ways that are still fair to the creator.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "When you re-use portions of someone else's work for a school project-like using images or songs for a presentation in class-that's a fair use situation. You don't need the author's permission.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "All creative work is protected by copyright as soon as it's written down or recorded or saved-and not just work by professional artists or big studios. Copyright protects all of us-our photos on Instagram and everything we write or create.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Copyright protection doesn't last forever. Eventually it expires, and the creative work falls into the \"public domain.\" Works in the public domain are free to re-use and share however you want.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "If you copy or share other people's creative works without permission, that's called copyright infringement. Examples:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Downloading music, movies, ebooks, or games from illegal sources that operate without artists' permission.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Uploading your collection of music, movies, ebooks, or games for your friends to copy.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Copyright infringement is illegal and carries serious penalties.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "CC", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Some creators are happy to share their creative work. They use a licensing system for sharing called Creative Commons. You can find millions of CC work that are free to share or re-use.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Copyrightand Creativity.org", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000116.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Transfer pipettes", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Test tube rack", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Large plastic tray", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Masking tape or lab tape", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Large weigh boat (4/group)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Metric ruler", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Electronic balance", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Spatula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Weigh paper", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Red food coloring (optional)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Figure 3. Saccharometer", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "concentrations.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Saccharometer DI WaterGlucose SolutionYeast Suspension
1*8 ml*6 ml0 ml
2*12 ml0 ml*2 ml
3*6 ml*6 ml*2 ml
4*2 ml*6 ml*6 ml
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "*Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table below", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n
16 ml 112 ml0 ml
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000127.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Year3-Year5-Year7-Year
133.0%20.00%14.29%
244.45%32.00%24.49%
314.81%19.20%17.49%
47.41%11.52%12.49%
511.52%8.93%
65.76%8.93%
78.93%
84.46%
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into 3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years would be:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.1667$100,000$16,670$16,670
2.3333$100,000$33,330$50,000
3.3333$100,000$33,330$88,330
4.1667$100,000$16,670$100,000
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost \u2013 accumulated depreciation) would be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
YearRecovery RateUnadjusted BasisDepreciation ExpenseAccumulated Depreciation
1.3333$100,000$33,333$33,333
2.4445$100,000$44,450$77,780
3.1481$100,000$14,810$92,950
4.741$100,000$7,410$100,000
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000 of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure. This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000054.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "EFB = empty fruit bunch. Source: Murdiyatmo (2021).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "However, the main obstacle with producing second-generation bioethanol is the cost of enzymes. Murdiyatmo (2021) stated that, at the pilot scale, the cost of enzymes is very high, i.e. Rp18,000 per litre of ethanol produced. Some studies provided the cost of enzymes in the US. NREL (2011), for instance, estimated that the cost of enzymes to produce second-generation bioethanol in the US was equivalent to around $0.34 per gallon or Rp1,5292 per litre of ethanol produced, i.e. less than one-tenth of the cost of enzymes in Indonesia.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "In the next sub-sections, we analyse biodiesel and bioethanol introduction in Indonesia. In each sub-section, we first discuss the current supply and demand of the biofuels and the related conventional transport fuel. Second, we estimate the conventional transport fuel, i.e. gasoline and diesel fuel demand in road transportation during the period of 2020-50. Third, we estimate the volume of pure biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester [FAME]/biodiesel and bioethanol) needs in scenarios, and in the amount of feedstock, i.e. CPO in biodiesel and molasses in bioethanol needed to meet the demand required in each scenario.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "2.1. Diesel and biodiesel use", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia, used primarily for road freight transport, fluctuated between 2010 and 2019 as it correlated with the economic condition (Table 2.8). Diesel consumption in the industry sector decreased significantly, around 10% per year between 2010 and 2019, resulting from the shift to another energy type. During the same period, with some fluctuations, diesel production increased at 3.6% annual growth rate, while imports were cut by half from nearly 13 billion litres in 2010 to nearly 6.5 billion litres in 2018. The biodiesel blending rate increased from only 1% in 2010 to nearly 20% in 2019, representing a growing level of mandatory biodiesel programmes. Apparently, diesel imports dropped with the increase of the biodiesel (B100) blending rate.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "2 Assuming average inflation rate of 2% between 2011 and 2021 and an exchange rate of \\zeta1= Rp14,131.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "11", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000045.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Civil Society Engagement", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "election integrity. The registration of local election observers runs until 25 May, and the NEC is still reviewing the application of nearly 5,000 observers.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Table: The number of accredited observers as of 28 April 2022^{15}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No.Name of organizationNumber of accredited observers
1Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC)17,266
2Cambodian Women for Peace and Development9,835
3Association of Democratic Students of Cambodia711
4Association of Intellectual and Youth Volunteer46
5Our Friends Association27
6COMFREL26
7Traditional and Modern Mental Health Organization15
Total27,926
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "15 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5524", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "17", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000081.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Jailed for Doing Business", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "TABLE 22: COMMERCIAL LAWS WITH MORE THAN 100 IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
LawUnion/State ruleImprisonment clauses
Arms Act, 1959 and Arms Rules 2016Union152
Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006 &
Food Safety and Standards (LicensingUnion123
and Registration of Food Businesses)
Regulations, 2011
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "TABLE 23: IMPRISONMENT CLAUSES IN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Imprisonment term Number of clausesNumber of laws
Less than 3 months 15035
3 months to less than 1 year 19914
1 year to less than 3 years 32616
3 years to less than 5 years 35722
5 years to less than 10 years 14727
More than 10 years 00
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Source: TeamLease Regtech", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "NOTE: The inconsistency in number of laws is because a single law could have multiple clauses on criminality; it could have a few clauses of less than three months and few of between three and five years.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "78", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000006.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Chuj Country", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 1.15. On the trail in the Yolcultac (yol k'ultak, \"center of the brushland\u201d) forest, municipio of Nent\u00f3n. May 1965, at the end of the dry season. Photo by the author.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000198.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "1. Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "2. Introduction of Product Services and Key Features", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "3. Product - Detail Specification", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "4. Integration Policy", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "5. FAQ", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000140.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "There is no question that fishing is the major factor driving grouper stocks on the downward spiral, but those that have large spawning aggregations are most vulnerable to declines (Coleman et al. 1996; Asch and Erisman 2018; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. 2020). Because it takes a long time for scientists to obtain needed life history information, fisheries- independent survey data, and catch history, grouper populations may be overfished long before data are even available for a stock assessment. Without formal stock assessments, general indicators of population status are based on catch trends. Very few grouper stocks that have spawning aggregations are managed sustainably. In a recent global analysis of the status of populations that form spawning aggregations, 45% were unknown, 33% were decreasing, and 5% were already gone (Figure 13.5). Only 12% had stable populations, and 5% were increasing.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Same 12%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Increasing 5%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Gone 5%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Decreasing 33%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Unknown 45%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Figure 13.5: Current known status reflecting changes of exploited grouper aggregations globally, as noted by fisher interviews, monitoring, or underwater surveys (N=509). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Of the 167 species of grouper, 9.6% are vulnerable, 4.8% are near threatened, 1.2% are endangered, and 0.6% are critically endangered (Figure 13.6). The majority of species (68.9%) are classified as least concern and 15% are data deficient, with insufficient data for classification. The larger (>50 cm total length) and long-lived (>20 years) species of grouper that also had smaller geographic ranges were most likely to be endangered or critically endangered (Luiz et al. 2016). Market prices for grouper are escalating, and other lower-valued fish are often mislabeled or substituted.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Critically endangered", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Endangered 1%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "1%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Data deficient 15%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Vulnerable 9%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Least concern 69%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Near threatened 5%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Figure 13.6: Categories of all grouper species (N=167) according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List Assessments, updated November 2018). Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "To protect grouper from overfishing, many measures are being implemented, such as minimum and slot-size limits, recreational bag limits, commercial fishing quotas, gear and seasonal controls, marine protected areas, and limited entry (Rocklin et al. 2022). The effectiveness will depend on traits of the species and the local context. Regulations to prevent marketing of undersize fish will mitigate growth overfishing. Allowing smaller fish to reach maturity at least once before harvest will mitigate recruitment overfishing. Size-limit regulations focused on protecting spawning-size fish may be ineffective for deepwater recreational fishing. Grouper have a physoclistous (i.e., closed) swim bladder, making them particularly susceptible to ruptured swim bladders, bloating, stomach distention, and protruding eyes caused by rapid decompression when hauled to the surface (Brul\u00e9 et al. 2015). The proportion of grouper with distended stomachs was 70% in one study of commercial hook-and-line fishing and as high as 95% for Red", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "312 Grouper and Spawning Aggregations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000112.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Record the reading as h.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the head above the weir.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the water for at least 120 seconds.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch. \u2022 Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water surface elevation.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000149.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "With this in mind, here we have the 7 key competence areas selected to form a part of Eco- Circle's Competence Framework:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Eco-Circle Competence Framework
#1: The 3 Rs: Recycle-Reuse-Reduce #2: Lifecycle of Circular Economy #3: Social Entrepreneurship and Circular Economy
#4: Corporate Environmental Sustainability
#5: Embodying Sustainable Values
#6: Environmental Engagement
#7: Supporting Local Eco-friendly and Green Activities
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000186.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Step 1-1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Step 1-2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "24 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Continued Pretraining", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2192 48 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Input", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "32 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "24 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Copy", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "32 Layers Input", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "HIPH", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "24 Layers 24 Layers Merge 8 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "8 Layers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Output", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Step 1. Depthwise Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Input Step 2. Continued Pretraining Figure 1: Depth up-scaling for the case with n=32, s=48, and m=8 Depth up-scaling is achieved through a", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "dual-stage process of depthwise scaling followed by continued pretraining.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "for wider access and application of these models", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "by researchers and developers globally.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "2 Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "To efficiently scale-up LLMs, we aim to utilize pre-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "trained weights of base models to scale up to larger LLMs (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022). While exist- ing methods such as Komatsuzaki et al. (2022) use MoE (Shazeer et al., 2017) to scale-up the model ar- chitecture, we opt for a different depthwise scaling strategy inspired by Tan and Le (2019). We then continually pretrain the scaled model as just scaling the model without further pretraining degrades the performance.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "Base model. Any n-layer transformer architec- ture can be used but we select the 32-layer Llama 2 architecture as our base model. We initialize the Llama 2 architecture with pretrained weights from Mistral 7B, as it is one of the top performers com- patible with the Llama 2 architecture. By adopting the Llama 2 architecture for our base model, we aim to leverage the vast pool of community re- sources while introducing novel modifications to further enhance its capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "Depthwise scaling. From the base model with n layers, we set the target layer count s for the scaled model, which is largely dictated by the available hardware.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "With the above, the depthwise scaling process is as follows. The base model with n layers is duplicated for subsequent modification. Then, we remove the final m layers from the original model and the initial m layers from its duplicate, thus forming two distinct models with n-m layers. These two models are concatenated to form a scaled model with s=2\\cdot(n-m) layers. Note that n=32 from our base model and we set s=48 considering", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "our hardware constraints and the efficiency of the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "scaled model, i.e., fitting between 7 and 13 billion", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "parameters. Naturally, this leads to the removal of m=8 layers. The depthwise scaling process with n=32, s=48, and m=8 is depicted in 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "We note that a method in the community that also scale the model in the same manner 2 as 'Step 1: Depthwise Scaling' of Fig. 1 has been concurrently developed.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "Continued pretraining. The performance of the depthwise scaled model initially drops below that of the base LLM. Thus, we additionally apply the continued pretraining step as shown in \u2018Step 2: Continued Pretraining' of Fig. 1. Experimen- tally, we observe rapid performance recovery of the scaled model during continued pretraining, a phenomenon also observed in Komatsuzaki et al. (2022). We consider that the particular way of depthwise scaling has isolated the heterogeneity in the scaled model which allowed for this fast performance recovery.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "Delving deeper into the heterogeneity of the scaled model, a simpler alternative to depthwise scaling could be to just repeat its layers once more, i.e., from n to 2n layers. Then, the 'layer distance', or the difference in the layer indices in the base model, is only bigger than 1 where layers n and n+1 are connected, i.e., at the seam.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "However, this results in maximum layer distance at the seam, which may be too significant of a discrepancy for continued pretraining to quickly resolve. Instead, depthwise scaling sacrifices the 2m middle layers, thereby reducing the discrep- ancy at the seam and making it easier for continued", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "2https://huggingface.co/Undi95/ Mistral-11B-v0.1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000073.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "In this content, DPN Argentina provides a brief explanation of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda action plans, and most importantly, their role in advancing the 2030 Agenda through the SDGs Monitoring and Evaluation Program with a focus on certain thematic areas. These focuses allow DPN Argentina to investigate through monitoring and preparing reports on the development of public policies and actions of organizations responsible for compliance with the SDGs, as well as proposals, and recommendations to strengthen related processes.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Furthermore, DPN Argentina also regularly uploads commemorations of days related to the SDGs by also including the SDGs logo in each of these uploads. Examples of such greetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "OPNArgentina", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "D\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "La cobertura sanitaria universal es el objetivo primordial de la @opsoms. Para lograrlo es crucial que todas las personas puedan tener la atenci\u00f3n que necesitan, en el seno mismo de la comunidad. Translate Tweet", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "7:00 PM-Apr 7, 2021-Buffer", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "7 de Abril", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "D\u00eda Mundial de la Salud", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "DPN Argentina Content: World Health", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Figure 6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Day Celebration (7 April 2021).98", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "98 DPN Argentina, \u201cD\u00eda Mundial de la #Salud\", accessed on 5 December 2021,https://twitter.com/D PNArgentina/status/1379765916259483648.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000135.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Fly fishers targeting trout had an important influence in developing and sustaining conservation programs, although they were sometimes criticized for exclusive or single-interest advocacy. Here I review the history of trout fishing and fly-fishing with special focus on the Rocky Mountain West, where fly fishers first exerted their influence on conservation ethics and sportfishing policy. Although many individuals and organizations played roles, I concentrate on only two: Fly Fishers International (FFI) and Trout Unlimited (TU). These two organizations had similar interests in conservation, but important differences prevented them from working together on a unified goal of conservation. The legacy of fly-fishing demonstrates the importance of passion, persistence, and partnerships in fish conservation.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Trout and salmon are the only sport fish native to the Western states, and fly-fishing here became more than a leisure activity. Norman Maclean's novel, A River Runs through It (1976), begins, \u201cIn our family there was no 1 clear line between religion and fly fishing.\" Later Maclean writes that \u201cSomething within fishermen tries to make fishing into a world perfect and apart.\u201d The iconography of Western fly-fishing that Maclean and others wrote about was created by anglers, fisheries managers, tourists, guides, businesses, and region promoters. The history of Rocky Mountain fly-fishing parallels the history of the expansion of our Western frontier as well as fisheries management (Brown 2015). Although Henry David Thoreau (1862) maintained that \u201cIn wildness is the preservation of the world,\u201d humans are part of the trout fishing system and helped create, destroy, maintain, and restore the trout fishing we have today.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The first trout fishers were Native Americans. Native Americans used a variety of fishing methods, including weirs, spears, nets, traps, baskets, hook-and-line methods, and baits. They also caught fish by hand via tickling. Tickling for trout involves rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers to get the trout to go into a trance, after which they can then easily be thrown onto the bank (Martindale 1901). Native Americans were more patient than others. This method is different from noodling for catfish, where the noodler uses fingers as bait and grabs the catfish by its mouth. Native Americans also caught fish by fly-fishing with deer-hair flies, according to the writings of early American naturalist William Bartram (1739\u20131823) (Monahan, no date).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The story of Rocky Mountain trout fishing begins with displacement of Native Americans from their historical fishing and hunting grounds. Uninhabited wilderness had to be created through the dispossession of Native people before it could be preserved (Spence 1999). Explorers, trappers, pioneers, soldiers, and homesteaders brought fishing gear to frontier outposts. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804\u20131806) included a designated angler named Silas Goodrich. The expedition first described several new species of fish, including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout, caught by Goodrich. Later military expeditions spent time trout fishing in addition to fighting Native Americans. Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn might have been avoided if he'd joined a column of reinforcements under General George Crook. Crook's soldiers were comfortably camped close by on Goose Creek near the Tongue River-fishing, not fighting (Monnett 1993; Owens 2002a; Lessner 2010).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1. Although Maclean and other writers use the term fishermen, women are active anglers and contribute significantly to the sport.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Fly-Fishing's Legacy for Conservation | 191", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000159.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "be a starting point for asking questions too, but I would recommend against brainstorming as the only strategy towards topic and question identification since it does not enable students to get to topics they didn't know existed.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "I struggle with getting students to actually read the sources we find together in our research consultations. They seem to want to do all the searching first and all the reading later. No matter how I tell them it's iterative and you need to go back and forth between reading and searching many many times, the messages wasn't landing. This chapter is my next iteration in how to talk about the research process, but I really don't now what the secret recipe is yet. Let me know if you think this one lands.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Types of Sources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "I am a big fan of Mike Caulfield's information literacy work (see the next chapter, SIFTing Information.) Sometimes I have found my attempts to use his strategies in the classroom were hard for students. For example, when I've tried the exercise about the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Pediatricians (Reflection & Discussion Question 1) without first talking about professional organizations, students rarely got how they were different, and it did not build their confidence.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "It's hard to identify a legitimate professional association if you've never heard of the concept of professional associations. This chapter may be long, but I felt it was important to enumerate at least some of the dimensions of the sources they may find, so that when we get to Caulfield's SIFT method they are set up for success.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "102 | Instructor Resources", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000150.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "6. ECO CIRCLE COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Competence Area#1 THE 3 RS: RECYCLE-REUSE-REDUCE
Competence StatementTo know the basics of the 3 Rs and their importance and implementation into daily life in relation to green entrepreneurship and circular economy.
Learning Outcomes
KnowledgeTo understand the meaning of reducing, reusing and recycling and how they connect
To understand the importance of the 3 Rs as waste
management To be familiar with the expansion of the 3 Rs - the 7 Rs \u2022
Skills
in to- \u2022
\u2022
Attitudes and ValuesTo implement different ways of waste management into daily life To properly implement recycling day-day activities To promote reducing and reusing before recycling To acquire a proactive approach to implementing the 3 Rs into daily personal life To educate others on the importance of sustainable waste management \u2022 \u2022
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000036.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "2. General Profile of MSMES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "In July 2020, the survey established a general profile of the MSMEs interviewed. The respondents updated the interviewers on the status of their business in each subsequent phase. Respondents whose business had permanently closed were only asked the reasons for closing (Section 2.4) and about government assistance programs (Section 7). The demographics of respondents and business characteristics (i.e., the proportions) remained roughly the same across all three survey phases.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Business characteristics. Business size was determined by the number of staff at the time of interview. Following Government Decree number 25/ GOV, firms with five or less staff are microenterprises, those with six \u2013 50 staff are small, and those with 51 99 staff are medium.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Micro and small enterprises made up most of the respondents. Approximately 58% were microenterprises, 40% were small, and only two", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Figure 2.1: Surveyed MSMEs by size across sectors (%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "37", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "62", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "58", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "56", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "49", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "All MSMES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Tourism", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Handicraft/Textile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Agriculture", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "Micro Small", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Medium", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "percent were medium. The tourism MSME sample included a higher percentage of microenterprises than the other two sectors. All of the tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs interviewed were registered, or formal, constituting approximately 71% of the sample. The remainder (agriculture MSMEs) were informal, as they were individual farmers.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "The geographic focus of sampling sought to emulate the concentration of businesses nationwide. Interviewed MSMEs in the tourism and handicraft/ textile sectors were mainly based in Vientiane Capital, Luang Prabang, and Champasack provinces. For the agriculture sector, MSMEs were based in 12 provinces and the capital. Annex 1 provides the locations of respondents who participated in all three phases.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "The tourism sub-sectors interviewed included lodging, restaurants and bars, and tour operators. Most handicraft/textile respondents were involved in production, with the remaining in sales. The", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "main products are silk and cotton products such as bags, clothes, and scarves, bamboo wicker, pottery, carvings, and mulberry paper products. MSMEs interviewed in the agriculture sector focused on the cultivation and trade of cash crops such as vegetables, cassava, banana, sugar cane, tea and coffee, livestock or fish, and rice.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "Demographics of respondents. The overall gender ratio of interviewees was slightly skewed towards men (52%). Within the handicraft/textile sector, 80% were women, while the agriculture sector was dominated by male representatives (74%). The tourism sector respondents were 51% men. Most of the interviewees were MSME owners (80%), followed by managers (17%), while the other three percent comprised positions such as accountant, assistant, and deputy manager. More than half (58%) of interviewees were 36 to 55 years old; the youngest respondent was 23 and the eldest was 83.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000062.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "1. Shipping as a vector for marine IAS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "List of Philippine Ports is in Appendix 3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Shipping remains as the only scientifically documented pathway for marine biological invasion in the Philippines with the introduction and invasion of the South American mussel Mytella strigata (Vallejo et al. 2017). This invasive was first recorded from the South Harbor of Manila in 2014 and has been known to have spread throughout Manila Bay, to Lingayen Gulf, Aparri, Cagayan and Batangas Port in the Philippines. It has since then reported in Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Gulf of Thailand, and Sri Lanka.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Figure 2. Foulers from the South Harbor of Manila Bay. Photo by SAILS-PORTEC Manila Bay", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Mytella was likely spread through hull fouling and ballast water release. In the Philippines its spread to other ports was likely through small vessel hull fouling as the first adult samples were recorded from the fishing boat FV Ocean in 2015 which was docked in Manila Bay. An intensive monitoring of the South Harbor area in 2014 resulted in the detection of the first cohort of recruits in Manila Bay. The likely first introduction by ballast water release or by biofouling was in December 2013 and the first cohort of recruits was detected in July 2014.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "There are at least 15 marine non-indigenous species ship hull fouling recorded from Manila Bay's South Harbor (Vallejo et al. 2019; Trinidad et al 2017.) Only Mytella is considered invasive enough to have wide scale ecological and economic impacts. The most numerous species is the well- studied Hydroides elegans, which is a known ship fouler with a present pantropical distribution.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000076.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.6. Alien temporary work permits, Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "140000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "120000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "100000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "80000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "60000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "40000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "20000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "01/2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "...................", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Source: Department of Employment, Thailand (2022)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.7. Non-citizen population in Malaysia (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "3,288", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "3,323", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "||||||", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "3,500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "3,230", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "3,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "2,500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "2,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "1,500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "1,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "2021", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2022). Figure for 2021 is an estimate.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.8. Singapore foreign workforce stock (in thousands)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "1,450", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "1,427", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "1,393", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "1,400", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "1,386", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "1,368", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "1,350", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "1,300", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "1,250", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": { "text": "1,232", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "1,200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "1,150", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "1,100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "1,050", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": { "text": "2016 (Dec) 2017 (Dec) 2018 (Dec) 2019 (Dec) 2020 (Dec) 2021 (Dec)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": { "text": "Source: Compilation by Manpower Research & Statistics Department (Ministry of Manpower, Singapore, 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 50, "content": { "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": { "text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000003.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "INTERPRETING SIMULTANEITY JUDGEMENTS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "321", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "model (discussed for a binary fit in Section 6.2). Because there are three pos- sible choices, the appropriate data model (applied at each SOA) is no longer the binomial distribution, but rather the multinomial distribution, which can provide an exact likelihood of obtaining any particular combination of prob- abilities that divide N choices into three bins when the actual probabilities of selecting each bin are known (or rather, for fitting purposes, predicted).22", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "11 Dual-Presentation sJ Data", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Several authors have investigated the use of a dual-presentation sJ task in which two bimodal stimuli are presented (one after another) and compared, for example by reporting which one was (most) synchronous (Allan & Kristof- ferson, 1974; Powers, Hillock, & Wallace, 2009; Roseboom, Nishida, Fujisaki, & Arnold, 2011). This is a form of what would, in classical signal detection theory, be described as a two-alternative forced choice (specifically the two-interval forced choice variant). However, that designation is ambiguous (about wheth- er there are two presentations or two response categories) and has been ap- plied to cases where either or both of the possible qualifying conditions are met, which is probably why the dual-presentation sj task has ended up being given a variety of names (e.g., temporal 2AFC; forced-choice successiveness discrimination; 2IFC SJ, where the classic sJ is referred to as 2AFC sj in the same paper). I will label it the 2xSJ.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "The simplest form of the 2xSJ would have a synchronous standard on every trial along with a non-synchronous test pair. Based on the kind of observer models discussed in this chapter, the resulting psychometric function (plotting the probability of judging the standard more synchronous than the test against the test's SOA) is U-shaped and centred over the PSS. This approach represents a reasonable way to derive estimates of inverse precision (i.e., \\sigma_{\\Delta t}) but a fairly poor way to estimate the PSS, because having a synchronous standard on every trial provides feedback about objective synchrony. A simple solution is to also include a range of standards as well as a range of tests, in a roving standard design.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "The observer model can be fitted to data even when both standard and test are non-zero, as described in detail by Yarrow et al. (2016; see also Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez & Peli, 2014). \u03a4o present all of the data, it is necessary to plot a function for each standard sOA (using several standard plots, or a single 3D plot), which is somewhat cumbersome, but not a major obstacle to using the task. A simple", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "22 .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000126.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Total Area Harvested Square Feet)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "35,000,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "33,250,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "31,500,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "29,750,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "28,000,000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Year", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Closure", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.3-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Ontario", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "area (in", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "square feet)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "used to", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "harvest", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "mushroom", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "s over the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "years.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a design. There must be enough parts available for the image to be \"filled in\u201d; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.4^{4}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line connecting the 2 broken ones.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed on an \"as is\" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng. 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0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "2016 2030", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "2050", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "(Kaza et al. 2018)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this is obviously not in any country's best interest\u2014there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap, so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing course?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": { "text": "Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a \"green nudge\u201d to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn, would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables, food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby 33 alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": { "text": "To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28, 2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015, to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": { "text": "33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis). 234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000065.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Figure 6. Mytella strigata biofouling green mussel farms in Bacoor City, Cavite, Manila Bay Photo from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/17/fake-tahong-invades-bacoor-mussel-farms/", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "5. Natural dispersal", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Dispersal by purely natural means is not included as a pathway of biological invasions (Gaston 1996). Examples include range expansion by flight or any other medium of natural locomotion or transport. However if human created or crafted material is involved in rafting dispersal of IAS, then this may be considered as a case of biological invasion. The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake generated a large tsunami that caused an unprecedented biological transoceanic rafting event from the northwestern Pacific coastline of Japan towards North America on the eastern Pacific(Carlton et al. 2017). Millions of human made objects from small plastics to large docks and whole ships were cast adrift in the Pacific (Murray et al. 2018). This provided a substrate for biofoulers. Large debris could carry up to 20 to 30 mega-species of biofoulers (Carlton et al. 2017). These biofouled debris can constitute an IAS risk (Therriault 2017).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "While a tsunami is a relatively rare event, a more common one is fouler dispersal by rafting on coastal currents of floating plastic debris, wood and, bamboo. Marine litter often originate from", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000166.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Activity 5. Calculating versus estimating CEC", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "There are two ways you can calculate the CEC: the sum of cations method and the mineralogy method.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The Sum-of-Cations Method", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "If you have a soil analysis where the quantities of all cations in the soil are listed, simply summing all those exchangeable quantities will yield the CEC you found in the preceding problems.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The \"Mineralogy\" Method", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "As you know from your reading and class discussion, clay minerals have a range of values for CEC. If the mineralogy of the clay fraction is known (that is, the type and amounts of each clay mineral), then the CEC can be approximated.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "To make these calculations easier, Table 13.4 contains representative values for CEC to use in all calculations for this class unless otherwise noted. In nature, however, these soil colloids will have a range of values.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Table 13.4. Typical CEC of various soil colloids.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Mineral or colloid typeCEC of pure colloid
cmolc/kg
kaolinite10
illite30
montmorillonite/smectite100
vermiculite150
humus200
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "As an example of this mineralogy approach to CEC calculations, consider a soil having 100% clay where the clay is 100% kaolinite. The CEC would then be 10~cmol_{c}/kg. If a soil contains only 10% kaolinite (or 10 kg clay in 100 kg soil), however, this clay would contribute", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Total~CEC~of~the~soil=\\frac{10~cmol_{c}}{kg~clay}\\times\\frac{10~kg~clay}{100~kg~soil}=\\frac{1.0~cmol_{c}}{kg~soil}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "A prairie soil contains 30% clay. This clay sized fraction is dominantly montmorillonite. The soil also contains 5% humus (organic matter).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Using the mineralogy method, what is the cation exchange capacity (CEC) contributed by the clay?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "120 Soil Colloids", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000095.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "W", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "0.8M", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "0.4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "4-Worst quartile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "1=Best", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3 could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level \u201c3\u201d) chose the tournament scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1 rankings to be high (at levels \u201c1\u201d and \u201c2\u201d). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together, these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as being no different from one another).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "0.8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "W M", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "0.6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "0.4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "0.2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "4 4= Worst rank", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "1 1= Best rank", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "(Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of 10 how their past performance compares with others.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!), Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call \"psychological momentum\", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000079.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Executive Summary", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "I", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "ndia suffers from 'regulatory cholesterol' that is getting in", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "the way of doing business. The legislations, rules and regulations enacted by the Union and State governments have over time created barriers to the smooth flow of ideas, organisation, money, entrepreneurship and through them the creation of jobs, wealth and GDP.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The presence of hostile clauses in these laws, rules and regulations has grown since Independence, surviving three decades of economic reforms initiated in 1991. The biggest challenges come from the continuance of imprisonment as a tool of control. As automation increases in the coming years, the pre-Independence 1940s-style administrative controls meant to protect labour will prove counter-productive in 21st-century India.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "There are 1,536 laws that govern doing business in India, of which 678 are implemented at the Union level. Within these laws is a web of 69,233 compliances, of which 25,537 are at the Union level. These compliances need to be communicated to the governments through 6,618 annual filings, 2,282 (34.5 percent) at the Union level and at the states, 4,336.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "These changes in compliance requirements occur constantly and add to business uncertainty. In the 12 months up to 31 December 2021, there have been 3,577 regulatory changes;", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000029.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "5. The dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The next step is to construct a model for the dynamics. The idea, which essen- tially goes back to Boltzmann (see [12]), is that any given macro-state at any given time is extremely likely to develop into a state with higher entropy at the next moment of time, simply because there are so many more states with higher entropy than with lower entropy (compare with (3)). The problem with this in the present situation, however, is that this way of thinking in fact presupposes a preferred direction of time. Otherwise, given that the dynamical laws are time symmetric, why can we not similarly argue that the entropy should also grow when we go backward in time? (compare [9]).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "There have been many attempts to avoid this problem by looking for defects in the symmetries. But my conclusion here is that we must actually accept Boltzmann's argument in both directions of time and hence we are led to the following:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Principle 1. At every moment of time t and for every state with entropy S, there are very many \"accessible states\u201d with higher entropy, both at the previous moment of time t-1 and at the next one t+1 On the other hand, the chance for finding such accessible states with lower entropy, both at times t-1 and t+1, is extremely small.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "This principle also implies a shift of perspective in the search for time's arrow. Rather than trying to find the reason for the asymmetry, we must concentrate on understanding why we cannot observe the symmetric structure of the multiverse as a whole.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "As still one more simplification, let us assume that the entropy can only change by \\pm1 during each unit of time. This assumption, however, has to be modified near the endpoints (BB and BC) for the following reason: it is a very important aspect of this approach to assume that physics during the first and last moments is very different from the rest of the time, since at these moments quantum phenomena can be expected to become global. To model this in a simple way, we can split the life-span of our multiverse up into three parts:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "[-T_{0},-T_{1}]\\cup[-T_{1},T_{1}]\\cup[T_{1},T_{0}].", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "(4)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Here the first and last parts may be called \u201cthe extreme phases,\" which are characterized by the property that transition between very different states can be possible. During the \u201cnormal phase\u201d in between on the other hand, physics is supposed to behave more or less as we are used to.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "6. Modeling the dynamics", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "To construct a miniature multiverse for computational purposes, one can pro- ceed as follows: first of all, in the very small multiverses studied here, the extreme phases will only last for one single unit of time. Also, for ease of notation, let us put T_{1}=m, so that the moments of time can in this context be denoted as", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "-m-1,-m,-m+1,...,m-1,m,m+1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "(5)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "The dynamics is specified by randomly choosing for each state at time t with entropy S, K edges to states at time t + 1 with entropy S+1, and similarly K edges to states at time t-1 with entropy S+1 (with obvious modifications at the end- points). In this section, again to make everything as simple as possible, K will be set equal to 2. These random choices are in practice carried out by the random number", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "313", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000016.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Table of contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Introduction7
1. Changing Practices, Shifting Sites7
2. Core and Periphery of Play12
Part I: New Children, Different Toys21
3. The Child as Consumer26
4. Domesticating Play30
5. The Child in the City35
6. Toys as Containers, Mediators and Promoters39
Part II: From Solitary to Networked Geographies of Play45
7. LEGO Toys: from Wooden Blocks to Plastic Bricks50
8. Brand Extension & Product Differentiation58
9. Bringing the Fans into the Company62
10. Many-to-Many Geographies of Play66
Part III: Commercial Geographies of Play71
11. Toy Towns and Simulated Cities73
12. A 21st-century Dollhouse: The Sims83
13. Unwanted Play Practices in The Sims Online94
14. Commodified Geographies of Play103
Part IV: Serious Geographies of Play107
15. Participation Tools111
16. Participation Processes119
17. Purposeful Play122
18. Serious Geographies of Play124
Conclusion127
19. Changing Geographies of Play127
20. Making Do132
Notes137
Bibliography139
Index153
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000063.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "The other potentially invasive fouler is the tropical American Mytilopsis sallei and M. adamsi which has been recorded invasive in Singapore, Australia, Thailand among other regions. While they are recorded from the Manila South Harbor, there is no evidence that it is invasive as it exists in low abundances.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "B", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "C", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "D", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "E", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "F", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "G", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "H", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "J", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "K", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "L", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Figure 3. Non-indigenous macrofoulers from Manila Bay with IAS, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata (=charruana). (From Trinidad et al 2019)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Newer estimates (2021) on the number of possible IAS in Manila Bay is likely more than 30 species based on more intensive biofouling ecological monitoring and the use environmental DNA in detecting species. When research started in 2006 on IAS in Manila Bay, 3 species were initially observed.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000002.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "316", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "where soas below some threshold cannot be recovered, so that an observer can only guess about order.19 However, either kind of model can easily be fitted and interpreted from either theoretical perspective.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "8 Choosing between Observer Models and Rejecting Participants", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Two further reasonable questions one might ask are: 1) could my observer model have generated these data? and 2) does another observer model de- scribe the data better? Model comparison is a large and complex topic, so once again, what I have to say here should be treated as a brief introduction rather than a comprehensive summary.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Let's begin by considering a metric I have not yet mentioned: Deviance. De- viance (sometimes called G^{2}) is a measure based on log likelihood, but which looks rather more like summed squared error, in that it is zero for a perfectly fitting model and large/positive for a poorly fitting model. Formally, deviance is two times the difference in log likelihood between the saturated model and the model with our current set of parameters. A saturated model is one that exactly predicts the data (which can always be accomplished by a model that has one parameter per data point). Hence it represents the situation with the maximum possible log-likelihood when predicting this particular set of data. Deviance is closely related to a simpler calculation (-2\\times log~likelihood) that forms the basis of a couple of well-known metrics for model comparison (the Akaike information criterion, AIC, and the Bayesian information criterion, BIC) and indeed is occasionally defined this way. That's because we are of- ten only really interested in differences (in Deviance, or AIC, or BIC) between models, and the log-likelihood of the saturated model gets subtracted out in a comparison between two models (because it has contributed to the deviance in the same way for both) so calculating it is not necessary.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "However, if you want to say something about the goodness of fit of a model without relating it to any other model, based on asymptotic statistical theory, you do need to calculate deviance properly. Asymptotically, it turns out that the deviance of a model fitted to data when that model actually generated those data follows a chi-square (\\chi^{2}) distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of data points minus the number of model parameters (note: for", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "19", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez and Alcal\u00e1-Quintana's commitment to this account is a little unclear, be- cause they often let 8 vary across experimental conditions, suggesting flexibility more akin to a criterion-based account. It may be that they believe a low-threshold exists, but that synchrony is often additionally reported beyond this hard limit.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000129.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "( 15.19 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\\sigma_{y}^{2}=(\\frac{1}{4})(\\sigma_{x_{1}}^{2}+\\sigma_{x_{2}}^{2})", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of \\mu_{x} and \\sigma_{x}^{2} each partner would face the same expected value as before , \\mu_{x} But , the variance of their individual earnings would be (\\sigma_{x}^{2}+\\sigma_{x}^{2})/4=\\sigma_{x}^{2}/2 half of what it was before without combining their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would be:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "( 15.20 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\\sqrt{\\frac{\\sigma_{x}^{2}}{2}}=\\frac{\\sigma_{x}}{\\sqrt{2}}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but the variance each partner would receive is \\sigma_{x}/\\sqrt{n} We now illustrate these important results.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (\u22125,000) + (.5) (8,000)=\\$1500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "(15.21) \\sqrt{(.5)(-\\$5,000-\\$1,500)^{2}+(.5)(\\$8,000-\\$1,500)^{2}}=\\$6,500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: (\\$1,500+\\$6,500)=\\$8,000 and (\\$1,500-\\$6,500)=-\\$5,000.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on average \\$16,000/2=\\$8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average -\\$10,000/2=-\\$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail and one head (T, H) which both earn on average \\$3,000/2=\\$1,500 and each occurs with a probability of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "(15.22) (.25)(\\$8,000)+(.25)(-\\$5,000)+(.25)(\\$1,500)+(.25)(\\$1,500)=\\$1,500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard deviation of the average outcome:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000066.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "consumption onsite or offsite. Food Service Establishments (FSE) refers to the business engaged in the Food Service Industry. For purposes of the survey, the FSE is segmented into:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "full-service restaurants, with full menu and waiting service;", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "limited-service restaurants or quick service restaurants (QSR), with full menu but pay-as-you-order such as fast food or turo-turo types;", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "cafes/bars/pop-ups (selected menu with few chairs and tables);", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "kiosks and stalls (purely retail, to be consumed elsewhere); and catering or 100% home delivery.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants and cafes/bars/pop-ups may also offer \"to go\" or \"take away\u201d services.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Jollibee", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Max's", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Red Ribben", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Full service", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Limited Service", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Cafes, bars and Pop ups", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Kiosks and stalls", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "catering", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Figure 1. FSI Segmentation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "b.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Plastic. The Baseline Study looked into the extent of Plastic use of FSEs in Dasmari\u00f1as City. Plastics are categorized by food grade. The six food grades are 1) Polyethylene Terephthalate: clear, tough plastic such as soft drinks, juice and water, (2) High Density", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Polyethylene: white or colored plastic such as milk containers, (3) Polyvinyl Chloride: hard rigid clear plastic such as cordial bottles; (4) Low Density Polyethylene: soft, flexible such as squeezable bottles; 5) Polypropylene: hard but flexible plastics such as microwave ware; takeaway containers, some yogurt or jam containers and hinged lunch boxes, and (6) Polystyrene: rigid, brittle plastics such as small tubes and margarine or butter container. See Figure 1. Plastic litter found in the rivers are of categories 1-6. There are also other plastics that do not fall under food grade 1-6.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Filipino word for restaurants where a menu of cooked or ready-to-eat food are on display and clients point to their choice of food and pay as they take their food to their tables or ask for take-out packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Food grade plastics refer to plastic containers, tools or other supplies made of plastics that are cleared to be used for food preparation, handling, and service.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "18 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000121.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-\u00b5L micropipette):", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "20. Use a micropipette to add 10 \u00b5L of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube. Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that follows.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the \u201cSuspect\u201d and \u201cEvidence\u201d DNA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ReagentsSupplies and Equipment
At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1*Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1-20 \u00b5L Micropipet tips
To be shared by all groups: \"Evidence A^{\\prime\\prime}DNA^{*}Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice
\"Evidence B\" DNA*Permanent marker
Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized waterWater bath at 37^{\\circ}(
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "*Store on ice", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either \u201cEvidence A\u201d DNA or \u201cEvidence B\u201d DNA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: \"S1\" for Suspect 1, \"S2\" for Suspect 2, and either \"EA\" for Evidence A or \"EB\u201d for Evidence B. All three samples will be digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip each time you add a reagent to a tube.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "132", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000176.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "vapor and other gases, making it useless. Only in the vacuum of space can optical elements be cooled to hundreds of degrees below freezing and still remain operational.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The first orbiting infrared observatory, launched in 1983, was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), built as a joint project by the United States, the Netherlands, and Britain. IRAS was equipped with a 0.6-meter telescope cooled to a temperature of less than 10 K. For the first time, the infrared sky could be seen as if it were night, rather than through a bright foreground of atmospheric and telescope emissions. IRAS carried out a rapid but comprehensive survey of the entire infrared sky over a 10-month period, cataloging about 350,000 sources of infrared radiation. Since then, several other infrared telescopes have operated in space with much better sensitivity and resolution due to improvements in infrared detectors. The most powerful of these infrared telescopes is the 0.85-meter Spitzer Space Telescope, which launched in 2003. A few of its observations are shown in Figure 2. With infrared observations, astronomers can detect cooler parts of cosmic objects, such as the dust clouds around star nurseries and the remnants of dying stars, that visible-light images don't reveal.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Flame nebula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Helix nebula", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Cassiopeia A Figure 2. These infrared images-a region of star formation, the remnant of an exploded star, and a region where an old star is", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "336 | Chapter 6 Section 6.5: Observations outside Earth's Atmosphere", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000085.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "LAW LIBRARY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "June 2023", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "LL File No. 2023-022255", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "LRA-D-PUB-002612", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate (202) 707-5080 \u2022 law@loc.gov \u2022 http://www.law.gov", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000094.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Mean Liking Score", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "5 Exposures", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "6. Warning: This question concerns a politically charged event that occurred on January 18, 2019, at the Indigenous People's March in Washington, D.C. After reading this account of what happened at the march, and viewing this video of the event, which of the effects presented in this chapter do you think best describes this episode in our nation's history?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "7. Think of a situation in your own life when you framed information (either wittingly or unwittingly) in such a way that helped pre-determine an outcome. Describe the situation and how you framed the information. Was the outcome improved or worsened as a result of how you framed the information?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "8. After having learned about the Anchoring Effect in this chapter, do you think you will ever fall for something like this again?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "9. When someone admonishes you \u201cnot to judge a book by its cover,\u201d or as British management journalist Robert Heller once noted, \u201cNever ignore a gut feeling, but never believe that it's enough,\u201d what heuristic(s) is he unwittingly advising you to avoid using?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "10. Browse the internet for information about an effect that was not discussed in this chapter. Can you classify this effect as a special case of a Priming or Framing Effect? Explain.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "11. Browse the internet for a heuristic other than the Affect and Availability Heuristics described in this chapter. Explain the heuristic.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "12. It's one thing to detect the existence of a Silo Effect and quite another to measure its", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "24 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000022.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "To prepare myself for the journey from my home in Canberra, Australia, I visited the National Library's vast collection of maps. But I could not find Steinkirche, even in old German records of Silesia. The Polish- German Gazeteer, which has a remarkable list of old German place-names in relation to their Polish replacements, and vice versa, gave the names for many places, including M\u00e4rzdorf where my mother had worked as a young woman, on an estate near the Oder River. But there was nothing for Steinkirche. The people assembling the directory must have thought it simply the description of a stone church, as the name suggests, rather than the actual name for the place where the church stood.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Obviously it was not an important village. No one in our extended family could give me the Polish names for rural Steinkirche or of Neumarkt Platz in the Silesian metropolis. Had Steinkirche been north, east, west or south of Breslau? In my mind's eye I assumed it to be east\u2014towards Posen\u2014 mistakenly, so I was to discover. In answer to one of my many questions, I recalled that my mother had once told me that it had taken her about an hour by train to travel to the school she attended briefly in Breslau. It was an important clue.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "I then rang my cousin, Peter Erlanger, but neither he nor his older sister could help me. Peter advised me to try to find Steinkirche using my computer's Internet search engine. It was enlightened advice, and was to provide me with a key clue. The website yielded a huge list of entries, mostly concerning stone churches in present-day Germany. But there was also a reference to a 1928 visit by a church official inspecting a number of communities overseen by the Lutheran Church at Strehlen. I had often heard my mother and her sister refer to acquaintances in Strehlen.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "The article about Steinkirche described it as having a 1264 Polish Catholic foundation, on a site where pagan sacrifices had taken place. This seemed to have the ring of truth. The description offered a brief history of the church and gave illustrations of it in various stages of alteration. By the seventeenth century, the place had become Lutheran and in the following 200 years the community's religious confidence expressed itself architecturally, through continual improvements. A church tower with baroque spire was raised and the interior refurbished with an upper-storey balcony with pews on three sides.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000134.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018). A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40\u201370 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al. 2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Length (cm and in)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "in cm", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "120 300", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "100 250", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "80 200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "150", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "40-100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Length of Gar Fish by Age", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "1!!!!!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Age (years)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas. Long description.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "Weight (kg and lbs)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "lbs kg", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Weight of Gar Fish by Age", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "140", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "120", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ 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"category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": { "text": "40", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": { "text": "60", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": { "text": "70", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": { "text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 55, "content": { "text": "Age (years)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 56, "content": { "text": "Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 57, "content": { "text": "Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs | 171", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000173.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Humanity's Home Base.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 1. This image shows the Western hemisphere as viewed from space 35,400 kilometers (about 22,000 miles) above Earth. Data about the land surface from one satellite was combined with another satellite's data about the clouds to create the image. (credit: modification of work by R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "NASA/GSFC/NOAA/USGS)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Our nearest astronomical neighbor is Earth's satellite, commonly called the Moon. Figure 2 shows Earth and the Moon drawn to scale on the same diagram. Notice how small we have to make these bodies to fit them on the page with the right scale. The Moon's distance from Earth is about 30 times Earth's diameter, or approximately 384,000 kilometers, and it takes about a month for the Moon to revolve around Earth. The Moon's diameter is 3476 kilometers, about one fourth the size of Earth.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Earth and Moon, Drawn to Scale.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "10 | Chapter 1 Section 1.6: A Tour of the Universe", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000047.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ANFREL Pre-Election Assessment Mission Report", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "24", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No.Political partyProvisional result on Number of commune/ sangkatregistration 7 March Number of candidatesOfficial registration result on 29 April Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesDifference in the number of candidates
11Khmer United Party3549830457-41
12Grassroots Democracy Party3243532481+46
13Beehive Social Democratic Party2542523392-33
14Cambodian Indigeneous Peoples Democracy Party1919419202+8
15Ekpheap Cheat Khmer Party1517514178+3
16Reaksmey Khemara Party779688+9
17Khmer Economic Development Party465464-1
Total84,20886,092+1,884
", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000093.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "survey responses and outcomes from the experiments and games. This spreadsheet is linked to the students' randomly assigned course ID (CID) numbers. The other spreadsheet, which is linked to their university student ID numbers and their names, compiles their performances on quizzes, homework, and exams assigned throughout the semester.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "At the risk of sounding draconian, this is a course where it may make sense to base upwards of 50% of a student's grade upon their in-person attendance, which would entail carefully taking role at the beginning of each class. If the class meets 30 times face-to-face during the semester, for example, their grade attributable to attendance would then drop by 3.33 percentage points for each missed class (excused absences withstanding). Granted, students who foresee having difficulty attending class in-person throughout the semester would likely choose to drop the course immediately. For those students who remain, the remaining 50% of their course grade would then be based upon their quizzes, homework, and exam scores.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The issue of how best to convey written information to the student a priori (i.e., before conducting a given experiment or game) also looms large in a participatory-learning setting such as this, especially if the instructor desires to obtain unbiased responses from the students (or more practically, to control for potential biases). For example, the first set of thought experiments presented in Section 1 is meant to demonstrate firsthand to the students the extent to which automatic, knee-jerk responses from what Kahneman (2011) identifies as the System 1 portion of the brain can result in miscalculations. Students who choose to read ahead (small in number though these types of students may be) potentially skew the distribution of responses away from its otherwise true representation of these miscalculations. Such skewness may be tolerable for strictly educational purposes, where the goal is to demonstrate that at least a certain percentage of students are prone to miscalculation. But if the instructor also hopes to compile student responses into a dataset amenable for statistical analysis, then this type of potential bias draws into question the validity of the data.\u00b2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "To help control for potential biases associated with students having read ahead about the game or experiment they are now participating in, I recommend including the following question on each Response Card: \u201cDid you read about this topic ahead of time?\u201d (see Appendix A). Answers to this question provide a control for the level of student foreknowledge, which is the potential bias of concern.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "I am personally unaware of any studies that have looked at how well students learn the lessons of behavioral economics in a cumulative sense over a span of time (e.g., an entire semester) and across a variety of experiments and games. In other words, I know of no studies that estimate the extent to which individuals who begin a course in behavioral economics as bona fide Homo sapiens evolve toward \u201cHomo economism\u201d in their individual and social choices. The pedagogy promoted in this textbook-in particular, the data it generates-offers instructors the opportunity to empirically test the hypothesis that students make this evolution.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "2. Note that this potential biasedness problem also extends to the laboratory experiments of Section 2 and games of Section 3. BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XXV", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000188.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelSizeTypeH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct~11BAlignment-tuned74.2071.0888.1666.2171.4383.5864.75
Qwen 72B~72BPretrained73.6065.1985.9477.3760.1982.4870.43
Mixtral 8x7B-Instruct-v0.1~47BInstruction-tuned72.6270.2287.6371.1664.5881.3760.73
Yi 34B-200K~34BPretrained70.8165.3685.5876.0653.6482.5661.64
Yi 34B~34BPretrained69.4264.5985.6976.3556.2383.0350.64
Mixtral 8x7B-v0.1~47BPretrained68.4266.0486.4971.8246.7881.9357.47
Llama 2 70B~70BPretrained67.8767.3287.3369.8344.9283.7454.06
Falcon 180\u0432~180BPretrained67.8569.4588.8670.5045.4786.9045.94
SOLAR 10.7B~11BPretrained66.0461.9584.6065.4845.0483.6655.50
Qwen 14B~14BPretrained65.8658.2883.9967.7049.4376.8058.98
Mistral 7B-Instruct-v0.2 Yi 34B-Chat~7B ~34BInstruction-tuned Instruction-tuned65.71 65.3263.14 65.4484.88 84.1660.78 74.9068.26 55.3777.19 80.1140.03 31.92
Mistral 7B7BPretrained60.9759.9883.3164.1642.1578.3737.83
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 2: Evaluation results for SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct along with other top-performing models. We report the scores for the six tasks mentioned in Sec. 4.1 along with the H6 score (average of six tasks). We also report the size of the models in units of billions of parameters. The type indicates the training stage of the model and is chosen from {Pretrained, Instruction-tuned, Alignment-tuned}. Models based on SOLAR 10.7B are colored purple. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "We reformatted the instruction datasets with an Alpaca-styled chat template. For datasets such as OpenOrca, which are derived from FLAN (Long- pre et al., 2023), we filter data that overlaps with the benchmark datasets (see Tab. 8 in Appendix. C for more information). The alignment datasets are in the {prompt, chosen, rejected} triplet format. We preprocess the alignment datasets following Zephyr (Tunstall et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Evaluation. In the HuggingFace Open LLM Leaderboard (Beeching et al., 2023), six types of evaluation methods are presented: ARC (Clark et al., 2018), HellaSWAG (Zellers et al., 2019), MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020), TruthfulQA (Lin et al., 2022), Winogrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021), and GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021). We utilize these datasets as benchmarks for evaluation and also re- port the average scores for the six tasks, e.g., H6.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Model merging. Model merging methods such as Yadav et al. (2023) can boost model perfor- mance without further training. We merge some of the models that we trained in both the instruc- tion and alignment tuning stages. We implement our own merging methods although popular open source also exist such as MergeKit\u00b3.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "4.2 Main Results", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "We present evaluation results for our SOLAR 10.7B and SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct models along with other top-performing models in Tab. 2. SO- LAR 10.7B outperforms other pretrained models of similar sizes, such as Qwen 14B and Mistral 7B, which shows that DUS is an effective method to up-scale base LLMs. Furthermore, despite the 3https://github.com/cg123/mergekit", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "smaller size, SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct scores the highest in terms of H6, even surpassing the recent top-performing open-source LLM Mixtral 8x7B- Instruct-v0.1 or Qwen 72B. The above results indi- cate DUS can up-scale models that are capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance when fine- tuned. We also report data contamination results for SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct in Appendix C.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "4.3 Ablation Studies", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "We present ablation studies for both the instruction and alignment tuning stages.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "4.3.1 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Ablation on the training datasets. We present ablation studies using different training datasets for the instruction tuning in Tab. 3. The ablated models are prefixed with SFT for supervised fine- tuning. 'SFT v1' only uses the Alpaca-GPT4 dataset, whereas 'SFT v2' also uses the OpenOrca dataset. 'SFT v3' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v2'. Similarly, 'SFT v4' uses the Synth. Math-Instruct dataset along with the datasets used in 'SFT v1'.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "First, we analyze how Alpaca-GPT4 and OpenOrca affect the trained models. The first ab- lated model, 'SFT v1', which used only the Alpaca- GPT4 dataset for training, resulted in 69.15 for H6. When we add the OpenOrca dataset to train the second ablated model, 'SFT v2', the resulting H6 score is 69.21, which is little change from 69.15 of 'SFT v1'. However, the task scores vary more as 'SFT v2' gets a substantially higher GSM8K score of 57.32 compared to 52.24 of 'SFT v1' but also gets noticeably lower scores across the board for ARC, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA. This seems to", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000042.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "this content \"very often\", 71% were from Indonesia and 28.6% were from Thailand. When asked about how often participants had heard of groups expressing the importance of men accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones, more respondents had heard this message with a higher frequency (\"always\" or \"very often\", 37.1%) than those who had rarely or never heard it (34%). Forty-six per cent of respondents from Indonesia heard this message with a higher frequency, followed by the Philippines (38%) and Thailand (15%). When grouping the answer options of \"always\", \"very often\" and \"sometimes\", 66% of respondents said they had heard groups stress the importance of women being accompanied by men when travelling to conflict areas.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 5: Importance of a male guardian accompanying women when travelling to conflict zones", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Yes No", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "34,3%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "65,7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "In the second part of the survey, using a five-point Likert scale from \u201cstrong- ly agree\" to \"strongly disagree\", partic- ipants were presented with a series of statements regarding how worried they were about intolerant content being es- poused in the offline space by violent ex-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "tremist groups. Most respondents (77%) agreed (combining both \u201cstrongly agree\" and \"agree\") that they were worried about intolerance in their communities, partic- ularly respondents from Indonesia and the Philippines. Almost all respondents in the sample (93%) agreed that they were worried about violent extremism in their countries. This appeared to be a general concern among both men and women as 85% of men and 95% of women agreed that they were concerned.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Significantly, 89% of respondents agreed that religious extremism would impede women's rights. Half of the participants in Indonesia agreed they were concerned that religious extremism would hamper women's rights, 27% in Philippines and 16% in Thailand. Both men (84.6%) and women (89.2%) expressed their concerns on this issue. Furthermore, 91% of respondents agreed that religious extremism prioritizes men's rights over women's rights \u2013 93.1% of women strongly agreed with the statement compared to 6.90% of men.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "For example, one interviewee from Indonesia observed that the teachings of extremism have entered schools, such as high schools, and have also begun to penetrate student organizations. She observed that the teachings \u201cspread from the Middle East, bringing misogynistic teachings towards women as part of their subjugation strategy\". She acknowledged that it was part of the organizational strategy where women appeared to look empowered:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\u201c", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\"However, this is just manipulation; behind it is the practice of misogyny, women's consciousness, their bodies and minds are controlled, even though", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000005.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "CHAPTER I", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 1.5. The San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n men's jacket, lopil (Spanish capixay). Photo by Elizabeth Purdum.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 1.6. Vegetation along the trail from San Mateo Ixtat\u00e1n to Bulej, May 1965. Photo by author.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000023.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "2. The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "This description told me that Steinkirche was somewhere in the vicinity of Strehlen. Then, according to Elfriede's stories about walking her animals, ducks, geese and a goat to the railway station to meet visitors, a station once existed near the village. I wondered whether it had survived the bombing. I have seen films of the utter devastation along the Oder River in early May 1945, just before the War in Europe ended. Did the railway still pass Steinkirche? My mother's father had been a railway line pointsman, a signal attendant. From a station close to home he would have undertaken the long journeys his work demanded.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "I went back to the old German maps in the National Library and located Steinkirche on one of several contiguous contour maps perhaps designed for military purposes. They covered Lower Silesia in 1938 in remarkable detail, although such detail also helped obscure the printed names of villages, which were lost in the depictions of miniature hills, rivers, quarries, castles, lakes and even houses.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Eventually I did locate the village through this superb map. Steinkirche was off the main road near the second railway station south of Strehlen, probably on a hill, something my mother had never mentioned. If one passed it, one could also locate it as station number two of the seven between Strehlen and Milnsterberg, on the railway running south of Breslau towards the Carpathian Mountains. Then I noted the Polish names for the two townships south of Wroclaw (Breslau). In the German- to-Polish Gazeteer they are given as Strzelin and Ziebice.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "My intention was to take a train or a car to the new Polish ex-Steinkirche, visit it discreetly, and search the old cemetery for family connections. I wanted to photograph my two-year-old granddaughter beside my own grandfather Friedrich's grave. I wanted to look for other evidence of family history, and just savour the atmosphere of the place. I also wanted to see what had happened to Neumarkt Platz.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "It was difficult to achieve anything in a hurry. In London, my daughter, granddaughter and I visited the office of the Polish Consulate. Tourist brochures were generously given to us, but none of the authoritative road maps of Poland showed the villages between Strzelin and Ziebice. Did our village still exist? And by what name?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "After flying to Berlin, we set out in a hire car for Wroclaw on 13 September 2003. Beside the Hitler-era Autobahn, there are still extensive forests, between flat farmlands. It was raining when we entered Poland.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000168.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Soils with the same pH may require different amounts of limestone due to differences in CEC, which would imply differences in buffering capacities. For example, consider the amount of limestone necessary to raise the base saturation of two soils from 70% to 90% when one soil has a CEC of 15~cmol_{c}/kg and the other has a CEC of 40~cmol_{c}/kg.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "15\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg}\\times20\\%increase=3\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg} basic cations required from lime 40\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg}\\times20\\%increase=8\\frac{cmol_{c}}{kg} basic cations required from lime", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Lastly, soil pH is governed by base saturation. If other factors are constant, the lower the pH, the more lime that is required to achieve a desired pH. This is because at a low pH, a larger percentage of the CEC is occupied by acid cations, which requires larger amounts of lime to neutralize.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Activity 1: Determining pH With Indicator Strips (Field Method)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Of the several techniques available for determining pH, one that can be used easily in the field is the indicator strip method. This technique uses the principle of pH sensitivity of certain dyes, which cause differences in color across a range in pH. With the soils provided, complete the following pH determination:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Weigh 10.0 g of soil into a small plastic cup. Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Allow to stand for 5 minutes, occasionally stirring.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Using the pH indicator strips provided, dip the strip into the cup until the tip is wetted. Determine the pH by comparing the color change of the pH test strip to the color chart.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Record the soil pH in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Activity 2: Determining Soil pH with a pH Meter", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Laboratory pH meters are more accurate than pH dyes and strips. The pH meter measures the hydrogen ion activity [H^{+}] by measuring the electric potential across a thin, porous glass membrane at the base of the electrode. This potential changes in response to \\lceil H^{+}\\rceil, and by standardizing the instrument with buffers of known pH, we can measure the pH of any solution, including soil solutions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Using the samples prepared in Activity 1, carefully place the electrode in the suspension. Gently swirl the electrode in the solution, and note the pH reading. Wait for the pH meter to reach a steady reading, indicated by the word \"ready\" on the screen.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Record the value for this 1:2 soil-water suspension in Table 14.1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH | 127", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000024.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "At Home in Exile", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "We received the clear impression from grim customs officials and money- changers at the border that we had entered a part of the world still not entirely recovered from post-War economic depression. Roadside stands sold plaster garden statues, especially gnomes, and other wares were also for sale, judging by the surreptitious lifting of skirts to reveal totally bare flesh, from women sheltering under their umbrellas. I wondered where they would take their truck driver customers in a place where there seemed to be only road and forest.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Anthea's navigation skills took us promptly to the clean and pleasant Tumski Hotel on the Sand Island near the oldest part of Wroclaw. I was immensely moved when I found that my room overlooked a canal of the Oder. This was a place of which mother had often spoken. Maria on the Sand (die Sandkirche) is still there, one of the large old Gothic red-brick churches that escaped bombing.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "That Saturday afternoon, too late for lunch, we sampled Polish beer and vodka. We explored the famous Rynek, the central seventeenth-century market square with its famed Gothic town hall where American soldiers had stolen the gold from the astrological clock. The bombed-out buildings had been restored, but they were too garishly painted to revive a sense of their history. The adjoining salt square now mostly sells flowers.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "We wondered at how few smiling faces there were, and were puzzled by how little German or English anyone spoke. Why was there so little tourism? Only a pair of elegant teenagers had fluent German. We turned down their offers of pornographic pictures and sexual experiences.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "We covered enough of the area to get a strong impression of a once- lively city devastated by War and hastily repaired. These were convenient reconstructions, done without an eye to matching styles.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "I was especially anxious to find out where Neumarkt Platz had been. That evening at the hotel, I kept going to the window and trying to imagine my mother as a young woman taking an evening stroll with a companion along the banks of the Oder. But this was autumn. Thick mists hung above the water. Few people were out walking.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "On Sunday we set out seriously to find the location of the old square. We walked through once-stately streets, past the Metropole Hotel from where Hitler had addressed the crowds, to the Ethnographic Museum. This proved disappointing. The contents of two rooms were a mere", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000151.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "CHAPTER 1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "CALIFORNIA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "SB1359 was passed in September 2016, going into force in January 2018. The law \u201crequires California Community Colleges and California State Universities and requests the University of California system to include a symbol/logo in the online campus course schedule by January 1, 2018 for courses that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and therefore not required to be purchased.\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "The potential scale of impact is significant. With 114 colleges serving 2.1 million students, the California Community Colleges (CCCs) comprise the largest public system of higher education in the US. The California State University (CSU) with 23 campuses serving nearly 500,000 students, is the largest four-year public university system in the US. Notably, the law does not apply to the state's research-focused University of California.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.1: Zero Cost Textbook Logo", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "IMPLEMENTATION", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Between the passage of the law in 2016 and the implementation of the law in 2018, both the CCCs and CSU systems engaged in outreach to the field. The CCCs' system office issued a memo to college leadership explaining the requirements and created a sample logo that colleges could choose to adopt. The CSU system's Affordable Learning Solutions team engaged the field with a series of webinars and FAQs.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000193.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Subhabrata Mukherjee, Arindam Mitra, Ganesh Jawa- har, Sahaj Agarwal, Hamid Palangi, and Ahmed Awadallah. 2023. Orca: Progressive learning from complex explanation traces of gpt-4. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.02707.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Yu Pan, Ye Yuan, Yichun Yin, Zenglin Xu, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2023. Reusing pre- trained models by multi-linear operators for efficient training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10699.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Baolin Peng, Chunyuan Li, Pengcheng He, Michel Gal- ley, and Jianfeng Gao. 2023. Instruction tuning with gpt-4. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.03277.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog, 1(8):9.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Jack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susan- nah Young, et al. 2021. Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.11446.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano Ermon, Christopher D Manning, and Chelsea Finn. 2023. Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18290.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Oscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker Garc\u00eda-Ferrero, Julen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko Agirre. 2023. Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the need to measure Ilm data contamination for each benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18018.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavat- ula, and Yejin Choi. 2021. Winogrande: An adver- sarial winograd schema challenge at scale. 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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.06538.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Tianxiao Shen, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, and Marc'Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. Mixture models for diverse machine translation: Tricks of the trade. In International conference on machine learning, pages 5719-5728. PMLR.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo Huang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023. Detecting pretraining data from large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.16789.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Ken Shoemake. 1985. 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Learning to grow pretrained mod- els for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.00980.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al- isa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han- naneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan- guage model with self generated instructions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.10560.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An- drew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan- guage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01652.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al. 2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea- soning in large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:24824-24837.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier- ric Cistac, Tim Rault, R\u00e9mi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, et al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of- the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03771.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000167.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "The acidic cations adsorbed on the negative exchange sites are called the reserve (also residual or potential) and salt- replaceable (also exchangeable) acidity. The reserve and salt-replaceable acidity controls the level of soluble or active acidity in the soil solution. Only the active acidity is measured in a routine pH determination. The reserve and salt- replaceable acidity is always many times higher than the active acidity.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "A soil is acid when hydrogen ions predominate in the soil. The degree of acidity is expressed in terms of pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, the pH of a 0.01-molar hydrogen ion solution is", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "pH=-log(\\frac{10^{-2}mol~H^{+}}{L})=2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, and the soil or solution is neutral. At pH values less than 7, the soil is acid; at values more than 7, the soil is alkaline. Most soils vary in pH from about 4 to 10. Soils in areas with high rainfall are generally acid with a pH less than 7. Soils developed in high-lime deposits often will be alkaline. Soils high in calcium seldom have pH values higher than 7.5, but the presence of large amounts of calcium carbonate may cause the pH to be as high as 8.5. Where the pH is higher than 8.5, an excess of sodium is highly probable.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The most desirable soil pH for most crops in Kansas is 6.8. However, crops like blueberries need a lower pH, and other crops, like alfalfa, need a higher pH. At soil pH less than 5.8, several problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Al and Mn toxicity", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Inhibited growth of N-fixing bacteria", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Possible deficiencies in Mg and/or Ca.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\u2022 P deficiency (P reacts with Fe and Al)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\u2022 At more than pH 7.5, other problems may occur:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Deficiency of Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "\u2022 P deficiency (P reacts with Ca)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Buffering Capacity", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Buffering capacity is a measure of the soil's ability to resist a change in pH, directly related to the magnitude of the exchange capacity. Small fluctuations in acid or base content can occur without a noticeable pH change as cations are adsorbed or released from the exchange complex. Soils with the largest cation exchange capacity have the greatest buffering of a pH change. In other words, two soils may have the same pH (active acidity in soil solution), but the one with the largest cation exchange capacity will have the most acidity stored in reserve and therefore the highest buffering capacity or ability to resist a change in pH. For this reason, it takes less lime to increase the pH of a sandy soil (low CEC) by a given amount than it takes to increase the pH of a clay soil (higher CEC) the same amount.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Sources of Soil Acidity", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Controlling soil pH is vital to optimal use and productivity of soils. Adding lime is the most effective and practical way to raise the pH of acid soils. Elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, or aluminum sulfate can be used to reduce soil pH. Because acidity is a concern in Kansas, we will focus on raising soil pH. Understanding the following equations should help you understand the sources of soil acidity and soil reactions to lime.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "124 Soil Acidity and Adjusting Soil pH", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000018.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Author's Note to the 2021 Editionix
Foreword to the 2021 Editionxi
Foreword and AcknowledgementsXV
A Fountain in the Square 1..1
The Lost Homeland 2...5
Steinkirche 3.13
4. A Jewel in the Austrian Crown.19
Meeting the Relatives 5..37
For the Love of Iran. 6.41
To the Bottom of the World 7..53
8. Das Lager.65
His Majesty's Guests 9..79
The Imaginary Homeland. 10.91
11. Shadows and Flames .119
12. After the War123
13. Stranded in Exile.127
14. Swimming for the Eucharist139
15. Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam.155
16. Mirror Without Identity173
17. The Wreck of the Deutschland191
18. Intelligence Testing209
19. A Banquet of Life223
20. Marriage in Rome .249
21. Integration257
", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000107.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Print vs. Digital", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print vs. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply) Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "format.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Convenience", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Reading", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "experience", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Workflow", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "(managing...", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Habit/personal", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "preference", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Access options", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "via my library", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Other (please specify)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Answered: 80 Skipped: 24", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Convenience", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Reading", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "experience", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Workflow", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "(managing...", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Habit/personal preference", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Access options", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "via my library", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Other (please specify)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "0% 10% 20%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Online Survey | 39", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000015.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "207", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 11.12 A Bahraini bride in traditional green thobe. She wears a circular gold plate (hama or taasa) on her head, with the chains of discs talaat suspended from the rim. Sweet basil (mishmun), jasmine, and rosebuds adorn her hair. Around her wrists she wears gold bangles, including the shmelat, studded with turquoise and pink glass. She wears a murta\u02bbasha choker and a long murtahish necklace ending in a crescent element.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "central element. As seen in figure 11.11, a seytemi may be added to this; it can be identified by the row of gold coins running up the chain and \u201cit is among the most sought after pieces of jewellery by women in the U.A.E.\u201d72 All these pieces may vary in size and weight. At her waist, the bride will wear a", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "72", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Gubash and Lootah, Traditional Emirati Jewels, 62.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "gold belt (hizam), which is usually composed of articulated square or round elements with smaller dangling bells or tassels. On her hands, she will of- ten have rings on each finger, especially the shahi- da ring, worn on both forefingers, and the marami on the middle finger. The back of her hand may be covered in the kaf or chef ornament, which runs from rings and is anchored to a bracelet. She also", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000091.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "THIS BOOK'S APPROACH", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "This book's approach is premised on a simple assumption: because behavioral economics is foremost a \"test-and-learn\" field of scientific inquiry that evolves according to experimental outcomes and practical, policy-orientated applications of the knowledge garnered from these outcomes, so too should students test-and-learn. Studying and practicing behavioral economics should occur simultaneously, which, in turn, suggests a course taught more according to a practicum approach than in a traditionally styled lecture format. As such, the book's information and lessons are presented in a succinct and precise format.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The goal of this textbook is to help students experience behavioral economics through actual participation in the same experiments and economic games that have served as the foundations for, and shaped the contours of, the field. With the help of this book, students have the opportunity to learn behavioral economics firsthand and, in the process, create their own data and experiences. They will learn about themselves-about how they make private and public choices under experimental conditions-at the same time as they learn about the field of behavioral economics itself. They will be both the subjects and students of behavioral economics. What better way to learn?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "HOMO ECONOMICUS VS. HOMO SAPIENS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "For ease of reference and exposition, we henceforth refer to the type of individual construed by the traditional rational-choice model as Homo economicus, a peculiar subspecies of human beings that is unfailingly omniscient, dispassionate, and self-interested when it comes to making choices. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, represents the rest of us-the often-flawed reasoners and sometimes- altruistic competitors who are prone to making decisions based primarily on emotion and 12 heuristics.,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "THE TEXTBOOK'S DIFFERENT SECTIONS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "The textbook consists of four sections that, taken together, portray in full the eclectic methodologies comprising the field of behavioral economics. Sections 1 and 2 present the thought and actual", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "1. Homo economicus is Latin for \"economic man.\u201d Persky (1995) traces its use back to the late 1800s when it was used by critics of John Stuart Mill's work on political economy. In contrast (and, as we will see, with no small touch of irony) Homo sapiens is Latin for \u201cwise man.\u201d For a deep dive into evolution of Homo sapiens, particularly from the start of the Cognitive Revolution 70,000 years ago, see Harari (2015).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "2. We have all heard the saying that \"words matter.\" The titles and descriptions we use to distinguish people and their behaviors (e.g., Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens) can reinforce or diminish behaviors such as pride in cultural heritage, respect for the living world, and trust in community, a process known as \u201ccrowding out\u201d of \u201cintrinsic motivation and commitment.\u201d As an example of this phenomenon, Bauer et al. (2012) asked participants in an online survey to imagine themselves as one of four households facing a water shortage due to a drought affecting their shared well. The survey assigned the label \u201cconsumers\u201d to half of the participants and \u201cindividuals\u201d to the other half. Those imagining themselves as consumers reported feeling less personal responsibility to reduce their water demand, and less trust in others to do the same, than did those referred to as individuals. As we are about to learn, behavioral economics is all about exposing these types of \"framing effects\" existing in the \"real world\u201d inhabited by Homo sapiens.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM XIX", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000074.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. In these three countries, per capita GDP fell between 4 percent to 7 percent.3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.2. Per capita GDP growth in 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "2.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "2.5%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "4.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "2.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "0.2%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "0.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 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"category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "-6.9%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Malaysia", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Myanmar", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "-10.7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Philippines", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Singapore", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "Thailand", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Lao PDR", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Brunei Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "Cambodia", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "Indonesia", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "Source: World Bank (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "It is also noteworthy that in two of these major destination countries \u2013 Thailand and Malaysia the most-affected sectors were also ones heavily reliant on migrant workers. In Thailand, affected sectors include manufacturing, construction, agriculture, fishing, seafood processing, domestic work, and hospitality (United Nations Thematic Working Group, 2019; ILO, 2020). In Malaysia, migrant workers were, in 2019, especially prevalent in manufacturing (705,000), construction (435,000), services (306,000), plantation (282,000), agriculture (160,000), and domestic work (127,000) (Wahab, 2020a; Theng, Noor and Khalidi, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "The construction sector in Malaysia crashed in the second quarter of 2020 and did not experience growth again until the second quarter of 2021, before suffering negative growth again the next quarter after a COVID-19 resurgence. Accommodation and dining establishments which includes many tourism-related jobs, fared even worse. Furthermore, wholesale trade and related activities in Malaysia have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels, even after growing in the first two quarters of 2021. In Thailand, the construction sector avoided a massive output decline similar to Malaysia's, although it did decline in the first quarter of 2020. However, manufacturing, accommodation, and wholesale trade in Thailand all suffered large contractions due to travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, and weak aggregate demand, and, despite some recovery in the second quarter of 2021, remain well below pre- pandemic levels (Table 1.1).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "3 The Philippine economy was hit hardest because of the length and severity of the movement restrictions imposed in the country (Olanday and Rigby, 2020).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "13", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000131.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Annual % Change", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "20", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "-5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "-10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "-15", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "2000", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "2001", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "2002", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "2003", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "2004", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "2005", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "2006", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "2007", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "2008", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "2009", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "2010", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "30.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "25.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "20.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "15.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "10.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "5.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "0.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "-5.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "-10.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "-15.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "-20.0%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "Jan 92", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "May 93", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "Sep 94", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "Jan 96", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "May 97", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "Sep 98", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "Jan 00", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "May 01", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "Sep 02", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "Jan 04", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": { "text": "May 05", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "Sep 06", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "Jan 08", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "May 09", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r^{*} times one plus the inflation rate i so that:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "Ch. 17. Land Investments | 385", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000185.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "arXiv:2312.15166v2 [cs.CL] 29 Dec 2023", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "SOLAR 10.7B: Scaling Large Language Models with Simple yet Effective Depth Up-Scaling", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Dahyun Kim*, Chanjun Park*\u2020, Sanghoon Kim*\u2020, Wonsung Lee*\u2020, Wonho Song Yunsu Kim, Hyeonwoo Kim, Yungi Kim, Hyeonju Lee, Jihoo Kim Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, Hyunbyung Park, Gyoungjin Gim", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Mikyoung Cha, Hwalsuk Lee\u2020, Sunghun Kim", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Upstage AI, South Korea", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "{kdahyun, chanjun.park,limerobot, wonsung.lee, hwalsuk.lee, hunkim}@upstage.ai", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Abstract", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B, a large language model (LLM) with 10.7 billion parameters, demonstrating superior performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In- spired by recent efforts to efficiently up-scale LLMs, we present a method for scaling LLMS called depth up-scaling (DUS), which encom- passes depthwise scaling and continued pre- training. In contrast to other LLM up-scaling methods that use mixture-of-experts, DUS does not require complex changes to train and infer- ence efficiently. We show experimentally that DUS is simple yet effective in scaling up high- performance LLMs from small ones. Building on the DUS model, we additionally present SO- LAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for instruction-following capabilities, surpassing Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. SOLAR 10.7B is pub- licly available under the Apache 2.0 license, promoting broad access and application in the LLM field 1.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "The field of natural language processing (NLP) has been significantly transformed by the introduc- tion of large language models (LLMs), which have enhanced our understanding and interaction with human language (Zhang et al., 2023a). These ad- vancements bring challenges such as the increased need to train ever larger models (Rae et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Pan et al., 2023; Lian, 2023; Yao et al., 2023; Gesmundo and Maile, 2023) ow- ing to the performance scaling law (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023; Kaddour et al., 2023). To efficiently tackle the above, recent works in scaling language models such as a mixture of experts (MoE) (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) have been pro- posed. While those approaches are able to effi-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "*Equal Contribution Corresponding Author https://huggingface.co/upstage/", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "SOLAR-10.7B-v1.0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "ciently and effectively scale-up LLMs, they often require non-trivial changes to the training and infer- ence framework (Gale et al., 2023), which hinders widespread applicability. Effectively and efficiently scaling up LLMs whilst also retaining the simplic- ity for ease of use is an important problem (Alberts et al., 2023; Fraiwan and Khasawneh, 2023; Sallam et al., 2023; Bahrini et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Inspired by Komatsuzaki et al. (2022), we present depth up-scaling (DUS), an effective and efficient method to up-scale LLMs whilst also re- maining straightforward to use. DUS consists of scaling the base model along the depth dimension and continually pretraining the scaled model. Un- like (Komatsuzaki et al., 2022), DUS does not scale the model using MoE and rather use a depthwise scaling method analogous to Tan and Le (2019) which is adapted for the LLM architecture. Thus, there are no additional modules or dynamism as with MoE, making DUS immediately compatible with easy-to-use LLM frameworks such as Hug- gingFace (Wolf et al., 2019) with no changes to the training or inference framework for maximal efficiency. Furthermore, DUS is applicable to all transformer architectures, opening up new gate- ways to effectively and efficiently scale-up LLMs in a simple manner. Using DUS, we release SO- LAR 10.7B, an LLM with 10.7 billion parameters, that outperforms existing models like Llama 2 (Tou- vron et al., 2023) and Mistral 7B (Jiang et al., 2023) in various benchmarks.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "We have also developed SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for tasks requiring strict adher- ence to complex instructions. It significantly out- performs the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct model across various evaluation metrics, evidencing an advanced proficiency that exceeds the capabilities of even larger models in terms of benchmark performance.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "By releasing SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license, we aim to promote collaboration and in- novation in NLP. This open-source approach allows", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000143.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Chapter 3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Numerical differentiation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "3.1 Introduction", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Everyone who possesses a car and/or a driver's licence is familiar with speeding tickets. In The Netherlands, speeding tickets are usually processed in a fully automated fashion, and the perpetrator will receive the tickets within a couple of weeks after the offence. The Dutch police optimized the procedures of speed control such that this effort has become very profitable to the Dutch government. Various strategies for speed control are carried out by police forces, which are all based on the position of the vehicle at consecutive times. The actual velocity follows from the first-order derivative of the position of the vehicle with respect to time. Since no explicit formula for this position is available, the velocity can only be estimated using an approximation of the velocity based on several discrete vehicle positions at discrete times. This motivates the use of approximate derivatives, also called numerical derivatives. If the police want to know whether the offender drove faster before speed detection (in other words, whether the perpetrator hit the brakes after having seen the police patrol), or whether the driver was already accelerating, then they are also interested in the acceleration of the 'bad guy'. This acceleration can be estimated using numerical approximations of the second-order derivative of the car position with respect to time.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Since the time-interval of recording is nonzero, the velocity is not determined exactly in general. In this chapter, the resulting error, referred to as the truncation error, is estimated using Taylor se- ries. In most cases, the truncation error increases with an increasing size of the recording interval (Sections 3.2 and 3.4). Next to the truncation error, the measurement of the position of the vehicle is also prone to measurement errors. Issues that influence the results are, for example, paral- lax, the measurement equipment, and in some cases even the performance of the police officer (in car-videoing and laser control). These measurement errors provide an additional deteriora- tion of the approximation of the speed and acceleration. The impact of measurement errors on approximations of derivatives is treated in Section 3.3.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "3.2 Simple difference formulae for the first derivative", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Suppose f is a continuously differentiable function. The forward difference is defined as", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "in which h is called the step size. By definition,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Q_{f}(h)=\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} h>0 , lim_{h\\rightarrow0}\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=f^{\\prime}(x),", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000008.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "73", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "indicates the use of balsam, which is \u201cindigenous in various parts of Arabia,\u201d as an ingredient in the \u201cMyrabolan comfit.\u201d25 Such references emphasize Arabia's exoticism and refined taste, as well as the sweetness and fragrance of its products, which were much valued during a time when the con- sumption of sugar and spices was rising rapidly among European populations.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Coffee is another staple thing customarily asso- ciated with the area. In his Dictionary, Johnson indi- cates the Arabic origin of coffee and rightly so, as one the most popular types of coffee is called \u201cAra- bica\" because it was first domesticated for commer- cial use in the southern part of Arabia the Happy (present-day Yemen). Given the Muslim prohibi- tion of alcohol, coffee became particularly attrac- tive to the Muslim world as \u201cthe wine of Islam,\"26 and spread through the ports of the Persian Gulf in Western Europe, where it became immensely pop- ular. Collections of travels published during the time mention that coffee was \u201cthe product of Ara- bia only.\"27 Imported largely from Yemen, which was credited with producing the best coffee in the world, coffee was considered to have stimulating and therapeutic properties.28 The former quality is famously described by Pope in The Rape of the Lock: \u201cCoffee (which makes the politician wise), / And see thro' all things with his half-shut Eyes) / Sent up in vapours to the Baron's brain / New Stratagems, the radiant Lock to gain.\u201d29 According to Beawes, the product was brought to Mecca through the port of Jeddah, whose \u201c[t]rade consists mainly of coffee brought here by the Arabians and bought by the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "TASTE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "HIGH L. 1", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 4.2 William Hogarth, Taste in High Life [graphic]. PRINT MADE BY ISAAC MILLS AFTER WILLIAM HOGARTH'S PAINTING, WITHOUT THE ARTIST'S PERMISSION, LONDON, 1798", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Turks ... [and] by the Merchants of Mogul, Persia, and several places on the coast of Ehiopia.\u201d30 From here, coffee spread rapidly in England, France, and Italy, giving rise to the coffeehouse culture that is a hallmark of the eighteenth century. Coffee was also regularly paired in the visual culture of the time with expensive china (fig. 4.2), was employed as a mark of the culture of sociability (fig. 4.3), or was used for its oracular properties31 (fig. 4.4).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Arabian medicines were also much sought-after in the Western world. As indicated by Beawes, \u201cfrom Arabia, Medicinal drugs, Dragon's Blood, Manna, Myrrh, [and] Incense,\u201d32 were brought to the British metropolis. Pharmacopoia Reformata (1744) mentions gum Arabic, aloe, cassia, acacia, cardamom, saffron, myrrh, and spikenard, which were all used for their therapeutic properties.33 To", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 791. Again, the custom of reading one's fortune in coffee grounds is of Turkish provenance, not Arabic. Such mistaken attributions were pervasive during the eigh- teenth century.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "25", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Wiliam Beckford, An Arabian Tale, from an Unpub- lished Manuscript: With Notes Critical and Explanatory (London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1786), 165.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "31", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "For the association between coffee and wine, see Ralph S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a So- cial Beverage in the Medieval Middle East (Seattle: Uni- versity of Washington Press, 1985), 18-19.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "32", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "27", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1:440.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "33", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "28", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Coffee was customarily used as a mild painkiller during the eighteenth century. Poet Alexander Pope, for in- stance, used it as a palliative for his migraines.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "count of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed by", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "29", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Pope, The Rape of the Lock, 69.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "the College of Physicians, to Thoroughly Reform Their", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Beawes, Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, 792. M.M., Pharmacopoia Reformata: Or, An Essay for a Ref- ormation of the London Pharmacopoia, by a Set of Re- marks on the Draught for a New One, and a Brief Ac-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000038.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 6.1.1: Will they fire more staff in the next 2 months - across survey phases (%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, 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"content": { "text": "6.2. Expectations for Re-Hiring Employees", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 57, "content": { "text": "In July 2020, 81% of the MSMEs that had laid off employees expected to re-hire all of them when the situation improved. This number reduced to 23% in October 2020 and further to just 7% in January 2021.5 In July 2020, all MSMEs had plans to re-hire at least some of their staff. But in October 2020, 17% said", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 58, "content": { "text": "they had no plans to re-hire and another 36% said they didn't know whether they would re-hire or not. In January 2021, 20% said they had no plans to re-hire and another 27% said they did not know. This question was only posed to those who had let staff go since the last survey round, and in October 2020 and January 2021, the base numbers reduced as fewer MSMEs reported letting staff go. In July 2020, 195 MSMEs", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 59, "content": { "text": "5. The question on re-hiring was asked to those who had laid-off employees since the last survey. In the latter two survey rounds, respondents were asked about plans to re-hire staff whom they had let go since the previous interview, whereas in July 2020, they were asked about plans to re-hire staff they had let go since their business was first affected by the pandemic.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000138.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Figure 11.2: Arapaima gigas displayed in the Siam Centre, Bangkok.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Arapaima is an important flagship genus for flooded forest ecosystem and human floodplain communities. Flagship taxa are used as a symbol to promote conservation awareness (Caro 2010). Their large size makes them a true freshwater megafauna like crocodiles, river dolphins, and other large fish. Freshwater megafauna face many threats, and 71% of these species are in decline (He et al. 2017, 2018). Arapaima continue to face intense fishing throughout their range (Watson et al. 2021). However, freshwater megafauna like the Arapaima have fewer conservation resources and efforts than marine or terrestrial megafaunas.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Fishing, in general, and fishing for Arapaima in particular, is a central element of the local economy and culture in Amazonia. Because these fish are obligate breathers, they are traditionally harvested by fishers using harpoons at the time when they surface to breathe. Men typically fish from canoes and search for signs of Arapaima near the surface. As they near the Arapaima, the harpooner throws the harpoon by hand. This is a specialized type of fishing, and the local fishers possess knowledge of the behavior that increases their likelihood of catching one. With appropriate training, fishers' participation in management processes can contribute to the conservation and governance of these small-scale fisheries.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Many populations of Arapaima have been driven to local extinction due to overfishing (Castello et al. 2015a; Gurdak 2019a; Watson et al. 2021; Freitas and Sousa 2021). Much of the catch is illegal, with most specimens being caught below the minimum size limit or during the closed season (Cavole et al. 2015). The small-scale fishers are geographically dispersed, and governments in these regions have insufficient resources to devote to enforcing fishing rules. The riverine fishers who target Arapaima are marginalized and have limited formal education. Yet, compliance with regulations is essential to prevent overfishing and local extinction.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Arapaima represent only a small fraction of the fisheries harvest, but they are culturally important and symbolic as a flagship genus of tropical South American fisheries and floodplain management and conservation. Reducing the threats to Arapaima will also provide protections for many of the highly migratory fish of the Amazon basin. Collectively, the migratory fish contribute most of the fishery's landings in the basin (Duponchelle et al. 2021). Migratory fish depend on multiple, distant, but interconnected habitats during their life cycle. Any threat to one of the habitats or the corridor that connects them can influence these important food fish (Goulding et al. 2019).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Integrating Fishers in the Management of Arapaima | 251", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000041.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "tweets, videos) inciting violence towards religious minorities, ethnic minorities, the LGBTI community, and women and girls. Forty-four per cent of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen extremist social media content inciting violence towards religious minorities, with 31% seeing this content \"very often\".", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Both men and women acknowledged that they had \"sometimes\u201d seen this content on social media (62% and 41%, respectively). Indonesia was the country from which most respondents had viewed this content \"very often\" (50%). When collapsing the \"always\" and \"very often\" categories, 41% of Instagram users had often seen intolerant content, followed by 36% of WhatsApp users and 34% of Facebook users. Among the Twitter users in the sample, 48% had seen intolerant content towards religious minorities.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "When asked about how often social media content was inciting violence towards ethnic minorities, 46% of respondents had \"sometimes\" seen this type of extremist social media content inciting violence towards ethnic minorities whereas only 27% have seen this content rarely or never. Women have seen such content more frequently than men (90%), and Indonesia was the country from which most", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "respondents had seen this content \"very often\" (58%). Users of Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram acknowledged that they had seen this content \"very often\" (26%, 31% and 35% respectively).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Thirty-nine per cent of respondents acknowledged that they had \u201csometimes\"\" seen social media content inciting violence towards the LGBTI community. Women saw this type of content more frequently than men (84%), and Indonesia was the country from which more respondents saw this content with a higher frequency (53% saw such content \"always\" and \"very often\"). Participants in the survey observed intolerant content directed towards the LGBTI community. For example, one participant from the Philippines observed that,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u201c", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "There were instances when women were humiliated in public and on social media after they were labelled as part of the LGBTQ+ community. The comments on posts regarding them were mostly commending their public humiliation (cutting their hair) instead of condemning the act\".", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Figure 3: Frequency of viewing extremist social media inciting violence toward women and girls", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "7,7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "53,9%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "35,7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "30,4%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "30,8%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "28,6%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "OFTEN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "SOMETIMES.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "RARELY", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Male Female", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "7,7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "5,4%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "NEVER", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "29", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000190.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Cand. 173.7370.4887.4765.7370.6281.5366.57
Cand. 273.2871.5988.3966.1472.5081.9959.14
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table 6: Performance comparison amongst the merge candidates. 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' are trained using the same setting as 'DPO v2^{\\prime} and 'DPO v3^{,}, respectively, but with slightly different hyper-parameters. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
ModelMerge MethodH6 (Avg.)ARCHellaSwagMMLUTruthfulQAWinograndeGSM8K
Merge v1Average (0.5, 0.5)74.0071.1688.0166.1471.7182.0864.90
Merge v2Average (0.4, 0.6)73.9371.0888.0866.2771.8981.7764.52
Merge v3Average (0.6, 0.4)74.0571.0887.8866.1371.6182.0865.50
Merge v4SLERP73.9671.1688.0366.2571.7981.9364.59
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Table 7: Ablation studies on the different merge methods used for obtaining the final model. We use 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' from Tab. 6 as our two models for merging. We name the merged models with the 'Merge' prefix to indicate they are merged. The best scores for H6 and the individual tasks are shown in bold.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "tively impacted by adding Synth. Math-Alignment. Thus, we can conclude that adding Synth. Math- Alignment is beneficial for H6.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Then, we experiment whether merging \u2018DPO v1' and 'DPO v2^{\\prime} is beneficial. Unfortunately, 'DPO v1+v2' scores 73.21 in H6, which is worse than 'DPO v2^{\\prime}. More importantly, the gain in the GSM8K score from adding Synth. Math- Alignment is gone, which is undesirable. One reason for this could be that 'DPO v2^{\\prime} is a strict improvement over \u2018DPO v1', unlike the case for merging 'SFT v3' and 'SFT v4' where the models had different strengths and weaknesses.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Ablation on the SFT base models. When ap- plying DPO, we start from a model that is already instruction tuned, i.e., the SFT base model and ab- late on using different SFT base models. We use Ultrafeedback Clean and Synth. Math-Alignment datasets for this ablation. Each of the ablated mod- els is trained as follows. 'DPO v2^{\\prime} uses 'SFT v3^{\\prime} as the base SFT model, while 'DPO v3' uses 'SFT v3+v4' as the SFT base model instead.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Note that 'SFT v3+v4' has higher scores on all tasks compared to 'SFT v^{3^{\\prime}}, and the gap is espe- cially large for ARC (+1.45) and GSM8K (+2.43). Surprisingly, the two models perform similarly in terms of H6. A closer look at the scores for the individual tasks shows only a small margin in the GSM8K scores, and other task scores show little difference. Thus, the performance gaps in certain tasks in the SFT base models do not always carry over to the alignment-tuned models.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Ablation on different merge methods. From Tab. 3, we saw that merging two models that have different strengths can be beneficial to performance.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "To utilize this for the alignment-tuned model as well, we train two models named 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' using the same training dataset and SFT base model as 'DPO v2^{\\prime} and 'DPO v3' but with dif- ferent hyper-parameters to maximize each model's respective strengths. We compare \u2018Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' in Tab. 6 where we can see that 'Cand. 1' has high GSM8K scores but relatively low scores for the other tasks, whereas 'Cand. 2' has low scores for GSM8K but high scores for the other tasks. We merge these two models using various methods and ablate the results in Tab.. 7.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "We use two merge methods: 1) Average (a, b), where a and b denote the weighting for 'Cand. 1' and 'Cand. 2' when averaging weights and 2) SLERP (Shoemake, 1985). We use (0.5, 0.5), (0.4, 0.6), and (0.6, 0.4) for Average (a, b). From Tab. 7, we can see that the different merge methods have little effect on the H6 scores. The scores for the individual tasks also do not differ by much, suggest- ing that as long as the merge candidates have suffi- ciently different strengths, the exact merge method may not be as crucial. Thus, we chose 'Merge v1' as our SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct model.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "5 Conclusion", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "We introduce SOLAR 10.7B and its fine-tuned vari- ant SOLAR 10.7B-Instruct, which are depth up- scaled (DUS) models with 10.7 billion parameters. They show superior performance over models like Llama 2, Mistral 7B, and Mixtral-7B-Instruct in es- sential NLP tasks while maintaining computational efficiency. Thus, DUS is effective in scaling-up highly performant LLMs from smaller ones. With more exploration, DUS could be further improved, paving a new path to efficiently scaling LLMs.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000030.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Combinatorial Cosmology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90696", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "As for the normal phase, the choice will, to start with, be the simplest possible one: each path is either possible or not, corresponding to the probability weights 1 and 0. During the extreme phases, this assumption is no longer reasonable. Again the model will be extremely simplified, but still it is based on physical intuition and, most importantly, completely time symmetric. Assume that the only types of edges having a non-neglectable chance of occurring during the extreme phase [-m-1,-m] are of the following two kinds: The first scenario is that the universe passes through the extreme phase into a state of zero entropy. The other scenario is that it passes into a state with high entropy (equal to 2m). Universes of one of these two types will be given the (un-normalized) probability 1 or p, respectively. Here p>0 should be thought of as a very small number, at least when the size of the model becomes large. During the other extreme phase [m,m+1], near the Big Crunch, we make the completely symmetric assumption.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Remark 3. These assumptions may perhaps seem somewhat arbitrary. And to a certain extent, this may be so. However, they do represent the following viewpoint of what may happen at the full cosmological scale: we may think of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as states of complete order with zero volume and entropy. Such states can very well be metastable, very much like an oversaturated gas at a tem- perature below the point of condensation. If no disturbance takes place, such meta- stable states can very well continue to exist for a substantial period of time. In particular, a low-entropy state can have a very good chance of surviving the intense but extremely short extreme phase. On the other hand, if a sufficiently large dis- turbance occurs, then the metastable state may almost immediately decay into a very disordered state of high entropy.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "It is not my intension to further argue in favor of this viewpoint here. The main thing in this chapter is to show that completely symmetric boundary conditions at the endpoints may give rise to a broken time symmetry.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The multiverse now splits up into four different kinds of paths:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022 LL: The entropy is low (=0) at both ends (\u2013m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "\u2022 LH: The entropy is 0 at \u2014m and 2m at m.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "\u2022 HL: The entropy is 2m at \u2014m and 0 at m.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u2022 HH: The entropy is high (=2m) at both ends (\u2212m and m).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "If we now denote by N_{LL}, N_{LH}, N_{HL} and N_{HH} the number of paths of the indicated kinds, then with the above assumptions we also get the corresponding probability weights for the corresponding types as", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "P_{LL}=N_{LL} , P_{LH}=pN_{LH} , P_{HL}=pN_{HL} ,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "P_{HH}=p^{2}N_{HH}.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "(10)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "We can now consider the following two types of broken time symmetry: Definition 4. A multiverse is said to exhibit a weak broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "P_{LL}\\ll P_{LH}+P_{HL}.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "(11)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Definition 5. A multiverse is said to exhibit a strong broken time symmetry if", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "P_{LL}+P_{HH}\\ll P_{LH}+P_{HL}\u00b7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "(12)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Both these definitions should of course be made more precise when applied to specific models for the multiverse, e.g., by showing that the corresponding limits", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "317", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000106.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ART/SCI", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "METHODS complicates frad. campines", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "aft", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "matheds", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "integration (dhye). aptscientist canbinatory", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "what is the Role", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "ENGAGE \u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0435 activaves", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "&-engages audience", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "to eat is to", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "think theu", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Mess", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "open", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "ended que Ples", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Bodies ASMATERIALs PERFORMANG", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "incorpo", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "(antological) valutemis", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "complexity plukatility", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "\u0627\u0646\u0627", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "SAVE FOR?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "of exploration", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "what is potential of ke as an (scal?). intervention", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "ENDING!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "(e. the body).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "making Run OR Joe situated & subjectivities to pemain distinct", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "How does the oreator peppen?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for arranging things, e.g.: \u201cThe pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit.\u201d Often mentioned was the use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "32 | Considering Scholarly Readers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000087.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "members should specify this in their schedule of specific commitments.4 Reservation of the ability to lease or own land to nationals is one such treatment; therefore, it should be listed in the schedule as a limitation on national treatment.5 This applies to services that the GATS covers.6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Some jurisdictions do not list foreign land ownership on their schedules, but restrict it for national security or similar interests.\u201d Such jurisdictions include Australia and Finland (national interest), Chile and Greece (border area), Russia (national security), and Spain (zones of interest to national defense and the military). Several other jurisdictions that also restrict ownership for national security purposes have entered restrictions on their GATS schedules. Such jurisdictions include Argentina and Mexico (border area), Iran (sensitive areas), South Korea (military bases and installation protection zones), Taiwan (lands within fortified and military areas and adjacent to the national frontiers), and Turkey (designated military zones).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "There are other various restrictions on foreigners' land ownership. Figure 1 below shows in simplified format the surveyed jurisdictions that impose particular categories of restrictions. On page 4, a color-coded map sets forth which jurisdictions permit foreign acquisition, prohibit it, or impose restrictions. A Comparative Summary Table beginning on page 5 presents the essential findings of our study for each jurisdiction. Lastly, the textual surveys for each jurisdiction provide further detail.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "4 Id. art. XX.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "5 Julia Nielson & Daria Taglioni, A Quick Guide to the GATS and Mode 4, OECD, World Bank, IOM Seminar on Trade and Migration (Nov. 12-14, 2003), at 11, https://perma.cc/B8XW-LNZ4.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "6 World Trade Organization, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, Coverage and Disciplines, Question 3, https://perma.cc/4J7Y-WAG7. It states, \u201c[t]he GATS applies in principle to all service sectors, with two exceptions.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "7 See GATS art. XIV General Exceptions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000194.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Peihao Wang, Rameswar Panda, Lucas Torroba Hen- nigen, Philip Greengard, Leonid Karlinsky, Roge- rio Feris, David Daniel Cox, Zhangyang Wang, and Yoon Kim. 2023. Learning to grow pretrained mod- els for efficient transformer training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.00980.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Al- isa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Han- naneh Hajishirzi. 2022. Self-instruct: Aligning lan- guage model with self generated instructions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.10560.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, An- drew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021. Finetuned lan- guage models are zero-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01652.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al. 2022a. Emergent abilities of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022b. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits rea- soning in large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:24824\u201324837.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pier- ric Cistac, Tim Rault, R\u00e9mi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, et al. 2019. Huggingface's transformers: State-of- the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03771.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin Raffel, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Ties-merging: Re- solving interference when merging models. In Thirty- seventh Conference on Neural Information Process- ing Systems.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen. 2023. Large language models as optimizers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.03409.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Yiqun Yao, Zheng Zhang, Jing Li, and Yequan Wang. 2023. 2x faster language model pre-training via masked structural growth. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.02869.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu, Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhen- guo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023. Metamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical ques- tions for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.12284.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chuanqi Tan, Wei Wang, Songfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2023. Rrhf: Rank responses to align language models with human feedback without tears. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05302.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019. Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence? 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A survey of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen, Wayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong Wen, and Jiawei Han. 2023. Don't make your Ilm an evaluation benchmark cheater. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.01964.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Chris- tiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019. Fine-tuning lan- guage models from human preferences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08593.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000146.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "organizations to navigate successfully the global digital economy. Finally each of the identified competences, within the Framework will correspond to the different e-learning modules (PR2) and e-game levels (PR3)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Reference frameworks:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "GreenComp \u2013 \"The European Sustainability Competence Framework\u201d(1), responds to the growing need for people to improve and develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to live, work and act in a sustainable manner.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "GreenComp is a reference framework for sustainability competences. It provides a common ground to learners and guidance to educators, providing a consensual definition of what sustainability as a competence entails. It is designed to support education and training programmes for lifelong learning. It is written for all learners, irrespective of their age and their education level and in any learning setting - formal, non-formal and informal. Sustainability competences can help learners become systemic and critical thinkers, as well as develop agency, and form a knowledge basis for everyone who cares about our planet's present and future state. The aim of GreenComp is to foster a sustainability mindset by helping users develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for our planet.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Green- Comp is the result of a robust research methodology that has involved a large and diverse group of experts and stakeholders, to build a consensus on an agreed proposal. It provides a general reference model that everyone involved in lifelong learning can use to design learning opportunities aimed at developing sustainability competences and to assess progress in supporting education and training for sustainability.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "GreenComp consists of 12 competences organised into the four main areas below:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
AreaCompetence
1. Embodying sustainability values1.1 Valuing sustainability
1.2 Supporting fairness
1.3 Promoting nature
2. Embracing complexity in sustainability2.1 Systems thinking 2.2 Critical thinking
2.3 Problem framing
3. Envisioning sustainable futures3.1 Futures literacy
3.2 Adaptability
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000195.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "A Contributions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The contributions of this study are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Introduction of the SOLAR 10.7 Billion- Parameter Model: We have released the SO- LAR 10.7B model, which is not only depth- wise scaled but also continually pretrained. The availability of SOLAR 10.7B under the Apache 2.0 license permits commercial us- age, enabling the integration of this advanced model into a diverse range of products and ser- vices. This bridges the gap between academic research and practical applications, fostering wider accessibility and utility in various fields.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Superior Performance Across Diverse Benchmarks: SOLAR 10.7B excels in var- ious benchmarks, outperforming established models like Llama 2 and Mistral 7B in reason- ing, mathematics, and the MMLU framework.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Advancement in Instruction-Following Ca- pabilities: The introduction of SOLAR 10.7B- Instruct, a variant fine-tuned for enhanced instruction-following abilities, marks a sig- nificant improvement in the model's ability to understand and execute complex instructions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Dahyun Kim, Chanjun Park, Sanghoon Kim, and Wonsung Lee contributed equally to this pa- per. Sanghoon Kim led the Foundation Model part, with Dahyun Kim, Wonho Song, Yunsu Kim, and Hyeonwoo Kim. Chanjun Park led the Data and Evaluation (Data-Centric LLM) part, with Yungi Kim, Jihoo Kim, Changbae Ahn, Seonghoon Yang, Sukyung Lee, and Hyunbyung Park. Wonsung Lee led the Adaptation Modeling part, with Gyoungjin Gim, Hyeonju Lee, and Mikyoung Cha. Hwalsuk Lee performed the role of the overall project op- eration. All these individuals contributed to the creation of SOLAR 10.7B.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "B Related Works and Background", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "B.1 Large Language Models", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Following the advent of context-based language models, various studies have revealed a \u201cscaling law\" (Kaplan et al., 2020; Hernandez et al., 2021; Anil et al., 2023), demonstrating a positive corre- lation between the size of model and training data and model performance. This has led to the emer- gence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Un- like previous language models, LLMs possess the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "ability for In-context learning, including Zero-shot learning (Radford et al., 2019) and Few-shot learn- ing (Brown et al., 2020), allowing them to perform new tasks without updating model weights. These capabilities of LLMs, not evident in smaller mod- els, are referred to as Emergent abilities (Wei et al., 2022a).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "B.2 Mixture of Experts", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "In the landscape of machine learning architectures, the Mixture of Experts (MoE) models like (Shazeer et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2019; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022) has gained attention for its capability to ad- dress the challenges posed by complex and hetero- geneous data. MoE models offer notable benefits, including enhanced output diversity, allowing for the capture of intricate patterns within the input space. Moreover, their computational efficiency, especially when implemented in a sparse form, has made them valuable in scenarios where resource constraints are a consideration (Shazeer et al., 2017; Komatsuzaki et al., 2022).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "However, efficient implementation of MoE mod- els poses a considerable challenge, primarily due to the intricacies associated with dynamic routing and load-imbalanced computation (Gale et al., 2023). Existing hardware and software for deep learning, such as TPUs and XLA compilers, often demand static knowledge of tensor shapes, making MoE implementation on TPU challenging.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "While GPU implementation offers more flexi- bility, sparse computation compatibility becomes a hurdle. Striking the right balance between fix- ing the size of each expert to facilitate efficient computation and maintaining model quality creates a tradeoff between information preservation and hardware efficiency. This tradeoff, in turn, necessi- tates careful consideration during hyperparameter tuning, adding a layer of complexity to the imple- mentation of MoE models, potentially offsetting their advantages. Given the formidable challenges in MoE model implementation, it becomes almost inevitable for researchers and practitioners to re- sort to specialized tools and frameworks, such as Tutel (Hwang et al., 2023) or Megablocks (Gale et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Departing from the horizontal expansion char- acteristic of MoE models, the DUS method intro- duces model scaling in the vertical dimension. No- tably, DUS does not introduce dynamism in the scaled model, which significantly reduces the com-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000130.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments r_{t}^{p} and on a Potential", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "New Investment (a Challenger).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Time t", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Observed returns on the firm's portfolio over time r_{t}^{F}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "2012", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "2013", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "2014", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "2015", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "5%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Observed returns on a potential new investment", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "for the firm's re", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "5%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "2%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to represent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through the points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line. Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the Potential New Investment", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Observed returns on potential", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "new investment", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "%9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "4%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "2%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "%0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "25%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "8%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "10%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "12%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be expressed as:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "( 15.42 ) r_{t}^{j}=a+\\beta r_{t}^{j}+\\epsilon_{t}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures | 349", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000172.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Part V. Chapter Five - Comparing Associations Between Multiple Variables", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 5.1: The Linear Model35
Section 5.2: Simple Regression Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up36
Section 5.3: Multiple Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up39
Section 5.4: Hierarchical Regression Explanation, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up43
Section 5.5: Chapter Five Self-Test47
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Part VI. Chapter Six - Comparing Three or More Group Means", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 6.1: Between Versus Within Group Analyses49
Section 6.2: One-Way ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up51
Section 6.3 Repeated Measures ANOVA Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up54
Section 6.4: Chapter Six Self-Test62
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Part VII. Chapter Seven - Moderation and Mediation Analyses", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 7.1: Mediation and Moderation Models64
Section 7.2: Mediation Assumptions, The PROCESS Macro, Interpretation, and Write Up66
Section 7.3: Moderation Models, Assumptions, Interpretation, and Write Up69
Section 7.4: Chapter Seven Self-Test73
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Part VIII. Chapter Eight - Factor Analysis and Scale Reliability", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 8.1: Factor Analysis Definitions75
Section 8.2: EFA versus CFA76
Section 8.3: EFA Steps with Factor Extraction78
Section 8.4: EFA Determining the Number of Factors80
Section 8.5: EFA Interpretation84
Section 8.6: EFA Write Up86
Section 8.7: Scale Reliability87
Section 8.8: Chapter Eight Self-Test89
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Part IX. Chapter Nine - Nonparametric Statistics", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Section 9.1: Nonparametric Definitions91
Section 9.2: Choosing Appropriate Tests93
Section 9.3: Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Mann-Whitney U Test94
Section 9.4: Comparing Two Dependent Conditions or Paired Samples \u2013 Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test96
Section 9.5: Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test98
Section 9.6: Chapter Nine Self-Test100
References101
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"coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "The distribution of participating institutions in VNR-related meetings are as follows:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "16 (7%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Government", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "7 (3%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "57 (24%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Other State Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "31 (13%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "19 (8%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "90 (37%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "20 (8%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Civil Society Organizations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "\u25a0Philanthropic Foundation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Educational Institution", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Private and State-Owned Companies", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Other Institutions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "Diagram 3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "Distribution of Participating Institutions within VNR Meeting of Indonesia 2021.75", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": { "text": "74 Data is processed based on: ibid., 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "75 Data is processed based on: Kementerian PPN / Bappenas, \u201cAnnexes Indonesia's VNR 2021\" (n. 68), 332-345.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000152.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "should adopt two separate designators to mark no-cost vs. low-cost, but the council felt it was better to simplify the process and allow for some OER providers that have fees associated with their services.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "At this point in time, the application of the #NOLO designator was a manual process. It required the addition of the designator to the section title prior to registration and then its removal after add/drop to ensure the label didn't appear on the student transcript. This process severely hampered our long- term reporting abilities. In total, four colleges adopted the #NOLO designator in this fashion.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "To assist in greater faculty and institutional adoption as well as improve data capture, the CSCU OER Advisory Council made a formal recommendation to the provost's academic council in Spring 2018 to implement the #NOLO designator as a course section attribute within the student information system. In addition to adding a course section attribute, a student-facing course search filter was added as well as an additional column within the course search results page.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Your materials for:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "LIB 100-Lib & Resch Methods", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Adoptions not Required", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "This course does not use books", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Course uses OER/Zero cost course", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Other non-bookstore materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Continue", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Figure 2.1: Filtered Search Option for NOLO Sections.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "extbook", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "NoLo Cred", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "textbook info", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "3.00 S", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "textbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "textbook info NoLo 3.00 Pu", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "textbook info NoLo 3.00 Tr", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "tbook info NoLo 3.00", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Figure 2.2: Added Column in Results for NOLO Designator.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "The request to implement the designator within the student information system was supported in Fall 2018 by the president's cabinet. The ability to mark courses was enabled late Fall 2018 and the student-facing features were enabled in January 2019. Each institutional representative on the OER council engaged with their local governance structures to request a vote for adoption.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "4 BOYOUNG CHAE, KEVIN CORCORAN, MICHAEL DALY, ANN FIDDLER, JEFF GALLANT, JAMES GLAPA-GROSSKLAG, AMY HOFER, AND", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000118.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Cellular Replication", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Mitotic phase", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Telophase", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Anaphase", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Metaphase", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Prophase", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Growth and preparation for mitosis", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "econd growth", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "phase", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "DNA replication", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Growth", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "normal", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "and", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "metabolic", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "roles", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Cellular Cycle and Replication", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Growth and the Creation of Life", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and passon genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and prokaryotes.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires the cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study. Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase (S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "A step by step", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "guide to growing a human!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Mitosis and Meiosis", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Similiar processes with VERY different results!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "66", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000104.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "PUBLISHERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "AGGREGATORS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "LIBRARIANS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Publishers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "READERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Publishers work to \u201cmake public\u201d scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models, budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open access publishers have also begun to emerge.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "The role of publishers includes (among other things):", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "acquisitions and list curation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "editorial work and coordinating peer review", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB) distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries, aggregators, stores) where readers can access books", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000007.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "CHAPTER 2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Narratives in Chuj", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "T", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "HIS COLLECTION OF SIX narratives told in Chuj demonstrates the broad variety of stories people tell one another and the variety of sources of those stories: personal narratives, legendary events, mythological tales, and stories borrowed from other cultures. All were recorded by me during field work on Chuj from 1964 to 1965. (See the Archive of the Indigenous Lan- guages of Latin America, www.ailla.utexas.org, for these and other samples of Chuj speech recorded during field work; AILLA reference codes for each text are given below and at the head of each transcription.)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Introduction to the Texts", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Two of the stories are ultimately of foreign origin, but their origins are not the same. In one case, the story known to the narrator as An Old Man Whose Son Killed Him [CAC 002 R022], the story clearly comes from the European tra- dition, and must have been introduced to the Chuj by schoolteachers. It is the classic Greek tale of a couple whose child is destined to kill his father and how that came about, including the solution to a famous riddle: What animal walks on four legs at dawn, on two legs at noon, and on three legs in the evening?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "The other tale, Coyote and Rabbit [CAC 002 R027], is probably ultimately of African origin, although some of its episodes are traditional in the American South and may have been introduced secondhand to the Chuj. This is the series of incidents that make up the Br'er Rabbit stories, stories that reflected earlier African tales involving Hyena instead of Fox (Diarassouba 2007). Here the story features Coyote instead of either Fox or Hyena. Coyote stories and stories of Rabbit Trickster abound in the native New World, and some of the episodes may be of American origin, adapted to the framework of the African stories. Some ep- isodes have a local flavor (such as misty mountains) and are likely of local origin. A third story, Friend of the Animals [CAC 002 R020], expresses such a universal theme that it could possibly be of foreign origin as well, but it has", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "22", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000010.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "CIRCULATING THINGS, CIRCULATING STEREOTYPES", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "MA", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The Three Pigeons,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "m", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Billy T'ape", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "M", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "\u062d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "A", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "83", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "J.G.dt fa", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "High-Change in Bond Street.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "otl", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 4.10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "March 27.1796.. by Humphrey Now Bond flowers", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "la Politesse du Grande Monde,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "417", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "James Gillray, High Change in Bond Street; ou la politesse du grande monde [graphic]. Etching on wove paper, hand-colored. PUBLISHED BY H. HUMPHREY, LONDON, 1796", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "meant to bewilder the viewer. Satins, silks, ivory, gigantic eggs, and \u201cartificial\u201d apples describe, in fact, the things of the trade: expensive and rare fabrics, on the one hand, strange collectibles and exotica, on the other. Lavish dresses and embel- lishments become insignia of wealth, power, and nonconformity, of a way of life outside the eco- nomic constraints of the Western civilization. In- terestingly, such projections were internalized by eighteenth-century British subjects in the fashion- able \"Turquerie\" that allowed the wearers to dis- play their wealth by wearing Oriental dress, tur- bans, ostrich plumes, longcapes, veils, and flattering shalvars (figs. 4.9 and 4.10). Another infusion of Ori- entalism in the West, the tradition of painting Euro- pean figures in Middle Eastern dress, becomes a form of cultural cross-dressing meant to suggest", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "misuse of power or excessive wealth (fig. 4.11). Such cultural imports are difficult to be under- stood, to use Said's qualification, as expressions of the Occident's cultural \u201cantipathy\"84 toward the Orient; rather, they reflect the West's attraction to a space that connotes difference understood as ex- traordinariness rather than inferiority.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Besides their connotations of magic, exoticism, and wealth, the things in the Arabian Nights are also rich bearers of cultural information: as Marina War- ner correctly pointed out, \u201cstories are lodged in goods\"85 and as such, they expand the reader's", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "Said, Orientalism, 260.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Marina Warner, introduction to Stranger Magic: Charmed States and the Arabian Nights (London: Chat- to & Windus, 2011), 8.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000034.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "xviii", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Prologue", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "So let's get rid of the expression derivative d/dt and replace it with an appropriate functional derivative. If f is a function then we will write Df as the new function that is the derivative of f:5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "(Df)(t)=\\frac{d}{dx}f(x)|_{x=t}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "To do this for the Lagrange equation we need to construct a function to take the derivative of.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Given a configuration-space path w, there is a standard way to make the state-space path. We can abstract this method as a mathematical function \u0393:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "\\Gamma[w](t)=(t,w(t),\\frac{d}{dt}w(t)) .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Using \u0393 we can write:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\\frac{d}{dt}((\\partial_{2}L)(\\Gamma[w](t)))-(\\partial_{1}L)(\\Gamma[w](t))=0 .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "If we now define composition of functions (f\\circ g)(x)=f(g(x)), we can express the Lagrange equations entirely in terms of func- tions:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "D((\\partial_{2}L)\\circ(\\Gamma[w]))-(\\partial_{1}L)\\circ(\\Gamma[w])=0.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "The functions \\partial_{1}L and \\partial_{2}L are partial derivatives of the func- tion L. Composition with \\Gamma[w] evaluates these partials with coor- dinates and velocites appropriate for the path w, making functions of time. Applying D takes the time derivative. The Lagrange equation states that the difference of the resulting functions of time must be zero. This statement of the Lagrange equation is complete, unambiguous, and functional. It is not encumbered with the particular choices made in expressing the Lagrangian. For example, it doesn't matter if the time is named t or r, and it has an explicit place for the path to be tested.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "This expression is equivalent to a computer program:6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "An explanation of functional derivatives is in Appendix B, page 202. 6The programs in this book are written in Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. The details of the language are not germane to the points being made. What is important is that it is mechanically interpretable, and thus unambiguous. In this book we require that the mathematical expressions be explicit enough", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000142.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "also plays an important role in error analysis (investigating the difference between the numerical approximation and the solution).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Calculating with only a finite subset of the rational numbers has many consequences. For exam- ple: a computer cannot distinguish between two polynomials of sufficiently high degree. Conse- quently, methods based on the main theorem of algebra (i.e. that an nth degree polynomial has exactly n complex zeros) cannot be trusted. Errors that follow from the use of finitely many digits are called rounding errors (Section 1.4).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "An important aspect of numerical mathematics is the emphasis on efficiency. Contrary to or- dinary mathematics, numerical mathematics considers an increase in efficiency, i.e. a decrease of the number of operations and/or amount of storage required, as an essential improvement. Progress in this aspect is of great practical importance and the end of this development has not been reached yet. Here, the creative mind will meet many challenges. On top of that, revolutions in computer architecture will overturn much conventional wisdom.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "1.3 Why numerical mathematics?", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "A big advantage of numerical mathematics is that it can provide answers to problems that do not admit closed-form solutions. Consider for example the integral", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "\\int_{0}^{\\pi}\\sqrt{1+cos^{2}x}dx .", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "This is an expression for the arc length of one arc of the curve y(x)=sin~x, which does not have a solution in closed form. A numerical method, however, can approximate this integral in a very simple way (Chapter 5). An additional advantage is that a numerical method only uses stan- dard function evaluations and the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Because these are exactly the operations a computer can perform, numerical mathematics and computers form a perfect combination.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "An advantage of analytical methods is that the solution is given by a mathematical formula. From this, insight in the behavior and the properties of the solution can be gained. For numerical approximations, however, this is not the case. In that case, visualization tools may be used to gain insight in the behavior of the solution. Using a numerical method to draw a graph of a function is usually a more useful tool than evaluating the solution at a large number of points.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "1.4 Rounding errors", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "A computer uses a finite representation of the all numbers in R. These are stored in a computer in the form", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "\\pm0.d_{1}d_{2}...d_{n}\\cdot\\beta^{e},", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "(1.1)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "in which, by definition, d_{1}>0 and 0\\le d_{i}<\\beta. The normalization is needed in order to prevent a waste of digits and to make the representation unambiguous. We call the value in equation (1.1) a floating point number (representation) in which 0.d_{1}d_{2}...d_{n} is called the mantissa, \u1e9e the base and e (integer) the exponent, where L\n \n Source\n Year\n Description of the initiative\n Circular Economy\n \n \n (doc, report, etc.)\n \n \n issues addressed\n \n \n Eco-Ecole Program https://www.ec o-ecole.org/le- programme/\n 2005\n Eco-Ecole instructions offers for teaching teams to deploy effectively sustainable\n \n \n \n \n Eco-Ecole is the French version of Eco-Schools, an international program for education in sustainable development (ESD), developed by the Foundation for Environmental Education. The Teragir association launched the Eco-School program in 2005. The program aims to help students better understand the world around them in order to flourish and participate in it.\n development from kindergarten to high school.\n \n \n Horsnormes https://horsnor mes.co/ Fondation Terre Solidaire (Solidarity Earth Foundation) https://fondatio n-\n 2020 2016\n Horsnormes is a website which provide baskets of fruits and vegetables that are directly collected from farmers. It helps farmers to gain money while the consumers pay a faire price in exchange of the product, which foster the reduction of food waste. The Terre Solidaire Foundation was created in 2016 by CCFD-Terre Solidaire to act, particularly in France, in the face of the two major challenges of our time: the massive degradation of our environment (including biodiversity and climate), and the\n Waste reduction of fruits and vegetables. Support and encourage initiatives carried out by citizen mobilizations and actors of the social and solidarity economy in the\n \n \n terresolidaire.o rg/quest-ce- que-\n \n need to building a fairer and more ecologically responsible society. The association remains mobilized on its\n design, implementation, dissemination and\n \n \n \n \n \n experimentation of\n \n", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000098.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is \u201cone-way communication\u201d) the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of the time! Explain what happened.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium. Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City, Utah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for the Hotelling Game? 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In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 64, "content": { "text": "BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000001.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "314", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "YARROW", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "1999 such iterations to form parameter distributions. If these distributions are symmetric, we can pretty much just read values straight out of them to form confidence intervals (e.g., the 50th and 1950th values out of 1999 will give us a roughly 95% confidence interval). If they are not, we must do something more complicated, with the best choice being the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) approach. Because of the large number of fits that are required, bootstrapping is fairly slow. If the experiment contains many trials, the BCa method makes it even slower (because it incorporates additional \u201cjackknife\u201d resampling, implying one further fitting iteration for almost every trial).18", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "The code accompanying this chapter offers options to generate confidence intervals on fitted parameters. Confidence intervals sometimes imply statistical inference, as for example when they fail to overlap some value and thus imply that our statistic differs significantly from that value. However, in SJ experiments we are more likely to want to ask a question such as whether a particular parameter differs between two conditions for a single observer. To answer this kind of question, you will need to modify or develop the code. If we take the example of whether parameters vary across conditions, my recommendation would be to adopt a permutation test approach.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "To do so, take the trials from both conditions and think of each trial as a card in a deck of cards. Making sure you keep each trial intact (i.e., without breaking the link between SOAs and responses) shuffle the trials and then deal them at random into two new piles, each representing a pseudo-condition. If your original conditions contained different numbers of trials, make sure the two pseudo-conditions match the size of the original conditions. For each pseudo-condition, perform a model fit. Now calculate the difference between model parameters in the two pseudo-conditions. This is the value you want to retain. Now repeat this whole process many times. What you are forming is a null distribution of the expected difference between model parameters that would occur just by chance. You can then compare the difference you actually obtained against this null distribution to generate a p value for your difference of interest.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Variants of sj Observer Models", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "In this chapter, I have presented two variants of a latency-based observer mod- el applied to the sj task. Both assume that a single SOA will generate an inter- nal response (\\Delta t) that is a Gaussian random variable. Both assume a simple", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "E.g., . Note that Matlab has inbuilt func- tions, which could have done most of this if you have the statistics toolbox extensions.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000052.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Overcoming Barriers to Filipino Women's Political Representation 15", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "the way for women to enter the House of Representatives. In 2019, 20 women from party lists have contributed to the increase in female legislators. However, the Party-List Law's implementation has been controversial owing to the entry of political dynasties and traditional politicians. The ideal that it serve as the gateway to political power of disadvantaged groups has been lost due to vague provisions in the law and subsequent Supreme Court decisions. The party list system has also been \"co-opted by the traditional political system or have become the training ground for future influence-peddling traditional politicians\" (Tigno 2019). In other words, it has deviated from the idea of proportional representation practiced in other countries. Dynastic families took advantage of the system's flaws and used them to field relatives, including some women, to expand their political power. However, recent interviews with legislators from progressive party lists demonstrate a better understanding of women's issues than some representatives elected from single-member districts (Encinas-Franco 2022, 157).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Table 2. Women-Members of the House of Representatives per Region, 2007-2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
REGIONS2007-2010 2010-20132016-2019
National Capital Region9 85
Cordillera Autonomous Region2 11
I - Ilocos Region5 14
II - Cagayan Valley1 35
III - Central Luzon9 811
IVA - CALABARZON4 211
IVB - MIMAROPA1 11
V - Bicol Region0 24
VI - Western Visayas2 33
VII - Central Visayas2 23
VIII - Eastern Visayas3 23
", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000037.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "3. Impact on Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "This section investigates the impact of public health measures on business operations. MSMEs were asked about their expectations for recovery and the main effects of COVID-19 on their businesses.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "3.1. Status of Business Operations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "As shown in Figure 3.1.1, the number of MSMEs \"working as usual\" gradually increased over the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "course of the research period. The impacts of the lockdown from March 30 to May 4, 2020, were starkly felt, with only 30% of the MSMEs \u201cworking as usual,\u201d while over half (58%) were temporarily completely closed.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "In the agriculture sector, a large majority of MSMEs (93% in July 2020, 98% in October 2020, and 99% in January 2021) were operating normally, though", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Figure 3.1.1: Status of operations during each survey phase (%)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", 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"content": { "text": "during the first lockdown period, just over three quarters (77%) were working as usual. In contrast, 63% of firms from the tourism sector and 62% from the handicraft/textile sector were working as usual as of July 2020, rising to 80% of tourism and 82% of handicraft/textile firms as of January 2021. During the lockdown period, tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were the hardest hit with just 12% and 15% respectively working as usual. As shown in Table 3.1.1., a majority of tourism and handicraft/ textile MSMEs were temporarily closed during the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "lockdown period. In the handicraft/textile sector, 30% of MSMEs were temporarily closed as of July 2020, reducing to 12% in January 2021. Similarly, in tourism, 27% of businesses were temporarily closed as of July 2020 and that reduced to 18% in January 2021. Figure 3.1.1 and Table 3.1.1 do not reflect those MSMEs who were permanently closed; this was four in July 2020, 22 in October 2020, and 24 in January 2021. Of these 50 businesses who permanently closed during the research period, 30 were in the tourism sector, 18 in handicraft/textile, and two in agriculture.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000078.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "26", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.10. Migrant remittances inflows (in US$ billion)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "800", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "694", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "719", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "702", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "700", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 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"category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "2014", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "2015", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "2016", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "2017", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "2018", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "2019", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { 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Growth in migrant remittance inflows", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Average Annual GrowthRemittance
AMS2000-2004 2004-2009 2009-2014 2014-20192019-2020inflows in 2020 (US$ Million)
Cambodia50.6% 6.7% 7.5% -0.7%-16.6%1,272
Indonesia9.4% 29.5% 6.4% 4.7%-17.3%9,651
Lao PDR115.7% 9.5% 38.0% 4.0%-10.6%265
Malaysia7.1% 18.6% 6.9% 0.7%-11.2%1,454
Myanmar2.7% 5.4% 102.7% -14.1%-7.1%2,250
Philippines10.6% 11.7% 7.5% 4.2%-0.7%34,913
Thailand11.4% 18.6% 4.6% -0.9%-1.2%8,067
Viet Nam11.5% 21.1% 14.8% 7.2%1.2%17,200
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "Source: World Bank and KNOMAD (2021)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": { "text": "In the Philippines, of the returning Filipino migrant workers in 2020, 55 percent earned a monthly income of between PHP20,000 and PHP50,000, and 19 percent earned between PHP5000 and PHP20,000. Before their return, 50 percent reported remitting amounts ranging from PHP10,000 to PHP20,000 (US$200 to US$400) monthly. It is highly unlikely that the families of these migrant workers would have savings to rely on after they lost their jobs. Additionally, 83 percent of these workers were still unemployed after three months, resulting in a 60 percent drop in household income for 48 percent of the returned migrant workers.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 49, "content": { "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000148.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "ECD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Circle", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Co-funded by the European Union", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "As seen in this chart of responses, we were very satisfied to reach diversity in age groups, with all groups being represented by over 10%. The main group reached was of ages 36-45, and the least represented was the youngest age group of 18-25.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Education Level 122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "76.2%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "18%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Primary", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Lower Secondary", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Upper Secondary", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Non-formal Training", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Bachelor's Degree or Higher", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "Master degree", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Bac+5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Ph. D.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Regarding the education level of responders, we were satisfied to receive a very high level of responses with Bachelor's or higher degrees, with the significant share of others coming from", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Upper Secondary-educated participants. There was also a small representation of non-formal training, as well as >1\\% representation for other options.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "Profession", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "122 responses", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "12.3%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "19.7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "18.9%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "19.7%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "Social Entrepreneur", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Youth Worker", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "Educator/Trainer", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "University Professor", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "Expert in Circular Economy Youth Leader", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "Project Manager Student", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "1/3", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "For responders' profession, the most common answers representing 19.7% equally, were Youth Workers and Project Managers, although practising Social Entrepreneurs were also well represented, along with an 8% response rate from self-declared circular economy experts.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "Project No:: 2021-2-FR02-KA220-YOU-000048126", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000117.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Saccharometer DI Water Glucose Solution Yeast Suspension
224 ml 0 ml4 ml
312 ml 12 ml4 ml
44 ml 12 ml12 ml
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Procedure:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix. Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the height of yeast in saccharometers.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding labeled test tubes.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of the vertical tube to escape.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time point.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "59", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000113.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "BIO181", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Measurement Lab worksheet................................... 3
Scientific Method Lab........... 6 ......
Chemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology!.\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026........ 9
Biological Macromolecules and Their Indicators................... 10
Worksheet for Chemistry of the Cell 12
How molecules move in a liquid........... 12
How molecules move in a solid ....... 12
Introduction to Light Microscopes:................... 16
CellularBiology................................ 32
A cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet........ 33
34 Cellular Microscopy ...
Viewing prepared slides under a microscope....... 34 ...
Viewing live cells under a microscope............... 34
Cellular Biology Worksheet 35
39 Osmosis and Diffusion ........... ....
Enzymatic Activity Lab......... 45
Cellular Respiration Lab 49
Photosynthesis Lab 61
Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts.... 65
Cellular Replication ........... 66
Growth and the Creation of Life................. 66
Visualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis. 67
When it all goes wrong............ 68
Cellular Replication Worksheet ......-----------.... 69
Mammalian Gametogenesis ........ 72
Genetic Crosses................ 75 ......-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS. 80
Chi-Square Data Table......... 92
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ABCE
1timeobservedForecast(observed)Lower Confidence Bound(observed)Upper Confidence Bound(observed)
\u039f 213
3112
4213.5
5 315
6416
7518
8617.5
9717.917.9017.9017.90
8 1019.7321445817.9921.47
9 1121.5996299819.8123.39
121021.6264585719.7823.47
11 1322.8599311620.9624.76
141224.7274165622.7826.68
151324.7542451522.7526.75
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0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Do not run aground", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "\u2022 If you run aground, call for help", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Wear polarized sunglasses", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Take a safe boating course", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "As a developer:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Do careful mapping of seagrass in", "html": "", 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"content": { "text": "CCO, 2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "10)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "As anyone who wants to help:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Urge politicians to establish stricter", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "water quality regulations", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "Mobilize to give seagrass an", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "'endangered' status", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 36, "content": { "text": "Follow established laws for seagrass protection", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 37, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Reach out to environmental", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 38, "content": { "text": "organizations and volunteer in", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 39, "content": { "text": "restoration projects", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 40, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Challenge the misconception that seagrass is 'ugly' and 'useless'", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 41, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Tell your friends and family about the importance of this ecosystem", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 42, "content": { "text": "FLOWCODE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "PRIVACY.FLOWCODE.COM", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "Scan this QR code and learn", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "more about seagrass, what you can do to help, and what organizations are fighting for", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "its restoration!", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000046.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Table: Provisional Results of Registration of Candidates on 8 March 2022^{21} and Official Results of Registration of Candidates on 29 April 2022^{22}", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] 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No.Political partyProvisional registration result on 7 MarchOfficial registration 29 Aprilresult onDifference in the number of candidates
Number of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidatesNumber of commune/ sangkatNumber of candidates
1Cambodian People's Party1,65228,0081,65228,0080
2Candlelight Party1,64923,6791,62323,939+260
3Funcinpec Party7159,4076809,952+545
4Khmer National United Party6508,3405968,815+475
5Cambodian National Love Party3884,6343155,050+416
6Cambodian National's Party3103,9802453,956-24
7Cambodian Youth Party1161,8241141,8240
8Khmer Will Party671,000581,050+50
9Cambodian Reform Party5882359978+155
10Kampucheaniyum Party3964238658+16
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "21 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5393", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "22 https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5525", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "23", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000090.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Restrictions on Land Ownership by Foreigners in Selected Jurisdictions", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The Law Library of Congress", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
JurisdictionGATS XVII | ForeignRestrictions on ForeignForeign
ReservationOwnershipOwnershipOwnership
(1994)PermittedReporting Requirements
right required to acquire desert lands. No restrictions on lands
in Investment Zones,
Technological Zones, or Free
Zones.
FinlandNYPrior approval for a foreigner's purchase of certain businesses
may be required when it includes land purchase and the purchase of business or land interferes with vital interests
for Finland; prior approval from the Government of \u00c5land is required for acquisitions within the autonomous region of \u00c5land.
FranceNYNone.
GermanyNYNone.
GreeceNYPrior approval required for purchase by non-European
Union and non-European Free Trade Association natural and legal persons of real estate located in border areas.
IndiaNYProhibition on acquisition of land by citizens of Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, China, Iran,
Nepal, and Bhutan, except for one residential property for self-occupation and one
property for carrying out self-
employment for long-term visa
holders residing in India who
are citizens of Afghanistan,
Bangladesh or Pakistan and
belong to minority religions in
those countries, subject to
conditions; nonresident foreign nationals not of Indian origin, except for inheritance from a
resident; and of agricultural land by diplomatic personnel,
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "7", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000110.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar behavior.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Re=\\frac{vd}{\\nu} ( 1 )", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "where (v) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the diameter of the pipe.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar flow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (20004000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross- section.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m^{2}/s)Temperature (degree C)Kinematic viscosity v (m^{2}/s)
01.793E-06258.930E-07
11.732E-06268.760E-07
21.674E-06278.540E-07
31.619E-06288.360E-07
41.522E-06298.180E-07
51.520E-06308.020E-07
61.474E-06317.850E-07
71.429E-06327.690E-07
81.386E-06337.530E-07
91.346E-06347.380E-07
101.307E-06357.240E-07
111.270E-06367.110E-07
121.235E-06376.970E-07
131.201E-06386.840E-07
141.169E-06396.710E-07
151.138E-06406.580E-07
161.108E-06456.020E-07
171.080E-06505.540E-07
181.053E-06555.110E-07
191.027E-06604.760E-07
201.002E-06654.430E-07
219.780E-07704.130E-07
229.550E-07753.860E-07
239.330E-07803.630E-07
249.110E-07853.420E-07
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000075.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "2020 and 2021, and, for approximately half of AMS, working hours lost were higher in 2021 compared to 2020 (Figure 1.3). The disruptions in global supply chains because of travel and transport restrictions hit some AMS particularly hard because of supply needs from other countries.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Despite these tremendous job losses, many countries also experienced labour shortages due to previously unprecedented demand for certain products, such as rubber gloves in Malaysia and for fishery products in Thailand. The return of migrant workers to their home countries contributed to significant labour shortages (Lee and David, 2021; Sriring and Staporncharnchai, 2021).4 COVID-related movement restrictions caused many workers to withdraw from the labour force (especially women) and labour force participation rates declined in most countries.5 This was the case for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam (Figure 1.4). According to the ILO (2021c), female employment in AMS in 2020 was 3.9 percent lower than the expected level, which is markedly less than the 2.7 percent figure for male employment.6 The impact of the pandemic on employment is evident in lower labour force participation, lower working hours, and higher unemployment rates in most countries (Figure 1.5).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Figure 1.3. Decline in weekly working hours compared to 2019 (percent)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "18", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "16", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "14", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "12", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "10", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "8", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "6", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "2", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Darussalam", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "Source: ILO (2022a)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "2020 2021", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "4", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "There are of course long-standing reasons for the labour shortages in these sectors, which accounts for their high reliance for migrant workers, including poor working conditions, that is prone to abuse, and lack of attractiveness for local workers (Looi, 2020; Ng, 2020; ILO, 2015).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "McKinsey Global Institute (2020) estimates that at the beginning of the pandemic, women accounted for more than half of total job losses from COVID-19 though they made up only two-fifths of the global labour force. This is because they are overrepresented in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic: accommodation and food services; retail and wholesale trade; and other services, such as arts, recreation, and public administration.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "6 This is equivalent to saying there is greater increase in unemployment or inactivity for women compared to men. According to the report, one reason is the increase in unpaid care responsibilities for women as schools closed (ILO, 2021c).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "ASEAN Migration Outlook", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "15", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000011.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "84", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "BAIRD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "SIRROB SHIRLEY From the Collection at Scbevith", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 4.11 A. Birrell, Sir Robert Shirley [graphic]. Engraving", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "on wove paper.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HARDING, LONDON, 1799", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "knowledge about remote civilizations. There is an obvious cultural coincidence, for instance, between carpet-making and storytelling among nomadic peoples, which these stories convey through their intricate plot development. They also tell fascinat- ing stories about the the traffic in diamonds, gold, and spices between the Indies, China, Arabia, and Western Europe that still wait to be unveiled. Rather than looking at the things of the Nights as colorful details in Sheherazade's tales or protagonists in the fantastic stories they make for themselves, we could explore, instead, their role as as bearers of cultural knowledge unintentionally embedded in the fabric of the text. In such a reading, \u201chistorically and theo- retically overdetermined material charactersitics of objects are sought out beyond the immediate context in which they appear\"86 in order to", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "86", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Elaine Freedgood, \"Introduction: Reading Things,\" in The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 5-6.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "defetishize them and expose the power structures in which they are involved.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Thus, as Makdisi and Nussbaum sum up in their introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context: Between East and West, \u201cthe Nights offered a particularly powerful vision of an Asiatic culture seemingly saturated with references to sensuality, extravagance, indulgence, violence, supernatural- ism, and eroticism [and] added a supernatural dimension to the Enlightenment; the tales offered an avenue into modernity through its magical op- posite, an alternative to European identity, and an antidote to neoclassicism.\u201d87 However, reading such imports as an expression of European pow- ers' disavowal of the East in order to \u201cjustify their conquest and rule over other peoples, particularly in Asia,\"88 is an oversimplification of a rather com- plicated process of cultural exchange. None of these descriptions of Arabia were caused by colo- nial \u201cdistortions,\u201d as Said feared, but by false attri- butions: \u201cArabian\u201d was a misnomer that rarely de- scribed Arabia itself. While fictional narratives like Arabian Nights' Entertainments represented Ara- bia as a land of magic and exorbitant riches, they were too far-fetched to be part of a Westerner's belief system during the Age of Reason; rather, they were popularized because their wild fiction- ality turned them into bestsellers at the time. Such stories competed with descriptions of the Arabi- an Peninsula by travelers and traders who had vis- ited the area and had unmediated contact with the local culture. However, while the Orientalist litera- ture described Arabia in terms that emphasized its exoticism, magic, superstitions, extravagance, wealth, eroticism, excess, and myriads of other pe- culiarities that contrasted it with the European normativity, travel narratives created an \u201cArabian\u201d identity that was generally congruent with the reality of the place.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "87", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "88", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Makdisi and Nussbaum, introduction to The Arabian Nights in Historical Context, 5. Ibid.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000021.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "2 The Lost Homeland", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Since the death of my mother, Elfriede, ten years ago, I have been haunted by the desire to visit the homeland, the Heimat, that she never saw again after her fifty years in Australia. In more ways than one, Germany had become her lost homeland, the spiritual place of her ancestors from which she was exiled. I sensed the pain she felt over the tangible loss of connection to her own past. For me to be able to go so far away and pay tribute to her German home in what is now Poland, to savour the environment of her childhood, at first seemed impossible. I nevertheless hoped for the opportunity to do so, although I expected to find all the names of the places changed, and that people spoke a language I did not understand. It would be confronting to go there, I thought.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "When in 1997 I visited Vienna, my father's Austrian birth city, and after that my German cousins in Germany, I was not regarded as a stranger. Despite being an almost lifelong Australian, I spoke their language and somehow belonged. I was accepted by people as someone who had come home to reclaim my heritage. I could merge with crowds unobtrusively, like a 'local'. The only subtle tremors of feeling generated by what people are used to were shown up in my too-German ways for the Austrians, and my too-Austrian ways for the Germans. The Austrians reacted more firmly. This suggests that my mother's influence on me was strongest.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "I was born in Turkey, north of Ankara, in 1935, and when I also went there on my trip home, I was treated to a special welcome by each Turk who found this out, from my passport or my conversation. My birth in Turkey entitled me to Turkish citizenship. Naturally I was delighted,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "5", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000199.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Overview of OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "Base Model Performance Evaluation of Upstage OCR Pack", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Upstage universal OCR model E2E performance evaluation\u00b9", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Upstage universal OCR model performance details: Document", "html": "", 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"coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 43, "content": { "text": "80", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 44, "content": { "text": "85", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 45, "content": { "text": "90", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 46, "content": { "text": "95", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 47, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 48, "content": { "text": "1 Performance based on universal model, additional performance improvement is possible by implementing specialized models according to business requirements", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 49, "content": { "text": "2 A: Universal model of global leading Al company / B: Universal model of leading Al company in Korea, 2022. 5 Test criteria", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 50, "content": { "text": "3 Recall: Percentage of what the OCR model predicted to be True from those that were actually True 4 Precision: Percentage of what the OCR model classifies as True, which is actually True", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 51, "content": { "text": "5 F1: Harmonic mean value of Recall and Precision", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 52, "content": { "text": "6. Parsing-F1: Comparison of parsing model F1 of both companies for business registration document form. Company A is excluded from comparison due to the absence of the document parsing model.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 53, "content": { "text": "Company A Company B", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 54, "content": { "text": "upstage", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 55, "content": { "text": "upstage |", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000178.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Promotional Materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "A good promotional strategy should include multiple facets, from physical materials to digital communications. Below, we've compiled a table of promotional materials you might use on campus, and examples of each type.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Table 7.1. Types of promotional materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Communication ChannelMediumExamples
Direct communicationsPhysical or digitalmeetings, consultations, listening sessions, email lists
Indirect communicationsPrimarily digitalwebsites, videos, news articles, newsletters, social media posts,
MessagingPhysical or digitalbrochures, posters, signs, booklets
EventsPhysical or digitalpresentations, webinars, seminars, panels, training sessions
InteractivePhysical or digitalOER \"petting zoos,\u201d games, exhibits, surveys
GoodiesPrimarily physicalpens, notepads, bookmarks, stickers, buttons, etc
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Get in contact with partners at your institution to learn more about the processes and options available to you and how you can best leverage the support at your disposal. If you have a marketing team available to you that orders pens and other materials for campus events, get in contact with them about their vendors and how you can leverage their existing workflows for ordering materials to support your OER Program. This might be as simple as ordering buttons and posters through your University Printing Office, or it may require you to browse a third party's marketing catalog or to create materials yourself, if you lack funding for your work.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Annual Events", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Creating promotional materials and graphics can make your OER program recognizable on your college's campus, but just because you've created materials doesn't mean that people will find or learn from them. As a program manager, you will need to find ways to implement your messaging and events on campus. Leveraging annual events like Open Education Week in March and International Open Access Week in October can ground your work in a given time of year and focus your programming around a topic or theme (Open Education Global, n.d.; SPARC, n.d.). The Open Education Week website lists past events and provides downloadable promotional materials to help you kickstart your event planning and coordination. If these weeks regularly conflict with other events at your institution, that's okay. You can celebrate Open Education Week the week before or after it falls. So long as you are consistent in the general time you hold these events, they will still gain recognition at your institution and faculty will come to expect them.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "92 | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000044.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Table of Contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
Executive Summary4
Legal Framework6
Election Administration11
Civil Society Engagement15
Political Parties, Candidates Registration and Election Campaign18
Media Freedom and Access to Information25
Voter Education and Awareness29
Participation of Marginalized Sectors31
Recommendations39
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Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good. 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TubeBamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixtureRestriction Buffer-RNaseSuspect 1 DNASuspect 2 DNAEvidence A or BH_{2}O
S13 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
S23 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
EA or EB3 \u03bcL3 \u03bcL10 \u03bcL2 \u03bcL
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37^{\\circ}C.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20^{\\circ}C until the next lab period.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "III. Electrophorese Digests", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Reagents:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Restriction digests from Part II, on ice", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "10x loading dye, 10 \u00b5L", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Supplies and Equipment", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply 1-20 \u00b5L Micropipette and pipet tips", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "Load the Gel", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "1. Use a micropipette to add 2 \u00b5L of 10\u00d7 loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up and down a couple of times to mix the 10x loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat for each digest.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 \u00b5L total) into a separate well in the gel. Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "While loading,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on the lab bench to steady your hands.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "133", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000012.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "96", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "MACDONALD", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "M Bologna fun as Kalim Azack in Aladdin ortheth onderful Lamp London Pablished as the Ase dirver My Wrote Theatrical Dinerenti Extra Exeter d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "FIGURE 5.1 Mr. Bologna Jun-r as Kalim Azack in Aladdin, or", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "theatrical prints, which are informed by intercul- turation and illustrate the Orientalized look of the tale's theatrical life: one of John (\u201cJack\u201d) Peter Bo- logna as Kalim Azack, the vizier's son betrothed to Badroulboudour, and one of the extraordinary pantomime clown Joseph Grimaldi as Kazrac, the magician's Chinese slave, who, disillusioned by the magician's cruel plans concerning the lamp, be- friends Aladdin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). The creation of this non-speaking role (Kazrac's tongue had been removed by the \u201cTartarian Hord\u201d from whom the magician rescued him) added much to the play, besides giving both the magician and Aladdin an ally and a confidant. Interestingly, these two prints likely represent a notable scene in the play, cer- tainly a favorite with children playing with a toy theater. The prints show Kalim Azack and Kazrac fighting while Aladdin follows the princess to the royal baths. The wealthy Kalim Azack is depicted wearing an elaborate ensemble: long embroidered tunic with fringe, short jacket with embroidery and tassels, full trousers tucked into boots, a sash,", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "M. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese Starve) in Aladdin Wonderfor lokp", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Price 1 Plain FIGURE 5.2 Mr. Grimaldi as Kazrac (the Chinese slave) in Aladdin, or The Wonderful Lamp.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "necklace, earrings, and brooches. With his fanciful hat and long moustache, he depicts a theatrical version of \"a Tartar,\" or \"a Man from Crimea.\" An illustration with the same title was included in an 1804 edition of The Costume of Turkey that aptly as- sociates Kalim Azack with the \"Tartarian Hord\" responsible for Kazrac's disfigurement.41 Kazrac's \u201cChinese\u201d costume resembles contemporary Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) fashion with its changshan tu- nic, long, loose trousers, and a cap with upturned brim, topped with a knob. Despite his role as a poor peasant, Kazrac's theatrical costume is em- bellished with embroidery and a gold trim, and the character wears white stockings. Additionally, Grimaldi sports a braided pigtail and long mous- tache and brandishes two curved swords. Taken together, these two cultural images exemplify the Orientalized look that contributed to the fantasy", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "41", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "\"A Tartar. A Man from Crimea,\" in Octavien Dalvimart, The Costume of Turkey, 1802 (London: Printed for Will- iam Miller, 1804), n.p.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000196.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "plexity when compared to MoE. This shift in ap- proach offers a unique and more straightforward way of working, moving away from conventional MoE challenges. Not only that, DUS also under- goes continued pretraining to quickly recover per- formance of the scaled model.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "B.3 Prompt Engineering", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "A key research area to harness the emergent abil- ities of LLMs is prompt engineering. Prompt en- gineering is the study of how to design inputs (prompts) that enable LLMs to better perform spe- cific tasks. A prime example of this research is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022b), which proposes CoT prompting that decomposes multi-step problems into a series of intermedi- ate reasoning steps. Moreover, efforts are under- way to replace even such prompt engineering with LLMs (Yang et al., 2023).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "B.4 Instruction Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "To enhance the steerability of LLMs, instruction tuning (Wei et al., 2021) has emerged as a learning technique. This involves fine-tuning LLMs using data formatted as (instruction, input, output) for various tasks (Wang et al., 2022). Instruction tuning allows for targeted adjustments, providing a more controlled and task-oriented improvement to the model's capabilities.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Before instruction tuning, existing methods faced challenges in effectively guiding and control- ling the behavior of large language models (Zhang et al., 2023b). The sheer complexity of these mod- els made it difficult to ensure precise and task- oriented responses. The need for a more targeted approach arose from the limitations of existing methods, leading to the development of instruc- tion tuning. This targeted approach enables better control over the model's behavior, making it more suitable for specific tasks and improving its overall performance in alignment with user-defined objec- tives. Therefore, instruction tuning is computation- ally efficient and facilitates the rapid adaptation of LLMs to a specific domain without requiring extensive retraining or architectural changes.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "B.5 Alignment Tuning", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "LLM has been observed to generate sentences that may be perceived as linguistically incongruent by human readers since they learned not human inten- tion, but only vast knowledge across various do- mains in the pretraining step (Ziegler et al., 2019).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "To overcome this limitation and align with human intentions, previous research (Ziegler et al., 2019) have proposed Reinforcement Learning with Hu- man Feedback (RLHF). RLHF operates by learning a reward model based on human preferences, em- ploying reinforcement learning to guide the LLM towards prioritizing answers with the highest re- ward scores. This process enhances the safety, propriety, and overall quality of the generated re- sponses. Despite demonstrating satisfactory per- formance, RLHF encounters challenges such as managing numerous hyperparameters and necessi- tating the incorporation of multiple models (policy, value, reward, and reference models).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "In response to these challenges, the supervised fine-tuning based approaches have proposed, such as Rank Responses to align Human Feedback (RRHF) (Yuan et al., 2023), Reward ranked Fine- Tuning (RAFT) (Dong et al., 2023), and Direct Policy Optimization (DPO) (Intel, 2023). They avoid the complexities associated with reinforce- ment learning while achieving empirical perfor- mance comparable to RLHF. Among them, DPO that we used directly guides the LLM to increase the probability of positive responses and decrease the probability of negative responses through a \"di- rect\" approach. Interestingly, DPO demonstrates more stable learning results compared to RLHF, despite its simple training approach.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "B.6 Data Contamination", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "Recent researches (Zhou et al., 2023; Sainz et al., 2023; Golchin and Surdeanu, 2023; Deng et al., 2023) emphasize the need to measure whether a specific benchmark was used to train the large lan- guage models. There are three types of the data contamination: guideline, raw text and annota- tion (Sainz et al., 2023). Guideline contamination occurs when a model accesses detailed annotation guidelines for a dataset, providing advantages in specific tasks, and its impact should be considered, especially in zero and few-shot evaluations. Raw text contamination occurs when a model has ac- cess to the original text. Wikipedia is widely used as a pretraining data, but also as a source for cre- ating new datasets. The caution is advised in the development of automatically annotated datasets sourced from the web. Annotation contamina- tion occurs when the annotations of the specific benchmark are exposed during model training.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000017.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "100/0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "16 Face Your World", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "A girl at work with the Interactor during the Face Your World participation process (image courtesy of Van Heeswijk). On top of the workstation we see the drawing the girl made in an earlier stage of the process. The drawing depicts a large tree with a little house inside the tree and a rope ladder leading up to the little house. On the screen we see the girl working on a new object for the library. She is digitally redrawing her design for a tree house. Once this drawing is finished, she can save it to the library of the Interactor and use it when designing the park.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "ticipating in Face Your World Slotervaart made a total of 1216 sketches in this phase of the planning project and Kaspori considered this the most creative part of the process (interview with Kaspori, 2007). In the third phase of the game, children would discuss each other's sketches, vote for the best sketch and write down why they had voted for that particular sketch. In the final stage, children entered the multi-player mode and had to start designing the park together. This final design- ing phase was directed at cooperation between the children: they had to agree on how to design the park and work together in order to be able to realize their ideas (interview with Heeswijk, 2007). To realize their ideas, players thus needed to communicate and cooperate. The discussion option of the game was facilitated through a chat function. This chat function was one of the few aspects of the game that did not work as it had been intended and projected by the designers. Children working with the Interactor did not use the chat function for communi-", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "PART IV: SERIOUS GEOGRAPHIES OF PLAY", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "115", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000068.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country Dialogue at National Level to Reduce Plastic Waste in the Philippines indicated:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\"Despite these efforts, there seemed to be very limited information that shows the effectiveness of the bans on reducing plastics and litter, or even diversion from landfills in the country. For the majority of LGUs in the country, however, there seemed to be no clear documentation and reporting of progress and updated waste data possibly due to the difficulty and complexity of data generation and assessment. Another possible constraint is that the scope of the LGU ordinances vary and covered different kinds of SUPP, including the exemptions, which makes integration of the various reports, if available, a challenge.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "The World Bank/PEMSEA report also recommended that a baseline assessment be conducted to obtain a better understanding which SUPP are the most prevalent and problematic in the Philippines and to also identify the sources and extent and impacts of mismanagement.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "b. Extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR schemes use a combination of regulatory approaches to extend manufacturers' responsibility for single-use plastic products throughout their life cycle, including to the end-of-life stage. These schemes are aimed at decreasing the overall environmental impact from a product and its packaging. The primary responsibility under EPR lies with the producer, who makes design and marketing decisions. In most European countries, product manufacturers are charged a fee for every piece of packaging they put onto the market based on the reusability or recyclability of the packaging, supported by technical analysis. These fees are intended to cover some or all of the costs of collection, sorting and recycling. Since the recycling of plastic packaging costs more than it yields, companies will benefit from a more cost- effective system of packaging.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "C.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Regulated Storage, Manufacture and Use of plastics. India required its states to enforce existing rules on the storage, manufacture, and use of some single-use plastics in lieu of a nationwide ban. Meanwhile, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is yet to issue a list of non-environmentally accepted products (NEAP) as provided in Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, passed a decade ago. This will include single use plastics in all product forms per technical advice of the Department of Science and", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Co Cor", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "RECYCLE ME", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "RECYCLE ME", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Figure 27. Soft drinks can with the message \"Recycle Me\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "64 Study on Plastics Use and Waste Management in the Food Service Industry", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000053.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "header", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "16 Encinas Franco and Laguna", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula4 24
X - Northern Mindanao2 22
XI - Davao Region3 15
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN2 21
XIII - Caraga1 33
ARMM2 12
Party-List15 1020
TOTAL (w/ Party- List)55 6688
TOTAL (w/o Party- List)45 5168
", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "Source: HOR 2022. Computations made by the authors.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Overall, the abovementioned situation indicates that Filipino women have gradually increased their presence in formal politics. In Asia, the Philippines and Taiwan are the only countries above the global average of 24.5 percent of women in parliament (Liu 2021). However, challenges remain as the increased participation of women comes from dysfunctional features of the country's political system: political dynasties and the Party-List law. Nonetheless, not all women from these groups are necessarily averse to women's issues.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Barriers to Filipino Women's Participation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "Previous studies have identified political, economic, and cultural factors that impede women's participation in politics. However, context still matters since the perception of women's role in societies and the evolution of political systems differ. The following section examines some of these barriers.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "The Philippine electoral system's \"first-past-the-post\" electoral type, coupled with the lack of well-developed political parties, inhibits women's entry into politics. Encinas-Franco (2021) argues that \"[w] ithout party discipline and institutionalized rules within parties, one", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000153.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "CHAPTER 7.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "TEXAS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "MICHELLE REED", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "COURSE MARKING DRIVERS", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "I've worked at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for the last three years as Open Education Librarian and was recently promoted to the leadership team as Director of Open Educational Resources following a half-million-dollar investment in OER from university administration. It was in my first year as Open Education Librarian that the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 810 (SB810), which requires institutions of higher education across the state to provide searchable information to students about OER-only courses. A strong definition of OER was provided:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\"teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that allows for free use, reuse, modification, and sharing with others, including full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.\u201d", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "However, Texas was not given a very long implementation window. The bill passed in June 2017, effective immediately, with a compliance deadline of Spring 2018. We in higher education know a change of this scope, and impacting as many stakeholders as course marking does, takes longer. A recent survey commissioned by the Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas (DigiTex) and administered in May 2019 shows only 59 respondents of the 158 two-and four-year institutions that received the statewide survey have a course marking solution in place. The findings were presented in Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "1. Jimes, C., Karaglani, A., Petrides, L., Rios, J., Sebesta, J., & Torre, K. (2019). Open Educational Resources (OER) in Texas Higher Education, 2019. Austin, TX: Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas and Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board; Half Moon Bay, CA: Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "PRICE TRANSPARENCY 17", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000155.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "heading1", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Contents", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "table", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "", "html": "\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
1. Front Matter1
2. Introduction to Researching Wicked Problems3
3. Our Mental Shortcuts13
4. Identifying a Topic25
5. Types of Sources38
6. Access & Searching55
7. SIFTing Information67
8. Evaluating News Sources80
9. Audience, Presentation & Citation88
Instructor Resources97
", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000043.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "Figure 7: Respondents' reaction to the statement \"I am worried that misogynistic and hostile beliefs espoused by extremist groups result in violence towards women.\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "56% AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "1% STRONGLY DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "regarding the outbreak, as well as radical ideas targeted at people, including recruiting them as a part of groups.\"", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "36%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "STRONGLY AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Figure 8: Respondents' view to the statement, \"Online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda has increased during COVID-1\".", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "4%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "47% AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of respondents agreed that online radicalization and the proliferation of extremist propaganda had increased. Altogether, 76.9% and 92.9% of women agreed with the statement.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "21% UNDECIDED", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "3%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "STRONGLY DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "23%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "STRONGLY", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "AGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "6%", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "DISAGREE", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "One interviewee from Indonesia noted that:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "\u201cCOVID has managed to restrict direct meetings to disseminate propaganda, misinformation and disinformation through most government's large-scale restrictions to prevent the virus' spread. However, the tendency to utilize online spaces to disseminate these has increased since the use of online activities is mandatory in various sectors, such as working and education. Most people certainly use online platforms to disseminate false information", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "Another interviewee from Indonesia observed that:", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "\"\"(Based on my experience), during 2020-2021 one of the interesting things has been the impact of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID, affecting people's views and attitudes in responding to, preventing and handling of (the virus). At the beginning of the Indonesian government's policy on limiting religious activities in places of worship, this issue caused a strong, adverse reaction among extremist groups, giving rise to a narrative that the", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "Gender Analysis of Violent Extremism and the Impact of COVID-19 on Peace and Security in ASEAN", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "36", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000061.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "iii. Looking at cost items, the cost of raw woods procurement will be highest share at 42%, followed by labour cost at 35%, electricity cost of the fabrication department at 10% (refer to figure 5-2). For this analysis, $35 per tonne is assumed for raw wood costs and this assumption will be crucial to maintain the economics of this business model.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "iv. This business model will be operating cost-oriented not capital cost-oriented (refer to figure 5.1); thus, management of raw wood cost, labour cost, and electricity cost is essential. Few variations of capital cost will not affect this business seriously.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "v. Assumed selling price of wood pellet is $100 per tonne and appropriate.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "Figure 5.1. Operating Cost Structure by the Three Departments of A Company", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Cutting raw woods \u25a0 Fabrication \u25a0 Transportation", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "Figure 5.2. Operating Cost Structure by the Cost Items of a Company", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Source: Author.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Raw woods Electricity Diesel oil Labour Depreciation Interest payment", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "50", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000056.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "scheme helped the biomass power capacity to increase by more than double in 7 years. Under the FIT scheme, biomass fuels for power generation are grouped into six categories.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "\u2022", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "General wood: sawmill residues, import wood such as pellets and chips, palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm trunk", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Liquid biomass: palm oil", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 8, "content": { "text": "Unutilised wood: domestic thinned wood", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 9, "content": { "text": "Construction wood waste: wood waste salvaged from construction and other wood materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 10, "content": { "text": "Waste materials and other biomass: pruned branched, paper, food waste, waste cooking oil, and black liquor", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 11, "content": { "text": "\u2022 Biogas: methane derived from sewage sludge, manure, and food waste.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 12, "content": { "text": "While inexpensive biomass sources such as wood waste from construction and waste materials, were the main fuels under the RPS, the domestic unutilised wood and the general wood whose tariff rates are set higher increased specifically (Figure 4.1, 4.2).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 13, "content": { "text": "Figure 4.1. Approved Capacity under the FIT Scheme", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 14, "content": { "text": "700", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 15, "content": { "text": "MW", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 16, "content": { "text": "600", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 17, "content": { "text": "500", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 18, "content": { "text": "Waste materials", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 19, "content": { "text": "Biogas", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 20, "content": { "text": "\u25a0Construction wood waste", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 21, "content": { "text": "400", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 22, "content": { "text": "300", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 23, "content": { "text": "General wood (10MW\u2264)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 24, "content": { "text": "200", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 25, "content": { "text": "General wood (<10MW)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 26, "content": { "text": "100", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 27, "content": { "text": "\u25a0 Unutilised wood (2MW\u2264)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 28, "content": { "text": "0", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 29, "content": { "text": "Unutilised wood (<2MW)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 30, "content": { "text": "2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 31, "content": { "text": "FIT= feed-in-tariff.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 32, "content": { "text": "Note: Liquid biomass approved under the FIT scheme between FY2012 and FY2017 is included in general wood", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 33, "content": { "text": "and no liquid biomass has been approved since FY2018.", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 34, "content": { "text": "Source: METI (2021a).", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 35, "content": { "text": "30", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] }, "01030000000164.pdf": { "elements": [ { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 0, "content": { "text": "3Btg2-26 to 31 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) crushed, silty clay; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; common distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 1, "content": { "text": "3Btg3-31 to 35 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium rounded very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) soft clay bodies pedogenic throughout and few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 2, "content": { "text": "3Btg4-35 to 42 in; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) crushed, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; few medium rounded white (10YR 8/1) soft nests of gypsum pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 3, "content": { "text": "3Btg5/E-42 to 54 in; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR~4/2) moist clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR~3/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 4, "content": { "text": "3Btg6/E-54 to 69 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common coarse prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous dark grayish brown(10YR 4/2) moist silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N 2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 5, "content": { "text": "3Btg7/E-69 to 86 in; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) exterior, silty clay loam; common coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4.) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine moderate continuity tubular pores; few faint discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, silt coats in root channels and/or pores; common fine rounded black (N~2/0) soft iron/manganese concretions pedogenic throughout and few medium irregular brown (10YR 5/3) soft clay bodies pedogenic in cracks; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 in thick)", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "paragraph", "id": 6, "content": { "text": "3Btg8/E-86 to 97 in; 80% light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) exterior, and 15% yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), exterior, and 5% strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), exterior, silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse", "html": "", "markdown": "" } }, { "coordinates": [ [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] ], "category": "footer", "id": 7, "content": { "text": "Soil Formation | 27", "html": "", "markdown": "" } } ] } }