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bio_001 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 1.1 The Science of Biology | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: What is biology? In simple terms, biology is the study of life. This is a very broad definition because the scope of biology is vast. Biologists may study anything from the microscopic or submicroscopic view of a cell to ecosystems and the whole living p... | [
"biology",
"science",
"scientific method",
"study",
"method"
] | [
"the effect",
"general law",
"scientific method",
"this method",
"verified theory",
"the scientific"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-1-the-science-of-biology | 498 |
bio_002 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: The endomembrane system (endo = âwithinâ) is a group of membranes and organelles ( Figure 4.18 ) in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, and vesicles,... | [
"rer",
"endomembrane system",
"4.18",
"( figure",
"cell",
"proteins"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/4-4-the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins | 491 |
bio_003 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: If oxygen is available, aerobic respiration will go forward. In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into the mitochondria, which are the sites of cellular respiration. There, pyruvate is transformed ... | [
"pyruvate",
"coa",
"step",
"acetyl group",
"pathway",
"citric acid cycle",
"first"
] | [
"step"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/7-3-oxidation-of-pyruvate-and-the-citric-acid-cycle | 489 |
bio_004 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: The length of the cell cycle is highly variable, even within the cells of a single organism. In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to ... | [
"cell",
"cell cycle",
"cell division",
"events",
"hgh",
"length"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/10-3-control-of-the-cell-cycle | 466 |
bio_005 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Eukaryotic genomes are much more complex and larger in size than prokaryotic genomes. Eukaryotes also have a number of different linear chromosomes. The human genome has 3 billion base pairs per haploid set of chromosomes, and 6 billion base pairs are re... | [
"replication",
"dna",
"eukaryotes",
"chromosomes",
"origin",
"prokaryotes"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/14-5-dna-replication-in-eukaryotes | 484 |
bio_006 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 17.1 Biotechnology | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Biotechnology is the use of biological agents for technological advancement. Biotechnology was used for breeding livestock and crops long before people understood the scientific basis of these techniques. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA in 19... | [
"dna",
"rna",
"nucleic acids",
"biotechnology",
"cells",
"enzymes",
"macromolecules"
] | [
"to understand the basic",
"researchers use various",
"most nucleic acid extraction",
"gel electrophoresis is a"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/17-1-biotechnology | 495 |
bio_007 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Viruses are diverse entities: They vary in structure, methods of replication, and the hosts they infect. Nearly all forms of lifeâfrom prokaryotic bacteria and archaeans, to eukaryotes such as plants, animals, and fungiâhave viruses that infect them.... | [
"viruses",
"first",
"structure",
"evolutionary history",
"virus origins",
"development",
"disease"
] | [
"reasonable hypothesis",
"such hypothesis",
"regressive hypothesis",
"many components of how this"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/21-1-viral-evolution-morphology-and-classification | 499 |
bio_008 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 24.2 Classifications of Fungi | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: The kingdom Fungi contains five major phyla that were established according to their mode of sexual reproduction or using molecular data. Unrelated fungi that reproduce without a sexual cycle, were once placed for convenience in a sixth group, the Deuter... | [
"chytrids",
"fungi",
"some species",
"zygomycetes",
"sexual reproduction",
"land"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/24-2-classifications-of-fungi | 493 |
bio_009 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Scientists have developed a classification scheme that categorizes all members of the animal kingdom, although there are exceptions to most ârulesâ governing animal classification ( Figure 27.6 ). Animals have been traditionally classified according ... | [
"( figure",
"27.7",
"symmetry",
"body plan",
"mouth",
"animals"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/27-2-features-used-to-classify-animals | 488 |
bio_010 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 29.5 Birds | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: With over 10,000 identified species, the birds are the most speciose of the land vertebrate classes. Abundant research has shown that birds are really an extant clade that evolved from maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs about 150 million years ago. Thus, ev... | [
"feathers",
"birds",
"wings",
"barbules",
"insulation",
"flight"
] | [
"and constant"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/29-5-birds | 486 |
bio_011 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 32.3 Asexual Reproduction | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Many plants are able to propagate themselves using asexual reproduction. This method does not require the investment required to produce a flower, attract pollinators, or find a means of seed dispersal. Asexual reproduction produces plants that are genet... | [
"asexual reproduction",
"plants",
"some plants",
"rise",
"grafting",
"method",
"place"
] | [
"this method",
"natural method",
"these method",
"this",
"natural",
"these"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/32-3-asexual-reproduction | 490 |
bio_012 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 36.2 Somatosensation | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Somatosensation is a mixed sensory category and includes all sensation received from the skin and mucous membranes, as well from as the limbs and joints. Somatosensation is also known as tactile sense, or more familiarly, as the sense of touch. Somatosen... | [
"skin",
"epidermis",
"mechanoreceptors",
"somatosensation",
"blood vessels",
"dermis",
"free nerve endings"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/36-2-somatosensation | 498 |
bio_013 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: The structure of the lung maximizes its surface area to increase gas diffusion. Because of the enormous number of alveoli (approximately 300 million in each human lung), the surface area of the lung is very large (75 m 2 ). Having such a large surface ar... | [
"air",
"lungs",
"amount",
"gas exchange",
"diffusion",
"oxygen",
"mixture"
] | [
"diffusion is a"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/39-2-gas-exchange-across-respiratory-surfaces | 484 |
bio_014 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 42.3 Antibodies | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: An antibody , also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a protein that is produced by plasma cells after stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies are the functional basis of humoral immunity. Antibodies occur in the blood, in gastric and mucus secretions, an... | [
"antibody",
"antibodies",
"antigen",
"all antibodies",
"heavy chain",
"plasma cells"
] | [
"of constant",
"the constant",
"repeated constant",
"identical constant",
"three constant",
"four constant"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/42-3-antibodies | 480 |
bio_015 | biology | openstax_biology-2e | 45.1 Population Demography | By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Populations are dynamic entities. A population consists of all of the individuals of a particular species that occur in a particular area and have the potential to interact with one another. Populations fluctuate based on a number of factors: seasonal an... | [
"populations",
"individuals",
"habitat",
"population size",
"particular species"
] | [
"this method",
"of method",
"this",
"a variety of"
] | https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/45-1-population-demography | 489 |
che_001 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 1.1 Chemistry in Context | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Throughout human history, people have tried to convert matter into more useful forms. Our Stone Age ancestors chipped pieces of flint into useful tools and carved wood into statues and toys. These endeavors involved changing the shape of a substance without changing the ... | [
"matter",
"drugs",
"substance",
"humans",
"pottery",
"fire"
] | [
"and more elaborate smelting",
"step",
"he later developed a"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-1-chemistry-in-context | 496 |
che_002 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory | By the end of this section, you will be able to: If matter is composed of atoms, what are atoms composed of? Are they the smallest particles, or is there something smaller? In the late 1800s, a number of scientists interested in questions like these investigated the electrical discharges that could be produced in low-p... | [
"atoms",
"thomson",
"charges",
"millikan",
"1.6 10",
"apparatus"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-2-evolution-of-atomic-theory | 500 |
che_003 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 3.3 Molarity | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Preceding sections of this chapter focused on the composition of substances: samples of matter that contain only one type of element or compound. However, mixturesâsamples of matter containing two or more substances physically combinedâare more commonly encountered i... | [
"solutions",
"relative amount",
"solvent",
"mixture",
"composition"
] | [
"its effect",
"pharmacological effect"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/3-3-molarity | 483 |
che_004 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 5.1 Energy Basics | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Chemical changes and their accompanying changes in energy are important parts of our everyday world ( Figure 5.2 ). The macronutrients in food (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) undergo metabolic reactions that provide the energy to keep our bodies functioning. We burn ... | [
"energy",
"plants",
"food",
"work",
"bodies",
"fuels",
"raw materials"
] | [
"better method",
"thermochemical principle",
"is the"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-1-energy-basics | 476 |
che_005 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 7.1 Ionic Bonding | By the end of this section, you will be able to: As you have learned, ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in i... | [
"ions",
"ionic bonds",
"water",
"ionic compounds",
"anions",
"properties",
"one or more electrons"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-1-ionic-bonding | 490 |
che_006 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 8.3 Multiple Bonds | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The hybrid orbital model appears to account well for the geometry of molecules involving single covalent bonds. Is it also capable of describing molecules containing double and triple bonds? We have already discussed that multiple bonds consist of Ï and Ï bonds. Next w... | [
"hybridization",
"molecules",
"ï bond",
"electrons",
"each carbon atom",
"sp 2 hybrid orbitals"
] | [
"orbital model",
"bond theory",
"orbital theory"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/8-3-multiple-bonds | 728 |
che_007 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT , has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. As mentioned in the previous modules... | [
"gas",
"volume",
"molecules",
"ideal gas law",
"pressure",
"nrt",
"behavior",
"ideal gas behavior"
] | [
"gas law",
"is constant",
"at constant",
"less effect",
"different equation",
"there are several different"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/9-6-non-ideal-gas-behavior | 486 |
che_008 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 11.2 Electrolytes | By the end of this section, you will be able to: When some substances are dissolved in water, they undergo either a physical or a chemical change that yields ions in solution. These substances constitute an important class of compounds called electrolytes . Substances that do not yield ions when dissolved are called no... | [
"ions",
"water",
"solution",
"electricity",
"substances",
"ionic compounds"
] | [
"if the physical or chemical",
"producing",
"this"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/11-2-electrolytes | 678 |
che_009 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The rate laws discussed thus far relate the rate and the concentrations of reactants. We can also determine a second form of each rate law that relates the concentrations of reactants and time. These are called integrated rate laws . We can use an integrated rate law to ... | [
"80.0%",
"first",
"integrated rate law",
"reaction",
"equation",
"concentration",
"initial concentration"
] | [
"rate law",
"an equation",
"rate constant",
"this equation",
"this",
"results in an"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-4-integrated-rate-laws | 481 |
che_010 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in cont... | [
"acid",
"water",
"proton",
"compound",
"base",
"ammonia"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-1-bronsted-lowry-acids-and-bases | 462 |
che_011 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases | By the end of this section, you will be able to: In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond. A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when o... | [
"complex ion",
"coordinate covalent bond",
"reaction",
"pair",
"electrons",
"formation",
"lewis acid"
] | [
"these equation",
"equilibrium constant",
"formation constant",
"stability constant",
"dissociation constant",
"the equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/15-2-lewis-acids-and-bases | 782 |
che_012 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 17.2 Galvanic Cells | By the end of this section, you will be able to: As demonstration of spontaneous chemical change, Figure 17.2 shows the result of immersing a coiled wire of copper into an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. A gradual but visually impressive change spontaneously occurs as the initially colorless solution becomes increa... | [
"half",
"electrode",
"salt bridge",
"copper",
"aqueous solution",
"oxidation"
] | [
"these equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/17-2-galvanic-cells | 487 |
che_013 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids | By the end of this section, you will be able to: A series of six elements called the metalloids separate the metals from the nonmetals in the periodic table. The metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. These elements look metallic; however, they do not conduct electricity as well as ... | [
"metals",
"boron",
"metalloids",
"nonmetals",
"silicon",
"antimony",
"chemical behavior"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/18-3-structure-and-general-properties-of-the-metalloids | 478 |
che_014 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Sulfur exists in nature as elemental deposits as well as sulfides of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, barium, and magnesium. Hydrogen sulfide is often a component of natural gas and occurs in many volcanic gases, like those shown in Figure 1... | [
"sulfur",
"oxygen",
"2â",
"air",
"hydrogen sulfide",
"natural gas",
"liquid sulfur"
] | [
"chemical equation",
"the frasch",
"and so the true"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/18-10-occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-sulfur | 345 |
che_015 | chemistry | openstax_chemistry-2e | 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Another class of organic molecules contains a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond, commonly called a carbonyl group. The trigonal planar carbon in the carbonyl group can attach to two other substituents leading to several subfamilies (aldehydes, keto... | [
"carbonyl group",
"carbon atom",
"ketones",
"oxygen atom",
"aldehydes",
"double bond",
"both aldehydes"
] | [
"nomenclature rule",
"specific rule"
] | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters | 472 |
com_001 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 1.1 Computer Science | The field of computer science (CS) is the study of computing , which includes all phenomena related to computers, such as the Internet. With foundations in engineering and mathematics, computer science focuses on studying algorithms. An algorithm is a sequence of precise instructions that enables computing. This includ... | [
"algorithm",
"computer science",
"today",
"computing",
"computers"
] | [
"cooking method",
"computer science focuses on studying",
"by studying and applying",
"and other technological",
"the concept of an",
"let us consider binary search"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-1-computer-science | 496 |
com_002 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 2.1 Computational Thinking | This chapter presents key aspects of computational thinking, including logical thinking, assessment, decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, generalization, componentization, and automation. These elements guide how computer scientists approach problems and create well-designed solution building blocks at both... | [
"computational thinking",
"complex problems",
"problem",
"solutions",
"abstraction",
"generalization"
] | [
"in principle",
"their effect",
"adopting effect",
"of method",
"solving and cognitive",
"thought"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-1-computational-thinking | 490 |
com_003 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 3.3 Formal Properties of Algorithms | Beyond analyzing an algorithm by examining its outputs, computer scientists are also interested in examining its efficiency by performing an algorithmic runtime analysis , a study of how much time it takes to run an algorithm. If you have access to a runnable program, perhaps the most practical way to perform a runtime... | [
"program",
"algorithm",
"performance bugs",
"efficiency",
"experimental analysis",
"algorithmic runtime analysis",
"internet"
] | [
"particularly effect",
"beyond analyzing an",
"evaluates an",
"designing more efficient",
"but once an"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/3-3-formal-properties-of-algorithms | 498 |
com_004 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 4.1 Models of Computation | Algorithms are used to solve computational problems and create computational models. A computational model is a system that defines what an algorithm does and how to run it. Examples of such computational models include physical devices that can run software, programming languages, or a design specification of such. A ... | [
"hardware models",
"algorithm",
"computational models",
"examples",
"programming languages"
] | [
"computational model",
"hardware model",
"reduce model",
"abstract model",
"conceptual model",
"programming model"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-1-models-of-computation | 495 |
com_005 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 5.1 Computer Systems Organization | At its core, a computer system is an electronic device that does computations. These computations appear to the outside world as executing programs. When you play a game, listen to a song, or browse the web, you are instructing your computer to do computations. You may wonder how does the computer function and how do t... | [
"computations",
"computer",
"data",
"internet",
"computer system",
"programs",
"your computer"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-1-computer-systems-organization | 466 |
com_006 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 5.5 Memory Hierarchy | For the processor to do its job, which is doing the calculations, it must be fed instructions and data. This means the overall performance depends on both the calculationâs speed and the speed by which data and instructions are received. No matter how fast your processor is, you do not get good performance if the str... | [
"memory",
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"processor",
"instructions",
"researchers",
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] | [
"for the",
"no matter how fast your",
"or leading to better"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-5-memory-hierarchy | 479 |
com_007 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 6.3 Processes and Concurrency | As we mentioned before, the OS divides the tasks it needs to perform into processes. It would be a waste of time for every process to wait until the current process completes. Instead, the OS performs more than one task at the same time, or concurrently. The computing model that improves performance when multiple proce... | [
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] | [
"computing model",
"to wait until the current",
"we learn about",
"and interact with other",
"and another machine or",
"remote"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/6-3-processes-and-concurrency | 496 |
com_008 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 7.1 Programming Language Foundations | A high-level programming language is designed to be easy for humans to read, write, and understand. It abstracts away most of the complexities of the underlying hardware and machine code, allowing programmers to focus on solving problems and designing software without needing to manage the low-level details of the comp... | [
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"programmers",
"hll concepts",
"humans",
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"many hlls",
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] | [
"them effect",
"central principle"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-1-programming-language-foundations | 457 |
com_009 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 8.1 Data Management Focus | In the current digital world, collecting information and facts that are stored digitally by a computer, or data , is a straightforward process. There are many direct and indirect ways, such as social media, that support the data collection process. A large amount of data is collected every day, every hour, and every mi... | [
"data",
"information",
"knowledge",
"study",
"your data",
"social media"
] | [
"data effect",
"the principle",
"using hypothesis",
"is a straightforward",
"that support the data collection",
"modifying the hiring"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-1-data-management-focus | 496 |
com_010 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 8.5 Data Warehousing, Data Lakes, and Business Intelligence | With the proliferation of data, new techniques that store and handle the data are required. Data warehousing and data lakes are used for storing big data. Business intelligence analyzes gathered data in data warehouses and data lakes to improve strategic decision-making. In the late 1980s, the concept of data warehouse... | [
"data",
"data warehouse",
"schema",
"star schema",
"snowflake schema",
"fact constellation"
] | [
"data model",
"making",
"the next"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-5-data-warehousing-data-lakes-and-business-intelligence | 497 |
com_011 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 9.2 Software Engineering Process | Imagine a recipe for building software. There are different ways to cook the same dish, but most recipes follow a basic structure with steps like gathering ingredients, preparing them, cooking, and serving. Software engineering processes are similar. They provide a structured approach to creating software applications.... | [
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"years",
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] | [
"process model",
"sdlc method",
"software engineering",
"various software engineering",
"that",
"framework includes a set of"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/9-2-software-engineering-process | 488 |
com_012 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 10.3 Solution Architecture Management | The process of managing, designing, and describing the solution engineering in relation to specific business problems is called solution architecture management . A solutions architect manager is responsible for building teams, establishing relationships, setting strategy, and measuring and delivering results for any p... | [
"solution architecture management",
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"chapter 9 software engineering",
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] | [
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"the software",
"software engineering",
"various"
] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/10-3-solution-architecture-management | 485 |
com_013 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 11.4 Sample Responsive WAD with Bootstrap/React and Django | Previously, you learned how to build a Todo web application using Bootstrap and Django and then using Bootstrap with React and Node . This section will review the steps required to update the Todo web application using Bootstrap with React and Django. In this section, the Todo web application implemented will build on ... | [
"django",
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"react application",
"todo web application",
"bootstrap",
"following code",
"react",
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-4-sample-responsive-wad-with-bootstrap-react-and-django | 600 |
com_014 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 12.3 Example PaaS and FaaS Deployments of Cloud-Native Applications | This module focuses on building sample applications that illustrate the steps taken to deploy sample applications using various cloud deployment technologies. The first section focuses on how to build a sample cloud-native application on a PaaS platform. The sample application provided illustrates the use of microservi... | [
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-3-example-paas-and-faas-deployments-of-cloud-native-applications | 489 |
com_015 | computer_science | openstax_introduction-computer-science | 13.4 Towards Intelligent Autonomous Networked Super Systems | Recent advances with superintelligent AI allow for the seamless vision of incorporating networked autonomous systems into reality. These systems, known as intelligent autonomous networked supersystems (IANS) , are becoming the next major development for chained computing, where intelligent chains of autonomous machines... | [
"metaverse",
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"recent advances",
"web",
"blockchain"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-4-towards-intelligent-autonomous-networked-super-systems | 453 |
eco_001 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 1.1 What Is Economics, and Why Is It Important? | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Economics is the study of how humans make decisions in the face of scarcity. These can be individual decisions, family decisions, business decisions or societal decisions. If you look around carefully, you will see that scarcity is a fact of life. Scarcity means that hum... | [
"scarcity",
"services",
"data",
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/1-1-what-is-economics-and-why-is-it-important | 495 |
eco_002 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 3.3 Changes in Equilibrium Price and Quantity: The Four-Step Process | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Letâs begin this discussion with a single economic event. It might be an event that affects demand, like a change in income, population, tastes, prices of substitutes or complements, or expectations about future prices. It might be an event that affects supply, like a ... | [
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"this model",
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"demand"
] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/3-3-changes-in-equilibrium-price-and-quantity-the-four-step-process | 499 |
eco_003 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 5.4 Elasticity in Areas Other Than Price | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The basic idea of elasticityâhow a percentage change in one variable causes a percentage change in another variableâdoes not just apply to the responsiveness of quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in the price of a product. Recall that quantity demande... | [
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/5-4-elasticity-in-areas-other-than-price | 478 |
eco_004 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 8.2 How Perfectly Competitive Firms Make Output Decisions | A perfectly competitive firm has only one major decision to makeânamely, what quantity to produce. To understand this, consider a different way of writing out the basic definition of profit : Since a perfectly competitive firm must accept the price for its output as determined by the productâs market demand and sup... | [
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] | [
"profit equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/8-2-how-perfectly-competitive-firms-make-output-decisions | 497 |
eco_005 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 11.3 Regulating Natural Monopolies | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Most true monopolies today in the U.S. are regulated, natural monopolies. A natural monopoly poses a difficult challenge for competition policy, because the structure of costs and demand makes competition unlikely or costly. A natural monopoly arises when average costs a... | [
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/11-3-regulating-natural-monopolies | 496 |
eco_006 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 13.2 How Governments Can Encourage Innovation | A number of different government policies can increase the incentives to innovate, including: guaranteeing intellectual property rights, government assistance with the costs of research and development, and cooperative research ventures between universities and companies. One way to increase new technology is to guaran... | [
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] | [
"copyright law",
"alternative method",
"alternative"
] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/13-2-how-governments-can-encourage-innovation | 495 |
eco_007 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 15.3 The Safety Net | The U.S. government has implemented a number of programs to assist those below the poverty line and those who have incomes just above the poverty line. Such programs are called the safety net , to recognize that they offer some protection for those who find themselves without jobs or income. From the Great Depression u... | [
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] | [
"into law",
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] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/15-3-the-safety-net | 498 |
eco_008 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 18.2 Special Interest Politics | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Many political issues are of intense interest to a relatively small group, as we noted above. For example, many U.S. drivers do not much care where their car tires were madeâthey just want good quality as inexpensively as possible. In September 2009, President Obama an... | [
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"taxes",
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"30 percent"
] | [
"environmental rule",
"this rule",
"write law",
"or rule"
] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/18-2-special-interest-politics | 479 |
eco_009 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 20.3 Components of Economic Growth | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Over decades and generations, seemingly small differences of a few percentage points in the annual rate of economic growth make an enormous difference in GDP per capita. In this module, we discuss some of the components of economic growth, including physical capital, hum... | [
"physical capital",
"technology",
"gdp",
"capita",
"population",
"economic growth",
"human capital"
] | [
"new method"
] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/20-3-components-of-economic-growth | 489 |
eco_010 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 23.1 Measuring Trade Balances | By the end of this section, you will be able to: A few decades ago, it was common to track the solid or physical items that planes, trains, and trucks transported between countries as a way of measuring the balance of trade. Economists call this measurement the merchandise trade balance . In most high-income economies,... | [
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"data",
"balance",
"goods",
"services",
"bea"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/23-1-measuring-trade-balances | 489 |
eco_011 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 24.4 Shifts in Aggregate Demand | As we mentioned previously, the components of aggregate demand are consumption spending (C), investment spending (I), government spending (G), and spending on exports (X) minus imports (M). (Read the following Clear It Up feature for explanation of why imports are subtracted from exports and what this means for aggrega... | [
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] | [
"the equation",
"demand equation",
"we have seen that the"
] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/24-4-shifts-in-aggregate-demand | 491 |
eco_012 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 26.3 Balancing Keynesian and Neoclassical Models | We can compare finding the balance between Keynesian and Neoclassical models to the challenge of riding two horses simultaneously. When a circus performer stands on two horses, with a foot on each one, much of the excitement for the viewer lies in contemplating the gap between the two. As modern macroeconomists ride in... | [
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"neoclassical model",
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] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/26-3-balancing-keynesian-and-neoclassical-models | 498 |
eco_013 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 29.1 How the Foreign Exchange Market Works | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Most countries have different currencies, but not all. Sometimes small economies use an economically larger neighbor's currency. For example, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama have decided to dollarize âthat is, to use the U.S. dollar as their currency. Sometimes nation... | [
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"foreign exchange market",
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/29-1-how-the-foreign-exchange-market-works | 477 |
eco_014 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 30.7 The Question of a Balanced Budget | By the end of this section, you will be able to: For many decades, going back to the 1930s, various legislators have put forward proposals to require that the U.S. government balance its budget every year. In 1995, a proposed constitutional amendment that would require a balanced budget passed the U.S. House of Represe... | [
"government",
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"every year",
"decades",
"many decades",
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/30-7-the-question-of-a-balanced-budget | 697 |
eco_015 | economics | openstax_principles-economics-3e | 32.5 Balance of Trade Concerns | In the 1950s and 1960s, and even into the 1970s, low- and middle-income countries often viewed openness to global flows of goods, services, and financial capital in a negative light. These countries feared that foreign trade would mean both economic losses as high-income trading partners "exploited" their economy and t... | [
"trade",
"goods",
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"issues",
"financial capital",
"countries"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/32-5-balance-of-trade-concerns | 488 |
his_001 | history | openstax_us-history | 1.1 The Americas | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Most Native American origin stories assert that Native nations have always called the Americas home; however, some scholars believe that between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, a land bridge existed between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The firs... | [
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"north america",
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"settlers",
"south america",
"researchers"
] | [
"migration theory"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/1-1-the-americas | 488 |
his_002 | history | openstax_us-history | 3.3 English Settlements in America | By the end of this section, you will be able to: At the start of the seventeenth century, the English had not established a permanent settlement in the Americas. Over the next century, however, they outpaced their rivals. The English encouraged emigration far more than the Spanish, French, or Dutch. They established ne... | [
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"chesapeake bay"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/3-3-english-settlements-in-america | 475 |
his_003 | history | openstax_us-history | 5.3 The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Colonistsâ joy over the repeal of the Stamp Act and what they saw as their defense of liberty did not last long. The Declaratory Act of 1766 had articulated Great Britainâs supreme authority over the colonies, and Parliament soon began exercising that authority. In 1... | [
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"stamp act",
"duties",
"tea"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/5-3-the-townshend-acts-and-colonial-protest | 482 |
his_004 | history | openstax_us-history | 7.3 Debating Democracy | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The task of creating republican governments in each of the former colonies, now independent states, presented a new opportunity for American revolutionaries to define themselves anew after casting off British control. On the state and national levels, citizens of the new... | [
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"1776",
"new united states",
"how much democracy",
"majority rule",
"government"
] | [
"majority rule"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/7-3-debating-democracy | 489 |
his_005 | history | openstax_us-history | 9.4 A New Social Order: Class Divisions | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The profound economic changes sweeping the United States led to equally important social and cultural transformations. The formation of distinct classes, especially in the rapidly industrializing North, was one of the most striking developments. The unequal distribution ... | [
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"europe",
"merchants",
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] | [
"new law"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/9-4-a-new-social-order-class-divisions | 493 |
his_006 | history | openstax_us-history | 11.4 The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Tensions between the United States and Mexico rapidly deteriorated in the 1840s as American expansionists eagerly eyed Mexican land to the west, including the lush northern Mexican province of California. Indeed, in 1842, a U.S. naval fleet, incorrectly believing war had... | [
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"california",
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/11-4-the-mexican-american-war-1846-1848 | 467 |
his_007 | history | openstax_us-history | 13.4 Addressing Slavery | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The issue of slavery proved especially combustible in the reform-minded antebellum United States. Those who hoped to end slavery had different ideas about how to do it. Some could not envision a biracial society and advocated sending Black people to Africa or the Caribbe... | [
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] | [
"best method"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/13-4-addressing-slavery | 487 |
his_008 | history | openstax_us-history | 15.4 The Union Triumphant | By the end of this section, you will be able to: By the outset of 1864, after three years of war, the Union had mobilized its resources for the ongoing struggle on a massive scale. The government had overseen the construction of new railroad lines and for the first time used standardized rail tracks that allowed the No... | [
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"north",
"confederacy",
"union",
"great britain",
"france",
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] | [
"wartime model"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/15-4-the-union-triumphant | 491 |
his_009 | history | openstax_us-history | 18.1 Inventors of the Age | By the end of this section, you will be able to: The late nineteenth century was an energetic era of inventions and entrepreneurial spirit. Building upon the mid-century Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, as well as answering the increasing call from Americans for efficiency and comfort, the country found itself i... | [
"inventions",
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"one-half",
"americans",
"efficiency",
"comfort",
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/18-1-inventors-of-the-age | 486 |
his_010 | history | openstax_us-history | 20.2 The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold | By the end of this section, you will be able to: Although Hayesâ questionable ascendancy to the presidency did not create political corruption in the nationâs capital, it did set the stage for politically motivated agendas and widespread inefficiency in the White House for the next twenty-four years. Weak president... | [
"patronage",
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"presidents",
"four years",
"repaying favors"
] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/20-2-the-key-political-issues-patronage-tariffs-and-gold | 475 |
his_011 | history | openstax_us-history | 22.3 Economic Imperialism in East Asia | By the end of this section, you will be able to: While American forays into empire building began with military action, the country concurrently grew its scope and influence through other methods as well. In particular, the United States used its economic and industrial capacity to add to its empire, as can be seen in ... | [
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] | [
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] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/22-3-economic-imperialism-in-east-asia | 494 |
his_012 | history | openstax_us-history | 24.2 Transformation and Backlash | By the end of this section, you will be able to: While prosperous, middle-class Americans found much to celebrate about the new era of leisure and consumption, many Americansâoften those in rural areasâdisagreed on the meaning of a âgood lifeâ and how to achieve it. They reacted to the rapid social changes of m... | [
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] | [
"harvard law"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/24-2-transformation-and-backlash | 499 |
his_013 | history | openstax_us-history | 26.3 The Second New Deal | Roosevelt won his second term in a landslide, but that did not mean he was immune to criticism. His critics came from both the left and the right, with conservatives deeply concerned over his expansion of government spending and power, and liberals angered that he had not done more to help those still struggling. Addin... | [
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] | [] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/26-3-the-second-new-deal | 468 |
his_014 | history | openstax_us-history | 28.5 The African American Struggle for Civil Rights | By the end of this section, you will be able to: In the aftermath of World War II, African Americans began to mount organized resistance to racially discriminatory policies in force throughout much of the United States. In the South, they used a combination of legal challenges and grassroots activism to begin dismantli... | [
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] | [
"court rule"
] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/28-5-the-african-american-struggle-for-civil-rights | 486 |
his_015 | history | openstax_us-history | 30.5 Jimmy Carter in the Aftermath of the Storm | By the end of this section, you will be able to: At his inauguration in January 1977, President Jimmy Carter began his speech by thanking outgoing president Gerald Ford for all he had done to âhealâ the scars left by Watergate. American gratitude had not been great enough to return Ford to the Oval Office, but enth... | [
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] | [
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] | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/30-5-jimmy-carter-in-the-aftermath-of-the-storm | 488 |
mat_001 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 1.1 Review of Functions | In this section, we provide a formal definition of a function and examine several ways in which functions are representedânamely, through tables, formulas, and graphs. We study formal notation and terms related to functions. We also define composition of functions and symmetry properties. Most of this material will b... | [
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] | [
"the rule",
"this equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-1-review-of-functions | 499 |
mat_002 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 1.3 Trigonometric Functions | Trigonometric functions are used to model many phenomena, including sound waves, vibrations of strings, alternating electrical current, and the motion of pendulums. In fact, almost any repetitive, or cyclical, motion can be modeled by some combination of trigonometric functions. In this section, we define the six basic... | [
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] | [
"to model",
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] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-3-trigonometric-functions | 486 |
mat_003 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 2.1 A Preview of Calculus | As we embark on our study of calculus, we shall see how its development arose from common solutions to practical problems in areas such as engineering physicsâlike the space travel problem posed in the chapter opener. Two key problems led to the initial formulation of calculus: (1) the tangent problem, or how to dete... | [
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] | [
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] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/2-1-a-preview-of-calculus | 483 |
mat_004 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 2.4 Continuity | Many functions have the property that their graphs can be traced with a pencil without lifting the pencil from the page. Such functions are called continuous . Other functions have points at which a break in the graph occurs, but satisfy this property over intervals contained in their domains. They are continuous on th... | [
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"established theorem",
"following theorem",
"the following"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/2-4-continuity | 495 |
mat_005 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 3.2 The Derivative as a Function | As we have seen, the derivative of a function at a given point gives us the rate of change or slope of the tangent line to the function at that point. If we differentiate a position function at a given time, we obtain the velocity at that time. It seems reasonable to conclude that knowing the derivative of the function... | [
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mat_006 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions | One of the most important types of motion in physics is simple harmonic motion, which is associated with such systems as an object with mass oscillating on a spring. Simple harmonic motion can be described by using either sine or cosine functions. In this section we expand our knowledge of derivative formulas to includ... | [
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] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/3-5-derivatives-of-trigonometric-functions | 427 |
mat_007 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 3.8 Implicit Differentiation | We have already studied how to find equations of tangent lines to functions and the rate of change of a function at a specific point. In all these cases we had the explicit equation for the function and differentiated these functions explicitly. Suppose instead that we want to determine the equation of a tangent line t... | [
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] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/3-8-implicit-differentiation | 447 |
mat_008 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 4.2 Linear Approximations and Differentials | We have just seen how derivatives allow us to compare related quantities that are changing over time. In this section, we examine another application of derivatives: the ability to approximate functions locally by linear functions. Linear functions are the easiest functions with which to work, so they provide a useful ... | [
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] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/4-2-linear-approximations-and-differentials | 486 |
mat_009 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 4.5 Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph | Earlier in this chapter we stated that if a function has a local extremum at a point then must be a critical point of However, a function is not guaranteed to have a local extremum at a critical point. For example, has a critical point at since is zero at but does not have a local extremum at Using the results from the... | [
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] | [
"value theorem"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/4-5-derivatives-and-the-shape-of-a-graph | 491 |
mat_010 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 4.9 Newton’s Method | In many areas of pure and applied mathematics, we are interested in finding solutions to an equation of the form For most functions, however, it is difficultâif not impossibleâto calculate their zeroes explicitly. In this section, we take a look at a technique that provides a very efficient way of approximating the... | [
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"this method",
"rewrite equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/4-9-newtons-method | 493 |
mat_011 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 5.2 The Definite Integral | In the preceding section we defined the area under a curve in terms of Riemann sums: However, this definition came with restrictions. We required to be continuous and nonnegative. Unfortunately, real-world problems donât always meet these restrictions. In this section, we look at how to apply the concept of the area ... | [
"definite integral",
"integration",
"function",
"limit",
"area",
"curve"
] | [
"following theorem"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/5-2-the-definite-integral | 499 |
mat_012 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 5.5 Substitution | The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gave us a method to evaluate integrals without using Riemann sums. The drawback of this method, though, is that we must be able to find an antiderivative, and this is not always easy. In this section we examine a technique, called integration by substitution , to help us find antider... | [
"integrand",
"substitution",
"integration",
"method",
"antiderivative",
"integral",
"variables"
] | [
"fundamental theorem",
"this method",
"the method",
"integration rule",
"the theorem",
"power rule"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/5-5-substitution | 603 |
mat_013 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 6.1 Areas between Curves | In Introduction to Integration , we developed the concept of the definite integral to calculate the area below a curve on a given interval. In this section, we expand that idea to calculate the area of more complex regions. We start by finding the area between two curves that are functions of beginning with the simple ... | [
"area",
"interval",
"functions",
"graphs",
"two curves",
"continuous functions"
] | [
"following theorem",
"this theorem",
"we modify the",
"we study this"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/6-1-areas-between-curves | 488 |
mat_014 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 6.4 Arc Length of a Curve and Surface Area | In this section, we use definite integrals to find the arc length of a curve. We can think of arc length as the distance you would travel if you were walking along the path of the curve. Many real-world applications involve arc length. If a rocket is launched along a parabolic path, we might want to know how far the ro... | [
"arc length",
"curve",
"length",
"change",
"interval",
"functions",
"line segment"
] | [
"pythagorean theorem",
"value theorem",
"following theorem"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/6-4-arc-length-of-a-curve-and-surface-area | 500 |
mat_015 | mathematics | openstax_calculus-volume-1 | 6.7 Integrals, Exponential Functions, and Logarithms | We already examined exponential functions and logarithms in earlier chapters. However, we glossed over some key details in the previous discussions. For example, we did not study how to treat exponential functions with exponents that are irrational. The definition of the number e is another area where the previous deve... | [
"natural logarithm",
"function",
"concepts",
"exponential functions",
"logarithms",
"definition"
] | [
"fundamental theorem",
"calculus that",
"calculus",
"we derive differentiation",
"the following differentiation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/6-7-integrals-exponential-functions-and-logarithms | 490 |
phy_001 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 1.2 Physical Quantities and Units | The range of objects and phenomena studied in physics is immense. From the incredibly short lifetime of a nucleus to the age of the Earth, from the tiny sizes of sub-nuclear particles to the vast distance to the edges of the known universe, from the force exerted by a jumping flea to the force between Earth and the Sun... | [
"units",
"length",
"earth",
"force",
"physical quantities",
"them",
"mass"
] | [
"and equation",
"physical principle",
"specifying method",
"once rule"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-2-physical-quantities-and-units | 494 |
phy_002 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 4.1 Development of Force Concept | Dynamics is the study of the forces that cause objects and systems to move. To understand this, we need a working definition of force. Our intuitive definition of force âthat is, a push or a pullâis a good place to start. We know that a push or pull has both magnitude and direction (therefore, it is a vector quanti... | [
"force",
"rubber band",
"stretch",
"amount",
"push"
] | [
"tail method",
"trigonometric method",
"and effect",
"tail",
"or by trigonometric"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/4-1-development-of-force-concept | 439 |
phy_003 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition | The scientific definition of work differs in some ways from its everyday meaning. Certain things we think of as hard work, such as writing an exam or carrying a heavy load on level ground, are not work as defined by a scientist. The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship to energyâwhenever work is don... | [
"work",
"force",
"motion",
"7.2",
"direction",
"component",
"briefcase"
] | [
"in equation",
"this is expressed in"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-1-work-the-scientific-definition | 492 |
phy_004 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium | The second condition necessary to achieve equilibrium involves avoiding accelerated rotation (maintaining a constant angular velocity). A rotating body or system can be in equilibrium if its rate of rotation is constant and remains unchanged by the forces acting on it. To understand what factors affect rotation, let us... | [
"torque",
"force",
"door",
"hinges",
"9.6",
"rotation",
"direction"
] | [
"is constant",
"how effect",
"more effect",
"most effect",
"the effect",
"in equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/9-2-the-second-condition-for-equilibrium | 489 |
phy_005 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 11.5 Pascal’s Principle | Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Can pressure be increased in a fluid by pushing directly on the fluid? Yes, but it is much easier if the fluid is enclosed. The heart, for example, increases blood pressure by pushing directly on the blood in an enclosed system (valves closed in a chamber). If you try to push... | [
"pressure",
"fluid",
"enclosed fluid",
"pascalâs principle",
"first",
"walls",
"container",
"change"
] | [
"probability theory",
"number theory"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/11-5-pascals-principle | 491 |
phy_006 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 13.5 Phase Changes | Up to now, we have considered the behavior of ideal gases. Real gases are like ideal gases at high temperatures. At lower temperatures, however, the interactions between the molecules and their volumes cannot be ignored. The molecules are very close (condensation occurs) and there is a dramatic decrease in volume, as s... | [
"liquid",
"volume",
"gas",
"pressure",
"molecules",
"temperature",
"graph",
"behavior"
] | [
"gas law"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/13-5-phase-changes | 496 |
phy_007 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations | When you pluck a guitar string, the resulting sound has a steady tone and lasts a long time. Each successive vibration of the string takes the same time as the previous one. We define periodic motion to be a motion that repeats itself at regular time intervals, such as exhibited by the guitar string or by an object on ... | [
"frequency",
"period",
"periodic motion",
"cycle",
"one complete oscillation",
"guitar string",
"half a month"
] | [
"remains constant",
"we can use the"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/16-2-period-and-frequency-in-oscillations | 442 |
phy_008 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 17.7 Ultrasound | Any sound with a frequency above 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz)âthat is, above the highest audible frequencyâis defined to be ultrasound. In practice, it is possible to create ultrasound frequencies up to more than a gigahertz. (Higher frequencies are difficult to create; furthermore, they propagate poorly because they are ... | [
"ultrasound",
"wavelength",
"intensities",
"cavitation",
"frequency",
"applications"
] | [
"producing effect"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/17-7-ultrasound | 486 |
phy_009 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 20.1 Current | Electric current is defined to be the rate at which charge flows. A large current, such as that used to start a truck engine, moves a large amount of charge in a small time, whereas a small current, such as that used to operate a hand-held calculator, moves a small amount of charge over a long period of time. In equati... | [
"charge",
"definition",
"calculators",
"direction",
"electric current",
"large current",
"truck engine"
] | [
"in equation",
"the equation"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/20-1-current | 492 |
phy_010 | physics | openstax_college-physics-2e | 22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field | What is the mechanism by which one magnet exerts a force on another? The answer is related to the fact that all magnetism is caused by current, the flow of charge. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges , and so they exert forces on other magnets, all of which have moving charges. The magnetic force on a moving... | [
"force",
"direction",
"magnetic force",
"charges",
"magnetic field"
] | [
"hand rule",
"the equation",
"important effect",
"we can thus use the"
] | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/22-4-magnetic-field-strength-force-on-a-moving-charge-in-a-magnetic-field | 656 |
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