This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 736937. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Zadanie No. 3.2465.2017/4.6). The authors acknowledge Sim4Life by ZMT software (www.zurichmedtech.com).


Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U24HG001315. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.


This work was supported by the Mayo Foundation, the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Foundation, and NIH grant R01-HL62150 to AHL.


Funding This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (grant numbers 2022YFB3605402, 2022YFB3604301, 2022YFB3605200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 12274360), the Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (grant number SGC2021081)


M. Oren, V. Paslev, and W. Huleihel are with the Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel (e-mails: orenmor@mail.tau.ac.il, veredpaslev@mail.tau.ac.il, wasimh@tauex.tau.ac.il). This work is supported by the ISRAEL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (grant No. 1734/21).


* Supported by the Emmy Noether-program of the German Research Foundation (DFG), KR 4286/1, and ERC Starting Grant 306465 (BeyondWorstCase).


This research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 17-01-00649).


This work was supported by project No. 32030 awarded to M.F., co-financed by COMPETE 2020, Portugal 2020 and the EU through the ERDF, and by FCT (PTDC/BIA-EVL/32030/2017) through national funds, and by the European Research Council (ERC-617457-PHYLOCANCER awarded to D.P.) and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities - MCIU (PID2019-106247GB-I00 awarded to D.P.). J.M.C.-T. is supported by grant no. ISCIII-PI19/01316 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, State Research Agency and Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain), with the participation of the European FEDER fund. We want to thank Sara Rocha for her helpful comments on this work.


We are grateful to Bill Anderson for expert microscopy assistance. The research was supported by NIH grant UM1AI100663 (ABW and DRB), UM1AI144462 (ABW and DRB) and P01 AI110657 (ABW and RWS), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grants OPP1115782 (ABW) and OPP1132237 (RWS), amfAR grant 109514-61-RKVA (MJG). RWS is a recipient of a Vici grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). C.A.C. was supported by NIH F31 Ruth L. Kirschstein Predoctoral Award Al131873 and by the Achievement Rewards College Scientists Foundation.


This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2019YFA0904800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81872800 and 82173746), and the 111 Project (Grant BP0719034).


Funding: No funding was received. | No funding was received.


My utmost gratitude is extended to Bin Shao for preprinting the article upon which this work is based and for open-sourcing the sequence generation model. I thank Vijay Narayan for assistance with the sequence processing scripts and acknowledge Steve Royle, Ricardo Henrique, and Theo Sanderson for this preprint template (available at: https://github.com/quantixed/manuscript-templates). ChatGPT assisted with code generation and debugging. Portions of this work were supported by internal research funding provided by the the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.


This work is financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LZ20E060001) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52176023).


M. F. Ezerman, S. Ling, and B. Özkaya are supported by Nanyang Technological University Research Grant No. 04INS000047C230GRT01. | J. M. Lampos is supported by DOST-ASTHRDP Dissertation Grant and CHED K-12 Transition Program Scholarship for Graduate Studies Abroad. | J. Tharnnukhroh's scholarship is from the Development and Promotion of Science and Technology (DPST) talent project of Thailand.


Funding: This work was supported by the US DOD, ARO grant W911NF-14-1-0359 under subcontract C00045065-4.


Funding. French Industry Ministry (Nano2022 project under IPCEI program); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-MIRSPEC-17- CE09-0041); European Union's Horizon Europe (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement N° 101062518) The fabrication of the device was performed at the Plateforme de Micro-NanoTechnologie/C2N, which is partially funded by the Conseil General de l'Essonne. This work was partly supported by the French RENATECH network.


This research was supported by the 2018 National Key Research and Development Program "Modernization Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine"(2018YFC1707405) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81273946, 81473463, 81774289).


We thank the New Jersey Space Grant Consortium (FMR) and Montclair State University for financial support of this work.


Funding: This manuscript presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR; RP-PG-1210-12016). The views expressed are those of the authors, not those of the UK National Health Service, NIHR or Department of Health. MGF is part funded by NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care North West Coast (NIHR CLAHRC NWC). | Acknowledgements: Participants for their help. Research teams from North West Coast and Clinical Eye Research Centre who helped to identify participants. Our PPI group contributed to the research questions and topic guides, informed analyses and further exploration and one member joined the authorship. Professor Mark Gabbay is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care North West Coast (CLAHRC NWC) . The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care ISDR study group: Deborah M Broadbent (Trial PI), Christopher P Cheyne, Mark Gabbay, Marta García-Fiñana, Simon P Harding (Study Group Chair), Marilyn James, James G Lathe, Tracy Moitt, John R Roberts, Irene M Stratton, Jiten P Vora, Amu Wang. Collaborators: ISDR investigators: Anthony C Fisher, Paula Byrne, Daniel Seddon, Paula Williamson: ISDR Research staff: Duncan Appelbe, Ayesh Alshukri, Darsy Darssan, Antonio Eleuteri, Christopher Grierson, Lola Howard, Susan U Howlin, Mehrdad Mobayen-Rahni, Andy Ovens, Christopher J Sampson, Kate Silvera, David Szmyt, Clare Thetford, Pilar Vazquez-Arango, Abigail E Williams; Patient and Public Involvement Group: John Collins, John Kelly, Peter Lees, Sandra Lees, Emily Doncaster, Betty Williams; Programme and Independent Data Safety Committees: Helen Cooper, Vineeth Kumar, Gideon Smith, Chris Rogers, Alison Rowlands, Julia West, Naveed Younis, Nathalie Massat, Catey Bunce; Liverpool Diabetic Eye Screening Programme: Ticiana Criddle, Stephanie Perrett: Liverpool Clinical Commissioning Group: Lisa Jones.


This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (No. 2019R1A2C208608012, 2018R1A5A1024340, and GIST Research Institute (GRI) grant funded by GIST in 2021.


The authors gratefully acknowledge funding by a grant from the VILLUM Foundation (grant number: 13168) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant number: 771859). The authors acknowledge the Danish Climate Computing Center (DC3) and Roman Nuterman for technical support. The PyCLES code used for the cold pool simulations is accessible at this site (https://github.com/pressel/pycles).


This work was supported by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong China [HKU 17123819 General Research Fund (GRF) to JZ].


This study has been supported by Academy of Finland (grant no. 332920 to O.M. and 333291 and 358425 to L.H.) and Sigrid Juselius Foundation (T.R.).


GW and SBS were supported in this work by NSF award grant #1815664. We thank Amy Reines for the discussions on multi-wavelength analyses to determine the origin of radio emission and Julie Comerford for recommendation of the OSSY catalog to perform our optical spectral analysis. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The NANOGrav collaboration, which funded some components associated with this research, receives support from National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics Frontiers Center award #1430284 and #2020265. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services.


A.K.F. was supported by National Science Foundation grant EF-2222478 and K.E.A. was supported by National Science Foundation grant DEB-2225098. We acknowledge this research was primarily conducted on unceded land of the Cahuilla, Tongva, Luiseño, and Serrano peoples native to Southern California.


These studies were funded by NIH UH2AI122295 (JLF and CMS). CGW was supported by NIH T32AI049820.


Funding: This article was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number 100019_185477 awarded to C.S.M.).


I would like to thank the local organizers for their hospitality and for making the Workshop to be a productive one. I also thank my collaborators in the past years who helped me to discover the beauty in physics of top quark and to invent new ways to study its phenomenology. They are G.L. Kane, G.A. Ladinsky, D.O. Carlson, E. Malkawi, T.M.P. Tait, F. Larios, H.-J. He, L. Diaz-Cruz, S. Mrenna, Q.-H. Cao, K. Tobe, and C.-R. Chen. I apologize that due to the limited space in this write-up, I am not being able to cite all the references in the literature that are relevant to top quark physics, but they can be found collectively in the upcoming TeV4LHC report. This work is supported in part by the U. S. National Science Foundation under award PHY-0244919.


This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Institute Strategic Program Grant funding (BBS/E/D/10002071 and BBS/E/D/20002174); SZ was funded by an Enlightenment Scholarship from the University of Edinburgh.


Luke Zappia is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. Alicia Oshlack is supported through a National Health and Medical Research Council Career Development Fellowship APP1126157. MCRI is supported by the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support Program.


This research was supported by Indian Council of Medical Research, Govt. of India (No.5/4-5/128/Neuro/CAR/2013-NCD-I) and Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India (BT/PR/4054/Med/30/349/2010).


Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Richard Stanley for suggesting the problem of enumerating excedances in pattern-avoiding permutations and for helpful conversations. The first author was partially supported by the MAE. The second author was supported by the NSA and the NSF.


This work was supported by R01GM105668 and P50HD076210 (Core B) from National Institute of Health and a Cornell Vertebrate Genomics Seed grant to A.G.


This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 14-50-00005.


1.4. Acknowledgments. We thank Christin Bibby, Haoyang Guo, James Hotchkiss, Mircea Mustaţă, Will Sawin, John Stembridge, Burt Totaro, and Jesse Wolfson for helpful discussions. Huang was supported by Research Training Grant (RTG): Number Theory and Representation Theory at the University of Michigan while completing this work.


This work was supported by a research grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP#97931 to J.A.M.). H.-M.C. was recipient of CIHR Fredrick Banting and Charles Best Canada and Alberta Graduate Excellence Scholarships.


This work was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS-110865), the Whitehall Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a NARSAD Young Investigator grant, Simons Foundation Pilot Award, Eagle Autism Challenge Pilot Grant, The McCabe Fund Award, The Hartwell Individual Biomedical Research Award to S. C. We thank the members from Chung and Weber labs for helpful discussion.


Couillet's work is supported by the ANR RMT4GRAPH (ANR-14-CE28-0006). | The work of Couillet and Tiomoko Ali is supported by the ANR RMT4GRAPH Project (ANR-14-CE28-0006).


National Science Centre of Poland (DEC-2019/34/A/ST4/00372). | Authors are grateful to MAESTRO project financed from the National Science Centre, Poland, on the basis of decision DEC-2019/34/A/ST4/00372. The experimental study was carried out at the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, established within the project co-financed by European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 2007-2013. S. C. The Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research is thanked for access to computational resources. M. A. C.-T. Thanks Prof. Michael Findlater and Prof. Rebeca Arevalo (University of California, Merced) for helpful discussions about the presented research. R. E. R. L. Is thankful to Prof. Dr. Robert Wolf (Regensburg University) for granting access to his research facilities. Purchase of the SQUID magnetometer was enabled by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, project number 423442764, INST 186/1329-1 FUGG) and the Niedersächsische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (MWK).

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)


This work was supported by NIH grants U54HL127624 (BD2K LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, DCIC), U24TR002278 (Illuminating the Druggable Genome Resource Dissemination and Outreach Center, IDG-RDOC), U01LM012630 (BD2K, Enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of digital curation for biomedical 'big data'), and P30CA240139 (NCI Sylvester Cancer Center Support Grant), and the State of Florida Biomedical Research Program, Bankhead Coley grant 9BC13.


The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760350, 31560350, and 71963020), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0301102), the Training Program for Academic and Technical Leaders in Major Discipline in Jiangxi Province (20204BCJL22044), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20202BABL205020), the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province (20171ACF60018 and 20192ACB60003), the Modern Agricultural Scientific Research Collaborative Innovation Special Project of Jiangxi Province (JXXTCXBSJJ202010), and the Agriculture Research System of Jiangxi Province (JXARS-18).


This work was supported by the Medical Research Council [grant number MC_UU_00004/07].


This research was partly supported by the grant ANR-18-CE40-0017 of Agence National de la Recherche.


This work was supported by grants from the Pro Retina Germany Foundation (Pro-Re/Project/Zobor.1-2016) ot NW, BF, SK and DZ and by the Curing Retinal Blindness Foundation and the Candle in the Dark-Childvision Research Fund, managed by the King Baudouin Foundation to FPMC and MIK. We further acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Tuebingen.


This work was supported by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) under contract SFB-1283/2 (2021 - 317210226).


This study was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants U54CA268084, R01CA228272, R01CA225002, and NSF Grant EFMA-1830961 with philanthropic support from Rob and Kristin Goldman, David Sachs and the Christina Carinato Charitable Foundation.


This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) through grant DFG-502054395 within the priority program SPP 2370.
Computing resources have been generously supported by Science Foundation Ireland at Tyndall and through the SFI/HEA-funded Irish Centre for High End Computing (www.ichec.ie). J.L. would acknowledge the support from HPC Vega in Slovenia through EuroHPC JU call project.
The XPS device is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through grant INST 184/144-1 FUGG.


Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for their comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. We acknowledge funding from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). U.G.J. also acknowledges funding from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Interdisciplinary Synergy Programme grant no. NNF19OC0057374.


N.K.S, J.P.B., F.W. and D.B. acknowledge support from the Exascale Computing Project (grant 17-SC20-SC), a collaborative effort of the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No.: DE-AC05-00OR22725.


This work was supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant (NSERC-RGPIN-2016-04121) and a Seeding Food Innovation grant from George Weston Ltd. awarded to C.H.H. Additional support from a Life Sciences Research Foundation Fellowship from the Simons Foundation awarded to R.A.M., a fellowship from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation awarded to Y.S., a Chinese Graduate Scholarship Council Award to Y.L., and an NSERC CGS-M award to Z. L.


Acknowledgments We thank the National Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Technology (NIED) for providing data support for this study. The figures and diagrams in this paper were created using the Python programming language and the GMT (Generic Mapping Tools). The authors are grateful to Zhuoxin Wang for his suggestions during the writing of the paper. This study was financially supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 2016A03), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1500802), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U2039209, 5150082083). | Funding This research was funded by Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 2016A03), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1500802), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U2039209, 5150082083).


This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [2018257700 to D.T.D.] and by the National Institutes of Health [R01AI127652 to K.D.S, R01AI153303 to K.D.S]. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases or NIH. K.D.S. holds an Investigators in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease Award from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.


We thank the Ministry of Education of Singapore for the MOE Tier-2 grant (A-8000482-00-00), the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Singapore for the C4T project under CARES (WBS R-279-000-604-592), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22178265, U21B2096, 21938008), Research Fund for international Young Scientists (22250410262) and Tianjin Science and Technology Bureau Applied Basic Program Surface Project (22JCYBJC01410) for financial support.


Acknowledgements We thank Y. Ando, A. V. Balatsky, F. Libisch, S. Rotter, and M. Shiraishi for discussion, J. Baraillon and P. Hofegger for technical assistance during the measurements, and M. Schinnerl and W. Schrenk for assistance in the cleanroom. Part of this work was done in the cleanroom facilities ZMNS of TU Wien. This was been supported by the FWF grant number 29279-N27 and by KAKENHI (18H01148, 17H06138, 18H03683).


This work was supported by the (1) Startup funding for MM though Guangxi University for fieldwork, lab work and student support. (2) National Natural Science Foundation of China (#31860600) to JY for lab and fieldwork. (3) BC, TM and YL


This study has been supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [2020YFB0204803], National Natural Science Foundation of China [62041209, 12126610], Guangdong Key Field R&D Plan [2019B020228001, 2018B010109006], and Guangzhou S&T Research Plan [202007030010, 202002020047].


Funding The authors gratefully acknowledge their support from the National Science Foundation under awards CCF-1637393 and CCF-1733680 and from the Army Research Office under MURI award #W911NF-19-1-0233.


This work is supported by the Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, and the Presidential Fund from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen.


We are funded by the Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking grant No 826655 receiving support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Further partial funding is provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.


●This work was funded by Roche/Groupe Cancérologie Cutanée de la Société Française de Dermatologie, the University of Rennes-1, Fondation ARC, La Ligue contre le cancer (Comités 35 & 86), the Région Nouvelle Aquitaine (Chaire Universitaire Canaux Calciques et Mélanome, A.P) and the French Government (ANR, program #ANR-12-JSV2-0004-001). K.F.S was an ANR postdoctoral fellowship recipient. E.B was supported by the Région Poitou-Charente.


All the numerical simulations presented in this paper were performed using the CIMENT infrastructure (https://ciment.ujf-grenoble.fr), which is supported by the Rhône-Alpes region (GRANT CPER07_13 CIRA: http://www.ci-ra.org). G.W.B. was supported by National Science Foundation grants DGE-1256068, EAR-1049884 and EAR-1447266. Authors declare no conflicts of interest.


ZHG gratefully acknowledges support from NIH R33 CA263705-01; SG from NIH U24 CA224319, U01 DK124165, and P01 CA196521; and MB from NIH K99 AI163868. Authors gratefully acknowledge valuable feedback from investigators within NIH funded Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), with special thanks to Francesca Petralia for kindly sharing the CPTAC pan-cancer immune subtype networks with the study team. | SG reports other research funding from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genentech, Regeneron, and Takeda, and consulting from Taiho Pharmaceuticals, not related to this study. All other authors declare no competing interests.


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Young Scientist Fund (Grant No. 21603145), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality Foreign Experts Program (Grant No. 21WZ2503600), the NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, and start-up funds from NYU Shanghai. We thank Siyao Guo for invaluable assistance with the proof in Appendix A.


The National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1801900) & National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272976 & 32302848), Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology international scientific and technological innovation cooperation (2022YFH0026), the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-42-17), the Program Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System (SCCXTD-2021-18). | This work was funded by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1801900), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272976 \& 32302848), Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology international scientific and technological innovation cooperation (2022YFH0026), the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-42-17), and the Program Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System (SCCXTD-2021-18). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.


The authors thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 200020_182798) and the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne for financial support. Dr. Rosario Scopelliti and Dr. Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani (ISIC, EPFL) are acknowledged for the X-ray study.


The author gratefully acknowledges financial support of ERC Consolidator Grant 815703 "STAMFORD: Statistical Methods for High Dimensional Diffusions".


This work was supported by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China No.2022CFA055, the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.62176097, and Interdisciplinary Research Program of HUST No.2024JCYJ034.


This research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant (award IOS-1656688) to E.F.B. KBL and GJG were funded in part by a University of Delaware graduate fellowship award and KBL in part by a Chemistry-Biology Interface predoctoral training program grant: 5T32GM008550.


S.G. was supported through the award of an Alzheimer’s Research UK PhD fellowship. R.H.R. was supported
through the award of a Leonard Wolfson Doctoral Training Fellowship in Neurodegeneration. J.H. and M.R.
were supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), with J.H. supported by a grant (MR/N026004/)
and M.R. through the award of a Tenure-track Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/N008324/1). J.H. was also
supported by the UK Dementia Research Institute.


The authors would like to thank the Vice-Presidency for Research of the University of Alicante for the financial support of this work (VIG-ROB-050) and the fellowship UAIND21-05C.


*This work was partially supported by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1539, within PNCDI III.


This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31972524, No. 31530073), the Sichuan Science and Technology Support Program (No. 2016NYZ0050; No. SCCXTD-2020-08), the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-36-05B). the Guizhou Science and Technology Department, China (No. QKHZC20182280; No. QKHZC20192278).


The research was financially supported by a grant from Heidelberg University and the excellence initiative of the German Research Foundation (DFG).


This work has been partially funded by the French ANR project Democrat ANR-15-CE38-0008.


We are grateful to Yeow Meng Chee and Tuvi Etzion for helpful discussions regarding the history and the current state of knowledge about the existence problem for large sets of designs. The research of Shachar Lovett was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CCF-1614023. The research of Sankeerth Rao and Alexander Vardy was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants CCF- 1405119 and CCF-1719139.


AT is financially supported by the NWO-FAPESP joint grant on healthy ageing, executed by ZonMw (no. 457002002). GEJ is supported by a VENI grant from ZonMw, and AGEM Talent and Development grants. RHH is financially supported by an ERC Starting grant (no. 638290), a VIDI grant from ZonMw (no. 91715305) and by the Velux Stiftung (no. 1063). EGD is supported by a ZonMw travel grant (no. 446001023). MH is supported by a China Scholarship Council 2020 grant. EA is supported by, EU H2020- EpiEpiNet (No 952455).


The authors would like to warmly thank the anonymous referee for his/her constructive comments and suggestions which helped to improve the quality of this article. This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12231008), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC2206100).


This work was funded by an ERC Consolidator Grant (CellFusion) and a Swiss National Science Foundation Grant (310030B_176396) to SGM.


This work was supported by the Commissioned Research through the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan, under Grant #JPJ012368C02701.


This work was partially supported by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) within the project "bergisch.smart.mobility". Furthermore, we thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.


X.J.Z, Y.T, M.H.L and Y.F.C are supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0303702, 2018YFA0306200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51902151, 11625418, 11890700 and 51732006) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (grant no. BK20190284). J.H.J is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11675116), the Jiangsu distinguished professor funding and a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). X.J.Z thanks Xue-Yi Zhu and Zhi-Kang Lin for useful discussions.


This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41503067, 31672482) and the National Sci-Tech Support Plan (2015BAB01B04).


The first named author was partially supported by National Science Foundation Grant DMS-1001614.


This work is supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No.61925102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.92167202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62101069), the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2020YFB1805002), and BUPT-CMCC Joint Innovation Center.


This work was financially supported by Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital and Danish Regions and The Danish Health Confederation Funds for Development and Research.


TG was supported by the iNEXT project (653706) funded by the Horizon 2020 program of the European Commission. This work was supported by the Medical Research Council UK


We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), Grant No. 889135. The authors report no potential conflict of interest. We also thank Ramona Polster, MSc, for excellent technical assistance, DDI Martin Lamprecht for valuable suggestions and all the kind colleagues from the routine diagnostics team of the Dr. Gernot Walder laboratory under the direction of BSc Viktoria Muehlmann and Mag. Hannes Mahl for great support.


This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20181345) and the Open Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (KLlB-KF201807). None of the funders had any role in designing and/or conducting of the study; collection,management, analysis and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review or approval of the manuscript.


We thank the Office of Advanced Research Computing (OARC) at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, for maintaining and providing access to the Amarel cluster. OWW, EW, SR, AM, and KRHM worked under the NCSU Biochemistry Undergraduate Research and Training Program (BURT-P). EW, SR, AM, and KRHM were partially supported by the T & E Biochemistry Fund. We thank David O. Deppong and Mary M. Dallas for laboratory assistance. We thank Linda Hanley-Bowdoin and Alvin Crespo-Bellido for helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript.


The work of Xiaowen Gong is supported by his startup fund and Intramural Grants Program 190599 provided by Auburn University.


Research supported by National Science Centre (Poland), grant no.
2019/33/B/ST1/02494.


This work was financially supported by the Netherlands Science Foundation (NWO) under the Programme 'Closed Cycles' (Project nr. ALWGK.2016.029) and the Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science under the Gravitation Grant nr. 024.002.002.


We are grateful to Century Amber Museum for depositing the specimen. We sincerely thank Max Barclay at the Natural History Museum in London for his valuable comments on our article. We would like to express our gratitude to Ms. Melanie Schuchart, Mr. Steve Kerr, Mr. Branco, Kwan and Dr. Margarethe Brummermann for providing us with photos. This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31830084, 31672336), and also supported by the construction funds for "Double First-Class" initiative for Nankai University (No.s of 96172158, 96173250 and 91822294).


We are thankful to M. Fabrizio, D. Abraham and J. Gehring for illuminating discussions and useful remarks. We also sincerely thank the authors of [11] for kindly sending us their QMC data on uniform magnetic susceptibility and Dr. S.J. Qin for the help in making the plot. A.O.G. was supported by the EPSRC of the U.K. and part of this work has been done during his stay at the ICTP, Trieste, Italy. A.A.N. acknowledges the support from ICTP, Trieste, Italy and A. M. T. thanks ICTP for kind hospitality.


We gratefully acknowledge this work is supported by the Science and Technology Program of Shenzhen of China under Grant Nos. JCYJ20180306124612893. The 5th author also gratefully acknowledges the support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No. 2017M620322.


This work was supported by grants awarded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: 01GV0618, 01GV0620). The study was part of the BMBF research program "Research Networks on Psychotherapy." The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research was neither involved in the design of the study, the data collection, the data analysis, in the interpretation of data nor in writing the manuscript.

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Research program "Research Networks on Psychotherapy."


This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2013CB922203, and the NSF of China (Grants No. 11374366 and 11474359). Y. H. thanks to the constructive discussions with Wenbo Chen, Bin Zhang, Wenpu Dong, Jinlei Liu, Lu Liu and Quan Guo.


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61501028 and Grant 61771054.


We thank the Johns Hopkins Neuroscience Research Multiphoton Imaging Core (NS050274) and the Johns Hopkins Integrated Imaging Center (S10OD023548) for excellent microscopy support. We thank the Page lab for assistance identifying the HMG-like motif, the Nathans lab for the OLLAS antibody, and Addgene for TEV protease from the Waugh lab. We thank Deepika Calidas for assistance in strain construction, Baltimore Worm Club and the Seydoux lab for many helpful discussions. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant number 5R37HD037047). GS is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Inistitute.


This work was supported by a DOD Kidney Cancer Research Program Translational Research Partnership Award (KC180135 to S. Akilesh and S. S. Tykodi), a Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium pilot award supported by NCI P30 CA015704 to SA, and the Cancer Therapeutics Endowment. This research was supported by the Shared Resources of the Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium (P30 CA015704) and the high-performance computing team at FHCRC funded by ORIP grant S100D028685.


This research was supported by the Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Research Center Support Program of Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (714001-7); Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1A6A3A01011033, NRF-2021R1A6A3A03038622); John Innes Centre, Knowledge Exchange and Commercialisation Innovation Funding (01IF 2020 GL01).


The trial design and data collection are funded by 'Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals 'Youth Program' (No.QML20160503), 83 Shuangqinglu Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; data analysis and interpretation are funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.81701038), 83 Shuangqinglu Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; and Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201708), 83 Shuangqinglu Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China supports the data collection and manuscript writing.


This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11371326 and No. 11975145).


This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (T32 AG052363 to M.P.B., S.N.M., & A.D and R00 AG051661 & R01 AG070035 to M.B.S.), the US Department of Veterans Affairs (Pilot Research Funding to M.B.S.), and A COBRE grant (NIH P20 GM139763 for A.P.).


Financial support was provided by the European Research Council under H2020/ERC Consolidator Grant corr-DFT [Grant No. 648932].


Acknowledgments. A. Antonioni and M. Tomassini gratefully acknowledge the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support under contract number 200021-132802/1.


This work was supported by United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award No. DE-SC0018645 for network synthesis and characterization. 400 MHz NMR instrumentation at Miami University is supported through funding from the National Science Foundation under Award No. CHE-1919850.


This work is supported by the Swedish Research Council (Grant 2019-04193) and the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) and SciLifeLab and Wallenberg National Program for Data-Driven Life Science (DDLS) (WASPDDLS21-040/KAW 2020.0239).


*Work supported by Department of Energy contract DE-AC03-76SF00515 (SLAC).


The authors would like to thank the Research Center in Pure and Applied Mathematics and the School of Mathematics at Universidad de Costa Rica for their support during the preparation of this manuscript. They also thank the Ministry of Health for providing data and valuable information for this study. Thanks to Dr. María Dolores Pérez-Rosales, Representative of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization in Costa Rica for her support and encouragement to pursue this work.


This work is supported by the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR), grant reference FNR/IPBG19/14016225/INSTRUCT and FNR/C22/IS/17220888/RUTINE. | The successful launch of the OneWeb's LEO satellite, JoeySat, in May 2023, funded by the European Space Agency and UK Space Agency, showcases the incorporation of the flexible software-defined regenerative processor along with multi-spot beam electronically steered phase array antennas.


M.E. Kret was funded by a ERC 2020 (H2020 European Research Council) Program for Research and Innovation Grant (#804582).


*This study was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2021R1A2C1011804) and by the Swedish Research Council under contract 2021-03720.


This research was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 31872646 and 31400199) awarded to B. Xue, and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (Grants 17112616 and 776713M) awarded to R.M.K. Saunders. B. Xue was supported by the China Scholarship Council as a visiting scholar for one year at the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. We thank Matt Gitzendanner for computational help with HiperGator; Daniel Thomas, Ryan Folk, Chaonan Fu, Lei Yang, Rebecca Stubbs, Haifei Yan, Tingting Duan, Zhonglai Luo, Zhongtao Zhao, Yuan Xu, Andrea Sanchez, Thomas Marcussen, Ranjit Sahoo, Evgeny Mavrodiev, Andres E. Ortiz-Rodriguez, and Joshua P. Scholl for sharing data alignment, scripts, or discussion.


The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges support from NASA and DOE (United States), CEA/Irfu, IN2P3/CNRS, and CNES (France), ASI, INFN, and INAF (Italy), MEXT, KEK, and JAXA (Japan), and the K.A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and the National Space Board (Sweden).


This research has been supported by the European Regional Development Fund under the grant PK.1.1.02.0008 (DAT-ACROSS).


This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. MM acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation via AAG grant 2205519 and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation via grant MSN251397. ZL and CT acknowledge financial support from NASA via JWST-GO-1671. RB acknowledges support from the ANR L-INTENSE (ANR-20CE92-0015). JB acknowledges financial support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds PTDC/FIS-AST/4862/2020, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, and work contract 2020.03379.CEECIND. TH is supported by Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers, MEXT, Japan (HJH02007) and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers (20K22358 and 22H01258). HI acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K23462 and JP21H01129.


We thank Stephen Elledge and Philip Zegerman for sharing yeast strains; Andrea Giometto, Mayra Garcia and John Koschwanez for assistance in data analysis; Stephen Bell, Michael Desai, Michael Laub, Bodo Stern, Sriram Srikant, Thomas LaBar and Yi Chen for critical reading of the manuscript; Claire Hartman and Zachary Niziolet from the Harvard Bauer Core Facility for technical assistance. Yoav Voichek and Felix Jonas for advice on DNA replication profiling; We thank the members of the Murray and Nelson labs for helpful discussions. This work was supported by NIH grant RO1-GM43987 and by the NSF-Simons Center for Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Biology at Harvard (#1764269) to AWM. MF gratefully acknowledges fellowship support from the Human Frontiers Science Program (LT000786/2016-L), EMBO (ALTF 485-2015) and AIRC (iCARE 17957).


H. L., V.C., and Q.C. acknowledge financial support from the Irish Research Council (H.L., EPSPD/2015/5; V.C., GOIPD/2016/128; Q.C., GOIPG/2014/874). Q.C. and W.Z acknowledge the Chinese Scholarship Council (agreement no. 201408300003 and 201706220062). J.M.A. acknowledges CNPq for support through Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa No. 313431/2018- 3. Access to and use of the UCD Conway Electron Microscopy Facility is gratefully acknowledged. The authors acknowledge Dr. Sean O'Brien and Dr. Camila Pedroso Silveira.


†E ̈otv ̈os University, Budapest, Department of Computer Science, partially supported by a grant (no. K 109240)

from the National Development Agency of Hungary, based on a source from the Research and Technology Inno-
vation Fund

‡CNRS, G-SCOP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, partially supported by IDEX-IRS SACRE

§Center of Excellence in Supply Chain Innovation and Transportation, Kedge Business School, Talence, sup-
ported by Mentor Graphics


The work of JFL was supported by the European Space Agency under contract number ESA AO-2004-070.


Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2092 CASA - 390781972.


This work was granted by the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS-Maladies infectieuses émergentes) and Sidaction for fundings. L.B, A.B and E.L were supported by ANRS. L.B. and M.P. were supported by Sidaction. G.B. was supported by ANR-20-IDEES- 0002. We thank Remi Villette for his expertise using R, Bernard Maillere and his team for the access to the ELISPOT reader, Anne Lopes, Paul Roginski, for discussions, Frederic Suba and Clemence Richetta for access to the L3 facility of ENS-Paris-Saclay. We thank all participants of the ANRS CODEX cohort and the NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program for | providing drugs. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, WA 4608/1-2, J.S.W.), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Germany's Excellence Strategy (EXC2180 390900677, J.S.W. and H.-G.R.), the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, H.-G.R. and J.S.W.), the Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine (H.-G.R.), the Landesforschungspreis of Baden-Württemberg (H.-G.R.), the Wilhelm Sander Stiftung (2016.177.3, J.S.W.), the Deutsche Krebshilfe (German Cancer Aid, 70114948, J.S.W.), and the Fortüne Program of the University of Tübingen (2451-0-0 , J.S.W.). The collaboration between Tübingen University and I2BC was supported by the French-German Partnership Hubert Curien Procope 2021 program.


This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [DMS-1913039 to L.S., CCF-2203060, CCF-2106834 to G.T.].


The study was funded by a grant from the Eino Jutikkala Fund to the first author and a grant
(no. 298513) from Academy of Finland to the second author.


We thank Dmitry Budker for valuable discussions. This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0306600), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 11661161018, 11927811), Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies (Grant No. AHY050000), and USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative (Grant No. YD3540002002).


This project was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project Grant (DP190102020).


We would like to thank the various contributors to the open access databases that our data was downloaded from. HCP data were provided by the Human Connectome Project, WU-Minn Consortium (Principal Investigators: David Van Essen and Kamil Ugurbil; 1U54MH091657) funded by the 16 NIH Institutes and Centers that support the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research; and by the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience at Washington University. Macaque data were provided by the PRIME-DE. Primary support for the work by Michael P. Milham and the INDI team was provided by gifts from Joseph P. Healy to the Child Mind Institute, as well as by the BRAIN Initiative (R01MH111439). MPM is a Randolph Cowen and Phyllis Green Scholar. Primary support for the work by Charles Schroeder is provided by the BRAIN Initiative (R01MH111439) and the Sylvio O. Conte Center "Neurobiology and Dynamics of Active Sensing" (P50MH109429). Primary support for the work by Daniel Margulies is provided by the Max Planck Society.


We thank the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for financial support (Grant No. 00173/2014).


We thank Naomi Leonard for helpful discussions. This study was partially funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 647704). AR also acknowledges support from the Belgian F.R.S.-FNRS, of which he is a Chargé de Recherches.


This work was supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China (2021ZD0112001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62071086, Grant 61971095, and Grant 62271119, and Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC1972).

The authors are with the school of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China. (e-mail: cyhe@std.uestc.edu.cn)


This work is supported by the European Space Agency (ESA), the National Space Agency (CNES), the Directorate General of Armaments (DGA), the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the Research National Agency (ANR).


K.N.T. would like to acknowledge the Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (grant code RE/18/3/34214) for funding this project. L.C.H. would like to acknowledge the British Heart Foundation for funding (grant code FS/17/58/33072). We thank the Oxford Genomics Centre at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 203141/Z/16/Z with additional support from the NIHR Oxford BRC) for the generation and initial processing of the sequencing data.


Support for MIT participation was provided by the US Department of Energy, Fusion Energy Sciences, Award
DE-SC0014251. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded
by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200
— EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not
necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor
the European Commission can be held responsible for them.


T. Butler and T. Roper's work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS-2208460. T. Butler's work is also supported by NSF IR/D program, while working at National Science Foundation. However, any opinion, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


This work is supported by the Chinese National Natural Sciences Foundation (No. 81570658).


Acknowledgements: We thank Dr Jenna Gallie for suggestions on experimental procedures and comments, Elke Blohm-Sievers for help with the microarray experiments and Johana Fajardo for sharing her re-analysis data. This research was funded through an ERC advanced grant to D.T. (NewGenes—322564) and institutional funds of the MPG to D.T. D.B. was a member of the IMPRS for Evolutionary Biology.


The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the University Malaya Research Grant [grant number RP048D-17HTM]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


Funding: This work was supported by The Chiang Mai University Research Fund CMU-2566. The funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. The funder had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, or the manuscript preparation for publication of the findings.


This work was supported by the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology, Israel and a grant from the Blavatnik Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Fund, Tel Aviv University Center for AI and Data Science (TAD). This project received funding from the European Union under the Horizon Europe program (ERC, BabyMagnet, project no. 101115639). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.


We gratefully acknowledge the Leibniz Association for funding. Mohammad Abukhalaf was funded by DFG project grant HO 5063/2-1. We express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Dr. Tina Romeis for her continued support throughout the last years. We declare no conflict of interest.


We would like to thank Clare Stevenson and Julia Mundy for technical assistance and advice and Kelley Gallagher for helpful discussions on the phylogenetic analysis. We thank the JIC Bioimaging facility and staff for technical support. Work in the lab of JRM was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant GM096268. We gratefully acknowledge funding by the Royal Society (URF\R1\180075) and the BBSRC (BB/T015349/1) to SS and for support by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Program grant BB/J004561/1 to the John Innes Centre.


We thank F.A. van Broekhuizen and W.A. Schutte for initial work on our photodesorption instrument. Funding was provided by NOVA, the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy, a grant from the European Early Stage Training Network ('EARA' MEST-CT-2004-504604) and a NWO Spinoza grant.


Funding information This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 51975290).


Acknowledgements. This work was funded by grant Deepvision (ANR-15-
CE23-0029, STPGP-479356-15), a joint French/Canadian call by ANR \& NSERC.


This work was supported by the ONR GLOBAL grants N62909–14-1-N224/SQU and N62909-21-1-2008, Sultan Qaboos University grants EG/AGR/FISH/14/01 and IG/AGR/FISH/17/01, and UK NERC grants NE/M005801/1 and NE/N012658/1. We are grateful to the UEA Seaglider Facility, Sultan Qaboos University technical staff and Five Oceans Environmental Services consultancy for their technical help with instrument deployments and recoveries. SS is supported by a Wallenberg Academy Fellowship (WAF 2015.0186) and a Swedish Research Council grant (VR 2019-04400).


This work was supported by NSF (ECCS-1128297 and DMR-1308436 ). Part of this research was conducted (MP, QL) at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences under project # CNMS2011-066, which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. NJG, DX, JY and DM were supported by Materials and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy.


This work was partially supported by the European Commission within the framework of the CONGAS project FP7-ICT-2011-8-317672. Y.Zhang's work was carried out with a financial grant from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel of the European Commission, within the INDUSE-2-SAFETY project (Grant No. RFSR-CT-2014-00025).


This study was supported by funds from the Hartwell Foundation through an Individual Biomedical Research Award to J.S., through an NIH Director's New Innovator Award to J.S., through an W.M. Keck Award to J.S., and through an NIH NIBIB Award to G.M.


P.Y. gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20ZR1436900) and ShanghaiTech start-up funding. X.S. acknowledges the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2021M702188). C.L. acknowledges the NSFC grant 12304230 and Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (grant GZB20230422). Y.F.J. acknowledges support from the National Program on Key Research Project under Grant No.2022YFA1402703.


We thank all participants in our human study for their hard work. This work was supported in part by NSF grant DSES 2222762.


I am grateful to Andy Acker, Gary McGrath, Anjan Joshipura, John Learned, Al Mann, Kenzo Nakamura, Jim Pantaleone, Raju Raghavan and Atsuto Suzuki for many enjoyable discussions, and to the organisers for their magnificent hospitality. This work is supported in part by US DOE under contract DE-AM03-76SF-00325 and the University of Hawaii.


TM is grateful to R. Iwazaki for fruitful discussions.
This work was supported by JSPS with Grants-in-Aid for
Scientific research No. 23KJ0298 (TM), No. 23K17668
(YT and SH), No. 24K00583 (YT), No. 21K03459
(SH), and No. 23H01130 (SH). ST was supported by
the W¨urzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat,
EXC2147, project-id 390858490, the DFG (SFB 1170),
and the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional
Development and Energy within the High-Tech Agenda
Project “Bausteine f¨ur das Quanten Computing auf Basis
topologischer Materialen.”


Acknowledgment We thank E. Berg, D. Efetov, A. MacDonald, and A. Young for fruitful discussions. The work by L.L. was supported by the Science and Technology Center for Integrated Quantum Materials, National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR1231319, and Army Research Office Grant No. W911NF-18-1-0116. The work by A.V.C. was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award No. DE-SC0014402.


The PI's research group (Farid) is partially supported with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA FA8750-16-C-0166). The views, opinions, and findings expressed are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. The PI's research group is also partially supported by Facebook. There is no collaboration between Facebook and DARPA. We thank Yipin Zhou for her help in data collection.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)


This work was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - (CAPES) - Financing Code 001 and the support of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - (CNPq), Federal University of Paraíba and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do South, through its Postgraduate Programs in Animal Science. | This work was supported by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - (CAPES) - Financing Code 001 and the support of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - (CNPq).


We thank Wenjie Zhou for his valuable comments and suggestions. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61773026) and the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of China (61936012).


We acknowledge financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 12147142, No. 11974292, No. 12174323, and No. 12004317, Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of China under Grant No. 20720200072 (RM), and 111 project No. B16029.


*This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant CCF-0916568. Part of the work in this paper was presented in a preliminary form at the 45th Conference on Information Science and Systems hosted by The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, March 23-25, 2011.


The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Loc Huynh, Yung-hua Wang, and Tony Huynh for technical assistance, and Dr. Sarah Elmes for assistance with FACS. M.J.E. was supported by the 2013 David H. Koch Young Investigator Award from the Prostate Cancer Foundation and the American Cancer Society (130635-RSG-17-005-01-CCE). C.T. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program (PC151060). Research from UCSF reported in this publication was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30CA082103. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.


The work is partially supported by FWF grant No. S09209. | This work has been partially supported by the project “Computational
Differential Geometry” (FWF grant No. S09209).


This work has been funded by the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment in support of the South African Elephant Research Strategy REF: EDMS 179184.


Financial support. This work was supported by the Mathematics Programme of the Trond Mohn Foundation.


Acknowledgments This work is financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, Project Number 2020YFA0712000.


Funding information
This work received no specific grant from any funding agency.


The authors acknowledge Dr. Sanjai Parikh for the use of his ATR-FTIR, and Ted Diesenroth and Rupa Darji at BASF for valuable discussions. This work was partially supported by BASF (CARA). Scott Strobel was supported the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative grant 2018-67012-28029 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.


Funding and additional information - We thank the Medical Research Foundation for a Fellowship to T. C. R. M. (MRF-057-0004-RG-MCDO-C0800) and a Versus Arthritis Senior Fellowship (ShS/SRF/22977). H.F.B. was supported by an UCB BIOPHARMA SPRL/BBSRC PhD Studentship (BB/P504725/1). C.J.L. was supported by the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies (000033549) and IPSEN Bioinnovation (EP/L015218/1). S.J.P. was supported by the CCP-SAS project, a joint EPSRC (EP/K039121/1) and NSF (CHE-1265821) grant. P.D is supported by an EPSRC Grant (EP/P006485/1). Wellcome Collaborative Award in Science (209250/Z/17/Z) to K.T.


The present work has benefited from the core facilities of Imagerie-Gif, (http://www.i2bc.paris-saclay.fr), member of IBiSA (http://www.ibisa.net), supported by "France-BioImaging" (ANR-10-INBS-04-01), and the Labex "Saclay Plant Science" (ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02).


The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of DST, India [No. SR/WOS-A/ET-1017/2014] in carrying out this research work. | This work was supported by DST, India [No. SR/WOS-A/ET-1017/2014].


Acknowledgements. It is a pleasure for us to thank P. Deligne, V. Drinfeld, P.Etingof and N.Reshetikhin for the useful discussions on the topic. Y.S. is grateful to the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University, the Institute for Advanced Study and the Max-Planck Institute für Mathematik for the support and hospitality during various stages of this work.


This work was supported by the "R&D Hub Aimed at Ensuring Transparency and Reliability of Generative AI Models" project of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and JST Moonshot R&D Grant Number JPMJMS2011-35 (fundamental research).


We thank Mathias Vorreiter Pedersen for his help with the technical aspects of this work at an earlier stage, Alix Trieu and Andrei Sabelfeld for their comments and insights, and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions for improving the presentation of this paper. This work is supported by the DFF project 6108-00363 from The Danish Council for Independent Research for the Natural Sciences (FNU) and Aarhus University Research Foundation.


This work is supported by Research Grant S of the Tateishi Science and Technology Foundation.


Tyler Hanks was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1842473. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF. Matthew Hale and Baike She were supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under Grant No. FA9550-23-1-0120. Matthew Klawonn was funded by a SMART SEED grant. James Fairbanks was supported by DARPA under award no. HR00112220038.


This work was partly supported by the Polish Science Foundation (NCN), under Maestro grant DEC-2013/10/A/ST2/00106.


Acknowledgements This work was partially funded by DFG, German Research Foundation ("WorldKG", 424985896, DE 2299/2-1), BMBF, Germany ("Simple-ML", 01IS18054) and BMWi, Germany ("d-E-mand", 01ME19009B).


We would like to thank Xu Wang for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases.


The third author was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office - NKFIH, 124749.


*This work is supported by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 120RC453, 120MS002) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11971311, 12026230), the Montenegrin-Chinese Science and Technology Cooperation Project (No.3-12).


Funding was provided by NSF CAREER Award MCB-1149328 and the Allen Discovery Center at Stanford on Systems Modeling of Infection (to K.C.H.), and a Stanford Graduate Fellowship and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (to S.C.). M.A.D. and E.L. were supported by the Stanford Bioengineering Research Experience for Undergraduates program. This work was also supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant PHYS-1066293 and the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics.


This work was supported by the Jayne Koskinas Ted Giovanis Foundation for Health and Policy (JKTG) [dissertation support grant to ECL]; the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health [grant number R01CA172805 to ABL]; the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health; and the Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics program of the Science and Technology Directorate at the Department of Homeland Security. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and not necessarily those of JKTG, its directors, officers, or staff.


This work was supported by The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities (21JP070), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52174199, 51974236), and the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2021KW-11).


J. Xu, Y. Xiao and M. van der Schaar were supported by US NSF grant CNS-1016081. Y. Andreopoulos was partially supported by the UK EPSRC, EP/K033166/1.


LMP is funded by NSF Award #1914569 from the US NSF to Columbia University. ORC, KLC and AG were supported by the NOAA Cooperative Agreement with CIRES, NA17OAR4320101. IAGOS has been funded by the European Union projects IAGOS-DS (Design Study) and IAGOS-ERI (European Research Infrastructure). The IAGOS database is supported in France by AERIS (https://www.aeris-data.fr, last access: 30 June 2022). We acknowledge the strong support of the European Commission, Airbus and the airlines (Deutsche Lufthansa, Air France, Cathay Pacific, Iberia, China Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines) that carry the IAGOS equipment, partner institutions of the IAGOS Research Infrastructure (FZJ, DLR, MPI, and KIT in Germany; CNRS, Météo-France, and Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier in France; the University of Manchester in the UK), and national agencies in Germany (BMBF), France (MESR), and the UK (NERC).


We thank our anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback, as well as the Irish centre for high-end computing (www.ichec.ie) for providing computational infrastructures. This work has been supported by the ADAPT Centre for Digital Content Technology which is funded under the SFI Research Centres Programme (Grant 13/RC/2106) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund.


Funding: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China\2016YFC1000202\.


The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). | JMA is supported by a studentship from the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). This study was supported in part by a grant from the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol, and Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (105612/Z/14/Z) to CMAH. JMA, OSPD, and CMAH are members of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol funded by the Medical Research Council (https://mrc.ukri.org/; MC_UU_00011/4, MC_UU_00011/7). OSPD and CMAH were funded by the Alan Turing Institute under the EPSRC grant EP/N510129/1. The study was also supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University


We want to thank Tim Krause for maintaining fly stocks, Gaia Tavosanis, Eugenia Chiappe and Michael Dickinson for sharing fly stocks and Elhanan Ben-Yishay and Kevin Briggman for comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Emmy-Noether program.


This work was supported by JST Presto Grant Number JPMJPR14E5 and HITE funding. We thank Shuntaro Takahashi for offering his comments and providing the machine-generated data reported in §5.


Le premier auteur est partiellement soutenu par une bourse de la Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et engénie du Canada. The second author is partially supported by the National Science Foundation.


The authors are sincerely grateful to the Mittag-Leffler in-stitute for the hospitality in June 2018.


This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows Grant Numbers JP22KJ1779 (HO) and KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21K14863 (MT). The work by AM was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project accession number 1019324.


This research was supported by the Bijzonder Onderzoeksfunds (BOF) of the University of Antwerp, the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, project G.0429.15.N, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 665501.


This study was funded by Velux Stiftung (project no. 1283, awarded to AG with KRR as co-applicant). EC was supported by the SNSF Early Postdoc.Mobility (no. 199692 awarded to EC with AG as host). The authors would like to thank the student and staff researchers behind the data collection platform agestudy.nl. We thank Sander Nieuwenhuis for his help in editing this manuscript and improving its readability.


The authors thank Saskia Vadder (University of Bonn) for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (2003159, 2003756; S.L.M.), fellowships from the Victorian Endowment for Science Knowledge and Innovation (S.L.M.), the HHMI-Wellcome International Research Scholarship (S.L.M.) and the Sylvia and Charles Viertel Foundation (S.L.M.). S.D. acknowledges funding from NHMRC grants (GNT1143412 and GNT2003756).


Q.L. acknowledges funding from International cooperation program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (151221KYSB20200014) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877047). T.M.B. acknowledges funding from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VICI grant 865.14.006).


This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 786758).


This work was supported by the Lundbeck Foundation BRAINSTRUC structural biology initiative (R155-2015-2666, to K.L.-L.), the PRISM (Protein Interactions and Stability in Medicine and Genomics) centre funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0033950, to K.L.-L.) and by NIH grant R01GM112846 (to T.M.) and by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (to T.M.). We acknowledge access to computational resources from the ROBUST Resource for Biomolecular Simulations (supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation; NNF18OC0032608), the Danish National Supercomputer for Life Sciences (Computerome), and the Biocomputing Core Facility at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen. We thank Melissa R. Marzahn and Erik W. Martin for the generation of preliminary data. We thank Shirish Chodankar for assistance with SAXS data collection and reduction. The LiX beamline is part of the Center for BioMolecular Structure (CBMS), which is primarily supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) through a P30 Grant (P30GM133893), and by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research (KP1605010). LiX also received additional support from NIH Grant S10 OD012331. As part of NSLS-II, a national user facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory, work performed at the CBMS is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Program under contract number DE-SC0012704.


Acknowledgements The experimental part of the work has been done in collaboration with numerous members of my group, including Alexei Gaidarzhy, Robert Badzey, Guiti Zolfagharkhani, Yu Chen, Matthias Imboden, Josef-Stefan Wenzler, Tyler Dunn and Diego Guerra. This work is supported by National Science Foundation (grant no. DMR-0449670).


This research was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) number 21560388 and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) number 23560439. Contact email: kurkoski.ice.uec.ac.jp


This work was supported by funds from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR project grant), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the start-up funds from the Montreal Heart Institute (MHI) to AS. AS is a recipient of the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQS) Senior salary award. Manon Henry is supported by a PhD fellowship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada-CREATE program EvoFunPath. RA is a recipient of the Fonds de recherche du Québec (FRQ) and the Palestine Academy for Science and Technology (PALAST) collaborative fund.


R.S was financially supported by the CONACYT-DAAD scholarship program. F.P. acknowledges financial support from C.Y. Initiative of Excellence (grant Investissements d'Avenir ANR-16-IDEX- 0008), INEX 2021 Ambition Project CollInt, Labex MME-DII, projects 2021-258 and 2021-297, and ANR-22-CE30 grant "Push-pull".


This work was funded by the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2022NSFSCO986), and China West Normal University Support Program (20A007, 20E051, 21E040, and 22kA011)


This work was supported by "Core Technology Development of Subsonic Capsule Train" of the Korea Railroad Research Institute under Grant PK2101A1, Republic of Korea.


This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant CCF-1320953. Saiprasad Ravishankar was supported in part by the following grants: ONR grant N00014-15-1-2141, DARPA Young Faculty Award D14AP00086, ARO MURI grants W911NF-11-1-0391 and 2015-05174-05, and a UM-SJTU seed grant.


This work was funded by the Louisiana Board of Regents (LEQSF(2019-22)-RD-A-14). Portions of this research were conducted with high performance computing resources provided by Louisiana State University (http://www.hpc.lsu.edu).


† Work supported by Spanish grants MINECO:FPA2011-27853-C02-01, FPA2014-53375-C2-1-P and FPA2016- 75654-C2-1-P, and carried out in the inspiring atmosphere of the theoretical physics department and UPARCOS.


We thank all of our participants for their time and feedback. We are grateful to Jack Tsai and our colleagues for their contributions to this project. Katie, Indy, Grampa, and Desmond contributed invaluabley to the inspiration and development of the pet apps. Funding was provided by Snap Inc. The first author is also supported by a NASA grant (80NSSC19K1133).


Funding: This research was funded by the Science and Technology Major Special Project of Fujian Province (2021HZ021027).


We acknowledge useful discussions with David Pollock, University of Colorado and funding from the Medical Research Council, U.K (funding reference U117573805).


The author is grateful to F. Barreiro (who had performed a preliminary fit to the old HERA data with our formulas) for communicating his results, for discussions and for information on the as yet unpublished more recent data. Thanks are also due to K. Adel, whose program "Kdraw" has been used for the figures. The partial financial support of CICYT, Spain, is also acknowledged.


We acknowledge technical support from L. Hutin, D. Lepoittevin, I. Pheng, T. Crozes, L. Del Rey, D. Dufeu, J. Jarreau, C. Hoarau and C. Guttin. We thank S. De Franceschi and R. Maurand for fruitful discussions and I. De Moraes and N. Dempsey for help with micromagnet fabrication. B.K., D.J.N. acknowledges the GreQuE doctoral programs (grant agreement No.754303). The device fabrication is funded through the Mosquito project (Grant agreement No.688539). This work is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche through the CRYMCO and the PEPR PRESQUILE project. This project receives as well funding from the project QuCube (Grant agreement No.810504) and the project QLSI (Grant agreement No.951852).


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52022029, 91850116, 51772084, U19A2090) and the Key Program of the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2019XK2001).


Research supported by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81902726), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M641739).


Funding: This publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under the Award R01-HD097331/HD/NICHD (P.E.F), and by the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders of the National Institutes of Health under the Award R01-DC017149 (P.E.F).


The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51922027), the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University, China (YBPY1902), the Program of China Scholarships Council (No. 201806090031), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the Swiss National Science Foundation (156015), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 819573. | We acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51922027), the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University, China (YBPY1902), the Program of China Scholarships Council (No. 201806090031), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (156015). C.M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement No. 819573. We also thank Maximilian Krödel and Lorenz Abduly for discussion, Agnieszka Kierzkowska for performing SEM characterization, and the Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) of ETH Zurich for providing access to SEM facilities.


Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful to Tim Browning and Efthymios Sofos for useful conversations, and to Jean-Louis Colliot-Thélène for his interest in our work. They are also indebted to the anonymous referees and Ben Green for the useful feedback and for pointing out some oversights in previous versions of this work. During part of this work, Francesca Balestrieri was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 840684. During part of this work, Nick Rome was supported by EPSRC Studentship EP/N509619/1 179379.


This work was supported by the following research projects: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 52075269 and 51405238), The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant number KYTZ201603), The Innovation Fund of Science and Technology for Outstanding Youth from College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University (Grant number YQ201606), and Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province (Grant number 80400103). The authors would like to express their appreciation to the agencies.


The author was supported by a NDSEG Graduate Research Fellowship and an NSF Postdoc-
toral Research Fellowship in the Mathematical Sciences. Some editing was done while a guest at

the Max-Planck-Institut F ̈ur Mathematik in Bonn. Final submission occurred while the author
was supported by NSF grant DMS-1265290.


This work is partly supported by MEITY, Government of India.


Financial support from the BMBF (grant no. FKZ:03Z22HN11) is greatly acknowledged.


The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants No. 12175320, 11975320 and No. 11805242), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (grant No. 2022A1515010280), and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (grant No. 2019VMA0019). A. J. S. also acknowledges hospitality and support by the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.


The authors are grateful to Lydéric Bocquet and JeanPierre Hansen for useful discussions. They acknowledge financial support from IFPEN and access to computing resources on Curie (TGCC, French National HPC) via the GEnCI project x2016087684 and on MeSU (UPMC).


This work was funded by the CNRS (NJ), Institut Pasteur (NJ), 'Urgence COVID-19' fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur (NJ), ANR-DARK COVID (AM/NJ) and DIM-1-Health (NJ/AM). DF postdoctoral fellowship was supported by the DIM-1-Health from the Conseil Régional d'Ile-de-France. SMA is supported by the Pasteur-Paris University (PPU) International PhD Program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.


This research was supported by funding received from the Cyclic Innovation for Clinical Empowerment as part of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant Number 17pc0101018h0001.


This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000831).


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52002157 and 22279166), the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX22_3790), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022B1515120019).


*Financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. | Acknowledgements. The author gratefully acknowledges the support by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Many thanks to Hanspeter Kraft for his warm support.


This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81672211, 81772392, 81601928, 81702149 and 81772376), Science and Technology Innovation project of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (16140901700), "Chen Guang" project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation (Grant No.17CG36). We thank Shanghai NovelBio Bio-Pharm Technology Co., Ltd for the help with NGS data analysis.


Acknowledgement: This work was funded by Department of Science and Technology, Govt of India (EMR/2014/000366) and FRPDF scheme, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.


Acknowledgment
This OCE-2023541 work (C.L. was and supported E.K.) and by OCE-2023499 the National Science (M.S. and Foundation K.J.). This under work utilized Grant Nos. the Blanca condo computing resource at the University of Colorado Boulder. Blanca is jointly funded by computing users and the University of Colorado, Boulder. C.L. also acknowledges support from the Connecticut Sea Grant PD-23-07 and NASA CT Space Grant P-2104 during the completion of this work. Part of the computational work performed on this project was done with the help from the Storrs High Performance Computing cluster. C.L. would like to thank the UConn Storrs HPC and HPC team for providing the resources and support that contributed to these results.


The first and second author are supported by MUR grant Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023-2027.


This work was supported by Tianjin Municipal Education Commission (grant number 2021KJ248)


Acknowledgements. This research was supported by NSFC (11922110).


This research was supported by grants from the Tertiary Education Commission to the Bio-Protection Research Centre, the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (MAU1301) and by Massey University. BH was supported by a Massey University PhD studentship and BS by an Alexander von Humboldt Research Award.


Acknowledgements We thank Allan L. Reiss and his group for providing the MRI scans and Celia Butler and Simpleware for their support in creating the finite element mesh of the brain. This work was supported by the Timoshenko Scholar Award to Alain Goriely and by the Humboldt Research Award and the National Institutes of Health grant U01 HL119578 to Ellen Kuhl.


Acknowledgments. HJH was partially supported by the DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy EXC 2044-390685587 "Mathematics Münster: Dynamics-Geometry-Structure" as well as by the CRC 1442 "Geometry: Deformations and Rigidity" of the DFG.


The first author thanks Sourav Chatterjee for some insightful remarks. The comments by Stefka Kirilova and Vincent Plassier are also gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank the Associate Editor and an anonymous Referee for comments that helped improve the presentation of the paper and for pointing out particularly relevant references. The second author gratefully acknowledges funding by FNRS-F.R.S. grant CDR J.0146.19.


This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51275280).


Acknowledgement This project has received funding from the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Grant Number-1811009


This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 694807 ENRICO. The simulations were carried out on the ELWE supercomputer at Regional University Computing Center Kaiserslautern (RHRK) under the grant TUK-TLMV. The present research was conducted under the auspices of the Boltzmann-Zuse Society of Computational Molecular Engineering (BZS).


Funding: This study was supported by multiple funding sources. Academic funding was provided by the University of Zurich through the UZH Alumni Science, the Faculty of Science (MNF), the Faculty of Medicine, the Vice President Research, and the President's Services. Private sponsorship was provided by Pierre Fabre, Microsynth, the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), and Promega. Additionally, this publication was funded by the University of Zurich and the Consortium of Swiss Academic Libraries, making it available as open access.


The third author is supported by NSF grant DMS-9508976 and NSA grant MSPR-Y012. The last author supported in part by the NSF.


This research was supported by NSF IIS-2044660, ONR N00014-18-1-2826, ONR MURI N00014- 18-1-2670, a Sloan fellowship and gifts from AI2. We thank the Semantic Scholar team at AI2, UWNLP, and the H2lab at UW for helpful comments and feedback. Thanks to Xiangci Li and Ronak Pradeep for help with PARAGRAPHJOINT and VERT5ERINI, respectively.


Acknowledgments: We are grateful for the computing resources made available by HPC Wales and by STFC through DiRAC computing facilities. This work is supported by STFC, the Royal Society, the Wolfson Foundation and the Leverhulme Trust. FA is grateful for the support through the Brazilian government program "Science without Borders" under scholarship number Bex 9463/13-5.


This work was funded through the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program and Howard Hughes Medical Institute. We are grateful for field assistance from Patrick O'Grady, Kelly Schiabor, Kyle Barrett, Elizabeth Roeske, Carolyn Elya, Addie Norgaard, Ciera Martinez, and Jesse Rau. We are also indebted to Nick Bokulich, David Mills, Angus Chandler, Rachel Adams, Sydney Glassman, Shana McDevitt, and Dylan Smith for their advice in fungal amplicon experimental design and data analysis. David Hembry and Will Ludington provided valuable feedback on the drafts of this manuscript. None of this would have been possible without the generosity of Ridge Vineyards, DaVero Farms & Winery, Les Lunes Wine, and Populis Wine with special thanks to Shun Ishikubo, Eric Baugher, Mike Bairdsmith, and Will Thomas.


Max Weinreich was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 2040433.


Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank the referee for his/her valuable and insightful comments on our previous version of the article. We also thank him/her for suggestions of improving the expositions of the article. Nicholas Chin is partially supported by the HKUST postgraduate studentship. Jingbo Wan is partially supported by the HKUST Undergraduate Research Opportunity Project (UROP). The research conducted is partially supported by the second-named author's Hong Kong RGC Early Career Grant #26301316 and General Research Fund #16302417.


The authors would like to thank Fraser Aitken for help with early piloting of the experimental paradigm. This work was supported by a Wellcome/Royal Society Sir Henry Dale Fellowship [218535/Z/19/Z] and a European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant [948548] to P.K. The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging is supported by core funding from the Wellcome Trust [203147/Z/16/Z].


This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 675891 (SCAVENGE) and by Spanish MINECO grant TEC2017-88373-R (5G-REFINE).


This work has been sponsored by UMU-CAMPUS LIVING LAB EQC2019- 006176-P funded by ERDF funds, by the European Commission through the PHOENIX (grant agreement 893079) CyberSec4Europe (g.a. 830929) and DEMETER (g.a. 857202) EU Projects. It was also co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Youth European Initiative (YEI) under the Spanish Seneca Foundation (CARM).


The authors thank King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) for its continuous supports. This work is supported by KFUPM under project # SB201026.


This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China for International Science & Innovation Cooperation Major Project between Governments (Grant No.


This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grants CCF-1816594/1817267, OAC-1835292, and CNS-1823177/1823214.


The present work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation (31003A_176038) and Swiss Cancer Research (KFS-4281-08-2017).


We gratefully acknowledge the Luxembourg School of Business for providing the technological support for this research. Additionally, the authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action CA21169 (DYNALIFE), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).


This work was supported by the USA National Science Foundation (award numbers 1608171 and 1922633). N.K. also acknowledges funding support from the John A. Clark and Edward T. Crossan endowed chair professorship at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). S.O.K. was financially supported by the National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly (2015R1A3A2033061) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). R. S-Y. and Y. Y. acknowledge the financial support from NSF CBET-1805938. This work made use of instruments in the Electron Microscopy Service (Research Resources Center, UIC). L. W. W. acknowledge support from Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U. S. Department of Energy under Battery Materials Research (BMR) program. The theoretical work in this research used the resources of the National Energy Resources Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) that is supported by the office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy.

Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program


This work was supported by NIH award R35 CA220340 to S.C.B., R01GM139960 to K.A., a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE1745303) and the Sophia H.Y Chang Fellowship to C.A.M., a CIHR Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship to B.J.E.M., and a LLS Career Development Fellowship and K99GM144750 grant to J.M.R..


This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) (270949263/GRK2162 to JEA, VS, RMB, MR, and BW; 505539112/KFO5024 to BW and IP; GRK2599 to IP; 535375124 to KMG); the Fritz Thyssen Foundation (10.19.2.024MN to IP), Johannes and Frieda Marohn Foundation (to IP), and ELAN Fonds of the University Hospital of Erlangen (P117 to IP); Swedish research council and the Crafoord Foundation (to LR); German Academic Scholarship Foundation, the Max Weber-Program of the State of Bavaria and the German National Exchange Service (to JEA); Bavarian Ministry of Research and the Arts in the framework of the ForInter network.


Manuscript received xxx xxx, xxx; revised xxx xxx, xxx; accepted xxx xxx, xxx. This work was supported in part by the National Key R&D Program under Grant 2018YFB1004800, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61872184, 61727802, 61571299 and 61671294, by the STCSM Key Fundamental Project under Grants 16JC1402900 and 17510740700, by the National Science and Technology Major Project under Grant 2018ZX03001009-002, by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grants CCF-0939370 and CCF-1513915. (Corresponding authors: Long Shi, Jun Li.)


We thank Chunxia Zou for NEU1 production. CH acknowledges support from an NSERC CGSD Scholarship. EP acknowledges support from an NSERC USRA. This work was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Alberta Glycomics Centre.


Acknowledgements. We are grateful to an anonymous referee for valuable comments, which have improved the paper significantly. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 12090040, 12090042, 12073060, 12333008, and 12288102. Y.Z. acknowledges the support from the science research grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) "Light of West China" Program (No. 2022-XBQNXZ-013), the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (No. 2022D01E86), Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund (No. ZYYD2025QY27), the National Key R\&D Inter governmental Cooperation Program of China (No. 2023YFE0102300) and the Tianshan Talent Training Program with No. 2023TSYCCX0101. J.Z. would like to acknowledge the National Key R\&D Program of China No.2019YFA0405501, the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS, the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with NO. CMS-CSST-2021-A08, the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No. 22dz1202400), the Shanghai Science and Technology Program (Grant No.20590760800), and Sponsored by Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader. X.M. acknowledges support from the International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory (No. 202302AN360001), and Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (Nos. 202401BC070007 and 202201BC070003). K.W. acknowledges support from the DFG grant Sp 345/24-1. G.L. thanks Ruqiu Lin for the helpful discussions and Qiuyi Luo for assisting with checking the gas data. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia , processed by the Gaia Data Proces-Processingalysis Consortium (DPAC,https: //www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). In addition to those cited in the main body of the text, this work made use of the open source Python packages Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al. 2011), galpy (Bovy 2015) and PeTar (Wang et al. 2020).


Partial support for this work for AFG, KWW and LR is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation grants AST-112595 and AST17- 14205 to the University of Minnesota. SS thanks the Australian Research Council for an Early Career Fellowship DE130101399. HA has benefited from University of Guanajuato grant DAIP #66/2018. HT gratefully acknowledges the support from the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar Program of Tsinghua University; the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2022M721875; and long lasting support of JBCA machine learning group, IAU OAD endorsed project team RGZ_CN (2018) and EMU_Zoo (2022). BDS acknowledges support from a UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship [grant number MR/T044136/1]. | The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication makes use of radio data from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (operated by NRAO). The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.


This work was supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the FDA-CBER Award 1R01FD006588, Agilent Technologies University Relations Grant 4481, PC5.2-112 NIMBL Project Award, and in part by the appointment of Aron Gyorgypal to the Research Participation Program at FDA, administered by ORAU through the U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). The authors would like to thank Agilent Technologies Inc. (Mr. Wayne Heacock, and Dr. Ace Galermo) for their extensive and timely support of this project. As well as the Office of Biotechnology Products (OBP) Bioprocessing Lab (Dr. Cyrus Agarabi, Dr. Erica Fratz-Berilla, Mrs. Casey Kohnhorst) at the U.S. FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) for their support in

The U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)


J.E.C. was supported in part by an N.S.F. Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.
M.K. was supported in part by N.S.F. Grant DMS 9801558.
G.S. was supported in part by N.S.F. Grant DMS 9800879 and the Terman Award.
T.T. is a Clay Prize Fellow and was supported in part by grants from the Packard and Sloan Foundations.


This study has been funded by Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) through projects P24265, P30885 and F7004. Studies in the lab of S.S. were funded by Austrian Science Fund (FWF) P27747. LS received an EFIS-IL Short-term Fellowship for a research stay at Vita San Raffaele University and Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.


The authors are thankful to the authorities of Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai – 625015 to do this research work. This work was supported by DST-WOS-A fellowship scheme under Ref DST – WOS-A File No: SR/WOS-A/ET-9/2018 (2019-2022). | Funding: This work was supported by Department of Science and Technology-Women Scientist Scheme-A fellowship scheme under Ref DST – WOS-A File No: SR/WOS-A/ET-9/2018 (2019-2022).


*This work was partially funded by Purdue’s Elmore Center for Uncrewed Aircraft Systems and the National Science Foundation, grant NSF-ECCS #2238388.


Funding: This study was supported by a Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) research grant of Japan (H29-shinkougyousei-shitei-005). Funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


P.G. was supported by an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship and by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. DMS-1954121 and No. DMS-2046915. T.L. was supported by a von Neumann Fellowship from the Institute for Advanced Study and by grants DMS-1464693 and DMS-1953852 from the National Science Foundation.


Ecological, Evolutionary, and Conservation Genomics (EECG) Research Award to BJP, MU laboratory startup funds to TG, NSF DEB1110605 and DEB0920892 (to R. Glor), NSF IOS1146820 (to D. Zarkower), and NSF DEB1657662 (to TG). BJP was funded by the Department of Biological Sciences Graduate Research Fellowship (MU; 2018–2020), Catherine Grotelueschen Scholarship (MU; 2019), and by NIH project number 2R01GM116853-05 to M. Kirkpatrick (2020-2021).