Acknowledgments. Part of the work was performed when S.-P. Fu, S. Jiang, A. Klöckner, and M. Wala were participating the 2017 HKUST-ICERM workshop "Integral Equation Methods, Fast Algorithms and Their Applications to Fluid Dynamics and Materials Science." The authors thank the anonymous referees, Joshua Schrier, Jasun Gong, John Lowengrub and Jun Allard for valuable feedback. S. Jiang was supported by NSF under grants DMS-1418918 and DMS-1720405, and by the Flatiron Institute, a division of the Simons Foundation. A. Klöckner and M. Wala were supported in part by NSF under grants DMS-1418961 and DMS-1654756. Y.-N. Young was supported by NSF under grants DMS-1412789 and DMS-1614863.


This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT). (No. 2020R1A2C101378712)


Supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), as part of the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) under Award Number U01AI069919. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.


This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 12331018).


This work was partially funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2070 – 390732324.


S.A.S., K.S.M., Y.I.W., V.B., and E.V.K. are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health of the USA (National Library of Medicine). Work in the Peters lab was supported by NIH R01 GM129118 (J.E.P.).


H.-C.H. and T.-Y.W. contributed equally to this study. This work was supported by funding from National Institutes of Health grants HL135416 to K.-C.W. and HL145170 and HL108735 to Z.B.C. The authors thank Dr. Miyeko Mana and Clarissa Hoffman for their technical assistance.


This work was funded in part by NSF PPoSS large grants CCF-2316159 and CCF-2316157. This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Contract No. N66001-21-C-4023. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of DARPA.


Funding: The present study is a product of the Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG) as part of the "LOEWE – Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz" program of Hesse’s Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and the Arts as well as the Leibniz Association. Field sampling for the study was provided by the Giraffe Conservation Foundation. | Acknowledgements: We thank an array of partners, in particular government and NGO partners across Kenya who collaborated with and/or financially supported the Giraffe Conservation Foundation to permit, collect and include samples in this analysis, including Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Governments of Botswana, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Niger, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, Ivan Carter Wildlife Conservation Alliance, and San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. We also thank Emma Vinson for her assistance in coding the R script used for relatedness filtering.


This work was supported by the Czech Ministry of Education (grants ESFRI RECETOX RI LM2018121, ESFRI ELIXIR CZ LM2018131, TEAMING CZ CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_043/0009632, NPO Neuro LX22NPO5107), the European Regional Development Fund under the project IMPACT (reg. no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15 003/0000468), and the European Union (SinFonia 814418 and TEAMING 857560). The computational resources were supplied by the project "e-Infrastruktura CZ" (e-INFRA LM2018140) provided within the program Projects of Large Research, Development and Innovations Infrastructures. Petr Kouba is a holder of the Brno Ph.D. Talent scholarship funded by the Brno City Municipality and the JCMM.


The research conducted to support the development of the policy brief was part funded by Public Health England through the British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists (BAPO) [Ref: 6719098]. The policy brief development was supported by Policy Impact Acceleration funding from Staffordshire University.


*O. Glorieux is supported by CNPq grant 16088/2015-1
†D. Monclair is supported by National Research Fund, Luxembourg


University at Buffalo. This project was supported by grants from the BrightFocus Foundation (G2016024) and the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R01EY020545 and R01EY029705) to X.M. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.


This research is supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore under its AI Singapore Programme (AISG Award No: AISG-GC-2019-002). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of National Research Foundation, Singapore.


Acknowledgements. The work was supported by RFBR according to the research project 18-31-20004, by the Presidents Program Support of Young Russian Scientists according to the research project MK-2262.2019.1 and in part by Young Russian Mathematics award.


This work was supported by the National Research and Development Agency (JST), SPRING (Grant Number JPMJSP2128 to Hiroshi Akiyama) and by the Practical Research Project for Lifestyle-related Diseases including Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (Grant Number 22FA1004 to Motohiko Miyachi). | We would like to express our appreciation to the authors of the studies included in this study and to all individuals involved in the data collection. This work was supported by the National Research and Development Agency (JST), SPRING (Grant Number JPMJSP2128). We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.


This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation through grant DMS-1312377, which is gratefully acknowledged.


The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62072329, and 71278).


I gratefully acknowledge financial support from the organizers of this meeting. I also thank Yannick Mellier for many useful discussions.


Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, grant number [SJCX21_0344]; the Science and Technology Plan Program of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, grant number [2019-K-140]; and the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Nanjing Forestry University, grant number [CX2019031]. | Funding: This work was supported by the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, grant number [SJCX21_0344]; the Science and Technology Plan Program of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, grant number [2019-K-140]; and the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Nanjing Forestry University, grant number [CX2019031].


This research is supported by Mahidol University (grant number: A30/5261). The funding body has not participated in the research design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data and writing the manuscript.


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81930064, 81874103 to Xipeng Wang).


Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for the generous support through grants Y1012, I4039 (Fischer, Wohofsky) and P28420 (Koelbing). The second author is also grateful for the support by the ÖAW Doc fellowship.


This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Start-up Research Grant (SRG) (File No. SRG/2021/000422) from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India to KY. The authors express their gratitude to Dr Prakash Gangashetty, the Pigeonpea breeder at ICRISAT, and Dr Janila Pasupuleti, the Groundnut breeder at ICRISAT, for generously supplying the pigeonpea and groundnut seeds required for plant transformation.


This work was supported by the « URGENCE COVID-19 » fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur.


Acknowledgements. This work was supported in part by the IBS (IBS-R029-C2) and the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT in Korea (No. NRF-2017R1E1A1A01076400), Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant (2020-0-00153 and 2016-0-00464), Samsung Electronics, HPC support funded by MSIT & NIPA.


*EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 200021-125287/1) and an NSERC Post-Doctoral Fellowship.


Acknowledgements: We thank many people who contributed to this work. PP Dupont and L Bernatchez generously shared their historical tissue samples and length weight data. JP Coon-Come, D Schecapio, E Coon-Come and D Petawabano were excellent Cree guides. M Rabbitskin, our interpreter, and 17 anonymous Cree fishers and elders shared their knowledge of the species and the lake. R Arax Koumrouyan helped conduct the blast2go analysis. M Yates, E Lawrence, J-M Matte, A Prevost, N Hill, A Harbicht, B Brookes, P Peres-Neto, A Cantin, K Wilson, B Allen, W Larson, Z Feiner and D Isermann contributed critical feedback and discussion throughout the project and/or on drafts of the article. M Dunn facilitated engagement with Niskamoon Corporation. This project was funded by fisheries monitoring grants from Niskamoon Corporation to EB/DJF/PM, and by a Mitacs Elevate Postdoctoral Fellowship to EB.


We would like to thank the referees for their invaluable comments and suggestions. We are also grateful to Dr. Yunwen Lei for pointing out a bug in the proof of Lemma 5 in an early version of the paper and providing Lemma 6 to us. The work by D. X. Zhou described in this paper is supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [Project No. CityU 105011].


This study was funded by JSPS KAKENHI (JP17H06478) to A.S.


The work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2021YFC0863400).


This work was partially supported by NSERC Canada, Brain Canada, NSF China and CSC China. | W.L. Scholarship was Council supported (Grant by No. K. C. 201408330402), Wong Magna Found and the in Ningbo Ningbo Natural University, Science the China Foundation (2016A610078). T.L. was supported by Brain Canada and NSF China (Grant Nos. 61221063 and 71371129). R.G. was supported by NSERC Canada. G.L. was supported by NSERC Canada and NSF China (Grant No. 61672323).


*This research is partially supported by NSF grants DMS-1204840, DMS-1308340, DMS-1612483, DMS-1855568, UW-RRF grant A112251, EPSRC grant EP/K029797/1.


This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0207500), National Natural Science Foundation of China (22022507, 51973111), Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (17ZR1447300), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS202004) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M681279). We acknowledge the single-crystal XRD analysis support by Dr. Lingling Li from the Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.


Supported by grants from Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI20/01360, Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund). L.A.R. is the recipient of a grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CM16/00128). C.H.F. is the recipient of a grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CD16/00033). Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias is supported by a grant from Fundación Cajastur-Liberbank. Work in the laboratory of P.J.F.M. was funded by the IMDEA Food Institute, by the AECC and Ramón Areces Foundations and by grants from the Spanish Minisitry of Economy co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (SAF2017-85766-R and RYC-2017-22335). Work in the laboratory of M.S. was funded by the IRB, by "La Caixa" Foundation, and by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (SAF2017-82613-R) and from the European Research Council (ERC- 2014-AdG/669622). J.I.S. is supported by NIH grants HL-147070, HL-71643 and AG-49665.


The authors are thankful to all patients who contributed to this study. We are grateful to Silje Hjellbrekke, Hallvard Zapffe, Mentowa Fürst Bright and Martine Schrøder for technical assistance. We thank the High-Throughput Chemical Biology Screening Platform at Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, and the High Throughput Biomedicine Unit at Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Finland, for assistance with drug sensitivity screens. This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway under the frames of ERA PerMed (project number 322898) and Digital Life Norway (project number 294916), the Norwegian Cancer Society, the Regional Health Authority for South-Eastern Norway, Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen (Grant 19), Lilly Constance og Karl Ingolf Larssons stiftelse, and the Medical Student Research Program at the University of Oslo. F.B. was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF 31003A_163232/1). J.R.B. was supported by NIH R01 CA 213442. T.A. was supported by the Norwegian Cancer Society, Radium Hospital Foundation and the Academy of Finland (grants 313267, 326238, and 344698).


Acknowledgements. Authors in Seoul National University are supported by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2017-0-01772, Video Turing Test, No.2019-0-01082, SW StarLab).


This work was partly supported by JST CREST (No. JPMJCR16Q6), JSPS KAKENHI (No. 19K15291), and Advanced Research Program under the Human Resources Funds of Tokyo (H31-1).


We thank members of the Holland Lab at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for discussions. This research was supported by the R35 CA253119-01A1(E.C.H.), NIH U54 CA193461 (E.C.H.), National Institutes of Health R01 CA195718 (E.C.H.), R01 CA100688 (E.C.H.), T32 CA9657-25 (S.S.P.), U54 DK106829 (S.S.P.), R21 CA223531 (S.S.P.); K22 CA258953-01 (SSP) ,Jacobs Foundation Research Fellowship (S.S.P.) and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program DGE-1762114 (N.N.).


This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 882396), by the Israel Science Foundation (grant number 993/17) and the Yandex Initiative for Machine Learning at Tel Aviv University.


Funding: EKH and JMF were partially supported by NSF DEB # 2120441 during the analysis and preparation of this manuscript. JMF was supported by the Simons Foundation during the final stages of manuscript preparation and submission. MAB and KCW were partially supported by awards from DOE Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), grant nos. DE-SC0021350 and DE-SC0023084. A portion of this work was also performed by MAB under a subcontract to KCW from the River Corridor Science Focus Area at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and Environmental System Science (ESS) Program. PNNL is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing was performed at the Joint Genome Institute under a Community Science Program (proposal:10.46936/10.25585/60001289, awarded to KCW and MAB) and the University of Colorado Anschutz's Genomics Shared Resource. Work conducted at JGI (https://ror.org/04xm1d337), a Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility, was supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Work conducted at the Genomics Shared Resource was supported by the Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA046934).


We are grateful to the referee for the useful suggestions to improve the manuscript. This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants No. 2021YFA0718503), the NSFC (No. 12133007).


The first-listed author gratefully acknowledges funding from L'ORÉAL Austria, in collaboration with the Austrian UNESCO Commission and the Austrian Academy of Sciences - Fellowship Determinacy and Large Cardinals and the support of the FWF Elise Richter grant number V844. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 794020 (Project IMIC) of the second-listed author. He also greatefully acknowledges partial support from FWF grant number I4039. This research was funded in whole or in part by EPSRC grant number EP/V009001/1 of the second-listed author. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a 'Creative Commons Attribution' (CC BY) public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission.


Funding: This work was supported by operating grants from the Prostate Cancer Canada (C.R.; R.R. and C.A.); the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (C.A., R.R., T.T.), by the Vi Riddell Child Pain program of the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (C.A., T.T.), and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC; C.A.). C.A. holds a Canada Research Chair in inflammatory Pain (Tier2).

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)


Funding This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Grant UI/BD/150716/2020). | This work was funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Grant UI/BD/150716/2020).Warm thanks go to it as well as to my supervisor, Prof. Carlos Smaniotto Costa, for his support and insightful comments, and to the research laboratories in education and in urbanism of the CeiED (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Education and Development) that hosted me at Lusófona university.


The authors thank H. Ren and L. Hilbert for helpful discussions. This research is funded by the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China (NSFC91730101 and 11831015).


This work was supported by MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences [Grant No.18YJAZH118]. The funding agencies had no role in design, analysis, interpretation, or writing of this study.


This work was supported by a grant from Alpha-1 foundation.


Acknowledgments. The first author was supported by the FTP7-IDEAS-ERC-StG Grant #200497(BioSMA) and the FP7-IDEAS-ERC-StG Grant #256872 (EntroPhase). He is also grateful for the support received during his visit to the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague (GAČR Grant P201/10/2315 and RVO: 67985840).


The research leading
to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European
Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement n◦ 291053.


∗ RD was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12201076) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M732180); CL was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12271339).


We are grateful to British Telecommunications PLC who are supporting the PhD research of the first author in the UK EPSRC CASE scheme, giving invaluable guidance on the needs and possibilities of intelligent security tools and their evaluation. Part of this paper draws on the 2019 MSc dissertation of the second author. Nikola Pavlov helped with some of the earlier implementation. The third author was supported by The Alan Turing Institute under the EPSRC grant EP/N510129/1 and the Office of Naval Research ONR NICOP award N62909-17-1-2065.


The analysis described in this paper was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under grant numbers 112-2811-M-845-001 and 111-2111-M-845-001. We are grateful to Professor Tim Li for his valuable comments. We also wish to express our gratitude to Mr. HC Liang for his assistance in downloading the model outputs used. This manuscript was edited by Wallace Academic Editing.


Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Leonard White, Ph.D. in the Duke Department of Neurobiology and Robert W. Williams, Ph.D. Univ of Tennessee Health Science Center Chair of Genetics for helpful guidance in neuroanatomy. We thank Tatiana Johnson for technical assistance in preparing the manuscript. This work was supported by National Institute of Aging R01AG070913 (to GAJ and RWW)


A.R., F.P. and R.K. acknowledge funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. N.P., H.L., and B.F. acknowledge funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). M.G., F.H., M.M.K., B.F., U.L., F.P. and R.K. acknowledge support by the Helmholtz Society through the program, Science and Technology of Nanosystems (STN), and by the Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF). R.K. acknowledges support by Lukas Novotny for simulating dipole emission, Achim Hartschuh for insights into SPP modes, and Yoshikazu Homma for valuable information about environmental effects on carbon nanotubes.


E.H. is thankful to have received graduate scholarships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Brain Canada (Canadian Neurophotonic Platform), and the Krembil Foundation.


This research was undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs program, the NSERC Discovery Grant program and the LeverageR&D program of the Research and Development Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador. FV would like to thank Memorial University of Newfoundland, where this research was initiated, for the hospitality during his stay.


We would like to thank Pavan Ramkumar for help with code development. For funding, JG was supported by NIH F31 EY025532 and NIH T32 HD057845, NSF NeuroNex Award DBI-1707398, and the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. AB was supported by NIH MH103910. MP was supported by NIH F31 NS092356 and NIH T32 HD07418. RC was supported by NIH R01 NS095251 and DGE-1324585. LM was supported by NIH R01 NS074044 and NIH R01 NS095251. KK was supported by NIH R01 NS074044, NIH R01 NS063399 and NIH R01 EY021579.


This work was supported by the grants from the Science and Technological Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 20Y11906400), and the Child and Adolescent Mental Health in The key discipline Construction Project Mental Health and Psychiatry Three Years' Action of Shanghai Public Health System Construction Project (No. GWV-10.1-XK19)


This work was supported by the NSFC under Grant No.11571346 and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS.


This work was supported by NIH grants U41 HG002273 (GO Consortium), U24 HG012198 (Reactome), U24 HG002223 (WormBase), U41 HG000330 (The Mouse Genome Database), and U24 HG011851 (Pathways2GO).


This study was funded in part by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Best and Wise Practices Grant (grant # 410011045). The authors acknowledge financial support from CIHR. The funder was not involved in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.


This work was supported by Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No: 71673311). The funding body had no role in study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.


This research was supported in part by grants from the US National Library of Medicine (R01LM012837), the US National Cancer Institute (R01CA249758), and the US National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM104416).


This work was supported in part by Software R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Kwanjeong Educational Foundation Scholarship, Sloan Research Fellowship, and DARPA Explainable AI (XAI) program #313498. We also thank Zeynep Akata, Yongqin Xian, Junhyuk Oh, Lajanugen Logeswaran, Sungryull Sohn, Jongwook Choi, and Yijie Guo for helpful discussions.


Y.L. is supported by the startup grant and Center for Pediatric Genomics award from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. | The author thanks the input from Drs. Guoqiang Li and Bing Ren from Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California at San Diego, Drs. Matthew T. Weirauch and Raphael Kopan from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. This work was supported by the computational resources from the Biomedical Informatics (BMI) high-performance computing cluster in CCHMC. This work also used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by the National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562. This work used the XSEDE at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) through allocation MCB190124P and MCB190006P.

Startup grant and Center for Pediatric Genomics award


M.R.A. and T.V. gratefully acknowledge funding from the Villum Foundation, Grant VKR023437. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.


The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32173001).


D. Mantzavinos was supported by an EPSRC Doctoral Training Grant.


The study of tapir movement ecology has been an important component of the long-term activities of the Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI) – Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ) in Brazil. The LTCI has the institutional support from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Tapir Specialist Group (TSG), Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Tapir Taxon Advisory Group (TAG), and European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA) Tapir Taxon Advisory Group (TAG). LTCI's financial support comes from national and international agencies, including zoological institutions, foundations, private businesses, and private individuals. MJN was supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN-2021-02758. This work was partially funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) which is financed by Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) with tax funds on the basis of the budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament. CHF and JMC were supported by NSF | IIBR 1915347. EPM would like to thank the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) for hosting her for a 2-month research visit for initial data processing and analysis.


The authors thank Chandra Nath Roy, and Ella Begovic for technical assistance. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants U54 AI170791 (A.N.E., S.C.W., and Z.A.), R01 AI052014 (A.N.E.), and T32 AI049820 (Z.I.) and the Gilead Sciences Research Scholars Award (M.K.).


Acknowledgements We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their critical comments. This work is partially supported by a grant (ref. no. ITS/073/12) from the Innovation Technology Fund in Hong Kong.


We wish to thank the hundreds of researchers and thousands of families who contributed to the success of ManyBabies 1. This work was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (2018-04390) and the Concordia Research Chairs program to KBH; the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1R01HD095912-01A1) to CLW and KBH; the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1256259) to MZ; the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 798658 to LL.