This work has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, USA (grant R01-GM078221) and the National Science Foundation, USA (award 1507736). Computations in this study have been performed in part on the Maryland Advanced Research Computing Center (MARCC) Blue Crab cluster. The authors thank Prof. Ingemar André, Lund University for helpful discussions and guidance and Dr. David E. Kim, University of Washington for advice on homology modeling with Robetta.


Cai, Yunbo and Minjing thanks financial supports from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang and Taizhou (LTY20B030001) and private fund from Chris Rourk.


The Edinburgh Genome Foundry is supported by the BBSRC (BB/M018040/1) and the BBSRC/MRC/EPSRC-funded UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology as part of the RCUK's Synthetic Biology for Growth program. This work was supported by the UKRI EPSRC Fellowship (EP/V033794/1) to G.S.


The study has received financial support from the National Science Centre of Poland under grant 2018/28/C/ST3/00052.


This research was partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (INSPIRED 16/136/102) using aid from the UK government to support global health research.
GoDARTS was funded and supported by the Wellcome Trust (Award 072960 and 084726) and the UK Medical Research Council (Award G0601261). SHARE is NHS Scotland Research (NRS) infrastructure initiative and it was funded by the Chief Scientists Office of the Scottish Government. The PREDICTION-ADR Consortium was funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement no. 602108.
The UK Biobank was primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. Approval for the study and permission to access the data was granted by the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 20405 that is open access.


Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3008 and Dept. Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899 email: molshan@math.uh.edu; partially supported by the RFBR grants 12-01-00283, 11-01-00767, 12-01-91330. | Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15260, PA, USA; email: xix21@pitt.edu; partially supported by the NSF under grant DMS-0810385


This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC1314300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971255), Social Development Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BE2019610), Jiangsu Provincial Medical Talent project (ZDRCA2016075) and Basic Research Project of Frontier Technology in Jiangsu Province, China (BK20192004D).


The initial part of the work was supported by a CRCNS grant from the NSF (1515587). We would like to thank Manuel Tanzi for his thoughts and inputs during this project. We would also like to thank Gang Xiao and Ekaterina Gribkova for their valuable evaluation and feedback about the application.


This publication was made possible by NPRP grant # NPRP9-224-1-049 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.


This study was funded by the Dutch research organisation (NWO) with the project number ALWOP.2015.082. We would like to thank the editor John Brodholt and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments. The microstructural studies were conducted at EMU, the Utrecht University Facility for Electron Microscopy. The head of facility Dr M. A. van Huis, facility manager C.W.T.M. Schneijdenberg, and J. D. Meeldijk are thanked for support. Funding


The authors were partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 20K03634 and 21K03298.


Acknowledgements. This research is partially supported by NSFC grants 12201255. The author is grateful to Bo Dai, Huijun Fan and Yuuji Tanaka for invaluable help in the production of this paper.


Funding support by: Indian Council of Medical Research [Advanced Center for Research in Pediatric Kidney Diseases; 5/7/1090/2013-RHN and 5/4/7-18/Nephro/2020-NCDII] and Department of Biotechnology, Government of India [BT/PR11030/MED/30/1644/2016]


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81972690, 81000914, and 81272526). The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.


We are grateful to those who helped us collect samples from various locations. We thank Ms. Yuki Sano, Mr. Atushi Shirakawa, and Mr. Kazuma Kubo for preparing the DNA samples. This work was supported by the Urakami Foundation for Food and Food Culture Promotion.


We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. We thank Xiang Zhou for useful discussions and thank Steven Chen for proofreading SCUs for PyrXSum. This work was supported by NSFCAREER Award 1846185.


This research was funded by European Commission through the HORIZON-EIC-2021-
TRANSITIONOPEN-01 project NEXUS (automated in-line separatioN and dEtection of
eXtracellular vesicles for liqUid biopsy applicationS) under Grant Number 101058200.
The authors are grateful to Dr. R. Vago (Urological Research Institute, Division of
Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy) for providing
HEK-derived EV samples, and to Dr. Y. D'Alessandra (Bio-Techne) for performing Western
Blot analyses.


This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51975259, 31601578) and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA.


A.R., T.M., and J.R. receive funding from the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship from the University of Melbourne. K.K., S.E.J. and D.B.G. are supported by the ARC (Australian Research Council) Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Cognitive Computing for Medical Technologies (IC170100030). T.M. is supported by the Elizabeth and Vernon Puzey Scholarship. C.S.L is supported by the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences.


The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [51706139] and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality [20dz1203304].


Acknowledgements We thank the referee for useful comments and suggestions. The first named author thanks the Infosys Foundation for the partial financial support. He also thanks MATRICS for the partial financial support. The second named author thanks the Chennai Mathematical Institute for the hospitality during his stay.


The work on this article was supported by the Freigeist-Fellowships of Volkswagen Stiftung, project "Bayesian Boosting - A new approach to data science, unifying two statistical philosophies". Boyao Zhang performed the present work in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree "Dr. rer. biol. hum." at the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).


This study was fully funded by Moorfields Eye Charity grant (R170041A) to Mr. Sajjad Ahmad (Nov 2016-Oct 2021).


CL thanks Lucas Menou for helping to set up the numerical calculations at the beginning of the project. We thank Yicheng Qiang for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Max Planck Society and the European Union (ERC, EmulSim, 101044662).


This work was supported by MHLW Research on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases and Immunization (Program Grant Number JPMH23HA2011).


This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council project grant number APP1020526, the Brain Foundation, Wicking Trust, Collie Trust, and Sidney and Fiona Myer Family Foundation.


This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1D1A1A02045842). | This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1D1A1A02045842). All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.


This work was supported by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Infectious Disease Research Project and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (KAKENHI Grant No. 24K22352). We thank all the laboratory members and staff at Tokyo Metropolitan University.


This work is supported by the National Institute of Health under grants R01-GM114365, R01-EB026998, and R01-CA204443.


We express our appreciation for funding supported by a Human Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Healthy Tomorrows Partnership for Children Program grant (Grant Number H17MC29435) and the Life Course Methodology Core (LCMC) of the New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research via a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (grant numbers DK111022- 8786 and P30 DK111022).


The GISTEMP analysis is funded by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program. N.L. was also funded from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (NSF DGE 16-44869) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.


A.R. acknowledges NIH/NCI PSOC award number U54 CA193417, NSF CAREER 1350601, P30 CA016520, SPORE P50 CA174523, NIH U01 CA227550, NIH 4DN U01 HL129998, NIH Center for Photogenomics (RM1 HG007743), and the Tara Miller Foundation. C.M. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG through the SFB 1243. A.S. acknowledges support from the NIH grant 5R01GM124446-02. L.S. would like to acknowledge the support of the PROMOS fellowship of the DAAD, Germany. Y.G. would like to acknowledge the Schmidt Science Fellows in partnership with the Rhodes Trust. Y.G. is a fellow of The Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research and this investigation has been aided by a grant from The Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research.


This work was supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31801103] and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Initiative for Innovative Medicine [2016-I2M-1-016].


G.W., L.S., E.S.G., and J.M. acknowledge funding by the DFG through the CRC1279 "Exploiting the Human Peptidome for Novel Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents", project ID 316249678. J.M. acknowledges additional funding by the DFG through projects MU3115/8-1 and MU3115/11-1 and the Baden Württemberg Stiftung (Piggy-backed EPI-X4). M.H. was funded by funding programs for female scientists of the Equal Opportunities Unit and by the "Bausteinprogramm", Projektnummer: L.SBN.0209, of Ulm University. E.S.G further acknowledges instrumentation funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under the Großgerät initiative- Projektnummer: 436586093. E.S.G. and Y. A.H. are supported by the DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC-2033 - Project number 390677874.


Funding. RH is supported by the German space agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) under PLATO Data Center grant 50OO1501. JPD and JR acknowledge support from the DFG SPP 1833 "Building a Habitable Earth" (DU 1450/3-1, DU 1450/3-2, and RE 665/42-2).


- This study was funded by the grants from the National Key Research and Development Program (grant number 2019YFC1316000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31970696, 81502975 and 81802355), and the Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-level Innovative Health Talents. The funders played no roles in the study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, and the decision to submit the article for publication. All authors, external and internal, had full access to all of the data (including statistical reports and tables) in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis, as well as being independent of the funders.


Acknowledgements: The author was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSCR) Project 2478902.


This work was supported by the projects PI15/01073 and PI18/00997 from the Health Research Fund (FIS. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Plan Nacional de I+D+I 2013-2016) of the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII, Madrid, Spain) partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) 'A way of making Europe'. BRS (CPII19/00002) is recipient of a Miguel Servet contract supported by the FIS. DRT has been funded by the IiSGM through its intramural programme.


This work was supported in part by Fermilab LDRD 2019.011 and LDRD 2022.053. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) program. The SCGSR program is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education for the DOE under contract number DESC0014664. The work of M.B., B.C., and P.M. is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. SIFS construction was supported by FAPESP 1999/03744-1 and Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica (LNA/MCTI). CCD development was supported by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05C H11231. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.


This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 817597).


This research was supported by grant DK031135 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The authors thank Steven Zukerman for his expert technical assistance.


This study was supported from the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ZDBS-LY-DQC017, QYZDB-SSW-DQC035), the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (D2018009), the Grass-field Rotation Scientist Studio of Heilongjiang Province (202004),


This study is funded by grants from the Open Society Foundations (https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/), The ELMA Relief Foundation (https://www.elmaphilanthropies.org/relief), and the Fred Foundation (https://www.fredfoundation.org/).


The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (BBSRC; BB/P504440/1 to RCC) and from Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. awarded to RCC under a collaborative framework agreement. Support was also received from UKRI/MRC (MR/N013867/1) to RCC); The Rosetrees Trust (M904 to RCC) and from the National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre.

Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (BBSRC)


Acknowledgments: The author is grateful to Chiara Marletto and Charles Bédard for extensive discussions and comments on issues related to this work. V.V.'s research is supported by the Moore Foundation and the Templeton Foundation.


D.G. and JR acknowledge support from the Swiss Cancer Research Foundation (KFS-4104-02-2017). G.Croce is supported by the Marie-Curie fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2020, No 101027973). | Funding Acquisition, D.G.


Acknowledgment. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25400014.


Acknowledgements: We thank Graham Watton and Gary Oak access to private land where the experiments were conducted. The research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (KL-H: Postdoctoral Fellowship, TNS: Discovery Grant).


This work was funded by Strategic Awards from the Wellcome Trust [WT086151/Z/08/Z, WT104104/Z/14/Z] and the Member States of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Funding for open access charge: Wellcome Trust.


AL was supported by funding from GlaxoSmithKline and PW by funding from the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs).


This work has, in part, received funding from UK Research and Innovation via the Global Challenges Research Fund under grant agreement 'A Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases' grant number MR/P027989/1, Sir J. C. Bose Fellowship, India and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India.


This study was funded by the LSHTM Wellcome's Institutional Strategic Support Fund (ISSF) grant reference 204928/Z/16/Z.


This work was partly supported by NIH grant R01GM139980.


This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-18-1-2659 and N00014-17- 12875). C.B.H. acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant No. DGE-1656518. He also acknowledges the invaluable support of Stephane Thiell maintaining the XStream Cluster, and Tiffany Berglund and Ethan Curtis for their keen edits of the text. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong SAR (PolyU 152023/20E). Xin Fang is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Projects No. 12002371) and the Hong Kong Scholars Program.


This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0101802), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31600216), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (C2017301066), and the HAAFS Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Project (2019-4-8-1). The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.


The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The research in this paper was supported by funding from the Australian Research Council [grant number DP200100189] and by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society [grant number CE200100005].


This research was in part supported by a grant from IPM (No. 90030052).


This research work was financially supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2021A1515110565), Medical Scientific Research Fundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. B2021051) and Scientific Research Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau of Guangdong Province of China (No. 20212119).


The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)(Grant nos. 21007060) and the Ji Yang college of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Science developmental foundation (Grant nos.4251700015) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (CN)(Grant nos. LY14B070014).


This study is funded by Ikomed Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC | This work was supported by Mitacs through Mitacs Accelerate Program.


Funding: This research was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grant number 2007/54241-8), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, grant 310648/2022-0).

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)


U.H. was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (1532/20). O.N. was supported by the Azriely Foundation.


Funding resources: This work was funded by NIH Grants DP2GM137419 (V.S.T.) and R01CA282036 (J.T.M.), Welch Foundation Grants I-1911 (V.S.T.), I-2088 (J.W.) I-1961 (J.T.M), CPRIT Grant RP220309 (J.T.M.), and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI, V.S.T and J.T.M.). V.A.L is supported by the HHMI Hanna Gray fellowship. V.S.T. is a Michael L. Rosenberg Scholar in Medical Research, a CPRIT Scholar (RR150033), and a Searle Scholar. V.S.T. and J.T.M. are investigators of the HHMI. | Acknowledgements: We thank members of the Tagliabracci laboratory for helpful discussions, Andrew Lemoff (UTSW Proteomics Core Facility) for help with intact mass spectrometry, the Structural Biology Lab at UT Southwestern Medical Center for support with X-ray crystallographic studies, Helen Aronovich for help with screening crystals (UTSW Structural Biology Laboratory). Jun Wu is a New York Stem Cell Foundation – Robertson Investigator and Virginia Murchison Linthicum Scholar in Medical Research. Research in the Wu laboratory is supported by National Institutes of Health (R01HD103627), NYSCF, and The Welch Foundation (I-2088). We thank Robin E. Stanley from the NIH for the E. coli expression vector for the TSEN complex. Structural results shown in this report are derived from work performed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Structural Biology Center (SBC) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), under Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.


We thank Alex M. Ganose for insightful discussions regarding the electronic band structures of these compounds. W.Z.D, K.B.S, and D.O.S acknowledge support from the European Research Council (grant 758345). S.R.K. acknowledges the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in the Advanced Characterisation of Materials (EP/S023259/1) for a PhD studentship. W.Z.D and M.Z acknowledge the support of the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF0708800), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LZ22A040004), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11674042). W.Z.D acknowledges the support of the international joint doctoral education fund of Beihang University. W.Z.D, K.B.S, S.R.K and D.O.S acknowledge the support of the UCL Myriad and Kathleen High-Performance Computing Facilities (Myriad@UCL, Kathleen@UCL). K.B.S, S.R.K and D.O.S acknowledge the support of the ARCHER2 UK National Supercomputing Service (https://www.archer2.ac.uk) via our membership of the UK's HEC Materials Chemistry Consortium, which is funded by the EPSRC (EP/L000202, EP/R029431 and EP/T022213), the UK Materials and Molecular Modelling (MMM) Hub (Young EP/T022213). W.Z.D and M.Z acknowledge the support of the High-Performance Supercomputing Center of Zhongfa Aviation Institute of Beihang University and the Center for High-Performance Computing of Beihang University (BHHPC). K.B.S and D.O.S acknowledge the University of Birmingham's BlueBEAR HPC service (http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/bear); the Baskerville Tier 2 HPC service (https://www.baskerville.ac.uk/), which was funded by the EPSRC and UKRI through the World Class Labs scheme (EP/T022221/1) and the Digital Research Infrastructure programme (EP/W032244/1) and is operated by Advanced Research Computing at the University of Birmingham; and the Sulis Tier 2 HPC platform hosted by the Scientific Computing Research Technology Platform at the University of Warwick, which is funded by EPSRC Grant EP/T022108/1 and the HPC Midlands+ consortium.

International joint doctoral education fund


This material is based upon work that is in part supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Contract No. HR001117C0047.


We gratefully acknowledge financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER "A way to make Europe/"Investing in your future" (project 20/01754), and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (projects PID2020-114347RB-C31 and PID2020- 114347RB-C32), and Gobierno Vasco-Eusko Jaurlaritza (project IT1639-22). A.B.-M. and L.C. thank MICIN for a FPI (BES-2015-073571) and a FPU (FPU2017-01317) predoctoral contract, respectively. R.P.M thanks MIU and NGEU for a postdoctoral contract (MARSA21/71). A.O.S. thanks UPV-EHU for a predoctoral fellowship. The authors thank the technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU/ ERDF, EU), X-rays: Molecules and Materials Unit, for the XRD structure of compound 9.


*The final preparation of this paper was supported by the DFG within the research training group "Methods for Discrete Structures" (GRK1408). It contains one of the results of the authors diploma thesis written at TU Dortmund, Germany.


The authors acknowledge computing support from Dr. Zhe Shen, Dr. Jin Zhang, Ms. Guo Wang, Mr. Chunan Wu, Mr. Yongpan Chen, and Ms. Yunfei Zhou. BX, XW, JZ, DF, PZ, JM, SW and MY are partially supported by grants from Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (KQTD20210811090114013) and Trillion Compound Library Construction Enabling New Drug Discovery (XMHT20220104035). We would like to acknowledge Nicholas Labello for the computing infrastructure support.


Funding: Innovationsausschuss of the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) (01NVF18024). | The systematic review is part of a larger project which is supported by the Innovation Fund coordinated by the Innovation Committee of the Federal Joint Committee in Germany (Innovationsausschuss beim Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (G-BA)), grant number 01NVF18024. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The funders had no role in planning or conduct of the review nor in the decision to submit the results for publication.


Research supported in part by NSF grant no. DMS-0654147.


This research is supported by EPSRC grant EP/N014111/1 "Making Sense of Sounds" and research scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC).


This study was supported by Biomedical Research Programme funds at Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, a program funded by the Qatar Foundation. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. | JK and RB are supported by the National Institute of Aging of the National Institutes of Health under awards U19AG063744, R01AG069901-01 and Alzheimer's association award AARFD-22-974775. | ROS/MAP data collection was supported through funding by NIA grants P30AG10161 (ROS), R01AG15819 (ROSMAP; genomics and RNAseq), R01AG17917 (MAP), R01AG30146, R01AG36042 (5hC methylation, ATACseq), RC2AG036547 (H3K9Ac), R01AG36836 (RNAseq), R01AG48015 (monocyte RNAseq) RF1AG57473 (single nucleus RNAseq), U01AG32984 (genomic and whole exome sequencing), U01AG46152 (ROSMAP AMP-AD, targeted proteomics), U01AG46161(TMT proteomics), U01AG61356 (whole genome sequencing, targeted proteomics, ROSMAP AMP-AD), the Illinois Department of Public Health (ROSMAP), and the Translational Genomics Research Institute (genomic). | ROSMAP metabolomics data is funded wholly or in part by the following grants and supplements thereto: NIA R01AG046171, RF1AG051550, RF1AG057452, R01AG059093, RF1AG058942, U01AG061359, U19AG063744 and FNIH: #DAOU16AMPA awarded to Dr. Kaddurah-Daouk at Duke University in partnership with many academic institutions.


Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by C1 Gas Refinery Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2017M3D3A1A01037001). This study was also supported by a core Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) project (SI2051-10).


This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024 Task Order No. 75N91022F00007 and for EMMES LLC under Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases contract # 75N93021C00012. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
− ARB has received research support from NIH-NIAID, grants from Pfizer, Cyanvac, and
Merck as well as consulting fees from Janssen and GSK.
− LRB has received grants from Wellcome Trust, Gates Foundation, NIH/Harvard Medical
School through institution. Serves as member of DSMB for NIH and AMDAC for FDA.
Dr Baden is involved in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials conducted in
collaboration with the NIH, HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), Covid Vaccine
Prevention Network (CoVPN), International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI),
Crucell/Janssen, Moderna, Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), the Gates
Foundation, and Harvard Medical School.
− DJD has received a contract from Leidos Biomedical research to conduct the clinical trial
through institution.

− ARF has received grants from Janssen, Pfizer, Merck, BioFire Diagnostics, and
CyanVac through institution, consultant fees from Arrowhead and Icosavax, and
honoraria as a speaker from Moderna and GlaxoSmithKline. ARF also serves on
safety/advisory boards for Novavax and received travel/meeting support from
GlaxoSmithKline.
− SEF has received funding from Leidos to Saint Louis University to conduct Protocol
DMID22-0004.
− DNF has as a contract from CDC and is the site PI for clinical trials from Gilead,
Regeneron and MetroBiotech LLC. She is the PI on one investigator-initiated award from
Gilead and the co-PI on another investigator-initiated award from Gilead. DNF served on
an HBV Advisory board for Gilead in 2021 and received payment for expert testimony
not related to COVID in 2022.
− PAG has received funding for COVAIL clinical trial. PAG has also received consulting
fees from Janssen Vaccines.
− LCI has received support for the present manuscript from NIH-NIAID/DMID, Moderna,
Pfizer, and Sanofi. LCI has also received grants from GSK, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme
Corp, CDC, Novavax, AHRQ, and NIH/NLM/NIMHD as well as consulting fees from
Moderna, CDC, and Pediatric Emergency Medicine Associates, LLC. LCI has received
honoraria as a speaker from American Academy of Pediatrics, Rockefeller University,
and American Academy of Pediatrics- Georgia Chapter. LCI Serves on Data Safety
Monitoring for NIH-Phase 2 Vaccine Trial for Monkeypox, Moderna Scientific Advisory
Board- North America, and CoVID-19 Task Force, Georgia. LCI has a leadership role in
the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society and serves as board member on the Emory
University- Pediatric and Reproductive Environmental Health Scholars-Southeastern, the
Center for Spatial Analytics of the Georgia Institute of Technology, and the American
Academy of Pediatrics (Executive Board for Section on Infectious Diseases). LCI has
received travel/meeting support from the American Academy of Pediatrics and Moderna.
− LAJ has received funding from NIH for support for this study, funding from Pfizer to
support a clinical trial and contract funding for research support from the CDC and the
NIH, all through institution. LAJ also reports unpaid participation on Data Safety
Monitoring Boards for NIH funded clinical trials.
− SJL has received NIH grants through institution.
− AFL has received grants from Merck, Gilead and, Viiv through institution as well as
consulting fees from Vir Biotechnology. AFL has also received travel support from Merck

to attend a required investigator meeting, testing kits and supplies to support research
study from Hologic, and medication donated by Mayne Pharma to support research
study.
− MM has received funding from Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases for
contract # 75N93021C00012.

− DCM has received funding from NIH/75N93019C00050-21A: CIVICS A- Option 21A-
DMID Trials of COVID-19 Vaccines.

− JM has received funding from Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, contract
# 75N93021C00012.
− AN has received support from NIH-NIAID, CEIRR (Centers of Excellence for Influenza
Research and Response) and Gates Cambridge Trust as well as grants from NIH-NIAID
R01.
− RMN has received grants from Moderna and Janssen and travel/meeting support from
Moderna.
− CMP has received funding from NIAID UM1AI148684.
− RMP has received funding from NIH DMID COVAIL as well as grants from Janssen,
Moderna and NIH through institution.
− NGR has received research grants from Pfizer, Merck, Sanofi, Quidel and Lilly through
institution, consulting fees from Krog, honoraria as speaker for Virology education, and
travel support from Sanofi. NGR serves on safety committees for ICON and EMMES and
is a member of the Moderna Advisory board.
− DJS has received support from NIH-NIAID CEIRR , grants from NIH-NIAID R01, and
travel support from NIH-NIAID CEIRR for NIH-related meetings.
− KT has received funding from Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases contract
# 75N93021C00012.
− EBW has received funding from Leidos Biomedical Research AGREEMENT NO.
22CTA-DM0009 as well as grants from Pfizer, Moderna, Sequiris, Clinetic, and Najit
Technologies, with payments made to institution. EBW has also received honoraria as a
speaker from College of Diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry,
consulting fees from Iliad Biotechnologies, and travel/meeting support from the American
Academy of Pediatrics. EBW serves as member of Vaxcyte Scientific Advisory board.
− PLW has received subcontract funding from NIH for this study as well as NIH grant
funding and contract funding from Pfizer through University of Iowa. PLW has also

received consulting fees from Pfizer and serves on safety/advisory board for Emmes
Corporation.
− SK has received research grants from Pfizer.


The research project is part of the UNISSAHEL program (Universal Health Coverage in Sahel), funded by the Agence Française de développement (AFD) Group.


Funding Yongle Zhang was supported partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11901414) and (11871359) and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2018JY0201). Guoyin Li was partially supported by a Future fellowship from Australian Research Council (FT130100038) and a discovery project from Australian Research Council (DP190100555). Ting Kei Pong was supported partly by Hong Kong Research Grants Council PolyU153000/20p.


DQ is supported by an Excellence Grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0019856). The funder had no influence in the design, analysis, or interpretation of data or in the writing of the manuscript.


Acknowledgments. The third author is supported by Nucleus Millennium Information and Randomness P04-069-F. This project was also partially supported by the international cooperation program ECOS-Conicyt C03-E03.


This research was supported by the BBSRC (including BB/L011794/1, PRR-CROP BB/G024960/1, the Norwich Research Park Doctoral Training Grant BB/M011216/1, and the cross-institute strategic programmes Designing Future Wheat and Plant Health BB/P012574/1), the 2Blades Foundation, the Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation, and the Gatsby Foundation.


We thank Dr. Christopher C. Hemond (UMMS) for critical reading of the manuscript. We thank Dr. Paola Perrat (UMMS) for advice on the design and production of plasmids, Shannon Becker (UMMS) and Anoushka Lotun (UMMS) for assistance with tissue preparation, and Dr. Claudio Punzo and Georgia Gunner for advice and training on optomotor testing. We further thank Prof. Dr. Matthew Rasband (Baylor College of Medicine) for sharing CASPR and βIV-spectrin specific antibodies and Prof. Oleg Butkovsky for providing P2RY12 specific antibodies. This work was supported by DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) grant WE 6170/1-1 (SW), NIMH - R00MH102351 (DPS), NIMH - RO1MH113743 (DPS), NIMH - R21MH115353 (DPS), Charles H. Hood Foundation (DPS), Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (DPS), Worcester Foundation (DPS), the Intramural Research Program of NINDS (DSR), and the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation (DPS, DSR, BP).


National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada
National Science Foundation
Canadian Foundation for Innovation
Wilson and Florence Quail Fund in Chemistry | This work was funded by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Award RGPIN-2019-04868, the National Science Foundation (Award 1454959), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation John R. Evans Leaders Fund, and a Wilson and Florence Quail Fund in Chemistry. TFK is a Canada Research Chair in Environmental Analytical Chemistry. This research was undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs program. The authors thank Mr. K. Blaha for contributions to the kinetics studies, and Dr. D. J. Donaldson for helpful discussion.


This study was funded by the Academy of Finland the project No. 345091 (to JM) and Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (grant to CO).


This work was supported by NIH grants R01 NS109176 to S.S.; and R21 NS101450 to S.S. and A.L.T.. We also benefited from the use of the National Eye Institute Core Facilities [supported by P30 EY012576].


This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award number R21AI167124 to DAG. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.


This study was supported in part by Korea University Guro Hospital (Korea Research-Driven Hospital), and a grant funded by Korea University Medicine (K2115701, K.M.C.) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF- 2018R1D1A1B07049605, H.S.C.).


NJ was supported by Australian Laureate Fellowship grant no. FL120100094 from the Australian Research Council. CJL was supported by Macquarie University New Staff grant no. 63934274.


The studies that resulted in writing this paper have been supported by Contract φ1515 with the Bulgarian Svience Research Fund.


Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52070113 and No.51378286), and the State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control.


Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through Project 11206514. JCV acknowledges support provided by the Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme (HKPFS). We thank David Wilkins for critiquing the manuscript.


The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China #12171160, 11831003 and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation #2020B1515310015.


A large portion of this work was funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CHE-1708210. C.G.J. acknowledges the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1650604), the Christopher S. Foote Fellowship, and the Pat Tillman Foundation for funding. J.O. acknowledges the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1650604) for funding. H.M.N. acknowledges the Packard Foundation and Bristol Myers Squibb for generous funding. A.E.S thanks Robert H. Grubbs for use of facilities and helpful discussions. The authors thank Jose Rodriguez, Duilio Cascio, Michael R. Sawaya and Michael J. Collazo (UCLA) for assistance with MicroED data collection and processing, and Vincent LaVallo, Yan Xu and William Wolf for helpful general discussions. The computational work was performed at the UC Berkeley Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility (MGCF), which is supported by the National Institute of Health (Grant No. NIH S10OD023532), and the authors thank Dave Small for his assistance with these calculations. This work incorporates data collected at the Northeastern Collaborative Access Team (NE-CAT) beamlines at Argonne National Laboratory. NE-CAT is funded by the NIH-NIGMS (Grant No. P30 GM124165). The Pilatus 6M detector on the 24-ID-C beamline is funded by NIH-ORIP HEI (Grant No. S10 RR029205). This work also used resources at the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The UCLA-DOE Institute's X-ray Crystallography Core Facility is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (Grant No. DE-FC02-02ER63421).


SAI is funded by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Training Fellowship (no 215654/Z/19/Z).


THK, TL and AR are supported partly by the Area of Excellence (AoE) under the Grant No. AoE/P-404/18-3 and supported partly by the General Research Fund (GRF) under Grant No. 16304321. Both of the AoE and GRF grants are issued by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong S.A.R. LL is supported by the DOE grant DE-SC-0010010.


This work was supported by NSTC of Taiwan under Grant 111-2628-E-002-005-MY2 and 113-2628-E-002-022-MY4, and NTU under Grant 113L7764, 113L891404, and 113L900902. The material in this paper was presented in part at the 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, July 2024.


Funding: The pilot study referred to in this article is funded by a Catalyst Grant from CSO (Chief Scientist Office) Scotland. The funding body had no input into the design, analysis, interpretation or manuscript preparation.


¹This work has been supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Collaborative Research Center 910 "Control of self-organizing nonlinear systems: Theoretical methods and concepts of application".


Funding
This work was supported through the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) and the European Union Framework Program pipeline for the sustainable generation of h


This work was supported in part by NSF under grant CCF-1954837 and ONR under grant N00014-21-1-2719.


We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the National Key RD Program of China via grant 2021YFF0901602 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) via grant 62176078.


The study is funded by the MRC Confidence in Concept Scheme (Award Letter August 2015) and UCB Pharma Investigator Initiated Study scheme (Award letter December 2015). Please see attached. The MRC had no direct input into the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. UCB Pharma had input into the logistics of supplying IMP. UCB Pharma have not been involved in analysis, data interpretation or in the writing of this manuscript.


This research was supported by the UAEU UPAR Grant G00002160.


*The author is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - OB 512/1-1. | †The author is supported by the ERC Synergy Grant HyperK (Grant agreement No. 854361).


The study was funded by the Academy of Finland project 307856 and 323576 to PA. ICD supported by the MBDP doctoral program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.


H. Shahgholian was partially supported by the Swedish Research Council. Authors also thank Professor Carlos Kenig for several valuable comments. A.K. thanks Göran Gustafsson Foundation for visiting appointments to KTH.


G.J.M and B.A.W are partially supported by NIH grant R01CA249981 and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. This study used the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) CoMMpass Dataset. The authors acknowledge the efforts of the MMRF research consortium to provide the fundamental resource for our study.


We would like to thank Prof. Tom Clemente and the University of Nebraska Plant Transformation Core Research Facility for transformations, Erik Nielsen for providing the Golgi localization reporter, Gregg Sobocinski for imaging advice and Zach Lippman for providing the fin4 seeds. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. IOS-1755482.


This study was financially supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0200103); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31101596, 31372130); Hunan Provincial Recruitment Program of Foreign Experts; and the National Oilseed Rape Production Technology System of China; "2011 Plan" supported by The Chinese Ministry of Education; Research and Innovation Project of postgraduates in Hunan province (CX2015B242).


The publication was funded by the Open Access Fund of
Universität Trier and the German Research Foundation (DFG)
within the Open Access Publishing funding program.


*Department of Mathematics, ETH, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Previous affiliation: Mathematics Institute and DIMAP, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. This research was done when the author was affiliated with the Institute of Mathematics, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Email: roman.l.glebov@gmail.com. The author was supported by DFG within the research training group "Methods for Discrete Structures". | †Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary and Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China, email: tardos@renyi.hu. Partially supported by an NSERC grant, the MTA Cryptography "Lendület" project, and the Hungarian OTKA grant NN-102029.


The research of this author was supported by the China Scholarship Council while visiting the National University of Singapore. | The research of this author is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 11871178 and Grant 61773136. | The research of this author is supported by the Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its Academic Research Fund Tier 3 grant call (MOE-2019-T3-1-010).


This work was funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy (Grant No. DESC0021950). This work was partially supported by the University of Chicago Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, which is funded by the National Science Foundation under award number DMR-2011854 and DMR-1420709. Work performed at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility, was supported by the U.S. DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work made use of the shared facilities at the University of Chicago Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, supported by National Science Foundation under award number DMR-2011854. This work was completed in part with resources provided by the University of Chicago's Research Computing Center. P.P.J. acknowledges support from a MRSEC-funded Kadanoff-Rice fellowship (DMR- 2011854 and DMR-1420709). D.G.U. and M.K.Y.C. acknowledge the support from the BES SUFD Early Career award. R.L. acknowledges support from a MRSECfunded graduate research fellowship (DMR-1420709). S.B.K. acknowledges start-up funding support from the University of Chicago and the Neubauer Family Assistant Professors Program. L.L. was supported by the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS), which is a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science User Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.


This work is supported by the Office of Naval Research under grant N000141612651.


This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BCS-2049837.


We thank the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, for a project grant (Grant No: BT/PR/31706/PBD/26/705/2019) funding a Hyperthermophile Enzyme Hydrolase Research Centre (HEHRC) in PG's lab. SW thanks the University Grants Commission for a doctoral research fellowship.


This work was supported, in part, by the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Grants No. 16/SP/3804 (Enable) and 13/RC/2077_P2 (CONNECT Phase 2), the National Natural Science Foundation Of China (NSFC) under the SFI-NSFC Partnership Programme Grant Number 17/NSFC/5224.


Acknowledgement. The author is a member of GNAMPA (Gruppo Nazionale per l'Analisi Matematica, la Probabilità e le loro Applicazioni) of INdAM (Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica 'Francesco Severi') and is supported by the grant PRIN n. 2017AYM8XW: Nonlinear Differential Problems via Variational, Topological and Set-valued Methods and the grant PdR 2018-2020 - linea di intervento 2: Metodi Variazionali ed Equazioni Differenziali of the University of Catania.


Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) is acknowledged for financial support through several projects PTDC/MED-QUI/30591/2017 and UIDB/DTP/04138/2020 (FFUL), and UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 (FFUP). FCT and National Network for Advanced Computing (RNCA) are acknowledged for financial support through projects CPCA/A0/7304/2020 and 2021.09821.CPCA. This work also received financial support by national funds, and was co-financed by the European Union (FEDER) over PT2020 Agreement (UIDB/QUI/50006/2020 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265). Cátia A. Bonito and Fernando Durães acknowledge FCT for their PhD grants SFRH/BD/130750/2017 and SFRH/BD/114681/2019, respectively. Professor doctor Emília Sousa and Fernando Durães acknowledge to the Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR). The authors are also grateful to Simon Lefevre (LBMC, UNamur) for its technical support in gathering ATPase assays data.


This work was supported by the foundation of Nanjing Forestry University (163108059). | This research was designed and wrote by Z.H. and A.A. In addition, H.W., H.R., and Q.Z. reviewed and confirmed. This study was supervised and funded by A.M.


The design, building of and research into the HP^3 has been supported by the German Aerospace Center DLR, by NASA, the AW, and the Polish Academy of Science. The numerical code and data necessary to reproduce the results of this paper have been made publicly available in Grott (2021). Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. US government support is gratefully acknowledged. This paper is InSight Contribution Number 210.


I would like to thank Tatiana Odzijewicz, for a careful and thoughtful reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by Portuguese funds through the CIDMA - Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications, and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Fundaç\~ao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), within project UID/MAT/04106/2013.


This research is partially supported by the Hong Kong RGC/GRF grant number 16207120.


This study was supported by National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research grant R03DE027494. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.


The research partially supported by the Polish NCN grants 2016/21/B/ST1/00033 (Tomasz Szarek) and 2014/13/B/ST1/04551 (Anna Zdunik).


Research in the laboratory of C.B. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) DFG BE 4728 1-1 and 3-1, and the University of Mainz. P.M., S.A. and A.K. thank the International PhD Programme (IPP) of the Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz for supporting the PhD. The work of F.M. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1003).


†C. Song was with NAVER LABS as a research intern when conducting this work. This research was also supported by IITP grant No.2022-0-00480.


This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) via SFB 1333 project number 358283783 and the cluster of excellence EXC 2075 (SimTech) project number 390740016. Furthermore the authors acknowledge support by the state of Baden-Württemberg through bwHPC.


Acknowledgement. This work is a part of the undergraduate thesis of S. Locke at McMaster University (2023-2024). The authors thank S. Dyachenko, P. Lushnikov, J. Weber, and X. Zhao for many discussions related to the content of this work. Figure 1 was prepared by S. Wang as a part of an undergraduate summer project (2024). D. E. Pelinovsky acknowledges the funding of this study provided by the grant No. FSWE-2023-0004 through the State task program in the sphere of scientific activity of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and grant No. NSH-70.2022.1.5 for the State support of leading Scientific Schools of the Russian Federation.


I thank Wolfgang Stein (Illinois State University), Fernando Vonhoff (UMBC), and Kim-Ann Saal (UMG Göttingen) for helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript, Silvio Rizzoli (UMG Göttingen), Mark Frye (UCLA), and Wolfgang Stein for support and mentorship. Many thanks also to the Grass Foundation and 2021 Grass Fellows Bernardo Pinto, Duncan Leitch, Oscar Arenas Sabogal, Luis Bezares Calderon, as well as the 2021 Grass Director Melissa Coleman and Associate Director Laura Cocas and her postdoc Daniela Moura as well as the Trustees of the Foundation for support and constructive feedback. This work was supported by the Grass Foundation during the 2021 Grass Fellowship and by the UCLA Marion Bowen Postdoctoral Award.


We are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, India; Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, India; as well as Intel India for the financial support of this project. We also thank the Japan International Cooperation Agency and IIT-Hyderabad for the provision of GPU servers used for this work. We thank Joseph KJ and Sai Srinivas for all the insightful discussions, that improved the presentation of this work.


Funding: This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 82160143) and Kidney Disease Engineering Research Center of Jiangxi Province (no. 20164BCD40095)


This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61901400, the Young Scholars Development Fund of SWPU under Grant 201899010157, and the Scientific Research Starting Project of SWPU under Grant 2019QHZ015.


Acknowledgments: We thank Maggie Bayalis, Aubrey Inkster, Covel McDermot, Samantha Nestory, Nathaly Rodriguez, Carl Rosier, Gavin Rosier, and Noah Totsline for field and lab assistance. We thank Meghan Avolio for her contribution toward data analysis approaches and Vince D'Amico for forest site establishment. We acknowledge the University of Delaware Research Foundation and Delaware Environmental Institute for funding. We thank the Delaware Environmental Institute for fellowship awarded to Eric Moore. | This work was funded by the University of Delaware Research Foundation and Delaware Environmental Institute (DENIN). Author Eric R. Moore was awarded a fellowship and received research support from DENIN.


This work is supported by the Australian Research Council through a Discovery Project Grant (DP170102324). Access KOWARI diffractometer was made possible an ANSTO Program Proposal PP6050 and regular the regular beamtime proposal P14244. Additional support from AINSE Limited was provided during the experimental work. | C.M. Wensrich would like to thank the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences for support and hospitality during the programme Rich and Non-linear Tomography: A Multidisciplinary Approach when work on this paper was undertaken. This program was supported by EPSRC grant number EP/R014604/1. | While in Cambridge, C.M. Wensrich received support from the Si-
mons Foundation and would also like to thank Clare Hall for their
support and hospitality over this period.


This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF2019R1I1A1A01063525 to S-H.Han), from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI19C1132, HU20C0187, HU20C0198 to I. Mook-Jung), from the NRF (2018R1A5A2025964 to I. Mook-Jung, 2014M3C7A1046042 to D.Y.Lee), and from KHIDI (HI18C0630 & HI19C0149 to D.Y.Lee).


Funding: This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council grant 2019-01394, the Inga-Britt and Arne Lundberg Research Foundation, the Swedish Kidney Foundation, John and Brit Wennerström's Research Foundation, Bertil and Berit Adströms Research Foundation, and grants from the Swedish state under the ALF agreement (2019-965544 to J.N. and 2018-727101 to G.G).


We would like to thank Jeremy Baier and members of the NANOGrav Detection Working group for useful comments on the manuscript. JPS, XS, and DRM are members of the NANOGrav Collaboration. The NANOGrav collaboration receives support from National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics Frontiers Center award No. 2020265. This work is also partly supported by the George and Hannah Bolinger Memorial Fund in the College of Science at Oregon State University.


It is a pleasure to thank Hartmut Löwen, Thomas Speck, Christian Holm, Joost de Graaf, Benno Liebchen, Aidan T Brown and Erdal C. Oğuz for the helpful discussions. We further thank Alexander Reinmüller, Christopher Wittenberg, Denis Botin, Julian Weber, Stanislav Khodorov for their contributions to the project. Internship students Hannah Müller, Songkran Vongsilathi (Thailand) and Zhujun Wu (China) are also acknowledged. We gratefully acknowledge the DFG for financial support (SPP1726, Grants No. PA 459/18-1,2).


All spectral observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under program 2020-1-MLT-002 (PI: Alexei Kniazev). The work was partly supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (project 19-07-01198). A. K. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.


This work was supported by Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå Sweden (D.M.); StratNeuro, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden (D.M.); Swedish Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden (Grant 2018-01047) (M.L.); Kempe Foundation, Örnsköldsvik, Sweden (Grant JCK-1922.2) (D.M., F.S.); Insamlingsstiftelsen för medicinsk forskning 2019 (D.M.); Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse, Stockholm, Sweden (Grant 2016-01639) (D.M.); Swedish Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden (2015-01717) (C.B.); Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-16-CE28-0008-01) (C.B.). H.M.E-S was supported by a grant from the Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI) of the Regional Consejería de Economía, Industria y Comercio, Canary Islands Government and European Social Fund [Canarias 2014-2020, Axis 3 Priority Theme 74 (85%)]. We also would like to acknowledge the Small Animal Research and Imaging Facility (SARIF) at Umeå University for providing the MRI equipment to perform the study and the Biochemical Imaging Center at Umeå University (BICU) and National Microscopy Infrastructure, NMI (VR-RFI 2019-00217) for providing assistance in microscopy. With great appreciation, we also thank Dr. Seong-Gi Kim and Dr. Won Beom Jung for providing the mask of the fMRI-based sensorimotor cluster reported in Jung et al., NeuroImage, 2019.


This work was financially supported by CREST (JST Grant No.: 18070940) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (JSPS Grant No.: 21H05215), Japan. We thank Ms. Kaneda (Instrumental Analysis Center, YNU) for technical support with TEM measurements. H-NMR measurements were carried out at Instrumental Analysis Center, YNU.


This manuscript was finished before 2020. This research was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program (Grant XDA19070403), National key research and development program of China (2016YFA0601802) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers: 41790473 and 41430533). A. Dai acknowledges the funding support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. AGS-2015780 and OISE-1743738).


Acknowledgement: This work and CYB, YYB, SA, NJK, CB are supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France (Grant ANR-12-PDOC-0028- Project Apicolipid), the Atip-Avenir and Finovi programs (CNRS-INSERM-FinoviAtip-AvenirApicolipid projects), and the Laboratoire d' Excellence Parafrap, France (grant number ANR-11-LABX-0024). CYB and GIM are supported by the LIA CNRS Program (Apicolipid project). MAH is supported by European Research Council (ERC consolidator grant 614880) and the Laboratoire d'Excellence Parafrap, France (grant number ANR-11-LABX-0024).


The work of FB was supported by the DFG-Collaborative Research Center, TRR 109, "Discretization in Geometry and Dynamics." The work of PJF was supported by the Australian Research Council through the grant DP140102613.

Collaborative Research Center, TRR 109, "Discretization in Geometry and Dynamics"


† Uwe Brauer's research was partially supported by grant MTM2012-31928. | *Research supported ORT Braude College's Research Authority.


We would like to acknowledge high-performance computing support from Cheyenne (https://doi.org/10.5065/ D6RX99HX) provided by NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Support was provided by the Atkinson Center for Sustainability at Cornell University for EMB, DV and DGM; and by the National Science Foundation through agreement CBET-1818759 for DV and DGM. This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement no. 1852977, and by SilverLining through its Safe Climate Research Initiative.


This work was supported by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No.2020- 0-00004, Development of Previsional Intelligence based on Long-term Visual Memory Network, No.2022-0-00077, Reasoning, and Inference from Heterogeneous Data, No. 2019-0-00079, Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Pro-gram, Korea University).

Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program, Korea University


Eman Alashwali acknowledges the financial support of the Ibn Rushd Program at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). This work was funded in part by the Innovators Network Foundation. The authors thank the participants for their time and valuable insights.


Research in the authors' laboratory is supported by the CNRS, University Toulouse III, FRM (Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale), La Ligue Contre le Cancer 31, La Société Française d'Hématologie (SFH), the China Scholarship Council and the CNRS « Groupement de recherche 3740 ».


*Work supported by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research of Germany


This work has been partially supported by MIAI @ Grenoble Alpes (ANR-19-P3IA-0003). The authors would like to thank Julien Diard and Laurent Girin for fruitful discussions.


Acknowledgements. The author is grateful to Pierre Berger, Viktor Ginzburg, Başak Gürel and Sobhan Seyfaddini for useful discussions. This work is supported by the ERC Starting Grant 851701.


The authors acknowledge the support from the H2020 OPTICON Joint Research Network. DD and OA thank the Belgian national funds for scientific research (FNRS). SK acknowledges support from an ERC Starting Grant (Grant Agreement No. 639889) and STFC Rutherford Fellowship (ST/J004030/1).


Acknowledgements: The research of the first author was supported partially by the Direct Grant 2010/2011 from CUHK and by the General Research Fund (Project No. 400511) from RGC of Hong Kong. The research of the second author was supported by the General Research Fund of Hong Kong, CityU No.103108, and the Croucher Foundation. And research of the third author was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contracts 10871151 and 10925103. This work is also supported by "the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities".


We thank William W. Parson and Daniel C. Ducat for insightful discussion on the nature of electron transfers in heme containing proteins. J.H., D.M.K., and J.V.V. are supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under grant number DE-FG02-91ER20021. D.M.O. was supported by the XSEDE EMPOWER program under National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562. This work was supported in part through computational resources and services provided by the Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University.


This work was partially supported by the NSF postdoctoral fellowship DMS-2013073, NSF grants DMS- 1744551, DMS-2005328, DMS-2102018, and the Sloan Foundation.


This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation Committee of China (Grant No.82172009), Shanxi Bethune Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Grant No. 2023GZRZ04), Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province of China (Grant No. 202303021221200).


This work was financially supported by JST-ERATO (JPMJER1903), JSPS-WPI, and Grants-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory) (21K18945), Scientific Research (B) (22H02069), Transformative Research Areas (A) (Digitalizationdriven Transformative Organic Synthesis (Digi-TOS)) (22H05330), and Young Scientists (22K14673). T.M. thanks the Uehara Memorial Foundation and the Naito Foundation for financial support.


*F.B. was partly funded by the NSF grant DMS-2247117 when most of this research was conducted.
†L.C. is partly funded by the Simons Foundation Travel Support for Mathematicians Grant #853249.


Acknowledgements: This work was supported by grants from the Fonds National pour la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS PDR T.0042.15) and the Special Funds for Research from the University of Liège (FSR-S-SS-19/40) and a research project (E4Liberty) with Mithra Pharmaceuticals. CdB was a Post-doctoral Researcher of the F.R.S.-FNRS and CAC is a Research Director of the F.R.S.-FNRS. We thank Laura Vandries and Céline Roomans for their help with the immunostaining and Arlette Gérard for carrying out the RIA assay.

Fonds National pour la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS)


We gratefully acknowledge funding from NIH grants 1R01HG008754 (D.K.G.) and 1R01NS109217 (D.K.G.), and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (1122374) (J.H.).


This research work was funded by the Department of Information Security and Communication Technology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.


Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Emily Frey \( { }^{1} \) for helpful discussions regarding this paper. The first author was supported in part by an NSA Young Investigator Grant and wishes to thank that organization for financial support.


Nilanjana Laha's research has been partially supported by the NSF-DMS grant DMS-2311098.


We acknowledge Dr. Wilbert van Panhuis (University of Pittsburgh) and Dr. Michael Johannson (US CDC) for discussions and support throughout the process of designing Zoltar. This work has been supported by the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences (R35GM119582, PI: Reich) through the Modeling of Infectious Disease Agents Study (MIDAS). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS, MIDAS, or the National Institutes of Health.


We thank the staff of the Genomics section of the Life Sciences Core Facility (LaCTAD), part of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), for their contributions to RNA-sequencing. J.D.N., D.Z-M. and E.S.N. were partially supported by NIH R21 AI124797. M.L.R. was supported by grants from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (grant number 440015/2018-9), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, grants 405520/2018-2, and 301304/2017-3) and Fiocruz (grants VPPCB-007-FIO-18 and VPPIS-001FIO18). The authors also acknowledge support from the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas (INCT-IDPN). M.L.R. is currently on leave from the position of Associate Professor at the Microbiology Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. LRA received financial support from Inova Fiocruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [Grant number VPPCB-07-FIO-18-2-52] and CNPq [Grant number 442317/2019-0]. L.R.A is a research fellow awardee from CNPq.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)


Australian Research Council (Grant number; DP150104199 and DP190101968).


The authors thank Andrew Childs and Bibhusa Rawal for useful discussions. Work of Jonathan Katz was supported in part by financial assistance award 70NANB19H126 from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Work of Christian Majenz was funded by a NWO VENI grant (Project No. VI.Veni.192.159). Gorjan Alagic acknowledges support from the U.S. Army Research Office under Grant Number W911NF-20-1-0015, the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Number DE-SC0020312, and the AFOSR under Award Number FA9550-20-1-0108.


This work was supported by emergency management project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81541139) and research and development fund of Peking University People's Hospital (grant number RD 2016-14). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.


This research is supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau SAR (File no. 0021/2022/ITP, 0081/2022/A2, SKL-IoTSC(UM)-2021-2023/ORP/GA08/2022, SKL-IoTSC(UM)-2024-2026/ORP/GA06/2023), and University of Macau (SRG2023-00037-IOTSC). We extend our gratitude to the Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (IAS) for their valuable assistance. For any correspondence regarding this paper, please contact Dr. Zhenning Li at zhenningli@um.edu.mo or Dr. Chengzhong Xu at czxu@um.edu.mo.


The authors are thankful to the editors and the anonymous reviews for their valuable comments and suggestions on this paper. This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China (9192006), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72073008, 71704047), the Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (17YJC790015), Capital Circulation Research Base of China (JD-ZD-2021-003), and the Science and Technology Innovation Service Ability-Beijing Technology and Business University Cultivation Funds of Outstanding Youth Scholars (19008020111) for their financial support.


This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2017YFA0303600, 2019YFA0307800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12174406, 11874367, 51931011, 52127803), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ZDBS-LY-SLH008), K.C.Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2020-11), the 3315 Program of Ningbo, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang province of China (No. LR20A040001), the Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics.


*This work is supported by the Helmholtz Association under the joint research school "Munich School for Data Science - MUDS".


Acknowledgements The project is supported in part by Grant #1749833 from the National Science Foundation of United States. Our experiments were performed on the University of Massachusetts Amherst GPU cluster obtained under the Collaborative Fund managed by the Mass. Technology Collaborative.


We thank the staff of the M. C. & M. L. Inchausti School for allowing us to use the facilities on sampling days, for letting us remain in the School's field during the sampling days, and for providing us with the necessary information for this investigation. We are grateful to Dr. Gabriela Küppers; Dr. Cristina Claps, and Dr. Augusto Salas, for their contributions and availability in the determination of the different groups of organisms. We extend our thanks to the Institute of Limnology Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet for the use of the facilities and vehicles for campaign trips and to CONICET for financing the doctoral thesis from which this research arose. This work was partially funded by the Argentine Agency for Science and Technology promotion (ANPCyT; PICT 0228), the National Council of Sciences and Technology (CONICET), and the La Plata National University (Grant N849). Finally, we are grateful to the Cuenca del Salado laboratory for their unconditional support in carrying out these experiments. Dr. Donald F. Haggerty, a retired academic career investigator and native English speaker, edited the final version of the manuscript.

Argentine Agency for Science and Technology promotion (ANPCyT)


This work was support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12064008; No.61502127), and the Key Science and Technology Project of Haikou, Hainan, China (Grant No. 2020-14;No.2020-44; No.2020-053).


This work was supported by NIH Grants D43 TW007391, U01AI115648, R01AI051584, R03TW008413 and R03TW009444 to SA. Grant R21AI109263 to GA and SA from NIH-NIAID, Grant U54HG003079 from NIH-NHGRI to RKW and SA, McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University School of Medicine. Partial funding from the National Research Foundation to HGM (Grant # 10924). Swiss National Science Foundation grant PP00P3_170664 to RMW. This research was partially supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-15-0604 entitled "Reduction of fecundity and trypanosomiasis control of tsetse flies by the application of sterile insect techniques and molecular methods".


The authors thank the LOEWE-Centre TBG funded by the Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts (HMWK) for the financial support.


Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R011230/1). | The authors thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for fu acknowledges financial support from the China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 201808430227)


This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-2009253, AST-2009398, and by NASA's Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research work package (FLaRe). This work makes use of ALMA data set ADS/JAO.ALMA#2018.1.01114.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSTC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.


This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (3187131721), the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-40-K12), China Agriculture Research System-Beijing Team for Poultry Industry (CARS-PSTP, Beijing, China), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Apart from providing funds, they were not involved in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or manuscript writing.


This work was funded by Grant E-26/102.287/2013 from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ (http://www.faperj.br), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq (http://www.cnpq.br) 305553/2014-3, 454665/2014-8. The household survey was conducted as part of RML PhD. RML was supported by PhD fellowship from Brasil Sem Miséria Program of Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (http://www.capes.gov.br). RML is supported by PDJ INOVA Fiocruz fellowship. The funding agencies had no role in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data.


Financial support comes from the NSF CHE-1903808 grant to A.N.A. We also acknowledge UCLA-IDRE and XSEDE for providing computational resources.


We thank the DRC government and ICCN for facilitating sample collection and the 200 Mammals Consortium for providing assemblies of Cercopithecus neglectus and Erythrocebus patas. Sequencing was performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala. The facility is part of the National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory. The SNP&SEQ Platform is also supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The authors acknowledge support from the Uppsala Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Computational Science for assistance with massively parallel sequencing and access to the UPPMAX computational infrastructure. This work was supported by FORMAS (2016-00835) to K.G.


Funding. This research was supported by Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Innovative Talent Program: High-level Talent and Innovative Team Special Project (Chief Scientist System, No.22JR9KA001), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41975019), Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B 13045), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2022-kb10 and lzujbky-2022-kb11).

High-level Talent and Innovative Team Special Project (Chief Scientist System)


DJJvH and SHAvdL acknowledge NWO Vici grant 865.17.001. PJJK acknowledges funding from the New Zealand Government (MBIE Contract: CONT-42907-EMTR-UOW).


This work was supported by Australia Research Council DP210101875 to K.P. The support of Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20170330155106581), and the Major Program of Shenzhen Bay Laboratory S201101001 is also acknowledged.


- Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant no. NSFC-71771052.


This research was funded by: Pilot grants from the Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (HB \& VB); Department of Defense grants W81XWH-17-1-0616 and W81XWH-20-1-0058 to HB and W81XWH-20-1-0546 to VB; the NIH grants R21CA241055 and R03CA253193 to VB; the NIH Pathway to Independence Award R00 GM1287671 and the NIH MIRA award R35 GM147467 (to M.J.R.); the Raphael Bonita Memorial Fund; and support to UNMC core facilities from the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA036727) awarded to Fred \& Pamela Buffett Cancer Center and from the Nebraska Research Initiative. AMB, SC and IM received the University of Nebraska Medical Center Graduate Student Fellowships. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH, Department of Defense, or other funding agencies.


This research was supported in part by the KRF No. 2000-015-DP0445, by the Korea MOST Grant Star No. Star 00-2-500-00, and by the KOSEF Grant No. 2000-1-113-001-5 to KAO. SH is thankful to staff of the KISTI for permission to use their Compaq GS320 supercomputer. We also thank the referee Dr. M. Peimbert, for a careful review and valuable suggestions and Dr. A. Fletcher (KAO) for help with the preparation of this paper. | The research of GM has been made possible by a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.


R.C. was partially supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-03600-2022). RMS was partially supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2017-05514).


This work was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province, China (2019JZZY020605), the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institution of China (19KJB180001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31700075), the Initial Research Funding of Changzhou University (ZMF17020115), the Extracurricular Innovation and Entrepreneurship Fund for College Students of Changzhou University (ZMF19020280).


The study is being funded by a New Investigator Operating Grant from Research Manitoba awarded to the study primary investigator, MK.


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22178141 and 21978059), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2022J01328) and Youth Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Xiamen Ocean Development Bureau (23YYST063QCA17). | This work have been granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22178141 and 21978059), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2022J01328) and Youth Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Xiamen Ocean Development Bureau (23YYST063QCA17).


We thank Nick McNair for assisting with data collection. This research was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT120100816) and an Australian Research Council Discovery project (DP160101300) awarded to T.A.C. The authors acknowledge the University of Sydney HPC service for providing High Performance Computing resources. The authors declare no competing financial interests.


This work was supported by the SUNY startup, the American Heart Association (AHA 17SDG33670339) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIAMS (R15AR074728) grants to B.K.D. N.M.R was supported by NIH training Grant T32 GM13206.


This work was supported by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571574)


This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, and Center for Cancer Research. High-throughput imaging work was performed at the High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF)/Center for Cancer Research/National Cancer Institute/NIH.


This work was supported by grants from the CHDI Foundation and UK Dementia Research Institute, which receives its funding from Dementia Research Institute Ltd, funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Society and Alzheimer's Research UK.


This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (Flagship programme: Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence FCAI, and grants 319264, 292334).


Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers 82373772 and 82204256, Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers 2022JJ40408, the Chinese Ministry of Education 111 Project, grant number BP0820034.


Funding. Funding for this work comes from the Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Research Training in Digitally Enhanced Reality (D-REAL) under Grant No. 18/CRT/6224 and ADAPT SFI Centre for Digital Content Technology, funded by Science Foundation Ireland through the SFI Research Centres Programme and co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through Grant # 13/RC/2106_P2


This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant Nos. (61435007, 11175094 , 91221205), the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB921002).


This article is part of a project supported by the Harran University Scientific Research Cordinatorship, grant numbers 22192.


This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants R01 HG010086 and R56 HG011509. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 24247.


This research was partially supported by NSFC (No. 61876117, 61876217, 61872258, 61728205), ESP of the State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, and PAPD of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.


For financial support we thank the ACS-PRF DNI #57209-DNI2 (WDL/YW), the Walter & Constance Burke Fund at Dartmouth College (WDL) and the NASA award NNX15AH79H; Swiss National Science Foundation (YW); and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF- 1702262 (AP/FJE). We thank the other members of the Leavitt and Pearson labs for thoughtful discussion and support.


Funding: This research received external funding from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria under the Academic Staff Training and Development (AST&D) intervention. | Acknowledgments: The Principal Researcher (Cornelius C. Ahanotu) wishes to gratefully acknowledge the funding granted by the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria for carrying out the research through the Academic Staff Training and Development (AST&D) Interventions.


We acknowledge the computational resources granted from RWTH Aachen University under project RWTH0508. This work was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 917) and in part by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany) in the project NEUROTEC (16ES1133 K). We also acknowledge the work of Carl-Friedrich Schön who helped with the calculation of ES/ET and Sophia Wahl who took part in the discussion on the link between sample reflectance and the minimum time for crystallization. H.T. acknowledges Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (JP18H03675) and Specially Promoted Research (JP20H05619) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The critical reading of the manuscript by Christophe Bichara is gratefully acknowledged.


This work was supported by the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project (2024A03J0427, 2023A03J0508, and 201704030132) and the Guangdong Medical Research Foundation (A2022209). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection or analysis, or preparation of the manuscript.


This study was supported by the office of the Vice-president for Research of the Universidad de Nariño (VIIS-UDENAR).


Studies were supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grants R01-EY-027786 and P30-EY-026877), the Department of Defense (Grant W81XWH-19-1-0738), AFOSR (Grant FA9550-19-1-0402), Wu Tsai Institute of Neurosciences at Stanford, and unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness. Photovoltaic arrays were fabricated at the Stanford Nano Shared Facilities (SNSF) and Stanford Nanofabrication Facility (SNF), which are supported by the National Science Foundation award ECCS1542152. K.M. was supported by a Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technology, UK. We would like to thank Dr. Tong Ling for his help with the design and assembly of the optical system for prosthetic acuity measurements and its software.


R.M. was supported by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) through project CS11-008 to C.S. and T.B. (2012-2015) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through project Y366-B17 to T.B. S.R. was supported by QR funds at Anglia Ruskin University awarded to R.M (2023). | R.M, T.B. and C.S. provided direct funding support.


This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA1200400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91956108, 21871103, 22201256), and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LZ22B010001). Funding provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (grant nos. 20H02698, 20H02552), Scientific Research on Innovative Areas "Aquatic Functional Materials" (grant no. 22H04562), Yazaki Memorial Foundation for Science and Technology, and the Ogasawara Foundation for the Promotion of Science and Engineering is also gratefully acknowledged.


This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) grant SFB 1449-431232613, sub-project B02 (MW, GN); sub-project B01 (MO), sub-project C03 and Z01 (KP), and supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant SFB TR84, sub-project Z01b (ADG) and sub-projects C06 and C09 (MW) and grant SFB 1340- 372486779, sub-project C02 (KP). Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) - MAPVAP grant 16GW0247 (GN, MW); BMBF - e:Med CAPSyS grant 01ZX1604B (MW); BMBF - e:Med SYMPATH grant 01ZX1906A (MW); Sanitätsakademie der Bundeswehr SoFo39K4 (CMZ), Charité 3R grant (CG), Jürgen Manchot Fundation Stipend (KAKL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.


*This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants #10325101 and #11171076), and by Science and Technology Commission, Shanghai Municipality (Grant No.14XD1400400). The author would like to thank his advisor, Prof. Shanjian Tang from Fudan University, for helpful comments and discussions.


This research was supported by SSHRC Grants 410-2010-242, 435-2013-0292 and 435-2018-1273, NSERC Grant 356491-2013, and Leibniz Association Grant SAW-2012-ifo-3.


A. Ramadan is partially supported by NSF-DMS, # 1908626. A. Stefanov acknowledges partial support from NSF-DMS, # 1908626.


This work was supported by funding from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/M002128/1, BB/R001499/1 to J.M.C) and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15KK0254 to N.S.).


The second author was partially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (research program P1-0285 and research projects N1-0032, N1-0038, J1-5433, and J1-6720).


Fundings This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (to SK, no. 22K11489), and Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan.


We thank Alpo Ahonen, Paula Holmlund and Harri Pohjonen for technical assistance and Terra Quantum AG for scientific support. KVP has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 862644 (FET-Open project: Quantum readout techniques and technologies, QUARTET). The work at VTT has been funded from the EU Flagship on Quantum Technology Grant No. H2020-FETFLAG-2018-03 Project Nos. 820363 OpenSuperQ and 820505 QMiCS. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 824109 (supporting MRP, IL, MW, and AS), no. 862644 (FET-Open project QUARTET), and ERC grant agreement no. 670743 (QuDeT). PJH and VV acknowledge financial support from the Academy of Finland through grants nos. 314448 and 321700, respectively. The work of SHR and PJH was supported by MATINE research grant. GSP and KVP would like to thank Saab for scientific collaboration under a research agreement with Aalto University. This work has been done under the "Finnish Center of Excellence in Quantum Technology QTF" of the Academy of Finland, project nos. 312059, 312294, 312295, 336810, and 312296.


This research was supported by the the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No.2022R1F1A1075019, No. 2021M3E8A2100446).


We are indebted to helpful discussion with Borja Balle and Doina Precup. The paper also benefited from the feedback of several anonymous reviewers. The work began when A. Kaznatcheev was at the School of Computer Science, McGill University and completed thanks to the generous support of a James S. McDonnell Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship for Understanding Dynamic \& Multi-scale Systems. P. Panangaden was supported by NSERC (Canada).


The work described in this paper was supported by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (PolyU 152094/14E), National Natural Science Foundation of China (61272291, 61672445) and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (GYBP6, 4-BCB5, B-Q46C). The correspondence authors of this paper are Wenjie Li and Sujian Li.


This research was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory) (SI, Grant Number JP18K19384), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B) (TT, Grant Number JP18K19384), Grant Platform Project for Supporting Drug Discovery and Life Science Research (Basis for Supporting Innovative Drug Discovery and Life Science Research (BINDS)) from AMED (SI, Grant Number JP22ama121039) and The Akiyama Life Science Foundation (AK), and was partly supported by Hokkaido University, Global Facility Center (GFC), Pharma Science Open Unit (PSOU), funded by MEXT under "Support Program for Implementation of New Equipment Sharing System".


Acknowledgments: The first author was partially supported through NSF grant 1551514.


J.B. received funding from Patheon Viral Vector Services to undertake this research. | The authors greatly acknowledge funding and support from Patheon, and greatly thank Anne Chen for her assistance with project management.


Acknowledgments. The authors acknowledge support of this research by Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Grant No. FZ-20200929224).


The work was supported by the Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province (grant # WKJ-ZJ-2110 to HLC) and the National Science & Technology Major Project of China (grant #2017ZX10204401 to LLT).


We acknowledge the support of the Supercomputing Wales project, partly funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) via the Welsh Government. We thank Joanne Morgan, Lesley Bates, Catherine Bresner and Lucinda Hopkins (Cardiff University) for laboratory sample management. We also thank Adrian King (Magna Laboratories) for contributing to the sample collection and data preparation of CLOZUK3.


This project was supported by the NIHR HS&DR programme with grant number 131606. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the HS&DR programme.


This research was supported by National Institutes of Health DA017716 and DA016776 and the NIH/National Center for Research Resources UCSF-CTSI UL1 RR024131.


The Authors thank the University of Padova to support L.C. as assistant professor and the IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy. This work was supported by UniPD (STARs 2019: Supporting TAlents in ReSearch) and the Italian Ministry of Health (GR-2016-02363461) to L.C. L.I. is a postdoctoral fellow supported by UniPD. G.P. is supported by Fondazione Telethon (grant TDPG00514TA), MIUR (PRIN-2017ENN4FY), and Fondazione Cariplo (project 2019-3415). F.P. received support by Fondazione Caritro (project 2019.0230). R.B. is funded by Reta Lila Weston Institute and the British Neuropathological Society. S.H. is funded by the MJFF and by intramural funds from Rutgers University. We thank Dr. Alessandra Bellan for the technical support to the transfection of organotypic slices and Raffaella Cinquetti for the technical support to the electrophysiological experiments.


The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China (No. 81870345), the Beijing Science and Technology Project (No. D171100002917004), the Grant of CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine, China (NO. 2016-I2M-1-016), and the Yunnan Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Center Project (NO. FZX2019-06-01).


This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 817581) and was supported by the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Delivering Quantum Technologies, grant ref. EP/S021582/1. Google Cloud credits were provided by Google via the EPSRC Prosperity Partnership in Quantum Software for Modeling and Simulation (EP/S005021/1).


Acknowledgements. The final part of this paper was written in OIST. The first author thanks Andrew Lobb for inviting him to "Mini-Symposium : Knot Theory on Okinawa" during 17-21 February 2020. He also thanks Kazuhiro Ichihara for telling him the paper [5] and Chuck Livingston for clarifying some confusing points on orientations in Section 2. The authors thank the referee for his/her careful reading and helpful comments. The first author was supported by the Research Promotion Program for Acquiring Grants in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) in Ritsumeikan University. The second author was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant number JP18K13416.


H.J. is supported by the NSFC (Grant No. 11935006, 12421005), the Sci-Tech Innovation Program of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2020RC4047), the National Key R&D Program (Grant No. 2024YFE0102400), and the Hunan Major Sci-Tech Program (Grant No. 2023ZJ1010). R.H. is supported by the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researchers (SPDR) program. X.-W.X. is supported by the NSFC (Grants No. 12064010), and the science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2022RC1203). A.M. is supported by the Polish National Science Centre (NCN) under the Maestro Grant no. DEC-2019/34/A/ST2/00081. F.N. is supported in part by: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Research, the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) [via the CREST Quantum Frontiers program Grant No. JPMJCR24I2, the Quantum Leap Flagship Program (Q-LEAP), and the Moonshot R&D Grant No. JPMJMS2061], and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Global (via Grant No. N62909-23-1-2074).


This work was supported by a starting grant of the Forschungsverbund Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald to FS and by a grant of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant 01GM1518B, STOP- FSGS) to NE. This work was generously supported by the Südmeyer fund for kidney and vascular research ('Südmeyer Stiftung für Nieren- und Gefäßforschung') and the Dr Gerhard Büchtemann fund, Hamburg, Germany. This work was also supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM, grant "VALID") to PLT. This work highly profited from the ImageJ image-analysis community and the open-source ZeroCostDL4Mic ecosystem. The expert technical assistance of Sindy Schröder, Vedran Drenic, and Marc Niemeyer is highly acknowledged.

Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM)


This work was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 851682 SPINRG).


Acknowledgments: The authors thank M. Johnson, V. Marthi, K. Moriyama, D. Palumbo, and K. Sarkar for insights regarding the current and future VLBI observations. The authors thank A. Choudhury, K. Chandra, S. M. Chandran, A. Kushwaha, K. Rajeev, and S. Xavier for comments. JPJ was funded by IITB-IoE grant. The work is supported by the SERB-Core Research Grant.


This work was funded by Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras), Grant No. 0050.0079375.12.9, awarded to BCN. GMD is recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES-PrInt).


Acknowledgements CS was in part supported by ARC DP 'Deep learning that scales'.


We thank the Beilstein-Institut for supporting KA with a PhD scholarship and the Max Planck Society for financial support.


LB was supported by the Dunedin Basic Medical Sciences Course Trust (Richard Stewart scholarship, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (Hugh Johnston Travel Grant) and The Oxford Population Health (post-Master of Science research assistant position). STT was supported by the HRC and Girdlers' UK fellowship (Ref: 19/031) and Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (Ref: 23/051). The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Note that these funding sources were not directly involved in this study or the decision to submit the paper for publication.


This work was supported by the Gerstner Scholars Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Gerstner Family Foundation, the Lerner-Gray Fund for Marine Research, and the Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History to BMT, and the National Museum of Natural History to CPM.