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0004666f-919b-4eaa-ac9b-a02a0e3c589b | # **HUMAN CULTURES THROUGH THE SCIENTIFIC LENS**
**Pascal Boyer**
Human Cultures through the Scientific Lens
**oBP**
www.openbookpublishers.com
HUMAN CULTURES THROUGH
This volume brings together a collection of seven articles previously published by the author, with a new introduction reframing the articles in th... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.561690 | 5-8-2021 06:01 | {
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"author": "Boyer, Pascal",
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.0 | *Edited by Gorazd Drevenšek*
The book provides chapters on sex hormones and their modulation in neurodegenerative processes and pathologies, from basic molecular mechanisms, physiology, gender differences, to neuroprotection and clinical aspects for potential novel pharmacotherapy approaches. The book contains 14 chap... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.613510 | 1-12-2023 17:26 | {
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.1 | Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases
*Edited by Gorazd Drevenšek*
**SEX HORMONES IN**
**PROCESSES AND**
Edited by **Gorazd Drevenšek**
**DISEASES**
**NEURODEGENERATIVE**
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.2 | **SEX HORMONES IN NEURODEGENERATIVE PROCESSES AND DISEASES**
Edited by **Gorazd Drevenšek**
#### **Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases**
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66585 Edited by Gorazd Drevenšek
#### **Contributors**
Dong-Dong Ren, Zi-Yu He, Ramon Sotomayor, Jonathan Martinez, Rodrigo Castill... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.613772 | 1-12-2023 17:26 | {
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.3 | We are IntechOpen, the first native scientific publisher of Open Access books
3,400+ Open access books available
109,000+ International authors and editors
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Top 1% most cited scientists
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Contributors from top 500 universities
Selection of ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.614022 | 1-12-2023 17:26 | {
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.4 | Interested in publishing with us? Contact book.department@intechopen.com
Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.614084 | 1-12-2023 17:26 | {
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.5 | **Meet the editor**
Gorazd Drevenšek holds an MSc degree in Pharmacology and a PhD degree in Medical Sciences, both from the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine. He started his research in cardiovascular pharmacology, modelling ischemic and reperfusion injuries and atherosclerotic processes. His focus is on p... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.614117 | 1-12-2023 17:26 | {
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0004847e-ab80-435d-9a35-50f7f1b13b00.6 | Contents
#### **Preface XI**
Chapter 7 **Sex Hormones and Alzheimer's Disease 145** Wafik Said Bahnasy, Yasser A. El-Heneedy and Ehab A. El-Seidy
Preface
very few drugs available.
reduce excitotoxicity.
leading drug.
Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the main global health burdens and one of the publ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.614279 | 1-12-2023 17:26 | {
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0004e4bd-422d-4a23-9686-437c4a3af25b | # Gathering Ecologies
Thinking Beyond Interactivity
Andrew Goodman
## **Gathering Ecologies**
**Thinking Beyond Interactivity**
## *Immediations*
Series Editor: SenseLab
"Philosophy begins in wonder. And, at the end, when philosophic thought has done its best, the wonder remains" – A.N. Whitehead
The aim of the... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.700281 | {
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"url": "https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/30501/1/646116.pdf||https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/30501/1/646116.pdf||https://... | |
00064f14-4c6c-4123-bed8-b5ae765fbfc8.0 | *Edited by Salih Mohammed Salih*
The field of material analysis has seen explosive growth during the past decades. Almost all the textbooks on materials analysis have a section devoted to the Fourier transform theory. For this reason, the book focuses on the material analysis based on Fourier transform theory. The boo... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.755534 | 1-12-2023 15:59 | {
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00064f14-4c6c-4123-bed8-b5ae765fbfc8.1 | **FOURIER TRANSFORM – MATERIALS ANALYSIS**
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2659 Edited by Salih Mohammed Salih
#### **Contributors**
Erica Mejia, Marco Marquez, Juan Ospina, Alvaro Morales, Xiongwu Wu, Bernard Brooks, Mizi Fan, Hassan Safouhi, Fengxian Xin, Tianjian Lu, Hassen Aroui, Johannes Orphal, Fridolin Kwabia, Teuk... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.755832 | 1-12-2023 15:59 | {
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00064f14-4c6c-4123-bed8-b5ae765fbfc8.2 | We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists
4,200+
Open access books available
116,000+
International authors and editors
125M+
Downloads
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12.2%
Contributors from top ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.756039 | 1-12-2023 15:59 | {
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"publisher": "IntechOpen",
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00064f14-4c6c-4123-bed8-b5ae765fbfc8.3 | **Meet the editor**
Dr Salih Mohammed Salih (Member IEEE) was born in Babylon-1970. He received the B.Sc. degree from the Electrical Department, University of Baghdad (1999- Iraq), M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Communication Engineering from the University of Technology-Iraq in 2003 and 2008 respectively. Part of his Ph.... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.756120 | 1-12-2023 15:59 | {
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0008a8ec-01ff-4139-b26e-22862621b722.0 | *Edited by Miroslav Radenković*
Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as hyperglycemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The incidence of gestational diabetes is still increasing and this pathological condition has strong association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since gestational diabetes can ha... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.842936 | 20-4-2021 17:12 | {
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0008a8ec-01ff-4139-b26e-22862621b722.1 | Gestational Diabetes
*Edited by Miroslav Radenković*
**GESTATIONAL DIABETES**
Edited by **Miroslav Radenković**
**INTECHOPEN.COM**
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0008a8ec-01ff-4139-b26e-22862621b722.2 | **GESTATIONAL DIABETES**
Edited by **Miroslav Radenković**
**INTECHOPEN.COM**
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/863 Edited by Miroslav Radenkovic
#### **Contributors**
Valentina Petkova, Irina Nikolova, Michelle Mottola, Stephanie-May Ruchat, Veerasamy Seshiah, Vijayam Balaji, Balaji Madhuri, Qingcheng Mao, Diana Shuster,... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.843413 | 20-4-2021 17:12 | {
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"publisher": "IntechOpen",
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0008a8ec-01ff-4139-b26e-22862621b722.3 | We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists
4,000+
Open access books available
116,000+
International authors and editors
120M+
Downloads
Our authors are among the
Top 1%
most cited scientists
12.2%
Contributors from top 500 universities
Selectio... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.843658 | 20-4-2021 17:12 | {
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"publisher": "IntechOpen",
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0008a8ec-01ff-4139-b26e-22862621b722.4 | **Meet the editor**
Dr. Miroslav Radenković was born in 1968. He graduated at the School of Medicine – University of Belgrade in 1995, and since 1996 he is working at the Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (School of Medicine – University of Belgrade), currently in the position of the ass... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.843738 | 20-4-2021 17:12 | {
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000f0faf-bfb7-4c4d-9180-ec3d905bbc1f | Albert Fleischmann Stefan Oppl · Werner Schmidt Christian Stary
# Contextual Process Digitalization
Changing Perspectives – Design Thinking – Value-Led Design
Contextual Process Digitalization
Albert Fleischmann • Stefan Oppl • Werner Schmidt • Christian Stary
## Contextual Process Digitalization
Changing Perspec... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.944958 | 10-2-2021 14:38 | {
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"author": "Fleischmann, Albert||Oppl, Stefan||Schmidt, Werner||Stary, Christia... |
00134e2c-4cd5-4041-bb42-ea5f0ee762e6 | Magdalena Kolasa
# The Scope and Limits of Protection for Distinctive Signs against the Community Design
The Application and Implications of Art. 25 (1) (e) of the Community Designs Regulation
17
https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845243856, am 03.04.2025, 22:22:53 Open Access – - https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/agb
https:... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:57.985567 | 12-2-2021 04:05 | {
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"author": "Kolasa, Magdalena",
"title": "The Scope and Limits of Protection for Distinctive Signs again... |
001c1372-3390-4f92-8b42-7dfe9fe510d8 | # Reza Che Daniels
# How Data Quality Affects our Understanding of the Earnings Distribution
How Data Quality Affects our Understanding of the Earnings Distribution
Reza Che Daniels
# How Data Quality Affects our Understanding of the Earnings Distribution
Reza Che Daniels School of Economics University of Cape Tow... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.000066 | 14-7-2022 06:01 | {
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"author": "Daniels, Reza Che",
"title": "How Data Quality Affects our Unders... |
001e4a90-6b26-4650-bf99-81d98b68a57f.0 | # **Mapping, Monitoring and Assessing Disasters**
Edited by Spyridon Mavroulis and Efthymios Lekkas Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Applied Sciences*
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
## **Mapping, Monitoring and Assessing Disasters**
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001e4a90-6b26-4650-bf99-81d98b68a57f.1 | **Mapping, Monitoring and Assessing Disasters**
Editors
**Spyridon Mavroulis Efthymios Lekkas**
MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin
*Editors* Spyridon Mavroulis National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece
Efthymios Lekkas National and Kapodistrian U... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.028342 | 7-3-2023 17:35 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.0 | **Indoor Air Quality**
• Pasquale Avino and Gaetano Settimo
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.1 | **Indoor Air Quality From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations**
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Atmosphere* Pasquale Avino and Gaetano Settimo Edited by
www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.2 | **Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations**
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.3 | **Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations**
Editors
**Pasquale Avino Gaetano Settimo**
MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin
*Editors* Pasquale Avino University of Molise Italy
Gaetano Settimo Istituto Superiore di ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.076614 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.5 | **Kanittha Pamonpol, Thanita Areerob and Kritana Prueksakorn**
Indoor Air Quality Improvement by Simple Ventilated Practice and *Sansevieria Trifasciata* Reprinted from: *Atmosphere* **2020**, *11*, 271, doi:10.3390/atmos11030271 ................ **175**
**Tareq Hussein, Ali Alameer, Omar Jaghbeir, Kolthoum Albeitsha... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.076726 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.6 | **About the Editors**
**Pasquale Avino** is Associate Professor at the University of Molise in the field of analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry. After obtaining his doctorate in Chemical Sciences at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", he completed his professional training at the University of Californi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.076784 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.7 | **Preface to "Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations"**
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... |
001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.8 | **1. Introduction**
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) issues have been known to professionals for a long time but only recently has it found growing attention from European and national legislators. For the World Health Organization (WHO), it represents one of the main public health problems that must be addressed due to the i... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.076987 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.10 | *Review* **Indoor Air Quality: A Focus on the European Legislation and State-of-the-Art Research in Italy**
**Gaetano Settimo 1, Maurizio Manigrasso <sup>2</sup> and Pasquale Avino 3,\***
Received: 1 March 2020; Accepted: 8 April 2020; Published: 10 April 2020
**Abstract:** The World Health Organization (WHO) has a... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.077404 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.11 | **1. Introduction**
Indoor air quality (IAQ) has been a well-known problem since the late 1970s. Its significant impact on human health has been addressed several times by the World Health Organization (WHO) in various documents and meetings, and has been carried out at various levels [1–3]. Further, economic studies ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.077538 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.12 | **2. The Main European Legislation on Indoor Air Quality**
The WHO has developed guidelines for IAQ, relating to a certain number of pollutants, present indoor, for which scientific knowledge relating to human health effects were considered robust enough. The substances considered are benzene (C6H6, CAS number 71-43-2... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.078166 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.13 | **3. The Italian Situation**
Among the Member States of the EU, Italy plays an important role, as evidenced by the 10.4% of publications in the IAQ field during the last two decades (Figure 1). The Italian situation is particularly interesting because, unlike the other countries, in the Italian legislation, there is n... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.079332 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.14 | **4. Conclusions**
The IAQ determinants on human health and the potential presence of harmful contaminants released from indoor sources have always been stressed by WHO in its technical documents and position papers. In Europe, specific directive legislative framework on the quality of indoor air is not yet available.... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.080265 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.16 | **The Impact of Indoor Malodor: Historical Perspective, Modern Challenges, Negative E**ff**ects, and Approaches for Mitigation**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.080643 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.17 | **Pamela Dalton 1,\*, Anna-Sara Claeson <sup>2</sup> and Steve Horenziak <sup>3</sup>**
Received: 15 December 2019; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 23 January 2020
**Abstract:** Malodors, odors perceived to be unpleasant or offensive, may elicit negative symptoms via the olfactory system's connections to cogni... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.080680 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.18 | **1. Introduction**
The sense of smell is a fundamental means of navigating the sensory world and orienting ourselves to ecologically and socially appropriate behavior. Evolutionarily, this chemical sense was the original means by which the earliest organisms achieved adaptive regulation of action and can be considere... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.080823 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.19 | **2. A Historical Perspective**
Throughout history and across different parts of the world, malodors have varied in intensity and cultural impact as has the use of perfumes to mitigate malodors. Influenced by the Egyptians, the ancient Romans used perfumes intensely and even applied them to domestic animals to mitigat... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.081163 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.20 | **3. Modern Indoor Malodor Challenges Associated with Urbanization**
As malodors in public spaces have generally decreased with post-industrialism sanitation improvements, the domestic household has become a prominent site for exposure to malodors. While malodors experienced in historical periods were concentrated in ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.081328 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.21 | **4. The Human Perception of Malodors**
Perception of a malodor occurs when a molecule activates receptor cells linked to one of several cranial nerves associated with chemoreception. The olfactory nerves of the nasal epithelium are the most significant in odor perception and transmit information from the nasal cavity... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.081606 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.22 | **7. Conclusions**
While there are complex issues at play in the distribution and effects of malodors (e.g., pollution concentrated near low-income communities, lack of access to proper sanitation), malodors are a general fact of daily human life. Indoor malodors are particularly challenging for people in developing c... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.082982 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.24 | **Towards Sustainable Neighborhoods in Europe: Mitigating 12 Environmental Impacts by Successively Applying 8 Scenarios**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.083409 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.25 | **Modeste Kameni Nematchoua 1,2,3,4,\*, Matthieu Sevin <sup>2</sup> and Sigrid Reiter <sup>2</sup>**
Received: 20 April 2020; Accepted: 3 June 2020; Published: 8 June 2020
**Abstract:** The purpose of this research is to determine the most impactful and important source of environmental change at the neighborhood le... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.083466 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.26 | **1. Introduction**
From the 1970s, a general awareness had been created with regard to environmental problems. The first oil crises, the end of the Thirty Glorious Years and the emergence of mass unemployment were highlights that questioned the idealistic aspect of a "model society", which had been in force since the... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.083608 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.27 | *2.1. Building Scale*
Several studies in different countries studied LCA at the building level.
In 2011, Rossi et al. [25] compared the LCA of the same building located in three cities distributed in three different European countries and climates: Brussels (Belgium), Coimbra (Portugal) and Luleå (Sweden). A differen... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.084448 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.28 | *2.2. Neighborhood Scale*
We will now broaden the field of study and move to the neighborhood scale as a whole. Now that much progress has been made on the energy consumption of new buildings, other issues emerge [39]. We emphasized the importance of focusing on phases other than occupation, whose relative impacts inc... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.084625 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.29 | *2.3. Goal*
We want to study various parameters that impact the environmental balance of a neighborhood. We considered several environmental indicators that we detailed. We wished to identify the most important parameters that have the greatest impact on the environmental quality of a neighborhood. This may include, f... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.084906 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.30 | **3. Methodology**
This study is constituted of many important sections, such as (a) the survey; (b) modeling; (c) application of new scenarios; and (d) analysis.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.084991 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.31 | *3.1. Location*
This study was carried out in a neighborhood located in Liege city in Belgium. This city is dominated by a continental climate in a temperate zone. During the year, we can note four seasons: winter, autumn, summer and spring. The neighborhood evaluated in this study is located nearby the University of ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085028 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.32 | *3.2. Structure Analysis*
In this city, several residences were considerate with respect to the energy demand suggested by international standards [46,47]. A total of 50% of the studied residences are semi-detached. This eco-neighborhood was built on a 3.51 ha plot. It has 17,000 m<sup>2</sup> of totally green space, ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085112 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.33 | *3.3. Simulation Tool*
In this study, we used Pleiades software, version (4.19). It is divided into six modules: Library, Modeler, BIM, Editor, Results and LCA. Indeed, these tools were applied in several publications [48–56]. The analysis chain was as shown in Figure 3. Other different details regarding these simulat... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085169 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.34 | *3.7. Orientation Scenario*
We studied the different orientation effects of buildings at the neighborhood level. Initially, all the buildings were installed so as to more easily orient the different facades towards the south and the north. We have called this "scenario o". Subsequently, we tried this test on several o... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085581 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.35 | *3.8. Water-Use Scenario*
The main objective of this new scenario is to collect all the rainwater and the discharged directly into a sanitary sewer network. If it were possible by pipeline to recover more than 95% of the rainwater in the different valleys, ditches, and cisterns, then it would be totally useless to eva... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085678 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.36 | 3.8.2. Permeable Floors Analysis
In this scenario, we implemented more permeable floor coverings than in the basic option. In this manner, aisles, squares and car parks are constructed with unrepaired concrete pavements and concrete–grass slabs. Thus, the total impermeability of the site goes from 66% in the initial s... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085787 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.37 | *3.9. Urban Mobility Impact Analysis*
Let us now look at the impact of mobility on the neighborhood's environmental record.
In our basic scenario we considered a significant use of the car for daily commuting. We will compare this scenario with a second one, where the site is considered urban, perfectly integrated wi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.085881 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.38 | *3.10. Urban Density Impact Analysis*
The purpose of these scenarios is to analyze the different effects of density on the life cycle of a neighborhood.
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.39 | 3.10.1. Vertical Scenario
We introduce another floor to each building. The configuration of the neighborhood remains the same. Overall, we are increasing the number of occupants as well as the construction area of our new neighborhood. The new district will have 100 more inhabitants than the old district.
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.40 | 3.10.2. Horizontal Scenario
The objective is to assess the impact of horizontal densification. For this, we decided to add some residential buildings on the used area (see Figure 5). In total, four buildings were added. The total population is identical as in the reference scenario, which allowed us to keep the same c... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.086056 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.41 | **4. Results**
In this study, we obtained a heating requirement of 15.4 kWh/m2·year. The main requirement for meeting passive standards is to have a heating requirement of less than 15 kWh/m2·year. We notice that some buildings do not respect the passive standard. This may be due to their wrong orientation. The averag... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.086200 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.42 | *4.3. Mobility Flow Impact Assessment*
This section analyzed the impact of mobility on the neighborhood's environmental record.
Figure 11 shows an analysis of the environmental impact on the mobility scenarios. It is seen that all environmental impact indicators are reduced from 6% to 50%. Seven indicators out of 12 ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.086799 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.43 | **5. Discussion**
Overall, it was seen in this study that the installation of photovoltaic panels has a mixed record. Indeed, the installation was heavily oversized. Several results found in this research are similar to those assessed by Lotteau et al. [65,66]. Indeed, those asserted by Lotteau et al. [65] and the div... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.087943 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.44 | **6. Limitations**
All scientific research has some limitations. In the case of this study, it was seen that
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.088263 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.45 | **7. Conclusions**
Despite the complexity and limitations of the LCA method, this tool has proven to fit the needs of this study perfectly. Even as the majority of the LCA study at the building level has been focused on a very limited number of indicators and often only one parameter, we have been determined in studyi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.088297 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.47 | **Exposure to Submicron Particles and Estimation of the Dose Received by Children in School and Non-School Environments**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.088546 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.48 | **Antonio Pacitto 1, Luca Stabile 1,\*, Stefania Russo <sup>2</sup> and Giorgio Buonanno 1,3**
Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 9 May 2020
**Abstract:** In the present study, the daily dose in terms of submicron particle surface area received by children attending schools located in three dif... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.088581 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.49 | **1. Introduction**
Many studies highlighted the link between the exposure to airborne particles and health effects, such as respiratory diseases and inflammation [1], cardiovascular diseases [2,3], diabetes [4], higher systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure [5], and decreased cognitive function in older men [6]; ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.088743 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.51 | *2.1. Study Area and Monitoring Site*
Children considered in the experimental campaign attended three naturally ventilated schools located in three different cities in Italy (Salerno, South of Italy, Roma, Central Italy, and Parma, North of Italy); the locations of the three schools within the urban contexts are compl... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.089219 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.52 | *2.4. Statistical Analysis of the Data*
In order to perform a statistical analysis of the concentrations experienced by the children in the different microenvironments (in terms of PN and LDSA) a preliminary normality test (Shapiro–Wilk test) was performed to check for the statistical distribution of the data. Since t... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.090118 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.54 | *3.1. Time Activity Patterns*
In Table 3, data on time-activity patterns of the children under investigation are reported, which were obtained from the activity diaries filled in by children and parents during the measurements. The median data demonstrate that children spend the most significant time fraction performi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.090264 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.55 | *3.2. Exposure to Submicron Particles*
In Table 3 and Figure 1, the submicron particle concentrations, in terms of particle number and lung-deposited surface area, to which the children attending the three different schools (S1, S2, and S3) were exposed to in the different microenvironments (sleeping, indoor day, outd... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.090389 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.56 | *3.3. Particle Doses Received by Children*
Median values (and corresponding 5th–95th percentile ranges) of particle surface area doses received by the three groups of children investigated (attending school S1, S2 and S3) in each microenvironment are shown in Table 3, here the daily doses are also reported. The doses ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.090778 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.57 | **4. Conclusions**
In the present study, an assessment of the total daily dose in terms of submicron particle surface area received by children living in different Italian areas and attending different schools located in different urban contexts (rural, suburban and urban area), was performed. The study aimed at inves... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.091095 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.59 | *Article* **Sni**ffi**n' Sticks and Olfactometer-Based Odor Thresholds for n-Butanol: Correspondence and Validity for Indoor Air Scenarios**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.091428 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.60 | **Marlene Pacharra 1,2,\*, Stefan Kleinbeck 2, Michael Schäper 2, Christine I. Hucke <sup>2</sup> and Christoph van Thriel 2,\***
Received: 3 April 2020; Accepted: 4 May 2020; Published: 7 May 2020
**Abstract:** Threshold assessments for the reference odorant n-butanol are an integral part of various research, clini... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.091463 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.61 | **1. Introduction**
In clinical, research, and environmental assessment practice, odor sensitivity is currently determined almost exclusively with n-butanol (CAS: 71-36-3) as a reference odorant. As a consequence, parts of the clinical diagnosis of anosmia, the selection of panel members for sensory emission testing, ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.091604 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.62 | **2. Experiments**
### *2.1. Participants*
Thirty-nine non-smoking participants were recruited for this experiment. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, asthma, and acute or chronic upper airway diseases. Four participants were excluded from the data analysis to avoid unclear or biased odor thresholds; three partic... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.091953 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.64 | 2.3.1. Sniffin' Sticks-Based Threshold for n-Butanol
The Sniffin' Sticks (Burghart, Wedel, Germany) subtest for the assessment of the n-butanol threshold was used [1,6]. Here, the threshold value is defined as the average Sniffin' Stick number (lower numbers indication higher concentrations) of the last four reversals... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.092260 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.65 | 2.3.2. Olfactometer-Based Threshold for n-Butanol
A dynamic dilution olfactometer TO 8 (ECOMA GmbH, Kiel, Germany) was used that complies with DIN EN 13725 [2]. N-butanol was injected into 25 L Tedlar®-bags filled with nitrogen. The mixture was homogenized by heating and rotating the bag.
The standard procedure of th... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.092335 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.66 | 2.3.3. Exposure Lab-Based Threshold for n-Butanol
The threshold assessment took place in a 28 m<sup>3</sup> exposure lab with four PC workstations. This environmental chamber has been used in previous experimental exposure studies, i.e., [29]. The assessment followed the same general procedure of the ascending method ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.092444 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.67 | 2.3.5. Air Monitoring in the Exposure Lab
The 28 m<sup>3</sup> laboratory was supplied with conditioned air by a climate control unit in a neighboring room (temperature, 24.4 ◦C; humidity, 46.0%). A predefined amount of n-butanol or ammonia (experimentally determined by volumetric analysis) was mixed into the inlet ai... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.092574 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.68 | *2.4. Statistical Analysis*
The statistical analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 24. The level of significance for all statistical tests was set to 0.05. We checked for outliers by using the more liberal definition of extreme outliers ("outer fences": Q3 + 3 × IQR) [31], and according to this criterion, all ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.092678 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.69 | *3.2. Results of the between-Method Correlations for n-Butanol Thresholds*
The correlation between the Sniffin' Sticks- and olfactometer-based threshold (see Figure 2) was significant (*r* = −0.47; *p* = 0.004, Bonferroni-adjusted *p* = 0.012).
**Figure 2.** Scatter plot depicting the association between n-butanol Sn... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.092856 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.70 | *3.3. Results of the Modulation of Odor E*ff*ects by n-Butanol Thresholds*
#### 3.3.1. Chemosensory Perceptions
As expected, perceptual ratings were affected by the concentration of ammonia; participants perceived ammonia to be more unpleasant, intense, and pungent with increasing concentration (all main effects of c... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.093006 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.71 | 3.3.2. Odor Effects on Behavioral Task Performance
Participants improved their performance in the 3-back and response inhibition tasks over the course of the test session as indicated by an increase in the percentage of correct responses and a decrease in reaction times (all main effects of concentration, *p* ≤ 0.05).... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.093186 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.72 | **5. Limitations of the Study**
Before coming to the conclusions, some limitations should be mentioned that need to be addressed in further studies. First, the sample size was sufficient to detect the association between n-butanol odor thresholds and the odor effects of another compound, but the sample was highly sele... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.093540 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.74 | *Article* **BTEXS Concentrations and Exposure Assessment in a Fire Station**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.093787 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.75 | **Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska 1, Karolina Bralewska 1,\* and Izabela Jureczko <sup>2</sup>**
Received: 9 April 2020; Accepted: 4 May 2020; Published: 6 May 2020
**Abstract:** The aim of this study was to evaluate benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene (BTEXS) concentrations in the changing room and garage... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.093816 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.76 | **1. Introduction**
Firefighters are often exposed to very high concentrations of various products of combustion and pyrolysis, including substances in a gaseous phase adsorbed on ambient particulate matter (PM-bound). The toxic substances found in fire smoke are most often polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), vol... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.093949 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.78 | *2.1. Sampling Site*
The municipal headquarters of the state fire service, where the research was conducted, is located in the center of the Silesian voivodeship (50◦16 1.401" N, 18◦51 40.607" E). The building is located among old (100–150 years old) and low-rise (several-story) buildings. The apartments in the vicini... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.094292 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.79 | *2.2. BTEXS Analysis*
Details of the BTEXS analysis can be found in [22,23]. Briefly, to isolate the BTEXS adsorbed on the activated carbon, carbon disulphide extraction (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; CS2 Chromasolv for HPLC; purity > 99.9%) was used. Sorbent from the 6 tubes used to collect BTEXS during one day ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.094590 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.80 | *2.3. Health Risk Assessment*
The health exposure assessment related to the inhalation of BTEXS compounds (excluding styrene) among the firefighters and office workers at a fire station in Poland was developed based on the methodology developed by the United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) [24]. This as... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.095054 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.82 | *3.1. BTEXS Concentrations*
The mean concentrations and standard deviations for the BTEXS compounds are presented in Table 2. The highest total BTEXS concentration averaged over the whole measurement period ( BTEXS) was recorded in the changing room (925.2 μg/m3). However, this value was only slightly higher than that... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.095244 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.83 | **4. Conclusions**
The concentrations of individual compounds from the BTEXS in the changing room and garage are several to several dozen times higher than the concentrations of these substances in the atmospheric air outside the fire station. Both firefighters and office workers staying under measured conditions are ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.096203 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.85 | **Chemical Characterization of Electronic Cigarette (e-cigs) Refill Liquids Prior to EU Tobacco Product Directive Adoption: Evaluation of BTEX Contamination by HS-SPME-GC-MS and Identification of Flavoring Additives by GC-MS-O**
**Jolanda Palmisani 1,\*, Carmelo Abenavoli 2, Marco Famele 2, Alessia Di Gilio 1,\*, Laur... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.096331 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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... |
001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.86 | **1. Introduction**
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use has increased extremely quickly worldwide over the last decade due to an intense marketing campaign aiming to advertise them as an aid to reducing and/or eliminating addiction to tobacco cigarette smoke [1]. Emerging in 2006 in China, e-cigs became widely available ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.096505 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3938",
"author": "",
"title": "Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations",
... |
001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.87 | *1.2. E-Liquids Contamination*
The attention of scientists to the chemical composition of e-liquids has not only been aimed at the identification of flavoring chemicals, but also to address the issue concerning the potential presence of compounds of toxicological concern, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), due... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.096992 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3938",
"author": "",
"title": "Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations",
... |
001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.88 | *1.3. Aim of the Present Study*
The aim of the present study was to evaluate BTEX contamination across a representative group of refill liquids for e-cigs (n=97) and to identify, in a selected sub-group (n=5), the main flavoring additives responsible for the flavor/taste perceived. BTEX quantification was carried out ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.097204 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3938",
"author": "",
"title": "Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations",
... |
001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.90 | *2.1. E-Liquids Selection*
In the framework of the national research project, the Italian National Institute of Health carried out a preliminary survey allowing to identify the most popular brands of e-liquids manufactured and imported in EU and representative of the EU market between 2013 and 2015. Ninety-seven e-liq... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.097288 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3938",
"author": "",
"title": "Indoor Air Quality: From Sampling to Risk Assessment in the Light of New Legislations",
... |
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