resources.csv

id,section,subcategory,rtype,title,url,venue,year,authors,description,why,evidence,layer
age-0001,Start Here,Architecture guide,Blog,A practical guide to building agents,https://openai.com/business/guides-and-resources/a-practical-guide-to-building-ai-agents/,OpenAI Guides & Resources,2025,OpenAI,"Explains when agents are appropriate, how to define their tools and instructions, and how to move from one agent to manager and handoff-based multi-agent patterns.",A useful first check on whether distinct roles justify the coordination cost of a graph.,Practitioner analysis,Roles
age-0002,Start Here,Architecture guide,Blog,Building effective agents,https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/building-effective-agents,Anthropic Engineering,2024,Erik Schluntz; Barry Zhang,"Distinguishes workflows from autonomous agents and presents routing, parallelization, orchestrator-worker, and evaluator-optimizer patterns.",Provides a compact topology vocabulary and a strong case for adding coordination only when the task demands it.,Practitioner analysis,Topology
age-0003,Research Foundations,Agent foundations,Paper,Agent-Oriented Programming,https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90034-9,Artificial Intelligence,1993,Yoav Shoham,Defines a programming paradigm in which agents are first-class components described through mental state and governed by explicit interaction rules.,Establishes the intellectual lineage for treating an agent role as a programmable organizational unit.,Peer-reviewed research,Roles
age-0004,Research Foundations,Agent foundations,Paper,Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269888900008122,The Knowledge Engineering Review,1995,Michael Wooldridge; Nicholas R. Jennings,"Surveys the properties, architectures, and engineering approaches that distinguish autonomous agents from ordinary software modules.",Grounds the agency-at-the-nodes boundary that separates an agent graph from a deterministic workflow.,Peer-reviewed research,Roles
age-0005,Research Foundations,Shared-state architectures,Paper,The Blackboard Model of Problem Solving and the Evolution of Blackboard Architectures,https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v7i2.537,AI Magazine,1986,H. Penny Nii,Describes systems in which independent specialists coordinate opportunistically through a shared problem state and a control component.,Supplies a durable model for shared state without requiring every node to exchange its full context directly.,Peer-reviewed research,State
age-0006,Research Foundations,Learned communication,Paper,Learning to Communicate with Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2016/hash/c7635bfd99248a2cdef8249ef7bfbef4-Abstract.html,NeurIPS,2016,Jakob Foerster; Ioannis Alexandros Assael; Nando de Freitas; Shimon Whiteson,"Introduces reinforcement-learning methods that let agents learn communication protocols alongside their task policies, including discrete messages for execution.",Shows that edge content and communication policy can be engineered or learned rather than treated as free-form chat.,Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0007,Research Foundations,Learned communication,Paper,TarMAC: Targeted Multi-Agent Communication,https://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/das19a.html,ICML,2019,Abhishek Das et al.,Uses attention to let agents address different messages to selected recipients instead of broadcasting the same information to the whole team.,"Motivates selective, recipient-aware handoffs when all-to-all communication is wasteful or distracting.",Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0008,Research Foundations,LLM multi-agent systems,Paper,AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversations,https://openreview.net/forum?id=BAakY1hNKS,COLM,2024,Qingyun Wu; Gagan Bansal; Jieyu Zhang; Yiran Wu; Beibin Li; Erkang Zhu; Li Jiang; Xiaoyun Zhang; Shaokun Zhang; Jiale Liu; Ahmed Hassan Awadallah; Ryen W. White; Doug Burger; Chi Wang,"Presents a framework for composing customizable conversational agents that can combine language models, tools, code execution, and human input.","An early, influential demonstration that agent roles and conversation links can be expressed as an executable topology.",Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0009,Research Foundations,Topology optimization,Paper,GPTSwarm: Language Agents as Optimizable Graphs,https://proceedings.mlr.press/v235/zhuge24a.html,ICML,2024,Mingchen Zhuge et al.,Represents language-agent systems as computational graphs and optimizes graph components from task feedback.,Makes the graph itself an optimization target rather than a fixed orchestration diagram.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0010,Research Foundations,Dynamic topology,Paper,A Dynamic LLM-Powered Agent Network for Task-Oriented Agent Collaboration,https://openreview.net/forum?id=XII0Wp1XA9,COLM,2024,Zijun Liu et al.,Constructs task-specific collaboration networks that can vary which agents participate and how they communicate instead of relying on one fixed team.,Provides evidence for adapting the work graph to the task while keeping the available agent roles reusable.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0011,Research Foundations,Communication efficiency,Paper,Cut the Crap: An Economical Communication Pipeline for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=LkzuPorQ5L,ICLR,2025,Guibin Zhang et al.,Studies an economical communication pipeline that reduces redundant information exchanged among language-model agents.,Treats edge traffic as a measurable cost and tests whether less communication can preserve useful collaboration.,Peer-reviewed research,Observability & cost
age-0012,Research Foundations,Topology optimization,Paper,G-Designer: Architecting Multi-agent Communication Topologies via Graph Neural Networks,https://proceedings.mlr.press/v267/zhang25cu.html,ICML,2025,Guibin Zhang et al.,Uses graph neural networks to design communication structures for multi-agent systems instead of assuming a complete or manually chosen graph.,Connects task performance to explicit topology search and exposes communication structure as an engineering variable.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0013,Research Foundations,System search,Paper,Automated Design of Agentic Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=t9U3LW7JVX,ICLR,2025,Shengran Hu; Cong Lu; Jeff Clune,"Uses a meta-agent to propose, evaluate, and iteratively improve code-defined agentic systems across tasks.",Demonstrates automated search over coordination logic while retaining executable artifacts that engineers can inspect.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0014,Research Foundations,Workflow search,Paper,AFlow: Automating Agentic Workflow Generation,https://openreview.net/forum?id=z5uVAKwmjf,ICLR,2025,Jiayi Zhang et al.,Searches over reusable workflow operators to generate task-specific agentic workflows and improve them from evaluation results.,Offers a concrete method for evolving work graphs against measurable objectives rather than intuition alone.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0015,Research Foundations,Joint optimization,Paper,Multi-Agent Design: Optimizing Agents with Better Prompts and Topologies,https://openreview.net/forum?id=I05H9RUzHB,ICLR,2026,Han Zhou et al.,Studies joint optimization of agent prompts and communication topology instead of tuning either component in isolation.,Shows that node behavior and graph structure interact and may need to evolve together.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0016,Research Foundations,Debate and councils,Paper,Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate,https://proceedings.mlr.press/v235/du24e.html,ICML,2024,Yilun Du et al.,Tests rounds of proposal and critique among multiple language-model instances as a way to improve factual and reasoning answers.,Supplies an empirical basis for debate-style gates while leaving room to examine correlated errors and added cost.,Peer-reviewed research,Gates
age-0017,Research Foundations,Debate and councils,Paper,Improving Multi-Agent Debate with Sparse Communication Topology,https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.427/,Findings of EMNLP,2024,Yunxuan Li et al.,Examines multi-agent debate under sparse communication structures rather than defaulting to full information exchange among every participant.,Isolates topology as a factor in debate quality and communication efficiency.,Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0018,Research Foundations,Feedback and memory,Paper,Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning,https://openreview.net/forum?id=vAElhFcKW6,NeurIPS,2023,Noah Shinn et al.,Lets an agent convert feedback into textual reflections stored in episodic memory and reused on later attempts.,Clarifies how a node loop can persist learning across retries without changing model weights.,Peer-reviewed research,State
age-0019,Research Foundations,Tool-grounded verification,Paper,CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquing,https://openreview.net/forum?id=Sx038qxjek,ICLR,2024,Zhibin Gou et al.,Uses external tools to obtain feedback that a language model can apply when critiquing and revising its outputs.,Supports verification gates grounded in observable evidence instead of another ungrounded model opinion.,Peer-reviewed research,Gates
age-0020,Production Case Studies,Generalist agent team,Paper,Magentic-One: A Generalist Multi-Agent System for Solving Complex Tasks,https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/magentic-one-a-generalist-multi-agent-system-for-solving-complex-tasks/,Microsoft Research MSR-TR-2024-47,2024,Adam Fourney et al.,"Documents an orchestrator-led team of specialized agents for web, file, coding, and terminal tasks, with progress tracking and replanning.",Provides a concrete generalist topology whose role boundaries and recovery behavior can be examined as a system.,Research preprint,Roles
age-0021,Production Case Studies,Parallel research,Blog,How we built our multi-agent research system,https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/multi-agent-research-system,Anthropic Engineering,2025,Jeremy Hadfield et al.,"Describes a lead research agent that creates parallel subagents, delegates searches, and synthesizes their findings, including operational lessons from production.","A detailed case study of dynamic fan-out and fan-in, context separation, evaluation, and the token cost of an adaptive work graph.",Practitioner analysis,Work graphs
age-0022,Frameworks & SDKs,Role-based teams,Docs,CrewAI Crews,https://docs.crewai.com/en/concepts/crews,CrewAI Documentation,2026,CrewAI,"Documents role-based agent crews, assigned tasks, delegation, and sequential or hierarchical execution processes.",Offers accessible primitives for testing explicit ownership and manager-worker coordination.,Official documentation,Roles
age-0023,Frameworks & SDKs,Agent orchestration,Docs,OpenAI Agents SDK: Agent orchestration,https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/multi_agent/,OpenAI Agents SDK Documentation,2026,OpenAI,Explains manager-style orchestration with agents exposed as tools and decentralized orchestration through handoffs.,Makes the centralized-versus-decentralized topology choice explicit in a production SDK.,Official documentation,Topology
age-0024,Frameworks & SDKs,Pattern catalog,Docs,Strands Agents: Multi-Agent Patterns,https://strandsagents.com/docs/user-guide/concepts/multi-agent/multi-agent-patterns/,Strands Agents Documentation,2026,Strands Agents; AWS,"Documents several coordination shapes for composing agents, including supervisor, swarm, workflow, and graph-oriented patterns.",Lets builders compare topology choices within one SDK instead of treating one pattern as universal.,Official documentation,Topology
age-0025,Frameworks & SDKs,Typed agents,Docs,Pydantic AI: Multi-Agent Applications,https://pydantic.dev/docs/ai/guides/multi-agent-applications/,Pydantic AI Documentation,2026,Pydantic,"Shows delegation, programmatic control flow, and graph-based state machines for composing typed Python agents.","Useful for expressing node inputs, outputs, dependencies, and orchestration boundaries in ordinary application code.",Official documentation,Topology
age-0026,Frameworks & SDKs,Multi-agent orchestration,Docs,LlamaIndex: Multi-Agent Patterns,https://developers.llamaindex.ai/python/framework/understanding/agent/multi_agent/,LlamaIndex Documentation,2026,LlamaIndex,"Covers agent workflow, orchestrator, and planner-oriented approaches for coordinating specialized agents.",Provides implementation patterns for choosing who owns delegation and how results return to the coordinating node.,Official documentation,Handoffs
age-0027,Frameworks & SDKs,Graph workflows,Docs,Google ADK: Graph-based Agent Workflows,https://adk.dev/graphs/,Google ADK Documentation,2026,Google,"Documents declarative workflows whose nodes combine agents, tools, functions, and human input through explicit edges, typed data passing, routing, branching, state, fan-out and join, loops, escalation, and nesting.",Makes the graph load-bearing and inspectable while separating deterministic process control from model reasoning.,Official documentation,Work graphs
age-0028,Frameworks & SDKs,Graph workflows,Docs,Microsoft Agent Framework: Workflows,https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/agent-framework/workflows/,Microsoft Learn,2026,Microsoft,"Describes workflows built from executors and explicit edges, with support for branching, aggregation, state, and checkpointing.",Exposes the work graph as an inspectable program rather than hiding coordination inside prompts.,Official documentation,Work graphs
age-0029,Frameworks & SDKs,Graph runtime,Docs,LangGraph overview,https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langgraph/overview,LangGraph Documentation,2025,LangChain,"Introduces a low-level runtime for stateful agent graphs with durable execution, streaming, memory, and human intervention.","A widely used substrate for implementing explicit nodes, edges, state transitions, and resumable work graphs.",Official documentation,Work graphs
age-0030,Protocols & Handoffs,In-process transfer,Docs,OpenAI Agents SDK: Handoffs,https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/handoffs/,OpenAI Agents SDK Documentation,2026,OpenAI,"Documents transfers from one agent to another, including tool-shaped handoff schemas, input filters, and callbacks.",Turns an edge into an explicit contract controlling when ownership moves and what context crosses with it.,Official documentation,Handoffs
age-0031,Protocols & Handoffs,Tool and context protocol,Standard,Model Context Protocol Specification 2025-11-25,https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25,MCP Specification 2025-11-25,2025,Model Context Protocol project; Agentic AI Foundation,"Specifies a client-server protocol through which AI applications discover and use tools, resources, prompts, and contextual data.","Standardizes capability and context edges, while remaining distinct from a protocol for delegating work between autonomous agents.",Industry standard,Handoffs
age-0032,Protocols & Handoffs,Agent interoperability,Standard,Agent2Agent Protocol Specification v1.0.0,https://a2a-protocol.org/v1.0.0/specification/,A2A Specification,2026,A2A Protocol Working Group; Linux Foundation,"Defines interoperable agent discovery, task lifecycle, messages, artifacts, streaming, asynchronous updates, version negotiation, and multiple protocol bindings across service boundaries.",Provides a version-pinned wire contract for cross-system handoffs where agents cannot share an in-process runtime.,Industry standard,Handoffs
age-0033,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Checkpointing,Docs,LangGraph Persistence,https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langgraph/persistence,LangGraph Documentation,2025,LangChain,"Documents thread-scoped checkpoints, saved state, replay, state inspection, and memory storage for LangGraph runs.",Shows how graph state can become the recoverable system of record instead of living only in model context.,Official documentation,State
age-0034,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Conversation state,Docs,OpenAI Agents SDK: Sessions,https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/sessions/,OpenAI Agents SDK Documentation,2026,OpenAI,Documents persistent conversation history that can be loaded and updated across repeated agent runs.,Provides a bounded mechanism for carrying state across nodes and turns without manually rebuilding every prompt.,Official documentation,State
age-0035,Verification & Evals,Workflow evaluation,Docs,Evaluate agent workflows,https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/agent-evals,OpenAI API Documentation,2026,OpenAI,"Explains how to build datasets, graders, trace-based evaluations, and reproducible checks for agent workflows.",Makes gates testable at both the final outcome and the intermediate handoff level.,Official documentation,Gates
age-0036,Verification & Evals,Evaluation practice,Blog,Demystifying evals for AI agents,https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/demystifying-evals-for-ai-agents,Anthropic Engineering,2026,Mikaela Grace et al.,"Presents practical guidance for defining tasks, outcomes, graders, and evaluation suites for agents with non-deterministic trajectories.",Helps turn vague reviewer judgments into evidence gates that can guide graph changes.,Practitioner analysis,Gates
age-0037,Verification & Evals,Evaluation framework,Tool,Inspect AI,https://inspect.aisi.org.uk/,Inspect AI Documentation,2024,UK AI Security Institute,"Provides an open-source evaluation framework with tasks, solvers, scorers, sandboxed tools, and structured logs.",Supports reproducible gate nodes and traceable evidence for both individual agents and composed systems.,Maintained OSS project,Gates
age-0038,Reliability & Durable Execution,Durable actors and workflows,Docs,Dapr Agents introduction,https://docs.dapr.io/developing-ai/dapr-agents/dapr-agents-introduction/,Dapr Documentation,2026,Dapr; CNCF,"Introduces an agent framework built on durable actors and workflows, with state, messaging, and recovery supplied by the Dapr runtime.",Shows how graph nodes can inherit distributed-systems durability instead of implementing recovery only in prompts.,Official documentation,Reliability
age-0039,Reliability & Durable Execution,Durable execution integration,Tool,Temporal integration for OpenAI Agents SDK,https://github.com/temporalio/sdk-python/tree/main/temporalio/contrib/openai_agents,Temporal Python SDK,2025,Temporal,"Integrates OpenAI agent runs, model calls, and tools with Temporal workflows and activities for durable execution.","Provides replay, retry, timeout, and recovery semantics beneath an agent graph without asking the model to manage them.",Maintained OSS project,Reliability
age-0040,Reliability & Durable Execution,Database-backed workflows,Docs,DBOS AI Quickstart,https://docs.dbos.dev/ai/ai-quickstart,DBOS Documentation,2026,DBOS,Shows how to place AI application steps inside durable workflows whose progress is recorded and recoverable after interruption.,Offers a compact path from an agent prototype to resumable execution with explicit step boundaries.,Official documentation,Reliability
age-0041,Reliability & Durable Execution,Durable agent patterns,Docs,Restate Durable Agents,https://docs.restate.dev/ai/patterns/durable-agents,Restate Documentation,2026,Restate,"Documents durable agent patterns using persisted execution, reliable calls, retries, timers, and stateful services.",Maps common mid-graph failures to runtime guarantees rather than fragile application-level retry code.,Official documentation,Reliability
age-0042,Observability & Cost,Tracing,Docs,OpenAI Agents SDK: Tracing,https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/tracing/,OpenAI Agents SDK Documentation,2026,OpenAI,"Documents traces and spans for agent runs, model generations, tool calls, handoffs, and guardrails.","Makes node and edge behavior inspectable so latency, failures, and expensive paths can be attributed correctly.",Official documentation,Observability & cost
age-0043,Observability & Cost,Telemetry standard,Standard,OpenTelemetry GenAI Semantic Conventions,https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions-genai,OpenTelemetry GenAI repository,2026,OpenTelemetry GenAI SIG,"Develops shared telemetry names and attributes for generative-AI model, tool, and agent operations in traces, metrics, and events.",Helps graph telemetry remain portable across runtimes and observability vendors.,Maintained OSS project,Observability & cost
age-0044,Observability & Cost,Cost attribution,Docs,Arize Phoenix: Cost Tracking,https://arize.com/docs/phoenix/tracing/how-to-tracing/cost-tracking,Arize Phoenix Documentation,2026,Arize AI,Explains how Phoenix derives and displays token usage and model cost from traced generative-AI calls.,Supports per-node and per-path cost accounting instead of treating a multi-agent run as one opaque bill.,Official documentation,Observability & cost
age-0045,Observability & Cost,Observability platform,Docs,LangSmith Observability,https://docs.langchain.com/langsmith/observability,LangSmith Documentation,2026,LangChain,"Documents tracing, dashboards, alerts, feedback, and evaluation views for language-model and agent applications.",Provides operational views for following execution across nodes and locating failures on the critical path.,Official documentation,Observability & cost
age-0046,Benchmarks & Datasets,Collaboration benchmark,Benchmark,MultiAgentBench: Evaluating Collaboration and Competition of LLM Agents,https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.421/,ACL,2025,Kunlun Zhu et al.,Benchmarks language-model agents in collaborative and competitive settings while examining coordination processes as well as task outcomes.,Measures properties of the team interaction that single-agent benchmarks cannot expose.,Benchmark/dataset,Observability & cost
age-0047,Benchmarks & Datasets,Failure diagnosis,Benchmark,Why Do Multi-Agent LLM Systems Fail?,https://nips.cc/virtual/2025/poster/121528,NeurIPS Datasets & Benchmarks,2025,Mert Cemri et al.,Provides a structured taxonomy and evaluation approach for diagnosing coordination failures in multi-agent language-model systems.,"Turns reliability incidents into recurring, attributable failure classes that can guide graph redesign.",Benchmark/dataset,Reliability
age-0048,Critiques & Limits,Self-correction limits,Paper,Large Language Models Cannot Self-Correct Reasoning Yet,https://openreview.net/forum?id=IkmD3fKBPQ,ICLR,2024,Jie Huang et al.,Finds that intrinsic self-correction without reliable external feedback often fails to improve reasoning and can reduce accuracy.,Warns against using an ungrounded critic node as evidence simply because it is separate from the producing node.,Peer-reviewed research,Gates
age-0049,Critiques & Limits,Scaling evidence,Paper,Towards a Science of Scaling Agent Systems,https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08296,arXiv; Google Research,2025,Yubin Kim et al.,"Studies how agent-system performance changes across tasks, models, coordination structures, and scaling choices under controlled experiments.",Tests the assumption that adding agents reliably helps and frames scaling as an empirical topology decision.,Research preprint,Topology
age-0050,Critiques & Limits,Token-budget comparison,Paper,Single-Agent LLMs Outperform Multi-Agent Systems on Multi-Hop Reasoning Under Equal Thinking Token Budgets,https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02460,arXiv,2026,Dat Tran; Douwe Kiela,Compares single-agent and multi-agent approaches to multi-hop reasoning while holding the total thinking-token budget constant.,"Provides the cost-controlled baseline needed before claiming that coordination, rather than extra inference, caused an improvement.",Research preprint,Topology
age-0051,Start Here,Contemporary framing,Blog,From Loop Engineering to Graph Engineering?,https://x.com/IntuitMachine/status/2078419526354378975,X Articles,2026,Carlos E. Perez,"Frames the shift as loop architecture: networks of improvement cycles that monitor, feed, constrain, and correct one another, with reliability located in their edges.","Adds the grounding requirement missing from topology-only accounts: independent counter-metrics, frozen tests or rules, external anchors, and human ownership of root objectives.",Practitioner analysis,Gates
age-0052,Research Foundations,Blackboard coordination,Paper,"A Multi-Level Organization for Problem Solving Using Many, Diverse, Cooperating Sources of Knowledge",https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/75/Papers/072.pdf,IJCAI,1975,Lee D. Erman; Victor R. Lesser,"Presents the Hearsay-II multi-level blackboard, where independent knowledge sources react to shared hypotheses, create explicit structural dependencies, and verify or revise one another's contributions.",Provides an early architecture for loosely coupled specialist nodes coordinating through inspectable shared state instead of direct all-to-all calls.,Peer-reviewed research,State
age-0053,Research Foundations,Negotiated delegation,Paper,The Contract Net Protocol: High-Level Communication and Control in a Distributed Problem Solver,https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.1980.1675516,IEEE Transactions on Computers,1980,Reid G. Smith,"Defines a negotiation protocol in which managers announce tasks, potential contractors bid, and awards establish temporary problem-solving relationships.",Supplies the classic contract for capability-aware delegation and auditable assignment edges between autonomous nodes.,Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0054,Start Here,Communication survey,Paper,"The Five Ws of Multi-Agent Communication: Who Talks to Whom, When, What, and Why – A Survey from MARL to Emergent Language and LLMs",https://openreview.net/forum?id=LGsed0QQVq,Transactions on Machine Learning Research,2026,Jingdi Chen; Hanqing Yang; Zongjun Liu; Carlee Joe-Wong,"Synthesizes multi-agent communication across reinforcement learning, emergent language, and LLM systems through sender, recipient, timing, content, and purpose decisions.","Provides a design-oriented map for engineering edge selection, message timing, payloads, grounding, scalability, and interpretability.",Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0055,Research Foundations,Collaboration scaling,Paper,Scaling Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Collaboration,https://openreview.net/forum?id=K3n5jPkrU6,ICLR,2025,Chen Qian; Zihao Xie; YiFei Wang; Wei Liu; Kunlun Zhu; Hanchen Xia; Yufan Dang; Zhuoyun Du; Weize Chen; Cheng Yang; Zhiyuan Liu; Maosong Sun,"Introduces MacNet, a DAG-based collaboration architecture executed in topological order, and studies communication structure while scaling experiments beyond 1,000 agents.",Makes topology a causal scaling variable rather than assuming that larger teams or denser communication automatically help.,Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0056,Research Foundations,Holistic orchestration,Paper,MAS-Orchestra: Understanding and Improving Multi-Agent Reasoning Through Holistic Orchestration and Controlled Benchmarks,https://openreview.net/forum?id=3fGXBm4c3S,ICML,2026,Zixuan Ke et al.,"Formulates orchestration as reinforcement-learned generation of a complete multi-agent program and evaluates it across controlled dimensions including depth, horizon, breadth, parallelism, and robustness.",Tests when whole-system graph structure helps instead of attributing gains to coordination without controlled task evidence.,Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0057,Research Foundations,Conditional topology,Paper,CARD: Towards Conditional Design of Multi-agent Topological Structures,https://openreview.net/forum?id=JgvJdICc6P,ICLR,2026,Tongtong Wu et al.,"Generates communication graphs conditioned on agent roles, models, tools, and data sources, and adapts topology as task resources change.",Treats the available capabilities and directed edges as a versionable organizational artifact rather than a fixed team template.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0058,Reliability & Durable Execution,Resilient topology,Paper,ResMAS: Resilience Optimization in LLM-based Multi-agent Systems,https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/40824,AAAI,2026,Zhilun Zhou et al.,Learns task-specific resilient communication topologies and topology-aware prompts after measuring how graph structure and node instructions affect performance under agent failures and other perturbations.,Moves resilience from reactive recovery into the design of the graph itself and evaluates transfer to new tasks and models.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0059,Research Foundations,System evolution,Paper,EvoMAS: Evolutionary Generation of Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=ic0AGRIkmY,ICML,2026,Yuntong Hu et al.,"Evolves structured multi-agent configurations through trace-guided mutation, crossover, selection, and an experience memory across reasoning, coding, and tool-use tasks.",Shows how an inspectable team specification can evolve from execution evidence while retaining executability and runtime robustness.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0060,Critiques & Limits,Error propagation,Paper,Understanding the Information Propagation Effects of Communication Topologies in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.623/,EMNLP,2025,Xu Shen et al.,Causally studies correct and erroneous information propagation across communication densities and finds that moderately sparse structures can preserve useful diffusion while suppressing errors.,Provides evidence against defaulting to dense graphs and links topology decisions to measured error amplification.,Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0061,Frameworks & SDKs,Graph-centric orchestration,Paper,MASFactory: A Graph-centric Framework for Orchestrating LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems with Vibe Graphing,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-demo.35/,ACL System Demonstrations,2026,Yang Liu et al.,"Compiles natural-language intent into an editable workflow specification and executable directed graph, with reusable components, topology preview, runtime tracing, multimodal messages, and human interaction.",Provides a direct implementation path from an inspectable organizational graph to execution and evaluates it on seven public benchmarks.,Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0062,Frameworks & SDKs,Directed agent graphs,Docs,AutoGen GraphFlow (Workflows),https://microsoft.github.io/autogen/dev/user-guide/agentchat-user-guide/graph-flow.html,Microsoft AutoGen Documentation,2026,Microsoft,"Implements directed multi-agent execution graphs with sequential, parallel, conditional, fan-in, and cyclic paths, edge conditions, activation groups, safe loop exits, and separately configurable message filtering. The feature is explicitly experimental.","Distinguishes the execution graph from the message graph, exposing both who acts next and what context each agent receives.",Official documentation,Work graphs
age-0063,Protocols & Handoffs,Durable remote tasks,Standard,Model Context Protocol: Tasks,https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25/basic/utilities/tasks,MCP Specification 2025-11-25,2025,Model Context Protocol project; Agentic AI Foundation,"Specifies experimental durable asynchronous request state machines with capability negotiation, polling, deferred results, progress, input-required states, cancellation, TTLs, and task-message correlation.",Turns a remote tool or context edge into a recoverable task contract that can outlive one synchronous request.,Official documentation,Reliability
age-0064,Protocols & Handoffs,Secure agent messaging,Docs,Secure Low-Latency Interactive Messaging (SLIM),https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-mpsb-agntcy-slim/,IETF Datatracker; individual Internet-Draft,2026,Luca Muscariello; Michele Papalini; Mauro Sardara; Sam Betts,"Proposes a transport layer for A2A and MCP using gRPC over HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 with stream multiplexing, flow control, group communication, native RPC semantics, and MLS end-to-end encryption. It is an individual informational Internet-Draft with no formal IETF standing.",Adds a concrete secure transport substrate for high-volume graph edges that must cross process and organizational boundaries.,Official documentation,Handoffs
age-0065,Protocols & Handoffs,Agent identity and authorization,Docs,Accelerating the Adoption of Software and Artificial Intelligence Agent Identity and Authorization,https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/other/2026/02/05/accelerating-the-adoption-of-software-and-ai-agent/ipd,NIST NCCoE Initial Public Draft,2026,Harold Booth; William Fisher; Ryan Galluzzo; Joshua Roberts,"Outlines considerations and open questions for standards-based identity, authorization, auditing, and non-repudiation when software and AI agents access enterprise systems and take actions. The concept paper remains an initial public draft under review.",Grounds graph roles and permissions in identity practice so delegation does not silently transfer more authority than an edge contract allows.,Official documentation,Roles
age-0066,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Versioned work products,Docs,Google ADK: Artifacts,https://adk.dev/artifacts/,Google ADK Documentation,2026,Google,"Defines named, automatically versioned binary work products that agents and tools can save, load, list, and exchange within session-scoped or persistent user-scoped namespaces.","Provides explicit, inspectable edge artifacts instead of forcing large or structured outputs through conversational context.",Official documentation,State
age-0067,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Procedural memory,Paper,LEGOMem: Modular Procedural Memory for Multi-agent LLM Systems for Workflow Automation,https://www.ifaamas.org/Proceedings/aamas2026/pdfs/VLUA1303.pdf,AAMAS Extended Abstracts,2026,Dongge Han; Camille Couturier; Daniel Madrigal Diaz; Xuchao Zhang; Victor Rühle; Saravan Rajmohan,Decomposes execution trajectories into reusable procedural memories and allocates them to an orchestrator and specialist agents for workflow automation.,Shows how durable experience can improve decomposition and delegation without collapsing every node's memory into one undifferentiated store; the selected artifact is a three-page extended abstract.,Peer-reviewed research,State
age-0068,Verification & Evals,Adversarial agent detection,Paper,When Agents Go Rogue: Activation-Based Detection of Malicious Behaviors in Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=BnduUW8izq,ICML,2026,Haowen Xu et al.,"Evaluates activation-space detection and restorative steering of compromised agents across five attack scenarios, multiple models, and synchronous and asynchronous multi-agent interactions.",Tests a topology-agnostic gate for locating and repairing a malicious node when its messages appear superficially benign.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0069,Reliability & Durable Execution,Intervention-driven debugging,Paper,DoVer: Intervention-Driven Auto Debugging for LLM Multi-Agent Systems,https://iclr.cc/virtual/2026/poster/10007537,ICLR,2026,Ming Ma et al.,Tests failure hypotheses by editing messages or plans and measuring whether each intervention repairs the outcome or advances execution in branching multi-agent traces.,Turns graph debugging into causal repair experiments instead of relying on plausible but unverified post-hoc explanations.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0070,Reliability & Durable Execution,Durable graph workflows,Docs,Microsoft Agent Framework: Durable Extension,https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/agent-framework/integrations/durable-extension,Microsoft Learn,2026,Microsoft,"Adds persisted sessions, checkpointed progress, failure recovery, external-event waits, and distributed hosting to agents, multi-agent orchestrations, and graph workflows. The documented packages remain prerelease.",Shows how an agent graph can resume without losing context or repeating completed work after interruption.,Official documentation,Reliability
age-0071,Critiques & Limits,Control-flow security,Paper,Breaking and Fixing Defenses Against Control Flow Hijacking in Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=PNU9Rj5RDQ,ICLR,2026,Rishi Dev Jha; Harold Triedman; Justin Wagle; Vitaly Shmatikov,"Demonstrates attacks against alignment-check defenses and introduces ControlValve, which generates permitted control-flow graphs and enforces least privilege for each agent invocation.",Makes invocation authority and contextual permissions explicit on every edge instead of trusting a separate checker that can also be hijacked.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0072,Observability & Cost,Budget-aware topology,Paper,BAMAS: Structuring Budget-Aware Multi-Agent Systems,https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/40226,AAAI,2026,Liming Yang; Junyu Luo; Xuanzhe Liu; Yiling Lou; Zhenpeng Chen,"Selects an LLM team with integer programming and then learns its collaboration topology under an explicit budget, reporting comparable performance with cost reductions of up to 86% on three tasks.","Jointly engineers node selection, edge structure, and spend instead of optimizing quality while treating inference cost as an afterthought.",Peer-reviewed research,Observability & cost
age-0073,Observability & Cost,Workflow reconstruction,Paper,AgentXRay: White-Boxing Agentic Systems via Workflow Reconstruction,https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05353,ICML,2026,Ruijie Shi; Houbin Zhang; Yuecheng Han; Yuheng Wang; Jingru Fan; Runde Yang; Yufan Dang; Huatao Li; Dewen Liu; Yuan Cheng; Chen Qian,Reconstructs an editable explicit stand-in workflow for a black-box agentic system from input-output behavior using iterative search and evaluation.,"Offers a path to inspect, compare, and modify systems whose load-bearing workflow is hidden behind an API.",Peer-reviewed research,Observability & cost
age-0074,Benchmarks & Datasets,Distributed coordination,Benchmark,SILO-BENCH: A Scalable Environment for Evaluating Distributed Coordination in Multi-Agent LLM Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1354/,ACL,2026,Yuzhe Zhang et al.,"Benchmarks free-form coordination under information silos across 30 exact-answer tasks, three communication protocols, six agent scales, and three models while recording success, tokens, and communication density.",Tests whether more nodes and denser edges overcome distributed information constraints under explicit coordination and cost measures.,Benchmark/dataset,Topology
age-0075,Benchmarks & Datasets,Dynamic asynchronous evaluation,Benchmark,Gaia2: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Dynamic and Asynchronous Environments,https://openreview.net/forum?id=9gw03JpKK4,ICLR,2026,Romain Froger et al.,"Evaluates agents in asynchronous simulated environments across execution, search, ambiguity, adaptation, temporal reasoning, noise, and agent-to-agent collaboration, with action-level verifiers and structured traces.","Makes delays, environmental change, peer communication, and externally checked writes first-class work-graph conditions.",Benchmark/dataset,Work graphs
age-0076,Benchmarks & Datasets,Adversarial multi-agent safety,Benchmark,TAMAS: Benchmarking Adversarial Risks in Multi-Agent LLM Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1442/,ACL,2026,Ishan Kavathekar; Hemang Jain; Ameya Rathod; Ponnurangam Kumaraguru; Tanuja Ganu,"Provides five scenarios with 300 adversarial instances, six attack types, 211 tools, 100 harmless tasks, and multiple AutoGen and CrewAI interaction configurations, plus an Effective Robustness Score.",Evaluates whether safety controls preserve useful work while attacks exploit the distinctive trust and communication surfaces of a multi-agent graph.,Benchmark/dataset,Reliability
age-0077,Benchmarks & Datasets,Failure attribution,Benchmark,Seeing the Whole Elephant: A Benchmark for Failure Attribution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.912/,ACL,2026,Mengzhuo Chen et al.,Introduces TraceElephant with full execution traces and reproducible environments for attributing failures to responsible agents and decisive steps.,"Measures causal diagnosis over nodes, messages, plans, and dependencies instead of evaluating only the final team output.",Benchmark/dataset,Observability & cost
age-0078,Production Case Studies,Secure delegated access,Blog,Creating AI agent solutions for warehouse data access and security,https://engineering.fb.com/2025/08/13/data-infrastructure/agentic-solution-for-warehouse-data-access/,Engineering at Meta,2025,Can Lin; Uday Ramesh Savagaonkar; Iuliu Rus; Komal Mangtani,"Describes collaborating data-user and data-owner agents, specialized subagents, triage, permission negotiation, human oversight, access budgets, analytical risk rules, output guardrails, traces, and daily regression evaluation.",Shows plural bounded agency governed by independent rule-based gates rather than relying on model judgment for security decisions.,Practitioner analysis,Gates
age-0079,Production Case Studies,Staged agent swarm,Blog,How Meta Used AI to Map Tribal Knowledge in Large-Scale Data Pipelines,https://engineering.fb.com/2026/04/06/developer-tools/how-meta-used-ai-to-map-tribal-knowledge-in-large-scale-data-pipelines/,Engineering at Meta,2026,Krishna Ganeriwal; Plawan Rath; Ashwini Verma,"Reports a staged swarm of more than 50 explorer, analyst, writer, critic, fixer, upgrader, tester, and gap-filling tasks, with repeated review rounds and recurring automated refresh runs.","Provides a concrete fan-out, critique, repair, integration, and recurrence graph with explicit artifacts and quality gates; efficiency figures are company-reported and preliminary.",Practitioner analysis,Work graphs
age-0080,Production Case Studies,Multi-hop identity and provenance,Blog,Solving the Identity Crisis for AI Agents,https://www.uber.com/by/en/blog/solving-the-agent-identity-crisis/,Uber Engineering,2026,Matt Mathew; Prasad Borole; Meng Huang; Sergey Burykin; Gaurav Goel; Bayard Walsh,"Describes an internal agent mesh with registered identities, SPIRE-backed workload attestation, short-lived audience-scoped tokens for every hop, actor-chain provenance, MCP gateway enforcement, and a standardized A2A client.","Treats identity, delegated authority, and provenance as mandatory edge state across a multi-agent graph; adoption and latency metrics are company-reported.",Practitioner analysis,Handoffs
age-0081,Research Foundations,Task-adaptive topology synthesis,Paper,Dynamic Generation of Multi LLM Agents Communication Topologies with Graph Diffusion Models,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1764/,ACL,2026,Eric Hanchen Jiang et al.,"Introduces Guided Topology Diffusion, which iteratively synthesizes sparse, task-adaptive communication graphs using a proxy model for objectives such as accuracy, utility, and cost.","Treats topology as a multi-objective, per-task design artifact rather than a static collaboration template.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0082,Reliability & Durable Execution,Topology-conditioned memory leakage,Paper,Topology Matters: Measuring Memory Leakage in Multi-Agent LLMs,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1980/,Findings of ACL,2026,Jinbo Liu et al.,"Measures private-information leakage across six communication topologies, agent counts, and attacker-target placements, finding higher leakage with denser connectivity, shorter graph distance, and greater target centrality.","Makes privacy a measurable consequence of edge structure and node placement, motivating topology-aware access controls.",Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0083,Critiques & Limits,Collaboration-induced diversity collapse,Paper,Diversity Collapse in Multi-Agent LLM Systems: Structural Coupling and Collective Failure in Open-Ended Idea Generation,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.13/,Findings of ACL,2026,Nuo Chen et al.,"Studies multi-agent ideation across model, cognition, and system levels, finding diminishing group-size returns, authority effects, and faster premature convergence under dense communication.","Shows that interaction can contract a search space, so graph designs for exploration must preserve independence and meaningful disagreement.",Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0084,Research Foundations,Dynamic node and edge elimination,Paper,AgentDropout: Dynamic Agent Elimination for Token-Efficient and High-Performance LLM-Based Multi-Agent Collaboration,https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.1170/,ACL,2025,Zhexuan Wang; Yutong Wang; Xuebo Liu; Liang Ding; Miao Zhang; Jie Liu; Min Zhang,"Optimizes communication-graph adjacency matrices across collaboration rounds to remove redundant agents and messages, reducing both prompt and completion token consumption in its evaluations.",Makes node participation and edge density explicit cost-quality decisions instead of assuming every role should run on every task.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0085,Benchmarks & Datasets,Process-level collaboration,Benchmark,Collab-Overcooked: Benchmarking and Evaluating Large Language Models as Collaborative Agents,https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.249/,EMNLP,2025,Haochen Sun; Shuwen Zhang; Lujie Niu; Lei Ren; Hao Xu; Hao Fu; Fangkun Zhao; Caixia Yuan; Xiaojie Wang,"Provides 30 open-ended cooperative tasks and process-oriented measures for goal interpretation, active collaboration, communication, and continuous adaptation across 13 language models.","Distinguishes reaching an answer from coordinating well, exposing collaboration failures that final-outcome metrics can hide.",Benchmark/dataset,Observability & cost
age-0086,Critiques & Limits,Inter-agent communication attacks,Paper,Red-Teaming LLM Multi-Agent Systems via Communication Attacks,https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.349/,Findings of ACL,2025,Pengfei He; Yuping Lin; Shen Dong; Han Xu; Yue Xing; Hui Liu,"Introduces an Agent-in-the-Middle attack that intercepts and manipulates inter-agent messages, evaluated across multiple frameworks, communication structures, and applications.","Shows that graph edges can compromise the whole system without altering its nodes, making message integrity and provenance part of the handoff contract.",Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0087,Research Foundations,Query-dependent architecture search,Paper,Multi-agent Architecture Search via Agentic Supernet,https://proceedings.mlr.press/v267/zhang25bi.html,ICML,2025,Guibin Zhang; Luyang Niu; Junfeng Fang; Kun Wang; Lei Bai; Xiang Wang,"Represents possible agentic architectures as a probabilistic supernet and samples query-dependent systems with tailored language-model calls, tool calls, and token costs across six benchmarks.",Replaces a one-size-fits-all graph with per-query architecture and resource allocation while keeping the design space explicit.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0088,Critiques & Limits,Unequal agent contribution,Paper,Unlocking the Power of Multi-Agent LLM for Reasoning: From Lazy Agents to Deliberation,https://openreview.net/forum?id=5J6u03ObRZ,ICLR,2026,Zhiwei Zhang et al.,"Identifies lazy-agent behavior in which one role dominates a nominally collaborative system, then measures causal influence and uses verifiable rewards to encourage deliberation and selective reasoning restarts.",Requires builders to verify that each node contributes causal value rather than allowing a multi-agent graph to collapse into one effective agent.,Peer-reviewed research,Roles
age-0089,Benchmarks & Datasets,Multi-party negotiation,Benchmark,"Cooperation, Competition, and Maliciousness: LLM-Stakeholders Interactive Negotiation",https://openreview.net/forum?id=59E19c6yrN,NeurIPS,2024,Sahar Abdelnabi; Amr Gomaa; Sarath Sivaprasad; Lea Schönherr; Mario Fritz,"Provides scorable, multi-agent, multi-issue negotiation games with metrics for task performance and role alignment, including cooperative, competitive, greedy, and adversarial participants.",Tests communication and collective decisions when graph nodes hold conflicting objectives or attempt manipulation rather than cooperating by default.,Benchmark/dataset,Handoffs
age-0090,Reliability & Durable Execution,Agentic application security risks,Standard,OWASP Top 10 for Agentic Applications for 2026,https://genai.owasp.org/resource/owasp-top-10-for-agentic-applications-for-2026/,OWASP GenAI Security Project,2025,OWASP GenAI Security Project; Agentic Security Initiative,"Provides a globally peer-reviewed operational framework for critical risks in autonomous and agentic applications, developed with contributions from more than 100 security experts, researchers, and practitioners.","Supplies a practical threat checklist for node authority, tool permissions, memory provenance, inter-agent trust, and cascading failures across an agent graph.",Industry standard,Reliability
age-0091,Research Foundations,Task-adaptive graph routing,Paper,AMAS: Adaptively Determining Communication Topology for LLM-based Multi-agent System,https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-industry.144/,EMNLP Industry Track,2025,Hui Yi Leong; Yuheng Li; Yuqing Wu; Wenwen Ouyang; Wei Zhu; Jiechao Gao; Wei Han,Introduces a dynamic graph selector that uses lightweight LLM adaptation to choose task-specific communication structures and route each query through a matching agent pathway.,"Operationalizes topology as an input-conditioned decision rather than a fixed template; evidence is currently concentrated in question answering, mathematics, and code generation.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0092,Research Foundations,"Collaboration-mode, role, and model routing",Paper,MasRouter: Learning to Route LLMs for Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.757/,ACL,2025,Yanwei Yue; Guibin Zhang; Boyang Liu; Guancheng Wan; Kun Wang; Dawei Cheng; Yiyan Qi,"Defines multi-agent system routing as a joint decision over collaboration mode, role allocation, and language-model selection, implemented with a cascaded controller that progressively constructs a task-specific system.","Makes node roles, model assignment, and whether collaboration is needed explicit routing decisions with measurable cost-quality trade-offs.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0093,Research Foundations,Multi-hop evidence propagation,Paper,MOC: Multi-Order Communication in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=wyynWicO5s,ICML,2026,Yao Guan; Lin Wang; Zhihui Lu; Ziyi Wang; Wenzhu Yan; Qiang Duan,"Constructs structured multi-order evidence streams so agents can receive relevant information from multiple upstream hops, then applies semantic-topological merging under token constraints.","Shows that graph engineering includes what evidence survives across paths, not only which nodes and edges exist; it improves communication over a supplied topology rather than selecting that topology.",Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0094,Research Foundations,Hierarchical node and topology optimization,Paper,HieraMAS: Optimizing Intra-Node LLM Mixtures and Inter-Node Topology for Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=p7p5foAXaB,ICML,2026,Tianjun Yao; Zhaoyi Li; Zhiqiang Shen,"Models each functional role as a supernode containing heterogeneous language models in a propose-synthesis structure, then uses multi-level reward attribution and graph classification to select the inter-supernode topology.","Jointly engineers node composition, role capability, credit assignment, and communication edges instead of optimizing each dimension independently.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0096,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Selective shared memory,Paper,Learning to Share: Selective Memory for Efficient Parallel Agentic Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=cCFyY2LmF5,ICML,2026,Joseph Fioresi; Parth Parag Kulkarni; Ashmal Vayani; Song Wang; Mubarak Shah,Adds a global memory bank to parallel agent teams and trains an admission controller with stepwise reinforcement learning and usage-aware credit assignment to retain reusable intermediate work.,Treats cross-team memory writes as governed graph operations that can reduce duplicate work while limiting indiscriminate context growth.,Peer-reviewed research,State
age-0097,Observability & Cost,Graph-aware cache reuse,Paper,Accelerating Language Model Workflows with Prompt Choreography,https://aclanthology.org/2026.tacl-1.13/,TACL,2026,TJ Bai; Jason Eisner,"Executes multi-agent workflows with a dynamic global key-value cache in which each call can attend to a reordered subset of previously encoded messages, including parallel branches.","Makes workflow dependencies and reusable message state explicit execution concerns; its primary result concerns speed, and cache reuse can alter model behavior.",Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0098,Benchmarks & Datasets,Enterprise workflow benchmark,Benchmark,Can LLMs Help You at Work? A Sandbox for Evaluating LLM Agents in Enterprise Environments,https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.466/,EMNLP,2025,Harsh Vishwakarma; Ankush Agarwal; Ojas Patil; Chaitanya Devaguptapu; Mahesh Chandran,"Introduces EnterpriseBench with 500 tasks across software engineering, HR, finance, and administration, including fragmented data, access-control hierarchies, and cross-functional workflows.","Tests work graphs that retrieve, modify, and transfer artifacts across services while respecting authority boundaries; the organization and services are simulated.",Benchmark/dataset,Work graphs
age-0099,Benchmarks & Datasets,Stateful tool-use evaluation,Benchmark,"ToolSandbox: A Stateful, Conversational, Interactive Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Tool Use Capabilities",https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-naacl.65/,Findings of NAACL,2025,Jiarui Lu; Thomas Holleis; Yizhe Zhang; Bernhard Aumayer; Feng Nan; Haoping Bai; Shuang Ma; Shen Ma; Mengyu Li; Guoli Yin; Zirui Wang; Ruoming Pang,"Evaluates stateful tool execution, implicit dependencies between tools, on-policy user interaction, and intermediate and final milestones over arbitrary trajectories.","Transfers milestone and state-transition testing to graph prerequisites, although the evaluated system is an agent-user-tool loop rather than an agent-agent topology.",Benchmark/dataset,State
age-0100,Benchmarks & Datasets,Trajectory-level evaluation,Benchmark,AgentBoard: An Analytical Evaluation Board of Multi-turn LLM Agents,https://openreview.net/forum?id=4S8agvKjle,NeurIPS Datasets & Benchmarks,2024,Chang Ma; Junlei Zhang; Zhihao Zhu; Cheng Yang; Yujiu Yang; Yaohui Jin; Zhenzhong Lan; Lingpeng Kong; Junxian He,"Unifies partially observable, multi-round agent environments and adds a fine-grained progress-rate metric plus interactive trajectory analysis beyond final success.","Supplies milestone-level evaluation that can localize incomplete work, while its primarily single-agent tasks do not identify the responsible graph component by themselves.",Benchmark/dataset,Gates
age-0101,Benchmarks & Datasets,Agent security benchmark,Benchmark,Agent Security Bench (ASB): Formalizing and Benchmarking Attacks and Defenses in LLM-based Agents,https://openreview.net/forum?id=V4y0CpX4hK,ICLR,2025,Hanrong Zhang; Jingyuan Huang; Kai Mei; Yifei Yao; Zhenting Wang; Chenlu Zhan; Hongwei Wang; Yongfeng Zhang,"Benchmarks prompt injection, memory poisoning, backdoors, mixed attacks, and defenses across 10 scenarios, more than 400 tools, 13 model backbones, and seven metrics.","Maps security failures to prompts, plans, tools, and memory surfaces that graph designs must isolate separately; inter-agent trust propagation is outside its main evaluation target.",Benchmark/dataset,Reliability
age-0102,Benchmarks & Datasets,Prompt-injection evaluation,Benchmark,AgentDojo: A Dynamic Environment to Evaluate Prompt Injection Attacks and Defenses for LLM Agents,https://openreview.net/forum?id=m1YYAQjO3w,NeurIPS Datasets & Benchmarks,2024,Edoardo Debenedetti; Jie Zhang; Mislav Balunovic; Luca Beurer-Kellner; Marc Fischer; Florian Tramèr,Provides an extensible adversarial environment with 97 realistic tasks and 629 security test cases for agents executing tools over untrusted data.,Tests the instruction-data boundary that every external-input and artifact edge must preserve; compromised peer-agent messages require separate evaluation.,Benchmark/dataset,Reliability
age-0103,Benchmarks & Datasets,Agent misuse benchmark,Benchmark,AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents,https://openreview.net/forum?id=AC5n7xHuR1,ICLR,2025,Maksym Andriushchenko; Alexandra Souly; Mateusz Dziemian; Derek Duenas; Maxwell Lin; Justin Wang; Dan Hendrycks; Andy Zou; J. Zico Kolter; Matt Fredrikson; Yarin Gal; Xander Davies,Evaluates refusal and retained task capability on 110 explicitly malicious multi-stage agent tasks with 440 augmented variants across 11 harm categories.,Tests whether safety gates reject prohibited work and stop a compromised node from completing a harmful path; the score is not a general measure of agent-system safety.,Benchmark/dataset,Gates
age-0104,Reliability & Durable Execution,Structural prompt-injection defense,Paper,IPIGuard: A Novel Tool Dependency Graph-Based Defense Against Indirect Prompt Injection in LLM Agents,https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.53/,EMNLP,2025,Hengyu An; Jinghuai Zhang; Tianyu Du; Chunyi Zhou; Qingming Li; Tao Lin; Shouling Ji,Models task execution as traversal over a planned Tool Dependency Graph and separates action planning from interaction with untrusted external data.,Shows how structural constraints on allowed tool edges can block unauthorized actions instead of relying only on prompts or classifiers.,Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0105,Protocols & Handoffs,Agent identity and delegated authorization,Docs,"Identity Management for Agentic AI: The new frontier of authorization, authentication, and security for an AI agent world",https://openid.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Identity-Management-for-Agentic-AI.pdf,OpenID Foundation,2025,OpenID Foundation Artificial Intelligence Identity Management Community Group,"Maps identity, authentication, delegated authority, consent, governance, and accountability gaps for autonomous agents against OAuth and OpenID Connect foundations.","Provides a standards-grounded vocabulary for identity-bearing nodes and auditable delegation across agent and tool edges; it is a non-normative landscape whitepaper, not a protocol.",Official documentation,Handoffs
age-0106,Protocols & Handoffs,Agent capability and discovery schema,Standard,Open Agentic Schema Framework (OASF) v1.1.0,https://github.com/agntcy/oasf/releases/tag/v1.1.0,"AGNTCY Project, Linux Foundation",2026,AGNTCY Project,"Defines versioned schemas and taxonomies for agent identity metadata, capabilities, skills, modules, interactions, and discovery records, including MCP and A2A alignment modules.",Gives graph builders a portable node descriptor for capability-based discovery and routing validation; it describes capabilities but does not execute a graph or authorize an edge.,Industry standard,Roles
age-0107,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Artifact provenance,Standard,PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model,https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/,W3C Recommendation,2013,Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier,"Defines entities, activities, agents, derivation, attribution, responsibility, bundles, and collections for interoperable provenance records.","Maps artifacts, execution steps, and responsible nodes into a portable lineage model; storage, access control, and cryptographic integrity remain implementation concerns.",Industry standard,State
age-0108,"State, Memory & Artifacts",Cryptographic artifact provenance,Paper,in-toto: Providing farm-to-table guarantees for bits and bytes,https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/torres-arias,USENIX Security,2019,Santiago Torres-Arias; Hammad Afzali; Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy; Reza Curtmola; Justin Cappos,"Introduces signed material and product links for supply-chain steps and verifies them against an expected layout, supported by analysis of 30 historical compromises and deployed integrations.","Supplies a transferable receipt pattern that binds each artifact transformation to an authorized step and identity; it verifies process integrity, not semantic correctness.",Peer-reviewed research,State
age-0109,Reliability & Durable Execution,Portable workflow semantics,Standard,Serverless Workflow Specification v1.0.0,https://open-workflow-specification.org/blog/releases/release-100/,"Open Workflow Specification, Cloud Native Computing Foundation",2025,Open Workflow Specification Project,"Defines a vendor-neutral workflow language with sequential and concurrent tasks, event correlation, service calls, error handling, retries, and timeouts.","Provides an inspectable execution contract for production work graphs; conformance does not itself supply a durable runtime, an agent protocol, or model-level correctness.",Industry standard,Reliability
age-0110,Critiques & Limits,Compound-system call scaling,Paper,Are More LLM Calls All You Need? Towards the Scaling Properties of Compound AI Systems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/51173cf34c5faac9796a47dc2fdd3a71-Abstract-Conference.html,NeurIPS,2024,Lingjiao Chen; Jared Davis; Boris Hanin; Peter Bailis; Ion Stoica; Matei Zaharia; James Zou,Analyzes Vote and Filter-Vote compound systems and finds that performance can rise and then fall as the number of language-model calls increases because query difficulty is heterogeneous.,"Bounds claims that adding calls, voters, or nodes automatically improves a system; the experiments cover simple aggregation systems rather than rich agent organizations.",Peer-reviewed research,Observability & cost
age-0111,Verification & Evals,Verification-aware work graphs,Paper,Verification-Aware Planning for Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.eacl-long.353/,EACL,2026,Tianyang Xu; Dan Zhang; Kushan Mitra; Estevam Hruschka,"Introduces VeriMAP, which decomposes tasks into a dependency graph and attaches planner-defined Python and natural-language verification functions to subtasks before execution.",Makes acceptance criteria part of the work graph so handoff failures can trigger local repair instead of surfacing only in a final answer.,Peer-reviewed research,Gates
age-0112,Research Foundations,Human-in-the-loop work-graph planning,Paper,AIPOM: Agent-aware Interactive Planning for Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-demos.7/,EMNLP System Demonstrations,2025,Hannah Kim; Kushan Mitra; Chen Shen; Dan Zhang; Estevam Hruschka,"Presents conversational and graph-based interfaces for inspecting, editing, and collaboratively guiding plans in orchestrated multi-agent systems.","Treats the work graph as a human-legible control surface; its non-autonomous agents execute assigned tasks, so it is a planning substrate rather than a complete agent organization.",Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0113,Frameworks & SDKs,Graph workflow runtime,Blog,Build reliable multi-agent applications with ADK Go 2.0,https://developers.googleblog.com/announcing-adk-go-20/,Google Developers Blog,2026,Toni Klopfenstein; Sampath Kumar Maddula,"Documents a graph-based multi-agent workflow engine with typed nodes, conditional edges, fan-out and fan-in, nested graphs, cycles, retries, durable human input, state, and unified telemetry.","Provides a first-party implementation of explicit, resumable work graphs while showing that function and tool nodes remain distinct from agent nodes.",Practitioner analysis,Work graphs
age-0114,Research Foundations,Decentralized adaptive coordination,Paper,AgentNet: Decentralized Evolutionary Coordination for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2025/hash/9a379c1b05793d1c42dc832269834515-Abstract-Conference.html,NeurIPS,2025,Yingxuan Yang; Huacan Chai; Shuai Shao; Yuanyi Song; Siyuan Qi; Renting Rui; Weinan Zhang,"Organizes specialized agents in a decentralized DAG, uses retrieval-backed local experience for capability refinement, and adapts routing without a single central orchestrator.",Offers a contrasting topology for settings where central coordination is a bottleneck or trust boundary; its reported evidence is concentrated in reasoning and coding tasks.,Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0115,Reliability & Durable Execution,Effect-typed agent contracts,Paper,ETAS: An Effect-Typed Language for Agent Systems,https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.17780,arXiv,2026,Huiri Tan; Yikun Wang; Puyang Zhang; Shangyu Li; Jiasi Shen,"Defines a language in which agents, tools, typed memory, approvals, policies, effects, and execution traces are semantic program elements, with static obligations and runtime monitors.",Provides a transferable contract model for authorizing and auditing node actions before and during execution; it is a new preprint and not yet deployment evidence.,Research preprint,Reliability
age-0116,Critiques & Limits,Consensus-induced search collapse,Paper,The Shared Discovery Paradox: How a One-Answer Rule Turns Better Information into Worse Search,https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.18045,arXiv,2026,Yohei Nakajima,Uses an exactly solvable multi-searcher benchmark to show that pooling information into one repeated recommendation can improve belief accuracy while sharply reducing collective discovery coverage.,Separates information quality from allocation policy and warns that consensus edges can collapse parallel exploration unless a coordinator preserves a portfolio of actions.,Research preprint,Topology
age-0117,Critiques & Limits,Relay information bottlenecks,Paper,When Do Multi-Agent Systems Help? An Information Bottleneck Perspective,https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.16133,arXiv,2026,Wendi Yu; Lianhao Zhou; Xiangjue Dong; Sai Sudarshan Barath; Declan Staunton; Byung-Jun Yoon; Xiaoning Qian; James Caverlee; Shuiwang Ji,Formalizes bounded inter-agent relays as an information bottleneck and reports 18 controlled experiments across five benchmarks and three model scales.,"Explains when isolated contexts and compressed handoffs save useful context and when they discard task-relevant information, providing a direct test for whether a graph earns its edge losses.",Research preprint,Handoffs
age-0118,Critiques & Limits,Critique uptake failure,Paper,Precise but Uncoupled: Reviewer Precision Does Not Guarantee Critique Uptake in Multi-Agent Math Reasoning,https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15388,arXiv,2026,Chih-Hsuan Yang; Jingyan Jiang; Vikram Vasudevan; Cheng-Hau Yang; Huihuo Zheng; Le Chen; Eliu A. Huerta; Venkatram Vishwanath; Ian T. Foster; Rajeev Thakur,"Evaluates 4,181 verifier-grounded math problems and finds that a precise reviewer can still yield weak repair when the protocol does not carry useful critique into the next candidate.",Shows that a verifier node is insufficient by itself: the outgoing edge must couple accepted evidence to a concrete state change or retry action.,Research preprint,Gates
age-0119,Research Foundations,Grammar-based system search,Paper,Grammar Search for Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.75/,ACL,2026,Mayank Singh; Vikas Yadav; Shiva Krishna Reddy Malay; Shravan Nayak; Sai Rajeswar; Sathwik Tejaswi Madhusudhan; Eduardo Blanco,"Searches a fixed grammar of composable multi-agent components to construct modular, interpretable organizations at lower search cost than unconstrained code generation.","Makes the agent-system design space explicit and auditable while retaining automated search over roles, operators, and coordination structure.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0120,Research Foundations,Topology policy optimization,Paper,Graph-GRPO: Stabilizing Multi-Agent Topology Learning via Group Relative Policy Optimization,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1010/,Findings of ACL,2026,Yueyang Cang; Xiaoteng Zhang; Erlu Zhao; Zehua Ji; Yuhang Liu; Yuchen He; Zhiyuan Ning; Chen Yijun; Wenge Que; Li Shi,Samples groups of query-specific communication graphs and uses relative rewards to assign edge-level credit while training a topology-generating policy.,Addresses unstable topology learning with explicit graph samples and localized credit rather than treating orchestration as an opaque prompt update.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0121,Observability & Cost,Cost-aware graph compression,Paper,AgentSlimming: Towards Efficient and Cost-Aware Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1387/,ACL,2026,Yulang Chen; Haoxuan Peng; Jinyan Liu; Zichen Wen; Dongrui Liu; Linfeng Zhang,"Compresses graph-structured agent workflows using centrality and approximate Shapley importance, then validates agent removal and cheaper-model substitution against the original system.",Provides a measured way to reduce nodes and spend without assuming every role contributes equally or that a smaller graph preserves behavior automatically.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0122,Research Foundations,One-shot topology generation,Paper,TopoDIM: One-shot Topology Generation of Diverse Interaction Modes for Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.207/,Findings of ACL,2026,Rui Sun; Jie Ding; Chenghua Gong; Tianjun Gu; Yihang Jiang; Juyuan Zhang; Liming Pan; Linyuan Lü,"Generates heterogeneous decentralized communication topologies in one pass, replacing repeated coordination rounds with a task-conditioned interaction structure.",Expands topology design beyond homogeneous or fully connected teams while directly evaluating the quality and token cost of the generated graph.,Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0123,Research Foundations,Evolving hypergraph collaboration,Paper,EvoHyper: Evolving Hypergraph Topologies for Unified Collaboration in Multi-Agent Communication,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1258/,Findings of ACL,2026,Heng Zhang; Yihao Zhong; Lubin Gan; Zhihe Chen; Jiajun Wu; Yuling Shi; Xiaodong Gu; Hao Zhang; Haochen You; Jin Huang,"Uses evolving hyperedges to bind groups of agents to shared memory while a controller creates, updates, and merges collaboration units during execution.",Models group communication as a first-class structure and joins topology evolution with explicit shared-state ownership instead of reducing every exchange to pairwise chat.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0124,Research Foundations,Heterogeneous graph routing,Paper,RouterHGC: Optimized Router for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems via Heterogeneous Graph Contrastive Learning,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1589/,Findings of ACL,2026,Yitao Xiao; Shaoyong Guo; Guoming Yang; Qingnan Wang; Yinlin Ren; Xuesong Qiu; Qi Feng,"Represents queries, collaboration modes, roles, and language models as heterogeneous nodes and learns cost-performance routing relationships with graph contrastive learning.","Treats the agent organization itself as the graph under optimization and exposes model, role, mode, and budget choices within one routing decision.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0125,Research Foundations,Dynamic workflow scheduling,Paper,LLM-as-Scheduler: Agentic Workflow Dynamic Scheduling,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.581/,ACL,2026,Dawei Xiang; Kexin Chu; Wenyan Xu; Wenhui Zhang; Wei Zhang,"Dynamically selects query-specific paths through a workflow DAG, including early exit, verification, repair, and rerouting decisions made during execution.","Separates the reusable work graph from the runtime path and supplies concrete control points for budgets, validation, and local recovery.",Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0126,Research Foundations,Adaptive message representation,Paper,Learning Optimal Message Representations for Agentic Communication,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1441/,Findings of ACL,2026,Shashwat Gupta; Anson Bastos; Mayukh Das; Supriyo Ghosh; Nagarajan Natarajan; Chetan Bansal; Saravan Rajmohan,Models the choice of inter-agent message representation as an expanding Markov decision process that can select natural-language or structured protocols at each exchange.,"Makes payload format an adaptive edge policy rather than a global convention, clarifying when structure, compression, or expressiveness should dominate.",Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0127,Reliability & Durable Execution,Handoff clarification,Paper,AgentAsk: Multi-Agent Systems Need to Ask,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1294/,ACL,2026,Bohan Lin; Kuo Yang; Zelin Tan; Yingchuan Lai; Chen Zhang; Guibin Zhang; Xinlei Yu; Miao Yu; Xu Wang; Yudong Zhang; Yang Wang,Defines an edge-level handoff-error taxonomy and adds selective clarification questions at critical exchanges where transferred information is ambiguous or incomplete.,Turns clarification into an explicit recovery action for communication-contract failures instead of letting uncertainty silently propagate downstream.,Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0128,Reliability & Durable Execution,Execution-verified diagnosis,Paper,Towards Self-Improving Error Diagnosis in Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.98/,Findings of ACL,2026,Jiazheng Li; Emine Yilmaz; Bei Chen; Thu Le,"Detects local anomalies, traces backward to decisive failures, tests diagnostic hypotheses with tools, and retains only execution-verified diagnostic memories.","Combines trace localization, active validation, and durable learning so a diagnostic node improves from evidence rather than storing unverified explanations.",Peer-reviewed research,Observability & cost
age-0129,Reliability & Durable Execution,Denial-of-collaboration attacks,Paper,CORBA: Contagious Recursive Blocking Attacks on Multi-Agent Systems Based on Large Language Models,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.342/,Findings of ACL,2026,Zhenhong Zhou; Zherui Li; Jie Zhang; Yuanhe Zhang; Kun Wang; Yang Liu; Qing Guo,"Formalizes attacks that deform communication topology into cycles or recursively expanding exchanges, blocking useful collaboration while exhausting system resources.","Shows that edge activation and termination policies are security boundaries, not only scheduling details, and motivates cycle and budget guards.",Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0130,Reliability & Durable Execution,Topology confidentiality,Paper,CIA: Inferring the Communication Topology from LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.815/,ACL,2026,Yongxuan Wu; Xixun Lin; He Zhang; Nan Sun; Kun Wang; Chuan Zhou; Shirui Pan; Yanan Cao,Infers hidden communication topology from black-box multi-agent systems using adversarial queries and semantic correlations among observed responses.,Establishes topology confidentiality as an engineering property and demonstrates that apparently private coordination structure can leak through behavior.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0131,Benchmarks & Datasets,Cascading-injection evaluation,Benchmark,ACIArena: Toward Unified Evaluation for Agent Cascading Injection,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.457/,ACL,2026,Hengyu An; Minxi Li; Jinghuai Zhang; Naen Xu; Chunyi Zhou; Changjiang Li; Xiaogang Xu; Tianyu Du; Shouling Ji,"Evaluates cascading injection through external inputs, agent profiles, and inter-agent messages across six implementations and 1,356 attack cases.","Measures how topology, roles, and interaction design affect propagation instead of treating prompt injection as an isolated single-node event.",Benchmark/dataset,Reliability
age-0132,Reliability & Durable Execution,Unknown-attack detection,Paper,BlindGuard: Safeguarding LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems under Unknown Attacks,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1819/,ACL,2026,Rui Miao; Yixin Liu; Yili Wang; Xu Shen; Yue Tan; Yiwei Dai; Shirui Pan; Xin Wang,"Learns normal individual, neighborhood, and global interaction behavior without attack labels, then detects malicious agents through corruption-guided contrastive learning.",Adds graph-aware anomaly detection for attacks that were absent from training and distinguishes local behavior from neighborhood and system-wide patterns.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0133,Reliability & Durable Execution,Fine-grained graph anomaly detection,Paper,Explainable and Fine-Grained Safeguarding of LLM Multi-Agent Systems via Bi-Level Graph Anomaly Detection,https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1407/,ACL,2026,Junjun Pan; Yixin Liu; Rui Miao; Kaize Ding; Yu Zheng; Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen; Alan Wee-Chung Liew; Shirui Pan,Detects sentence- and token-level anomalies over multi-agent interaction graphs and attributes suspicious tokens to support finer-grained explanations of compromised exchanges.,Connects graph-level protection to actionable message evidence rather than returning only an opaque risk score for an entire agent or run.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0134,Verification & Evals,Collective-intelligence prediction,Paper,Identifying Collective Intelligence Factor in LLM Agent Groups for Generalizable Multi-Agent System Design,https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.624/,Findings of ACL,2026,Zhilun Zhou; Zihan Liu; Jiahe Liu; Yihan Wang; Qingyu Shao; Fengli Xu; Depeng Jin; Yong Li,"Studies 108 agent groups varying team size, model composition, and communication topology, then derives a factor intended to predict transferable system designs.",Moves evaluation beyond one benchmark score by testing whether measurable group properties forecast performance across designs and tasks.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0135,Critiques & Limits,Communication capacity bounds,Paper,Benefits and Limitations of Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning,https://openreview.net/forum?id=0aPIVJUz5T,ICLR,2026,Michael Rizvi-Martel; Satwik Bhattamishra; Neil Rathi; Guillaume Rabusseau; Michael Hahn,"Derives bounds connecting agent count and the quantity and structure of communication to exact reasoning and speedups, then tests the tradeoffs on controlled language-model tasks.",Supplies principled limits for node count and bandwidth decisions and identifies regimes where communication helps or becomes an intrinsic bottleneck.,Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0136,Reliability & Durable Execution,Topology-aware prompt attacks,Paper,Agents Under Siege: Breaking Pragmatic Multi-Agent LLM Systems with Optimized Prompt Attacks,https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.476/,ACL,2025,Rana Shahroz; Zhen Tan; Sukwon Yun; Charles Fleming; Tianlong Chen,Optimizes attack placement across latency- and bandwidth-constrained agent networks using graph-flow formulations to disrupt multi-agent task completion.,Makes topology part of the adversary model and tests how limited attack budgets exploit particular communication paths and bottlenecks.,Peer-reviewed research,Reliability
age-0137,Benchmarks & Datasets,Networked-agent coordination,Paper,AgentsNet: Coordination and Collaborative Reasoning in Multi-Agent LLMs,https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08616,arXiv; ICML 2025 Workshop on Collaborative and Federated Agentic Workflows,2025,Florian Grötschla; Luis Müller; Jan Tönshoff; Mikhail Galkin; Bryan Perozzi,"Evaluates local messaging and learned coordination protocols on distributed graph problems over explicit network topologies, with experiments scaling to 100 agents.",Provides unusually direct evidence about decentralized protocol formation and topology-aware reasoning; the selected artifact remains a preprint and workshop contribution.,Research preprint,Topology
age-0138,Benchmarks & Datasets,Pure coordination games,Benchmark,LLM-Coordination: Evaluating and Analyzing Multi-agent Coordination Abilities in Large Language Models,https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-naacl.448/,Findings of NAACL,2025,Saaket Agashe; Yue Fan; Anthony Reyna; Xin Eric Wang,"Evaluates agentic play in four pure-coordination games and 198 questions covering environment comprehension, theory of mind, and joint planning.","Separates coordination capability into measurable components and partner-generalization tests, although communication topology is not its central experimental variable.",Benchmark/dataset,Gates
age-0139,Research Foundations,Relevance-ordered message passing,Paper,Graph-of-Agents: A Graph-based Framework for Multi-Agent LLM Collaboration,https://openreview.net/forum?id=34cANdsHKV,ICLR,2026,Sukwon Yun; Jie Peng; Pingzhi Li; Wendong Fan; Jie Chen; James Y. Zou; Guohao Li; Tianlong Chen,"Selects relevant agents from model cards, constructs directed edges from response relevance, performs forward and reverse message passing, and pools the revised answers.","Offers an end-to-end graph construction and aggregation method in which node selection, edge order, and communication direction are explicit design choices.",Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0140,Research Foundations,Response-conditioned self-organization,Paper,Stochastic Self-Organization in Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=rS3Jb9AAej,ICLR,2026,Nurbek Tastan; Samuel Horváth; Karthik Nandakumar,Builds a response-conditioned directed acyclic graph from approximate peer-contribution scores and updates the communication structure across collaboration rounds.,"Adapts topology from observed agent behavior without a separate judge, pretrained generator, or fixed graph, while retaining stable acyclic message flow.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0141,Research Foundations,Memory-augmented agent routing,Paper,GraphPlanner: Graph Memory-Augmented Agentic Routing for Multi-Agent LLMs,https://openreview.net/forum?id=ZdGB7MNQDT,ICLR,2026,Tao Feng; Haozhen Zhang; Zijie Lei; Peixuan Han; Jiaxuan You,Generates query-specific workflows by selecting both language-model backbones and agent roles while consulting a heterogeneous graph of query-agent-response history.,Combines work-graph routing with reusable interaction memory and evaluates unseen-task and unseen-model generalization rather than only in-distribution quality.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0142,Observability & Cost,Runtime adaptive supervision,Paper,Stop Wasting Your Tokens: Towards Efficient Runtime Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=pzFhtpkabh,ICLR,2026,Fulin Lin; Shaowen Chen; Ruishan Fang; Hongwei Wang; Tao Lin,"Adds a lightweight supervisor triggered by an LLM-free filter to intervene when a multi-agent run shows errors, inefficient behavior, or contaminated observations.",Places cost and failure control inside the live execution path and tests whether selective supervision can reduce token use without redesigning the base graph.,Peer-reviewed research,Observability & cost
age-0143,Benchmarks & Datasets,Multi-agent error attribution,Benchmark,Aegis: Automated Error Generation and Attribution for Multi-Agent Systems,https://openreview.net/forum?id=zqcYoxXiN3,ICLR,2026,Fanqi Kong; Ruijie Zhang; Huaxiao Yin; Guibin Zhang; Xiaofei Zhang; Ziang Chen; Zhaowei Zhang; Xiaoyuan Zhang; Song-Chun Zhu; Xue Feng,"Creates 9,533 trajectories with annotated faulty agents and error modes by injecting context-aware faults into successful runs across multiple architectures and domains.",Provides graph-component labels for training and evaluating failure attribution instead of relying only on final-task success or expensive manual trace review.,Benchmark/dataset,Reliability
age-0144,Frameworks & SDKs,Multi-agent reinforced training,Paper,MARTI: A Framework for Multi-Agent LLM Systems Reinforced Training and Inference,https://openreview.net/forum?id=E7jZqo0A50,ICLR,2026,Kaiyan Zhang; Kai Tian; Runze Liu; Sihang Zeng; Xuekai Zhu; Guoli Jia; Yuchen Fan; Xingtai Lv; Yuxin Zuo; Che Jiang; Yuru Wang; Jianyu Wang; Ermo Hua; Xinwei Long; Junqi Gao; Youbang Sun; Zhiyuan Ma; Ganqu Cui; Ning Ding; Biqing Qi; Bowen Zhou,"Supports centralized multi-agent interaction, distributed policy training, asynchronous rollouts, graph-defined workflows, heterogeneous models, tools, and configurable rewards.",Connects executable organizations to reinforced training infrastructure so graph policies can be optimized and evaluated rather than remaining hand-authored inference code.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0145,Research Foundations,Parallel message propagation,Paper,MPAS: Breaking Sequential Constraints of Multi-Agent Communication Topologies via Individual-Epistemic Message Propagation,https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/40231,AAAI,2026,Jingxuan Yu; Ju Jia; Simeng Qin; Xiaojun Jia; Siqi Ma; Yihao Huang; Yali Yuan; Guang Cheng,Reworks sequential multi-agent communication into parallel graph message propagation with optimized connections and aggregation while preserving agent-specific epistemic state.,"Targets latency introduced by dependency-ordered exchanges and makes the tradeoff between parallel execution, aggregation, and resilience measurable.",Peer-reviewed research,Topology
age-0146,Verification & Evals,Trajectory failure diagnosis,Benchmark,AgentRx: Diagnosing AI Agent Failures from Execution Trajectories,https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02475,arXiv,2026,Shraddha Barke; Arnav Goyal; Alind Khare; Avaljot Singh; Suman Nath; Chetan Bansal,Releases 115 manually annotated failed trajectories and diagnoses critical failure steps by synthesizing guarded executable constraints and evidence-bearing validation logs.,Provides a concrete bridge from heterogeneous agent traces to repeatable failure localization; its evaluation includes Magentic-One but also single-agent workflows.,Benchmark/dataset,Gates
age-0147,Verification & Evals,Cross-framework system evaluation,Benchmark,"MAESTRO: Multi-Agent Evaluation Suite for Testing, Reliability, and Observability",https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.00481,arXiv,2026,Tie Ma; Yixi Chen; Vaastav Anand; Alessandro Cornacchia; Amândio R. Faustino; Guanheng Liu; Shan Zhang; Hongbin Luo; Suhaib A. Fahmy; Zafar A. Qazi; Marco Canini,"Standardizes configuration and execution for 12 representative multi-agent systems and exports framework-agnostic traces with latency, cost, reliability, and failure signals.",Enables controlled comparison across architectures and repeated runs while revealing that topology can dominate model or tool changes in resource and reliability profiles.,Benchmark/dataset,Observability & cost
age-0148,Observability & Cost,Causal root-cause tracing,Paper,AgentTrace: Causal Graph Tracing for Root Cause Analysis in Deployed Multi-Agent Systems,https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.14688,arXiv; ICLR 2026 Workshop on Agents in the Wild,2026,Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang,"Reconstructs causal graphs from execution logs, traces backward from observed failures, and ranks candidate root causes without requiring language-model inference during debugging.","Offers an interpretable, low-latency diagnosis primitive for cascading failures while remaining a preprint and workshop result rather than broad production validation.",Research preprint,Observability & cost
age-0149,Start Here,Production reference architecture,Docs,Multi-Agent Reference Architecture,https://github.com/microsoft/multi-agent-reference-architecture,Microsoft,2026,Microsoft,"Maps agent registries, communication, memory, observability, evaluation, security, governance, and deployment into an end-to-end reference architecture for multi-agent systems.","Provides a broad engineering checklist grounded in customer implementations; it is evolving guidance in an official repository, not a versioned standard.",Official documentation,Topology
age-0150,Frameworks & SDKs,Event-driven agent runtime,Docs,AutoGen Core,https://microsoft.github.io/autogen/stable/user-guide/core-user-guide/index.html,Microsoft AutoGen Documentation,2026,Microsoft,"Documents an actor-style agent runtime with asynchronous messages, topics, subscriptions, distributed execution, resilience mechanisms, and telemetry.","Adds the lower-level message and runtime architecture beneath conversational teams, clarifying how agent nodes communicate and scale across processes.",Official documentation,Handoffs
age-0151,Frameworks & SDKs,Managed multi-agent orchestration,Docs,Multiagent orchestration,https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/managed-agents/multiagent-orchestration,Claude Platform Documentation,2026,Anthropic,"Documents managed multi-agent orchestration with a lead agent that creates specialized subagents, delegates work, and combines their results under a beta API contract.",Provides a current first-party implementation of dynamic specialization and hierarchical delegation while clearly exposing its managed-runtime boundary and beta status.,Official documentation,Topology
age-0152,Reliability & Durable Execution,Distributed agent runtime,Blog,"Introducing Agent Executor, Google’s distributed Agent Runtime",https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/agent-executor-googles-distributed-agent-runtime,Google Cloud Blog,2026,Jaana Dogan; Ethan Bao,"Introduces an open-source runtime standard for execution, resumption, isolation, session consistency, reconnection, trajectory branching, and federated agent deployment.","Addresses durable long-running graphs at the runtime layer and makes checkpoints, single-writer state, recovery, and deployment boundaries explicit; the release is in preview.",Practitioner analysis,Reliability
age-0153,Observability & Cost,Workflow profiling and optimization,Tool,NVIDIA NeMo Agent Toolkit,https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo-Agent-Toolkit,NVIDIA,2026,NVIDIA,"Provides framework-agnostic profiling, evaluation, optimization, tracing, and A2A team support for agent workflows, including experimental graph-performance primitives.","Lets engineers measure whole-graph latency and cost while experimenting with parallel branches, speculative execution, and node priorities in maintained open-source tooling.",Maintained OSS project,Observability & cost
age-0154,Verification & Evals,Protocol conformance,Tool,A2A Protocol Technology Compatibility Kit,https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-tck,"Agent2Agent Project, Linux Foundation",2026,Agent2Agent Project,"Tests Agent2Agent protocol implementations across gRPC, JSON-RPC, and HTTP with JSON and emits machine-readable, HTML, and JUnit conformance reports.",Turns interoperability claims at agent handoff edges into executable gates that can run in development and continuous integration.,Maintained OSS project,Gates
age-0155,Protocols & Handoffs,Distributed agent discovery,Tool,AGNTCY Dir,https://github.com/agntcy/dir,"AGNTCY Project, Linux Foundation",2026,AGNTCY Project,Implements a distributed directory for capability-based discovery of agents and multi-agent systems using OASF records and cryptographic identity.,"Covers how potential graph participants are registered, discovered, authenticated, and selected before a work or communication edge is created.",Maintained OSS project,Handoffs
age-0156,Reliability & Durable Execution,Runtime governance,Tool,Agent Governance Toolkit,https://github.com/microsoft/agent-governance-toolkit,Microsoft,2026,Microsoft,"Enforces runtime policies on tool calls and inter-agent messages with identity, delegation, audit logs, telemetry, and adapters for multiple agent frameworks.","Implements authorization and audit controls at graph edges; it is a public preview, and its in-process enforcement layer is not an operating-system security boundary.",Maintained OSS project,Gates
age-0157,Reliability & Durable Execution,Multi-agent threat modeling,Docs,Multi-Agentic System Threat Modeling Guide v1.0,https://genai.owasp.org/resource/multi-agentic-system-threat-modeling-guide-v1-0/,OWASP GenAI Security Project,2025,OWASP GenAI Security Project,"Applies an agentic threat taxonomy to multi-agent architectures and examines attack surfaces introduced by delegation, messaging, shared memory, tools, and cross-agent actions.",Provides a structured way to identify graph-specific trust boundaries and abuse paths; it is community security guidance rather than a certification or formal standard.,Official documentation,Gates
age-0158,Observability & Cost,Agent operations reference architecture,Blog,AgentOps: Operationalize agentic AI at scale with Amazon Bedrock AgentCore,https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/agentops-operationalize-agentic-ai-at-scale-with-amazon-bedrock-agentcore/,AWS Machine Learning Blog,2026,Anastasia Tzeveleka; Anna Grüebler; Antonio Rodriguez; Sergio Garcés Vitale; Aris Tsakpinis,"Organizes production agent operations around governance, build and release, multi-level evaluation, observability, identity propagation, and cost attribution in a reference architecture.",Adds concrete system measures such as orchestration accuracy and exchange quality while keeping the vendor-specific implementation context visible.,Practitioner analysis,Observability & cost
age-0159,Production Case Studies,Enterprise supervisor architecture,Blog,Powering agentic AI sales strategy with Amazon Bedrock AgentCore,https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/powering-agentic-ai-sales-strategy-with-amazon-bedrock-agentcore/,AWS Machine Learning Blog,2026,Nicolle Belaunde; Umesh Mohan; Xinrui Nie,"Describes an internal production system with more than 20 domain agents, supervisor routing, OAuth propagation, MCP tools, approvals, memory, distributed tracing, and evaluation.","Offers a rare detailed account of an enterprise supervisor graph at operating scale; its usage, latency, and outcome figures are self-reported by AWS.",Practitioner analysis,Topology
age-0160,Production Case Studies,Verified coding swarm,Blog,Designing Autonomous AI Agents: How We Built a Multi-Agent Swarm for UI Development,https://www.epam.com/insights/ai/blogs/building-multi-swarm-autonomous-ai-agent,EPAM Insights,2026,Stanislau Shandrokha; Pavel Golub; Andrey Voroshkov,"Describes a seven-agent state-machine workflow with resumable state, explicit roles, adversarial visual and code reviewers, and verification gates for interface development.","Reports practical failures such as overlapping work, skipped steps, and rubber-stamping alongside mitigations; the evidence is a narrow, self-reported implementation account.",Practitioner analysis,Gates
age-0161,Protocols & Handoffs,Agent message envelopes,Standard,FIPA ACL Message Structure Specification,https://www.fipa.org/specs/fipa00061/SC00061G.html,Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents,2002,FIPA TC Communication; FIPA Architecture Board,"Defines interoperable agent messages with performatives, sender and receiver, ontology, protocol, conversation identifiers, reply correlation, and deadlines.",Supplies the historical standards basis for message-envelope and conversation concepts that reappear in current agent handoff protocols.,Industry standard,Handoffs
age-0162,Production Case Studies,Network-level red teaming,Blog,Red-teaming a network of agents: Understanding what breaks when AI agents interact at scale,https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/red-teaming-a-network-of-agents-understanding-what-breaks-when-ai-agents-interact-at-scale/,Microsoft Research Blog,2026,Gagan Bansal; Shujaat Mirza; Keegan Hines; Will Epperson; Zachary Huang; Whitney Maxwell; Pete Bryan; Tyler Payne; Adam Fourney; Amanda Swearngin; Wenyue Hua; Tori Westerhoff; Amanda Minnich; Maya Murad; Ece Kamar; Ram Shankar Siva Kumar; Saleema Amershi,"Reports a red-team exercise on a live internal platform with more than 100 persistent agents and identifies propagation, amplification, trust capture, and invisibility failures.",Demonstrates interaction risks that do not appear in isolated-agent tests; the environment and findings are company-reported rather than independently reproduced.,Practitioner analysis,Reliability
age-0163,Research Foundations,Hypergraph topology optimization,Paper,HyperAgent: Leveraging Hypergraphs for Topology Optimization in Multi-Agent Communication,https://www.ifaamas.org/Proceedings/aamas2026/pdfs/QTVF9552.pdf,AAMAS,2026,Heng Zhang; Yuling Shi; Xiaodong Gu; Zijian Zhang; Haochen You; Lubin Gan; Yilei Yuan; Jin Huang,Represents collaboration groups as hyperedges and uses a variational hypergraph autoencoder with sparsity regularization to generate task-adaptive communication topology.,Adds group-level topology learning beyond pairwise edges and differs from evolving-hypergraph work by focusing on generated sparse structures for each task.,Peer-reviewed research,Evolution
age-0164,Research Foundations,Three-layer knowledge sharing,Paper,"D³MAS: Decompose, Deduce, and Distribute for Enhanced Knowledge Sharing in Multi-Agent Systems",https://www.ifaamas.org/Proceedings/aamas2026/pdfs/WQMU8577.pdf,AAMAS,2026,Heng Zhang; Yuling Shi; Xiaodong Gu; Haochen You; Zijian Zhang; Lubin Gan; Yilei Yuan; Jin Huang,"Connects task decomposition, collaborative reasoning, and distributed memory as coordinated layers in a heterogeneous graph designed to reduce duplicated retrieval, inference, and assignment.","Unifies work, reasoning, and state dependencies in one inspectable organization rather than optimizing those coordination surfaces separately.",Peer-reviewed research,Work graphs
age-0165,Protocols & Handoffs,Resource-bounded communication calculus,Paper,"µACP: A Formal Calculus for Expressive, Resource-Constrained Agent Communication",https://www.ifaamas.org/Proceedings/aamas2026/pdfs/PHRW6922.pdf,AAMAS,2026,Arnab Mallick; Indraveni Chebolu,"Formalizes resource-bounded agent communication with PING, TELL, ASK, and OBSERVE operations, proves finite-state expressiveness and message bounds, and checks properties with TLA+ and Coq.",Provides a precise substrate for reasoning about protocol behavior and communication budgets; it is a general multi-agent calculus rather than an LLM-specific runtime.,Peer-reviewed research,Handoffs
age-0166,Research Foundations,Reinforced evolving orchestration,Paper,Multi-Agent Collaboration via Evolving Orchestration,https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2025/hash/f1320d2e2842169c6fc89dcbd80e94d0-Abstract-Conference.html,NeurIPS,2025,Yufan Dang; Chen Qian; Xueheng Luo; Jingru Fan; Zihao Xie; Ruijie Shi; Weize Chen; Cheng Yang; Xiaoyin Che; Ye Tian; Xuantang Xiong; Lei Han; Zhiyuan Liu; Maosong Sun,"Trains a centralized orchestrator with reinforcement learning to select and sequence agents from evolving task state, producing dynamic inference graphs and compact cyclic reasoning paths.","Learns runtime activation and ordering rather than fixing a workflow in advance, providing a centralized contrast to decentralized evolutionary coordination.",Peer-reviewed research,Evolution