Delete Vamale

Vamale/min_knowledge_points_ChapterNP_questions.txt

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-Question 0:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): cama vi hapi a=moo a=sibu ta-me ___ i=jati nya-xahut hai cama hu-pe ca=hmape-thoatit a= xada
-Gloss (with missing item): SUBR say COMP 3SG=stay 3SG=swell go.up-DIR.CP ___ DEF.SG=sea towards-down.there or if come.down-DIR.CP INDF.SG=flesh-sky REL= up.there
-The English translation of this sentence is:If one said (=let's imagine) that the sea down there should swell and rise, or that some cloud up there should come down [and shatter us, we shall still do custom]...
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This is typical of canonic Oceanic languages \parencite[495]{ross_morphosyntactic_2004}. Free pronouns can be flagged, like nouns, for the roles of transitive subject and intransitive subject, both obligatorily with the morpheme ___ \qu{\gl{sbj}}, while nouns can omit the morpheme ___ in intransitive scenarios, see (\ref{ex:opt_the morpheme ___}). Personal pronouns can be flagged as oblique, but they cannot be used as undergoer arguments, contrary to nouns and demonstrative pronouns, e.g. ena and nienaen. Flagging is discussed in \sectref{sec:Casmark}.
-A: word: ka-n	 gloss: FOC.POSS-ANA
-B: word: hmain-ga	 gloss: many-1PL.INCL
-C: word: ka=go	 gloss: SBJ=2SG
-D: word: ka	 gloss: SBJ
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 1:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): i=hun-saxhuti i=jaxhut nyanya-n-eong ___ caacaa-n-eong
-Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=NMLZ-narrate DEF.SG=story mother-POSS-1SG.POSS ___ father-POSS-1SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:my father's way of telling my mother's story
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: In nominalizations as well, the morpheme ___ \qu{\gl{sbj}} obligatorily occurs to mark A (\ref{ex:nmlz-the morpheme ___1}, \ref{a the morpheme ___ yo}). P may take a different the morpheme ___ \qu{\gl{link}} when it is the only participant present in the construction (\ref{ex:nmlz-the morpheme ___2}). If several participants co-occur, this option disappears, as the clause would otherwise become confusing. As this the morpheme ___ only marks S and P, I gloss it subsequently as absolutive (see \sectref{the morpheme ___n}).
-A: word: ka=go	 gloss: SBJ=2SG
-B: word: ka-n	 gloss: FOC.POSS-ANA
-C: word: hmain-ga	 gloss: many-1PL.INCL
-D: word: ka	 gloss: SBJ
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 2:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): go cahma naen mwa xada hê ja mu e-xhopwe mwa i=hun-moo-gaa ___ mwa
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ TOP now REP differently yes PRF ITER MID-grow REP DEF.SG=NMLZ-stay-1PL.INCL ___ REP
-The English translation of this sentence is:But today it's nevertheless... yeah, it's ended up growing more and more, our way of life, we're numerous now.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nouns are mostly quantified with verbs. Numbers are expressed through verbs, as are forms like hmai-n \qu{many} in (\ref{ex:hmain}) and the derived middle form \mbox{e-hmai-n} \qu{more and more (countable)} (see \sectref{ssec:MID_unbounded}). Non-verbal quantifiers include jaa \qu{much}, mu \qu{few (uncountable)} as well as meeka-n, all signifying uncountable and thus generic masses: jaa apuli \qu{too many people}, mu mwani \qu{little money}, meeka li=apuli \qu{all the people}.
-A: word: hmain-ga	 gloss: many-1PL.INCL
-B: word: gavwe	 gloss: 2PL
-C: word: gaa	 gloss: 1PL.INCL
-D: word: lu=e-copain-copine	 gloss: 3DU=RECP-boyfriend-girlfriend
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 3:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): go=bwa fa-pidanke mwa li=hao-n-go ___ li=papa-n-go a li=bee-m mwa a
-Gloss (with missing item): 2SG=IPFV CAUS-separate DEICT DEF.PL=grandfather-POSS-2SG.POSS ___ DEF.PL=father-POSS-2SG.POSS or DEF.PL=sibling-2SG.POSS even or
-The English translation of this sentence is:You share this [custom] now with your grandparents, your parents, or even your siblings, or...
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i cthe mits gloss ___pheme ___n be used in severthe mits gloss ___pheme ___l different wthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ys: the mits gloss ___pheme ___n emotive interjection of surprise when the mits gloss ___pheme ___lone, the mits gloss ___pheme ___ modthe mits gloss ___pheme ___l discourse mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rker expressing insecurity (\qu{the red one mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ybe, hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i?}), its gloss ___ to contrthe mits gloss ___pheme ___st two choices. In its gloss ___der to mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rk the first choice, hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i cthe mits gloss ___pheme ___n precede it (\ref{ex:hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i}), wherethe mits gloss ___pheme ___s the second hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i is obligthe mits gloss ___pheme ___tits gloss ___y. As shown in (\ref{ex:hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i2}), the mits gloss ___pheme ___ non-comitthe mits gloss ___pheme ___tive list of noun phrthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ses is usuthe mits gloss ___pheme ___lly the mits gloss ___pheme ___rticulthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ted by the less mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rked the mits gloss ___pheme ___llomits gloss ___ph the mits gloss ___pheme ___.
-A: word: tha	 gloss: ASS
-B: word: hmain-ga	 gloss: many-1PL.INCL
-C: word: a	 gloss: or
-D: word: naen	 gloss: now
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 4:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): go=bwa fa-pidanke mwa li=hao-n-go a li=papa-n-go ___ li=bee-m mwa a
-Gloss (with missing item): 2SG=IPFV CAUS-separate DEICT DEF.PL=grandfather-POSS-2SG.POSS or DEF.PL=father-POSS-2SG.POSS ___ DEF.PL=sibling-2SG.POSS even or
-The English translation of this sentence is:You share this [custom] now with your grandparents, your parents, or even your siblings, or...
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i cthe mits gloss ___pheme ___n be used in severthe mits gloss ___pheme ___l different wthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ys: the mits gloss ___pheme ___n emotive interjection of surprise when the mits gloss ___pheme ___lone, the mits gloss ___pheme ___ modthe mits gloss ___pheme ___l discourse mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rker expressing insecurity (\qu{the red one mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ybe, hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i?}), its gloss ___ to contrthe mits gloss ___pheme ___st two choices. In its gloss ___der to mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rk the first choice, hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i cthe mits gloss ___pheme ___n precede it (\ref{ex:hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i}), wherethe mits gloss ___pheme ___s the second hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i is obligthe mits gloss ___pheme ___tits gloss ___y. As shown in (\ref{ex:hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i2}), the mits gloss ___pheme ___ non-comitthe mits gloss ___pheme ___tive list of noun phrthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ses is usuthe mits gloss ___pheme ___lly the mits gloss ___pheme ___rticulthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ted by the less mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rked the mits gloss ___pheme ___llomits gloss ___ph the mits gloss ___pheme ___.
-A: word: hmain-ga	 gloss: many-1PL.INCL
-B: word: a	 gloss: or
-C: word: hu-pe	 gloss: come.down-DIR.CP
-D: word: tha	 gloss: ASS
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 5:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): go=bwa fa-pidanke mwa li=hao-n-go a li=papa-n-go a li=bee-m mwa ___
-Gloss (with missing item): 2SG=IPFV CAUS-separate DEICT DEF.PL=grandfather-POSS-2SG.POSS or DEF.PL=father-POSS-2SG.POSS or DEF.PL=sibling-2SG.POSS even ___
-The English translation of this sentence is:You share this [custom] now with your grandparents, your parents, or even your siblings, or...
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i cthe mits gloss ___pheme ___n be used in severthe mits gloss ___pheme ___l different wthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ys: the mits gloss ___pheme ___n emotive interjection of surprise when the mits gloss ___pheme ___lone, the mits gloss ___pheme ___ modthe mits gloss ___pheme ___l discourse mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rker expressing insecurity (\qu{the red one mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ybe, hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i?}), its gloss ___ to contrthe mits gloss ___pheme ___st two choices. In its gloss ___der to mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rk the first choice, hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i cthe mits gloss ___pheme ___n precede it (\ref{ex:hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i}), wherethe mits gloss ___pheme ___s the second hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i is obligthe mits gloss ___pheme ___tits gloss ___y. As shown in (\ref{ex:hthe mits gloss ___pheme ___i2}), the mits gloss ___pheme ___ non-comitthe mits gloss ___pheme ___tive list of noun phrthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ses is usuthe mits gloss ___pheme ___lly the mits gloss ___pheme ___rticulthe mits gloss ___pheme ___ted by the less mthe mits gloss ___pheme ___rked the mits gloss ___pheme ___llomits gloss ___ph the mits gloss ___pheme ___.
-A: word: a	 gloss: or
-B: word: hmain-ga	 gloss: many-1PL.INCL
-C: word: tha	 gloss: ASS
-D: word: i=puaka	 gloss: DEF.SG=pig
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-

Vamale/min_knowledge_points_ChapterNouns_questions.txt

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-Question 0:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka abe niehni a= ___
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ 1PL.EXCL DEM.PL REL= ___
-The English translation of this sentence is:And we are those [masters of the rock], who are three (and we are these three masters of the rock).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Animate participants further trigger person marking on stative verbs (\ref{ex:animNstV}) and must be indexed with suffixes on transitive verbs (\ref{ex:animNOBJ}). Both contexts omit any indexing if the relevant noun phrase occurs within the verb phrase (\ref{ex:animNinVP}).
-A: word: thathe-a	 gloss: kill-3SG.OBJ
-B: word: abe	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL
-C: word: thien-abe	 gloss: three-1PL.EXCL
-D: word: nien-aen	 gloss: DIST.PL-DIST
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 1:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): na cahni tha xhwan see-a a= ___
-Gloss (with missing item): DEM here ASS a.bit one-3SG REL= ___
-The English translation of this sentence is:Here there was only one that was killed.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Animate participants further trigger person marking on stative verbs (\ref{ex:animNstV}) and must be indexed with suffixes on transitive verbs (\ref{ex:animNOBJ}). Both contexts omit any indexing if the relevant noun phrase occurs within the verb phrase (\ref{ex:animNinVP}).
-A: word: thathe-a	 gloss: kill-3SG.OBJ
-B: word: thathee	 gloss: kill
-C: word: thien-abe	 gloss: three-1PL.EXCL
-D: word: xaa-le	 gloss: beat-3PL.OBJ
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-

Vamale/min_knowledge_points_ChapterVP_questions.txt

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-Question 0:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ___ xaleke nyako i=mwani-n-eong
-Gloss (with missing item): ___ look OBL DEF.SG=money-POSS-1SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:I buy according to my means.\\\relax
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: A verb phrase in Vamale will be defined as the syntactic unit depending on a verb, i.e. which moves with the verb, disappears if the verb is replaced by a light verb like vwa \qu{do} or hmwaana \qu{do like this} (\ref{ex:VP}). The verb phrase includes the head verb, its subject and other arguments, and other verbs that stand in a more or less integrated relationship to the head verb, but are neither coordinated nor subordinated verb phrases. Whether TAM markers, subject indexes and other particles should count as part of the verb phrase may be debated, because they still occur with placeholder morphemes, but since the latter were treated under \Cref{ChapterVerbs} and the former are described in \Cref{ChapterAspect}, we shall concentrate on the elements to the right of the verb. A verb phrase has the following slots available:
-A: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-B: word: ca=le=vwa-suki-aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=3PL=do-price-thing
-C: word: e=caihna-n	 gloss: 1SG=know-NSPEC
-D: word: e=vwa-suki-n	 gloss: 1SG=do-price-NSPEC
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 1:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ___ xaleke nyako i=mwani-n-eong
-Gloss (with missing item): ___ look OBL DEF.SG=money-POSS-1SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:I buy according to my means.\\\relax
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:VP}) shows a complex verb phrase, where vwa-suki-n \qu{do-price-\gl{nspec}} \qu{to buy} is the main verb from which depends xaleke \qu{to see, according to} with its oblique argument i mwani-n-eong \qu{my money}. Example (\ref{ex:VP1}) shows the same sentence with the placeholder verb vwa \qu{do}.
-A: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-B: word: e=caihna-n	 gloss: 1SG=know-NSPEC
-C: word: ca=le=vwa-suki-aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=3PL=do-price-thing
-D: word: e=vwa-suki-n	 gloss: 1SG=do-price-NSPEC
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 2:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ___ xaleke nyako i=mwani-n-eong
-Gloss (with missing item): ___ look OBL DEF.SG=money-POSS-1SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:I do it according to my means.\\\relax
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:VP}) shows a complex verb phrase, where vwa-suki-n \qu{do-price-\gl{nspec}} \qu{to buy} is the main verb from which depends xaleke \qu{to see, according to} with its oblique argument i mwani-n-eong \qu{my money}. Example (\ref{ex:VP1}) shows the same sentence with the placeholder verb vwa \qu{do}.
-A: word: go=vwa	 gloss: 2SG=do
-B: word: e=vwa	 gloss: 1SG=do
-C: word: mwadu	 gloss: down.there
-D: word: le=vwa	 gloss: 3PL=do
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 3:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): I u â kuut ___ axi axamalileny ebai nu malileny.
-Gloss (with missing item): 3SG PRF leave stand ___ see these2.DIST then coconut these2.DIST
-The English translation of this sentence is:‘He leaves, stands down there, sees these two coconuts.’
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: To this, \citeauthor{bril_complex_2004} adds a criterion of contiguity for Nêlêmwa, with directionals such as in (\ref{ex:contig}) counting as the only valid disruption of the verb chain \parencite[169]{bril_complex_2004}. This may be present in Vamale, but could not be distinguished safely from primed calques in elicitation contexts, and was not (to the knowledge of the author) found in unprompted speech. %This is also attested in Vamale (\ref{ex:contig2}).
-A: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-B: word: hup-	 gloss: go.down
-C: word: hmwaana	 gloss: like.this
-D: word: mwadu	 gloss: down.there
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 4:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): lu=vwa ma ___ cu-vathan-ke li=see vuman nyu nyala ka muu-hni
-Gloss (with missing item): 3DU=do SUBR ___ stand-individually-TR DEF.PL=same group fish there SBJ DEM.DU-PROX
-The English translation of this sentence is:The two did so that they quickly surrounded the same school of fish there.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale has a series of elements which cannot nowadays be the head of a verb phrase. Some have nominal origins, like the ones in \Cref{tab:preverb}, while others have free verbal counterparts, often with a transitive meaning e.g. vataan \qu{each}, vathanke \qu{do separately, separate}. Preverbs occur directly before the verb root. The commonly used members include vataan \qu{each} (\ref{ex:vatan}), xadaa \qu{on the other hand} (\ref{ex:xadaa}), daa \qu{do first} (\ref{ex:daa}), xhose \qu{repeat} (\ref{ex:xhose}), xhwat \qu{a little bit}\footnote{Compare xhwat apuli \qu{little man}, xhwatin \qu{be small}, xhwatiike \qu{do slowly}.} (\ref{ex:xhwat}), xhopwe \qu{on top of that}, balan \qu{just} (\ref{ex:balan}). In addition to having different word-class status, some preverbs have homophonous equivalents with a different distribution, e.g. vataan, which also occurs before nouns, and balan exists as an aspect marker (\sectref{sec:balan}). The two preverbs mee \qu{all} and its complex form se-me \qu{all together} are discussed in the two sections to come, as examples of this multi-functionality.
-A: word: lu=xhwat	 gloss: 3DU=a.bit
-B: word: naen	 gloss: now
-C: word: lu=vwa	 gloss: 3DU=do
-D: word: le=xhwat	 gloss: 3PL=almost
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 5:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): meeka li=yavo, a=taemwi ka i=apuli a= ___
-Gloss (with missing item): all DEF.PL=fishing.line 3SG=grab SBJ DEF.SG=man REL= ___
-The English translation of this sentence is:All the fishing rods are held by a single man. (lit. All the fishing rods, a single man holds (them).) {[J5:70]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The last meaning of the morpheme ___ is \qu{be one\slash its gloss ___}. It is uthe morpheme ___d either as a verbal predicate, with singular nouns (\ref{ex:the morpheme ___1}) as well as plural ones (\ref{ex:its gloss ____yam}). It can also be uthe morpheme ___d before definite nouns to mean \qu{the its gloss ___}, as in (\ref{ex:other_the morpheme ___2}) and (\ref{ex:the morpheme ___3}).
-A: word: i=hun-moo-gaa	 gloss: DEF.SG=NMLZ-stay-1PL.INCL
-B: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
-C: word: se	 gloss: same
-D: word: e=vwa	 gloss: 1SG=do
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 6:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): i=se a= ___ hup-e ya a=bwa ta xale
-Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=other REL= ___ go.down-DIR.CP 3SG 3SG=IPFV go.up look
-The English translation of this sentence is:The other who came with (lit. the other that the two came down together) went up [in the gas station] to look around.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The morpheme me(e) \qu{all} is likely the origin of the derived form mee-ka-n \qu{everything, everywhere}\footnote{meeka-n was probably structured mee ka-n, with the \gl{s}/\gl{p}-marking clitic ka \qu{\gl{abs}} found in nominalizations, further discussed under \sectref{kan}.} suggests it was originally a free verb (see \sectref{ssec:meekan} on the adverb and \sectref{ssec:meeka-n} on the quantifier). However, me(e) is not attested as a head verb in Vamale, and western Voh-Koné languages only feature the nominalized form meeka-n \goodtilde meena-n \parencite[211]{rivierre_bwatoo_2006}; no independent verb me is attested in the language family today. me(e) is mostly used preverbally, see (\ref{ex:me3}) and (\ref{ex:me1}), but it is also attested before a prepositional phrase, as in (\ref{ex:me1}). Interestingly, me does not only add a meaning of \qu{to all do}, but can also, at least when the subject is singular, signify implicit plural referents ``all-ness", i.e. that all members of the referred-to group of referents are concerned (\ref{ex:me2}, \ref{ex:mePV}). This was only attested twice.
-A: word: lu=mee	 gloss: 3DU=all
-B: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-C: word: lu=vwa	 gloss: 3DU=do
-D: word: lu=mata	 gloss: sing
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 7:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ___ ca i=mwani mwani mwani, cama li=xhaohmu habu, le, tha cika mwani-n-le
-Gloss (with missing item): ___ in DEF.SG=money money money when DEF.PL=elder long.ago 3PL ASS NEG.EXIST money-POSS-3PL.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:We all are about money, money, money, but the elders back then, they didn't have money.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The morpheme me(e) \qu{all} is likely the origin of the derived form mee-ka-n \qu{everything, everywhere}\footnote{meeka-n was probably structured mee ka-n, with the \gl{s}/\gl{p}-marking clitic ka \qu{\gl{abs}} found in nominalizations, further discussed under \sectref{kan}.} suggests it was originally a free verb (see \sectref{ssec:meekan} on the adverb and \sectref{ssec:meeka-n} on the quantifier). However, me(e) is not attested as a head verb in Vamale, and western Voh-Koné languages only feature the nominalized form meeka-n \goodtilde meena-n \parencite[211]{rivierre_bwatoo_2006}; no independent verb me is attested in the language family today. me(e) is mostly used preverbally, see (\ref{ex:me3}) and (\ref{ex:me1}), but it is also attested before a prepositional phrase, as in (\ref{ex:me1}). Interestingly, me does not only add a meaning of \qu{to all do}, but can also, at least when the subject is singular, signify implicit plural referents ``all-ness", i.e. that all members of the referred-to group of referents are concerned (\ref{ex:me2}, \ref{ex:mePV}). This was only attested twice.
-A: word: naen	 gloss: now
-B: word: go=bwaa=majit	 gloss: 2SG=IPFV=sleep
-C: word: gase=see-me	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=same-all
-D: word: gaa=me	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=all
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 8:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ___ ca i=mwani mwani mwani, cama li=xhaohmu habu, le, tha cika mwani-n-le
-Gloss (with missing item): ___ in DEF.SG=money money money when DEF.PL=elder long.ago 3PL ASS NEG.EXIST money-POSS-3PL.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:We all are about money, money, money, but the elders back then, they didn't have money.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The morpheme me(e) \qu{all} is likely the origin of the derived form mee-ka-n \qu{everything, everywhere}\footnote{meeka-n was probably structured mee ka-n, with the \gl{s}/\gl{p}-marking clitic ka \qu{\gl{abs}} found in nominalizations, further discussed under \sectref{kan}.} suggests it was originally a free verb (see \sectref{ssec:meekan} on the adverb and \sectref{ssec:meeka-n} on the quantifier). However, me(e) is not attested as a head verb in Vamale, and western Voh-Koné languages only feature the nominalized form meeka-n \goodtilde meena-n \parencite[211]{rivierre_bwatoo_2006}; no independent verb me is attested in the language family today. me(e) is mostly used preverbally, see (\ref{ex:me3}) and (\ref{ex:me1}), but it is also attested before a prepositional phrase, as in (\ref{ex:me1}). Interestingly, me does not only add a meaning of \qu{to all do}, but can also, at least when the subject is singular, signify implicit plural referents ``all-ness", i.e. that all members of the referred-to group of referents are concerned (\ref{ex:me2}, \ref{ex:mePV}). This was only attested twice.
-A: word: e=vwa	 gloss: 1SG=do
-B: word: gase=see-me	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=same-all
-C: word: gaa=me	 gloss: 1PL.INCL=all
-D: word: go=bwaa=majit	 gloss: 2SG=IPFV=sleep
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 9:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): gaa=vwa ma fa-pupwaale, ___ pala thuan
-Gloss (with missing item): 1PL.INCL=do SUBR speak.language-European ___ talk do.well
-The English translation of this sentence is:...we busy ourselves with speaking French, you have come to speak it well.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: han is used to express iterativity, and can be used before, see (\ref{ex:modal_han1b}) and (\ref{ex:modal_han1a}), or after the other verbs (\ref{ex:modal_han2}). This is a rather grammaticalized function and although it latches onto serial verb constructions, the resulting whole qualifies as an asymmetric verb string (composed of an SVC and a modal verb).
-A: word: cama=abe	 gloss: SUBR=1PL.EXCL
-B: word: mwadu	 gloss: down.there
-C: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-D: word: gavwe=vwa	 gloss: 2PL=do
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 10:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ko ___ pa xaleke naen
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ ___ PFV see now
-The English translation of this sentence is:And we see by now,...
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: han is used to express iterativity, and can be used before, see (\ref{ex:modal_han1b}) and (\ref{ex:modal_han1a}), or after the other verbs (\ref{ex:modal_han2}). This is a rather grammaticalized function and although it latches onto serial verb constructions, the resulting whole qualifies as an asymmetric verb string (composed of an SVC and a modal verb).
-A: word: lu=xhwat	 gloss: 3DU=a.bit
-B: word: tha=ga=han	 gloss: ASS=1PL.INCL=go
-C: word: a=han	 gloss: 3SG=walk
-D: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 11:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): cipa hmwakan ___ ko naen a=xaahni eca=lit a... eca=matelas a
-Gloss (with missing item): NEG like-NSPEC ___ CNJ now 3SG=look.for INDF.SG=bed CNJ INDF.SG=mattress CNJ
-The English translation of this sentence is:It's not like now, because now he looks for some bed or some mattress (instead of sleeping on a pandanus mat).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly to manner verbs, adverbs can modify a verb and are optional. Adverbs can also modify nouns, as well as occur alone at the edge of the clause, see (\ref{ex:adv}), where the morpheme ___ \qu{its gloss ___(adays)} is used at the end of the first clause, and after the conjunction, at the beginning of the following clause.
-A: word: koin	 gloss: then
-B: word: i=apuli-aen	 gloss: DEF.SG=man-DEM
-C: word: naen	 gloss: now
-D: word: e=vwa-suki-n	 gloss: 1SG=do-price-NSPEC
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 12:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): cipa hmwakan naen, ko ___ a=xaahni eca=lit a... eca=matelas a
-Gloss (with missing item): NEG like-NSPEC now CNJ ___ 3SG=look.for INDF.SG=bed CNJ INDF.SG=mattress CNJ
-The English translation of this sentence is:It's not like now, because now he looks for some bed or some mattress (instead of sleeping on a pandanus mat).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Similarly to manner verbs, adverbs can modify a verb and are optional. Adverbs can also modify nouns, as well as occur alone at the edge of the clause, see (\ref{ex:adv}), where the morpheme ___ \qu{its gloss ___(adays)} is used at the end of the first clause, and after the conjunction, at the beginning of the following clause.
-A: word: i=apuli-aen	 gloss: DEF.SG=man-DEM
-B: word: naen	 gloss: now
-C: word: gavwe=han	 gloss: 2PL=go
-D: word: koin	 gloss: then
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-

Vamale/min_knowledge_points_ChapterVerbs_questions.txt

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-Question 0:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ca i=wadan a= e-thaloo-ka-n tha ___ i=a=a=vi
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=time REL= ORD-2-CLF.POSS-NSPEC ASS ___ DEF.SG=REL=3SG=say
-The English translation of this sentence is:The second time she said the same thing.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: There are constructions that are, at least diachronically, active or stative V+N compounds (see \Cref{tab:VNcompPoss}, and example (\ref{ex:se-ma})). This means that arguments are marked by nominal possessive morphology. This study does not count these lexicalized former verb phrases (with possessive suffixes) as identical to the dependent transitive verbs in \Cref{tab:transVnomMorph}, which use object suffixes. This view is shared with Rivierre on Bwatoo \parencite[50]{rivierre_bwatoo_2006}.
-A: word: see-me	 gloss: same-all
-B: word: e-see	 gloss: MID-be.one
-C: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
-D: word: nya-xahan	 gloss: over-there
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 1:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka a=cuut cahni go a=cuut cai-n ka i=xa-thake i=bool. hmwakan ___ a=cuut xahan ka i=see
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ 3SG=stand here CNJ 3SG=stand behind-NSPEC SBJ DEF.SG=AGT.NMLZ-throw DEF.SG=ball maybe ___ 3SG=stand over.there SBJ DEF.SG=one
-The English translation of this sentence is:And she stands here, and behind her stands the cricket pitcher. Maybe around there stands the other [player].
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Nya can also mean \qu{toward}, a meaning that is related to \qu{send}. In combination with spatial adverbs, nya forms two paradigms: the series nya-xahut/nya-xada/the morpheme ___ is almost equivalent in meaning to xahan \qu{over there} etc. It means \qu{in the vicinity of X}, whereas xahan etc. designate a more precise location. In (\ref{ex:nya_from}) and (\ref{ex:nya_cricket}), nya is used to express a vague area. The other paradigm combines nya-an/nya-ut/nya-da \qu{send, put there/down/up} with the basic adverbial form, which yields a comparatively farther meaning, e.g. nya-an (mwa) xahan \qu{(even) further away in this general direction} (see \sectref{ssec:spat_adv}).
-A: word: nya-xahan	 gloss: over-there
-B: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
-C: word: nya-xahut	 gloss: towards-down.there
-D: word: xahan	 gloss: over.there
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 2:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): (ca)ma koin ___ nya-sii-le i=bween-aman...
-Gloss (with missing item): COND end ___ put-hand-3PL DEF=exchange-thing
-The English translation of this sentence is:When giving the gift to them is done,\ldots
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As well as deriving verbs, Vamale can derive whole verb phrases, the resulting construction being internally a verb phrase with identifiable referents, and externally a noun phrase, that can function as an argument. Consider the Bwatoo example in example (\ref{ex:Bwatoo_derivVP}). Speakers confirmed the acceptability of its Vamale equivalent in (\ref{ex:Vam_derivVP}). In both cases, a ditransitive verb phrase is derived to a noun by dropping the subject marker and adding an article i= (or ani, in Bwatoo). This is one way to derive a verb phrase, though the nominalizing prefix hun- is also commonly used.
-A: word: e=vatipwe	 gloss: 1SG=drop
-B: word: (i)=	 gloss: DEF.SG=
-C: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
-D: word: i=vwatipwe	 gloss: DEF.SG=drop
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 3:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): (ca)ma koin i=vwatipwe ___ i=bween-aman...
-Gloss (with missing item): COND end DEF.SG=drop ___ DEF=exchange-thing
-The English translation of this sentence is:When giving the gift to them is done,\ldots
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As well as deriving verbs, Vamale can derive whole verb phrases, the resulting construction being internally a verb phrase with identifiable referents, and externally a noun phrase, that can function as an argument. Consider the Bwatoo example in example (\ref{ex:Bwatoo_derivVP}). Speakers confirmed the acceptability of its Vamale equivalent in (\ref{ex:Vam_derivVP}). In both cases, a ditransitive verb phrase is derived to a noun by dropping the subject marker and adding an article i= (or ani, in Bwatoo). This is one way to derive a verb phrase, though the nominalizing prefix hun- is also commonly used.
-A: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
-B: word: nya-sii-le	 gloss: put-hand-3PL
-C: word: nya-si-m	 gloss: put-hand-2SG.POSS
-D: word: taeke	 gloss: do.badly
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-

Vamale/min_knowledge_points_ChapterWordClasses200527_questions.txt

@@ -1,546 +0,0 @@
-Question 0:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ehni xhwan da, abe=fate gavwe ___ go abe=sate-n, cipa hmai-n, cipa-bu ju-vaa udu hmwaka-u
-Gloss (with missing item): PROX little what 1PL.EXCL=share 2PL ___ then 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA NEG be.many-NSPEC NEG-1DU.EXCL real-too drink like-2DU
-The English translation of this sentence is:This [wine and beer) is nothing much, we share with you of this, and [as for) us, it's different, not much, we don't drink as hard as you do.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Anaphoric -n}The other function mentioned above is anaphora in the wider sense: relating to something already mentioned (\ref{ex:n_ana}), mentioned in another clause soon after, or known in general (\ref{ex:hmwaana_koon}). The referent's specificity is not important in this case. %The syntactic roles avalailable to the participant indexed with -n are lower ones: objects, the modifiers of prepositional phrases, and, in the case of nominalizations featuring ka-n, intransitive or inanimate subjects.
-A: word: (koo-n)	 gloss: (OBL-ANA)
-B: word: koo-n	 gloss: OBL-ANA
-C: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
-D: word: go=vii	 gloss: 2SG=say
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 1:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ehni xhwan da, abe=fate gavwe koo-n go ___ cipa hmai-n, cipa-bu ju-vaa udu hmwaka-u
-Gloss (with missing item): PROX little what 1PL.EXCL=share 2PL OBL-ANA then ___ NEG be.many-NSPEC NEG-1DU.EXCL real-too drink like-2DU
-The English translation of this sentence is:This [wine and beer) is nothing much, we share with you of this, and [as for) us, it's different, not much, we don't drink as hard as you do.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: \is{Anaphoric -n}The other function mentioned above is anaphora in the wider sense: relating to something already mentioned (\ref{ex:n_ana}), mentioned in another clause soon after, or known in general (\ref{ex:hmwaana_koon}). The referent's specificity is not important in this case. %The syntactic roles avalailable to the participant indexed with -n are lower ones: objects, the modifiers of prepositional phrases, and, in the case of nominalizations featuring ka-n, intransitive or inanimate subjects.
-A: word: abe	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL
-B: word: sate-n	 gloss: different-ANA
-C: word: habu	 gloss: long.ago
-D: word: abe=sate-n	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 2:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa ___ a= pwa-n jela i=jahoot a= xhopwen.
-Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist ___ REL= on-NSPEC side DEF.SG=river REL= big
-The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Consider example (\ref{ex:t1}) from a French\hyp language legend, written by Yvonne Sahilé, and translated by the workgroup into Vamale. The example translates \qu{il y avait une tribu} (there was a tribe) using i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}}, making it seem more specific than definite, since the listeners cannot yet be familiar with the tribe. My first suggestion was using an indefinite article eca (\ref{ex:wrongtipije}), which was refused. %The whole text is too long to be shown here, but see the document "conte".
-A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-B: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
-C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
-D: word: a=caihna-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=know-REP
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 3:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa i=apemoo a= pwa-n jela ___ a= xhopwen.
-Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist DEF.SG=tribe REL= on-NSPEC side ___ REL= big
-The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Consider example (\ref{ex:t1}) from a French\hyp language legend, written by Yvonne Sahilé, and translated by the workgroup into Vamale. The example translates \qu{il y avait une tribu} (there was a tribe) using i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}}, making it seem more specific than definite, since the listeners cannot yet be familiar with the tribe. My first suggestion was using an indefinite article eca (\ref{ex:wrongtipije}), which was refused. %The whole text is too long to be shown here, but see the document "conte".
-A: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
-B: word: i=dingan	 gloss: DEF.SG=creek
-C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-D: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 4:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa ___ a= pwa-n jela i=jahoot a= xhopwen.
-Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist ___ REL= on-NSPEC side DEF.SG=river REL= big
-The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
-B: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-C: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-D: word: hmwa-ena	 gloss: be.like-DIST
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 5:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa i=apemoo a= pwa-n jela ___ a= xhopwen.
-Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist DEF.SG=tribe REL= on-NSPEC side ___ REL= big
-The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: i=dingan	 gloss: DEF.SG=creek
-B: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
-C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-D: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 6:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
-The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
-B: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-C: word: ca	 gloss: some
-D: word: li=sibu	 gloss: DEF.PL=swell
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 7:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca ___ vwa li=xawe thamo
-Gloss (with missing item): in ___ EXIST DEF.PL=young woman
-The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: thala-n	 gloss: knife-POSS
-B: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
-D: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 8:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo vwa ___ thamo
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe EXIST ___ woman
-The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: i=xawakhan	 gloss: DEF=dog
-B: word: li=xawe	 gloss: DEF.PL=young
-C: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
-D: word: li=xhwaawe-ca	 gloss: DEF.PL=children-PROX
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 9:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca ___ vwa li=xawe thamo
-Gloss (with missing item): in ___ EXIST DEF.PL=young woman
-The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: abe=sate-n	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA
-B: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
-D: word: i=e-koin-an	 gloss: DEF.SG=ORD-end-LINK
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 10:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo vwa ___ thamo
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe EXIST ___ woman
-The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Now look at example (\ref{ex:t1}), where the tribe has never been mentioned before, compared to examples (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}), where it has. All sentences use the same article. In (\ref{ex:t3}), li thamo \qu{the women} are newly introduced to the narrative but marked with the definite li. %It could be argued that there are always young women in a village, but the previous argument of saliency to the situation seems to justify an analysis as definite well enough.
-A: word: li=xawe	 gloss: DEF.PL=young
-B: word: i=xawakhan	 gloss: DEF=dog
-C: word: li=xhwaawe-ca	 gloss: DEF.PL=children-PROX
-D: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 11:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
-The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This description analyzes i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}} and li \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{pl}} as definite articles, using \textcite{lyons_definiteness_1999}'s definition. Noun phrases marked with i and li are identifiable \parencite[1]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, albeit not necessarily familiar \parencite[3]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, see (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}). Familiarity, to Lyons, is not an necessary feature for a construction to be definite \parencite[5]{lyons_definiteness_1999}. As Lyons discusses in the pages following that statement, the uniqueness of a referent, in total or relative to the context \parencite[8]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, or even ``the totality of the objects [\ldots] in the context which satisfy the description'' \parencite[11]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, the morpheme ___n all be grounds for definiteness.
-A: word: e=thana	 gloss: 1SG=wander
-B: word: ca	 gloss: some
-C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
-D: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 12:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca ___ vwa li=xawe thamo
-Gloss (with missing item): in ___ EXIST DEF.PL=young woman
-The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This description analyzes i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}} and li \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{pl}} as definite articles, using \textcite{lyons_definiteness_1999}'s definition. Noun phrases marked with i and li are identifiable \parencite[1]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, albeit not necessarily familiar \parencite[3]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, see (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}). Familiarity, to Lyons, is not an necessary feature for a construction to be definite \parencite[5]{lyons_definiteness_1999}. As Lyons discusses in the pages following that statement, the uniqueness of a referent, in total or relative to the context \parencite[8]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, or even ``the totality of the objects [\ldots] in the context which satisfy the description'' \parencite[11]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, can all be grounds for definiteness.
-A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-B: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
-C: word: daahma	 gloss: chief
-D: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 13:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo vwa ___ thamo
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe EXIST ___ woman
-The English translation of this sentence is:In the tribe were young women. (indefinite, non-specific in the French original) {[3]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This description analyzes i \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{sg}} and li \qu{\gl{def}.\gl{pl}} as definite articles, using \textcite{lyons_definiteness_1999}'s definition. Noun phrases marked with i and li are identifiable \parencite[1]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, albeit not necessarily familiar \parencite[3]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, see (\ref{ex:t2}) and (\ref{ex:t3}). Familiarity, to Lyons, is not an necessary feature for a construction to be definite \parencite[5]{lyons_definiteness_1999}. As Lyons discusses in the pages following that statement, the uniqueness of a referent, in total or relative to the context \parencite[8]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, or even ``the totality of the objects [\ldots] in the context which satisfy the description'' \parencite[11]{lyons_definiteness_1999}, can all be grounds for definiteness.
-A: word: i=xawakhan	 gloss: DEF=dog
-B: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
-C: word: li=xhwaawe-ca	 gloss: DEF.PL=children-PROX
-D: word: li=xawe	 gloss: DEF.PL=young
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 14:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): le=kiica ka meeka ___ thamo, ma ca-n e-dawee-le i=a= yata-n In Thu.
-Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=jealous and all ___ woman COM in-INDF MID-between-3PL DEF.SG=REL= name-3SG.POSS skin banyan
-The English translation of this sentence is:All the other women were jealous, with among them all the one who was called Banyan Bark.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:t4-6}) describes a woman not previously mentioned, \textit{\textbf{eca} thamo a en maa-n} \qu{she who has a beautiful face}: indefinite but specific. Example (\ref{ex:t7}) describes a similar situation: In-Thu is a unique, identifiable character, not previously introduced. However, the relative clause modifying her is defining, and so preceded by i, whereas the one in (\ref{ex:t4-6}) is not, and its modified noun takes eca. %The use of definite i instead of indefinite eca may be a de-grammaticalized one, however: eca is not attested before defining relative clauses, but can occur before an indefinite.
-A: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
-B: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-C: word: li=aman	 gloss: DEF.PL=thing
-D: word: li=bee-n	 gloss: DEF.PL=peer-POSS.NSPEC
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 15:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): le=kiica ka meeka li=been thamo, ma ca-n e-dawee-le ___ yata-n In Thu.
-Gloss (with missing item): 3PL=jealous and all DEF.PL=other woman COM in-INDF MID-between-3PL ___ name-3SG.POSS skin banyan
-The English translation of this sentence is:All the other women were jealous, with among them all the one who was called Banyan Bark.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:t4-6}) describes a woman not previously mentioned, \textit{\textbf{eca} thamo a en maa-n} \qu{she who has a beautiful face}: indefinite but specific. Example (\ref{ex:t7}) describes a similar situation: In-Thu is a unique, identifiable character, not previously introduced. However, the relative clause modifying her is defining, and so preceded by i, whereas the one in (\ref{ex:t4-6}) is not, and its modified noun takes eca. %The use of definite i instead of indefinite eca may be a de-grammaticalized one, however: eca is not attested before defining relative clauses, but can occur before an indefinite.
-A: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
-B: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
-C: word: see-ma	 gloss: one-face
-D: word: i=a=a=vi	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=3SG=say
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 16:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
-The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Example (\ref{ex:t2}) seems to use the morpheme ___ in an indefinite way, too, introducing a character who is then further specified and named. %But is it specific? They could have elected its gloss ___ chief, whoever he was, and only afterwards is it explained how he is the morpheme ___lled.
-A: word: ca	 gloss: some
-B: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
-C: word: mwa	 gloss: REP
-D: word: inya-m	 gloss: mother-2SG.POSS
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 17:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa ___ a= pwa-n jela i=jahoot a= xhopwen.
-Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist ___ REL= on-NSPEC side DEF.SG=river REL= big
-The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale distinguishes specific from generic participants using articles (except for pronouns and proper names). The articles mark number and definiteness, and, through their presence, specificity. The criteria for definite noun phrases include identifiability and uniqueness, as shown in (\ref{ex:t4-6}), where a woman is introduced as one of many, compared to the obligatorily definite introduction of the unique village in (\ref{ex:t1}).
-A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-B: word: li=i-n	 gloss: DEF.PL=skin-POSS
-C: word: i=apemoo-ca	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe-PROX
-D: word: mwa	 gloss: REP
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 18:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Habu Can-Vije vwa i=apemoo a= pwa-n jela ___ a= xhopwen.
-Gloss (with missing item): long.ago Tipije exist DEF.SG=tribe REL= on-NSPEC side ___ REL= big
-The English translation of this sentence is:Long ago in the Tipije valley, there was a tribe on the bank of this great river. (following the French original text) {[1]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale distinguishes specific from generic participants using articles (except for pronouns and proper names). The articles mark number and definiteness, and, through their presence, specificity. The criteria for definite noun phrases include identifiability and uniqueness, as shown in (\ref{ex:t4-6}), where a woman is introduced as one of many, compared to the obligatorily definite introduction of the unique village in (\ref{ex:t1}).
-A: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
-B: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
-C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-D: word: i=dingan	 gloss: DEF.SG=creek
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 19:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
-Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
-A: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
-B: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-C: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
-D: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 20:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): i=bwaabwen-an a=ja han fwadai ___ [ma a=vwa nyangan-aman lai]
-Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=morning-POSS 3SG=PRF go search.INAN ___ SUBR 3SG=do garden-something be.here
-The English translation of this sentence is:The next day (lit. its morning) she finally went to look for some place to make her field.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
-A: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
-B: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
-C: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
-D: word: eca-aman	 gloss: some-thing
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 21:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
-Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
-A: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
-B: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
-C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
-D: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 22:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Ca i=apemoo-ca le=vacuti ___ daahma a= bwa xawe, ka yata-n Thêa Xa-vila
-Gloss (with missing item): in DEF.SG=tribe-PROX 3PL=erect ___ chief REL= IPFV young and name-3SG.POSS T. NMLZ-dance
-The English translation of this sentence is:In this tribe they erected a chief who was still young, and his name was Firstborn the Dancer. (Thêa is a name commonly given to the firstborn son) {[2]}
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:the morpheme ____oven} is different from example \ref{ex:the morpheme ____field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:the morpheme ____xhuam}. In \ref{ex:the morpheme ____oven} and \ref{ex:the morpheme ____xhuam}, the morpheme ___ refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one the morpheme ___se, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to the morpheme ___(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:the morpheme ____field}, the morpheme ___ refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to the morpheme ___, or its gloss ___thing implied? the morpheme ___ is a preposition for nouns with an article.
-A: word: ca	 gloss: some
-B: word: (ca)ma	 gloss: COND
-C: word: li=papa-n-go	 gloss: DEF.PL=father-POSS-2SG.POSS
-D: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 23:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): i=bwaabwen-an a=ja han fwadai ___ [ma a=vwa nyangan-aman lai]
-Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=morning-POSS 3SG=PRF go search.INAN ___ SUBR 3SG=do garden-something be.here
-The English translation of this sentence is:The next day (lit. its morning) she finally went to look for some place to make her field.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: %Maybe example \ref{ex:ca_oven} is different from example \ref{ex:ca_field}, and more akin to \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}. In \ref{ex:ca_oven} and \ref{ex:ca_xhuam}, ca refers to parts of uncountable \qu{masses} (food in one case, things to put in her oven in the other). It is probably related to ca(-n) \qu{in (it)} (see \ref{ex:t2}). In \ref{ex:ca_field}, ca refers to a place, but more importantly, it does not modify a noun. The clause in brackets is subordinate to hân fwadai \qu{go look for it} and la \qu{be here} is anaphoric, but does it refer to ca, or something implied? ca is a preposition for nouns with an article.
-A: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-B: word: eca-aman	 gloss: some-thing
-C: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
-D: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 24:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
-Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cabeen, probably from ca been \qu{some others, some of them}, see (\ref{ex:ca_been}), is for 25-year-old Jean-Philippe Oué the unambiguous plural form of eca, whereas ca is a free variant of eca, but can also be used for the plural. A similar confusion is found in the examples below, which stem from the translated legend (the translators were all around 40–50 years old). The article in (\ref{ex:ca_oven}) could refer to plural or singular entities, but in (\ref{ex:ca_field}) would more refer signify a single place.
-A: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
-B: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
-C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
-D: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 25:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): i=bwaabwen-an a=ja han fwadai ___ [ma a=vwa nyangan-aman lai]
-Gloss (with missing item): DEF.SG=morning-POSS 3SG=PRF go search.INAN ___ SUBR 3SG=do garden-something be.here
-The English translation of this sentence is:The next day (lit. its morning) she finally went to look for some place to make her field.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Cabeen, probably from ca been \qu{some others, some of them}, see (\ref{ex:ca_been}), is for 25-year-old Jean-Philippe Oué the unambiguous plural form of eca, whereas ca is a free variant of eca, but can also be used for the plural. A similar confusion is found in the examples below, which stem from the translated legend (the translators were all around 40–50 years old). The article in (\ref{ex:ca_oven}) could refer to plural or singular entities, but in (\ref{ex:ca_field}) would more refer signify a single place.
-A: word: eca-aman	 gloss: some-thing
-B: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
-C: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
-D: word: li=been	 gloss: DEF.PL=other
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 26:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ma cika vuki-n ma a=xaahni ___ ma a=vwa tââ-n
-Gloss (with missing item): SUBR NEG.EXIST reason-POSS SUBR 3SG=look.for ___ SUBR 3SG=make oven-3SG.POSS
-The English translation of this sentence is:So that there was no reason for her to seek something to make her oven (with) (i.e. cook).
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Since number is not marked on nouns, both (\ref{ex:ca_oven}) above and (\ref{ex:ca_xhuam}) below may actually denote non-singular rather than plural, since both refer to non-singular, possibly uncountable referents.
-A: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
-B: word: (eca)=aman	 gloss: INDF.SG=thing
-C: word: ca=aman	 gloss: INDF.PL=thing
-D: word: cabeen	 gloss: INDF.PL
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 27:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): cahma ___ a=mu tua tua i=aman
-Gloss (with missing item): TOP ___ 3SG=FREQ unwrap unwrap DEF.SG=thing
-The English translation of this sentence is:But him, he was unwrapping, unwrapping the thing.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Demonstrative pronouns have nominal status in the sense that they function syntactically as nouns including case marking, except that they cannot take articles. Vamale demonstratives distinguish proximal and distal (see \Cref{tab:demonstratives}), making the system somewhat simpler than the regional three-way average \parencite[38]{lynch_oceanic_2002}. They are a closed class of six forms, whose members are only partially transparent. All forms contain a distal or proximal suffix, and the dual forms still carry as a stem the dual article mu. The plural forms' stem ni is identical to the plural article in Usa Vamale and other Voh-Koné varieties \parencite[42]{rivierre_bwatoo_2006} discussed in \sectref{ssec:ni}, and is accepted by most speakers of Vamale as well. The segment e- in the singular forms may derive from the singular article i and the plural forms could be composed of plural article ni and the singular, already lexicalised form. Demonstrative pronouns can serve both as topic and comment, as in (\ref{ex:WCdem}).
-A: word: ehni	 gloss: DEM.PROX
-B: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
-C: word: i=jaxhut	 gloss: DEF.SG=story
-D: word: le=niehni	 gloss: 3PL=all.those
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 28:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): Jacob tha juu xa-vee ma hmwaana. ___ hmwaana, go=xaleke?
-Gloss (with missing item): J. ASS real NMLZ.AGT-fuck SUBR thus ___ thus 2SG=see
-The English translation of this sentence is:Jacob, it's bad for him if it's like this. That's how it is, you see?
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: The demonstrative pronoun the morpheme ___ is special, because it can be used as a presentative (``this is Liline"), and to mark the comment of an equatiothe morpheme ___l clause (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____topic1}, \ref{ex:the morpheme ____topic2}). Since hni does not exist (anymore), the morpheme ___ is neither proximal nor distal, and functions as a more neutral pronoun.
-A: word: na	 gloss: DEM
-B: word: abe=sate-n	 gloss: 1PL.EXCL=be.different-ANA
-C: word: le=caihna	 gloss: 3PL=know
-D: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 29:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): e=xaleke i=apuli ___ puaka
-Gloss (with missing item): 1SG=see DEF.SG=man ___ pig
-The English translation of this sentence is:I see the man who is eating pork.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: As the relativizer and the third person singular are both a, they usually merge (\ref{ex:rel_merg}).
-A: word: i=a=	 gloss: DEF.SG=REL=
-B: word: (a=a=)	 gloss: (REL=3SG)
-C: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
-D: word: e=xhwii-ko	 gloss: 1SG=bite-2SG.OBJ
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 30:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka {\ob}jethro{\cb} ___ man bwethalo {\ob}le=cuut cahni ka ni=bee-m-ca{\cb}, cahni {\ob}ca-n xhoogo{\cb}
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ J. ___ COM two.days.ago 3PL=stand here SBJ DEF.PL=peer-2SG.POSS-PROX here in-NSPEC home
-The English translation of this sentence is:And Jethro, yesterday and the day before your relatives stood here, here at home.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: canbwen	 gloss: yesterday
-B: word: xahmaen	 gloss: tomorrow
-C: word: i=bwaabwen-an	 gloss: DEF.SG=morning-POSS
-D: word: a=a=xhwi	 gloss: REL=3SG=eat
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 31:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka {\ob}jethro{\cb} canbwen man ___ {\ob}le=cuut cahni ka ni=bee-m-ca{\cb}, cahni {\ob}ca-n xhoogo{\cb}
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ J. yesterday COM ___ 3PL=stand here SBJ DEF.PL=peer-2SG.POSS-PROX here in-NSPEC home
-The English translation of this sentence is:And Jethro, yesterday and the day before your relatives stood here, here at home.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: habu	 gloss: long.ago
-B: word: cai=	 gloss: some=
-C: word: bwethalo	 gloss: two.days.ago
-D: word: thaloo	 gloss: two
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 32:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka {\ob}jethro{\cb} canbwen man bwethalo {\ob}le=cuut cahni ka ni=bee-m-ca{\cb}, ___ {\ob}ca-n xhoogo{\cb}
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ J. yesterday COM two.days.ago 3PL=stand here SBJ DEF.PL=peer-2SG.POSS-PROX ___ in-NSPEC home
-The English translation of this sentence is:And Jethro, yesterday and the day before your relatives stood here, here at home.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: ehni	 gloss: PROX
-B: word: a=xaahni	 gloss: 3SG=look.for
-C: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-D: word: nyala	 gloss: there
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 33:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka {\ob}jethro{\cb} ___ man bwethalo {\ob}le=cuut cahni ka ni=bee-m-ca{\cb}, cahni {\ob}ca-n xhoogo{\cb}
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ J. ___ COM two.days.ago 3PL=stand here SBJ DEF.PL=peer-2SG.POSS-PROX here in-NSPEC home
-The English translation of this sentence is:And Jethro, yesterday and the day before your relatives stood here, here at home.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: xahmaen	 gloss: tomorrow
-B: word: canbwen	 gloss: yesterday
-C: word: i=bwaabwen-an	 gloss: DEF.SG=morning-POSS
-D: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 34:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka {\ob}jethro{\cb} canbwen man ___ {\ob}le=cuut cahni ka ni=bee-m-ca{\cb}, cahni {\ob}ca-n xhoogo{\cb}
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ J. yesterday COM ___ 3PL=stand here SBJ DEF.PL=peer-2SG.POSS-PROX here in-NSPEC home
-The English translation of this sentence is:And Jethro, yesterday and the day before your relatives stood here, here at home.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: habu	 gloss: long.ago
-B: word: thaloo	 gloss: two
-C: word: bwethalo	 gloss: two.days.ago
-D: word: canbwen	 gloss: yesterday
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 35:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ka {\ob}jethro{\cb} canbwen man bwethalo {\ob}le=cuut cahni ka ni=bee-m-ca{\cb}, ___ {\ob}ca-n xhoogo{\cb}
-Gloss (with missing item): CNJ J. yesterday COM two.days.ago 3PL=stand here SBJ DEF.PL=peer-2SG.POSS-PROX ___ in-NSPEC home
-The English translation of this sentence is:And Jethro, yesterday and the day before your relatives stood here, here at home.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: nyala	 gloss: there
-B: word: a=xaahni	 gloss: 3SG=look.for
-C: word: i=jahoot	 gloss: DEF.SG=river
-D: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-
-Question 36:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): e=ha-mwa ___
-Gloss (with missing item): 1SG=go-REP ___
-The English translation of this sentence is:I went back yesterday.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-B: word: i=bwaabwen-an	 gloss: DEF.SG=morning-POSS
-C: word: canbwen	 gloss: yesterday
-D: word: xahmaen	 gloss: tomorrow
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 37:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): na i=vaaya-n xayu ___ ka
-Gloss (with missing item): DEM DEF.SG=work-POSS man ___ DISC
-The English translation of this sentence is:This was a man's work back then, like.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: Vamale possesses a small class of adverbs. They occur at the end of a clause or phrase, are frequently fronted without a phrase (\ref{ex:Adv}), take neither articles nor any kind of possessive or inflectional morphology, and are, if at all, modified by the intensifiers described in \sectref{sec:WCIntensifiers}, juu \qu{real, really, very}. As they modify verb, noun, and prepositional phrases, and as they can be fronted alone, this analysis considers them to be adjuncts. Most members are transparently derived from nouns or prepositional phrases. See \sectref{sec:Adv} for examples of their interaction with verb and noun phrases. Example (\ref{ex:Adv}) features two cases of fronted adverbs, (\ref{ex:Adv2}) shows an adverb at the end of a verb phrase, and (\ref{ex:Adv3}) shows an adverb after noun phrase.\largerpage[-2]
-A: word: canbwen	 gloss: yesterday
-B: word: habu	 gloss: before
-C: word: le=thabilo	 gloss: 3PL=strike
-D: word: (tha)	 gloss: (ASS)
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 38:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ya a=ja vwa ___ li=wee-n a=ta-mwa sibu li=sibu mwa. ja yabwat mwa sisuu mwa
-Gloss (with missing item): EXPL 3SG=PRF do ___ DEF.PL=water-POSS.NSPEC 3SG=go.up-REP swell DEF.PL=swell REP PRF dry REP hard DEICT
-The English translation of this sentence is:And there's the sap that rises, swells, the swells there. It dries then, gets hard then.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This class only has one member. Mwa has rather different, related meanings, depending on the context. Mwa can have the repetitive meaning \qu{again} (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____even}), the restitutive \qu{back}, as well as \qu{also}, \qu{even}, \qu{on top of that}, or mark the preceding phrase as focused (see \sectref{sec:the morpheme ___} for a discussion). The deictic use of the morpheme ___ \qu{now} (\ref{ex:the morpheme ___}), seems to mostly anchor the listener's attention, similarly to the morpheme ___ \qu{even}, onto the noun phrase given, see (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____now1a}). Mwa is a particle that can dock onto any phrase preceding it (see \ref{ex:the morpheme ____rep}).
-A: word: i=apemoo	 gloss: DEF.SG=tribe
-B: word: ha-mwa	 gloss: go-REP
-C: word: mwa	 gloss: REP
-D: word: hmwaana	 gloss: like.this
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: C
-
-Question 39:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ya a=ja vwa mwa li=wee-n ___ sibu li=sibu mwa. ja yabwat mwa sisuu mwa
-Gloss (with missing item): EXPL 3SG=PRF do REP DEF.PL=water-POSS.NSPEC ___ swell DEF.PL=swell REP PRF dry REP hard DEICT
-The English translation of this sentence is:And there's the sap that rises, swells, the swells there. It dries then, gets hard then.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This class only has one member. Mwa has rather different, related meanings, depending on the context. Mwa can have the repetitive meaning \qu{again} (\ref{ex:mwa_even}), the restitutive \qu{back}, as well as \qu{also}, \qu{even}, \qu{on top of that}, or mark the preceding phrase as focused (see \sectref{sec:mwa} for a discussion). The deictic use of mwa \qu{now} (\ref{ex:mwa}), seems to mostly anchor the listener's attention, similarly to mwa \qu{even}, onto the noun phrase given, see (\ref{ex:mwa_now1a}). Mwa is a particle that can dock onto any phrase preceding it (see \ref{ex:mwa_rep}).
-A: word: a=ta-mwa	 gloss: 3SG=go.up-REP
-B: word: cahni	 gloss: here
-C: word: a=hup-wa	 gloss: 3SG=go.down-REP
-D: word: go=ta-mwa-me	 gloss: 2SG=go.up-REP-DIR.CP
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: A
-
-Question 40:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ya a=ja vwa mwa li=wee-n a=ta-mwa sibu li=sibu mwa. ja yabwat ___ sisuu mwa
-Gloss (with missing item): EXPL 3SG=PRF do REP DEF.PL=water-POSS.NSPEC 3SG=go.up-REP swell DEF.PL=swell REP PRF dry ___ hard DEICT
-The English translation of this sentence is:And there's the sap that rises, swells, the swells there. It dries then, gets hard then.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This class only has one member. Mwa has rather different, related meanings, depending on the context. Mwa can have the repetitive meaning \qu{again} (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____even}), the restitutive \qu{back}, as well as \qu{also}, \qu{even}, \qu{on top of that}, or mark the preceding phrase as focused (see \sectref{sec:the morpheme ___} for a discussion). The deictic use of the morpheme ___ \qu{now} (\ref{ex:the morpheme ___}), seems to mostly anchor the listener's attention, similarly to the morpheme ___ \qu{even}, onto the noun phrase given, see (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____now1a}). Mwa is a particle that can dock onto any phrase preceding it (see \ref{ex:the morpheme ____rep}).
-A: word: ha-mwa	 gloss: go-REP
-B: word: mwa	 gloss: REP
-C: word: koo-n	 gloss: OBL-ANA
-D: word: hmwaana	 gloss: like.this
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: B
-
-Question 41:
-You are a linguist specializing in Vamale. You are given a sentence along with its morpheme breakdown, gloss, and translation. Words are separated by spaces, and morphemes are separated by hyphens. However, a word and its gloss are missing and represented by an underscore. Based on your understanding, please choose the most appropriate option. 
-Sentence (with missing item): ya a=ja vwa mwa li=wee-n a=ta-mwa sibu li=sibu mwa. ja yabwat mwa sisuu ___
-Gloss (with missing item): EXPL 3SG=PRF do REP DEF.PL=water-POSS.NSPEC 3SG=go.up-REP swell DEF.PL=swell REP PRF dry REP hard ___
-The English translation of this sentence is:And there's the sap that rises, swells, the swells there. It dries then, gets hard then.
-Here is a relevant knowledge point for this example, with the related morphemes and glosses masked: This class only has one member. Mwa has rather different, related meanings, depending on the context. Mwa can have the repetitive meaning \qu{again} (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____even}), the restitutive \qu{back}, as well as \qu{also}, \qu{even}, \qu{on top of that}, or mark the preceding phrase as focused (see \sectref{sec:the morpheme ___} for a discussion). The deictic use of the morpheme ___ \qu{now} (\ref{ex:the morpheme ___}), seems to mostly anchor the listener's attention, similarly to the morpheme ___ \qu{even}, onto the noun phrase given, see (\ref{ex:the morpheme ____now1a}). Mwa is a particle that can dock onto any phrase preceding it (see \ref{ex:the morpheme ____rep}).
-A: word: hmwaana	 gloss: like.this
-B: word: koo-n	 gloss: OBL-ANA
-C: word: sahnaang-eong	 gloss: not.understand-1SG
-D: word: mwa	 gloss: DEICT
-Please only return the letter (A–D). Do not say anything else.
-Correct Answer: D
-