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▁raising ▁her ▁young ▁charge , ▁her ▁grand son , ▁Champion . ▁Sou za ▁not ices ▁his ▁list less ness ▁that ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁hints ▁of ▁his ▁being ▁or phan ed . ▁When ▁she ▁not ices ▁his ▁( br ief ) ▁interest ▁in ▁music , ▁she ▁tries ▁to ▁get ▁him ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁piano . ▁When ▁this ▁fails ▁to ▁insp ire , ▁she ▁bu ys ▁him ▁Bruno , ▁a ▁dog . ▁After ▁a ▁time ▁he ▁becomes ▁mel anch ol ic ▁once ▁more . ▁She ▁disco vers ▁Champion ' s ▁keen ▁interest ▁in ▁road ▁b icy cle ▁racing ▁( a ▁photo ▁on ▁his ▁wall ▁shows ▁his ▁dece ased ▁parents ▁with ▁a ▁cycle ), ▁she ▁bu ys ▁him ▁a ▁tr icy cle . ▁We ▁see ▁them ▁years ▁later , ▁as ▁Champion ▁the ▁cycl ist ▁and ▁Sou za , ▁his ▁coach . ▁ ▁Champion ▁compet es ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁but ▁during ▁the ▁race , ▁he ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁rid ers ▁are ▁kid n apped ▁by ▁two ▁French ▁ma f ia ▁hen ch men ▁and ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁b ust ling ▁metropol is ▁of ▁Belle ville . ▁ ▁Sou za ▁and ▁Bruno ▁follow ▁the ▁men , ▁but ▁lose ▁their ▁trail . ▁Lost ▁and ▁with ▁no ▁way ▁to ▁find ▁Champion , ▁Sou za ▁has ▁a ▁chance ▁encounter ▁with ▁the ▁ren owned ▁Belle ville ▁triple ts , ▁music ▁hall ▁sing ers ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁now ▁elder ly ▁women ▁turned ▁impro vis ational ▁mus icians . ▁The ▁sister s ▁take ▁Sou za ▁to ▁their |
▁home ▁and ▁she ▁soon ▁becomes ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁group . ▁We ▁then ▁see ▁the ▁wine ▁ma f ia ▁b oss ▁using ▁the ▁kid n apped ▁cycl ists ▁as ▁horses ▁in ▁a ▁station ary ▁cy cling ▁machine . ▁They ▁are ▁rac ed ▁in ▁a ▁sim ulated ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁race ▁for ▁g amb ling . ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁fancy ▁restaurant , ▁the ▁Tri ple ts ▁and ▁Sou za ▁perform ▁a ▁jam ▁session ▁using ▁newspaper , ▁re fr iger ator , ▁vac u um ▁cleaner ▁and ▁b icy cle ▁wheel ▁as ▁instruments . ▁The ▁wine ▁ma f ia ▁b oss ▁happens ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁restaurant ▁and , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Bruno , ▁Sou za ▁real izes ▁he ▁has ▁Champion . ▁She ▁t ails ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁min ions ▁and ▁disco vers ▁the ▁scheme . ▁That ▁night , ▁mob ▁b oss es ▁and ▁hen ch men ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁hide out ▁to ▁bet ▁on ▁the ▁rid ers ▁( one ▁of ▁whom ▁falls ▁off ▁his ▁b icy cle ▁from ▁exhaust ion , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁the ▁book maker ▁sho ots ▁him ▁as ▁one ▁would ▁an ▁injured ▁horse ). ▁Madame ▁Sou za , ▁Bruno ▁and ▁the ▁Tri ple ts ▁then ▁in fil tr ate ▁the ▁hide out , ▁sab ot age ▁the ▁contra ption , ▁free ▁it ▁and ▁turn ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁ped al - power ed ▁vehicle ▁on ▁which ▁they ▁all ▁escape . ▁The ▁mob ▁hen ch men ▁purs ue ▁them , ▁but ▁are ▁all ▁overcome . ▁The ▁film ▁ends ▁with ▁the ▁mot ley |
▁group ▁r iding ▁out ▁of ▁Belle ville , ▁and ▁a ▁flash forward ▁to ▁an ▁elder ly ▁Champion ▁reflect ing ▁on ▁the ▁advent ure , ▁as ▁told ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁the ▁then - de ce ased ▁Sou za . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes , ▁a ▁review ▁aggreg ator , ▁reports ▁that ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁ 1 4 1 ▁survey ed ▁critics ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁rating ▁was ▁ 8 . 2 / 1 0 ; ▁the ▁cons ensus ▁reads : ▁" Rich ly ▁detailed ▁and ▁loaded ▁with ▁sur real ▁touch es , ▁The ▁Tri ple ts ▁of ▁Belle ville ▁is ▁an ▁odd , ▁delight ful ▁char mer ." ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁which ▁assign s ▁a ▁normal ized ▁score , ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 9 1 / 1 0 0 ▁based ▁on ▁ 3 5 ▁reviews . ▁ ▁Awards ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁two ▁Academy ▁Awards : ▁for ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Fe ature , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁first ▁P G - 1 3 ▁animated ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁nominated ▁in ▁that ▁category ; ▁and ▁for ▁Best ▁Original ▁Song ▁( B eno ît ▁Char est ▁and ▁Syl v ain ▁Ch omet ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁" B elle ville ▁R ende z - vous ", ▁s ung ▁by ▁Matth ieu ▁Ch ed id ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁version ). ▁The ▁film ▁lost ▁the ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Fe ature ▁award ▁to ▁F inding ▁N emo . ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁won ▁the ▁César ▁for ▁Best ▁Film ▁Music , ▁and ▁as |
▁a ▁co - production ▁with ▁Canada ▁it ▁won ▁the ▁Gen ie ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Mot ion ▁Picture ▁and ▁the ▁BBC ▁Four ▁World ▁Cinema ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁animated ▁feature ▁films ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁French ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁films ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁animated ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : F rench - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Syl v ain ▁Ch omet ▁Category : Cy cling ▁films ▁Category : F ict ional ▁triple ts ▁Category : Best ▁Picture ▁Gen ie ▁and ▁Canadian ▁Screen ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : S ony ▁Pictures ▁Class ics ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : Best ▁Film ▁L umi ères ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : C ult ural ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁Django ▁Rein hardt ▁Category : C ult ural ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁Joseph ine ▁Baker ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁director ial ▁debut ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Fred ▁Hem ke , ▁D |
MA ▁( né ▁Frederick ▁L ero y ▁Hem ke ▁Jr .; ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁– ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁virt u oso ▁classical ▁sa x oph on ist ▁and ▁influ ential ▁professor ▁of ▁sa x oph one ▁at ▁North western ▁University . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁helped ▁raise ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁classical ▁sa x oph one , ▁particularly ▁among ▁leading ▁American ▁compos ers ▁and ▁helped ▁raise ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁classical ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁solo , ▁chamber , ▁and ▁major ▁orch est ral ▁re per toire . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁half ▁century , ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁a ▁full - time ▁fac ulty ▁music ▁educ ator ▁at ▁North western ▁University ' s ▁B ienen ▁School ▁of ▁Music . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁named ▁Associ ate ▁Dean ▁Emer it us ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Music . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁retired ▁from ▁North western ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁earlier ▁influ ential ▁American ▁teachers ▁of ▁classical ▁sa x oph one ▁— ▁including ▁those ▁of ▁Larry ▁Te al , ▁Joseph ▁All ard , ▁Cec il ▁Le es on , ▁Sig urd ▁Ras ch è r , ▁and ▁Vincent ▁Ab ato ▁— ▁Hem ke |
, ▁and ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁peer ▁American ▁sa x oph on ists ▁— ▁including ▁Eug ene ▁R ous seau ▁and ▁Donald ▁S inta ▁— ▁helped ▁build ▁American ▁sa x oph one ▁re per toire ▁through ▁compos ers ▁that ▁included ▁M uc z yn ski , ▁C rest on , ▁Stein , ▁He iden , ▁and ▁Karl ins . ▁ ▁Journal ist ▁and ▁author ▁Michael ▁Seg ell , ▁in ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁book , ▁The ▁Dev il ' s ▁Horn , ▁called ▁Hem ke ▁" The ▁Dean ▁of ▁Sax oph one ▁Education ▁in ▁America ." ▁Hem ke ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁F ormal ▁education ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁Hem ke ▁studied ▁sa x oph one ▁with ▁Marcel ▁M ule ▁at ▁the ▁Paris ▁Conserv atoire ▁National ▁de ▁Mus ique ▁et ▁de ▁Dec lam ation , ▁ear ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁the ▁Premier ▁Prix ▁di pl oma . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁holds ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁sa x oph on ist ▁to ▁ear n ▁a ▁Premier ▁Prix ▁di pl oma ▁from ▁the ▁Paris ▁Conserv atory . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁Hem ke ▁earned ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁music ▁education ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mil w au kee . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Music ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁East man ▁School |
▁of ▁Music . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Hem ke ▁earned ▁an ▁A . Mus . D . ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison . ▁ ▁In ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school , ▁until ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁college , ▁Hem ke ▁studied ▁sa x oph one ▁with ▁Edd ie ▁Schmidt , ▁a ▁job bing ▁teacher , ▁band ▁director ▁in ▁Mil w au kee , ▁and ▁a ▁close ▁friend ▁of ▁Ralph ▁Joseph ▁Hermann ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 1 9 9 4 ) ▁— ▁music ian , ▁composer , ▁song writer , ▁and ▁music ▁publish er . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁highly ▁influenced ▁by ▁Schmidt ' s ▁recording ▁of ▁Marcel ▁M ule ▁— ▁and ▁also ▁of ▁his ▁record ings ▁of ▁Al ▁Gall od oro , ▁and ▁Fred dy ▁Gard ner . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin - Mil w au kee , ▁Hem ke ▁studied ▁with ▁Jay ▁Mort on , ▁teacher ▁of ▁wood w inds . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁formal ▁sa x oph one ▁teacher ▁at ▁East man , ▁but ▁while ▁there , ▁studied ▁re eds ▁with ▁clar inet ist ▁Stanley ▁H ast y ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 2 0 1 1 ), ▁fl ute ▁re per toire ▁with ▁Joseph ▁Mar iano ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 2 0 0 7 ), ▁and ▁ob oe ▁re per toire ▁with ▁Robert ▁Spr enk le ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 1 9 8 8 ). ▁ ▁Te aching ▁career ▁Hem ke |
▁taught ▁sa x oph one ▁at ▁North western ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Music ▁for ▁fifty ▁years . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁as ▁a ▁teaching ▁associate . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁W inds ▁and ▁Per cussion ▁Inst ru ments ▁Department . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁associate ▁professor ; ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Full ▁Professor ; ▁and ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Music ▁Performance ▁Studies ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Music . ▁Hem ke ▁served ▁as ▁senior ▁associate ▁de an ▁for ▁administration ▁in ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Music ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Louis ▁and ▁Els ie ▁S ny d acker ▁E ck stein ▁Professor ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁also ▁named ▁associate ▁de an ▁emer it us ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Music . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁full - time ▁teaching ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁music ▁educ ator ▁in ▁higher ▁education , ▁Hem ke ▁has ▁taught ▁hundreds ▁of ▁sa x oph on ists , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁have ▁fl our ished ▁as ▁performing ▁artists ▁and ▁music ▁educ ators ▁of ▁international ▁rank . ▁▁ ▁Selected ▁former ▁students : ▁▁ ▁Jan ▁Ber ry ▁Baker Associ ate |
▁Professor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Ge org ia ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Roger ▁B irk eland Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one El m h urst ▁College ▁ ▁James ▁Bishop Direct or ▁of ▁Inst rument al ▁Music E astern ▁Florida ▁State ▁College , ▁C ocoa , ▁F L ▁ ▁Ron ▁Bla ke Pro f essor ▁of ▁Jazz ▁Sax oph one J u illi ard J azz ▁perform er ▁and rec ording ▁artist ▁ ▁Dave ▁Bom berg ▁ ▁Paul ▁Bro Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Ind iana ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Steve ▁Cole Intern ational ▁jazz ▁perform er ▁and rec ording ▁artist ▁ ▁David ▁De es Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Tex as ▁Te ch ▁University ▁ ▁Geoff rey ▁De ib el , ▁D MA Ass istant ▁Professor ▁of ▁Sax oph one ▁and Direct or ▁of ▁Jazz ▁Studies F lor ida ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Mark ▁En ge bre t son Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Com position ▁and E lect ron ic ▁Music ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Gre ens bor o ▁ ▁Susan ▁F an cher S ax oph one ▁Inst ruct or D u ke ▁University ▁ ▁Dan ▁Fer ri T each er ▁& ▁owner DR F ▁Studios M ait land , ▁Florida S ax oph one ▁Inst ruct or St et son ▁University Del and , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Ch ico ▁Fre eman J azz ▁sa x oph on ist ▁ ▁Jason ▁F rit ts T each er ▁and ▁Per former ▁ ▁B unk y ▁Green Direct or ▁of ▁Jazz |
▁Studies Univers ity ▁of ▁North ▁Florida ▁ ▁Jeff rey ▁Lo ef fert , ▁D MA ▁Ass istant ▁Professor ▁of ▁Sax oph one ▁and ▁Theory Ok lahoma ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Jonathan ▁Hel ton Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁ ▁Freder ic ▁J . B . ▁Hem ke ▁Professor ▁of ▁Sax oph one N or thern ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁James ▁S . ▁Hill Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Oh io ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁William ▁Hoch ke ppel Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Univers ity ▁of ▁Louisiana ▁at ▁La f ay ette ▁ ▁Eric ▁Hon our Pro f essor ▁of ▁Music Direct or ▁of ▁Music ▁Technology Univers ity ▁of ▁Central ▁Missouri ▁ ▁Jer emy ▁Just es on Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one K utzt own ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁G ail ▁B . ▁Le vin sky Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one S us que h anna ▁University ▁ ▁Anders ▁Lund eg ard Intern ational ▁perform er ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Mur phy Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one M ans field ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Nathan ▁N abb Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Ste phen ▁F . ▁Austin ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁R yo ▁N oda ▁ ▁Stephen ▁J . ▁Parker T each er , ▁Per former N ap les ▁phil harm onic ▁ ▁Har vey ▁P ittel Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Univers ity ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin ▁ ▁Scott ▁Pl ug ge Direct or ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Music |
Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Sam ▁Houston ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Deb ra ▁R icht me yer Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Univers ity ▁of ▁Illinois ▁ ▁Tim othy ▁Roberts Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Sh en ando ah ▁University ▁ ▁Johnny ▁Sal inas Vis iting ▁Ass istant ▁Professor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Ok lahoma ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁John ▁S amp en Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one B ow ling ▁Green ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁David ▁San born Intern ational ▁jazz ▁perform er and ▁recording ▁artist ▁ ▁Andy ▁Sn itzer Intern ational ▁jazz ▁perform er ▁and rec ording ▁artist ▁ ▁William ▁H . ▁Street Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Univers ity ▁of ▁Al berta ▁ ▁Mas ah ito ▁Sug ih ara Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one Sam ▁Houston ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Young lo ve Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one T ennessee ▁Te ch ▁University ▁ ▁Na omi ▁S ull ivan Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one B irmingham ▁Conserv atoire ▁ ▁Sh awn ▁T racy Pro f essor ▁of ▁Jazz ▁Sax oph one Mer it ▁School ▁of ▁Music ▁ ▁Jer emy ▁William son T each er Sem in ole ▁State ▁College ▁and Sem in ole ▁County ▁Public ▁School s ▁ ▁Kath le en ▁Mitchell Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one The ▁College ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey ▁▁ ▁Steven ▁Jord heim Pro f essor ▁of ▁Sax oph one L aw rence ▁University ▁ ▁Other ▁positions ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁well |
▁known ▁as ▁the ▁designer ▁of ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁re eds ▁which ▁bear ▁the ▁tra dem ark ▁" Fre der ick ▁L . ▁Hem ke ▁Re eds ." ▁▁ ▁Rico ▁Re eds ▁began ▁making ▁the ▁brand ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁an ▁artist - cl in ician ▁for ▁The ▁Sel mer ▁Company , ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁distrib utor ▁of ▁sa x oph ones ▁made ▁in ▁France ▁by ▁the ▁Paris ▁firm , ▁Henri ▁Sel mer ▁Paris . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁host ▁for ▁the ▁Six th ▁World ▁Sax oph one ▁Congress ▁held ▁at ▁North western ▁University , ▁E van ston , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁Perform ing ▁career ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁was ▁an ▁intern ation ally ▁acc laimed ▁sa x oph one ▁artist . ▁Hem ke ▁has ▁appeared ▁extens ively ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist ▁and ▁has ▁given ▁master ▁classes ▁and ▁lect ures ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Canada , ▁Sc and in avia , ▁and ▁the ▁Far ▁East . ▁He ▁performed ▁with ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁orch est ras . ▁He ▁premier ed ▁several ▁works ▁for ▁sa x oph one , ▁including ▁All an ▁Pet ter sson ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 1 6 ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁and ▁James ▁Di ▁Pas qu ale ' s ▁Son ata ▁for ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one . ▁Di ▁Pas qu ale , ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁composer , ▁had ▁studied |
▁sa x oph one ▁with ▁Hem ke ▁and ▁Sig urd ▁Ras cher . ▁ ▁Selected ▁performances ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁made ▁his ▁New ▁York ▁debut ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁at ▁the ▁Town ▁Hall , ▁a ▁stor ied ▁concert ▁ven ue ▁that ▁had ▁its ▁first - ever ▁classical ▁sa x oph one ▁performance ▁on ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁— ▁by ▁Cec il ▁Le es on . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁performed ▁compos itions ▁by ▁Pascal , ▁L ant ier , ▁R ue ff , ▁Hart ley , ▁and ▁Stein ▁and ▁arrang ements ▁by ▁M ule ▁of ▁Bach ▁and ▁L ec la ir . ▁ ▁Premier , ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁August a ▁Read ▁Thomas , ▁Hem ke ▁Con cer to , ▁Pr isms ▁of ▁Light , ▁for ▁solo ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁or chestra ▁ ▁" Ill umin ations " ▁() ▁ ▁" S un r ise ▁Ball ad " ▁ ▁" Ch asing ▁Rad iance " ▁ ▁" S olar ▁R ings " ▁ ▁Hem ke , ▁sa x oph one , ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁H aven ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁William ▁B ought on ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Record ed ▁at ▁W ool sey ▁Hall , ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut , ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Commission ed ▁as ▁a ▁ret irement ▁gift ▁to ▁Fred ▁Hem ke ▁by ▁current ▁and ▁former ▁students ; ▁the ▁composer , |
▁Thomas , ▁had ▁been ▁Hem ke ' s ▁colle ague ▁at ▁North western ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁album , ▁A ▁Port rait ▁of ▁August a ▁Read ▁Thomas , ▁N im bus ▁Records ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 1 4 ); ▁ ▁Adv oc acy ▁for ▁B ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁traditional ▁modern ▁sa x oph one ▁quart et ▁— ▁B ▁sop rano , ▁E ▁alto , ▁B ▁ten or , ▁and ▁E ▁bar it one ▁sa x oph one ▁— ▁re per toire ▁and ▁popular ity ▁for ▁solo ▁classical ▁was , ▁and ▁still ▁is , ▁domin ated ▁by ▁B ▁sop rano ▁and ▁E ▁alto ▁sa x oph one . ▁Buck ing ▁the ▁tr end , ▁Hem ke ▁spent ▁time ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁B ▁ten or ▁as ▁a ▁classical ▁solo ▁instrument , ▁as ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁solo ▁album , ▁Music ▁for ▁Ten or ▁Sax oph one . ▁ ▁In ▁orch est ral ▁music , ▁the ▁ten or ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁sa x oph one ▁voices ▁in ▁R avel ' s ▁Bol éro ▁— ▁originally ▁performed ▁by ▁two ▁sa x oph on ists , ▁one ▁on ▁E ▁sop ran ino ▁and ▁one ▁on ▁ten or ▁dou bling ▁on ▁B ▁sop rano . ▁Record ings ▁by ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁virt u oso ▁James ▁Hou lik ▁and ▁others ▁not with standing , ▁classical ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁record ings ▁make ▁up ▁a |
▁small ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁classical ▁sa x oph one ▁re per toire ▁and ▁disc ography ▁universe . ▁ ▁Selected ▁disc ography ▁▁ ▁Solo ▁record ings ▁ ▁Cont est ▁Music ▁for ▁Sax oph one , ▁Lap ider ▁Records ▁M ▁ 2 4 9 - 0 4 , ▁distributed ▁by ▁H . ▁& ▁A . ▁Sel mer , ▁El kh art ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁▁ ▁( st ere o ) ▁( LP ) ▁▁ ▁( m ono ) ▁( c ass ette ) ▁▁ ▁( m ono ) ▁( LP ) ▁▁ ▁( m ono ) ▁( LP ) ▁▁ ▁( LP ) ▁▁ ▁( LP ) ▁ ▁James ▁Jacob s ▁Ed mond s ▁( 1 9 3 1 – 2 0 0 2 ), ▁piano ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁performed ▁on ▁a ▁Sel mer ▁Mark ▁VI ▁▁ ▁Side ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Matrix ▁N ° ▁X CT V - 8 7 6 2 7 ▁( m ono ) ▁ ▁Matrix ▁N ° ▁R G ▁ 5 7 6 A ▁( st ere o ) ▁▁▁ ▁Side ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Matrix ▁N ° ▁X CT V - 8 7 6 2 8 ▁( m ono ) ▁ ▁Matrix ▁N ° ▁R G ▁ 5 7 6 A ▁( st ere o ) ▁▁▁ ▁Music ▁for ▁Ten or ▁Sax oph one , ▁B rew ster ▁Records ▁BR ▁ 1 2 0 4 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 1 ); ▁▁ ▁Mil ton ▁Lewis ▁Gr anger ▁( born ▁ 1 9 |
4 7 ), ▁piano ▁ ▁Album ▁cover ▁art : ▁Fred ▁Hem ke ▁ ▁Notes ▁by ▁Charles ▁( Ch uck ) ▁B rew ster ▁Haw es , ▁Ph D ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Son ata , ▁for ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁piano , ▁by ▁James ▁Di ▁Pas qu ale ▁ ▁A ▁Ball ad ▁in ▁Time ▁and ▁Space , ▁by ▁William ▁D uck worth ▁ ▁Po em , ▁for ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁piano , ▁by ▁Walter ▁Hart ley ▁ ▁Music ▁for ▁Ten or ▁Sax oph one ▁and ▁P iano , ▁by ▁Martin ▁William ▁Karl ins ▁▁ ▁The ▁American ▁Sax oph one , ▁B rew ster ▁Records ▁BR ▁ 1 2 0 3 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 1 ); ▁▁ ▁Mil ton ▁Lewis ▁Gr anger ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ), ▁piano ▁ ▁Album ▁cover ▁art : ▁Fred ▁Hem ke ▁ ▁Notes ▁by ▁Alan ▁Bur rage ▁St out ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁ ▁Con cer to , ▁for ▁alto ▁sa x oph one , ▁by ▁Ing olf ▁D ahl ▁ ▁F are well , ▁by ▁Warren ▁B enson ▁ ▁Con cer to , ▁for ▁alto ▁sa x oph one , ▁K arel ▁H usa ▁ ▁A e ol ian ▁Song , ▁by ▁Warren ▁B enson ▁▁ ▁Music ▁for ▁Ten or ▁Sax oph one ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁and ▁The ▁American ▁Sax oph one ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁was ▁ ▁Re - |
iss ued ▁as ▁a ▁compilation ▁under ▁the ▁title : ▁The ▁American ▁Sax oph one , ▁En F ▁Records ▁ 1 2 0 3 - 2 ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 0 6 ); ▁▁▁ ▁Simple ▁G ifts , ▁En F ▁Records ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 0 6 ); ▁▁ ▁Douglas ▁Cleveland , ▁organ ▁ ▁Record ed ▁at ▁Alice ▁Miller ▁Chap el , ▁North western ▁University ▁on ▁the ▁ Æ ol ian - Sk inner ▁Organ ▁and ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁United ▁Method ist ▁Church , ▁Wil m ette , ▁Illinois , ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Re uter ▁Organ ▁▁ ▁F asc in ating ▁Rh ythm , ▁S ins ▁Of ▁My ▁Old ▁Age , ▁En F ▁Records ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 1 0 ); ▁▁ ▁The ▁Music ▁of ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁ ▁Hem ke , ▁Al to ▁Sax oph one ▁ ▁Fig ard ▁String ▁Quint et : ▁T racy ▁Fig ard , ▁viol in ; ▁Catherine ▁Price , ▁viol in ; ▁Krist in ▁Fig ard , ▁vi ola ; ▁Sam ▁Nor l und , ▁c ello ; ▁Douglas ▁N est ler , ▁double ▁bass ▁ ▁Notes ▁by ▁Jon ah ▁L . ▁Bl um ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁( in ▁English ) ▁and ▁Hem ke ▁ ▁Cover ▁art ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁▁ ▁Premier , ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁August a ▁Read ▁Thomas , ▁Hem ke ▁Con cer to , ▁Pr isms ▁of ▁Light , ▁for |
▁solo ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁or chestra ▁ ▁" Ill umin ations " ▁() ▁ ▁" S un r ise ▁Ball ad " ▁ ▁" Ch asing ▁Rad iance " ▁ ▁" S olar ▁R ings " ▁ ▁Hem ke , ▁sa x oph one , ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁H aven ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁William ▁B ought on , ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Record ed ▁at ▁W ool sey ▁Hall , ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut , ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Commission ed ▁as ▁a ▁ret irement ▁gift ▁to ▁Fred ▁Hem ke ▁by ▁current ▁and ▁former ▁students ; ▁the ▁composer , ▁Thomas , ▁had ▁been ▁Hem ke ' s ▁colle ague ▁at ▁North western ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁album , ▁A ▁Port rait ▁of ▁August a ▁Read ▁Thomas , ▁N im bus ▁Records ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 1 4 ); ▁▁ ▁Ens emble ▁record ings ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁has ▁recorded ▁with ▁the ▁East man ▁Wind ▁Ens emble , ▁and ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Contempor ary ▁Chamber ▁Play ers . ▁▁ ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 1 6 , ▁by ▁All an ▁Pet ter sson , ▁Stockholm ▁Phil harm onic ▁Orchestra , ▁Y uri ▁A hr on ov itch ▁conduct ing , ▁Swedish ▁Society ▁Disc of il ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 8 5 ); ▁ ▁and ▁( CD ) ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Record ed ▁at ▁the ▁Stockholm ▁Con cert ▁Hall , ▁October ▁ 1 7 ▁& ▁ 1 |
8 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁▁ ▁W inds ▁of ▁Change ▁– ▁American ▁Music ▁for ▁Wind ▁Ens emble ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁New ▁World ▁Records ▁N W - 2 1 1 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 7 ); ▁, ▁▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Wind ▁Ens emble , ▁John ▁Philip ▁Pay n ter ▁( 1 9 2 8 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁( nl ) ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Record ed ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁▁ 4 th ▁work : ▁Con cer to ▁for ▁Sax oph one ▁and ▁Orchestra ▁of ▁Wind ▁Inst ru ments , ▁by ▁Ross ▁Lee ▁Fin ney , ▁Hem ke , ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ▁▁ ▁Music ▁by ▁Warren ▁B enson , ▁C RI ▁Records ▁SD - 4 3 3 ▁& ▁SD ▁ 4 1 8 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 8 1 ); ▁▁ ▁Hem ke , ▁E ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁K ron os ▁Quart et : ▁David ▁Harr ington , ▁viol in ; ▁John ▁Sher ba , ▁viol in ; ▁H ank ▁D utt , ▁vi ola ; ▁Joan ▁Jean ren aud , ▁c ello ▁ ▁Record ed ▁November ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁K res ge ▁Rec ording ▁Studios , ▁East man ▁School ▁of ▁Music ▁ ▁First ▁work : ▁The ▁Dream ▁Net , ▁qu int et ▁for ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁string ▁quart et , ▁commission |
ed ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁ ▁" S low " ▁( audio ) ▁ ▁" Qu ick " ▁( audio ) ▁ ▁" F lex ing " ▁( audio ) ▁▁ ▁Inc ant ations ▁( in ▁four ▁movements ), ▁by ▁Ralph ▁Sh ape y , ▁C RI ▁Records ▁ 2 3 2 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 6 9 ); ▁, ▁▁ ▁Notes ▁by ▁Carter ▁Har man ▁ ▁For ▁sop rano , ▁viol on cel lo , ▁tr ump et , ▁E ▁alto ▁sa x oph one , ▁French ▁horn , ▁piano , ▁tym p ani , ▁c ym b als , ▁tom t oms , ▁ir ons , ▁and ▁g ongs ▁ ▁Beth any ▁Be ards lee , ▁sop rano , ▁Contempor ary ▁Chamber ▁Play ers ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Sh ape y ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁C RI ▁Records ▁( CD ) ▁( 1 9 9 5 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁C RI ▁Records ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 0 7 ); ▁▁▁ ▁Con cer to ▁for ▁Sax oph one ▁and ▁W inds ▁by ▁Paul ▁C rest on , ▁Inter lo chen ▁Arts ▁Academy ▁Records ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁ ▁Inter lo chen ▁Arts ▁Academy ▁Wind ▁Ens emble , ▁Dennis ▁L . ▁Johnson ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁conduct ing ▁▁ 3 3 rd ▁Ann ual ▁Mid western ▁Conference ▁on ▁School ▁V ocal ▁and ▁Inst rument al ▁Music ▁ ▁Per formed ▁live , ▁January ▁ 2 1 |
, ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Hill ▁Aud itor ium , ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan , ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁▁ ▁Con cer to ▁for ▁Sax oph one ▁and ▁Wind ▁Orchestra ▁by ▁Ing olf ▁D ahl , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁Records ▁( 1 9 7 2 ); ▁▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁Wind ▁Ens emble , ▁( H . ▁Robert ▁Reyn olds ) ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Chicago ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁ ▁Pictures ▁at ▁an ▁Ex hib ition , ▁by ▁M uss org sky , ▁orch estr ated ▁by ▁R avel , ▁O za wa ▁conduct ing ▁( 1 9 6 8 ); ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁L ' Ar lés ienne ▁Su ites ▁N os . ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 , ▁by ▁B iz et , ▁R CA ▁Red ▁Se al ▁L SC - 2 9 3 9 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 6 7 ); ▁▁ ▁Jean ▁Martin on ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁Cam den ▁Class ics ▁Vict rola ▁C CV ▁ 5 0 1 1 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁V IC S ▁ 1 5 9 3 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 1 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 7 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁L PS ▁ 9 8 4 5 ▁( LP ) ▁▁ ▁Age ▁of ▁Gold ▁( bal let ▁suite ), ▁by ▁Sh ost |
akov ich , ▁R CA ▁Red ▁Se al ▁GL ▁ 4 2 9 1 6 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 6 8 ); ▁▁ ▁Sto kow ski ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Record ed ▁February ▁ 2 0 – 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁Med in ah ▁Temple , ▁Chicago ▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁Red ▁Se al ▁L SC ▁ 3 1 3 3 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 0 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁Red ▁Se al ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 5 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁Red ▁Se al ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 9 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁R CA ▁Red ▁Se al ▁( CD ) ▁( 1 9 9 7 ); ▁▁ ▁Also ▁re - re leased ▁with ▁several ▁various ▁comp il ations ▁ ▁Bol éro , ▁by ▁R avel , ▁Quint ess ence ▁PM C ▁ 1 0 1 7 ▁( 1 9 7 7 ); ▁▁ ▁Martin on ▁conduct ing ▁▁ ▁Bol éro , ▁by ▁R avel , ▁De cca ▁Matrix ▁N ° ▁Z AL ▁ 1 4 7 2 0 ▁( LP ) ▁ ▁Sol ti ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Record ed ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Med in ah ▁Temple , ▁Chicago ▁ ▁Original ▁release ▁De cca ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁ ▁Original ▁release ▁London ▁Records ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 7 7 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁De |
cca ▁( CD ) ▁( 1 9 9 6 ); ▁▁▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁Universal ▁Class ics ▁( 2 0 0 3 ); ▁▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁Deutsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁( 2 0 0 3 ); ▁▁▁ ▁and ▁▁▁ ▁Final ▁Alice , ▁by ▁Del ▁T red ici , ▁De cca , ▁London ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 8 1 ); ▁▁ ▁Barbara ▁Hend r icks , ▁sop rano ; ▁Fred ▁Hem ke , ▁Robert ▁Black , ▁sop rano ▁sa x oph ones ; ▁Fred ▁Spect or , ▁mand olin ; ▁Freder ic ▁Chris lip , ▁ten or ▁ban jo ; ▁H erman ▁Tro ppe , ▁accord ion ; ▁Sol ti ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Record ed ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Med in ah ▁Temple , ▁Chicago ▁ ▁Re - re leased ▁on ▁De cca ▁E lo quence ▁ 4 4 2 ▁ 9 9 5 , ▁Australia ▁( CD ) ▁( 2 0 0 8 ); ▁ ▁Selected ▁publications ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁publications ▁ ▁The ▁Early ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Sax oph one ▁( D MA ▁dis sert ation ), ▁by ▁Hem ke , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁( 1 9 7 5 ); ▁▁ ▁The ▁dis sert ation ▁expl ores ▁in ▁depth ▁the ▁sa x oph one ' s ▁history ▁and ▁grad ual ▁accept ance ▁in ▁the ▁real m ▁of ▁sym ph onic ▁music ▁ ▁On ▁Reading ▁Music : ▁An ▁Information ▁Process ing ▁Analysis , ▁by ▁Gilbert ▁Kore b ▁K rule e ▁( born ▁ 1 |
9 2 4 ) ▁& ▁Hem ke ▁( 1 9 8 0 ); ▁ ▁The ▁Sel mer ▁Series , ▁El kh art , ▁Indiana ▁ ▁" T each er ' s ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Sax oph one ," ▁by ▁Hem ke , ▁El kh art , ▁Indiana : ▁Sel mer ▁( 1 9 7 7 ); ▁▁ ▁The ▁Or ch est ral ▁Sax oph one , ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁& ▁Walker ▁L ▁Smith , ▁El kh art , ▁Indiana : ▁Sel mer ▁( 1 9 7 5 ); ▁▁ ▁A ▁Com pre h ensive ▁List ing ▁of ▁Sax oph one ▁Liter ature , ▁by ▁Hem ke , ▁El kh art , ▁Indiana : ▁Sel mer ▁( 1 9 7 5 ); ▁▁ ▁Comm issions ▁and ▁dedic ations ▁ ▁" Music ▁for ▁Ten or ▁Sax oph one ▁and ▁P iano ," ▁by ▁M . ▁William ▁Karl ins ▁( 1 9 6 9 , ▁ © 1 9 7 2 ); ▁▁ ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 1 6 , ▁for ▁or chestra ▁with ▁bra v ura ▁alto ▁sa x oph one , ▁by ▁All an ▁Pet ter sson , ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁( 1 9 7 9 , ▁ © 1 9 8 9 ); ▁▁ ▁The ▁Dream ▁Net , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁re vised ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁by ▁Warren ▁B enson , ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Hem ke , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Ale c ▁W ilder , ▁premier ed ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁May ▁ 2 3 , |
▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁with ▁the ▁E ck stein ▁Quart et , ▁L ut ken ▁Hall , ▁North western ▁University ; ▁▁ ▁" W ind ▁Rose ", ▁by ▁Warren ▁B enson ▁( 1 9 6 6 ), ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁and ▁the ▁North western ▁University ▁Sax oph one , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Hem ke ▁and ▁the ▁North western ▁University ▁Sax oph one ▁Quart et ▁on ▁their ▁tour ▁of ▁Asia , ▁Spring , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ; ▁▁ ▁Little ▁Su ite , ▁by ▁Walter ▁Hart ley , ▁for ▁Hem ke , ▁for ▁bar it one ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁piano ▁( 1 9 7 4 ); ▁▁▁ 5 ▁Et udes ▁for ▁Al to ▁Sax oph one , ▁by ▁Robert ▁Lem ay ▁( fr ), ▁Cour lay : ▁Éditions ▁Fu ze au ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ; ▁▁ ▁Re vised ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁, ▁, ▁▁ ▁Commission ed ▁by ▁Jean - Fran çois ▁Gu ay ▁ ▁Hom age ▁to ▁Marcel ▁M ule , ▁Jean - Marie ▁L onde ix , ▁Eug ene ▁R ous seau , ▁Fred ▁Hem ke , ▁Daniel ▁De ff ay et ▁ ▁Fund ed ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁the ▁Conseil ▁des ▁arts ▁et ▁des ▁let tres ▁du ▁Québec ▁ ▁E pisode , ▁for ▁sa x oph one ▁quart et , ▁by ▁J ared ▁To z ier ▁Spe ars ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 6 ), ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Hem ke ▁( 1 9 6 9 ); ▁▁ ▁Sym phony ▁for ▁Sax |
oph one ▁and ▁Wind ▁Band , ▁by ▁Ger ald ▁Eug ene ▁K em ner ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁( com posed ▁around ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁for ▁Hem ke ) ▁ ▁Music ▁ed itions ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁has ▁edited ▁works ▁for ▁sa x oph one ▁sol os ▁and ▁sa x oph one ▁ens emb les , ▁twenty - five ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Frederick ▁Hem ke ▁Sax oph one ▁Series ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Southern ▁Music ▁Company . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁ ▁Hem ke ' s ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁access ories ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁primary ▁design ▁consult ant ▁for ▁the ▁S - 8 0 ▁mouth pie ce ▁manufact ured ▁by ▁Henri ▁Sel mer ▁Paris . ▁ ▁For ▁alto ▁sa x oph one , ▁Hem ke ▁uses ▁a ▁custom ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁S - 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁mouth pie ce ▁is ▁metal ▁with ▁a ▁square ▁chamber . ▁ ▁The ▁Sel mer ▁Mark ▁VII ▁E ▁alto ▁and ▁B ▁ten or ▁sa x oph ones , ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁were ▁designed ▁in ▁consult ation ▁with ▁Hem ke . ▁ ▁Mis cell aneous ▁▁ ▁For ▁research , ▁while ▁in ▁grad ▁school ▁at ▁East man , ▁Hem ke ▁had ▁borrow ed ▁from ▁H . ▁& ▁A . ▁Sel mer ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁original ▁sa x oph ones ▁made ▁by ▁Ad ol phe ▁Sax ▁around ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁ ▁On |
▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁a ▁cust od ian ▁unw itting ly ▁stuff ed ▁a ▁card board ▁box ▁containing ▁the ▁instrument ▁into ▁an ▁inc iner ator ▁and ▁completely ▁destroyed ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁other ▁one ▁in ▁existence ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁Paris ▁museum . ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁visual ▁artist . ▁ ▁His ▁works ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁Reg en stein ▁Hall ▁of ▁Music ▁at ▁North western ▁University ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁covers ▁of ▁his ▁albums . ▁ ▁Audio ▁samples ▁and ▁vide ography ▁▁ ▁, ▁by ▁All an ▁Pet ter sson ▁ ▁Stockholm ▁Phil harm onic ▁Orchestra , ▁Y uri ▁A hr on ov itch ▁conduct ing , ▁Swedish ▁Society ▁Disc of il ▁( 1 9 9 4 ); ▁▁▁ ▁, ▁by ▁Cla udio ▁Gab rie le ▁( com posed ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁For ▁ 1 2 ▁sa x oph ones ▁ ▁North ▁American ▁premier ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Sax oph one ▁Ens emble , ▁Hem ke ▁conduct ing ▁▁ ▁, ▁by ▁Cla udio ▁Gab rie le ▁( com posed ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁For ▁ 9 ▁sa x oph ones ▁ ▁World ▁premi ere , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Pick - Ste iger ▁Con cert ▁Hall , ▁E van ston , ▁Illinois ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Sax oph one ▁Ens emble , ▁Hem ke ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Hem ke ▁Leg acy ▁T ribute : ▁May ▁ 2 9 ▁– ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ |
1 9 1 2 , ▁North western ▁University ▁▁▁▁ 7 : 3 0 ▁, ▁May ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Pick - St a iger ▁Con cert ▁Hall , ▁North western ▁University ▁ ▁Songs ▁by ▁G ers h win , ▁arranged ▁by ▁Jon ah ▁L . ▁Bl um ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Chamber ▁Orchestra , ▁Robert ▁H ast y ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Sc enes ▁from ▁P org y ▁and ▁B ess ▁ ▁" Sum m ert ime " ▁() ▁ ▁" B ess , ▁You ▁Is ▁My ▁Woman ▁Now " ▁() ▁ ▁" I ▁Got ▁Pl enty ▁o ' ▁N utt in ' ▁" ▁() ▁ ▁" G one , ▁G one , ▁G one " ▁() ▁ ▁" I ▁Lov es ▁You , ▁P org y " ▁() ▁ ▁" Sum m ert ime " ▁() ▁▁▁▁ ▁( B rah ms ' s ▁Vari ations ▁on ▁the ▁St . ▁Anthony ▁Chor ale ▁by ▁Hay dn ) ▁ ▁Arr anged ▁by ▁Gary ▁S . ▁Br ica ult ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁Fred ▁Hem ke ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Al umn i ▁Sax o ▁Orchestra , ▁Stephen ▁All top ▁conduct ing ▁ ▁Per formed ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁at ▁North western ▁University ▁▁ 1 0 5 ▁sa x oph ones : ▁ 3 ▁E ▁sop ran inos , ▁ 2 3 ▁B ▁sop ran os , ▁ |
3 5 ▁E ▁alt os , ▁ 2 5 ▁B ▁ten ors , ▁ 1 2 ▁E ▁bar it ones , ▁ 6 ▁B ▁bass es , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁E ▁contra ▁bass ▁tub ax ▁▁ ▁, ▁Eric ▁How ell ▁Music ▁( D VD ) ▁( 2 0 1 2 ); ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁classical ▁sa x oph on ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁sa x oph on ists ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁E van ston , ▁Illinois ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Mil w au kee ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mil w au kee ▁al umn i ▁Category : N orth western ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Class ical ▁sa x oph on ists ▁Category : Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁to ▁Music ▁Medal ▁recip ients ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁sa x oph on ists ▁Category : Class ical ▁mus icians ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : Class ical ▁mus icians ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Cam pon ot ini ▁is ▁a ▁tribe ▁containing ▁ 2 ▁ext inct ▁ant ▁gener a ▁and ▁ 8 ▁ext ant ▁ant ▁gener a , ▁including ▁Cam pon ot us ▁( car p enter ▁an ts ). ▁ ▁Gener a ▁ ▁Cal omy rm ex ▁Em ery , ▁ 1 |
8 9 5 ▁ ▁Cam pon ot us ▁May r , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁ ▁† Ch ima er om yr ma ▁D lus sky , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁ ▁Col ob opsis ▁May r , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁ ▁Din omy rm ex ▁Ash me ad , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁ ▁E chin op la ▁Smith , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁ ▁O pis th opsis ▁Dal la ▁Torre , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁ ▁Over beck ia ▁Vie h me yer , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁ ▁Pol yr h ach is ▁Smith , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁ ▁† P se ud oc am pon ot us ▁Car p enter , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Form ic inae ▁Category : Ant ▁tribes <0x0A> </s> ▁Dennis ▁M . ▁H anno ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁president ▁of ▁Whe aton ▁College ▁in ▁N orton , ▁Massachusetts . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁as ▁the ▁college ' s ▁e ighth ▁president , ▁succeed ing ▁Ron ald ▁Cr ut cher , ▁who ▁retired ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Education ▁▁ ▁H anno ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁up state ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁account ancy . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 7 ▁with ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Business ▁Administration . ▁He ▁attended ▁gradu ate ▁school ▁at ▁Western ▁New ▁England ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Account ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁He ▁then ▁attended ▁the ▁Is enberg ▁School ▁of ▁Management ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁account ing ▁and ▁psych ology ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁Ph D ▁in ▁Management ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Before ▁beginning ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁higher ▁education , ▁H anno ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁cert ified ▁public ▁account ant ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁Massachusetts , ▁found ing ▁and ▁running ▁his ▁own ▁firm ▁in ▁Low ville , ▁New ▁York ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁account ing ▁at ▁the ▁Car roll ▁School ▁of ▁Management ▁at ▁Boston ▁College , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 6 , ▁H anno ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st ’ s ▁Is enberg ▁School ▁of ▁Management ▁where ▁he ▁taught ▁as ▁an ▁associate ▁and ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁account ing ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁associate ▁de an ▁for ▁under grad uate ▁matters . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁staff ▁at ▁Bab son ▁College , ▁as ▁a ▁President ’ s ▁End owed ▁Professor ▁of ▁account ing ▁and ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁under grad |
uate ▁school . ▁H anno ▁helped ▁establish ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Bab son ▁Entre pr ene ur ial ▁Le ad ership ▁Academy , ▁a ▁program ▁that ▁works ▁with ▁high ▁school ▁students ▁in ▁other ▁countries ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁develop ▁leadership ▁skills ▁and ▁encou rage ▁entrepr ene ur ial ▁ideas . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁helped ▁found ▁the ▁Bab son - R w anda ▁Entre pr ene ur ship ▁Center ▁in ▁K ig ali , ▁R w anda ▁and ▁became ▁its ▁executive ▁director . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁H anno ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁mur ata ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁F . W . ▁O lin ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁and ▁vice ▁prov ost ▁of ▁Bab son ▁College , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁prov ost ▁and ▁senior ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁college . ▁ ▁H anno ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Whe aton ▁College ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁was ▁officially ▁wel com ed ▁to ▁the ▁Whe aton ▁community ▁during ▁a ▁ceremony ▁held ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁as ▁ ▁the ▁college ’ s ▁e ighth ▁president ▁over ▁its ▁ 1 8 0 ▁years ▁of ▁history . ▁ ▁Under ▁H anno ' s ▁leadership , ▁Whe aton ▁has ▁launched ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁initi atives ▁prom oting ▁social ▁innov ation |
▁and ▁social ▁entrepr ene ur ship ▁within ▁the ▁liberal ▁arts , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁Wi N ▁Hub ▁( W he aton ▁In nov ates ▁Now ). ▁The ▁new ▁programs ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁possible ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁D iana ▁Davis ▁Sp encer ▁Foundation ▁and ▁include ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁an ▁end owed ▁professor ship ▁in ▁social ▁entrepr ene ur ship . ▁▁ ▁The ▁focus ▁on ▁social ▁innov ation ▁reflect s ▁H anno ' s ▁work ▁as ▁an ▁educ ator ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁head ▁of ▁IDE A 4 A frica , ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁that ▁see ks ▁to ▁insp ire ▁and ▁equip ▁youth ▁entrepr ene urs ▁to ▁develop ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁value ▁for ▁their ▁communities ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁organization ▁grew ▁from ▁H anno ' s ▁work ▁leading ▁leadership ▁and ▁innov ation ▁sem in ars ▁in ▁East ▁Africa , ▁work ▁that ▁he ▁began ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st . ▁▁ ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁occas ional ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post . ▁He ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁commission er ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Commission ▁on ▁High er ▁Education , ▁a ▁three - year ▁term ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Family ▁and ▁personal ▁life ▁▁ ▁H anno ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁wife , ▁Susan . ▁They ▁have ▁two ▁children , ▁Ted ▁and ▁Em ily . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 1 . ▁Whe aton ▁Names ▁Dennis ▁H anno ▁as ▁New |
▁President . ▁Whe aton ▁College : ▁President ial ▁Trans ition , ▁whe aton col lege . edu . ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ 2 . ▁Whe aton ▁Wel comes ▁President - E lect ▁H anno . ▁Whe aton ▁College : ▁President ial ▁Trans ition , ▁whe aton col lege . edu . ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁▁ 3 . ▁Dennis ▁M . ▁H anno ▁CV . ▁Whe aton ▁College : ▁President ial ▁Trans ition , ▁whe aton col lege . edu . ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁▁ 4 . ▁Account ing ▁Al umn us ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Dennis ▁Hann on ▁Ph D ▁’ 9 0 . ▁Is enberg ▁School ▁of ▁Management , ▁is enberg . um ass . edu . ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ 5 . ▁Bab son ▁College ▁Fac ulty ▁Pro files , ▁b ab son . edu . ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st ▁al umn i ▁Category : W he aton ▁College ▁( M ass achusetts ) ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁al umn i ▁Category : West ern ▁New ▁England ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : B oston ▁College |
▁fac ulty ▁Category : B ab son ▁College ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁W N BA ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁for ▁the ▁Houston ▁Com ets . ▁The ▁Com ets ▁won ▁their ▁fourth ▁W N BA ▁Final s ▁and ▁their ▁last ▁title ▁in ▁franch ise ▁history ▁before ▁dis band ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁W N BA ▁D raft ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁season ▁ ▁Season ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Season ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁Play offs ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁C yn th ia ▁Cooper , ▁W N BA ▁Final s ▁M VP ▁Award ▁C yn th ia ▁Cooper , ▁Best ▁W N BA ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁Sh ery l ▁S wo op es , ▁W N BA ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁Award ▁Sh ery l ▁S wo op es , ▁W N BA ▁Def ensive ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Com ets ▁on ▁Basketball ▁Reference ▁▁▁ ▁Category : H ou ston ▁Com ets ▁seasons ▁Houston ▁Houston ▁Category : West ern ▁Conference ▁( WN BA ) ▁championship ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁B asket ▁Range ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁Hills , ▁South ▁Australia . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁an ▁approximately ▁north - s outh ▁r idge ▁that ▁runs ▁from ▁Deep ▁Creek ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁Green hill ▁Road ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁completely ▁enc irc led ▁by ▁hills , ▁giving ▁the ▁town ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁nest ling ▁within ▁a ▁large ▁basket |
, ▁hence ▁" B asket ▁Range ". ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁may ▁derive ▁from ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁German ▁far mers ▁who , ▁trav elling ▁from ▁Lob eth al ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁along ▁the ▁old ▁Bul lock ▁Track ▁which ▁passed ▁through ▁the ▁area , ▁would ▁carry ▁their ▁produce ▁in ▁large ▁w icker ▁b ask ets . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁a ▁Mr ▁B asket ▁was ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁issu ing ▁tim ber - cut ting ▁lic ences ▁in ▁the ▁very ▁early ▁days ; ▁however , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁of ▁any ▁Mr ▁B asket ▁having ▁lived ▁there ▁or ▁been ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁lic ences . ▁ ▁The ▁town ' s ▁main ▁indust ries ▁include ▁apple ▁and ▁cher ry ▁orch ards , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁numerous ▁c ott ages ▁available ▁for ▁bed ▁and ▁breakfast ▁accommod ation . ▁B asket ▁Range ▁Primary ▁School ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁B asket ▁Range ▁C FS ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁B asket ▁Range ▁Post ▁Office ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁B asket ▁Range ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁cr icket ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁B asket ▁Range ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁and ▁their ▁o val ▁over look s ▁the ▁wide ▁swe eping ▁hills ▁views ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Sub ur bs ▁of ▁Ad ela ide <0x0A> |
</s> ▁El ana ▁K uc z yn ski ▁Arnold ▁is ▁a ▁children ' s ▁and ▁young ▁adult ▁author . ▁Her ▁books ▁include ▁Inf and ous ▁( Car ol rh oda ▁Lab , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ), ▁A ▁Boy ▁Cal led ▁Bat ▁( W al den ▁P ond ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁and ▁What ▁Girls ▁Are ▁Made ▁Of ▁( Car ol rh oda ▁Lab , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ). ▁What ▁Girls ▁Are ▁Made ▁Of ▁is ▁a ▁final ist ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁National ▁Book ▁Award ▁for ▁Young ▁People ' s ▁Liter ature . ▁Her ▁novel ▁D ams el ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁Michael ▁L . ▁Print z ▁Award ▁Honor ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Arnold ▁attended ▁college ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Davis ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ir v ine , ▁then ▁earned ▁a ▁Master ' s ▁in ▁English ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Davis ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Young ▁adult ▁nov els ▁Sac red ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Burn ing ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁S pl endor ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Inf and ous ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁What ▁Girls ▁Are ▁Made ▁Of ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁D ams el ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁Red ▁H ood ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Children ' s ▁books ▁The ▁Question ▁of ▁Mira cles ▁( 2 0 1 |
5 ) ▁Far ▁From ▁Fair ▁ ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁A ▁Boy ▁Cal led ▁Bat ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Bat ▁and ▁the ▁Wait ing ▁Game ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁Bat ▁and ▁the ▁End ▁of ▁Everything ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁What ▁R iley ▁W ore ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : W omen ▁children ' s ▁writers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Davis ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁En ne apter yg ius ▁ni ue ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁triple fin ▁bl en ny ▁which ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Pacific ▁around ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁Ni ue ▁and ▁Sam oa . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁inter tid al ▁zone ▁and ▁cor al ▁re ef s . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁by ▁Ron ald ▁F ric ke ▁and ▁Mark ▁V . ▁Erd mann . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁ni ue ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jer ome ▁Klein ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁art ▁historian ▁and ▁art ▁critic ▁and ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Art ists ' ▁Congress ▁( A AC ). ▁ ▁Career ▁Klein ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁an ▁instruct or ▁in ▁art ▁history ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁the ▁only ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁interested |
▁in ▁modern ▁art . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁Klein ▁signed ▁a ▁letter ▁protest ing ▁the ▁decision ▁of ▁the ▁university ▁to ▁inv ite ▁Hans ▁Luther , ▁the ▁Amb assador ▁from ▁Naz i ▁Germany , ▁to ▁speak ▁at ▁Columbia . ▁▁ ▁Although ▁other ▁profess ors ▁also ▁signed ▁the ▁letter , ▁Klein ’ s ▁return ▁address ▁left ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁letters ▁by ▁a ▁care less ▁student ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁fasc ism ▁identified ▁Klein ▁as ▁the ▁ring le ader . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Stephen ▁H . ▁Nor wood , ▁Columbia ▁University ▁President ▁Nicholas ▁Murray ▁Butler , ▁an ▁adm ir er ▁of ▁Italian ▁and ▁German ▁fasc ism , ▁fired ▁Klein ▁for ▁signing ▁the ▁letter . ▁ ▁Klein ▁became ▁the ▁art ▁critic ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Post , ▁writing ▁also ▁for ▁other ▁publications . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁champion ▁of ▁the ▁social ist ▁ ▁artists ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁calling ▁for ▁a ▁“ bro ad , ▁un ified ▁social - art istic ▁engineering ▁which ▁would ▁transform ▁man ’ s ▁environment ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁man .” ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁ ▁Klein ▁was ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Art ists ' ▁Congress , ▁organized ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁call ▁of ▁the ▁Popular ▁Front ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁for ▁form ations ▁of ▁literary ▁and ▁art istic ▁groups ▁against ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁F asc ism . ▁▁ ▁His ▁image ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁drawing ▁of ▁the ▁con gress ▁organiz ers ▁by ▁Pe pp ino |
▁Mang rav ite . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Modern ▁Masters , ▁from ▁Man et ▁to ▁G au gu in , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : American ▁art ▁histor ians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Con eg ar ▁Hill ▁is ▁a ▁prominent ▁rise , ▁ ▁high , ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Broad w inds or ▁in ▁the ▁Ye ov il ▁Sc ar pl ands , ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Dor set ▁in ▁southern ▁England . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁prom in ence ▁of ▁ ▁which ▁class ifies ▁it ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁T umps . ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁sum mit ▁is ▁un wood ed ▁and ▁bounded ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁by ▁trib ut aries ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁A xe ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁Broad w inds or ▁col ▁to ▁W add on ▁Hill . ▁To ▁the ▁north ▁is ▁B lag don ▁Hill , ▁a ▁sub sum mit ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁r idge . ▁The ▁B 3 1 6 4 ▁from ▁Broad w inds or ▁cross es ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁fl ank ▁of ▁Con eg ar ▁Hill ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁A ▁ 3 0 6 6 ▁at ▁Wh et ley ▁Cross ▁ 2 ▁kilometres ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast . ▁A ▁small ▁l ane , ▁branches ▁off ▁north wards ▁across ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁hill . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" Con eg ar " ▁der ives ▁from ▁the |
▁early ▁Med ieval ▁English ▁term ▁" con y - gar th " ▁literally ▁meaning ▁rabb it ▁yard . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁hill ▁was ▁possibly ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁man - made ▁pill ow ▁m ound , ▁used ▁for ▁raising ▁rabb its ▁or ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁close ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁a ▁pill ow ▁m ound . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : H ills ▁of ▁Dor set <0x0A> </s> ▁Sweden ▁entered ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁with ▁" La ▁voix ", ▁performed ▁by ▁Mal ena ▁Ern man . ▁Ern man ▁was ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁song ▁contest ▁Mel od if estival en , ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁Sweden ' s ▁selection ▁process ▁for ▁Euro vision . ▁ ▁Ern man ▁represented ▁Sweden ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁semi - final ▁of ▁the ▁Cont est ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁where ▁she ▁qualified ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁Cont est ▁after ▁receiving ▁ 1 0 5 ▁points , ▁placing ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁compet ing ▁entries . ▁At ▁the ▁final ▁she ▁performed ▁ 4 th ▁on ▁stage . ▁At ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁voting ▁she ▁had ▁received ▁ 3 3 ▁points , ▁placing ▁ 2 1 st ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁compet ing ▁countries . ▁ ▁Mel od if estival en ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Mel od if estival en ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁song ▁contest ▁held |
▁between ▁February ▁and ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁selection ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 9 th ▁song ▁to ▁represent ▁Sweden ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁ 4 8 th ▁Mel od if estival en . ▁Five ▁semi - final s ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁cities ▁of ▁Goth enburg , ▁Sk elle fte å , ▁Le ks and ▁and ▁Mal m ö , ▁with ▁Nor r kö ping ▁hosting ▁the ▁final ▁And ra ▁Ch ansen ▁( Second ▁Ch ance ) ▁round . ▁The ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁contest ▁was ▁cont ested ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁capital ▁of ▁Stockholm , ▁at ▁the ▁Glo be ▁Arena , ▁where ▁ 1 1 ▁songs ▁competed ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁contest ▁and ▁represent ▁Sweden ▁at ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁Russia . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁edition ▁of ▁Mel od if estival en ▁implemented ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁new ▁rules ▁which ▁changed ▁the ▁dynamics ▁of ▁the ▁contest , ▁including ▁more ▁people , ▁pre - record ed ▁backing ▁vocals ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁international ▁j ury ▁who ▁selected ▁an ▁ 1 1 th ▁final ist . ▁ ▁Final ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁at ▁Glo ben ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁ 1 1 ▁songs ▁competed , ▁with ▁the ▁winner ▁being ▁decided ▁by ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁te lev oting / S MS ▁voting ▁and ▁j ury ▁voting . ▁The ▁final ▁winner ▁was ▁Mal ena ▁Ern man ▁with ▁the ▁pop / |
opera ▁song ▁" La ▁voix ", ▁composed ▁by ▁Ern man ▁and ▁last ▁year ' s ▁winning ▁composer ▁Fred rik ▁K em pe , ▁and ▁was ▁s ung ▁in ▁both ▁English ▁and ▁French . ▁Ern man ▁received ▁top ▁marks ▁from ▁the ▁te lev oting ▁public , ▁and ▁only ▁came ▁ 8 th ▁with ▁the ▁jur ies . ▁Second ▁place ▁went ▁to ▁Caroline ▁af ▁U gg las ▁with ▁" S n äl la , ▁sn äl la ", ▁while ▁third ▁place ▁went ▁to ▁boy band ▁E . M . D . ▁with ▁" B aby ▁Good bye ". ▁ ▁At ▁Euro vision ▁Since ▁Sweden ▁is ▁not ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" Big ▁Four " ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁contest , ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁semi - final s . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁draw ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁the ▁Swedish ▁entr ant ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁semi - final ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁performing ▁ 5 th . ▁At ▁the ▁semif inal , ▁Sweden ' s ▁entry ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁final , ▁which ▁took ▁take ▁place ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 6 . ▁while ▁the ▁draw ▁for ▁the ▁running ▁order ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁finished ▁ 2 1 st ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁participants ▁with ▁just ▁ 3 3 ▁points . ▁ ▁Split ▁results ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Final ▁Sweden ▁came ▁ 2 1 st ▁with ▁ 3 |
3 ▁points : ▁the ▁public ▁awarded ▁Sweden ▁ 1 5 th ▁place ▁with ▁ 5 9 ▁points ▁and ▁the ▁j ury ▁awarded ▁ 2 2 nd ▁place ▁with ▁ 2 7 ▁points . ▁ ▁Te lev oting ▁results ▁Sem i ▁Final ▁voting ▁ ▁Sweden ' s ▁te lev oting ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁semi ▁final ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁The ▁te lev otes ▁were ▁then ▁converted ▁into ▁points , ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁points ▁column . ▁ ▁Final ▁voting ▁ ▁Sweden ' s ▁te lev oting ▁for ▁the ▁grand ▁final ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁The ▁te lev otes ▁were ▁then ▁converted ▁into ▁points , ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁te lev ote ▁points ▁column . ▁As ▁the ▁ 5 0 / 5 0 ▁rule ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁re - int rodu ced ▁a ▁j ury ▁of ▁ 5 ▁profession als ▁in ▁music ▁from ▁Sweden ▁also ▁voted . ▁These ▁votes ▁were ▁then ▁combined ▁and ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁point ▁system ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁column . ▁ ▁Point s ▁awarded ▁by ▁Sweden ▁ ▁Sem i - final ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Sweden ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁SV T ' s ▁Mel od if estival en ▁Website ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Category : Count ries ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Euro vision ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁in ▁Swedish ▁television <0x0A> </s> |
▁is ▁a ▁ 1 4 3 m ▁( 4 6 9 ft ) ▁tall ▁office ▁sk ys cra per ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan . ▁At ▁ 3 8 ▁stories ▁the ▁building ▁is ▁the ▁ 8 6 th ▁tall est ▁building ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁It ▁contains ▁ 1 . 4 ▁million ▁sq ▁ft ▁( 1 3 4 , 9 7 4 ▁m ² ) ▁of ▁office ▁space , ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁occupied ▁by ▁M iz u ho ▁Bank , ▁the ▁consumer ▁bank ing ▁arm ▁of ▁the ▁second - larg est ▁Japanese ▁financial ▁con gl omer ate ▁M iz u ho ▁Fin an cial ▁Group , ▁while ▁still ▁called ▁the ▁D KB ▁Head ▁Office ▁from ▁time ▁to ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Chi y oda ▁at ▁ 1 ▁U ch is ai wa ich ō ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁D ai - I chi ▁K ang yo ▁Bank ▁Head ▁Office ▁Building . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁architect s ▁Y osh in ob u ▁Ash ih ara ▁& ▁Part ners ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁Sh im iz u ▁Corporation , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁“ big ▁five ” ▁real ▁estate ▁developers ▁in ▁Japan . ▁D ai - I chi ▁K ang yo ▁Bank ▁( “ DK B ” ) ▁combined ▁with ▁Fu ji ▁Bank ▁and ▁the ▁Indust rial ▁Bank ▁of ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁form ▁M iz u ho ▁Fin an cial ▁Group . ▁ |
▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Sh im iz u ▁Corporation ▁Project ▁Gallery ▁ ▁M iz u ho ▁Bank ▁Head ▁Office ▁Building , ▁Tokyo ▁( Emp oris ) ▁ ▁Bank ▁Head ▁Office ▁Building , ▁Tokyo ▁Category : Sk ys cra per ▁office ▁buildings ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁Category : Sh im iz u ▁ ▁Category : Office ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Brown ▁Pl ays ▁James ▁Brown ▁Today ▁& ▁Y esterday ▁is ▁the ▁t enth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁music ian ▁James ▁Brown . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁by ▁Sm ash ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁tracks ▁composed ▁by ▁James ▁Brown ; ▁except ▁where ▁indicated ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁albums ▁Category : James ▁Brown ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁James ▁Brown ▁Category : Sm ash ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Naval ram ▁La x mir am ▁P and ya ▁( Gu jar ati : ▁ <0xE0> <0xAA> <0xA8> <0xE0> <0xAA> <0xB5> <0xE0> <0xAA> <0xB2> <0xE0> <0xAA> <0xB0> ા <0xE0> <0xAA> <0xAE> ) ▁( 9 ▁March ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁– ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Gu jar ati ▁critic , ▁play w right , ▁poet , ▁ess ay ist , ▁editor , ▁education ist ▁and ▁a ▁social ▁reform er . ▁He ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁most ▁important ▁figure ▁in ▁modern ▁Gu jar ati ▁literature . ▁The ▁first ▁hum our ist , ▁the ▁first ▁historical ▁dram at ist , |
▁the ▁first ▁critic ▁and ▁a ▁leading ▁scholar ▁of ▁his ▁age , ▁Naval ram ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁her ald ▁the ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁writers ▁like ▁Man il al ▁D w ived i , ▁G ov ard han ram ▁Tri path i ▁and ▁N ars in h ra o ▁Div et ia . ▁His ▁writ ings ▁covered ▁numerous ▁areas , ▁including ▁philosophy , ▁patri ot ism , ▁re formation , ▁education , ▁journal ism , ▁grammar ▁and ▁literature . ▁ ▁Life ▁Naval ram ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁in ▁Sur at ▁( now ▁in ▁Gu jar at ) ▁to ▁N and kor ▁and ▁Lak sh mir am ▁P and ya . ▁Phys ically ▁weak ▁as ▁a ▁child , ▁he ▁didn ' t ▁take ▁much ▁interest ▁in ▁games ▁and ▁was ▁intro vert ▁in ▁nature . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eleven , ▁he ▁passed ▁the ▁final ▁vern ac ular ▁exam ▁and ▁got ▁ad mission ▁in ▁an ▁English ▁school ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁mer it ▁scholar . ▁He ▁passed ▁his ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁Though ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁pro dig y ▁in ▁mathematics ▁he ▁didn ' t ▁go ▁to ▁college ▁and ▁joined ▁as ▁an ▁Add itional ▁Te acher ▁at ▁the ▁English ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Sur at ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁From ▁there ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁De esa ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Ang lo ▁Vern ac ular ▁School . ▁Then ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁assistant ▁principal ▁of ▁Ah med abad ▁Training ▁College ▁and ▁worked ▁there |
▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁Princi pal ▁of ▁Raj k ot ▁Training ▁College ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁on ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 , ▁he ▁married ▁Sh iv aga uri , ▁who ▁died ▁after ▁ 1 0 ▁months ▁of ▁marriage . ▁His ▁second ▁marriage ▁was ▁with ▁Man iga uri ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 0 . ▁His ▁son , ▁D h imat ram , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁while ▁his ▁daughter , ▁Kam la , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁ ▁G ov ard han ram ▁Tri path i ▁and ▁V ij ay ray ▁Va id ya ▁published ▁his ▁bi ography ▁as ▁Naval ram ▁Lak sh mir am ▁Ni ▁J iv ank ath a ▁( 1 9 4 0 ) ▁and ▁Sh uk ra ▁Tar ak ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Works ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁writing ▁literary ▁ess ays ▁and ▁book ▁reviews , ▁Naval ram ▁was ▁a ▁critic ▁of ▁distinction . ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁writing ▁career ▁with ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁Mah ar aj ▁Lib el ▁Case ▁( 1 8 6 3 ). ▁ ▁Pl ays ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁he ▁p enn ed ▁the ▁Gu jar ati ▁B hat nu ▁Bh op alu , ▁based ▁on ▁Henry ▁Field ing |
' s ▁The ▁Mock ▁Doctor , ▁a ▁play ▁which ▁in ▁its ▁turn ▁had ▁been ▁adapted ▁from ▁French ▁play w right ▁M oli ère ' s ▁Le ▁Mé dec in ▁mal gré ▁lui . ▁He ▁wrote ▁the ▁historical ▁play ▁Ve erm ati ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Jag dev ▁Par mar , ▁published ▁in ▁Alexander ▁Kin lo ch ▁For bes ' ▁Ras ▁M ala . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁ ▁He ▁review ed ▁the ▁first ▁Gu jar ati ▁novel , ▁Kar an ▁G hel o ▁in ▁Gu jar at ▁Mit ra ▁daily ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁pione ering ▁the ▁criticism ▁of ▁Gu jar ati ▁literature . ▁ ▁Pro se ▁Naval ram ▁was ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁Sh ala ▁Pat ra , ▁a ▁period ical ▁on ▁education . ▁He ▁wrote ▁serial ▁comment ary ▁on ▁poetry ▁with ▁hum our ▁titled ▁Ak bar sh ah ▁an e ▁Bir bal ▁N im itte ▁H indi ▁H asy atar ang ▁in ▁the ▁period ical ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁His ▁other ▁serial ized ▁writing ▁in ▁period ical ▁Eng re j ▁Lok ▁no ▁Sank sh ipt ▁It ih as ▁( Con c ise ▁History ▁of ▁English men , ▁ 1 8 8 0 – 1 8 8 7 ) ▁was ▁later ▁edited ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Bal w ant ray ▁Th ak ore ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁He ▁translated ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁Meg had ū ta |
▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁in ▁Gu jar ati ▁and ▁also ▁discussed ▁the ▁method ology ▁of ▁translation ▁in ▁it . ▁K av ij ivan ▁( 1 8 8 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁bi ographical ▁work ▁on ▁Gu jar ati ▁poet ▁and ▁social ▁reform er ▁N arm ad ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁aut obi ography , ▁Mari ▁H ak ik at . ▁ ▁O thers ▁His ▁poetry ▁collections ▁Bal al agn ab at ris i ▁( 1 8 7 6 ) ▁critic ized ▁child ▁marriage ▁while ▁Bal agar b av ali ▁( 1 8 7 7 ) ▁is ▁about ▁ide als ▁of ▁life ▁of ▁women . ▁He ▁edited ▁Pre man and ▁Bh att ' s ▁Kun war b ai ▁nu ▁M amer u ▁( 1 8 7 1 ). ▁His ▁V y ut p att ip ath a ▁( 1 8 8 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁ess ay ▁on ▁phil ology ▁in ▁Gu jar ati ▁while ▁N ib and h - rit i ▁was ▁an ▁ess ay ▁on ▁writing ▁ess ays . ▁ ▁His ▁complete ▁works ▁are ▁published ▁under ▁Naval gr anth av ali ▁( 1 8 9 1 ), ▁edited ▁by ▁G ov ard han ram ▁Tri path i . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Gu jar ati - language ▁writers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁' N aval ram ' ▁by ▁R ame ś a ▁Ma ▁Ś uk la , ▁Pub lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Sah ity a ▁Akadem i ▁( New ▁Del hi |
) ▁Mil est ones ▁in ▁Gu jar ati ▁Liter ature ▁by ▁K ▁M ▁J ha ver i . ▁Bra hm b h att , ▁Pr as ad . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁K avy as ar ita . ▁( Liter ary ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁Po etry ). ▁Ah med abad : ▁Par sh wa ▁Public ation . ▁T riv edi , ▁R ames h . ▁M . ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁Ar v ach in ▁Gu jar ati ▁Sah ity ano ▁It i ha as . ▁( History ▁of ▁Modern ▁Gu jar ati ▁Liter ature ). ▁Ah med abad : ▁Ad ar sh ▁P rak ash an . ▁T riv edi , ▁R ames h . ▁M . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Gu jar ati ▁Sah ity ano ▁It i ha as . ▁( History ▁of ▁Gu jar ati ▁Liter ature ). ▁Ah med abad : ▁Ad ar sh ▁P rak ash an . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Gu jar ati - language ▁writers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁ess ay ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Indian ▁educational ▁the or ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁critics ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁journal ists ▁Category : Gu jar ati - language ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Indian ▁journal ists ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁Gu jar at ▁Category |
: Ind ian ▁social ▁reform ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Indian ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Indian ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Indian ▁ess ay ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : D ram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁from ▁Gu jar at ▁Category : Sch ol ars ▁from ▁Gu jar at ▁Category : Trans l ators ▁to ▁Gu jar ati ▁Category : Trans l ators ▁of ▁K ā l id ā sa <0x0A> </s> ▁" Red ▁S leep ing ▁Beaut y " ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁by ▁Mc Car thy ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁B - s ides ▁were ▁" From ▁the ▁Dam ned ", ▁" G od ▁the ▁Father " ▁and ▁" For ▁the ▁F at ▁Lady ". ▁The ▁latter ▁two ▁were ▁only ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 2 " ▁vin yl ▁release . ▁ ▁The ▁single ▁is ▁not ▁on ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁three ▁studio ▁albums . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁releases ▁A ▁La ▁Gu ill ot ine ▁and ▁That ' s ▁All ▁Very ▁Well ▁But .... ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁protest ▁to ▁the ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er ▁government . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁has ▁been ▁covered ▁by ▁Man ic |
▁Street ▁Pre ach ers ▁front man ▁James ▁Dean ▁Brad field ▁and ▁features ▁as ▁a ▁B - side ▁to ▁the ▁Man ics ▁single ▁" Aut umn song " ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁A ▁Swedish ▁ind ie ▁pop ▁band ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁song ▁title . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁singles ▁Category : Mc Car thy ▁( band ) ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Mal col m ▁E den ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Tim ▁G ane <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Black ▁( A pril ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 0 ) ▁was ▁the ▁fourth ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Iowa , ▁serving ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Iowa ▁Category : 1 8 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Bird ▁( 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁artist ▁and ▁teacher ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁varied ▁career . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Bird ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Bath ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁under ▁Cl iff ord ▁Ell is . ▁In ▁Bath , ▁Bird ▁met ▁the ▁elder ly ▁Walter ▁S ick ert ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁influence ▁on ▁him . ▁During ▁World ▁War |
▁Two , ▁Bird ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁and ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁and ▁India . ▁While ▁on ▁active ▁service , ▁Bird ▁continued ▁to ▁paint ▁and ▁submitted ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁works ▁to ▁the ▁War ▁Art ists ' ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee , ▁W A AC . ▁W A AC ▁eventually ▁purchased ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁these ▁pictures ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁now ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁Art ▁Collection . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁Bird ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Education ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁his ▁lect ur ers ▁included ▁Nikol aus ▁Pe vs ner , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Bath ▁to ▁teach ▁art ▁at ▁the ▁Bath ▁Art ▁Second ary ▁School . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁Bird ▁taught ▁for ▁a ▁time ▁as ▁Head ▁of ▁P ain ting ▁at ▁the ▁ ▁Bre tt on ▁Hall ▁Training ▁College . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Community ▁of ▁the ▁Res urre ction ▁at ▁Mir field ▁in ▁York shire . ▁Bird ▁lived ▁as ▁a ▁lay ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lo - C atholic ▁community ▁there ▁for ▁eight ▁years . ▁When ▁he ▁left ▁Mir field , ▁Bird ▁joined ▁the ▁teaching ▁staff ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁under ▁Robin ▁Dar win . ▁There ▁he ▁taught ▁drawing ▁in ▁the ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁School ▁on ▁a ▁part - time ▁basis ▁before ▁taking ▁a ▁full - time ▁role ▁as ▁the ▁vice - pr incipal ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design . ▁Bird ▁worked ▁at |
▁the ▁Central ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁until ▁the ▁last ▁year ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁Bird ▁presented ▁an ▁influ ential ▁series ▁of ▁summer ▁school ▁lect ures ▁on ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁See ing . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁pain ters ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Bath ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁London ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : B rit ish ▁war ▁artists ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Navy ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Bes ant ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁S ask atch ew an . ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁S ask atch ew an <0x0A> </s> ▁Miss ▁Un iverse ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Miss ▁Un iverse ▁page ant , ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁at ▁the ▁Miami ▁Beach ▁Convention ▁Hall ▁in ▁Miami ▁Beach , ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States . ▁Cor in na ▁T so pe i ▁of ▁Greece ▁was ▁crown ed ▁by ▁the ▁out going ▁title holder , |
▁I eda ▁Maria ▁V arg as ▁of ▁Brazil , ▁making ▁her ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁so ▁far ▁only ▁Miss ▁Un iverse ▁from ▁Greece . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁P lac ements ▁ ▁Cont est ants ▁▁▁ ▁- ▁María ▁Am alia ▁Ram í rez ▁▁ ▁- ▁L idia ▁L id w ina ▁Henri quez ▁▁ ▁- ▁R ia ▁L uby en ▁▁ ▁- ▁Gl oria ▁Mack h ▁▁ ▁- ▁Catherine ▁Cart w right ▁▁ ▁- ▁D ani èle ▁De fr ere ▁▁ ▁- ▁Ol ga ▁M ónica ▁del ▁Car pio ▁O ro pe za ▁▁ ▁- ▁ Â ng ela ▁Vas con cel os ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mary ▁R ande ▁H oll ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mary ▁Lou ▁Far rell ▁▁ ▁- ▁An net te ▁D ona ▁K ul at ung a ▁▁ ▁- ▁Pat ric ia ▁Herr era ▁C ign a ▁▁ ▁- ▁Al ba ▁Ram í rez ▁Pla za ▁▁ ▁- ▁D ora ▁Marcel a ▁S ola ▁▁ ▁- ▁I ris ▁An ette ▁de ▁Wind t ▁▁ ▁- ▁Y v onne ▁Mort ensen ▁▁ ▁- ▁Clara ▁Chap use aux ▁So ñ é ▁▁ ▁- ▁T anya ▁Y ela ▁Klein ▁L off red o ▁▁ ▁- ▁Br enda ▁Black ler ▁▁ ▁- ▁Sir pa ▁W allen ius ▁▁ ▁- ▁Ed ith ▁No ël ▁▁ ▁- ▁Marina ▁K ett ler ▁▁ ▁- ▁Cor in na ▁T so pe i ▁▁ ▁- ▁Christ ine ▁Hugh es ▁▁ ▁- ▁Hen ny ▁De ul ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mary ▁B ai ▁▁ ▁- ▁Th el ma ▁Ing vars d ó tt ir ▁▁ ▁- |
▁Me her ▁Cast el ino ▁M ist ri ▁▁ ▁- ▁Maur ine ▁Elizabeth ▁Le ck y ▁ ▁- ▁Ron it ▁R in at ▁▁ ▁- ▁E man uela ▁Str am ana ▁▁ ▁- ▁B ever ly ▁R er rie ▁▁ ▁- ▁Ch iz uk o ▁M ats um oto ▁▁ ▁- ▁Shin ▁Jung - hy un ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mar iet te ▁Soph ie ▁▁ ▁- ▁Ang ela ▁Fil mer ▁▁ ▁- ▁Ly nd al ▁Urs ula ▁Cru ick sh ank ▁▁ ▁- ▁Ed na ▁Park ▁▁ ▁- ▁J or unn ▁N yst ed t ▁Bar un ▁▁ ▁Ok ina wa ▁- ▁Toy oko ▁U eh ara ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mar itza ▁Mont illa ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mi ri am ▁Ri art ▁Bru g ada ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mil us ka ▁V ond rak ▁Ste el ▁▁ ▁- ▁Maria ▁My r na ▁S ese ▁Pan l ilio ▁▁ ▁- ▁Y ol anda ▁Rodríguez ▁Mach in ▁▁ ▁- ▁L ana ▁Yu ▁Y i ▁▁ ▁- ▁Wend y ▁Bar rie ▁▁ ▁- ▁G ail ▁Robinson ▁▁ ▁- ▁Maria ▁José ▁Ul lo a ▁Mad ron ero ▁▁ ▁- ▁St ella ▁Had ley ▁▁ ▁- ▁C yn th ia ▁In grid ▁D ijk stra ▁▁ ▁- ▁S iv ▁Mär ta ▁A ab erg ▁▁ ▁- ▁Sand ra ▁Sul ser ▁▁ ▁- ▁Julia ▁Mer l ene ▁Laur ence ▁▁ ▁- ▁Claud ine ▁You nes ▁▁ ▁- ▁In ç i ▁Dur an ▁▁ ▁- ▁Bob bie ▁Johnson ▁▁ ▁- ▁Del ia ▁Bab iak ▁▁▁ ▁- ▁Mer cedes ▁Re ven ga ▁▁ ▁- ▁Mar |
il yn ▁Joy ▁Samuel ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Deb uts ▁ ▁Name ▁changes ▁▁ ▁began ▁compet ing ▁as ▁Malays ia . ▁ ▁Returns ▁ ▁Last ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 : ▁▁ ▁Last ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 : ▁▁ ▁Last ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 : ▁▁ ▁Last ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 : ▁▁ ▁Last ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 : ▁▁ ▁Last ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 : ▁▁▁▁ ▁Rep lac ements ▁▁ ▁- ▁D ore en ▁Sw an ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Wend y ▁Bar rie . ▁ ▁With draw als ▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁Sand ra ▁Cor rea ▁ ▁Did ▁not ▁Comp ete ▁▁ ▁- ▁V era ▁We e ▁( Sing ap ore ▁in ▁that ▁time ▁was ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁until ▁separated ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 5 .) ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁- ▁Miss ▁Am ity ▁( Je anne ▁Ven ables ) ▁▁ ▁- ▁Miss ▁Phot ogen ic ▁( E man uela ▁Str am ana ) ▁ ▁''' ▁- ▁Best ▁National ▁Cost ume ▁( Hen ny ▁De ul ) ▁ ▁General ▁References ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Miss ▁Un iverse ▁official ▁website ▁▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁beauty ▁page ants ▁Category : Be aut y ▁page ants ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Events ▁in ▁Miami ▁Beach , ▁Florida ▁Category : August ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁L ox |
wood ▁is ▁an ▁elect oral ▁w ard ▁of ▁Ch ich ester ▁District , ▁West ▁Sus sex , ▁England ▁and ▁returns ▁two ▁members ▁to ▁sit ▁on ▁Ch ich ester ▁District ▁Council . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁district ▁boundary ▁review , ▁L ox wood ▁was ▁created ▁from ▁the ▁Pet worth , ▁Pla ist ow ▁and ▁Wis borough ▁Green ▁w ards ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Coun c ill ors ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁* ▁Elect ed ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ch ich ester ▁District ▁Council ▁ ▁E lection ▁Maps ▁ ▁Category : W ards ▁of ▁Ch ich ester ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ice ▁C ube ▁Cur ling ▁Center ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 - se at ▁multi - pur pose ▁ar ena ▁in ▁So chi , ▁Russia , ▁that ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁So chi ▁Olympic ▁Park . ▁ ▁It ▁hosted ▁all ▁the ▁cur ling ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁wheel ch air ▁cur ling ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics . ▁ ▁It ▁cost ▁$ 1 4 . 0 ▁million ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁ven ue , ▁including ▁the ▁temporary ▁works ▁for ▁the ▁Olympics ▁and ▁Par al ym p ics . ▁It ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁games , ▁it ▁will ▁remain ▁a ▁sports ▁ar ena . ▁The ▁ven |
ue ▁is ▁a ▁port able ▁ven ue , ▁designed ▁ ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁possibly ▁be ▁re - located ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁games . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Ven ue ▁Mod els ▁from ▁So chi ▁In vest ment ▁Forum ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Cur ling ▁Arena ▁Information ▁and ▁images ▁ ▁Arena ▁information ▁and ▁draw ings ▁ ▁So chi 2 0 1 4 . com ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : Ind oor ▁aren as ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁So chi ▁Category : V en ues ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cur ling ▁ven ues ▁Category : Ad lers ky ▁City ▁District ▁Category : Cur ling ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁So chi <0x0A> </s> ▁N ă vod ari ▁( , ▁historical ▁names : ▁Car ach io i ; ▁Car aco ium , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Const an ța ▁County , ▁region ▁of ▁Northern ▁Dob ru ja , ▁Roman ia , ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 2 , 4 0 0 . ▁The ▁town ▁formally ▁includes ▁a ▁territorial ly ▁distinct ▁community , ▁Social ▁Group ▁Pen ins ula , ▁and ▁admin ister s ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁village ▁of ▁M ama ia - S at . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁means ▁" t raw lers " ▁in ▁Roman ian . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁settlement ▁was ▁mentioned ▁for ▁the ▁first |
▁time ▁in ▁ 1 4 2 1 ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁K ara ▁Ko y un ▁(" Black ▁She ep "), ▁to ▁be ▁renamed ▁later ▁on ▁Kar ak ö y ▁or ▁Car ach io i ▁(" The ▁Black ▁Village "). ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁the ▁local ity ▁was ▁again ▁renamed ▁to ▁N ă vod ari ▁and ▁after ▁five ▁years , ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁granted ▁commune ▁status . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁developed ▁during ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁industrial ization ▁program . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁the ▁super ph osph ate ▁and ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁plant , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁US AS ▁( U z ina ▁de ▁Super f os f at ▁si ▁Ac id ▁Sul fur ic , ▁Super ph osph ate ▁and ▁Sul fur ic ▁Ac id ▁Factory ), ▁whose ▁construction ▁had ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁was ▁opened , ▁p aving ▁the ▁road ▁towards ▁the ▁industrial ization ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁dem ographic ▁growth . ▁However , ▁the ▁factory ▁poll uted ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁and ▁Ta ş a ul ▁Lake ▁with ▁to xic ▁d umps . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁poll ution ▁was ▁greatly ▁reduced ▁as ▁the ▁factory ▁was ▁modern ized . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁N ă vod ari ▁exceed ed ▁ 6 , 5 0 0 ▁inhabitants . ▁A ▁law ▁adopted ▁that ▁year ▁granted ▁the |
▁commune ▁of ▁N ă vod ari ▁town ▁status ▁and ▁placed ▁the ▁M ama ia ▁Sat ▁village ▁under ▁its ▁administration . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Current ▁status ▁Today ▁N ă vod ari ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁chemical ▁and ▁industrial ▁town ▁containing ▁a ▁car ▁rep airs ▁factory ▁and ▁a ▁Pet rom idia ▁factory ▁special ized ▁in ▁pet ro chem ical ▁products . ▁ ▁N ă vod ari ▁has ▁also ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁cultural ▁fields ; ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁center ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁children ' s ▁town , ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁vac ation ▁accommod ations , ▁and ▁sports ▁facilities ▁where ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁visitors ▁can ▁be ▁accommod ated . ▁ ▁Some ▁ 5 ▁kilometres ▁from ▁the ▁town ▁itself ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁summer ▁camp ▁( the ▁largest ▁one ▁in ▁Roman ia ), ▁built ▁under ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime ▁for ▁school ▁children . ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁interesting ▁program mes , ▁good ▁accommod ation ▁and ▁afford able ▁prices , ▁it ▁was ▁extremely ▁popular ▁among ▁teachers ▁and ▁parents . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁it ▁was ▁opened ▁for ▁the ▁public ▁at ▁large ▁as ▁a ▁cheap ▁se as ide ▁resort . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census , ▁N ă vod ari ▁had ▁ 2 9 , |
8 7 3 ▁Roman ians ▁( 9 4 . 6 7 % ), ▁ 2 8 3 ▁Hung ari ans ▁( 0 . 9 0 % ), ▁ 3 0 9 ▁Roma ▁( 0 . 9 8 % ), ▁ 1 0 ▁Germ ans ▁( 0 . 0 3 % ), ▁ 2 9 7 ▁Tur ks ▁( 0 . 9 4 % ), ▁ 1 1 5 ▁Tat ars ▁( 0 . 3 6 % ), ▁ 5 4 5 ▁Lip ov ans ▁( 1 . 7 3 % ), ▁ 2 7 ▁A rom ani ans ▁( 0 . 0 9 % ), ▁ 7 7 ▁others ▁( 0 . 2 4 % ), ▁ 1 8 ▁with ▁und ec la red ▁eth nic ity ▁( 0 . 0 6 %) ▁. ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Notable ▁n atives ▁Ad rian ▁L ung u , ▁Roman ia ' s ▁most ▁c apped ▁rugby ▁union ▁player , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁N ă vod ari . ▁La uren ț iu ▁Du ță , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rei ▁Sud ▁Est ▁band ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁City ▁television ▁site ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Mon ot own s ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Const an ța ▁County ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁coast al ▁places ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Port ▁cities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Port ▁cities ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁probability ▁theory |
▁and ▁statistics , ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁( ; ▁in ▁English ▁often ▁rendered ▁), ▁named ▁after ▁French ▁math ematic ian ▁Sim éon ▁Den is ▁Po isson , ▁is ▁a ▁discrete ▁probability ▁distribution ▁that ▁express es ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁a ▁given ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁a ▁fixed ▁interval ▁of ▁time ▁or ▁space ▁if ▁these ▁events ▁occur ▁with ▁a ▁known ▁constant ▁mean ▁rate ▁and ▁independently ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁last ▁event . ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁in ▁other ▁specified ▁intervals ▁such ▁as ▁distance , ▁area ▁or ▁volume . ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁an ▁individual ▁keeping ▁track ▁of ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁mail ▁they ▁receive ▁each ▁day ▁may ▁notice ▁that ▁they ▁receive ▁an ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁ 4 ▁letters ▁per ▁day . ▁If ▁receiving ▁any ▁particular ▁piece ▁of ▁mail ▁does ▁not ▁affect ▁the ▁arrival ▁times ▁of ▁future ▁pieces ▁of ▁mail , ▁i . e ., ▁if ▁pieces ▁of ▁mail ▁from ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁sources ▁arrive ▁independently ▁of ▁one ▁another , ▁then ▁a ▁reasonable ▁assumption ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁pieces ▁of ▁mail ▁received ▁in ▁a ▁day ▁ob e ys ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁Other ▁examples ▁that ▁may ▁follow ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁include ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁phone ▁calls ▁received ▁by ▁a ▁call ▁center ▁per ▁hour ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁decay ▁events ▁per ▁second ▁from ▁a ▁radio active ▁source . ▁ ▁De fin itions ▁ ▁Pro b ability ▁mass ▁function ▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁popular ▁for ▁model ing ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁times |
▁an ▁event ▁occurs ▁in ▁an ▁interval ▁of ▁time ▁or ▁space . ▁ ▁A ▁discrete ▁random ▁variable ▁X ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁parameter ▁ λ > 0 , ▁if , ▁for ▁k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ..., ▁the ▁probability ▁mass ▁function ▁of ▁X ▁is ▁given ▁by : ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁e ▁is ▁E uler ' s ▁number ▁( e ▁= ▁ 2 . 7 1 8 2 8 ...) ▁ ▁k ! ▁is ▁the ▁factor ial ▁of ▁k . ▁ ▁The ▁positive ▁real ▁number ▁ λ ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁expected ▁value ▁of ▁X ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁its ▁variance ▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁possible ▁events , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁rare . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁such ▁events ▁that ▁occur ▁during ▁a ▁fixed ▁time ▁interval ▁is , ▁under ▁the ▁right ▁circumstances , ▁a ▁random ▁number ▁with ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁ ▁Example ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁may ▁be ▁useful ▁to ▁model ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁meteor ites ▁greater ▁than ▁ 1 ▁meter ▁diameter ▁that ▁strike ▁Earth ▁in ▁a ▁year ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁patients ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁an ▁emer gency ▁room ▁between ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁pm ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁las er ▁phot ons ▁hitting ▁a ▁det ector ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁time ▁interval ▁ ▁Ass um ptions ▁and ▁valid ity ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁an ▁appropriate ▁model ▁if ▁the ▁following |
▁assumptions ▁are ▁true : ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁times ▁an ▁event ▁occurs ▁in ▁an ▁interval ▁and ▁ ▁can ▁take ▁values ▁ 0 , ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁.... ▁ ▁The ▁occurrence ▁of ▁one ▁event ▁does ▁not ▁affect ▁the ▁probability ▁that ▁a ▁second ▁event ▁will ▁occur . ▁That ▁is , ▁events ▁occur ▁independently . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁rate ▁at ▁which ▁events ▁occur ▁is ▁independent ▁of ▁any ▁occurr ences . ▁For ▁simplicity , ▁this ▁is ▁usually ▁assumed ▁to ▁be ▁constant , ▁but ▁may ▁in ▁practice ▁vary ▁with ▁time . ▁ ▁Two ▁events ▁cannot ▁occur ▁at ▁exactly ▁the ▁same ▁instant ; ▁instead , ▁at ▁each ▁very ▁small ▁sub - interval ▁exactly ▁one ▁event ▁either ▁occurs ▁or ▁does ▁not ▁occur . ▁ ▁If ▁these ▁conditions ▁are ▁true , ▁then ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Po isson ▁random ▁variable , ▁and ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁a ▁bin omial ▁distribution , ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁success ▁for ▁each ▁trial ▁equals ▁ ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁tri als , ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁tri als ▁approaches ▁infinity ▁( see ▁Rel ated ▁distributions ). ▁ ▁Pro b ability ▁of ▁events ▁for ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁An ▁event ▁can ▁occur ▁ 0 , ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁... ▁times ▁in ▁an ▁interval . ▁The ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁in ▁an ▁interval ▁is ▁designated ▁ ▁( lambda ). ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁event ▁rate , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁rate ▁parameter . ▁The ▁probability |
▁of ▁obser ving ▁ ▁events ▁in ▁an ▁interval ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁equation ▁ ▁where ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁per ▁interval ▁ ▁e ▁is ▁the ▁number ▁ 2 . 7 1 8 2 8 ... ▁( E uler ' s ▁number ) ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁log arith ms ▁▁ ▁takes ▁values ▁ 0 , ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁... ▁ ▁! ▁= ▁ ▁× ▁( ▁− ▁ 1 ) ▁× ▁( ▁− ▁ 2 ) ▁× ▁... ▁× ▁ 2 ▁× ▁ 1 ▁is ▁the ▁factor ial ▁of ▁. ▁This ▁equation ▁is ▁the ▁probability ▁mass ▁function ▁( PM F ) ▁for ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁ ▁This ▁equation ▁can ▁be ▁adapted ▁if , ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁, ▁we ▁are ▁given ▁a ▁time ▁rate ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁events ▁to ▁happen . ▁Then ▁ ▁( with ▁ ▁in ▁units ▁of ▁ 1 / time ), ▁and ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁probability ▁for ▁Po isson ▁distributions ▁▁ ▁On ▁a ▁particular ▁river , ▁overflow ▁flo ods ▁occur ▁once ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁on ▁average . ▁Calcul ate ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁ ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁ 5 , ▁or ▁ 6 ▁overflow ▁flo ods ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - year ▁interval , ▁assuming ▁the ▁Po isson ▁model ▁is ▁appropriate . ▁ ▁Because ▁the ▁average ▁event ▁rate ▁is ▁one ▁overflow ▁flo od ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years , ▁ |
λ ▁= ▁ 1 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁gives ▁the ▁probability ▁for ▁ 0 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁overflow ▁flo ods ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - year ▁period . ▁ ▁U gar te ▁and ▁colle agues ▁report ▁that ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁goals ▁in ▁a ▁World ▁Cup ▁s occer ▁match ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 2 . 5 ▁and ▁the ▁Po isson ▁model ▁is ▁appropriate . ▁Because ▁the ▁average ▁event ▁rate ▁is ▁ 2 . 5 ▁goals ▁per ▁match , ▁ λ ▁= ▁ 2 . 5 . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁gives ▁the ▁probability ▁for ▁ 0 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁goals ▁in ▁a ▁match . ▁ ▁Once ▁in ▁an ▁interval ▁events : ▁The ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁ λ ▁= ▁ 1 ▁and ▁k ▁= ▁ 0 ▁▁ ▁Suppose ▁that ▁astronom ers ▁estimate ▁that ▁large ▁meteor ites ▁( above ▁a ▁certain ▁size ) ▁hit ▁the ▁earth ▁on ▁average ▁once ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁( λ ▁= ▁ 1 ▁event ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ), ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁meteor ite ▁hits ▁follows ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁What ▁is ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁ ▁= ▁ 0 ▁meteor ite ▁hits ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ? ▁▁▁▁ ▁Under ▁these ▁assumptions , ▁the ▁probability ▁that ▁no ▁large ▁meteor ites ▁hit ▁the ▁earth ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁is ▁roughly ▁ 0 . 3 7 . ▁The ▁remaining ▁ 1 − 0 . 3 7 = ▁ 0 . 6 3 ▁is ▁the |
▁probability ▁of ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁or ▁more ▁large ▁meteor ite ▁hits ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years . ▁In ▁an ▁example ▁above , ▁an ▁overflow ▁flo od ▁occurred ▁once ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁( λ = 1 ). ▁The ▁probability ▁of ▁no ▁overflow ▁flo ods ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁was ▁roughly ▁ 0 . 3 7 , ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁calculation . ▁ ▁In ▁general , ▁if ▁an ▁event ▁occurs ▁on ▁average ▁once ▁per ▁interval ▁( λ = 1 ), ▁and ▁the ▁events ▁follow ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution , ▁then ▁. ▁In ▁addition , ▁P ( ex actly ▁one ▁event ▁in ▁next ▁interval ) ▁= ▁ 0 . 3 7 , ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁for ▁overflow ▁flo ods . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁that ▁viol ate ▁the ▁Po isson ▁assumptions ▁▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁students ▁who ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁student ▁union ▁per ▁minute ▁will ▁likely ▁not ▁follow ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution , ▁because ▁the ▁rate ▁is ▁not ▁constant ▁( low ▁rate ▁during ▁class ▁time , ▁high ▁rate ▁between ▁class ▁times ) ▁and ▁the ▁arrival s ▁of ▁individual ▁students ▁are ▁not ▁independent ▁( stud ents ▁tend ▁to ▁come ▁in ▁groups ). ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁magnitude ▁ 5 ▁earth qu akes ▁per ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁country ▁may ▁not ▁follow ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁if ▁one ▁large ▁earth qu ake ▁increases ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁after sh ock s ▁of ▁similar ▁magnitude . ▁ ▁Among ▁patients ▁admitted ▁to ▁the |
▁int ensive ▁care ▁unit ▁of ▁a ▁hospital , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁days ▁that ▁the ▁patients ▁spend ▁in ▁the ▁IC U ▁is ▁not ▁Po isson ▁distributed ▁because ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁days ▁cannot ▁be ▁zero . ▁The ▁distribution ▁may ▁be ▁mode led ▁using ▁a ▁Zero - tr unc ated ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁ ▁Count ▁distributions ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁intervals ▁with ▁zero ▁events ▁is ▁higher ▁than ▁predicted ▁by ▁a ▁Po isson ▁model ▁may ▁be ▁mode led ▁using ▁a ▁Zero - infl ated ▁model . ▁ ▁Properties ▁ ▁Des cript ive ▁statistics ▁▁ ▁The ▁expected ▁value ▁and ▁variance ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson - dist ributed ▁random ▁variable ▁are ▁both ▁equal ▁to ▁ λ . ▁ ▁The ▁coefficient ▁of ▁variation ▁is ▁, ▁while ▁the ▁index ▁of ▁disp ersion ▁is ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁mean ▁absolute ▁deviation ▁about ▁the ▁mean ▁is ▁▁ ▁The ▁mode ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson - dist ributed ▁random ▁variable ▁with ▁non - integer ▁ λ ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁, ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁integer ▁less ▁than ▁or ▁equal ▁to λ . ▁This ▁is ▁also ▁written ▁as ▁floor ( λ ). ▁When ▁ λ ▁is ▁a ▁positive ▁integer , ▁the ▁modes ▁are ▁ λ ▁and ▁ λ − 1 . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁cum ul ants ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁are ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁expected ▁value λ . ▁The ▁n th ▁factor ial ▁moment ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁ λ n . ▁ ▁The ▁expected ▁value ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson ▁process ▁is ▁sometimes ▁decom |
posed ▁into ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁intensity ▁and ▁expos ure ▁( or ▁more ▁generally ▁expressed ▁as ▁the ▁integral ▁of ▁an ▁" int ens ity ▁function " ▁over ▁time ▁or ▁space , ▁sometimes ▁described ▁as ▁“ ex pos ure ” ). ▁ ▁Med ian ▁▁ ▁B ounds ▁for ▁the ▁median ▁() ▁of ▁the ▁distribution ▁are ▁known ▁and ▁are ▁sharp : ▁ ▁High er ▁moments ▁▁ ▁The ▁higher ▁moments ▁mk ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁about ▁the ▁origin ▁are ▁Touch ard ▁polynomials ▁in ▁ λ : ▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁the ▁{ bra ces } ▁denote ▁St ir ling ▁numbers ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁kind . ▁The ▁coefficients ▁of ▁the ▁polynomials ▁have ▁a ▁combin atorial ▁meaning . ▁In ▁fact , ▁when ▁the ▁expected ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁ 1 , ▁then ▁Dob in ski ' s ▁formula ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁n th ▁moment ▁equals ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁partitions ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁size ▁n . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁non - center ed ▁moments ▁we ▁define ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁some ▁absolute ▁constant ▁greater ▁than ▁ 0 . ▁ ▁S ums ▁of ▁Po isson - dist ributed ▁random ▁variables ▁▁ ▁If ▁ ▁for ▁ ▁are ▁independent , ▁then ▁. ▁A ▁con verse ▁is ▁Ra ik ov ' s ▁theorem , ▁which ▁says ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁two ▁independent ▁random ▁variables ▁is ▁Po isson - dist ributed , ▁then ▁so ▁are ▁each ▁of ▁those ▁two ▁independent ▁random ▁variables . ▁ ▁Other ▁properties ▁▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distributions ▁are ▁infinitely ▁divis ible ▁probability ▁distributions . ▁ |
▁The ▁directed ▁K ull back – Le ib ler ▁diver gence ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁ ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁▁▁▁ ▁B ounds ▁for ▁the ▁tail ▁prob abilities ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson ▁random ▁variable ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁using ▁a ▁Ch ern off ▁bound ▁argument . ▁ ▁, ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁upper ▁tail ▁probability ▁can ▁be ▁tight ened ▁( by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁two ) ▁as ▁follows : ▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁directed ▁K ull back – Le ib ler ▁diver gence , ▁as ▁described ▁above . ▁▁ ▁I ne qual ities ▁that ▁relate ▁the ▁distribution ▁function ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson ▁random ▁variable ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁Standard ▁normal ▁distribution ▁function ▁ ▁are ▁as ▁follows : ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁again ▁the ▁directed ▁K ull back – Le ib ler ▁diver gence . ▁ ▁Po isson ▁races ▁▁ ▁Let ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁be ▁independent ▁random ▁variables , ▁with ▁, ▁then ▁we ▁have ▁that ▁ ▁The ▁upper ▁bound ▁is ▁proved ▁using ▁a ▁standard ▁Ch ern off ▁bound . ▁ ▁The ▁lower ▁bound ▁can ▁be ▁proved ▁by ▁not ing ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁probability ▁that ▁, ▁where ▁, ▁which ▁is ▁bounded ▁below ▁by ▁, ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁relative ▁entropy ▁( See ▁the ▁entry ▁on ▁bounds ▁on ▁t ails ▁of ▁bin omial ▁distributions ▁for ▁details ). ▁Further ▁not ing ▁that ▁, ▁and ▁computing ▁a ▁lower ▁bound ▁on ▁the ▁un cond itional ▁probability ▁gives ▁the ▁result . ▁More ▁details ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁append ix ▁of ▁Kam ath ▁et ▁al .. ▁ ▁Rel ated ▁distributions ▁ ▁General |
▁ ▁If ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁independent , ▁then ▁the ▁difference ▁ ▁follows ▁a ▁Sk ell am ▁distribution . ▁ ▁If ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁independent , ▁then ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁ ▁conditional ▁on ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁bin omial ▁distribution . ▁Specifically , ▁if ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁. ▁More ▁generally , ▁if ▁X 1 , ▁X 2 ,..., ▁X n ▁are ▁independent ▁Po isson ▁random ▁variables ▁with ▁parameters ▁ λ 1 , ▁ λ 2 ,..., ▁ λ n ▁then ▁ ▁given ▁ ▁. ▁In ▁fact , ▁. ▁ ▁If ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁, ▁conditional ▁on ▁X = k , ▁is ▁a ▁bin omial ▁distribution , ▁, ▁then ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁Y ▁follows ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁. ▁In ▁fact , ▁if ▁, ▁conditional ▁on ▁X ▁= ▁k , ▁follows ▁a ▁mult in omial ▁distribution , ▁, ▁then ▁each ▁ ▁follows ▁an ▁independent ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁as ▁a ▁limit ing ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁bin omial ▁distribution ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁tri als ▁goes ▁to ▁infinity ▁and ▁the ▁expected ▁number ▁of ▁success es ▁remains ▁fixed ▁— ▁see ▁law ▁of ▁rare ▁events ▁below . ▁Therefore , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁approximation ▁of ▁the ▁bin omial ▁distribution ▁if ▁n ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁large ▁and ▁p ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁small . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁rule ▁of ▁thumb ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁approximation ▁of ▁the ▁bin omial ▁distribution ▁if ▁n ▁is ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁p ▁is ▁smaller |
▁than ▁or ▁equal ▁to ▁ 0 . 0 5 , ▁and ▁an ▁excellent ▁approximation ▁if ▁n ≥ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁np ≤ 1 0 . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁discrete ▁comp ound ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁( or ▁st utter ing ▁Po isson ▁distribution ) ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁parameter . ▁The ▁discrete ▁comp ound ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁dedu ced ▁from ▁the ▁limit ing ▁distribution ▁of ▁un ivari ate ▁mult in omial ▁distribution . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁comp ound ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁ ▁For ▁sufficiently ▁large ▁values ▁of ▁ λ , ▁( say ▁ λ > 1 0 0 0 ), ▁the ▁normal ▁distribution ▁with ▁mean ▁ λ ▁and ▁variance ▁ λ ▁( standard ▁deviation ▁) ▁is ▁an ▁excellent ▁approximation ▁to ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution . ▁If ▁ λ ▁is ▁greater ▁than ▁about ▁ 1 0 , ▁then ▁the ▁normal ▁distribution ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁approximation ▁if ▁an ▁appropriate ▁continu ity ▁correction ▁is ▁performed , ▁i . e ., ▁if ▁P ( X ≤ x ), ▁where ▁x ▁is ▁a ▁non - negative ▁integer , ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁P ( X ≤ x + 0 . 5 ). ▁▁▁ ▁Var iance - st abil izing ▁transformation : ▁If ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁Under ▁this ▁transformation , ▁the ▁convergence ▁to ▁normal ity ▁( as ▁ ▁increases ) ▁is ▁far ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁un transform ed ▁variable . ▁Other , |
▁slightly ▁more ▁complicated , ▁variance ▁stabil izing ▁transformations ▁are ▁available , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁Ans com be ▁transform . ▁See ▁Data ▁transformation ▁( stat istics ) ▁for ▁more ▁general ▁uses ▁of ▁transformations . ▁ ▁If ▁for ▁every ▁t > 0 ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁arrival s ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁interval ▁[ 0 , t ] ▁follows ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁mean ▁ λ t , ▁then ▁the ▁sequence ▁of ▁inter - ar rival ▁times ▁are ▁independent ▁and ▁ident ically ▁distributed ▁exponential ▁random ▁variables ▁having ▁mean 1 / λ . ▁ ▁The ▁cum ulative ▁distribution ▁functions ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁and ▁chi - squ ared ▁distributions ▁are ▁related ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁ways : ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Po isson ▁Appro xim ation ▁▁ ▁Assume ▁ ▁where ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁is ▁mult in omial ly ▁distributed ▁ ▁condition ed ▁on ▁. ▁ ▁This ▁means , ▁among ▁other ▁things , ▁that ▁for ▁any ▁non negative ▁function ▁, ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁mult in omial ly ▁distributed , ▁then ▁ ▁where ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁factor ▁of ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁removed ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁further ▁assumed ▁to ▁be ▁monot on ically ▁increasing ▁or ▁decre asing . ▁ ▁B ivari ate ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁This ▁distribution ▁has ▁been ▁extended ▁to ▁the ▁b ivari ate ▁case . ▁The ▁generating ▁function ▁for ▁this ▁distribution ▁is ▁▁▁ ▁with ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁marg inal ▁distributions ▁are ▁Po isson ( θ 1 ) ▁and ▁Po isson ( θ 2 ) ▁and ▁the ▁correlation ▁coefficient ▁is ▁limited ▁to ▁the ▁range ▁▁▁ ▁A |
▁simple ▁way ▁to ▁generate ▁a ▁b ivari ate ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁is ▁to ▁take ▁three ▁independent ▁Po isson ▁distributions ▁ ▁with ▁means ▁ ▁and ▁then ▁set ▁. ▁The ▁probability ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁b ivari ate ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁ ▁Free ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁The ▁free ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁jump ▁size ▁ ▁and ▁rate ▁ ▁ar ises ▁in ▁free ▁probability ▁theory ▁as ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁repeated ▁free ▁convolution ▁▁▁▁ ▁as ▁N → ∞ . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁random ▁variables ▁so ▁that ▁ ▁has ▁value ▁ ▁with ▁probability ▁ ▁and ▁value ▁ 0 ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁probability . ▁Assume ▁also ▁that ▁the ▁family ▁ ▁are ▁freely ▁independent . ▁Then ▁the ▁limit ▁as ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁ ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁Free ▁Po isson ▁law ▁with ▁parameters ▁. ▁ ▁This ▁definition ▁is ▁analog ous ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁classical ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁obtained ▁from ▁a ▁( class ical ) ▁Po isson ▁process . ▁▁ ▁The ▁measure ▁associated ▁to ▁the ▁free ▁Po isson ▁law ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁where ▁▁▁▁ ▁and ▁has ▁support ▁. ▁ ▁This ▁law ▁also ▁ar ises ▁in ▁random ▁matrix ▁theory ▁as ▁the ▁Mar chen ko – P ast ur ▁law . ▁Its ▁free ▁cum ul ants ▁are ▁equal ▁to ▁. ▁ ▁Some ▁transform s ▁of ▁this ▁law ▁We ▁give ▁values ▁of ▁some ▁important ▁transform s ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁Po isson ▁law ; ▁the ▁computation ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁e . g . ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁L |
ect ures ▁on ▁the ▁Com bin ator ics ▁of ▁Free ▁Pro b ability ▁by ▁A . ▁N ica ▁and ▁R . ▁Spe icher ▁ ▁The ▁R - transform ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁Po isson ▁law ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁C auch y ▁transform ▁( which ▁is ▁the ▁negative ▁of ▁the ▁St ielt jes ▁transformation ) ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁S - transform ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁▁▁▁ ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Statist ical ▁In ference ▁ ▁Parameter ▁estimation ▁ ▁Given ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁n ▁measured ▁values ▁, ▁for ▁i = 1 , ..., n , ▁we ▁wish ▁to ▁estimate ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁parameter ▁ λ ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁population ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁sample ▁was ▁drawn . ▁The ▁maximum ▁lik elihood ▁estimate ▁is ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Since ▁each ▁observation ▁has ▁expectation ▁ λ ▁so ▁does ▁this ▁sample ▁mean . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁maximum ▁lik elihood ▁estimate ▁is ▁an ▁un bi ased ▁estim ator ▁of ▁ λ . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁efficient ▁estim ator , ▁i . e . ▁its ▁estimation ▁variance ▁ach ieves ▁the ▁C ram ér – R ao ▁lower ▁bound ▁( C RL B ). ▁Hence ▁it ▁is ▁minimum - var iance ▁un bi ased . ▁Also ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁proven ▁that ▁the ▁sum ▁( and ▁hence ▁the ▁sample ▁mean ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁one - to - one ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁sum ) ▁is ▁a ▁complete ▁and ▁sufficient ▁stat istic ▁for ▁ λ . ▁ ▁To ▁prove ▁su ffic iency ▁we ▁may ▁use ▁the |
▁factor ization ▁theorem . ▁Consider ▁partition ing ▁the ▁probability ▁mass ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁joint ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁for ▁the ▁sample ▁into ▁two ▁parts : ▁one ▁that ▁depends ▁sole ly ▁on ▁the ▁sample ▁ ▁( called ▁) ▁and ▁one ▁that ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁parameter ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁sample ▁ ▁only ▁through ▁the ▁function ▁. ▁Then ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁sufficient ▁stat istic ▁for ▁. ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁term , ▁, ▁depends ▁only ▁on ▁. ▁The ▁second ▁term , ▁, ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁sample ▁only ▁through ▁. ▁Thus , ▁ ▁is ▁sufficient . ▁ ▁To ▁find ▁the ▁parameter ▁ λ ▁that ▁maxim izes ▁the ▁probability ▁function ▁for ▁the ▁Po isson ▁population , ▁we ▁can ▁use ▁the ▁log arith m ▁of ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁function : ▁▁▁▁ ▁We ▁take ▁the ▁derivative ▁of ▁ ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁ λ ▁and ▁compare ▁it ▁to ▁zero : ▁▁▁▁ ▁Sol ving ▁for ▁ λ ▁gives ▁a ▁station ary ▁point . ▁▁▁▁ ▁So ▁ λ ▁is ▁the ▁average ▁of ▁the ▁ki ▁values . ▁Ob tain ing ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁derivative ▁of ▁L ▁at ▁the ▁station ary ▁point ▁will ▁determine ▁what ▁kind ▁of ▁extreme ▁value ▁ λ ▁is . ▁▁▁▁ ▁E valu ating ▁the ▁second ▁derivative ▁at ▁the ▁station ary ▁point ▁gives : ▁▁▁▁ ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁negative ▁of ▁n ▁times ▁the ▁reci pro cal ▁of ▁the ▁average ▁of ▁the ▁ki . ▁This ▁expression ▁is ▁negative ▁when ▁the ▁average ▁is ▁positive . ▁If ▁this ▁is ▁satisfied , ▁then ▁the ▁station ary ▁point ▁maxim izes ▁the ▁probability ▁function . ▁ ▁For ▁comple |
ten ess , ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁distributions ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁complete ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁▁ ▁implies ▁that ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁. ▁If ▁the ▁individual ▁ ▁are ▁i id ▁, ▁then ▁. ▁Know ing ▁the ▁distribution ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁investigate , ▁it ▁is ▁easy ▁to ▁see ▁that ▁the ▁stat istic ▁is ▁complete . ▁▁▁▁ ▁For ▁this ▁equality ▁to ▁hold , ▁ ▁must ▁be ▁ 0 . ▁This ▁follows ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁terms ▁will ▁be ▁ 0 ▁for ▁all ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁sum ▁and ▁for ▁all ▁possible ▁values ▁of ▁. ▁Hence , ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁ ▁implies ▁that ▁, ▁and ▁the ▁stat istic ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁complete . ▁ ▁Conf idence ▁interval ▁ ▁The ▁confidence ▁interval ▁for ▁the ▁mean ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁using ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁cum ulative ▁distribution ▁functions ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁and ▁chi - squ ared ▁distributions . ▁The ▁chi - squ ared ▁distribution ▁is ▁itself ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁g amma ▁distribution , ▁and ▁this ▁leads ▁to ▁an ▁alternative ▁expression . ▁Given ▁an ▁observation ▁k ▁from ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁mean ▁ μ , ▁a ▁confidence ▁interval ▁for ▁ μ ▁with ▁confidence ▁level ▁ ▁is ▁ ▁or ▁equival ently , ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁quant ile ▁function ▁( cor respond ing ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁tail ▁area ▁p ) ▁of ▁the ▁chi - squ ared ▁distribution ▁with ▁n ▁degrees ▁of ▁freedom ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁quant ile ▁function ▁of ▁a ▁g amma ▁distribution ▁with ▁shape |
▁parameter ▁n ▁and ▁scale ▁parameter ▁ 1 . ▁This ▁interval ▁is ▁' ex act ' ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁that ▁its ▁coverage ▁probability ▁is ▁never ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁nom inal ▁. ▁ ▁When ▁quant iles ▁of ▁the ▁g amma ▁distribution ▁are ▁not ▁available , ▁an ▁accurate ▁approximation ▁to ▁this ▁exact ▁interval ▁has ▁been ▁proposed ▁( based ▁on ▁the ▁Wilson – H il fer ty ▁transformation ): ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁denotes ▁the ▁standard ▁normal ▁devi ate ▁with ▁upper ▁tail ▁area ▁. ▁ ▁For ▁application ▁of ▁these ▁formula e ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁context ▁as ▁above ▁( g iven ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁n ▁measured ▁values ▁ki ▁each ▁drawn ▁from ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁mean ▁ λ ), ▁one ▁would ▁set ▁ ▁calculate ▁an ▁interval ▁for ▁ μ = n λ , ▁and ▁then ▁derive ▁the ▁interval ▁for ▁ λ . ▁ ▁Bay esian ▁inference ▁ ▁In ▁Bay esian ▁inference , ▁the ▁conjug ate ▁prior ▁for ▁the ▁rate ▁parameter ▁ λ ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁the ▁g amma ▁distribution . ▁Let ▁ ▁denote ▁that ▁ λ ▁is ▁distributed ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁g amma ▁density ▁g ▁parameter ized ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁a ▁shape ▁parameter ▁α ▁and ▁an ▁inverse ▁scale ▁parameter ▁ β : ▁ ▁Then , ▁given ▁the ▁same ▁sample ▁of ▁n ▁measured ▁values ▁ki ▁as ▁before , ▁and ▁a ▁prior ▁of ▁G amma ( α , ▁ β ), ▁the ▁posterior ▁distribution ▁is ▁ ▁The ▁posterior ▁mean ▁E [ λ ] ▁approaches ▁the ▁maximum ▁lik elihood ▁estimate ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁as ▁, |
▁which ▁follows ▁immediately ▁from ▁the ▁general ▁expression ▁of ▁the ▁mean ▁of ▁the ▁g amma ▁distribution . ▁ ▁The ▁posterior ▁predict ive ▁distribution ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁additional ▁observation ▁is ▁a ▁negative ▁bin omial ▁distribution , ▁sometimes ▁called ▁a ▁g amma – Po isson ▁distribution . ▁ ▁Sim ult aneous ▁estimation ▁of ▁multiple ▁Po isson ▁means ▁ ▁Suppose ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁independent ▁random ▁variables ▁from ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁ ▁Po isson ▁distributions , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁parameter ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁we ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁estimate ▁these ▁parameters . ▁Then , ▁C lev enson ▁and ▁Z ide k ▁show ▁that ▁under ▁the ▁normal ized ▁squ ared ▁error ▁loss ▁, ▁when ▁, ▁then , ▁similar ▁as ▁in ▁Stein ' s ▁example ▁for ▁the ▁Normal ▁means , ▁the ▁M LE ▁estim ator ▁ ▁is ▁in ad miss ible . ▁▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁minim ax ▁estim ators ▁is ▁given ▁for ▁any ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁as ▁ ▁Occ urrence ▁and ▁applications ▁▁ ▁App lications ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁many ▁fields ▁including : ▁ ▁Tele communic ation ▁example : ▁tele phone ▁calls ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁a ▁system . ▁ ▁Astronom y ▁example : ▁phot ons ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁a ▁teles cope . ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁example : ▁the ▁mol ar ▁mass ▁distribution ▁of ▁a ▁living ▁polym er ization . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁example : ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁mut ations ▁on ▁a ▁str and ▁of ▁DNA ▁per ▁unit ▁length . ▁ ▁Management ▁example : ▁customers ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁a ▁counter |
▁or ▁call ▁centre . ▁ ▁Fin ance ▁and ▁ins urance ▁example : ▁number ▁of ▁losses ▁or ▁claims ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁Earth qu ake ▁se ism ology ▁example : ▁an ▁asympt otic ▁Po isson ▁model ▁of ▁se ism ic ▁risk ▁for ▁large ▁earth qu akes . ▁ ▁Radio activity ▁example : ▁number ▁of ▁dec ays ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁time ▁interval ▁in ▁a ▁radio active ▁sample . ▁ ▁Opt ics ▁example : ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁phot ons ▁em itted ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁las er ▁pul se . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁vulner ability ▁to ▁most ▁Quant um ▁key ▁distribution ▁protocol s ▁known ▁as ▁Phot on ▁Number ▁S pl itting ▁( P NS ). ▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ar ises ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁Po isson ▁processes . ▁It ▁applies ▁to ▁various ▁phen omena ▁of ▁discrete ▁properties ▁( that ▁is , ▁those ▁that ▁may ▁happen ▁ 0 , ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁... ▁times ▁during ▁a ▁given ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁or ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁area ) ▁whenever ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁the ▁phenomen on ▁happening ▁is ▁constant ▁in ▁time ▁or ▁space . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁events ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁model led ▁as ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁include : ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁soldiers ▁killed ▁by ▁horse - k icks ▁each ▁year ▁in ▁each ▁corps ▁in ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁caval ry . ▁This ▁example ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁Lad is laus ▁B ort k iew icz ▁( 1 8 6 8 – 1 |
9 3 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁ye ast ▁cells ▁used ▁when ▁bre wing ▁Gu in ness ▁be er . ▁This ▁example ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁William ▁Se aly ▁G os set ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 9 3 7 ). ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁phone ▁calls ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁a ▁call ▁centre ▁within ▁a ▁minute . ▁This ▁example ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁A . K . ▁Er lang ▁( 1 8 7 8 – 1 9 2 9 ). ▁ ▁Internet ▁traffic . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁goals ▁in ▁sports ▁involving ▁two ▁compet ing ▁teams . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁death s ▁per ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁age ▁group . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁j umps ▁in ▁a ▁stock ▁price ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁time ▁interval . ▁ ▁Under ▁an ▁assumption ▁of ▁hom ogene ity , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁times ▁a ▁web ▁server ▁is ▁accessed ▁per ▁minute . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁mut ations ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁stretch ▁of ▁DNA ▁after ▁a ▁certain ▁amount ▁of ▁radiation . ▁ ▁The ▁proportion ▁of ▁cells ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁inf ected ▁at ▁a ▁given ▁multip licity ▁of ▁in fection . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁b acter ia ▁in ▁a ▁certain ▁amount ▁of ▁liquid . ▁ ▁The ▁arrival ▁of ▁phot ons ▁on ▁a ▁pixel ▁circuit ▁at ▁a ▁given ▁ill um ination ▁and ▁over ▁a ▁given ▁time ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁target ing ▁of ▁V - 1 ▁flying ▁bomb s ▁on ▁London ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁investig ated ▁by ▁R . ▁D . ▁Clar ke ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 4 6 . ▁Gall ag her ▁showed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁that ▁the ▁counts ▁of ▁prime ▁numbers ▁in ▁short ▁intervals ▁obey ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁provided ▁a ▁certain ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁un pro ved ▁ ▁prime ▁r - tuple ▁conject ure ▁of ▁Hard y - L ittle wood ▁is ▁true . ▁ ▁Law ▁of ▁rare ▁events ▁▁ ▁The ▁rate ▁of ▁an ▁event ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁an ▁event ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁some ▁small ▁sub interval ▁( of ▁time , ▁space ▁or ▁otherwise ). ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution , ▁one ▁assumes ▁that ▁there ▁exists ▁a ▁small ▁enough ▁sub interval ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁an ▁event ▁occurr ing ▁twice ▁is ▁" neg lig ible ". ▁With ▁this ▁assumption ▁one ▁can ▁derive ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁from ▁the ▁Bin omial ▁one , ▁given ▁only ▁the ▁information ▁of ▁expected ▁number ▁of ▁total ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁whole ▁interval . ▁Let ▁this ▁total ▁number ▁be ▁. ▁Div ide ▁the ▁whole ▁interval ▁into ▁ ▁sub interval s ▁ ▁of ▁equal ▁size , ▁such ▁that ▁ ▁> ▁ ▁( since ▁we ▁are ▁interested ▁in ▁only ▁very ▁small ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁interval ▁this ▁assumption ▁is ▁meaning ful ). ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁expected ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁in ▁an ▁interval ▁ ▁for ▁each ▁ ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁. ▁Now ▁we ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁an ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁whole ▁interval ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁Bern oul li ▁trial , ▁where ▁the ▁ ▁trial ▁corresponds ▁to ▁looking ▁whether ▁an ▁event ▁happens |
▁at ▁the ▁sub interval ▁ ▁with ▁probability ▁. ▁The ▁expected ▁number ▁of ▁total ▁events ▁in ▁ ▁such ▁tri als ▁would ▁be ▁, ▁the ▁expected ▁number ▁of ▁total ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁whole ▁interval . ▁Hence ▁for ▁each ▁sub div ision ▁of ▁the ▁interval ▁we ▁have ▁approxim ated ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁as ▁a ▁Bern oul li ▁process ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁. ▁As ▁we ▁have ▁noted ▁before ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁consider ▁only ▁very ▁small ▁sub interval s . ▁Therefore , ▁we ▁take ▁the ▁limit ▁as ▁ ▁goes ▁to ▁infinity . ▁In ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁bin omial ▁distribution ▁converges ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁by ▁the ▁Po isson ▁limit ▁theorem . ▁ ▁In ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁examples — such ▁as , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁mut ations ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁sequence ▁of ▁DNA — the ▁events ▁being ▁counted ▁are ▁actually ▁the ▁out comes ▁of ▁discrete ▁tri als , ▁and ▁would ▁more ▁precisely ▁be ▁model led ▁using ▁the ▁bin omial ▁distribution , ▁that ▁is ▁ ▁In ▁such ▁cases ▁n ▁is ▁very ▁large ▁and ▁p ▁is ▁very ▁small ▁( and ▁so ▁the ▁expectation ▁np ▁is ▁of ▁intermediate ▁magnitude ). ▁Then ▁the ▁distribution ▁may ▁be ▁approxim ated ▁by ▁the ▁less ▁cum bers ome ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁This ▁approximation ▁is ▁sometimes ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁rare ▁events , since ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁n ▁individual ▁Bern oul li ▁events ▁rarely ▁occurs . ▁The ▁name ▁may ▁be ▁mis leading ▁because ▁the ▁total ▁count ▁of ▁success ▁events ▁in ▁a ▁Po isson ▁process ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁rare |
▁if ▁the ▁parameter ▁np ▁is ▁not ▁small . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁tele phone ▁calls ▁to ▁a ▁busy ▁switch board ▁in ▁one ▁hour ▁follows ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁the ▁events ▁appearing ▁frequent ▁to ▁the ▁operator , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁rare ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁average ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁who ▁is ▁very ▁unlikely ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁call ▁to ▁that ▁switch board ▁in ▁that ▁hour . ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁law ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁probability ▁distribution , ▁and ▁convergence ▁in ▁law ▁means ▁convergence ▁in ▁distribution . ▁According ly , ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁" law ▁of ▁small ▁numbers " ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁probability ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁occurr ences ▁of ▁an ▁event ▁that ▁happens ▁rarely ▁but ▁has ▁very ▁many ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁happen . ▁The ▁Law ▁of ▁Small ▁Num bers ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁Lad is laus ▁B ort k iew icz ▁about ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁Po isson ▁point ▁process ▁▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ar ises ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁points ▁of ▁a ▁Po isson ▁point ▁process ▁located ▁in ▁some ▁finite ▁region . ▁More ▁specifically , ▁if ▁D ▁is ▁some ▁region ▁space , ▁for ▁example ▁E uclidean ▁space ▁R d , ▁for ▁which ▁| D | , ▁the ▁area , ▁volume ▁or , ▁more ▁generally , ▁the ▁Leb es gue ▁measure ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁is ▁finite , ▁and ▁if ▁ ▁denotes ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁points ▁in |
▁D , ▁then ▁ ▁Po isson ▁regression ▁and ▁negative ▁bin omial ▁regression ▁▁ ▁Po isson ▁regression ▁and ▁negative ▁bin omial ▁regression ▁are ▁useful ▁for ▁anal ys es ▁where ▁the ▁dependent ▁( response ) ▁variable ▁is ▁the ▁count ▁( 0 , 1 , 2 , ...) ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁or ▁occurr ences ▁in ▁an ▁interval . ▁ ▁Other ▁applications ▁in ▁science ▁▁ ▁In ▁a ▁Po isson ▁process , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁observed ▁occurr ences ▁fl uct u ates ▁about ▁its ▁mean ▁ λ ▁with ▁a ▁standard ▁deviation ▁. ▁These ▁fl uct u ations ▁are ▁denoted ▁as ▁Po isson ▁noise ▁or ▁( part icular ly ▁in ▁electron ics ) ▁as ▁shot ▁noise . ▁ ▁The ▁correlation ▁of ▁the ▁mean ▁and ▁standard ▁deviation ▁in ▁counting ▁independent ▁discrete ▁occurr ences ▁is ▁useful ▁scientific ally . ▁By ▁monitoring ▁how ▁the ▁fl uct u ations ▁vary ▁with ▁the ▁mean ▁signal , ▁one ▁can ▁estimate ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁occurrence , ▁even ▁if ▁that ▁contribution ▁is ▁too ▁small ▁to ▁be ▁detected ▁directly . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁charge ▁e ▁on ▁an ▁electron ▁can ▁be ▁estimated ▁by ▁correl ating ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁an ▁electric ▁current ▁with ▁its ▁shot ▁noise . ▁If ▁N ▁electrons ▁pass ▁a ▁point ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁time ▁t ▁on ▁the ▁average , ▁the ▁mean ▁current ▁is ▁; ▁since ▁the ▁current ▁fl uct u ations ▁should ▁be ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁ ▁( i . e ., ▁the ▁standard ▁deviation ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁process ), ▁the ▁charge ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁estimated ▁from ▁the |
▁ratio ▁. ▁ ▁An ▁every day ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁gra in iness ▁that ▁appears ▁as ▁photograph s ▁are ▁en larg ed ; ▁the ▁gra in iness ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁Po isson ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁reduced ▁silver ▁gra ins , ▁not ▁to ▁the ▁individual ▁gra ins ▁themselves . ▁By ▁correl ating ▁the ▁gra in iness ▁with ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁en larg ement , ▁one ▁can ▁estimate ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁an ▁individual ▁gra in ▁( which ▁is ▁otherwise ▁too ▁small ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁una ided ). ▁Many ▁other ▁mole cular ▁applications ▁of ▁Po isson ▁noise ▁have ▁been ▁developed , ▁e . g ., ▁estim ating ▁the ▁number ▁density ▁of ▁re ceptor ▁mole cules ▁in ▁a ▁cell ▁memb rane . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁C aus al ▁Set ▁theory ▁the ▁discrete ▁elements ▁of ▁spac etime ▁follow ▁a ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁in ▁the ▁volume . ▁ ▁Comput ational ▁methods ▁ ▁The ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁pos es ▁two ▁different ▁tasks ▁for ▁dedicated ▁software ▁libraries : ▁E valu ating ▁the ▁distribution ▁, ▁and ▁drawing ▁random ▁numbers ▁according ▁to ▁that ▁distribution . ▁ ▁E valu ating ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁Comput ing ▁ ▁for ▁given ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁trivial ▁task ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁accomplished ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁standard ▁definition ▁of ▁ ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁exponential , ▁power , ▁and ▁factor ial ▁functions . ▁However , ▁the ▁conventional ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁contains ▁two ▁terms ▁that ▁can ▁easily ▁overflow ▁on ▁computers : ▁ λ k ▁and ▁k !. ▁The ▁fraction ▁of ▁ λ |
k ▁to ▁k ! ▁can ▁also ▁produce ▁a ▁round ing ▁error ▁that ▁is ▁very ▁large ▁compared ▁to ▁e − λ , ▁and ▁therefore ▁give ▁an ▁err one ous ▁result . ▁For ▁numerical ▁stability ▁the ▁Po isson ▁probability ▁mass ▁function ▁should ▁therefore ▁be ▁evaluated ▁as ▁ ▁which ▁is ▁mathemat ically ▁equivalent ▁but ▁numer ically ▁stable . ▁The ▁natural ▁log arith m ▁of ▁the ▁G amma ▁function ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁using ▁the ▁l gamma ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁C ▁( programming ▁language ) ▁standard ▁library ▁( C 9 9 ▁version ) ▁or ▁R ▁( programming ▁language ), ▁the ▁g amm al n ▁function ▁in ▁M AT LAB ▁or ▁Sci Py , ▁or ▁the ▁log _ gamma ▁function ▁in ▁Fort ran ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁later . ▁ ▁Some ▁computing ▁languages ▁provide ▁built - in ▁functions ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution , ▁namely ▁ ▁R : ▁function ▁d pois ( x , ▁lambda ); ▁ ▁Excel : ▁function ▁PO I SS ON ( ▁x , ▁mean , ▁cum ulative ), ▁with ▁a ▁flag ▁to ▁specify ▁the ▁cum ulative ▁distribution ; ▁ ▁Mathemat ica : ▁un ivari ate ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁as ▁Po isson Dist ribution [ ], ▁b ivari ate ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁as ▁Mult ivari ate Po isson Dist ribution [, { ▁, ▁} ], . ▁ ▁Random ▁drawing ▁from ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁The ▁less ▁trivial ▁task ▁is ▁to ▁draw ▁random ▁integers ▁from ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁with ▁given ▁. ▁ ▁Sol utions ▁are ▁provided ▁by : ▁ ▁R : ▁function |
▁r pois ( n , ▁lambda ); ▁ ▁GNU ▁Scient ific ▁Library ▁( GS L ): ▁function ▁g sl _ ran _ po isson ▁ ▁Gener ating ▁Po isson - dist ributed ▁random ▁variables ▁▁ ▁A ▁simple ▁algorithm ▁to ▁generate ▁random ▁Po isson - dist ributed ▁numbers ▁( pse udo - random ▁number ▁sampling ) ▁has ▁been ▁given ▁by ▁Kn uth : ▁▁ ▁algorithm ▁po isson ▁random ▁number ▁( K n uth ): ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁init : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Let ▁L ▁ ← ▁e − λ , ▁k ▁ ← ▁ 0 ▁and ▁p ▁ ← ▁ 1 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁do : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁k ▁ ← ▁k ▁+ ▁ 1 . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gener ate ▁uniform ▁random ▁number ▁u ▁in ▁[ 0 , 1 ] ▁and ▁let ▁p ▁ ← ▁p ▁× ▁u . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁while ▁p ▁> ▁L . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁return ▁k ▁− ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁complexity ▁is ▁linear ▁in ▁the ▁returned ▁value ▁k , ▁which ▁is ▁ λ ▁on ▁average . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁other ▁algorithms ▁to ▁improve ▁this . ▁Some ▁are ▁given ▁in ▁A hr ens ▁& ▁Di eter , ▁see ▁ ▁below . ▁ ▁For ▁large ▁values ▁of ▁ λ , ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁L ▁= ▁e − λ ▁may ▁be ▁so ▁small ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁hard ▁to ▁represent . ▁ ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁solved ▁by ▁a ▁change ▁to ▁the ▁algorithm ▁which ▁uses ▁an ▁additional ▁parameter ▁S TE P ▁such ▁that ▁e − ST EP ▁does ▁not ▁under flow : ▁▁▁ ▁algorithm ▁po isson ▁random ▁number ▁( J un |
ha o , ▁based ▁on ▁Kn uth ): ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁init : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Let ▁ λ Left ▁ ← ▁ λ , ▁k ▁ ← ▁ 0 ▁and ▁p ▁ ← ▁ 1 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁do : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁k ▁ ← ▁k ▁+ ▁ 1 . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gener ate ▁uniform ▁random ▁number ▁u ▁in ▁( 0 , 1 ) ▁and ▁let ▁p ▁ ← ▁p ▁× ▁u . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁while ▁p ▁< ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ λ Left ▁> ▁ 0 : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁if ▁ λ Left ▁> ▁S TE P : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁p ▁ ← ▁p ▁× ▁e ST EP ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ λ Left ▁ ← ▁ λ Left ▁− ▁S TE P ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁else : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁p ▁ ← ▁p ▁× ▁e λ Left ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ λ Left ▁ ← ▁ 0 ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁while ▁p ▁> ▁ 1 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁return ▁k ▁− ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁choice ▁of ▁S TE P ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁threshold ▁of ▁overflow . ▁For ▁double ▁precision ▁floating ▁point ▁format , ▁the ▁threshold ▁is ▁near ▁e 7 0 0 , ▁so ▁ 5 0 0 ▁shall ▁be ▁a ▁safe ▁S TE P . ▁ ▁Other ▁solutions ▁for ▁large ▁values ▁of ▁ λ ▁include ▁re jection ▁sampling ▁and ▁using ▁Gaussian ▁approximation . ▁ ▁In verse ▁transform ▁sampling ▁is ▁simple ▁and ▁efficient ▁for ▁small ▁values ▁of ▁ λ , ▁and ▁requires ▁only ▁one ▁uniform ▁random ▁number ▁u ▁per ▁sample . ▁C um ulative ▁prob abilities ▁are ▁exam ined ▁in ▁turn ▁until ▁one ▁exceed s ▁u . |
▁▁ ▁algorithm ▁Po isson ▁generator ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁in version ▁by ▁sequ ential ▁search : ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁init : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Let ▁x ▁ ← ▁ 0 , ▁p ▁ ← ▁e − λ , ▁s ▁ ← ▁p . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gener ate ▁uniform ▁random ▁number ▁u ▁in ▁[ 0 , 1 ]. ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁while ▁u ▁> ▁s ▁do : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁ ← ▁x ▁+ ▁ 1 . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁p ▁ ← ▁p ▁× ▁ λ ▁/ ▁x . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁s ▁ ← ▁s ▁+ ▁p . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁return ▁x . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁distribution ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁by ▁Sim éon ▁Den is ▁Po isson ▁( 1 7 8 1 – 1 8 4 0 ) ▁and ▁published ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁probability ▁theory ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁Re cher ches ▁sur ▁la ▁probabil ité ▁des ▁jug ements ▁en ▁mat ière ▁cr imin elle ▁et ▁en ▁mat ière ▁civile ( 1 8 3 7 ). ▁The ▁work ▁the or ized ▁about ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁wrong ful ▁conv ict ions ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁country ▁by ▁foc using ▁on ▁certain ▁random ▁variables ▁N ▁that ▁count , ▁among ▁other ▁things , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁discrete ▁occurr ences ▁( s ometimes ▁called ▁" events " ▁or ▁" ar rival s ") ▁that ▁take ▁place ▁during ▁a ▁time - interval ▁of ▁given ▁length . ▁The ▁result ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁given ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 1 ▁by ▁Abraham ▁de ▁Mo iv re ▁in ▁De ▁Mens ura ▁Sort is ▁seu ; ▁de ▁Pro b abil itate ▁Event u um ▁in ▁Lud |
is ▁a ▁Cas u ▁Fort u ito ▁P endent ibus ▁. ▁This ▁makes ▁it ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁St ig ler ' s ▁law ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁prompt ed ▁some ▁authors ▁to ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁should ▁bear ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁de ▁Mo iv re . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁Simon ▁New comb ▁fitted ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁stars ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁space . ▁A ▁further ▁practical ▁application ▁of ▁this ▁distribution ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Lad is laus ▁B ort k iew icz ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁investig ating ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁soldiers ▁in ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁army ▁killed ▁accident ally ▁by ▁horse ▁k icks ; ▁this ▁experiment ▁introduced ▁the ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁to ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁reli ability ▁engineering . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Comp ound ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁Con way – Max well – Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁Er lang ▁distribution ▁ ▁Herm ite ▁distribution ▁ ▁Index ▁of ▁disp ersion ▁ ▁Neg ative ▁bin omial ▁distribution ▁ ▁Po isson ▁cl ump ing ▁ ▁Po isson ▁point ▁process ▁ ▁Po isson ▁regression ▁ ▁Po isson ▁sampling ▁ ▁Po isson ▁wave let ▁ ▁Que ue ing ▁theory ▁ ▁Ren ew al ▁theory ▁ ▁Rob b ins ▁lemma ▁ ▁Sk ell am ▁distribution ▁ ▁Twe ed ie ▁distribution ▁ ▁Zero - infl ated ▁model ▁ ▁Zero - tr unc ated ▁Po isson ▁distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Further |
▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Art icles ▁with ▁example ▁pseudo code ▁Category : Con j ug ate ▁prior ▁distributions ▁Category : F actor ial ▁and ▁bin omial ▁topics ▁▁ ▁Category : Inf initely ▁divis ible ▁probability ▁distributions <0x0A> </s> ▁B aut a ▁Ab ajo ▁is ▁a ▁bar rio ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁O roc ovis , ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁Its ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁was ▁ 1 , 5 1 6 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁from ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish - American ▁War ▁under ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Paris ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁and ▁conducted ▁its ▁first ▁census ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁finding ▁that ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁B aut a ▁Ab ajo ▁bar rio ▁was ▁ 1 , 6 0 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁communities ▁in ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Bar rios ▁of ▁O roc ovis , ▁Puerto ▁Rico <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lov es ▁of ▁Your ▁Life ▁is ▁a ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Hamilton ▁Le ith aus er , ▁the ▁former ▁front man ▁of ▁the ▁Walk men . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁on ▁G lass note ▁Records , ▁and ▁preced ed ▁by ▁the ▁singles ▁" Here ▁They ▁Come ", ▁" Is abel la ", ▁and ▁" Don ' t ▁Check ▁the ▁Sc ore ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G lass note ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category |
: 2 0 2 0 ▁albums ▁Category : H amilton ▁Le ith aus er ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁S qu aman ita ▁par ado xa , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁pow der cap ▁str ang ler , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fung us ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Tr ich ol om ata ceae . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁par as it ic ▁fung us ▁that ▁grows ▁as ▁a ▁gall ▁on ▁another ▁fung us , ▁C yst oder ma ▁am ian th in um . ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁as ▁C yst oder ma ▁par ado x um ▁by ▁American ▁my colog ists ▁Alexander ▁H . ▁Smith ▁and ▁R olf ▁S inger ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁based ▁on ▁spec im ens ▁collected ▁in ▁Mount ▁H ood ▁National ▁Forest ▁in ▁Oregon . ▁Corn el is ▁Bas ▁transferred ▁the ▁species ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁S qu aman ita ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁from ▁Wor c esters hire , ▁UK . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : F ung i ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Category : F ung i ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : F ung i ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : Tr ich ol om ata ceae ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Alexander ▁H . ▁Smith <0x0A> </s> ▁Florida ▁Te ch ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Florida ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Florida . ▁In ▁the ▁past ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁ ▁Florida ▁Techn ical ▁College ▁University ▁of |
▁Central ▁Florida , ▁formerly ▁called ▁Florida ▁Techn ological ▁University ▁ ▁Florida ▁Te ch ▁does ▁not ▁refer ▁to ▁Florida ▁Poly techn ic ▁University ▁( F PU ▁or ▁Florida ▁Poly tech ). ▁F PU ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁university ▁created ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁Florida . ▁Florida ▁Poly techn ic ▁University <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁final , ▁S ears ▁and ▁D w ight ▁won ▁in ▁five ▁sets ▁against ▁Taylor ▁and ▁S loc um . ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁U . S . ▁National ▁Championships ▁- ▁Men ' s ▁Dou bles ▁Category : U . S . ▁National ▁Championships ▁( ten nis ) ▁by ▁year ▁– ▁Men ' s ▁Dou bles <0x0A> </s> ▁Gib b ula ▁s ement is ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Tro ch idae , ▁the ▁top ▁sn ails . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁att ains ▁ 6 . 1 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁off ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁Santiago ▁and ▁Bra va , ▁Cape ▁Ver de . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁s ement is ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁of ▁Cape ▁Ver de <0x0A> </s> ▁Ford y ce ▁House ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Ford y ce ▁House ▁( Hot ▁Spr ings , ▁Ark ansas ), ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁Ford y ce – R icks |
▁House ▁Historic ▁District ▁Hot ▁Spr ings , ▁Ark ansas , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁ ▁Ford y ce ▁House ▁( L ittle ▁Rock , ▁Ark ansas ), ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Ark ansas <0x0A> </s> ▁M iska ▁( III ) ▁from ▁the ▁kind red ▁A ty usz ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁noble , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁Vas ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁A ty usz ▁kind red ▁as ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁M iska ▁II , ▁his ▁brother ▁was ▁Judge ▁royal ▁Sol omon . ▁He ▁had ▁also ▁several ▁c ous ins , ▁including ▁the ▁influ ential ▁l ords ▁A ty usz ▁III , ▁Lawrence ▁( s ons ▁of ▁A ty usz ▁II ) ▁and ▁Sal . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁ ▁M iska ▁III ▁Category : 1 3 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁S ae ed ▁Far aj p ouri , ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁in ▁San ada j , ▁Iran . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁composer , ▁perform er ▁and ▁an ▁instruct or ▁of ▁a ▁classical ▁Iran ian ▁instrument ▁called ▁Kam anche h ▁or ▁S pi ke ▁F iddle . ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁learning ▁music ▁at ▁age ▁ 9 ▁ ▁under ▁Ma estro ▁Hass an ▁Kam kar , ▁and ▁then lear ned ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁music ▁re per toire ▁( Rad if ) ▁under ▁Ma estro ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re |
za ▁Lot fi ▁and ▁the ▁ensemble ▁performance ▁under ▁the ▁instruction ▁of ▁ma estro ▁H os sein ▁Al iz ade h ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁performed ▁at ▁several ▁ens emb les ▁such ▁as : ▁Sh ay da , ▁A ref , ▁A ava , ▁Pa iv ar ▁and ▁D ast an . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁instruct ed ▁Kam anche h ▁at ▁Ch av osh ▁Music ▁Center , ▁Music ▁Conserv atory ▁of ▁Te h ran , ▁and ▁several ▁univers ities ▁and ▁art ▁instit utes ▁inside ▁and ▁outside ▁Iran . ▁▁ ▁S ae ed ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Ma estro ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re za ▁Sh aj arian ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁dec ades ▁performing ▁at ▁many ▁concert s ▁inside ▁and ▁outside ▁Iran ▁and ▁in ▁albums ▁such ▁as ▁Sh ab ▁e ▁Vas l , ▁Ah ang ▁e ▁V af a , ▁Ros va i ▁e ▁Del , ▁D ast an , ▁A aram ▁e ▁ja an , ▁A as eman ▁e ▁E sh gh , ▁and ▁Del ▁Sh ode gan . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁has ▁several ▁solo ▁record ings ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁Kam anche h ▁Album , ▁Seg ah ▁Hom ay oon , ▁and ▁Kur d ish ▁fol kl ore ▁music . ▁In ▁Kur d ish ▁music , ▁he ▁has ▁produced ▁the ▁following ▁albums ▁such ▁as : ▁A wa at , ▁Zam ane h , ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁S . ▁Ali ▁As g har ▁Kur dest ani . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁genre ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Class ical ▁music , ▁S ae ed ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁following |
▁albums : ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁Q o q aye ▁E sh gh baz an ▁, ▁with ▁Iran ian ▁instrument al ist ▁and ▁vocal ist , ▁ma estro ▁Moh am ad ▁re za ▁Sh aj arian . ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁Sho or ide h , ▁with ▁the ▁D ast an ▁ensemble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁Ma estro ▁Paris a . ▁Sho or ide h ▁is ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁annual ▁music ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁and ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ok ▁title ▁from ▁the ▁Le ▁Monde ▁music ▁magazine . ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁D ary a ▁e ▁Bi ▁Pa ian , ▁with ▁the ▁D ast an ▁Ens emble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁Sal ar ▁Ag h ili ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁K hor sh id ▁e ▁Are zo o , ▁with ▁the ▁D ast an ▁Ens emble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁Hom ay oun ▁Sh aj arian . ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁Mey kh ane h ▁K ham o osh , ▁with ▁the ▁D ast an ▁Ens emble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁Sal ar ▁Ag h ili . ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁Ah val ▁e ▁Del , ▁with ▁Ham nav az an ▁Ens emble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁M s . ▁Paris a ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁D ami ▁Ba ▁Do ost , ▁with ▁the ▁Ham nav az an ▁Ens emble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁T ah ere h ▁Fal ah ati . ▁▁ <0xE2> <0x96> <0xAA> ▁I ▁Sing |
▁with ▁you , ▁with ▁the ▁D ast an ▁Ens emble ▁and ▁the ▁vocal ist , ▁Jam al ▁K ord est ani . ▁ ▁S ae ed ▁has ▁written ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁books ▁for ▁students ▁who ▁specifically ▁want ▁to ▁learn ▁Kam anche h : ▁ ▁Tw enty ▁Pie ces ▁for ▁Kam anche h ; ▁and ▁ ▁Pie ces ▁for ▁Kam anche h ▁ ▁Both ▁books ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Mah oor ▁Institute . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁www . s ae ed far aj p ouri . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I ran ian ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : I ran ian ▁kam anche h ▁players ▁Category : I ran ian ▁classical ▁mus icians ▁Category : K urd ish ▁mus icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁San and aj ▁Category : Pers ian ▁classical ▁mus icians ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Te h ran ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Nash oba ▁Regional ▁High ▁School ▁( NR HS ) ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁( gr ades ▁ 9 - 1 2 ) ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Nash oba ▁Regional ▁School ▁District . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Bol ton , ▁Massachusetts , ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁also ▁serves ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Lanc aster ▁and ▁St ow . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 2 0 1 9 ▁school ▁year , ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁student ▁population ▁of ▁just ▁over ▁ 1 3 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ |