answer,question
Saint Bernadette Soubirous,To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?
a copper statue of Christ,What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?
the Main Building,The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?
a Marian place of prayer and reflection,What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?
a golden statue of the Virgin Mary,What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?
September 1876,When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?
twice,How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?
The Observer,What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?
three,How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?
1987,In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?
Rome,Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?
Moreau Seminary,What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?
Old College,What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?
Retired priests and brothers,What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?
Buechner Prize for Preaching,Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?
eight,How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?
1920,In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?
the College of Science,Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?
five,How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?
the 1870s,The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?
Learning Resource Center,What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?
five,How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?
The First Year of Studies program,What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?
U.S. News & World Report,"Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame ""outstanding?"""
1924,The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?
Master of Divinity,What type of degree is an M.Div.?
Alliance for Catholic Education,Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?
1854,In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?
Department of Pre-Professional Studies,Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?
Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies,What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?
President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame,What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?
1986,In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?
Ray Kroc,To whom was John B. Kroc married?
McDonald's,What company did Ray Kroc own?
14,How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?
Theodore M. Hesburgh Library,What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?
1963,In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?
Millard Sheets,Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?
Touchdown Jesus,What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?
"3,577",How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?
19.7%,What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?
the top 10 to 15 in the nation,Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?
39.1%,What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?
more than 750 miles,How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?
18th overall,Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?
8th,Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?
1st overall,The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?
USA Today,In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?
57.6%,What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?
"Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.",What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?
1851–1921,What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?
the Science Department,What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?
Evolution and Dogma,What book did John Zahm write in 1896?
Professor of Chemistry and Physics,What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?
1882,In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?
Professor Jerome Green,Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?
Around 1899,In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?
Father Julius Nieuwland,Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?
an early wind tunnel,What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?
The Lobund Institute,Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?
the 1940s,Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?
1950,In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?
1958,The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?
1928,When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?
The Review of Politics,Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?
German Catholic journals,What was the Review of Politics inspired by?
44,Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?
Review of Politics,Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?
John Jenkins,Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?
Notre Dame,The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?
International Peace studies,What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?
2013,In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?
climate change,What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?
"8,448",How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?
21–24%,What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students?
over 700,How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?
the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh,For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?
"12,179",How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?
80%,What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?
four,How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?
15,How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?
20%,What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?
14,There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?
Congregatio a Sancta Cruce,What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?
more than 93%,What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?
over 100 times,How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?
Fifty-seven,How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?
over 80%,What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?
Washington Hall,What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?
1879,In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?
Rev. William Corby,Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?
17th of May,On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?
LaFortune Student Center,What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?
scholastic and classical,What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?
College of Commerce,Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?
Father James Burns,"In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?"
three years,Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?
Harvard Law School,Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?
Knute Rockne,"The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?"
105,What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?
1925,In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?
13,How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?
three,How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?
the Protestant establishment,"Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?"
the Ku Klux Klan,Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?
Fr. Matthew Walsh,Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?
a week-long Klavern,What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?
South Bend,Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?
Father John Francis O'Hara,Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?
Father John Francis O'Hara,Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?
Laetare Medal,Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?
1883,Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?
God,For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?
more than half,Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?
Lobund Institute for Animal Studies,Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?
Hall of Liberal Arts,What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?
"Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.",Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947?
Medieval Institute,"Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?"
1917–2015,What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?
18,In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?
$9 million,What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?
1952–87,During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?
950,How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?
coeducational,What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame?
Dean of Arts and Letters,Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?
Vice President of Student Affairs,What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame?
1971,In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?
Saint Mary's College,With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s?
1987–2005,During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?
1240,"What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?"
$350 million,When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?
more than $70 million,When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?
500,The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?
2005,When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame?
17th,"In terms of the amount of presidents Notre Dame has had, where is John Jenkins on the list?"
Malloy,Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins?
Compton Family Ice Arena,Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?
$400m,How much money was spent on enhancing Notre Dame Stadium under John Jenkins?
Congregation of Holy Cross,Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?
Basilica of the Sacred Heart,What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?
French Revival,In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?
Luigi Gregori,Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?
1896,In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?
Fr. Zahm,Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?
1950,In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?
Joseph LaFortune,After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?
"83,000 square feet",How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?
$1.2 million,What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?
29,How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students?
Theodore Hesburgh Library,Which library was built at Notre Dame in 1963?
almost 4 million,How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library?
Duncan Hall,Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame?
Frank Eck Stadium,Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame?
2008,In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?
40%,What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?
Sustainable Endowments Institute,"Notre Dame got a ""B"" for its sustainability practices from which entity?"
Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies,Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?
1968,In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?
1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square,At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?
Global Gateways,"Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?"
1998,In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?
The College of Arts and Letters,What was Notre Dame's first college?
1842,In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created?
1849,In what year did the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame grant its first degree?
Saint Louis University,On which university did Notre Dame base its curriculum on?
33,How many BA majors does the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame offer?
Father Patrick Dillon,Which president at Notre Dame created the College of Science?
1865,In what year was the Notre Dame College of Science formed?
six years,How many years long was a scientific course under Patrick Dillon at Notre Dame?
Jordan Hall of Science,Which hall at Notre Dame contains the current College of Science?
"over 1,200",How many undergrad students attend the College of Science at Notre Dame today?
School of Architecture,In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?
Bond Hall,In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?
five-year,What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture?
Rome,In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?
Driehaus Architecture Prize,Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?
2015,In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?
the first floor of Stanford Hall,Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?
over three million volumes,How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?
one of the 100 largest,Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?
The rise of Hitler and other dictators,What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?
Germany,From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?
classics and law,What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?
Max Scheler,Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?
a renowned sculptor,What was Ivan Meštrović known for being?
University of Notre Dame du,"The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?"
Catholic research university,What type of institution is the Notre Dame?
Our Lady of the Lake,The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?
the Virgin Mary,Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?
"1,250",How large is Notre Dame in acres?
its Fighting Irish football team,What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?
Knute Rockne,Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?
NCAA Division I,Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?
seven,How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?
13,"There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?"
among the top twenty,Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?
four,How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?
Driehaus Architecture Prize,Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?
more than 50,How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?
Snite Museum of Art,Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?
1842,In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?
Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière,Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?
the Congregation of the Holy Cross,Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?
"November 26, 1842",On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?
Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel,Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?
1849,In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?
1865,In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?
Father Lemonnier,Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?
1879,"In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?"
1873,In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?
NDtv,Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?
one show,How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?
WSND-FM,Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?
WVFI,Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream?
$215 million,How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost?
"June 3, 2008",When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?
Kite Realty,Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons?
the City of South Bend,Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?
non-union workers,"There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?"
National Collegiate Athletic Association,What does the acronym NCAA stand for?
Horizon League,Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982?
Midwest Fencing Conference,What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in?
Hockey East,"There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?"
Big East Conference,In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012?
the ACC,To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East?
five,How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents?
Central Collegiate Hockey Association,"Where did the Fighting Irish hockey team compete prior to a move to Hockey East, in terms of conference?"
Navy Blue and Gold Rush,What colors are the official ones used by Notre Dame in sport competition?
Leprechaun,What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have?
Under Armour,Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams?
almost $100 million,What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame?
1846,When did the Notre Dame marching band form?
oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States,What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band?
Notre Dame Victory March,What is the Notre Dame fight song?
Michigan Wolverines football team,Which team did Notre Dame's football team find inspiration from?
1887,In what year did Notre Dame football begin?
Ohio State University,What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners?
USC,Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh?
the most,In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?
George Gipp,What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?
the Army team,"Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to ""win one for the Gipper?"""
Pat O'Brien,"Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie ""Knute Rockne?"""
Gipp,"Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's ""Knute Rockne?"""
"80,795",How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium?
two-story banner,What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame?
the Drummers' Circle,What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?
the steps of Bond Hall,From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?
the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater,What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?
Saturday,On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur?
"over 1,600",How many wins does the Notre Dame men's basketball team have?
12,How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?
28,How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?
Austin Carr,Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?
Mike Brey,Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?
John F. Shea,Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?
1904,In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?
Rev. Michael J. Shea,"Who is responsible for writing the music for ""Notre Dame Victory March?"""
1928,"In what year did ""Notre Dame Victory March"" get copyrighted?"
onward to victory,"To where are the loyal sons in ""Notre Dame Fight Song"" marching?"
The Gipper,"Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?"
Airplane!,"In what film did a parody of the ""Win one for the Gipper"" speech appear?"
Sean Astin,Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?
George Zipp,Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?
Knute Rockne,Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?
Condoleezza Rice,Which Secretary of State attended Notre Dame?
Eric F. Wieschaus,Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize?
Rev. John Jenkins,Who is the current president of Notre Dame?
Olympic gold,Mariel Zagunis is notable for winning what?
Jim Wetherbee,Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame?
in the late 1990s,When did Beyonce start becoming popular?
singing and dancing,What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?
2003,When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?
"Houston, Texas",In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? 
late 1990s,In which decade did Beyonce become famous?
Destiny's Child,In what R&B group was she the lead singer?
Dangerously in Love,What album made her a worldwide known artist?
Mathew Knowles,Who managed the Destiny's Child group?
Houston,In what city did Beyonce grow up?
Dangerously in Love,What was the name of Beyonce's first solo album?
"September 4, 1981",On what date was Beyonce born?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter,What is Beyonce's full name?
late 1990s,When did Beyoncé rise to fame?
lead singer,What role did Beyoncé have in Destiny's Child?
Dangerously in Love,What was the first album Beyoncé released as a solo artist?
2003,When did Beyoncé release Dangerously in Love?
five,How many Grammy awards did Beyoncé win for her first solo album?
lead singer,What was Beyoncé's role in Destiny's Child?
Dangerously in Love,What was the name of Beyoncé's first solo album?
2003,When did Beyoncé release her first solo album?
acting,"After her second solo album, what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore?"
Jay Z,Which artist did Beyonce marry?
six,"To set the record for Grammys, how many did Beyonce win?"
Dreamgirls,For what movie did Beyonce receive  her first Golden Globe nomination?
2010,When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management?
Beyoncé,Which album was darker in tone from her previous work?
Cadillac Records,"After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?"
June 2005,When did Destiny's Child end their group act?
B'Day,What was the name of Beyoncé's second solo album?
Dreamgirls,"What was Beyoncé's first acting job, in 2006?"
Jay Z,Who is Beyoncé married to?
Sasha Fierce,What is the name of Beyoncé's alter-ego?
"love, relationships, and monogamy","In her music, what are some recurring elements in them?"
influential,Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?
Forbes,Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?
2000s,In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?
Forbes,What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?
modern-day feminist,How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?
2013 and 2014,In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?
118 million,How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career?
60 million,How many records did Beyoncé sell as part of Destiny's Child?
118 million,"After leaving Destiny's Child, how many records did Beyoncé release under her own name?"
20,How many Grammy awards has Beyoncé won?
Forbes,What magazine named Beyoncé as the most powerful female musician for 2015?
Destiny's Child,Beyonce's younger sibling also sang with her in what band?
her mother's maiden name,Where did Beyonce get her name from?
African-American,What race was Beyonce's father?
Methodist,Beyonce's childhood home believed in what religion?
Xerox,Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?
hairdresser and salon owner,Beyonce's mother worked in what industry?
Solange,What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny's Child?
Joseph Broussard,Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader?
Xerox,What company did Beyoncé's father work for when she was a child?
salon,What did Beyoncé's mother own when Beyoncé was a child?
Solange,What is the name of Beyoncé's younger sister?
Joseph Broussard.,Beyoncé is a descendant of which Acadian leader?
Methodist,Beyoncé was raised in what religion?
Fredericksburg,What town did Beyonce go to school in?
Darlette Johnson,Who was the first person to notice Beyonce's singing ability?
Houston,Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school?
dance instructor Darlette Johnson,Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce's musical talent?
St. John's United Methodist Church,I which church was Beyonce  a member and soloist  in the choir?
music magnet school,What type of school was Parker Elementary School?
Imagine,Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?
Fredericksburg,What city was Beyoncé's elementary school located in?
Darlette Johnson,What was the name of Beyoncé's first dance instructor?
seven,How old was Beyoncé when she won a school talent show?
St. John's United Methodist Church,What choir did Beyoncé sing in for two years?
Arne Frager,Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?
Beyoncé's father,"In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?"
Elektra Records,Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?
Arne Frager,Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?
1995,In what year did Beyonce's father quit his job to manage her group?
Sony Music,What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?
Elektra Records,What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?
age eight,At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson?
eight,How old was Beyoncé when she met LaTavia Roberson?
Girl's Tyme,What was the name of the first group Beyoncé was a part of?
Arne Frager,Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?
1995,When did Beyoncé begin to manage the girl group?
Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment,"Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?"
Men in Black,Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?
"""Say My Name""","For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?"
Marc Nelson,"Who did Beyonce record with for the movie ""The Best Man?"""
1996,Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?
Book of Isaiah,The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?
Men in Black,"Debut song, ""Killing Time"" was featured on what movie's sound track?"
Say My Name,What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?
Marc Nelson,"What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man""?"
Book of Isaiah.,Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?
Men in Black.,"Destiny's Child song, Killing Time, was included in which film's soundtrack?"
"No, No, No",What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?
1999,When did Destiny's Child release their second album?
Marc Nelson,"Who did Beyoncé sing a duet with for ""The Best Man"" film?"
depression,What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?
boyfriend left her,What event occured after she was publicly criticized?
her mother,Who supported Beyonce through her depression?
split with Luckett and Rober,What event caused Beyonce's depression?
a couple of years,How long was Beyonce depressed?
her mother,Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?
Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.,Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?
Beyoncé,Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?
her mother,Who helped Beyoncé overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?
Farrah Franklin,Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?
Independent Women Part I,"""Charlie's Angels"" featured which single from the band members?"
eleven,"How many weeks did their single ""Independent Women Part I"" stay on top?"
MTV,"For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?"
"663,000 copies","Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?"
Georges Bizet,What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?
Survivor,What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?
Charlie's Angels.,Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film's soundtrack?
Carmen: A Hip Hopera,Which film did Beyoncé star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?
Survivor,What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?
Luckett and Roberson,Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?
October 2001,When did Destiny's Child announce their hiatus?
Mike Myers,"Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, ""Austin Powers in Goldmember""?"
"UK, Norway, and Belgium","Which three countries did Beyonce's song ""Work It Out"" achieve top ten status?"
The Fighting Temptations,Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?
Missy Elliott,"Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie ""The Fighting Temptations""?"
Summertime,Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?
Austin Powers in Goldmember,What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?
73 million,"What large amount did the movie ""Goldmember"" gross?"
musical comedy,"What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?"
Fighting Temptations,What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?
mixed reviews,"How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?"
Austin Powers in Goldmember,What film did Beyoncé star in with Mike Myers in 2002?
Foxxy Cleopatra,What was Beyoncé's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?
Work It Out,Which song did Beyoncé release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?
The Fighting Temptations,"What musical comedy did Beyoncé star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?"
Fighting Temptations,What song did Beyoncé release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?
number four,What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?
Dangerously in Love,Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?
11 million,"How many has ""Dangerously in Love"" sould worldwide since its debut?"
Crazy in Love,Beyonce's first number one song was which song?
four,How many top five singles came from her first album?
Jay Z,Beyonce's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single?
Dangerously in Love,What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?
number four," The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?"
Luther Vandross,"""The Closer I get to You"" was recorded with which artist?"
Jay Z,Which artist was associated with Beyoncé's premiere solo recording?
"June 24, 2003",When did Beyoncé release her first solo album?
Crazy in Love,What is the lead single on Beyoncé's first album?
Luther Vandross.,Who helped Beyoncé earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?
five.,How many awards did Beyoncé win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?
Destiny Fulfilled,Destiny's Child's final album was named what?
2006,Destiny's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year?
November 2003,In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe?
Destiny Fulfilled,What was the name of the final album of Destiny's Child?
Barcelona,It was announced that Destiny's Child would  disban in what European city?
March 2006,When did Destiny's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?
Dangerously in Love Tour,What was the name of Beyoncé's European start that started in November 2003?
Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys,Who did Beyoncé tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour?
Super Bowl XXXVIII,"What major event did Beyoncé perform at on February 1, 2004?"
Destiny Fulfilled.,What is the name of the final studio album from Destiny's Child?
"541,000",How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album?
Déjà Vu,The lead single from the album was which song?
five,"How many countries did her song ""Irreplaceable"" get number one status in?"
five,How many singles did her second album produce?
twenty-fifth birthday,What birthday did Beyonce's album B'Day celebrate?
Jay Z,"What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single, ""Deja Vu''?"
top five,How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?
B'Day,What is the name of Beyoncé's second album?
"541,000",How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?
Jay Z,"Who collaborated with Beyoncé on the single, Deja Vu?"
Green Light,Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?
The Pink Panther,What movie did Beyonce act in 2006?
Dreamgirls,Her second movie Beyonce did was what film?
Dreamgirls,"The single, ""Listen"" was featured in which movie?"
2007,Beyonce's first world tour was when?
24 million,How much money did Beyonce's tour make in 2007?
158.8 million,How many millions of dollars did ''The Pink Panther'' gross world-wide?
The Beyoncé Experience,What did Beyonce call her first concert tour?
Shakira,Who was Beyonce's duet with in ''Beautiful Liar''?
The Pink Panther,Which film did Beyoncé star with Steve Martin in?
Diana Ross.,Beyoncé's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer?
Listen,What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?
The Beyoncé Experience,What was the name of Beyoncé's first international tour?
Shakira,What pop singer did a duet with Beyoncé on Beautiful Liar?
Jay Z,Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?
"November 18, 2008","Her third album, ""I am...Sasha Fierce"" was released when?"
2000s,"For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?"
Taylor Swift,Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?
119.5 million,"In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?"
in a video montage,How did she reveal the marriage?
March 2009,When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?
Taylor Swift,Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?
119.5 million,How much did the second world tour make in dollars?
"April 4, 2008",When did Beyoncé get married?
Jay Z.,Who did Beyoncé marry?
Sasha Fierce,Who is Beyoncé's alter ego?
Single Ladies,The video for what song won Beyoncé the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?
Kanye West,Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyoncé instead of Taylor Swift?
Etta James,"Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?"
Phoenix House,Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?
At Last,Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple's inaugural ball? 
thriller,"What genre of film was the movie, Obsessed, in which Beyonce starred in?"
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight,"A fight scene from the movie, Obsessed, won which award for Beyonce?"
Phoenix House,Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records?
Obsessed,What thriller film did Beyonce star in?
Sharon Charles,What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed?
60 million,How much more that the buget did the film gross?
Etta James,Which singer did Beyoncé portray in Cadillac Records?
Phoenix House,Which organization received Beyoncé's entire Cadillac Records salary?
the First Couple's first inaugural ball.,"Where did Beyoncé perform on January 20, 2009?"
Obsessed.,Which thriller film did Beyoncé star in with Ali Larter?
ten,How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards?
Lauryn Hill,Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist?
Lady Gaga,"In 2010, Beyonce worked with which other famous singer?"
six,"How many number one singles did Beyonce now have after the song ""Telephone""?"
Mariah Carey,Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female?
ten nominations,Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards?
Telephone,What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce?
Lady Gaga,Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone?
Mariah Carey,Who did they tie with for six top songs?
Lauryn Hill,Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year?
ten,How many nominations did Beyoncé receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?
Lauryn Hill,Who did Beyoncé tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists?
Lady Gaga,"Beyoncé was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?"
Mariah Carey,Who did Beyoncé and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992?
2010,Beyonce would take a break from music in which year?
2010,Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?
the Great Wall of China,Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China?
2010,In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus?
her mother,Who inspired this hiatus?
During the break,When did she stop using her father as a manager?
nine months,How long did the hiatus last?
a hiatus,What did Beyoncé announce in January 2010?
her mother,Who suggested the hiatus for Beyoncé?
her father,Who did Beyoncé part ways with during her hiatus?
nine months,How long did her hiatus last?
2011,In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface?
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund,Who did Beyonce donate the money to earned from her shows?
the 2011 Glastonbury Festival,Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?
The Huffington Post,Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to?
minute,Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?
documents obtained by WikiLeaks,Hoe did everyone learn that Beyonce performed for Kaddafi?
2011,When did this leak happen?
The Huffington Post,Who did she tell about the donation?
Glastonbury Festival,Where did Beyonce perform in 2011?
Muammar Gaddafi.,Who did Beyoncé perform privately for in 2011?
WikiLeaks,Who released the information about Beyoncé's performance for the Libyan ruler?
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.,Which organization did Beyoncé donate her pay for the private performance to?
Pyramid stage,Beyoncé was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?
2011,Beyonce's fourth album debuted in what year?
Love on Top,Which single had the most success from that album?
writing,Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?
New York's Roseland Ballroom,"in 2011, Beyonce performed for four nights where?"
"June 28, 2011",When was Beyonce's forth album released?
"310,000 copies",How many copies did the album sell in its first week?
New York Association of Black Journalists,Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing?
2011,When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom?
4,What is the name of Beyoncé's fourth studio album?
"June 28, 2011",When was 4 released?
"310,000",How many copies of 4 sold in the first week?
Essence,What magazine did Beyoncé write a story for about her earlier hiatus?
New York's Roseland Ballroom,Where did Beyoncé perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?
"January 7, 2012",When did Beyonce have her first child?
Lenox Hill Hospital,Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child?
Blue Ivy Carter,Beyonce's first child is named what?
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall,Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?
"January 7, 2012",When did Beyonce have her first child?
Blue Ivy Carter,What was the child's name?
Five months,How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?
four nights,How many nights did she perform at Atlantic City?
"January 7, 2012",When did Beyoncé give birth to a daughter?
Blue Ivy Carter,What did Beyoncé name her daughter?
Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.,Where was Blue Ivy born?
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall,Where was Beyoncé's first public performance after giving birth?
four,How many nights did Beyoncé play at the resort?
romance,Destiny's Child released a compilation album about which topic?
Life Is But a Dream,Beyonce's documentary movie was called what?
global publishing agreement,What did Beyonce sign in 2013?
January 2013,"When did Destiny's Child release its album ""Love Songs""?"
Nuclear,What was the title of the added track in Love Songs?
President Obama,At whose inauguration did she perform the National Anthem?
"268,000 tweets per minute",How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get?
January 2013,When did Destiny's Child release Love Songs?
Nuclear,What was the new track for Love Songs?
the American national anthem,What did Beyoncé sing at President Obama's second inauguration?
Super Bowl XLVII halftime show,What event did Beyoncé perform at one month after Obama's inauguration? 
Life Is But a Dream,What is the name of Beyoncé's documentary film?
132,"How many dates did Beyonce's ""The Mrs. Carter Show"" entail?"
The Mrs. Carter Show,One of Beyonce's most successful tours yet was which one?
Rise Up,"Beyonce wrote which song for the movie ""Epic""?"
Epic,Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film?
April 15,When did the tour begin?
2013 Met Gala,Of what event was Beyonce honorary chair?
Queen Tara,What part did she voice for the movie Epic?
Rise Up,What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic?
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour,What was the name of Beyoncé's tour that she started on April 15?
132,How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have?
Back to Black,Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyoncé cover and release in May 2014?
Met Gala.,Beyoncé was an honorary chair of the 2013 what?
Queen Tara,"Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyoncé?"
the iTunes Store,Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?
"December 13, 2013",When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album?
the iTunes Store,Where was the album released? 
Jay Z,Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?
Forbes,Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?
more than double her earnings,How much more were her earnings that the year before?
"December 13, 2013",When did Beyoncé release her fifth studio album?
one million,How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyoncé sell in six days?
Drunk in Love,What song on Beyoncé's fifth studio album featured her husband?
On the Run Tour.,What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyoncé and Jay Z?
three,How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?
Beck,Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?
Vogue,Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015?
Coldplay,Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50?
three,Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?
Beck,Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year?
Coldplay,Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50?
six awards,"If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?"
Vogue,On what magazine was she the cover model?
Coldplay,Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?
Coldplay,With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?
six,How many awards was Beyoncé nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys?
three,How many awards did Beyoncé win at the 57th Annual Grammys?
Beck,Beyoncé lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?
Vogue,"Which magazine did Beyoncé pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?"
Coldplay,Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?
Tidal,"Beyonce released the song ""Formation"" on which online music service?"
Formation,Beyonce's new single released before the super bowl was called what?
"February 6, 2016","What day did Beyonce release her single, Formation?"
exclusively,How was the single released?
Tidal,What was the name of the streaming service?
music streaming,What kind of platform was the song released?
"February 6, 2016",When did Beyoncé release Formation?
Tidal,"Where did Beyoncé exclusively release her single, Formation?"
300 million,"As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?"
Paris,Where did Beyonce become pregnant?
miscarriage,"Beyonce described what as the ""hardest thing she had to endure""?"
Jay Z,Who did Beyonce have a relationship with?
"April 4, 2008",When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?
300 million,Together how records have they sold ?
wrote music,How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?
Paris,Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?
'03 Bonnie & Clyde,"In which music video did Beyoncé star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?"
"April 4, 2008",When were Beyoncé and Jay Z married?
300 million,How many records combined have Beyoncé and Jay Z sold?
miscarriage,What did Beyoncé describe as the saddest thing in her life?
Paris.,Where did Beyoncé get pregnant?
MTV Video Music Awards,Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011?
her pregnancy,Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?
12.4 million,How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?
2011 MTV Video Music Awards,Where did she announce her pregnancy?
Her appearance,Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history?
most tweets per second,What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?
Beyonce pregnant,"What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29, 2011?"
Love on Top,What song did she perform at the MTV Awards?
2011 MTV Video Music Awards,Where did Beyoncé announce her pregnancy?
Love on Top,What song did Beyoncé sing prior to announcing her pregnancy?
12.4 million,How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards?
Beyonce pregnant,"What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29, 2011?"
Lifeandtimes.com,Jay Z has a website called what?
Glory,Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles?
Blue Ivy Carter,What was the name of Beyonce's daughter?
Lenox Hill Hospital,At what hospital was the baby delivered?
Glory,What was the named of the song  dedicated to the child?
Blue Ivy Carter,What does B.I.C. stand for?
B.I.C.,Who was credited for her cries on the song?
"January 7, 2012",When did Beyoncé give birth to her daughter?
Blue Ivy Carter,What did Beyoncé and Jay Z name their daughter?
Glory,What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born?
Blue Ivy's cries,What is included at the end of Glory?
B.I.C.,How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory?
George Zimmerman,Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?
America the Beautiful,Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?
4 million,How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?
same sex marriage,"What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?"
a rally,What did they attend in July 2013?
America the Beautiful,What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?
America the Beautiful,What song did Beyoncé perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?
At Last,What song did Beyoncé perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.
Tumblr,What social media platform did Beyoncé upload a picture of her paper ballot on?
same sex marriage,"When did Beyoncé endorse on March 26, 2013?"
Vogue,Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?
Ban Bossy campaign,Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?
Vogue,Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?
April 2013,When did she say the she is a feminist?
Ban Bossy,What campaign did she contribute to?
Flawless,What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?
leadership in girls,What does Ban Bossy encourage?
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie,"Beyoncé used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?"
Ban Bossy,Which campaign does Beyoncé contribute to that encourages leadership in females?
the ONE Campaign,Beyonce signed a letter with who in 2015?
September 2015,An important UN summit took place when?
women,The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue?
priorities,What had to be set in developing funding?
2015,When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign?
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma,To whom was the letter addressed?
head of the G7 in Germany,Who are these women?
September 2015,When will they meet?
the ONE Campaign,Who did Beyoncé sign a letter for in 2015?
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma,Who was the letter addressed to?
the head of the G7 in Germany,What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter?
women,What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on?
Freddie Gray,Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?
protesters,Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?
Freddie Gray,Who's death caused this protest?
thousands of dollars,How much bail money did they spend?
Madonna and Celine Dion,Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?
highest-earning power couple,Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009?
2014,Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?
250 million,"Up until May of 2015, how much is Beyonce's total worth?"
Madonna and Celine Dion,"Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?"
Forbes,In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?
2011,When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?
115 million,How much did she earn in 2014?
250 million,What is Beyonce's net worth in 2015?
Forbes,"Who began reporting Beyoncé's annual earnings, starting in 2008?"
April 2014.,"When did Beyoncé become the highest paid black musician, ever?"
MTV,Who predicted that Beyoncé would become the highest paid black entertainer?
2013,When did Jay Z and Beyoncé become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?
four,Beyonce's range in singing is how many octaves?
Jody Rosen,who talked about Beyonce's tone and timbre as distinctive?
The Daily Mail,"Which critic called Beyonce's voice ""versatile""?"
hip hop,Which era was credited to have influenced Beyonce's singing style by Jody Rosen?
four octaves,How many octaves does Beyonce have?
versatile,What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce's voice?
hip hop,What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce's style?
praise her range and power,What do other critics claim?
four,How many octaves does Beyoncé's voice span?
Her vocal abilities,Why is Beyoncé known as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child?
tart,New York Times' Jon Pareles calls Beyoncé's voice velvety yet what?
the hip hop era,What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyoncé's vocal style?
R&B,Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre?
"pop, soul and funk","Besides R&B, which genres does Beyonce dabble in?"
Spanish,"Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?"
re-release of B'Day,Spanish songs Beyonce released were for what?
Rudy Perez,Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?
R&B,What kind of music does Beyonce do?
English,What language does she mainly sing?
Spanish,What other language has she sung?
B'Day,What album did she re-release in Spanish?
R&B,What style of music does Beyoncé usually perform?
Spanish,What language did Beyoncé release several songs in?
Rudy Perez.,Who coached Beyoncé for her Spanish recordings?
B'Day.,What album did the Spanish songs come from?
beats,Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?
Cater 2 U,An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?
female-empowerment,What theme was Beyonce's early music?
man-tending anthems,With Jay Z what were her new themes?
co-producing credits,What does she get credits for in her music?
melodies,What part of production does she do?
Women,Beyoncé's early recordings empowered who?
co-producing,"In addition to co-writing credits, Beyoncé also got what credits for most of her albums?"
melodies and ideas,"Rather than beats, what two things does Beyoncé usually come up with for producers?"
Beyoncé,Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?
"American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards",Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?
Diane Warren,Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?
Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters,Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?
2001,When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?
third,What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?
Billboard magazine,Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?
third woman,Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?
Pop Songwriter of the Year award,"What did Beyoncé win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?"
"the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.",Who gave Beyoncé the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?
three,"Beyoncé was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 ""Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters"" list."
17,What number was Beyoncé on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?
Michael Jackson,To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?
five,How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?
Michael Jackson,Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?
vocal runs,Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?
Michael Jackson,Who influenced Beyonce?
Vision of Love,What song by Mariah Carey influenced her?
Michael Jackson,Who is Beyoncé's biggest musical influence?
Michael Jackson,What was Beyoncé's first concert?
Diana Ross,Who does Beyoncé feel is an all-around entertainer?
Whitney Houston,"Who does she credit for the inspiration to ""get up there and do what she did""?"
Vision of Love,What song caused Beyoncé to practice runs as a child?
feminism and female empowerment,What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?
Josephine Baker,"Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song ""Deja Vu""?"
Etta James,Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?
Dreamgirls,What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? 
boldness,How did Etta James influence her?
2006 Fashion Rocks concert,Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?
Josephine Baker.,What singer inspired Beyoncé's B'Day album?
Déjà Vu,What song did Beyoncé sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?
Michelle Obama,"Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying ""She proves you can do it all""?"
February 2013,Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career?
Oprah Winfrey,"Beyonce has said that who embodies the ""definition of inspiration and a strong woman""?"
Michelle Obama,Who personally influences Beyonce?
a strong woman,Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey?
lyrical and raw,How does she describe Jean- Michel Basquiat?
to take control of her own career,How does Madonna influence her?
continuing inspiration,How does she describe Jay Z?
First Lady Michelle Obama,"Who inspires Beyoncé because ""she does it all?"""
Oprah Winfrey,Who does Beyoncé describe as the definition of inspiration?
Jean-Michel Basquiat,Who does Beyoncé describe as lyrical and raw?
Madonna,Who inspired Beyoncé to take control of her career?
Suga Mama,Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?
The Mamas,Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?
"Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick",The Mamas members included which 3 musicians?
2006,The Mamas first appearance was when?
Suga Mama,What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?
Suga Mama,What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?
2006 BET Awards,Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?
Suga Mama,What band supports Beyonce in her tours?
Suga Mama,What is the name of Beyoncé's female tour band?
B'Day,Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyoncé album?
The Mamas,What are Beyoncé's backup singers called?
the 2006 BET Awards,When did The Mamas make their debut?
stage presence and voice,What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?
L.A. Reid,Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?
stage presence,For what does Beyonce receive praise?
Jarett Wieselman,Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?
greatest entertainer alive,How has L.A. Reid described her?
she's almost too good,How does Alice Jones describe her?
Jarett Wieselman,Who has Beyoncé at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?
L.A. Reid,Who has said that Beyoncé is the best entertainer alive?
Sasha Fierce,Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what?
"making of ""Crazy in Love""",Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce?
2010,What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce?
Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live,Beyonce brought back Sasha Fierce during which event?
"too aggressive, too strong",How does she describe Sasha?
she would bring her back,Later what did she say about Sasha?
Sasha Fierce.,What is the name of Beyoncé's alter ego?
2008,When did Beyoncé introduce Sasha Fierce?
Crazy in Love,Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?
Allure magazine,Who did Beyoncé tell in February 2010 that Sasha Fierce was no longer needed?
wide-ranging,Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?
Touré,"Which music journalist described Beyonce as a ""crossover sex symbol?"""
Bootylicious,Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006?
Destiny's Child,Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?
Bootylicious,Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce?
Bootylicious,What word is often used to describe Beyonce/
2006,When was the term added to the dictionary?
Touré,"What journalist wrote that Beyoncé was a ""sex symbol""?"
Bootylicious,"Because of Beyoncé's physical shape, what slang term has been used to describe her?"
2006,In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny's Child song that is also used to describe Beyoncé put in the dictionary?
sexily,How does Beyoncé say she likes to dress off-stage?
modelling,"in September 2010, what career area did Beyonce start exploring?"
Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show,Beyonce's first modelling event was at where?
People,"""World's Most Beautiful woman"" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?"
January 2013,Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover?
VH1,What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list?
People,Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?
Complex,Who called her Hottest Female Singer of all Time?
2013,When did she appear on the cover of GQ?
number 1,VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list?
2010,What year did Beyoncé first model for Tom Ford?
People,"What magazine said Beyoncé was the ""World's Most Beautiful Woman""?"
Hottest Female Singer of All Time,What title did Complex award Beyoncé?
Madame Tussauds Wax Museums,What museum has made several models of Beyoncé in wax?
Her mother,Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?
Tyra Banks,Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue?
Destiny's Style,What was the title of Beyonce's mother's book?
2007,When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover?
Tyra Banks,Who was she the second  African American on the cover after?
Tyra Banks,"Beyoncé was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine, who was first?"
People,"What magazine said Beyoncé was the ""best-dressed celebrity""?"
The Bey Hive,Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what?
The Beyontourage,"Before the Bey Hive, fans of Beyonce were called what?"
Twitter,Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive?
Bey Hive,What is Beyonce's fan base called?
Beyontourage,What did the fans used to be called?
Bey Hive,What is the latest term used to describe Beyoncé fans?
Beyontourage,What was the former word given to Beyoncé fans?
beehive,"What word does ""Bey Hive"" derive from?"
House of Deréon,Beyonce has a clothing line known as what?
L'Officiel,Which French magazine did Beyonce show up on the cover of?
blackface and tribal makeup,Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy?
2006,Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce?
for wearing and using fur,What did PETA criticize Beyonce for in 2006?
L'Officiel,What French Magazine cover did the media criticize?
in blackface and tribal makeup,How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel?
L'Officiel,What French magazine did Beyoncé appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup?
House of Deréon.,What clothing line of Beyoncé drew PETA criticism?
French fashion magazine,What type of magazine is L'Officiel?
African-American,Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce?
Emmett Price,Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?
L'Oréal,Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce's hair?
natural pictures be used,What did Vogue request?
it is categorically untrue,How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures?
costuming,"In addition to her light skin color, what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyoncé?"
Emmett Price,"In 2007, which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well?"
L'Oréal,Who was accused of lightening Beyoncé's skin for an advertisement?
Feria hair color advertisements,What advertisement was Beyoncé's skin supposedly lightened in?
H&M,Who did Beyoncé tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images?
The Guardian,Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?
2013,Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?
2014,Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year?
Artist of the Decade,What did the Guardian name her?
2013,When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List?
2014,When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?
Baz Luhrmann,Who said that she is the reigning national voice?
Jody Rosen,Who stated that Beyoncé is the most important musician of the 21st century?
The Guardian,Which publication named Beyoncé the Artist of the Decade?
Time 100 list,What list did Beyoncé make in 2013?
Baz Luhrmann,Who said Beyoncé is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?
2014,What year was Beyoncé featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?
White Rabbits,Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album?
Gwyneth Paltrow,"Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film, ""Country Strong?"""
Pepsi,Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it?
Beyoncé's Pepsi commercial,What influenced Nicki Minaj to join the Pepsi global campaign?
White Rabbits,Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album?
work,What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers?
Country Strong,For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?
White Rabbits,Which Indie band said Beyoncé was an inspiration for one of hteir albums?
Milk Famous,What was the name of the White Rabbits' album?
Gwyneth Paltrow,Who studied Beyoncé during live concerts for research for a film's music role?
Country Strong.,What was the name of the film that Gwyneth Paltrow starred in as a musician?
Nicki Minaj,Beyoncé's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi's global campaign in 2012?
Crazy in Love,"VH1 declared what song the ""Greatest song of the 2000s?"""
two,"How many Grammy awards did ""Crazy in Love"" win?"
8 million,How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history?
fly,What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012?
July 2014,A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when?
Crazy in Love,Which of Beyonce's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s?
earned two Grammy Awards,How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get?
around 8 million copies,How many copies did Crazy in Love sell?
Drake,Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce?
Rolling Stone,Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time?
Drake,"Who sang ""Girls Love Beyoncé"" in 2013?"
a species of horse fly,What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyoncé?
15 million,How many copies of her albums as Beyonce sold in the US?
118 million,"Totaling worldwide, how many records as Beyonce sold?"
64,How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA?
60 million,"When Beyonce was with Destiny's Child, how many albums did she manage to sell?"
Beyoncé,Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards?
15 million,How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S?
118 million,How many has she sold worldwide?
60 million,How many records has she sold with Destiny's Child?
2008 World Music Awards,When did she receive the Legend Award?
64 certifications,How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s?
over 15 million,How many records has Beyoncé sold in the United States?
over 118 million,How many records has Beyoncé sold throughout the world?
The Recording Industry Association of America,Who cited Beyoncé as being the top certified artist of the 2000s?
64,How many certifications did RIAA give Beyoncé?
the 2008 World Music Awards,When did Beyoncé receive the Legend Award?
20,How many Grammys has Beyonce won total with and without Destiny's Child?
Alison Krauss,Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce?
52,Beyonce has been awarded how many Grammy nominations?
six,Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female?
two,How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home?
20 Grammy Awards,How many Grammies has Beyonce won?
52 nominations,How many Grammy nominations does Beyonce have?
2010,When did she set the record for most Grammy awards won in one night?
Adele,Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012?
20,How many Grammys has Beyoncé won?
52,How many Grammy nominations has Beyoncé had?
"""Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)""",What Beyoncé song was song of the year on 2010?
Dreamgirls,What movie had Beyoncé nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards?
Pepsi,Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002?
50 million,Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement?
The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET),Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal?
70,What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce's endorsement of Pepsi?
2002,When did Beyonce begin doing Pepsi advetisments?
"Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias",Who was in the commercial with Beyonce in 2004?
endorse Pepsi,What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012?
Center for Science in the Public Interest,Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal?
Pepsi,What soft drink company has Beyoncé worked with since 2002?
$50 million,How much did Beyoncé get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012?
The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET),Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?
NetBase,What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyoncé did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?
Tommy Hilfiger,"Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes, True Star and True Star Gold?"
Beyoncé,The world's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom?
Heat,Beyonce's first fragrance had what name?
2013,The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year?
400 million,How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make?
Heat,What was Beyonce's 2010  perfume called?
2011,"When was her second perfume, Heat Rush, released?"
Pulse,What was Beyonce's third perfume named?
six editions,How many editions of Heat have been launched?
Diamonds,Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyoncé promote in 2007?
2010.,What year did Beyoncé introduce her first fragrance?
Heat,What was Beyoncé's first fragrance called?
six,How many editions of Heat exist?
18,How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?
Starpower: Beyoncé,What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?
since the age of 18,When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?
70 staff,How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?
out of court,How was the suit settled?
Starpower: Beyoncé,What was the name of the video game?
Starpower: Beyoncé,What video game did Beyoncé back out of?
GateFive,What company was producing the video game?
70,How many people lost their jobs over Beyoncé backing out of the deal?
June 2013,When was the disagreement settled out of court?
fashion retailer Topshop,Who did Bayonce's management go into business with in 2014?
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd,"After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop"" new business was called what?"
activewear,What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce?
fall of 2015,The company and products were set to be in stores when?
Topshop,Who did Beyonce partner with in London?
2015,When will the new line launch?
Parkwood Entertainment,What is the name of Beyoncé's management company?
Topshop,Who did Beyoncé and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014?
London,Where is Topshop located?
activewear,What was the new division of Topshop because of the partnership?
"March 30, 2015","When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service, Tidal?"
Jay Z,The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015?
"March 30, 2015",When was it announced that Beyonce was  a co-owner in Tidal?
music streaming service,What kind of service is Tidal?
low payout of royalties,What is a criticism of other streaming services?
Tidal.,What music streaming system is Beyoncé part owner of?
Aspiro,What is the parent company of the music service Beyoncé owns part of?
Jay Z,Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyoncé owns part of?
Spotify,What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts?
her mother,House of Dereon became known through Beyonce and which of Beyonce's relatives?
Agnèz Deréon,Beyonce's grandma's name was?
Beyond Productions,Beyonce's family's company name is what?
"sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear",What types of garments are sold by Beyonce's clothing line?
US and Canada,Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce's clothing line?
her mother,"Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line, Dereon?"
2005,When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon?
"grandmother, Agnèz Deréon",Who was the business named for in Beyonce's family?
in Destiny's Child's shows and tours,Where were items from the clothing line displayed?
her mother,Who shares in the House of Deréon fashion line introduction with Beyoncé?
Deréon.,What is the name of the House of Deréon junior collection?
shoe,What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?
Brazil,"In 2010, Beyonce released Dereon to what country?"
2009,Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?
House of Deréon collection,What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?
Sasha Fierce for Deréon,What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?
"May 27, 2010",When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil?
House of Brands,What company did Beyoncé get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?
Beyoncé Fashion Diva,What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyoncé fashions?
Sasha Fierce for Deréon,What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyoncé and her mother?
C&A,Who did Beyoncé team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?
Dillard's,Sasha Fierce for Deréon fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?
Topshop,"Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?"
autumn 2015,Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when?
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd,What is the new business called?
50,What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?
April 2016,When will the full line appear?
Topshop,What company did Beyoncé contract with to sell clothing in England?
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd,What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyoncé and the British company to come out in 2016?
activewear,What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyoncé sell?
Hurricane Katrina,What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?
"250,000","How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?"
Ike,What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?
the Survivor Foundation,What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?
"$250,000",How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?
expanded to work with other charities,How has this foundation changed in recent years?
Survivor Foundation,What foundation did Beyoncé start after Hurricane Katrina?
"$250,000.",How much money did Beyoncé contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?
Hurricane Ike,What other hurricane did Beyoncé's foundation help with?
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean,Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?
Brooklyn Phoenix House,Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?
God Bless the USA,"After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?"
$1 million,How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? 
Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House,"What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?"
New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund,"What charity benefited from  the release of the song, God Bless the USA?"
Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit,What did she participate in with George Clooney?
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean,Which two stars did Beyoncé help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?
Beyoncé Cosmetology Center,What did Beyoncé open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?
God Bless the USA,What Lee Greenwood song did Beyoncé cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting,"Which national event caused Beyonce to produce ""Demand a Plan?"""
I Was Here,What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?
Miss a Meal,Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?
London,"On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for ""a Chime for Change""?"
her mother,"Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was ""finding the best qualities in every human being.""?"
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.,The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?
spread female empowerment,What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?
Catapult,What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?
Demand A Plan,What is the name of the campaign that Beyoncé and others are involved in that deals with gun control?
Sandy Hook Elementary School,What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?
I Was Here,What song did Beyoncé donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?
Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini,Who did Beyoncé work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?
Spanish word montaña (mountain),Where does the state's name come from?
4th,What is the states rank in size?
44th,What is its rank in popularion?
77,How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?
from the Spanish word montaña,Where does the state's name come from?
1908,What year was the state tree selected?
1949,When was the state tree actually assigned?
1981,What year was the state animal selected?
grizzly bear,What is the state animal of Montana?
Maiasaura,What is the state fossil
1910,When was the state song composed?
Oro y Plata,What is Montana's motto? 
"""Gold and Silver""",What does Montana's motto mean?
1865,When was the motto adopted?
1895,WHen was the state flower adopted?
bitterroot,What is the state flower for Montana?
35 percent,"How much of the states population does the ""Big 7"" have?"
56,How many counties does Montana have?
Billings,"What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?"
Missoula and Great Falls,"What two cities have a population over 50,000?"
"""mountain""",Where does the state's name mean?
Montaña del Norte,What did the Spanish call this region?
"147,040 square miles",What is the total area of Montana?
Wyoming,What state does Montana border to the south?
Idaho,What state does it border to the west?
western half of the state,Where are most of the states mountain ranges?
About 60 percent,How much of the state is prarie?
north,Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?
Hudson Bay.,Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?
"over 10,000 feet",How high is the Beartooth Plateau?
Granite Peak,What is thie highest point in the state?
"12,799 feet",How high is Granite Peak?
one,How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?
1996,How long has the single congressional district been Republican?
59 to 41.,What is the split in the State House of Representatives?
29 to 21,What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?
a swing state,"In elections, what is Montana considered?"
1992,What year was the last Democrat for president supported?
60 percent,How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?
40 percent,How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?
Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport,What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?
2013,When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?
BNSF Railway,What is the states largest railway?
1880s,How long have railroads been important since in Montana
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation,What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?
spring,What season is black bear hunting allowed?
wolves and mountain lions,What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?
1930s,Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?
Federation of Fly Fishers,What fishing organization has its home here?
trout and kokanee salmon fisheries,What type of fisheries does the state have?
A River Runs Through It,What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?
"April 26, 1864",When was the Montana Territory formed?
1862,When was the first formal school on record?
$1.75,How much were students charged per week?
1886,When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?
450,How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?
Hudson Bay,What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?
Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.,Where do the watersheds divide at?
Pacific Ocean,What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?
"Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers",What rivers form the Missouri River?
Three Forks,Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?
north,Which direction does the water flow in this area?
1976,Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?
north,Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?
North Dakota,Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?
"at least 3,223",How many named lakes are there in Montana?
Flathead Lake,What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?
Fort Peck Reservoir,What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?
Missouri river,What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?
approximately 25 percent,About how much area do forests cover the state?
90,How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?
grizzly bear,What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?
five,How many endangered species are in Montana?
at least 17,How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?
15 inches,What is the annual precipitation?
34.70 inches,How much precipitation does Heron recieve?
105 inches,How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?
7,How many tax brackets does Montana have?
6.9 percent,What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?
no,Does Montana have a sales tax?
"Approximately 66,000",About how many Native Americans live in Montana?
1851,When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?
1887,What year was the Dawes act passed?
Great Falls,Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?
63%,About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?
German,What is the largest European-American race in Montana?
a mining camp,What was Helena originally founded as?
6.5 percent,What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?
"Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt",What three counties are Native Americans a majority?
1980 and 1990,Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%
2007,In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?
July,What month was the hottest ever recorded?
forest fires,What problem has substantially increased in its severity?
1855,What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?
Isaac Stevens,Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?
1859,What year was the treaty ratified?
Flathead Indian Reservation,What did the treaty establish?
Camp Cooke,What was the name of the first US Army post?
on the Missouri River,Where was Camp Cooke situated?
1876,What year was the Great Sioux War?
1877,What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?
English,What is the official language of Montana?
94.8 percent,What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?
Spanish,What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?
"13,040",How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?
"about 1,700",ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?
89.4 percent,What percent of the state is White?
6.3 percent,What percent of the state is Native American Indian?
2.9,Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?
"1,032,949",What was the population of the state in 2015?
4.40%,How much did the population increase since 2010?
Gallatin County,What county saw the largest growth?
Kalispell,What city saw the largest growth?
1917,What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?
1941,When did she vote a second time against war?
smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.,What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?
over 13 million,About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?
about 325,In 1884 about how many bison remained?
General Philip Sheridan,Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?
1875,What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?
1881,When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?
1882,When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?
"1871, 1872 and 1873",What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?
1876,What year was the Great White Sioux War?
1883,When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?
1866,When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?
bid for statehood,Why was this constitutional convention held?
1884,When was the second constitutional convention held?
1889,What year was Montana's statehood approved?
"North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington",What other three states were approved in the same year?
1862,What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?
160 acres,How much land did the Homestead Act allow?
1868,What year was the first homestead claim claimed?
1877,When was the Desert Land Act passed?
640 acres,How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?
$.25,How much was the charge per acre at first?
James J. Hill,Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s
1902,In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?
1909,What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?
320 acres,How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?
1917,When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?
1918,When was the Sedition Act passed?
"criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means",What were these acts make do to laws?
200,How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?
78,How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?
"40,000-plus",How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?
"over 57,000",How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?
At least 1500,About how many Montanans  died in the war?
"First Special Service Force or ""Devil's Brigade,""",Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?
"Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow",Where were air bases built in Montana?
entire human groups,"In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?"
that group,"In addressing the issue of ""in part,"" the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?"
"""in whole or in part""",Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?
Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic,What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?
opinions of respected commentators,Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?
that biological-physical destruction was necessary,Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?
the type of group destruction,"A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?"
Germany,Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?
Convention States municipal laws,"The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?"
the judgements of several international and municipal courts,"In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?"
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,"In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? "
Nazi Germany,In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? 
Lemkin,"Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?"
United Nations General Assembly,Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?
provide a legal definition of the crime,"While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?"
political killings,Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?
USSR,What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?
international intervention in domestic politics,What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?
William Schabas,Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?
its own Great Purge,What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?
majority of legal scholars,Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?
"national, racial, religious or ethnic",What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?
Jorgic v. Germany,In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?
biological-physical,What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
as a descriptive term,"Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word ""genocide"" used in an indictment scenario?"
Lemming,Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
international relations and community,Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
Australian,What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
"""ritualcide""","What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?"
ritualcide,What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?
anthropologist,What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?
"language, culture, and economic infrastructure","What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?"
legal aspect of the term,What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
a crime,"In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?"
the deliberate killing of a certain group,"In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?"
officials in power of a state or area,"In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? "
the Peace of Westphalia,"Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?"
genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power,Why does genocide often go unpunished?
"ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups",Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?
1648,What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?
1944,"When was the word ""genocide"" first used?"
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).,"What is the etymology of the term ""genocide""?"
a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them,What is the definition of genocide?
Raphael Lemkin,"Who coined the term ""genocide""?"
Winston Churchill,Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?
1944,"The word ""genocide"" was unknown until what year?"
"as ""a crime without a name""","In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?"
Raphael Lemkin,"What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as ""genocide?"" "
Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill),"What is the etymological basis of the word ""genocide?"""
to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them,"As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?"
when the targeted part is substantial enough,Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  
The numeric size,What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? 
absolute terms,The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
prominence within the group,"In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?"
perpetrators' access to the victims,The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? 
historical examples of genocide,What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? 
possible extent of their reach,The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
the opportunity presented to him,What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
inform the analysis,"While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?"
12 January 1951,On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?
20,What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? 
only two,"Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?"
the United Kingdom,What member ratified in 1970?
four,The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?
a diplomatic compromise,In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
a research tool,"Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?"
international legal credibility,What does the treaty possess that others lack?
alternative definitions,The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
Jonassohn and Björnson,What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
their focus,The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? 
Frank Chalk,What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
R. J. Rummel,With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?
Ted Gurr,Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
social and political groups,Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response,In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
political groups,Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
Genocide,"In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?"
intends to destroy a group,"In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? "
policies,"Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?"
victimized groups,"Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?"
politicides,What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
nationality,"Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?"
pogroms,"What did Harff define as ""short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"""
murder by government,"In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?"
religious group,"Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?"
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
eliminate the group,Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
preventing births,"In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?"
Adrian Gallagher,"In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?"
collective power,"In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? "
intent,Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
group identity,"The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?"
destroyed,"In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?"
acts of genocide,Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?
both in peace and wartime,During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?
no claim of genocide could be brought against them,"In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?"
the United States,What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?
Norway,"Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?"
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
humanity,Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
crimes like murder,An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
the Holocaust,After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
Raphael Lemkin,"Who is notable for coining the term ""Holocaust?"""
European Court of Human Rights,Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?
wider interpretation of genocide,"In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?"
ethnic cleansing,"The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?"
expel Muslims and Croats from their homes,The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?
the ICTY,"Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?"
About 30,"In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?"
several plea bargains,Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
conspiracy to commit genocide,Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
aiding and abetting genocide,Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
German courts,Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
He died,What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
Belgrade,Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić,"With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?"
genocide or complicity in genocide,"Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?"
Slobodan Milošević,Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR),What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
April 1994,The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
the Security Council of the United Nations,the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?
serious violations of the international law,The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
Rwandan citizens,The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?
situation in Darfur,What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?
Colin Powell,In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,In front of which committee did Powell testify?
an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur,What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?
genocidal policy,"Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?"
Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court,To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?
the Commission report,"What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?"
the United States,China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?
his fourth report,In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?
structural conditions,"In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?"
psychological and social,What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?
Ervin Staub,Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?
devaluation of the group,A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?
humanizing a devalued group,What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?
resistance of bacteria,What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
evolution,What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
1943,When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
penicillin and erythromycin,Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
evolutionary processes,What does emergence of resistance reflect?
survive high doses of antibiotics,What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
1943,When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
Luria–Delbrück,Who made the demonstration in 1943?
concentration,What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?
bacterial infection,What does this eliminate?
bacterial growth phase,What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?
division of bacterial cells,What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?
concentration,What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?
"host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial",What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?
several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy,How do you predict the clinical result?
bacterial functions or growth processes,What do anitibiotics mostly target?
penicillins and cephalosporins,Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?
polymyxins,Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?
"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines",What 3 types go after protein synthesis?
mechanism of action,"Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?"
penicillins and cephalosporins,What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?
polymyxins,whats another word for cell membrane?
four,How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/
"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity",What three ways are antibiotics classified?
semisynthetic modifications,What are antibiotics in chemical terms?
beta-lactam antibiotics,What type of antibiotics include penicilin?
aminoglycosides,What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?
synthesis,"How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?"
various natural compounds,"Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?"
2000 atomic mass units,What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?
penicillins,What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?
fungi,What is penicillins produced by?
tuberculosis,What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
"overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance",What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
World Health Organization,What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
20th century,In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
"anyone, of any age, in any country",What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
develop resistance,What does there medicines do for livestock?
World Health Organization,What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
20th,In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
antibiotic resistance,"Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? "
vaccination,What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
20th century,When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
develop resistance,What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
World Health Organization,What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
every region of the world,What regions in the world does this apply in?
20th century,When were antibiotics created?
antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance,What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
livestock raising,Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
tuberculosis,What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
empirical therapy,"What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?"
laboratory,Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?
broad spectrum antibiotic,What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?
While the microorgainsim is being identified,At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?
several days,How long does the identification process take?
broad spectrum antibiotic,What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?
"a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified",What happens in empirical therapy?
before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim,When is empirical started?
fever and nausea,What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?
disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora,What causes diarrhea?
yeast,What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?
a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid,What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?
alter the host microbiota,What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?
negative effects,What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?
clinical use,What do antibiotics need approval for?
microbial organisms,What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?
Adverse effects,"Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?"
host microbiota,What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?
negative effects on humans or other mammals,Why are antibiotics checked before use?
"fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis",Name some adverse effects?
diarrhea,Name some side-effects?
overgrowth of yeast,What can happen to vaginal flora?
Additional side-effects,What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?
increased body mass,What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment,What does STAT stand for?
"penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline",What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
unclear,Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
weighed against the beneficial effects,Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? 
increased body mass,What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
Early life,When do intestinal microbiota develop?
unclear,Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills,Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?
about 1%,What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?
reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon,What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?
inconclusive and controversial,Have these potential effects been proven through testing?
extra contraceptive measures,What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?
contraceptive pills,What do antibiotics interfere with?
about 1%,What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?
absorption of estrogens,Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?
oral contraceptives,"In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?"
antibiotics do interfere,Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?
extra contraceptive measures,What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?
about 1%,What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?
decreased effectiveness,What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?
moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics,Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?
there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects,Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?
widespread,How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?
decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy,What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?
alcohol consumption,What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?
alcohol and antibiotics,What belief should bever be mixed widespread?
alcohol,What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?
specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects,What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?
alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed,Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?
Intrinsic antibacterial resistance,What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?
antibacterial resistance genes,What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?
antibiotic target,What can be absent from the bacterial genome?
vertical transmission,When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/
mutation,What does some resistance come from?
vertical transmission of mutations,What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?
carry several different resistance genes,What do plasmids do in resistance?
superbugs,What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?
tuberculosis,What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?
half a million,How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?
MDR-TB,What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse,What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?
Self prescription,What is a common method of misuse?
overuse of antibiotics,What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?
prophylactic antibiotics,What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?
failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage,What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?
"failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery",What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment,What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?
prescribe antibiotics,What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?
US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance,What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?
"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)",Which agencies control this task force?
2002,When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?
2003,When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?
Swann report 1969,What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?
"American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)",What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?
S.742 and H.R. 2562,Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?
"American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)",What 3 medical associations supported the bills?
animal husbandry,What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?
1977,When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?
March 2012,When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?
medicinal folklore,What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
over 2000 years ago,When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
mold and plant materials and extracts,What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
against life,What does antibiosis mean?
Jean Paul Vuillemin,Who came up with the term antibiosis?
mold,What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?
Alexander Fleming,Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?
penicillin,What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?
chemotherapy,What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?
Prontosil,What was the first available antibiotic?
IG Farben,What company developed Prontosil?
Gerhard Domagk,Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?
1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine,What prize did Domagk get for his work?
tyrothricin,What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?
1939,When was tyrothricin created?
"start of World War II,",What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?
Rene Dubos,Who discovered tyrothricin?
wounds and ulcers,What was tyrothricin used for during the war?
1942,When was penicillin G first purified?
1945,When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?
Norman Heatley,Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?
1945,When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin,Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?
immune modulation or augmentation,What do vaccines need to work?
Antibacterial vaccines,What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates,What types of vaccines have been phased out?
Phage therapy,What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?
infecting pathogenic bacteria,How have researchers been doing this?
"phages will infect ""good"" bacteria",What is a worry of using phages?
2,How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?
seven,How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?
2013,What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?
FDA,Who regulates antibiotic approval?
economic incentives,What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?
superbugs,What are resistant bacteria called in the media?
"Allan Coukell,",Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?
Polish and French,What was Frédéric's nationalities?
Romantic era,In what era was Frédéric active in?
solo piano,For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?
Duchy of Warsaw,In what area was Frédéric born in?
20,At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?
1810,What year was Chopin born?
Romantic era,What era was Chopin active during?
Warsaw,Where did Chopin grow up?
solo piano,What instrument did he mostly compose for?
20,At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?
17 October 1849,When did Chopin die?
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,What was Chopin's full name?
solo piano,The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?
Romantic era,Chopin was active during what era?
1810,In what year was Chopin born?
Warsaw,In what city was Chopin born and raised?
20,How old was Chopin when he left Poland?
Romantic,In what era of music did Chopin compose?
1849,What year did Chopin die?
21,At what age did Frédéric move to Paris?
30,How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?
1835,In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France?
Majorca,In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place?
tuberculosis,What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death?
Paris,Where did he end up living when he was 21?
30,How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?
Franz Liszt,What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?
1835,What year did he gain citizenship in France?
Maria Wodzińska,What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?
21,At what age did Chopin move to Paris?
30,During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?
1835,What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?
Jane Stirling,In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?
1835,In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?
Jane Stirling,Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?
tuberculosis,What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?
piano,What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include?
instrumental ballade,What concept was Frédéric credited with creating?
"J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert",Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?
nuance and sensitivity,What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique?
Paris salons,What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?
piano,Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?
instrumental ballade,What concept did Chopin create?
nuance and sensitivity,What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?
"J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert",What three composers influenced Chopin's work?
Polish,"Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?"
piano,What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?
Polish,Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?
nuance and sensitivity,Chopin's performances were known for what?
"J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert",What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?
piano,What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?
Polish,What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?
Paris salons,Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?
indirect,What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?
his love life and his early death,What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?
Romantic era,In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?
films and biographies,In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?
France,Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?
Poland,Chopin is a native of what country?
political insurrection,He had a non-direct association with what?
Romantic era,Chopin is closely associated with what era?
France,Where did Chopin create most of his works?
political insurrection,Chopin was indirectly related to what?
Romantic era,Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?
Żelazowa Wola,In what village was Frédéric born in?
22 February 1810,On what date was Frédéric born on?
1 March,"Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?"
Fridericus Franciscus,What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?
29,How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?
Żelazowa Wola,Where was Chopin born?
Napoleon,Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?
22 February 1810,When was his birthday recorded as being?
1 March,What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?
Fridericus Franciscus,Chopin's given names in Latin are what?
Napoleon,The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?
22 February 1810,Chopin's birth is recorded as when?
1 March,What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?
Fridericus Franciscus,What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?
Żelazowa Wola,Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?
Napoleon,What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?
Justyna Krzyżanowska,Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?
23 April 1810,On what date was Frédéric baptised?
Polish,"What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?"
Nicolas,What was the given name of Chopin's father?
Lorraine,Where was Chopin's father from?
Justyna Krzyżanowska,Chopin's father married who?
Fryderyk Skarbek,What is the name of Chopin's godfather?
Ludwika,What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?
Nicolas,What was Chopin's father's first name?
Lorraine,From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?
Ludwika,What is Chopin's older sister's name?
October,During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?
French,What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?
the Palace grounds,Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?
flute and violin,What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time?
illnesses,What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?
October 1810,When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?
Warsaw Lyceum,Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?
flute and violin,What instruments did Chopin's father play?
piano,What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?
six months,How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?
French,What language did Chopin's father teach?
flute and violin,What two instruments did Chopin's father play?
piano,What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?
Saxon Palace.,Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?
Wojciech Żywny,Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?
Ludwika,Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?
7,At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?
two polonaises,What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?
a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821,What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?
Wojciech Żywny,Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?
Ludwika,Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?
7,At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?
1817,What year did Chopin compose his first work?
1816 to 1821,During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?
Wojciech Żywny,What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?
Ludwika,Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?
7,How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?
Wojciech Żywny,"Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?"
1817,In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?
Warsaw University,What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?
Kazimierz Palace,What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?
Belweder Palace,What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?
Nasze Przebiegi,What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?
1817,The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?
Kazimierz Palace,The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?
Grand Duke Constantine,As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?
a march,What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz,In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?
Belweder Palace,What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?
Grand Duke Constantine,What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?
a march,What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz,Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?
1823 to 1826,During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?
Józef Elsner,Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?
eolomelodicon,What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?
Alexander I,Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?
10 June 1825,On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?
Wilhelm Würfel,Who taught Chopin to play the organ?
Józef Elsner,Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?
eolomelodicon,What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?
diamond ring,What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?
Rondo Op. 1,What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? 
Wilhelm Würfel,Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?
Józef Elsner,What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?
eolomelodicon,What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?
a diamond ring.,What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?
Rondo Op. 1.,What is the title of his first commercially successful work?
Dominik Dziewanowski,Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?
Szafarnia,In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?
his family,To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?
Warsaw newspapers,What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?
Dominik Dziewanowski,During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?
Polish rural folk music,What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?
Dominik Dziewanowski,What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?
The Szafarnia Courier,What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?
Szafarnia,Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?
1827,"During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?"
Krakowskie Przedmieście,What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?
1830,What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?
a museum,What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?
Ambroży Mieroszewski,Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?
1827,What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?
1830,What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
boarding house for male students,What was the Chopin family's business?
Ambroży Mieroszewski,What artist painted the Chopin family?
sister Emilia,Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?
1830,What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
Chopin Family Parlour,What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?
Ambroży Mieroszewski,What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?
male,Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?
Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana,"Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris?"
Konstancja Gładkowska,Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to?
"Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana",What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?
Konstancja Gładkowska,Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?
Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor),Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?
July 1829,When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?
Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana,Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?
Konstancja Gładkowska,What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?
Tytus Woyciechowski,To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?
Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor),What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?
Four,How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?
Feliks Jarocki,Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?
Gaspare Spontini,Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?
Prince Antoni Radziwiłł,Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?
"Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3","What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?"
September 1828,When did Chopin visit Berlin?
Feliks Jarocki,With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?
Gaspare Spontini,While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?
Prince Antoni Radziwiłł,In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?
"Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3",What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?
1828,What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?
Feliks Jarocki,Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?
zoologist,What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?
Gaspare Spontini,Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?
1829,What year did Chopin return to Berlin?
Souvenir de Paganini,What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin?
August,During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna?
two,How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time?
17 March 1830,"On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?"
Souvenir de Paganini,What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?
Vienna,Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?
"Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21",What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?
September 1829,When did Chopin return to Warsaw?
accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists,Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?
Niccolò Paganini,Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?
Vienna,Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?
two,How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?
three,How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?
2 November 1830,On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?
Austria,Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?
1830,In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?
Zdzisław Jachimecki,What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?
Zdzisław Jachimecki,"Who said that Chopin set out ""into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?"""
Woyciechowski,Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?
Italy,Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?
the November 1830 Uprising,Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?
western Europe,What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?
Woyciechowski,"When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?"
1830,What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?
"""I curse the moment of my departure.""",What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?
1831,What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?
the Polish Great Emigration,What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?
French,What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?
1835,In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?
friends and confidants,What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?
Polish,What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?
September 1831,When did Chopin reach Paris?
Polish Great Emigration,By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?
1835,In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?
Adam Zamoyski,What is the name of Chopin's biographer?
Poland,"After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?"
France,What country's passport did he have from 1835?
French,What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?
Adam Zamoyski,What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?
Polish Great Emigration,"Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?"
Paris,In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?
Adam Mickiewicz,Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?
songs,What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?
Adam Mickiewicz,What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?
"Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny",What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?
Adam Mickiewicz,What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?
principal of the Polish Literary Society,What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?
Julian Fontana,Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?
Albert Grzymała,Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?
elder brother,What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?
Julian Fontana,Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?
Polish,What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?
England,Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?
England,Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?
Albert Grzymała,Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?
Albert Grzymała,Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?
Julian Fontana,Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?
Warsaw Conservatory,Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?
Robert Schumann,Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?
26 February 1832,On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?
intimate keyboard technique,What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?
his father,Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?
Robert Schumann,From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?
26 February 1832,When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?
Rothschild,What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?
1831,When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?
keyboard technique,What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?
publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students,"Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?"
his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends,What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?
pianos,What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?
Salle Pleyel,Chopin gave a yearly performance where?
Hexameron,Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?
Maurice Schlesinger,In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?
Adolphe Gutmann,What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?
apartment,Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?
Liszt and Hiller,"On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?"
Maurice Schlesinger,Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?
Felix Mendelssohn,Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?
playing and discussing music,What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?
Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow,Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?
Carlsbad,Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?
the Lower Rhenish Music Festival,Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?
Hiller,Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?
Carlsbad,In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?
July 1836,When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?
Countess Wodzińska,Who was Maria's mother?
Felix Mendelssohn,Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?
Düsseldorf,Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?
director of the Academy of Art,What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?
Maria,What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?
Woyciechowski,Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?
"Herz, Liszt, Hiller",What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?
Liszt,Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?
26 February 1832,What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?
Woyciechowski,Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?
the Salle Pleyel,Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?
38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin,What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?
a few blocks,How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?
seven,How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?
Harriet Smithson,For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?
Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory,At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?
2 April 1833,When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?
the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn,What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?
Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory,Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?
the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte,"When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?"
seven,How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?
Harriet Smithson,Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?
love-hate relationship,What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?
"theatricality, showmanship and success",What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?
an apology,What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?
my friend Liszt,What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?
Op. 10 Études,What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?
Marie d'Agoult,What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
Liszt,Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?
Liszt,Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?
Marie d'Agoult,What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
Hiller,Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?
George Sand,What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?
Marie d'Agoult,Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?
My tragedy,What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?
Grzymała,Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?
George Sand,What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?
his poor health,What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?
My tragedy,What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?
Marie d'Agoult,Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?
1837,What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?
My tragedy,What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?
Grzymała,"Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?"
London,What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837?
his association with Sand began in earnest,What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris?
six,How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?
miserable,What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?
Valldemossa,Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?
Camille Pleyel,With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?
piano maker,What was James Broadwood's occupation?
six years,How much older was George Sands than Chopin?
Félicien Mallefille,During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?
a former Carthusian monastery,After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?
June 1838,When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?
Majorca,Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?
Sand's two children,Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?
Félicien Mallefille.,One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?
a former Carthusian monastery,Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?
Three,How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?
piano,What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?
best possible condition,What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?
3,How many doctors visited Chopin?
December,What month did Chopin's piano arrive?
his bad health,What did Chopin compalin about?
his Pleyel piano,What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?
December,What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?
Pleyel,Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?
bad weather,What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?
Canuts,What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?
Marseilles,What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?
Nohant,Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?
Square d'Orléans,Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?
the Canuts,Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?
Marseilles,Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?
Nohant,Where was Sand's home?
5 rue Tronchet,After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?
Square d'Orléans,In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?
the bad weather,What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?
the Canuts.,Who did Sand sell the piano to?
Marseilles,Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?
Square d'Orléans,Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?
Nohant,Where did they spend most summers until 1846?
Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale,What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?
tenth,What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?
Adolphe Nourrit,At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?
organ,What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?
Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne,What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?
Adolphe Nourrit,Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?
Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.,What did Chopin play at the funeral?
Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale,What was the dress rehearsal for?
the July Revolution.,It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?
"Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53",What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant?
Pauline Viardot,Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?
7 June 1842,On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?
piano technique and composition,What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?
Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot,Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?
piano technique and composition.,What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?
Delacroix,"Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?"
1842,In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?
Grzymała,To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?
Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's,What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?
piano,What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him?
temporal lobe epilepsy,What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?
1842,Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?
Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement,What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?
temporal lobe epilepsy,What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?
From 1842 onwards,When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?
mouth and tonsils,Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?
Alkan,Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?
Charles Hallé,Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?
temporal lobe epilepsy.,Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?
Auguste Clésinger,What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?
radical political pursuits,What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?
third child,What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?
Lucrezia Floriani,What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?
1847,In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?
1846,When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?
Auguste Clésinger,Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?
Lucrezia Floriani,What novel did Sand write in 1847?
Auguste Clésinger.,Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?
nurse,What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?
Lucrezia Floriani,What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?
1847,When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?
Op. 58 sonata,What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?
more refined than many of his earlier compositions,What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?
a dozen,How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?
six,How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?
Op. 58 sonata,What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?
six,How many works did Chopin write in 1842?
six shorter pieces,How many works did Chopin write in 1843?
three mazurkas,How many works did Chopin write in 1845?
February 1848,In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?
Auguste Franchomme,With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?
February 1848,When did Chopin last perform?
Auguste Franchomme,Who did Chopin last perform with?
struggle financially.,"Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?"
Auguste Franchomme,Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?
Cello,What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?
BBC,What television station made a documentary on Chopin?
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda,What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?
The Women Behind The Music,What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?
BBC,What television station released a documentary on Chopin?
Chopin – The Women Behind The Music,What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda,What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda,Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?
A Song to Remember,What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?
Cornel Wilde,What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?
1928,What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?
Hugh Grant,Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?
George Sand,Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?
A Song to Remember,What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?
Cornel Wilde,Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?
Pierre Blanchar,"Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?"
Hugh Grant,"Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?"
1901,When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?
Milan,Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?
Giacomo Orefice,Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?
Chopin,What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?
opera,"What style is the fictionalized ""Chopin"" in?"
Giacomo Orefice,"Who wrote the fictionalized ""Chopin?"""
1901.,"When was the fictionalized ""Chopin"" produced?"
Milan,"Where was the fictionalized ""Chopin"" produced?"
Leon Ulrich,An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?
Marcel Proust and André Gide,Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?
sonnet,Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?
sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich,What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?
1830,When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?
English,"In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?"
every five years.,The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?
Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin,What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?
The New York Times,On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?
The Warsaw Chopin Society,Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?
every five years.,How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?
The New York Times,"Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?"
1895,What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?
Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2,What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?
Paul Pabst,Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?
The British Library,What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?
1895,When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?
Methuen-Campbell,Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?
International Chopin Piano Competition,What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?
1927,What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?
Warsaw,Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?
every five years,How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?
"1,500",The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?
the International Chopin Piano Competition,What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?
1927,When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?
The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland,There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?
"nearly 1,500",How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?
Chopiniana,What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?
Michel Fokine,Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?
Les Sylphides,"Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?"
Alexander Glazunov,Who orchestrated Chopiniana?
1909,What year was the Chopiniana released?
Chopiniana,Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?
Michel Fokine,Who choreographed Chopiniana?
Alexander Glazunov.,Who orchestrated Chopiniana?
Les Sylphides.,"Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?"
London,Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?
Jane Stirling,Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?
London,Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?
Jane Stirling and her elder sister,What two people suggested the 1848 tour?
Jane Stirling,Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?
Revolution,What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?
Scottish,What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?
Dover Street,Where did Chopin stay while in London?
Broadwood,What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?
Stafford House,Where was Chopin's initial performance?
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert,What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?
7 July,What date did he perform with Viardot?
Dover Street,What steet did Chopin stay on in London?
a grand piano.,What did Broadway provide for Chopin?
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.,What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?
piano lessons,"In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?"
Viardot,Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?
Scotland,Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?
Adam Łyszczyński,What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?
Scotland,Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?
Glasgow,What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?
will,What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński?
16 November 1848,When did Chopin last appear in public?
Guildhall,Where was Chopin's last public performance?
Polish refugees.,Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?
terminal,What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?
London's Guildhall,Where was Chopin's last public performance?
Delfina Potocka,Who did Chopin play for while she sang?
Chaillot,In 1849 where did Chopin live?
Princess Obreskoff,Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?
November,When did Chopin return to Paris?
Delfina Potocka,Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?
Chaillot,Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?
Princess Obreskoff.,Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?
June 1849,When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?
June 1849,When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?
Place Vendôme 12,In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?
his sister,Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?
her husband and daughter,Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?
Jane Stirling,Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?
to faint,What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?
fear of being buried alive,Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?
"""No longer""",What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?
Clésinger,Who made Chopin's death mask?
fear of being buried alive,Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?
a cast of his left hand.,What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?
tuberculosis,What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?
Jean Cruveilhier,What was the name of Chopin's doctor?
DNA testing,What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?
tuberculosis,What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?
Jean Cruveilhier,Who was Chopin's physician?
cystic fibrosis,"Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?"
the Polish government.,Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?
Church of the Madeleine,Where was Chopin's funeral held?
two weeks,How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?
"Over 3,000",How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?
the Church of the Madeleine in Paris,Where was Chopin's funeral held?
two weeks,How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?
"Over 3,000",How many people arrived without an invitation?
Mozart's Requiem,What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?
Louis Lefébure-Wély,Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?
Prince Adam Czartoryski,Who led Chopin's funeral procession?
Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2,What was played at his graveside?
Mozart's Requiem,What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?
Louis Lefébure-Wély,Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?
Père Lachaise Cemetery,Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?
Prince Adam Czartoryski,Who led the funeral procession?
the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2,What was played at Chopin's graveside?
Clésinger,Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?
Euterpe,What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?
"5,000 francs",How much did Chopin's funeral cost?
Jane Stirling,Who paid for Chopin's funeral?
alcohol,Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?
Clésinger.,Who designed Chopin's tombstone?
"5,000 francs",How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?
Jane Stirling,Who paid for Chopin's funeral?
sister,Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?
Sand,Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?
Over 230,How many of Chopin's works still exist?
piano,All of his pieces include what instrument?
Over 230,How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?
chamber music.,"Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?"
Clementi,Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?
Clementi,Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?
Bach and Mozart,Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?
Haydn,"Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?"
John Field,Who is credited with creating the nocturne?
ballades and scherzi,Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?
nocturne,What new genre di John Field invent?
ballades and scherzi,Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?
concert étude,What musical concept did Chopin exploit?
"Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles",What three other musicians were developing the new genre?
seven,How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?
nine,How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?
mazurkas,Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?
faster tempos,What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?
greater range of melody and expression.,What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?
concert hall,Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?
the mazurka,What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?
nine,How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?
waltzes,What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?
the Revolutionary Étude,"What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? "
Funeral March,What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?
Sonata No. 2,The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?
one,How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?
Revolutionary Étude,"What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?"
Minute Waltz,"What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?"
65,What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?
Julian Fontana,Who was Chopin's musical executor?
23,How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?
17,Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?
65,What is the last opus number that Chopin used?
Julian Fontana,Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?
1857,When was Op. 74 published?
Krystyna Kobylańska,The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who?
1857,Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?
alternative catalogue designations,What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?
the Kobylańska Catalogue,What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?
KK,What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue?
Krystyna Kobylańska.,Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue?
Breitkopf & Härtel,Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?
Jan Ekier,"Who edited the Polish ""National Edition"" of Chopin's works?"
original publishers,Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?
popular 19th-century piano anthologies.,Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?
Paderewski,What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?
Jan Ekier,Who edited the Polish National Edition?
Improvisation,What is central to Chopin's process?
the four-bar phrase,Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?
Improvisation,What is central to Chopin's creativeness?
Nicholas Temperley,"Who wrote that ""improvisation is designed for an audience""?"
his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.,What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?
the Barcarolle Op. 60,What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?
the four ballades and four scherzos,What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?
departure and return,What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?
folk features,Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? 
"straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.",What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?
mazurkas,Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?
drone bass,What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?
a canon at one beat's distance,What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?
triple time,What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?
Elsner,"Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?"
martial,Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?
formidable,Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?
21,How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?
agitated expression,What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?
Field,Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?
1833,What year did Chopin meet Field?
nocturnes,Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?
études,What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?
straightforward ternary,What form are most of Chopin's études in?
études,Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?
The Well-Tempered Clavier,What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?
Kenneth Hamilton,Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?
The preludes,"What was described as ""the beginning of studies"" by Schumann?"
J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier,What inspired Chopin for his preludes?
generic preludes to others of his pieces,Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?
Ferruccio Busoni,Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?
four,"How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?"
Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson,"What two people claimed that Op 58 was ""worthy of Brahms""?"
four,"How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?"
The last movement,Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?
Op. 58,"According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?"
Claude Debussy,Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?
harmonic innovations,What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?
Temperley,"Who wrote about Chopin's ""novel harmonic effects""?"
independent finger technique,What was Chopin's style based upon?
Léon Escudier,Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?
his Projet de méthode,What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?
Karol Szymanowski,According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?
national modes and idioms,Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?
Nikolai Zverev,Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
Karol Szymanowski,Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?
Alexander Scriabin,Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?
Nikolai Zverev,Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
Jonathan Bellman,Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?
rigid procedures,What did Chopin tend to avoid?
"""always crescendo to a high note""",What has been falsely credited to Chopin?
hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art,What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?
Berlioz,"Who wrote about Chopin's ""chromatic embroidery""?"
Hiller,"Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a ""colorful wreath of flowers""?"
rubato,Chopin's compositions are often played with what?
the practice in performance of disregarding strict time,What does rubato mean?
rubato,"In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?"
mazurkas,What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?
Friederike Müller,According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?
Friederike Müller,"Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?"
rhythm.,"According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?"
sense of nationalism,Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?
1836,What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?
Poland,In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?
the failure of the November 1830,Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?
Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein,A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?
polonaises,Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?
Schumann,Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?
flowers,Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?
Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein,"Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?"
Barbara Milewski,"Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more ""urbanised""  than true folk music?"
Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel,George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? 
Richard Taruskin,"Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?"
intuitive,William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?
freedom,"A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?"
Europe and the New World,Where were Poles scattered to?
Byronic flamboyance,Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?
Liszt and Henri Herz,Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?
Paris,What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?
Arthur Hutchings,Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?
Carnaval,In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?
Ballade No. 2 in F major,What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? 
six,How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?
Alkan,With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?
qualities as a pianist and composer,What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?
Carnaval,What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?
Ballade No. 2 in F major,What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?
Liszt,What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?
Debussy,Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?
Jacques Durand,For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?
Raoul Koczalski,Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?
Chopin's,What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?
Mainland Chinese scholars,Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?
horse trade,What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?
1402–1424,During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?
Deshin Shekpa,Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?
the Karma Kagyu school,Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?
Nepal,The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?
armed resistance,What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?
the Mongols,Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?
the Ganden Phodrang,Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish? 
1578,When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?
the 9th century,In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?
The Yarlung rulers of Tibet,Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? 
the borders between Tibet and China,What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?
Tibet,Who was the Tangs biggest rival?
821,What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?
907–960,When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?
960–1279,When did the Song dynasty take place?
Song dynasty,What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?
the Khitan,Who ruled the Liao dynasty?
Jurchen,Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?
Genghis Khan,Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?
Ögedei Khan,Who was Genghis Khan's successor? 
1229–1241,What years did Ögedei Khan rule?
Ögedei Khan,Who invaded Tibet? 
Godan,Who was the Mongol prince?
Sakya Pandita,Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?
Töregene Khatun,Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?
1241–1246,In what years was Töregene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?
thirteen,How many states were ruled by myriarchies?
Khagan,What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?
Ögedei Khan,Who was the superior of prince Kublai?
Karma Pakshi,Who became the second Karmapa Lama?
the Phagpa lama,With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? 
1279,When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  
1271–1368,When did the Yuan dynasty rule?
the Yuan dynasty,Which dynasty ruled all of china? 
universal rule,What did Khubilai claim for a while?
China,Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?
1358,What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? 
the Mongols in Tibet,Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?
the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen,Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? 
the Phagmodrupa Dynasty,Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  
Zhu Yuanzhang,Who created the Ming Dynasty? 
the Red Turban Rebellion,Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?
Zhu Yuanzhang,Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?
1368–1398,What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?
Yuan officeholders,Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?
Rolpe Dorje,Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?
Rolpe Dorje,Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?
the Buddhist link between Tibet and China,What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?
disciples,Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?
Ming government,Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?
1402–1424,What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? 
the Yongle Emperor,Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?
1644–1912,What years did the Qing dynasty rule?
1739,what year was the history of Ming produced? 
É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office,What did the Ming dynasty create?
seventeen Qianhu offices,How many Qianhu offices were there?
western Tibet,where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?
three,How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen,Who established the Tibetan law code?
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen,Who was the Phagmodru ruler?
Turrell V. Wylie,who was a professor of the University of Washington?
Tibet,Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?
Morris Rossabi,Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?
historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa,Who supported van Praag's beliefs? 
Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain,Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?
Wang and Nyima,Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?
1371,What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?
princes,What did the lamas called themselves?
imperial edicts,What edicts did the Ming issue?
Journalist and author Thomas Laird,Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?
the British,who colonized India and New Zealand?
the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China,Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?
A Mongol dynasty of China,How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?
the line of Mongol rulers in China,How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?
a non-Chinese polity,What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?
Rossabi,Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?
1271 to 1368,When did the yuan dynasty start and end?
1311–1320,When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?
a licensed border market,During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? 
the Mongols and other ethnicities,Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?
the Ming,Who abolished the policy council?
the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office,What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? 
Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office,Who governed most areas of Tibet?
Beijing,Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?
Chen Qingying,Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?
"1,000 households",How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?
"10,000 households",How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?
John Powers,What was the name of the Tibetologist?
ruling lamas,Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?
subordinates,"When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? "
the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan,What was the western regions composed of?
foreign officials,Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? 
Education Minister,What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?
Degsi,What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?
Phagmodrupa Dynasty,What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?
Wang and Nyima,What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?
The Tai Situpa,Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?
Changchub Gyaltsen,Who divided Central Tibet into districts? 
Van Praag,Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?
the University of Washington,What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?
all traces of Mongol suzerainty,What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?
Sagya Gyaincain,Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?
the Ming officer of Hezhou,Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?
Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen,Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?
the Ming officer of Hezhou,Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?
to the Ming court,Where were the envoys sent?
the Phagmodrupa,Who lost their power over Tibet?
1434,What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?
1642,What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?
hegemonies,What did the other families fail to establish?
the Karmapa Kargyu,The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?
Mongol,Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?
Je Tsongkhapa,Who was the founder of the Gelug school?
the Ming Yongle Emperor,Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?
Tsongkhapa,Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?
1407,When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?
1413,When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?
his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes,Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?
1414,When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?
Dawa Norbu,Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?
eastern Tibetan princes,Who did the Ming appoint titles to?
an army,What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?
Tibet,What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?
Yang Sanbao,What was the name of the  eunuch?
Tibet,Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?
1413,When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
the allegiance of various Tibetan princes,Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states,Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?
the Ming court,Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?
1430s,Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?
the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu,What was the Gelug not mentioned in?
various lamas,"Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?"
the Phagmodru myriarchy,Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?
Melvyn C. Goldstein,Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?
1435–1565,What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?
Melvyn C. Goldstein,Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?
1565–1642,What years did the Tsangpa start and end?
1398–1402,What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?
the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao,Who aided the Yongle Emperor?
the Hongwu Emperor,Who was Yongle Emperor's father?
"March 10, 1403",When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?
Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang,Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?
to seek out the Karmapa,Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?
1407,When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?
through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan,Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?
1403,When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?
Nanjing,Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?
the Karmapa,Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?
Kublai,Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?
the Yongle Emperor,Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?
Linggu Temple,At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?
Nanjing,Where was the Linggu Temple located?
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma,What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?
religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects,Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?
the Mongols,Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? 
religious purposes,Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? 
to send a military force into Tibet,What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?
to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools,Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?
Deshin Shekpa,Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?
Jianwen Emperor,Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?
Deshin Shekpa,Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?
Deshin Shekpa's miracles,What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?
Chinese Communist historians,According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?
Buddhist artifacts,What were the items of tribute?
Josef Kolmaš,Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?
1435–1449,What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC,Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?
the Karmapa,Who was the edict addressed to? 
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma,Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?
after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court,When was the edict written?
the Karmapa hierarchs,Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?
1446,What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?
1415,When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?
the Karmapa,Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?
to facilitate trade with Tibet,Why did Yongle order the construction?
"tea, horses, and salt",What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?
through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan,where did the trade route pass through?
to secure urgently needed horses,Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?
Silk workshops,What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?
Tibetan Buddhist,What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?
the Ming,who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?
"a mandatory ""corvée"" tax",Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?
Tibet,Who did the Ming trade horses with?
Altan Khan,Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?
the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony,Who did Altan Khan overthrow?
the Ming dynasty,Who did Altan Khan make peace with?
Altan Khan,Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?
the 14th century,When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?
November 1378,When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?
"30,000",How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?
"200,000",How many animals did Mu Ying capture?
Ming general Qu Neng,Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?
recovery of the Ordos region,What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?
the Mongols,Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? 
Ming China,Where were the Mongols trying to raise? 
to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes,Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?
divide-and-rule,What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?
after the Sakya regime had fallen,When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?
fifth Karmapa,Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?
many different Tibetan lamas,Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?
the Phagmodrupa,Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?
1498,When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?
New Years ceremonies and prayers,What was the most important event to the Gelug?
1518,When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?
1505–1521,When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? 
the company of lamas,Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?
Mikyö Dorje,Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?
Chinese writers of the early 20th century,Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?
China's intervening Ming dynasty,What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?
the 13th century,Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? 
the 18th century,When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?
the Qing dynasty,During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?
the Chinese central government,Josef Kolmaš  states that Tibet became subject to what government? 
the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans,Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?
the Republic of China and its Communist successors,Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?
the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco,Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?
the Mongols,Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?
patron and priest relationship,The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?
the 13th century,When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?
the Ming dynasty,Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?
1981,When was China Daily started?
the Ming,Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?
the central government of China,According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?
1521–1567,When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? 
the native Chinese ideology of Daoism,What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?
the Tibetan lamas,Who stopped their trips to Ming China?
Yang Tinghe,Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?
Yang Tinghe,Who broke the eunuch influence at court?
Jiajing,Who was Zhengde's successor? 
Neo-Confucian establishment,What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? 
the Portuguese embassy,Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?
Tibetan Buddhism and lamas,Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?
Jiajing,Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?
the Kokonor region,What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?
the Ming Chinese frontier,Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?
the Ming,The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? 
1571,When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?
the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso,Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?
the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice,What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?
the Mongol princes and subjects,Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?
execution,What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?
the Dalai Lama,Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?
Committed to their religious leader,Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?
Tümen Khan,Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?
the great-grandson of Altan Khan,To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?
the 5th Dalai Lama,Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?
In 1642,When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?
Sonam Gyatso,Who was given the grandiose title?
Altan Khan,Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?
Zhang Juzheng,Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?
Zhang Juzheng,Who was the Ming Chinese official?
Mongolia,Where did Sonam Gyatso die?
the third Dalai Lama,Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?
pay tribute,What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?
the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama,What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?
the fifth Dalai Lama,In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?
the fifth Panchen Lama,In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?
Master of Vajradhara,What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? 
Yonten Gyatso,Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?
1616,When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?
Yonten Gyatso,Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?
he died,Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?
the Mongols,Who's presence increased in Tibet?
their old vassal of Tibet,What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?
1642,When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?
the Ming court,Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?
1565,When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?
Karma Phuntsok Namgyal,Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?
1611–1621,When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?
the Karmapa,Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?
The fourth Dalai Lama,Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?
the Mongol prince Güshi Khan,Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?
protector,What role did Güshi Khan take on?
the Gelugpas,Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat? 
Amdo,Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?
1642,When did the  Ü-Tsang forces surrender?
Lozang Gyatso,Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?
his conquest of Tibet,What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?
the Dalai Lama,Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?
the regent Sonam Chöpel,Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to?
Güshi Khan,The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?
the rebellion of Li Zicheng,Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?
the Dalai Lama,According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?
Shunzhi,Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
the Dzungar Mongols,Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?
the Kangxi Emperor,Who helped the Tibetan? 
1720,When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?
1751,When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?
1735–1796,When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? 
Apple,Which company produces the iPod?
"October 23, 2001",When was the original iPod released?
three,How many different types of iPod are currently available?
portable media players,What kind of device is the iPod?
touchscreen,The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?
2001,In what year was the first iPod released?
Apple,What company manufactures the iPod?
3,How many versions of the iPod currently exist?
Shuffle,Which is the smallest version of the iPod?
2015,In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?
data storage,"In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?"
2 GB,What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?
128 GB,What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?
iPod Shuffle,Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?
iPod Touch,Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?
2 GB,What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?
128 GB,What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?
iTunes,What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?
Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows,Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?
iTunes,What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?
one,"Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?"
iPhone,"In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?"
iOS 5,With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?
2010,In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?
"""Music"" and ""Videos""",What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?
A8,What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?
sixth,Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?
sixth,What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?
2015,In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?
A8,What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?
5,In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?
2001,In what year was the iPod first introduced?
2004,In what year did iPod sales show improvement?
Jon Rubinstein,Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?
Braun T3 transistor radio,What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?
5 GB,What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?
2001,in what year was the original iPod released?
5 GB,How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?
the Walkman,What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?
Jon Rubinstein,What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?
Toshiba,Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?
Pixo,Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?
Chicago,What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?
2007,In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?
Helvetica,The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?
Steve Jobs,Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?
PortalPlayer,What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?
Helvetica,What typeface does the current iPod use?
2006,In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?
U2,For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?
black,What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?
video,What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?
U2,Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?
black,What color was the special U2 iPod model?
2006,In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?
Burst.com,Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?
Kane Kramer,Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?
UK,In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?
1981,In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?
IXI,What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?
Burst.com,What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?
IXI,What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?
Kane Kramer,"Who was the holder of the previous patent for the ""plastic music box""?"
Vinnie Chieco,Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?
freelance copywriter,What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?
2001: A Space Odyssey,What film inspired the name of the iPod?
Joseph N. Grasso,Who first trademarked the iPod name?
2005,In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?
2001: A Space Odyssey,What movie inspired the iPod name?
Vinnie Chieco,"What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name ""iPod""?"
Joseph N. Grasso,Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?
mid-2015,When were images of new iPod colors leaked?
Pierre Dandumont,Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?
12.2,What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?
12.2,What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?
Pierre Dandumont,Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?
weak bass response,What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?
high-impedance,What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
external headphone amplifier,What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
bass,What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?
undersized DC-blocking capacitors,What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?
Bass,What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?
"R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster",Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.
clipping,What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?
2006,iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?
"R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster",What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?
hearing loss,What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?
EU,In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?
100 dB,What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?
France,In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?
100 dB,What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?
France,What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?
FireWire,What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?
power adapter,What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?
FireWire,What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?
third generation,In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?
30-pin dock connector,What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?
fifth,Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?
fourth,Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?
3.5 mm minijack,What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?
third generation,Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?
Shuffle,Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?
FireWire,What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?
USB,What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?
iPod Hi-Fi,Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?
Belkin and Griffin,What are two companies that make iPod accessories?
dock connector,What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?
paying royalties,What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?
third parties,The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?
iPod Hi-Fi,"What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?"
Lightning,"What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?"
seventh generation iPod Nano,"What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?"
30,How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?
8,How many pins did the Lightning connector have?
both sides,On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?
Lightning,What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?
fifth generation,What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?
iPod Hi-Fi,What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?
Nike+iPod pedometer,What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?
"Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation",What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?
TV,What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?
Nike,Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?
Apple,Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?
BMW,What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?
2005,In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?
Scion,Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?
BMW,Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?
Scion,Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?
"JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon",What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?
FM,What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?
audio input jacks,What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?
FM transmitters,Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?
audio input jacks,What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?
"United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates","In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?"
individual seat-back displays,Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?
KLM and Air France,What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?
"United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates",Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?
2007,In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?
Apple Lossless,What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?
iPod photo,Which product enabled users to view images on the device?
WMA,What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?
Digital Rights Management,What does DRM stand for?
Mac OS,What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?
"MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless",What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?
iPod photo,What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?
one,How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?
library,What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?
host computer,What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?
five,How many buttons do most iPods use?
click wheel,On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?
earphone cable,Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?
touch screen,What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?
iPhone,What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?
five,Most iPods feature how many buttons?
Shuffle,The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?
iPhone,Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?
"April 29, 2003",When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?
iTunes,What program is required to access the iTunes Store?
"October 12, 2005",When were videos made available through the iTunes store?
"September 12, 2006",When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?
2003,In what year was the iTunes store established?
2005,In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?
2006,When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?
AAC,"When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?"
five,How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?
iTunes Plus,In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?
"January 6, 2009",When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?
April 2009,By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?
AAC,What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?
FairPlay,What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?
iTunes Plus,What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?
2009,In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?
Napster and MSN Music,What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?
iPods,For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?
DRM,The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?
Universal Music Group,What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?
iTunes Store,What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?
2007,In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?
The Beat Goes On...,What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?
"September 5, 2007",On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?
2007,In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?
iPhone,Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?
iPods,On what devices can video games be used?
Brick,What was included on the first iPod?
Steve Wozniak,Who created Brick?
"Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz","What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?"
easter egg,What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?
Brick,"What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?"
"Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz",What other games were later added to the original iPod?
2006,In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?
iTunes 7,Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?
5th generation,What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?
4th generation,On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?
2006,"In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?"
fifth,Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?
"Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft",What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?
video game handheld console market,What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?
GamePro and EGM,What two publications have covered iPod games?
.ipg,What format is used for iPod game files?
.zip,What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?
software development kit,What does SDK stand for?
iOS,What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?
.ipg,What file format are iPod games distributed in?
iPod Touch and iPhone,An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?
not,Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?
iTunes,What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?
third-party,What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?
iTunes,"Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?"
DRM,What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?
iTunes 7,What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?
hidden,In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?
host,On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?
manual,What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?
2005,In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?
patent infringement,What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?
"Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch",What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?
Ho Keung Tse,On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?
Advanced Audio Devices,"Which company sued Apple for breach of a ""music jukebox"" patent in 2005?"
FairPlay,Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?
rotational user inputs,What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?
August 2005,When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?
Creative Technology,Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?
Zen Patent,What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?
United States International Trade Commission,From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?
rotational user inputs,What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?
Creative Technology,Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?
"August 24, 2006",When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?
$100 million,How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?
Made for iPod,What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?
$100 million,How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?
the Made for iPod program,What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?
90%,What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?
2004,When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?
72.7%,How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?
Bloomberg Online,Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?
90%,Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?
70%,Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?
74%,What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?
"January 8, 2004",When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?
Hewlett-Packard,What does HP stand for?
Wal-Mart,What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?
5%,HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?
unfavorable,What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?
HP,Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?
hundred million,How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?
32%,How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?
Mac computers,What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?
$5.2 billion,How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?
2007,"In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?"
32%,"As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?"
$6.22 billion,What was Apple's revenue for Q3 2007?
19.22%,Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?
$3.5 billion,How much money did Apple make in 2007?
$15.4 billion,What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?
$3.5 billion,"With the help of strong iPod sales, how much profit did they turn in 2007?"
"January 22, 2008",When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?
$1.58 billion,What was Apple's highest quarterly profit as of Q1 2008?
21%,How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?
42%,"What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?"
Peter Oppenheimer,Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?
2009,From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?
14.21%,How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?
220 million,Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009?
2013,Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?
fourth,What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?
favorable,What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?
Sony Ericsson and Nokia,What two companies use the AAC format for music files?
WMA,What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?
PC World,Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?
Sony Ericsson and Nokia,Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?
PC World,"Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having ""altered the landscape for portable audio players""?"
business,"Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?"
communication and training,What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?
Royal and Western Infirmaries,What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?
"Glasgow, Scotland",Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?
Duke,What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?
Entertainment Weekly,What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?
Duke,Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?
Entertainment Weekly,Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?
the Album Era,What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?
music industry,In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?
digital music storage,What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?
the Album Era,"The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what ""era"" in pop music?"
14 hours,How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?
MP3.com,Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?
2003,In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?
battery life,Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?
8 hours,"How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?"
third-party vendors,Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?
refurbished replacement iPod,What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?
lithium-ion,What kind of battery does the iPod use?
batteries,Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?
lithium-ion,What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?
battery replacement program,"What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?"
$99,How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?
soldering tools,What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?
Fifth generation,What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?
2003,In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?
$99,What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?
Nano,Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?
battery,What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?
Apple product replacement program,What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?
short life-span and fragile hard drives,What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?
MacInTouch,What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?
13.7%,"How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?"
late 2005,When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?
protective sleeves,What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?
flash memory,Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?
screen,The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?
The Mail on Sunday,What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor?
Apple's Code of Conduct,What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?
25,What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?
The Mail,Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?
35%,What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?
Verité,Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?
Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group,What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies?
Foxconn,What company was found to be violating Apple's labor policies?
"Longhua, Shenzhen",Where was the Foxconn plant located?
Foxconn,What was the name of Apple's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees?
Verité,What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy?
2006,In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize?
2010,In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?
Apple prototype,What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?
2010,In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?
innovation,What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?
HFS+,"To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?"
FAT32,"If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?"
action-adventure,What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?
GameCube and Wii,What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess?
November 2006,When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?
December 2006,When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?
Nintendo,What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?
2005,What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?
2006,What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?
Link,Who is the main character of the story?
Hyrule,What land does Link serve to protect?
Midna,What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?
Link,Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?
Midna,What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?
The Wind Waker,This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?
Game of the Year,What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release?
Nintendo Selects,Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?
March 2016,When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?
Twilight Princess,At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?
several,How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?
2006,What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?
2016,What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?
"combat, exploration, and item collection",What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?
Ocarina of Time,Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?
L-targeting,What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?
sword,What is Link's main weapon?
Clawshot,What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?
action-adventure,What genre of game is Twilight Princess?
Ocarina of Time,Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?
sword and shield,What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?
L-targeting,What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?
one,Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons?
on-screen display,Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios?
on the ground,"If Link is not moving, where will he put the projectile he's carrying?"
context-sensitive button mechanic,What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions?
on-screen display,What shows what action the button will trigger?
Wii Remote,Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?
chime,What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game?
Wii Remote,What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?
Nunchuk,"Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?"
two,How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?
motion,The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?
Wii Remote,What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?
nine,How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?
enemies,What does Link fight in dungeons?
overworld,What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?
Epona,What is the name of Link's steed?
puzzles,What must Link solve throughout the game?
boss,Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?
overworld,What connects the dungeons?
Wolf,What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?
biting,What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?
Poes,Hostile spirits are also known as what?
Midna,Who provides helpful information to Link?
human,Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?
Wolf,What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?
small imp-like creature,Who is Midna?
enemy ghosts,What are Poes?
artificial intelligence,What does AI stand for?
The Wind Waker,What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?
react,What do enemies do to defeated companions?
artificial intelligence,What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?
Link,Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?
nods and facial expressions,Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?
Midna,Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?
Akiko Kōmoto,Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?
Japan,What country does Akiko Komoto come from?
grunts,What does Link say when attacking?
nods and facial expressions,How does Link express emotions?
Midna,What character has the most voice acting?
Akiko Kōmoto,Who does the voice of Midna?
ranch hand,What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?
children,What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?
Midna,Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?
Tears of Light,What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?
Ordon Village,Where is Link working as a ranch hand?
Bulblins,Who attacks the village?
Tears of Light,What must Link collect?
Fused Shadows,What does Link assist Midna in collection?
Zant,Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?
Master Sword,What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?
Zelda,Who saves Midna?
Lanayru,Where do the Zoras come from?
Fused Shadows,What does Link help Midna find?
Zant,Who ambushes Link and Midna?
Master Sword,What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form?
Zelda,Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?
Shadow Crystal,What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations?
Mirror of Twilight,Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?
Ganondorf,Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?
Hyrule Castle,Where is Ganondorf located after Zant's defeat?
Zelda's,Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?
Shadow Crystal,What allows Link to switch between his two forms?
Gerudo Desert,What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?
Midna,Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?
Ganondorf,Who did Zant form a pact with?
beast,What does Ganondorf transform into?
helmet,What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?
Ordon Village,Where does Link depart from at the end of the game?
Zelda,Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?
chest,To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?
Light Spirits,Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?
Link and Zelda,Who does Midna teleport?
Midna's helmet,What does Ganondorf crush?
Mirror of Twilight,What does Midna destroy?
2003,In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?
Game Developers Conference,At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?
North American,What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?
horseback combat,What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?
2003,What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?
Eiji Aonuma,Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?
horseback combat,What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time?
four,How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?
Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004,Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?
Nintendo DS,What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?
Phantom Hourglass,What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?
2004,When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?
rabbit,What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past?
The Minish Cap,Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game?
Revolution,What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?
Miyamoto,Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?
Mitsuhiro Takano,Who created the script for the story scenes?
Wii Remote,What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?
pointing-based,What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?
2005,What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?
Satoru Iwata,Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?
2005,What was the original release date for Gamecube?
GameCube,What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?
E3 2005,Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?
Wii,"At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?"
At E3 2005,When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?
swinging gesture,What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?
NGC Magazine,Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?
Wii controller,What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?
2006,In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?
a month,How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?
NGC Magazine,What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?
E3 2006,When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?
control scheme,What did early users find hard to use about the game?
sword,Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?
E3 attendees,Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?
right,"When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?"
comfort and ease,What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?
Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta,Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?
Koji Kondo,Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?
Michiru Ōshima,Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?
Koji Kondo,Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?
Michiru Ōshima,Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?
Yasuzo Takemoto,Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces?
live,What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?
50,How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?
"November 19, 2006",When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?
Nintendo Power,Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?
Media,Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?
"November 19, 2006",When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?
soundtrack,What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?
buffer overflow vulnerability,What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?
Executable and Linkable Format,What does ELF stand for?
4.0,Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?
Twilight Hack,What was the name of the hack discovered?
3.3 and 3.4,What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files?
4.0,What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?
Tantalus Media,Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?
Wii U,For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?
"November 12, 2015",When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?
"March 5, 2016",On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD,What is the name of the remastered game?
Tantalus Media,What company is developing the remaster?
Amiibo,What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?
"March 4, 2016",When will the game be released in America?
Wolf Link Amiibo figurine,What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD?
Link and Toon Link,Which two Amiibo figures reload Link's stock of arrows?
Zelda and Sheik,Which two Amiibo figures heal Link?
Ganondorf,Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?
Cave of Shadows,What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?
Wolf Link Amiibo,What will special bundles of the game contain?
Cave of Shadows,What is the level called that the special Amiibo will unlock?
Link and Toon,What characters will be able to replenish arrows?
Zelda and Sheik,What figures restore health?
GameStop,What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release?
20,How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD?
"Japan, Europe, and Australia",In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus CD provided for all versions of the game?
CD,What was included as a Gamestop preorder item?
perfect,What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?
GameRankings and Metacritic,Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?
GameTrailers,Who counted the game among the best ever made?
universal critical acclaim,What was the reception of Twilight Princess?
perfect,What scores did it receive from major game publications?
95,What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?
GameTrailers,"What reviewer called Twilight Princess ""One of the greatest games ever created""?"
IGN and GameSpy,Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Twilight Princess?
Jeff Gerstmann,Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls?
GameSpot,Which game publication does Jeff Gerstmann work for?
Javier Glickman,Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue?
Hyper,Which publication does Javier Glickman write for?
IGN and GameSpy,What 2 critics suggested the game had blurry textures and low resolution?
Gaming Nexus,What critic considered the CD to be the best of the generation?
Javier Glickman,Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests?
GameCube,The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?
16th,What was Twilight Princess's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?
4th,Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?
third,Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?
IGN and Nintendo Power,What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?
Best Console Game,What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?
16th,What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?
4th,What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?
PAL,"What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North, Central or South America?"
5.82 million,How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?
1.32 million,How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?
PAL region,What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?
5.82 million,How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?
1.32 million,How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?
Akira Himekawa,Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series?
Japan,The Twilight Princess manga was only available in what country?
Shogakukan,Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series?
mobile,What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga?
Eon Productions,Which company made Spectre?
Daniel Craig,Who is the star of Spectre?
James Bond,What role does Daniel Craig play in Spectre?
Skyfall,What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct?
$245,How much money did it take to make Spectre?
twenty-four,How many James Bond films has Eon Productions produced?
Spectre,Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made?
four,How many films has Daniel Craig appeared in as James Bond?
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures,Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre?
Sam Mendes,Who directed Spectre?
Spectre,What group is the enemy of the protagonist?
Diamonds Are Forever,Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?
"M, Q and Eve Moneypenny",Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?
Dave Bautista,Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?
Lucia Sciarra,What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?
"M, Q and Eve Moneypenny",Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?
Léa Seydoux,What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?
Dave Bautista,What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?
1971,When was Diamonds are Forever released?
26 October 2015,On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?
Royal Albert Hall in London,Where was the first screening of Spectre?
6 November 2015,What was the US release date for Spectre?
action sequences and cinematography,What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre?
Best Original Song,For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?
Skyfall,What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?
Writing's on the Wall,What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?
Day of the Dead,On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?
M,Who removed James Bond from active service?
C,Who is M's rival?
Nine Eyes,What group does C support England joining?
Garreth Mallory,Which character is promoted to M?
Day of the Dead,Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?
MI5 and MI6,Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?
his ring,What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?
Rome,Where does Bond go after his suspension?
Spectre,What group did Sciarra belong to?
Franz Oberhauser,Who is the head of Spectre?
assassin,What is Mr. Hinx's job?
Moneypenny,Who performs research for Bond?
Rome,Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?
Franz Oberhauser,Who is the leader of Spectre?
Mr. Hinx,What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?
Franz Oberhauser,Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?
thallium poisoning,What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?
Dr. Madeline Swann,Who is White's daughter?
commits suicide,How does White deal with his condition?
Hoffler Klinik,Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?
Tangier,Where is L'Americain located?
thallium poisoning.,What is Mr. White dying of?
"his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann",Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?
Tangier.,Where is the L'Americain hotel?
Hinx.,Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?
train,What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?
Hannes,Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?
Ernst Stavro Blofeld,What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?
Ernst Stavro Blofeld,"After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?"
the old MI6 building,Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?
Blofeld,Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?
Westminster Bridge,Where does Blofeld get arrested?
C,Who does M fight with?
Q,Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?
C,"Which characters falls to their death, M or C?"
"SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion",What did SPECTRE originally stand for?
Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory,Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?
1963,In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?
Never Say Never Again,Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?
Warhead 2000 A.D.,What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?
1963,In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?
Never Say Never Again,What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?
Thunderball.,Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?
MGM,Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?
SPECTRE,What was Spectre's original name?
Eon Productions,"Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?"
2013,In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?
MGM,Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?
Spectre,How was the Spectre acronym originally written?
Danjaq,What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?
Sony Pictures Entertainment,What company was targeted by leaks of company information?
hackers,Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects?
John Logan,Which film writer's work was included in leaks of Spectre information?
Eon Productions,Which company verified contents of the leaked information?
November 2014,When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?
John Logan,Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre?
Eon Productions,What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked?
Christoph Waltz,Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?
1983,In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?
Neal Purvis and Robert Wade,Who were the writers of Spectre?
Quantum,Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity?
Octopussy,What is the name of the short story in which Hannes Oberhauser appeared?
Charmian Bond,Who was Bond's full time guardian?
Octopussy,In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear?
Christoph Waltz.,What actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?
Quantum of Solace,In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced?
Spectre,Quantum is a division of what other organization? 
Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques,What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?
Kingsley Amis,Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?
The Hildebrand Rarity,What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?
For Your Eyes Only,"""The Hildebrand Rarity""  is from what short story collection?"
Blofeld,Which character tortures Bond?
Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques,What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?
December 2014,When were the actors in Spectre announced?
Ralph Fiennes,Which actor portrayed M?
Naomie Harris,Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny?
Ben Whishaw,Which actor portrayed Q?
Rory Kinnear,Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner?
four,How many times has Daniel Craig portrayed James Bond in films?
Rory Kinnear,Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?
"Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw",Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre?
Franz Oberhauser,Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?
Ernst Stavro Blofeld,What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?
Bérénice Lim Marlohe,Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?
Quantum of Solace,In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?
fifty,How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre?
Bérénice Lim Marlohe,Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?
Quantum of Solace.,In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White?
fifteen hundred,How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre?
Alessandro Cremona,Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra?
Stephanie Sigman,Estrella was played by which actress?
February 2015,When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed?
Mexico,Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed?
Austria.,In which country were the scenes with Detlef Bothe shot?
Alessandro Cremona,Who was cast as Marco Sciarra?
Estrella,What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?
John Glen,Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?
Dennis Gassner,Who served as production designer for Spectre?
Roger Deakins,Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?
Skyfall and Spectre,Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct?
Spectre,"Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?"
Spectre,Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?
John Glen,Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill?
six,Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?
"London, Mexico City and Rome",What were three sites used for filming Spectre?
Kodak 35 mm,What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?
Pinewood Studios,Where did initial shoots for the film take place?
seven months.,How long did it take to film Spectre?
Kodak 35 mm film stock,What type of film was used?
Pinewood Studios,In what film studio was some of the film shot?
December 2014,When did Spectre begin production in Austria?
February 2015,When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?
Ice Q Restaurant,What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?
knee,What part of his body did Craig injure?
Ice Q Restaurant,What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?
Austrian Alps.,Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?
Rettenbach glacier,Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?
Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum,What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?
Williams,Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?
Jaguar,For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?
four,How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?
Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire,Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?
the Ponte Sisto bridge,What bridge in Rome was a filming location?
Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75,What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?
Williams,Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.
Jaguar.,What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?
Mexico City,Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome?
Day of the Dead,Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production?
the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district,Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre?
"1,500",How many additional actors were needed for the shoot in Mexico City?
Palenque,Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?
the Day of the Dead festival,What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico?
a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter,What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes?
Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district,Where in Mexico were the Day of the Dead scenes shot?
New York,Where did Craig go to deal with his injury?
22 April,When did Craig go back to work?
New York,In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee?
Westminster and Lambeth Bridges,Which bridges were shut down because of filming?
London Fire Brigade,Which organization provided water for weather effects?
Thames,Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?
Vauxhall Cross,Where is MI6 based?
Westminster and Lambeth Bridges,Filming closed which two bridges in London?
The London Fire Brigade,Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?
Covent Garden.,Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?
night,Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?
"Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud",Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming?
Largest film stunt explosion,What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre?
Chris Corbould,Who was the Guinness record attributed to?
128 days,How long did it take to shoot Spectre?
Morocco,Where did production go to after leaving London?
Largest film stunt explosion,What Guinness World Record does the film hold?
128 days.,How many day did filming take
Chris Corbould,The Guinness World record was credited to which production designer?
$20 million,How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?
Michael G. Wilson,Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?
India,"In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?"
Istanbul,Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?
Thomas Newman,Who wrote the music for Spectre?
23 October 2015,When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK?
Decca Records,What company published the Spectre soundtrack?
Thomas Newman,Who composed the score for the film?
Decca Records,Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?
during filming.,Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming?
July 2015,When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released?
Writing's on the Wall,What was the name of the song played during the opening credits?
one,How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song?
demo,Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie?
Sam Smith,Who is the vocalist on Writing's on the Wall?
25 September 2015,When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?
Skyfall,What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?
Shirley Bassey,What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?
Radiohead,What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?
Adele,What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?
Shirley Bassey,The release of Writing's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter?
Radiohead,Which English band also composed a song for the film?
Aston Martin and Eon,Which companies revealed Spectre's official car?
10,How many DB10s were made for the movie?
Williams F1,Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix?
promotional work,What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for?
10,How many DB10's were produced?
007,What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix?
clapperboards,Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?
Skyfall,For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?
Eon's official social media accounts.,On which social media accounts was the film promoted?
Skyfall,What other Bond film was promoted on social media?
Comic Relief's Red Nose Day,What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?
BBC One,On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?
July,In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?
March 2015,When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?
Comic Relief's Red Nose Day,What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?
David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers,Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?
Royal Albert Hall,Where was the first showing of Spectre held?
26 October 2015,On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences?
Skyfall,What movie prompted IMAX to show Spectre?
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation,What film opening was changed so it didn't compete with Spectre?
Spectre.,"Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?"
$879.3 million,How much money had Spectre made by 2/21/2016?
$199.8 million,"How much revenue did Spectre generate from the United States, Mexico and Canada by 2/21/2016?"
$138.1 million,"How much revenue did Spectre produce from the British, Scottish, and Irish market by 2/21/2016?"
£41.7 million ($63.8 million),How much did Spectre make in its first week?
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,Which movie previously had the highest earnings for its first seven days?
Avatar,What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK?
$9.2 million,How much money did Spectre gross on it's opening day in the UK?
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross?
Avatar,Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK?
The Dark Knight,Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average?
Paris,Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?
4%,How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?
Spider-Man 3,"In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?"
$8.2 million,How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?
Spider-Man 3,What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?
Minions,What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?
374,How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?
$70.4 million,How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?
$5.25,How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada?
Skyfall,"Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?"
374,How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?
Thursday,What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?
12 November,On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market?
198%,How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall?
75%,"By the weekend after its China release, how much had revenue decreased?"
$84.7 million,How much had Spectre made in its first month in China?
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation,Spectre came in second in opening day gross in China behind what movie?
$84.7 million,How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China?
60 out of 100,What was Metacritics score for Spectre?
48,How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?
64%,What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?
Audiences,Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?
64,What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?
60 out of 100,What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?
Robbie Collin,Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?
IGN,A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?
four out of five stars,What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?
four out of five,How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?
Scott Mendelson,Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?
Mick LaSalle,Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?
75,What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?
Skyfall,The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?
Christopher Orr,Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?
Bored,What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?
The Washington Post,What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?
"Bored, James Bored",What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?
Indian Central Board of Film Certification,Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India?
Twitter.,Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring?
Craig,Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?
spring 2016,When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?
spring 2016.,When will the sequel to Spectre being development?
2008,In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?
the Great Sichuan earthquake,What was the earthquake named?
"69,197",How many people were killed as a result?
2008,What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?
8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw,What did the quake measure?
May 12,What day did the earthquake occur?
02:28:01 PM China Standard Time,What time of the day did the quake happen?
"69,197",How many people died?
Beijing and Shanghai,Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?
19 km,What was the focal depth of the earthquake?
months after,How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?
the Wenchuan earthquake,What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?
"Wenchuan County, Sichuan",Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?
80 kilometres,How far was it from Chengdu?
19 km,What was the focal depth of the quake?
"69,197",How many people were confirmed dead?
"68,636",How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?
4.8 million,How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?
15 million,How many people lived in the affected area?
1 trillion RMB,How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?
"68,636",How many people died in Sichuan Province?
"374,176",How many were injured in Sichuan?
"18,222",How many people are listed as missing?
4.8 million,How many people are homeless because of the quake?
11 million,How high could the homeless number possibly go?
"Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture",Where was the epicenter?
2 minutes,How long did the earthquake last?
80%,What percentage of buildings were destroyed?
8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw,What was the magnitude of the earthquake?
2 minutes,How long did the main tremor last?
almost 80%,What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?
Longmenshan fault,On what fault did the earthquake occur?
along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate,Where is the Longmenshan fault located?
120 sec,How long did the rupture last?
10 km,How deep was the focus of the earthquake?
Longmenshan fault,Along what fault line did the quake happen?
Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture,On which fracture did the quake focus?
first 80 sec.,When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption?
9 meters,What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?
"April 30, 2008",When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?
1972,When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?
written report,What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?
significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture,What did this report warn about?
around May 8,What was the predicted time of the quake?
droughts,What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?
reports predicting the earthquake,What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?
up to 9 meters,How large was the displacement?
Tom Parsons,Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?
9 meters,What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?
240 km long,How long was the fault where the quake occurred?
20 km deep,How deep is the fault?
northeastern and southwestern ends,Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?
high risk,What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?
"6,000 people",How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?
in two stages,How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?
Longmenshan Fault,What fault tore in two places?
shallowness of the epicenter,"Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?"
30 times,How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?
firmness of the terrain,Why did the seismic waves travel so far?
Between 64 and 104,How many aftershocks were there?
within 72 hours of the main quake.,When were the aftershocks recorded?
"on August 5, 2008",When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?
Between 64 and 104,How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?
"42,719",What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?
6.4 MS,What did the strongest aftershock measure?
246,How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?
"August 5, 2008",At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?
"August 30, 2008",When did this earthquake occur?
southern Sichuan,Where did this earthquake occur?
because it was caused by a different fault.,Why was it not included in the series?
2008 Panzhihua earthquake,Where should you look for more details?
southern Sichuan,"Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?"
Ms 6.1,What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?
Panzhihua earthquake,What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?
CEA,Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?
XI,What was the intensity scaled at?
very destructive,What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?
very disastrous,How did the USGS rate the earthquake?
"Yingxiu, Wenchuan",What town was closest to the main epicenter?
the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau,Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?
3.5 metres,What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?
3 metres,How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault?
2 metres,What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?
2.3 metres,What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?
Tibetan Plateau,Where is the Longmen shan fault located?
Longmen Shan Fault System,Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?
3.5 metres,What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?
3.5 metres,What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?
4.8 metres,What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault?
Shanghai's financial district,Where were office buildings evacuated?
calm,How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?
10 minutes,How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport,Which airport was shut down?
May 12,When did the airport re-open?
evacuated,What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport,Which airport was shut down?
disruption in air traffic services,Why were flights delayed and diverted?
relief operations,What were they using the airport to stage for?
in Chengdu,Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?
Beijing,Where were office towers evacuated?
"Hui County, Gansu",Where did a cargo train derail as a result?
caught on fire,What happened to the cargo train?
cracks on walls,What was reported in Chengdu?
office towers,What was evacuated in Beijing?
venues,What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?
"Hui County, Gansu",Where did a cargo train derail?
rail was distorted,Why did the train catch fire?
All of the highways,How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?
80%,What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?
Dujiangyan,Where did two chemical plants collapse?
60,"How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?"
All of the highways,What highways into Wenchuan  were damaged?
delayed arrival,What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?
80%,How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?
two chemical plants,What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?
fewer than 60,How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?
southwestern China,Where were the exchanges based?
Copper,What metal rose in value?
oil,What natural resource dropped in value?
suspended trading,What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do?
southwestern China,Where were companies located that had their stock trading suspended?
Copper,What metal rose due to speculation?
Shenzhen Stock Exchange,"Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange, what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock?"
mobile and terrestrial,What kinds of telecommunications were cut?
internet,What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?
months,How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?
telecommunications,What was cut after the earthquake?
Sichuan area,Where were the internet cut?
the government,Who restored communications over a period of months?
news and media websites,What internet services were decreased in the area?
major news and media,What services were finally online again?
"2,300",How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended?
more than 700,How many Unicom towers were suspended?
"2,300",How many China Mobile base stations stopped working?
traffic congestion,"Besides power disruption, what caused telecommunications to be suspended?"
Half,How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan?
China Unicom,Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off?
700,How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?
the Wolong National Nature Reserve,What place could officials not contact?
around 280,How many pandas live at the Reserve?
31,How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?
2,How many pandas were injured?
Wolong National Nature Reserve,What nature center was cutoff?
Six,How many pandas escaped the reserve?
five,How many security guards died at the reserve?
Mao Mao,What famous panda was killed under the rubble?
Hydropower Plant,What power plant was damaged?
20 km east,How far away was the plant located from the epicenter?
"2,000",How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu?
391,How many dams were damaged?
Zipingpu Hydropower Plant,What power plant was damaged by the earthquake?
20 km,How near to the epicenter was the power plant?
less severe,What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant?
Tulong reservoir,What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant?
391,What is the total number of dams damaged?
"69,180",How many deaths were reported?
"68,636",How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?
"18,498",How many people were listed as missing?
"374,176",How many people were injured?
158,How many earthquake relief workers were killed?
"68,636",How many died in Sichuan?
"69,180",What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?
"18,498",What is the number of missing persons?
"374,176",How many people were injured?
tried to repair roads,What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?
"2,300",How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?
in Wenchuan,Where is Yingxiu located?
"9,000",How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?
"3,000 to 5,000",How many people were killed in Beichuan County?
"10,000",How many people were injured in Beichuan County?
"2,300",How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?
"about 9,000",What was the previous population of Yingxiu?
"3,000 to 5,000",How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?
"10,000",How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?
Eight schools,What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?
Health care,What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?
Gao Qiang,Who was the Vice Minister of Health?
public health care system in China is insufficient,What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?
neglected and untouched,How economically forward has this area been?
inland areas,Where is health care poor in China?
insufficient,What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?
medical treatment,What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?
thousands,How many school children died due to shoddy construction?
seven,How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?
"1,700",How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?
"7,000",How many school buildings collapsed in the province?
700,How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?
shoddy construction,What caused the deaths of many school children?
seven,How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City
"1,700",How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?
"7,000",How many school buildings fell in the entire province?
600,How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?
December 2008,When did an investigation occur under school casualties?
"May 7, 2009",When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?
"5,335",How many students were killed in Xinhua?
546,How many students were disabled in Xinhua?
"May 7, 2009",What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?
Ai Weiwei,Who kept a blog about the school deaths?
"5,335",What is the total of school children killed?
546,How many children are disabled?
fertility clinics,Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?
5 million,How many people were left without housing?
11 million,How many people could be potentially without housing?
12.5 million,How many animals were killed?
1 million,How many pigs died in Sichuan?
at least 5 million,"Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing?"
11 million,How many people might actually be homeless?
12.5 million animals,How much livestock was lost?
a million,How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?
Reginald DesRoches,Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?
professor of civil and environmental engineering,What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?
1976,When did China create a seismic design code for building?
Tangshan earthquake,What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code/ 
an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region,What happened days following the disaster?
make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings,What did the team of engineers do?
a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.,What did their findings show?
team of engineers,After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?
survey of damaged buildings,What was the team sent to China to make?
variety of reasons,What kind of reasons do their findings show?
"the poorer, rural villages",What areas were the hardest hit?
Swaminathan Krishnan,Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?
rural part,What part of China did the earthquake occur in?
not designed,What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?
very strong,What manner of building codes are there in China?
regulations,What were many of these old buildings built without?
$75 billion,What is an estimate of the economic loss from the quake?
minor damage,What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?
US$75 billion,What is an estimate of losses to economics?
Chinese history,Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?
five largest cities,Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?
"420,000",How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?
6.0 Mw,How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?
1000,How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock?
"more than 420,000",How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?
63,"During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?"
"Qingchuan, Sichuan",Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?
Wei Hong,Who was the executive vice governor?
"200,000",How many homes were rebuilt?
1.94 million,How many homes were left without permanent shelter?
"1,300",How many schools were reconstructed?
Wei Hong,"Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?"
"90,000",How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?
"200,000",How many homes had been rebuilt?
"685,000",How many houses were still under construction?
1.94 million,How many families were still without permanent homes?
Premier Wen Jiabao,Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?
geomechanics,What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?
the rescue work,What did Jiabao oversee in the region?
"50,000",How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?
90 minutes after,How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?
ten,How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?
"50,000",How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?
proximity of the quake's epicenter,"Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?"
Level II emergency contingency plan,What did the National Disaster Relief Commission initiate?
the most serious class of natural disasters,What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover?
"at 22:15 CST, May 12",When did the plan rise to Level I?
Level II emergency,What level alert was instated for the quake?
most serious,What class of disasters is a level II emergency?
Level II,"What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST, May 12?"
National Disaster Relief Commission,What department initiated the emergency contingency plan?
184,How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?
12,How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?
150,How many of the team were from the military?
22,How many of the team were from the police?
earthquake emergency relief,What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?
184,How many people comprised the relief team?
150,How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military?
Armed Police General Hospital,Where did 22 of the relief team come from?
in two military transport planes,How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?
a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer,What did the China Digital Times report?
Book Blade,Who was the construction engineer known as?
China Digital Times,Where was an article reported about the scandal?
Book Blade,What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?
Children's Day,"What was June 1, 2008 called?"
living in relief centres,Where were most of the surviving children?
performed ceremonies,What did these children do on that day?
rubble of schools,Where did parents go to mourn their children?
June 1,When is Children's Day?
in relief centres,Where were surviving children living?
more than $48.6 million,How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?
10 million yuan,How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?
48.6 million,How much have Central state enterprises donated?
10 million yuan each,How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?
$457 million,How much did China receive in donated money and goods?
19 countries,How many countries donated?
four,How many international organizations donated?
Saudi Arabia,What country was the largest aid donor to China?
"€40,000,000",How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China?
83 million,How much money was donated from foreign sources?
Saudi Arabia,What country was the largest aid donor to China?
four,How many international organizations made donations?
a counterpart support plan,What did the State Council establish in 2008?
3 years,How long did the plan last?
counterpart support plan,What did the state council set up in 2008?
one province to one affected county,What is the basis for this plan?
3 years,How long is the plan due to last?
one percent,What is the cost per province's budget?
"that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture",What was concluded about the construction?
Zipingpu Dam,What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?
25 times more,What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?
The government,Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area?
seismically active,What type of area is Sichuan?
access to seismological and geological data,What have researchers been denied?
opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions,What did the earthquake allow?
the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake,What did the professors predict?
time prediction method,What did they try to establish?
statistics,What did they collect to use in this method?
that earthquake prediction was a global issue,What was stated in the press conference?
no proven methods exist,What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?
a global issue,What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?
no prediction notification,What was received before the quake occurred?
did not see anything,What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?
In 2002,When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?
Chen Xuezhong,Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?
Chen Xuezhong,Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?
2002,In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study?
over 7.0,What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?
over 30 years,How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?
30 years,How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?
no consensus,Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?
statistics,People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?
Earthquake prediction,What is not an established science?
the Taipei Fire Department,What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?
over 300,How many Tibetan villagers were stranded?
the traffic problem,What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts?
donating cash,What action did the Red Cross recommend ?
landslides,What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?
Tibetan village of Sier,Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?
landslides,What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?
20,How many helicopters were deployed?
"15,600",How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?
"around 3,000",How many survivors were found?
15,How many troops parachuted into Mao County?
heavy rain and landslides,What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?
20,How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?
"15,600","By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?"
"around 3,000",How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?
"around 9,000",How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?
the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters,What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?
60,How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?
30,How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?
over 150,How many aircraft were there in total?
over 150,What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?
60,How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?
civil aviation industry,Who provided the other 30 helicopters?
non-combat airlifting,What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?
the Tzu Chi Foundation,What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?
Taiwan,Where was the foundation based?
late on May 13,When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?
Tzu Chi Foundation,What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation?
international help,What did China say they would accept?
cope with the quake,What did China need help for?
China Airlines,Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?
May 15,What date did the cargo flight leave?
May 16,When did a rescue team depart?
chartered cargo flight,How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?
Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport,From what airport did the chartered flight leave?
Chengdu,Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?
rescue team,What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16
Chengdu,Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?
satellite images of the quake-stricken areas,What did the US share?
Chinese authorities,Who did the US share the satellite images with?
"135,000",How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?
May 16,"When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?"
satellite images,What did the U.S. share with China?
tents and generators,What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?
"135,000",How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?
The Internet,What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?
an online rescue request center,What did the Xinhua news agency set up?
to find the blind spots of disaster recovery,What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?
Wenchuan,Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?
The Internet,What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?
news agency Xinhua,Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?
a student,What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?
contact information,What kind of information were websites set up to store?
May 31,On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?
a moment of silence,What was done for the anniversary?
the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat,Where did the government open access to?
three days,How long was it opened for?
a moment of silence,What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?
earthquake relic museum,What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?
several concerts,What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?
the terrible disaster,What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?
blood,What was also donated?
China Unicom and China Mobile,What companies received the money?
all over mainland China,"After the quake, people from where in China made donations?"
donated blood,What caused long lines in most major cities?
booths,What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations?
text messaging,How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?
$772 million,How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16?
557,How many tents were flown to the region?
"2,500",How many quilts were flown to the region?
"788,000 yuan",How much were both supplies worth?
Wenchuan County,What county were the supplies flown to?
"30,000",How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?
Red Cross Society of China,What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?
"US$143,000",How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?
"30,000",How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?
those left homeless,What were all these tents and quilts for?
The Amity Foundation,What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?
"7,000",How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?
tofu-dregs schoolhouses,What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?
inadequately engineered,Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?
"over 7,000",What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?
tofu-dregs schoolhouses,What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?
legal replacements,What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?
four-hour program called The Giving of Love,What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?
Bai Yansong,Who was the show hosted by?
Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan,How large were the donations from the program?
$1.57 million,How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?
Promise,What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?
The Giving of Love,What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?
US$208 million,What did the donations total for the program?
CCTV,What company gave the most?
1.57 million,How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?
Promise,What was the name of Chan's music video?
This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards,What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?
foreign aid,What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?
up to international standards,What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?
Los Angeles Times,Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?
1976 Tangshan earthquake,In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?
quake lakes,What formed behind blockages?
34,How many quake lakes formed?
28,How many of the lakes were a danger to people?
7.9,What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?
large landslides,What blocked many of the area's rivers?
quake lakes,What formed behind the blocked rivers?
34,"By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?"
Entire villages,What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?
"Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan",Where was the most precarious quake lake located?
by foot or air,How could you only get to this quake lake?
tractors,What machinery was airlifted into the location?
"200,000",How many people were evacuated downstream?
the dam bursting,"What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?"
Mount Tangjia,Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?
"Beichuan County, Sichuan",Where is Mount Tangjia?
"1,200",How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?
The State Council,Who declared the mourning period?
national mourning,What did the State Council declare a period of?
Mao Zedong,This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?
"May 19, 2008",When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?
Cars and trucks,What came to a halt during the moment of silence?
three-day period,How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?
Olympic torch relay,What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?
Ningbo,Where was the relay scheduled to take place?
Beijing Olympic torch relay,What was suspended during the period of mourning?
in Ningbo,Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?
The route,What part of the relay did they change?
"Ruijin, Jiangxi",Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?
black and white,What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?
all advertisements,What did internet portals remove from their home pages?
various gaming sites,Many of what shut down completely?
burst out cheering,What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?
Casinos,What business closed in Macau?
Ye Zhiping,Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? 
"proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened",What was the principal credited with?
"2,323",How many students attended the school?
"400,000 yuan",How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school?
Ye Zhiping,What school principal strengthened his school?
Sangzao,Where is the Sangzao Middle School?
An County,The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county?
three-year period,How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul?
to gain first-hand material of construction quality,Why were the schools inspected?
safety checks,What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?
Chinese prosecutors,Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?
professional crime,What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?
schools across China,Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?
Reuters,What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?
money,What was given in exchange of signing the document?
riot police,What other methods were used to break up protests?
government officials,Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?
limit protests,What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?
money,What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?
were threatened,What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?
on school collapses,What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?
Liu Shaokun,Who was a Sichuan school teacher?
that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion,What was Liu's family told?
Sichuan school teacher,What was Liu Shaokun's profession?
crime of inciting subversion,Why was he investigated?
put them online,What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?
in a media interview,Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?
one year of re-education,What was his assigned punishment ?
in 2007,When did the sentencing occur?
January 2010,When was the article published about the case?
massive casualties,What did he think that the poor construction led to?
that China formally requested the support of the international community,What did UNICEF report?
condolences and assistance,What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?
May 14,When did China formally ask for help from the international community?
UNICEF,What organization reported that China asked for help?
magnitude of the quake,Why did the world community notice the need for help?
"$214,000 and $71,000",How much did Yao Ming donate?
$26 million,How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?
10.7 billion yuan,How much money had been donated by May 14?
the Chinese public,What group donated the 10.7 yuan?
Yao Ming,What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?
26 million,How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?
swift and very efficient,What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?
openness,What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?
secretive,What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?
10 days,How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?
International Federation of the Red Cross,What organization did Francis Marcus represent?
live earthquake footage,What did stations replace programming with?
CCTV-1,What was the source of the live feeds?
programmes suspended,What about pay TV channels?
Myanmar,What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis?
school construction scandal,Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?
response to the quake,What was the Chinese government first praised for?
cutting corners,What did parents accuse builders of doing?
any reports,"As of July 17, 2008 what did parents complain of not receiving?"
poorly built schools,What kind of stories were being censored in the media?
state-controlled media,Who has ignored the school issue?
propaganda bureau,Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?
The AP,What media source has reported this happening?
builders cut corners,Why are the buildings so shoddily built?
thin iron wires,What did builder's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement?
supervising agencies,Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards?
corrupt government officials,Who has not been brought to justice?
many families,Who is still looking for compensation and justice?
threat of arrest,What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting?
the Times,What media reported the threat of arrest?
their only child,What did many families lose in the earthquake?
New York,What city in the United States has the highest population?
New York,In what city is the United Nations based?
New York,What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?
New York,What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?
New York City,The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?
New York City,The most populated city in the United States is which city?
five,How many boroughs comprise New York City?
1898,In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?
"8,491,079","In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?"
305,What is the size of New York City in square miles?
23.6 million,What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?
five,How man boroughs does New York City contain?
"Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island",The five boroughs of New York City are named what?
1898,All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?
"8,491,079",What is the population of New York City as of 2014?
800,How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?
New Amsterdam,What was the trading post that preceded New York City called?
the Dutch Republic,What nation founded New Amsterdam?
1790,In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States?
1664,When did the English take over the area from the Dutch?
1790,In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States?
1624,When was New York City established?
1626,New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date?
1664,The English occupied New York City beginning on what date?
1790,New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date?
56 million,How many tourists visited New York in 2014?
469,How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?
Manhattan,In what borough is Wall Street located?
120,How many school and universities are in NYC?
New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ,NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?
Staten Island,What island was once a part of Long Island?
the Wisconsinan glaciation,"During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?"
ice sheet,Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?
Lenapehoking,What was the name of the Lenape homeland?
1524,In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?
Giovanni da Verrazzano,What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?
La Dauphine,What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?
France,What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?
Nouvelle Angoulême,What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?
1524,When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?
La Dauphine,Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?
France,Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?
1525,In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?
Estêvão Gomes,Who commanded the Spanish expedition?
Portuguese,What was the nationality of Estêvão Gomes?
Charles V,What monarch did Estêvão Gomes serve?
La Anunciada,What was the name of Estêvão Gomes's ship?
Rio de San Antonio,The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?
Padrón Real,What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?
Henry Hudson,What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?
Dutch East India Company,Who was Henry Hudson working for?
1614,In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?
ten,How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?
North River,What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?
Dutch East India Company,Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?
1614,In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?
Henry Hudson,Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?
Santo Domingo,Where was Juan Rodriguez born?
Jan Rodrigues,What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?
trader,What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?
Juan Rodriguez Way,What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?
winter,During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?
Juan Rodriguez,Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?
"Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street",Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?
Governors Island,On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?
Manhattan Island,On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?
1625,In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?
Peter Minuit,What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?
1626,In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?
1624,New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?
1625,What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?
glass beads,What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?
New York,What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?
James II,What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?
Peter Stuyvesant,What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?
Director-General,What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?
1664,In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?
Peter Stuyvesant,Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?
William III,What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?
"August 24, 1673",What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?
New Orange,What did Colve call New York after he captured it?
1674,In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?
Anthonio Colve,"August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?"
England,The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?
King William III,New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?
Second Anglo-Dutch War,After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?
200,How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?
Run,What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?
200,"In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?"
Second Anglo-Dutch War,"After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?"
42%,"In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?"
"Charleston, South Carolina","In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?"
Foley Square,Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?
courthouse,What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?
"Charleston, South Carolina",Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?
1990s,When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?
1735,In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?
Manhattan,On what island did Zenger's trial occur?
1754,In what year was Columbia University chartered?
George II,Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?
King's College,What was the original name of Columbia University?
John Peter Zenger,Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?
1754,Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?
New York,The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?
Battle of Long Island,What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?
Brooklyn,In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?
August 1776,In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?
"10,000",About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?
1783,In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?
The Battle of Long Island,Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?
Brooklyn,Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?
1783,When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?
"September 11, 1776",On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?
Lord Howe,Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?
Great Fire of New York,What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?
Manhattan,In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?
Trinity Church,What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?
Lord Howe,"Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?"
the Great Fire of New York,Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?
1785,In what year did New York become the United States capital?
George Washington,Who was the United States' first President?
Federal Hall,In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?
Wall Street,On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?
Philadelphia,What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?
Congress of the Confederation,Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?
capital,New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?
1789,"The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?"
1790,"By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?"
1799,In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?
Manhattan,What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?
Alexander Hamilton,"Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?"
1827,In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?
"16,000","In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?"
1799,The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?
1827,When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?
Commissioners' Plan,What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?
1825,In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?
Tammany Hall,What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?
Irish,"Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?"
1825,The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?
Central Park,What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?
1857,In what year was Central Park founded?
first landscaped,"Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?"
Great Irish Famine,What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?
"200,000","In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?"
a quarter,"In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?"
25%,"In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?"
revolutions,What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?
Great Irish Famine,Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?
"Over 200,000",How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?
Fernando Wood,Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? 
$300,What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?
Irish,People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?
120,About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?
"10,000",What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?
Colored Orphan Asylum,The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?
1898,In what year was the modern City of New York founded?
1904,In what year did the subway begin operation?
the Bronx,Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?
1904,The subway of New York was first available in what year?
1904,In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?
"1,021",How many people died on the General Slocum?
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory,In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?
146,How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union,The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire,A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?
"36,620",How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?
Harlem Renaissance,What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?
"36,620",What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?
London,"In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?"
megacity,What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?
Fiorello La Guardia,Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?
eighty,For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?
megacity,"In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?"
1952,When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?
Paris,"Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?"
abstract expressionism,What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?
United Nations,The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?
the Stonewall Inn,The Stonewall riots are named after what building?
Greenwich Village,In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?
"June 28, 1969",On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?
Manhattan,In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?
a police raid,What event provoked the Stonewall riots?
Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan,Where did the Stonewall riots happen?
2000,In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?
2010,In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?
Silicon Alley,What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?
1990s,In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?
1970s,In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?
1970s,Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?
American Airlines Flight 11,"What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?"
United Airlines Flight 175,"What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?"
343,How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?
"July 19, 1909",On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?
541.3,How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?
1909,The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?
10,How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?
American Airlines Flight 11,What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?
"September 17, 2011",On what date did the Occupy Wall Street protests commence?
Zuccotti Park,In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur?
Manhattan,In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place?
Financial District,In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?
"September 17, 2011",The Occupy Wall Street protests that took place in Zuccotti Park was on which date?
"William F. Buckley, Jr.",What individual established the National Review?
1955,In what year was the National Review founded?
Donald Trump,What public figure defended New York in January 2016?
Republican,A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?
Northeastern,In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located?
southeastern,In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located?
Boston,New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city?
Atlantic,New York City is adjacent to what ocean?
Hudson River,What river is New York City located on?
Hudson,New York City is at the base of which American river?
Atlantic Ocean,The Hudson River flows into which body of water?
"Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.",The three islands that make up New York city are named what?
New Jersey,The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?
Harlem River,What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?
Bronx River,What is the city's sole fresh water river?
New York Bay,Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?
"Troy, New York",Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?
New Jersey,The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?
The Bronx River,The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?
The Harlem River,Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?
Battery Park City,What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation?
468.9,What is the total area of New York City in square miles?
164.1,"In square miles, how much of the city's total area is composed of water?"
304.8,"In square miles, how much of the city's total area is land?"
Todt Hill,What is the name of New York City's highest point?
Staten Island,On what island is New York City's highest point located?
468.9,How many square miles in NYC?
164.1,How many square miles are water in NYC?
304.8,How many square miles are land in NYC?
Todt Hill,The highest peak in the city is what location?
409.8,How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil?
Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House,What structure is an example of saltbox architecture?
Brooklyn,In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located?
One World Trade Center,What building is the priciest office tower in the world?
Manhattan,In what borough is One World Trade Center located?
1656,In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin?
One World Trade Center,The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what?
"5,937",How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011?
Hong Kong,What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?
550,How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall?
1913,In what year was the Woolworth Building completed?
50,How many buildings in New York City are over 200m high?
Hong Kong,NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city?
550,How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height?
1931,In what year was the Empire State Building completed?
Art Deco,The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style?
61st,What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?
Seagram Building,What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957?
American Institute of Architects,What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?
eagles,Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?
1931,When was the Empire State Building constructed?
1930,When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?
the Bronx,In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?
Brooklyn,In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?
Queens,In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?
1930,Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?
Victorian,"Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?"
brownstone rowhouses,What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?
the Great Fire of 1835,What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?
six,"In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?"
Jackson Heights,What area was known for its garden apartments?
Stone and brick,"After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?"
wooden roof-mounted water towers,To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?
July 2014,When did the United States Geological Survey released its seismic hazard analysis?
four,How many of New York's boroughs would be counted among the United States' ten most populated cities if they were independent?
five,How many boroughs does New York City have?
"Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx",Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities?
humid subtropical,What is the name of New York City's climate using the Köppen climate classification?
234,How many sunny days does New York average each year?
"2,535",How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?
humid continental,The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?
January,What month in New York City is the coldest?
humid subtropical,What type of climate does NYC possess?
234,How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?
USDA 7b,What planting zone does the city land in?
Appalachians,What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?
0.3,What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?
72%,What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?
17,"On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?"
"July 9, 1936",On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?
106,What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?
1934,When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?
1936,The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year?
"1,270","In millimeters, how much precipitation does New York receive a year?"
66,"In centimeters, what is the average winter snowfall?"
"October 29, 2012",When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York?
49.9,How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year?
Hurricane Sandy,"Which natural disaster occurred on October 29, 2012 in NYC?"
25.8,The mean snowfall between 1981 and 2010 in NYC has been how many inches?
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation,What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system?
"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation",What is the state office that operates New York City parks?
National Park Service,What federal service operates New York City parks?
Minneapolis,What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?
New York City,What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?
Minneapolis,The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?
"10,521.83",How large is the Gateway National recreation Area in hectares?
"9,000",About how large is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in acres?
Fort Tilden,What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?
Jacob Riis Park,What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?
Jamaica Bay,What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to?
"over 26,000",How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain?
National Park Service,What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum?
Grant's Tomb,What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?
Greenwich Village,In what neighborhood is the Stonewall Inn located?
gay rights movement,What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with?
National Park Service,The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization?
New Jersey,The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state?
New Jersey,Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other?
Stonewall Inn,Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights?
Grant's Tomb,"The landmark, General Grant National Memorial, is also called what?"
seven,How many state parks exist in New York City?
28,How large is Riverbank State Park in acres?
21,How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River?
seven,How many New York state parks are within New York City?
69 feet,Riverbank State park's highest point is how high above the Hudson River?
"28,000",New York has approximately how many acres of parks?
14,How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?
Pelham Bay Park,What is the biggest public park in the city?
"1,093",How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares?
"over 28,000",New York City has how many acres of land dedicated to parks?
14,How long are all the public beaches together in miles?
Pelham Bay Park,What is the largest park in New York City?
"2,700",How many acres of land does Pelham Bay park have?
Fort Hamilton,What is the name of the military base in New York City?
1825,In what year was Fort Hamilton founded?
Brooklyn,In what borough is Fort Hamilton located?
North Atlantic Division,What division is based at Fort Hamilton?
1179th Transportation Brigade,What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton?
Fort Hamilton,The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what?
1825,When was Fort Hamilton built?
Brooklyn,Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?
Queens,Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City?
"8,491,079",What was the population of New York City in 2014?
Los Angeles,What is the US city with the second largest population?
"316,000",How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014?
40%,Approximately what percentage is New York City's population of the entire state's population?
40%,About what percentage is New York City's population of the New York metropolitan area's population?
"8,491,079",What is the population of NYC as of 2014?
Los Angeles,The second largest city in the US is what?
40,What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City?
"27,858",How many people live in a square mile of New York City?
"27,673",What is the population density of Manhattan per square kilometer?
Hudson County,Some cities in what county have a higher population density than New York City?
44%,What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian?
25.5%,What percentage of the city's population is African-American?
Asians,What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City?
28.6%,What percentage of the population identifies as Hispanic?
3,By what percentage did the non-Hispanic white population decrease?
44,"As of 2010, what percentage made up white people in NYC?"
the Civil War,Since what event did the first time black people decline in living in NYC?
Asians,Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC?
25.5,What percentage of Africans make up NYC?
12 million,How many immigrants arrived at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1924?
Lower East Side,'Melting pot' was first used to describe neighborhoods in what area of the city?
Germans,What ethnicity comprised the largest number of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century?
92%,What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940?
Irish,What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900?
more than 12 million,"Between 1892-1924, how many immigrants came through Ellis Island?"
92,"In the year 1942, what percentage of white Americans made up New York City?"
37%,What percentage of the population was born outside the United States?
Dominican Republic,From what country did the largest number of foreign-born immigrants originate as of 2011?
"74,000",About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?
China,What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011?
37,What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country?
Queens,What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?
Manhattan,What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?
6.3%,"As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?"
Queens,What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?
0.3%,What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?
2.7 million,How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?
"550,000",What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?
"201,000",How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?
"65,000",How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?
the Bronx,What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?
2.7 million,NYC has the largest white population by how many people?
20 million,About how many people live in New York City's metropolitan area?
1.5 million,"As of 2012, how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area?"
20%,What percentage of the total Indian-American population of the United States lives in the New York metropolitan area?
4.8 million,How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area?
6,Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City?
1.3 million,"In 2013, how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City?"
the Dominican Republic,What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean?
Egypt,"Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?"
El Salvador,"Out of all nations in Central America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?"
Ecuador,"Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?"
"568,903",How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?
"June 24, 2011",On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?
30,How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?
"568,903",How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?
"June 24, 2011",Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?
30,"Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?"
59%,What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?
33%,What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?
1.1 million,About how many Jews live in New York City?
Brooklyn,What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?
Islam,What is the third most popular faith in New York City?
Christianity,What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?
Judaism,The second most prominent religion in New York is what?
Brooklyn,Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?
24,What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?
Islam,The third most popular religion in NYC is what?
0.5,What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?
Manhattan,What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?
Michael R. Bloomberg,What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?
4.6%,"In 2014, millionaires made up what percentage of New York City's population?"
"$2,749",What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?
"2,749",The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?
New York City,"By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?"
Silicon Alley,What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?
The Atlantic,Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first?
2014,In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume?
2012,In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index?
One out of ten,What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies?
FDi Magazine,What publication ranked New York first in the 2013 American Cities of the Future rankings?
US$914.8 billion,What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York?
US$1.1 billion,How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006?
"$1,589",What was the price per square foot of 450 Park Avenue when it sold in July 2007?
"$15,887",What was the price per square meter of 660 Madison Avenue in June 2007?
six,"Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States, how many are in Manhattan?"
Time Warner Center,Which building has the highest market value in NYC?
660 Madison Avenue,The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate?
Madison Avenue,What is the popular name of New York's advertising industry?
"180,000",About how many people work in the New York fashion industry?
$11 billion,About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry?
Omnicom Group,"With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion?"
"180,000",NYC's fashion industry employs how many people?
Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group,The Two highest advertising agencies in the world located in NYC are called what?
"19,000",How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?
US$5 billion,What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?
Brooklyn,In what borough is the garment business prominent?
US$234 million,What dollar amount of chocolate does New York export annually?
Brooklyn,"Where is the ""Chocolate District"" located?"
Manhattan,In what borough is Godiva based?
Chocolate,What is the number one specialty food export of New York?
Chocolate,What type of food is NYC's leading food export?
Godiva,Which one of the world's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan?
"163,400","As of 2013, how many people worked for a securities business in New York?"
5,What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry?
US$3.8 billion,How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate?
"US$360,700",What is the average income in the New York securities industry?
22,What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide?
The city's securities,22 Percent of NYC's total wages are from what industry?
Wall Street,On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered?
165 Broadway,What is the street address of NASDAQ?
$40 billion,"In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?"
19%,"In 2013-4, what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street?"
British Bankers Association,Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?
Wall Street,The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?
165 Broadway,The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?
46.5 million,How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?
400,About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?
500 million square feet,How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?
Manhattan,In what borough is Silicon Alley located?
140 West Street,What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?
US$3 billion,How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?
"300,000",Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?
"300,000",The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology,"Along with Cornell University, what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech?"
US$2 billion,What is the cost to build Cornell Tech?
Roosevelt Island,On what island is Cornell Tech located?
US$30 million,About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?
"65,000",How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?
Cornell Tech,"In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?"
51 million,How many tourists visited New York in 2011?
54 million,How many people came to visit New York in 2013?
56.4 million,What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year?
US$61.3 billion,How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014?
56.4 million,How many tourists that visited NYC in 2014 broke the record?
54 million,How many tourists visited NYC in 2013?
I Love New York,What English phrase does I ❤ NY represent?
1977,When was I ❤ NY first used in advertisements?
New York State Empire State Development,Who owns the trademark to I ❤ NY?
I Love New York,What is the state song of New York?
1977,I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?
I Love New York,What is the state song of New York?
Greenwich Village,In what neighborhood does the Halloween Parade take place?
Macy's,What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?
Rockefeller Center,At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year?
Summerstage,Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost?
Queens,In what borough is the Unisphere located?
"90,000",About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?
10%,What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014?
Anbang Insurance Group,Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?
US$1.95 billion,What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria?
Waldorf Astoria New York,The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC?
"90,000",How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014?
Anbang Insurance Group,Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014?
1.95 billion,The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?
200,Approximately how many feature films are made in New York City every year?
"130,000",How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry?
$7.1 billion,How much money does the New York film and television industry create every year?
Los Angeles,What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming?
Sony Music Entertainment,"Along with Warner Music Group, what top three record label is based in New York City?"
New York City,What city is North America's biggest media market?
Seven,"Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world, how many are based in New York?"
"25,000",How many people work in the New York publishing industry?
The New York Times,Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism?
The Wall Street Journal,"Along with the New York Times, what national daily newspaper is based in New York?"
1919,What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?
Alexander Hamilton,Who was the founder of the New York Post?
More than 200,How many newspaper offices are located in New York?
350,How many magazines can call NYC home?
2,How many national newspapers out of the three are from New York?
The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times,Which two national newspapers are located in New York?
1919,When was the New York Daily News founded?
CBS,"Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?"
NYCTV,What is the name of the city's public television service?
Comedy Central,What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?
Fox News,What cable news channel is based in New York?
Manhattan Neighborhood Network,What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?
1971,In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?
WNET,What is the primary public television station in New York?
WNYC,What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?
1997,In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?
Manhattan Neighborhood Network,The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?
1971,When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?
WNYC,The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?
New York City Department of Education,What city department runs the public school system?
1.1 million,How many students are in New York City public schools?
"1,700",About how many public schools are there in New York City?
nine,How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have?
1.1 million,How many students regularly attend schools in NYC?
nine,How many highschools are specialized in NYC?
New York City Charter School Center,What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?
900,About how many private schools does New York have?
half million,About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system?
three out of five,What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college?
one out of four,What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees?
24,The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions?
"600,000",How many students in New York partcipate in higher education?
The New York Public Library,What is the largest library in the United States?
Queens Borough Public Library,What is the second largest library in the US?
Queens Borough Public Library,What is the name of the library system in Queens?
Brooklyn Public Library,What is Brooklyn's public library system called?
Manhattan,"Along with Staten Island and the Bronx, what borough is served by the New York Public Library?"
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation,The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what?
11,How many hospitals does HHC operate?
$6.7 billion,What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation?
1.4 million,How many patients are served annually by HHC?
"475,000",How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC?
1969,In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded?
five,How many nursing homes does HHC operate?
Bellevue Hospital,The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?
Ramanathan Raju,Who is the president of HHC?
Bellevue Hospital,What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?
Bellevue Hospital,"If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?"
"Ramanathan Raju, MD",Who is the HHC president?
Illinois,In what state did the president of HHC previously work?
CEO,What was the president of HHC's previous job title?
"35,000",The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people?
New York's Finest,NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what?
New York City Police Department,What does the acronym NYPD stand for?
"35,000",About how many police work for the NYPD?
New York's Finest,What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers?
328,What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC?
75%,What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?
"Provo, Utah","As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?"
2007,In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?
328,How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014?
95.9%,"In the first half of 2010, what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic?"
Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards,The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?
the Five Families,What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century?
the Five Points,The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?
the Black Spades,What was a notable 20th century gang in New York?
Tokyo Fire Department,What is the largest fire department force in the world?
The New York City Fire Department,What is the second largest fire department force in the world?
New York's Bravest,What is the The New York City Fire Department's motto?
New York City Fire Department,What does FDNY stand for?
Tokyo,What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world?
"11,080",How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department?
"3,300",The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?
New York's Bravest,What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department?
subway systems,New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world?
brush fires,What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands?
9 MetroTech Center,What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters?
Randalls Island,Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC?
Brooklyn,Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters?
9 MetroTech Center,What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters?
Brooklyn,In what borough is the FDNY headquartered?
Randalls Island,Where is the fire department's training academy located?
11 Metrotech Center,What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn?
1940s,Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC?
1970s,Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC?
the Harlem Renaissance,What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon?
jazz,What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s?
abstract expressionism,What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s?
hip hop,What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s?
New York City,The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US?
New York Fashion Week,One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York?
the New York School,By what other name is abstract expressionism known?
New York Fashion Week,What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York?
the Global Language Monitor,Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world?
1880s,The Broadway Musical began in what decade?
500,Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?
42nd Street,"Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?"
Harrigan,Who was Hart's writing partner?
"2,000",About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?
electric lighting,What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions? 
12.21 million,How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season?
The Great White Way,What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District?
US$1.27 billion,What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14?
11.4%,What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4?
12.21 million,How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season?
11.57 million,"In 2012-3, what number of people saw a show on Broadway?"
"24,000",How many restaurants are there in NYC?
"4,000",How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City?
"24,000",How many restaurants is New York home to?
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene,What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?
one thousand,"According to Michelin, about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York?"
1882,The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year?
"MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field",Which four of the world's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC?
the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field,Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps?
1882,In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded?
Major League Soccer,What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York?
five,How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York?
forty,About how many major professional sports teams have been based at one time or another in New York?
Baseball,NYC is known as the Capital of which sport?
35,How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?
Baseball,It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport?
two,How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC?
35,How many World Series have New York teams won?
73,How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?
two,How many professional baseball teams are located in New York?
14,How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series?
Subway Series,What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other?
MetLife Stadium,The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC?
2014,When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football?
New York Giants,"Along what the New York Jets, what NFL team is based in New York?"
MetLife Stadium,What stadium do the New York Jets call home?
"East Rutherford, New Jersey",What city is MetLife Stadium located in?
Super Bowl XLVIII,What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium?
2014,In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium?
The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers,There are two hockey teams located in NYC. What are they?
Newark,Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?
"Newark, New Jersey",In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?
Hockey,What sport do the New York Rangers play?
New York Islanders,"Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?"
the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks,Which two national basketball teams play in NYC?
New York Liberty,New York City's women's basketball team is called what?
1938,The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year?
New York Liberty,What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?
National Invitation Tournament,What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York?
1938,In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament?
New York Knicks,"Along with the Brooklyn Nets, what NBA team is based in New York?"
Queens,Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?
Millrose Games,The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting?
Belmont Stakes,"The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?"
1930 and 1939,Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?
Madison Square Garden,The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?
Queens,In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?
United States Open Tennis Championships,What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center?
"37,866",How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?
Millrose Games,What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?
Madison Square Garden,At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?
Stickball,A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?
Stickball Boulevard,What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball?
the Bronx,In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?
New York City Subway system,Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?
469,How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?
Grand Central Station,Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?
1.75 billion,How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?
Grand Central Station,What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?
38.4,How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work?
54.6,What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?
22,What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?
54.6%,"In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?"
90%,What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?
38.4,"In minutes, how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work?"
52%,What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?
22%,What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?
Port Authority Bus Terminal,The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?
"7,000",How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day?
"200,000",How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?
Port Authority Bus Terminal,What is New York's primary bus terminal?
"John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport",The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?
Newark Liberty International Airport,What is the second busiest airport in the New York metro area?
John F. Kennedy International Airport,"In 2011, what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit?"
"Newburgh, New York",What city is Stewart International Airport located close to?
109 million,"How many travelers visited JFK, LaGuardia and Newark Liberty in 2012?"
The Staten Island Ferry,The world's most popular ferry route is which in NYC? 
24,How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?
8.4,"In kilometers, how long is the Staten Island Ferry route?"
Manhattan,"Staring in State Island, in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry's route terminate?"
20 million,How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?
The George Washington Bridge,Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world?
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge,The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what?
The Brooklyn Bridge,The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC?
1903,The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date?
George Washington Bridge,What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world?
Bergen,"Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county?"
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge,What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States?
neo-Gothic,What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge?
1903,In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world's longest suspension bridge?
The Lincoln Tunnel,"Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?"
1927,The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?
1940,The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt,Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?
"120,000",How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?
Hudson River,What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel?
Manhattan,What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?
Jersey City,In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?
Franklin D. Roosevelt,Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?
"200,000",How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC?
"200,000","Each day, about how many New Yorkers bike?"
21%,About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot?
Citibank,"What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city's bicycle sharing program?"
Quinnipiac University,Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?
Walk Score,Who ranked New York as the most walkable large US city in 2015?
Catskill Mountains watershed,Who supplies NYC with drinkable water?
Catskill Mountains,From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?
US$3.2 billion,How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?
290 million gallons,"After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?"
20%,What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?
north,In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?
51,How many members are on the NYC city council?
three,How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?
four-year,What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?
51,How many councilors sit on the City Council?
three,How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?
the City Record,What is the official journal of New York City?
four,"If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?"
Democrats,Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?
67,"In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?"
Barack Obama,Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?
1924,What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?
Calvin Coolidge,Which president won all of NYC in 1924?
Democratic Party,What party are most public officials of New York members of?
67%,"In November 2008, how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats?"
1924,In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?
five,How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?
Republican,What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?
"43,523","As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?"
Roosevelt Island,Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?
127,"As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?"
"225,000",How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually?
one million,How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?
five million,How many people visit HHC clinics annually?
one-fifth,What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC?
one third,What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?
lead,Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?
crack,The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?
Tom Wolfe,"Who commented on New York that ""culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather""?"
the National Library of Australia,"In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 be found?"
Baruch College,What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?
Iceland,"Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?"
Manhattan,In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?
Upper West Side,In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?
Union Square,In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?
New York University,At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?
Central Park,In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?
Fifth Avenue,What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?
Manhattan,In what borough is Museum Mile located?
1959,When was the Guggenheim built?
2012,In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?
Upper East Side,In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?
Brooklynese,"Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?"
All in the Family,What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?
Carroll O'Connor,What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?
New Yawk,What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?
New York City FC,What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York?
Yankee Stadium,What stadium does the New York City FC call home?
"Harrison, New Jersey",In what city are the New York Red Bulls based?
Pelé,What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?
Hofstra University,At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located?
two-thirds,What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?
20,How many rail lines are there on New York City's commuter rail network?
250,About how many stations does New York City's commuter rail network have?
JFK International Airport,The AirTrain has a station at what airport?
Pennsylvania Station,What Amtrak station in New York sees the most use?
Manhattan,In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located?
three,How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?
PATCO Speedline,What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?
Copenhagen Metro,What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?
Port Authority Trans-Hudson,What does the acronym PATH stand for?
the Second Avenue Subway,"Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension, what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City?"
"12,000",About how many yellow cabs operate in New York?
Manhattan Island,Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?
the theater,What industry is Broadway associated with?
finance,What industry is Wall Street associated with?
advertising,What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?
Seventh Avenue,What New York street is associated with fashion?
rush hour,At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?
southwestern,What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway?
northern,What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway?
Long Island,What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?
the west end,Queens is located on what part of Long Island?
Staten Island,The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island?
Structural Expressionism,What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?
cantilever,The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?
"3,715",How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?
28%,What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010?
80%,What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050?
Hearst Tower,What is the name of a notable green office building in New York?
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency,What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases?
6,How long is Newtown Creek in kilometers?
"110,000",How many cubic meters of oil is supposed to be in Newtown Creek?
the Greenpoint oil spill,What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?
mayor-council,What type of government does New York City have?
1898,In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government?
Second,What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn?
Manhattan,In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located?
executive,What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of?
Manhattan,In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?
the Eastern District of New York,What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?
Foley Square,What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?
the District Court for the Eastern District of New York,What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?
Manhattan,In what borough is the New York City Hall found?
Manhattan,Four-fifths of the ZIP codes that provide the highest amount of political contributions in the United States are located in what borough?
10021,What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?
83,How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes?
$11 billion,How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives?
$11.4 billion,"Each year, how much more money does New York City give to the federal government than it gets back?"
New York City Global Partners,"What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?"
2006,"In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?"
1960,When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated?
Pulitzer Prize,What prize did To Kill a Mockingbird win?
Harper Lee,Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?
Harper Lee,Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?
1960,What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published?
her family and neighbors,Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on?
United States,To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?
Southern Gothic novel,What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?
racial injustice and the destruction of innocence,Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?
Deep South,Which region of America was the novel set in?
racial epithets,What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?
Mary McDonough Murphy,Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?
2006,In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?
1962,When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?
1990,"When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?"
Robert Mulligan,Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?
Bible,British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?
Horton Foote,Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?
Robert Mulligan,Who directed the 1962 film?
"Monroeville, Alabama",What is Harper Lee's hometown?
February 2016,When did Harper Lee pass away?
Go Set a Watchman,What is the only other work Harper Lee published?
Go Set a Watchman,What is the name of Lee's second published work?
"July 14, 2015",When was the second book published?
February 2016,When did Lee die?
Truman Capote,Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?
1950,What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?
reservation clerk,What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?
Alabama,Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?
1926,What year was Harper Lee born?
Truman Capote,Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?
Huntingdon College,Where did Lee attend college?
University of Alabama,Where did Lee attend law school?
J. B. Lippincott,What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?
Go Set a Watchman,The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?
Tay Hohoff,Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?
Therese von Hohoff Torrey,What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?
mental illness,What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?
lawyer,What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?
Her father,Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?
"July 11, 1960",What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?
over two and a half years,How long did Lee spend writing the book?
Reader's Digest Condensed Books,What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?
"Maycomb, Alabama",Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?
three,How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?
two,"How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?"
Dill,Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?
"Maycomb, Alabama",What is the name of the town the story takes place in?
the Great Depression,In what historical era does the book take place?
Jean Louise Finch (Scout),Who is the main character of the book?
Mayella Ewell,What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?
Tom Robinson,What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?
"Scout, Jem, and Dill",Who stopped the mob by shaming them?
Jem and Scout,What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?
balcony,"Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?"
the colored balcony,Where do the three children watch the trial?
shot and killed,What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?
Jem and Scout,Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story?
Halloween pageant,What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night?
Boo Radley,Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell?
Bob Ewell,Who attacked Scout and Jem?
Boo Radley,Who rescued Scout and Jem?
Sheriff Tate,What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell's body?
fell on his own knife,"According to Sheriff Tate's story, how did Ewell die?"
autobiography,Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?
1919,What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?
25,At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?
editor and publisher,What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?
next door,Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?
1960,What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?
In Cold Blood,Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?
Truman Capote,Who was the character Dill modeled after?
old Underwood typewriter,What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?
apart people,What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?
10,At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?
Walter Lett,What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?
Emmett Till,What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?
Civil Rights Movement,Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?
display Southern prejudices,What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?
Emmett Till,Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?
Satire and irony,What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?
"parody, satire, and irony", Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?
church basement,Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?
Calpurnia,What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?
distracted and embarrassed,How does Scout respond to the audience?
ham costume,What saves Scout's life?
Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel,What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called?
Gothic,What term did Lee use to describe the town's courthouse?
Atticus,Who does Scout revere above everyone else?
Miss Maudie,What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?
separations of race and class,What des Jem struggle to understand?
1955,When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?
race relations,Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?
white,The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?
shot seventeen times,How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?
death,"At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?"
poor white farmers,Who comprised Tom's jury?
seventeen,How many times was Tom shot?
a rabid dog,Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?
fight against the town's racism,What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?
Calpurnia,Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?
Aunt Alexandra,Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?
Walter Cunningham,Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?
Jane Austen,Which author did Lee aspire to be like?
individual worth,Both authors valued what over social standing?
poor,Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?
gender and class,What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?
people's motives and behavior,The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?
morphine,Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?
Atticus,Who is the moral center of the novel?
courage,The novel explores various forms of what trait?
Charles Shields,Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?
Charles Shields,Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?
human dignity and respect for others,"According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?"
Mayella Ewell,Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?
Calpurnia and Miss Maudie,Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?
Calpurnia and Miss Maudie,Who are Scout's two primary female models?
Mrs. Dubose,Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?
feminist,Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?
Bob Ewell,"In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?"
Atticus,Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?
Dolphus Raymond,Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?
Lawyers,Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?
frilly clothes,What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?
Songbirds,Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?
Finch,Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?
mockingbird,"Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a ""sin to kill?"""
mockingbird,"According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?"
mockingbird,"According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?"
that which is innocent and harmless,"Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?"
Book of the Month Club,Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?
Book of the Month Club,The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?
ten,"After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?"
40,"Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?"
30 million,How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?
more than 30 million,How many copies of the book have been sold?
more than 40,How many languages has the book been translated into?
"Scout, Atticus, and Boo",Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?
Alice Lee,Who was Harper Lee's sister?
"Scout, Atticus, and Boo",What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?
lawyer,Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?
integrity,Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?
1997,What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?
Alabama State Bar,Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?
honorary special membership,What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?
1963,To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?
21,The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?
1963,In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?
21,"According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?"
1966,When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?
rape,What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?
Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson,"In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?"
Little Black Sambo,"According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968?"
civil rights movement,What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?
Uncle Tom's Cabin,Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?
Uncle Tom's Cabin,What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?
Archulus Persons,Who was Truman Capote's father?
Truman Capote,Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?
Alice,What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?
Truman Capote,Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?
her editor,Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?
1961,Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?
41,How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?
1962,Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?
1964,When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?
the Pulitzer Prize,What major award did the book receive in 1961?
1964,In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?
2001,Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?
25,"In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?"
Chicago,"In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?"
Chicago,Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?
25,"By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?"
University of Notre Dame,Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?
George W. Bush,Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
2007,When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?
Notre Dame,What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?
George W. Bush,"In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?"
1962,A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?
Gregory Peck,Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?
Gregory Peck,Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?
father's pocketwatch,What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?
grandson,Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?
her father's pocketwatch,What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?
grandson,Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?
May 2005,When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?
a national treasure,What did Peck's widow call Lee?
Christopher Sergel,Who turned the novel into a play?
1990,When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?
Monroeville,"What town labeled itself ""The Literary Capital of Alabama""?"
townspeople,Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?
racially segregated,"During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?"
the UK,What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre,The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?
Duncan Preston,Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?
"July 14, 2015",When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?
1957,Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?
20,How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?
Tonja Carter,Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?
Go Set a Watchman,What is the earlier draft of the book titled?
1957,What year was Watchman completed?
20,How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?
rape and racial inequality,What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?
Atticus Finch,Who is the protagonist of the novel?
narration,What is Lee's strongest style of writing?
flashback,What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??
all Southerners,"According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?"
the neighborhood,"Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?"
Southern romantic regionalism,Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?
fine folks,Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?
The South itself,What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?
Tom Robinson,Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?
Boo Radley,What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?
real nice,"According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?"
classical tragedy,Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?
The Chicago Sunday Tribune,What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?
Granville Hicks,Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?
Flannery O'Connor,Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?
William Faulkner,Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?
Jane Austen,Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?
Allen Barra,Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?
Akin Ajayi,Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?
Calpurnia,Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?
black students,"According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?"
"poor rural ""white trash""",Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?
the harsh reality of inequality,"According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?"
an act of protest,McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?
like Scripture,How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?
Mockingbird groupies,What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?
the Sun,Where does solar energy come from?
Solar energy,What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?
"solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis",What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?
radiant light and heat from the Sun,What is solar energy?
"174,000",How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?
30%,What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?
3.5 to 7.0,The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?
"174,000",How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?
Approximately 30%,How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?
150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day,What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?
"clouds, oceans and land masses",Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?
71,The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?
14,What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?
photosynthesis,What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?
about 71%,How much of the earth is covered by oceans?
Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises,What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?
"When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds",How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?
The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection,"What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?"
photosynthesis,What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?
"3,850,000",Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?
one year,"In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?"
"3,000",How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?
one year,Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?
"approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year",What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?
"approximately 3,000 EJ per year",How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?
"coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined",The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?
the Sun,Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?
passive or active,How are solar technologies defined?
"depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight",What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?
geothermal and tidal,Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?
direct or indirect,How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?
Active,Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?
Passive,Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?
solar thermal collectors,What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
designing spaces that naturally circulate air,What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
increase the supply of energy,What does an active solar technique do?
reduce the need for alternate resources,What does a passive solar technique do?
Frank Shuman,What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?
1908,In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?
1912,Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?
"a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer",Who is Frank Shuman?
1897,In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?
steam engine,What was the solar engine used to power?
1908,In what year was the Sun Power Company established?
1912,In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?
"Maadi, Egypt",Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?
"22,000",How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?
the 1970s,In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?
"Maadi, Egypt",Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?
parabolic troughs,What was used to power the plants engine?
Nile River,From what river did the engine pump water?
the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil,What slowed down the growth of solar energy?
the 1970s,When was the interest in solar energy restored?
70,"According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?"
sunlight,What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?
60 to 70% of the domestic hot water,How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?
evacuated tube collectors,What is a common type of solar water heater?
unglazed plastic collectors,What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?
154,What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?
Israel and Cyprus,Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?
approximately 154 thermal gigawatt,What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?
China,What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?
over 90%,What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?
"United States, Canada and Australia",In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?
50,What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?
30% (4.65 EJ/yr),How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?
50% (10.1 EJ/yr),How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?
"Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies",What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?
Thermal,Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?
any material that can be used to store heat,What is thermal mass?
"stone, cement and water",What are typical thermal mass material?
by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night,How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?
climates,What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?
auxiliary heating and cooling equipment,What does thermal mass reduce the need for?
passive solar ventilation,What kind of system is a solar chimney?
a passive solar ventilation system,What is a solar chimney?
a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building,What is a solar chimney made of?
by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses,How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?
winter,The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?
trees and plants,What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?
1/3 to 1/2,How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?
they will interfere with winter solar availability,Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?
east and west,What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?
1767,Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?
315,Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?
"cooking, drying and pasteurization",What are solar cookers used for?
"box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers",What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?
Horace de Saussure,Who created the box cooker?
90–150 °C (194–302 °F),What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?
direct light,What do reflector cookers require to function?
114,The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?
more,Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?
"parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors",What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?
"Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA",What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?
use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water,What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?
"Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks",What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?
perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air,What are Unglazed transpired collectors?
1872,In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?
Solar distillation,What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?
16th-century Arab alchemists,By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?
1872,When was the first large solar distillation plant created?
"22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day",How much water was produced by the plant?
single-slope,What is an example of a solar distillation design?
the World Health Organization,Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?
a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions,How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?
a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage,What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?
Over two million people in developing countries,How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?
toxic chemicals,What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?
to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity,For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?
algae may produce toxic chemicals,What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?
2050,By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?
2050,When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?
the Mojave Desert,The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?
2013,Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?
354 MW SEGS CSP,What is the largest solar power plant in the world?
Mojave Desert of California,Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?
"The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India",What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?
Charles Fritts,"In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?"
1954,In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?
evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source,What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?
a device that converts light directly into electricity,What is a solar cell?
Charles Fritts,Who created the first solar cell?
Dr Bruno Lange,Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?
"Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin",Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?
a working fluid,"In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?"
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems,What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?
a heat source for a conventional power plant,What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?
the Stirling dish,What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?
a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight,What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?
Megaron House,Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?
orientation relative to the Sun,What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?
well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range,What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?
Socrates' Megaron House,What is an example of passive solar design?
"pumps, fans and switchable windows",What kind of equipment can improve system performance?
Urban heat islands,UHI is an abbreviation of what?
3,"A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?"
Urban heat islands,What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?
asphalt and concrete,What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?
paint buildings and roads white and plant trees,What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?
fruit walls,"During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?"
power grape presses,Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?
to optimize the productivity of plants,Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?
"timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties",What are some techniques used to improve crop production?
employed fruit walls,What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?
acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm,What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?
Roman times,When were the first greenhouses used?
the 16th,In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?
convert solar light to heat,What do greenhouses do with solar energy?
enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops,What is one purpose of a greenhouse?
produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius,What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?
Europe,Where were the first modern greenhouses built?
The World Solar Challenge,What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?
90.87,What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?
a biannual solar-powered car race,What is The World Solar Challenge?
1987,When was The World Solar Challenge started?
67 kilometres per hour (42 mph),What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?
90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph),What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?
The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge,What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?
1975,The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?
1975,When was the first solar powered boat made?
Kenichi Horie,Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?
the sun21 catamaran,What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?
40,What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?
Solar Impulse,What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?
1974,When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?
29 April 1979,When was the first solar powered manned flight made?
July 1981,When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?
California to North Carolina,Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?
36 hours,How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?
hydrogen production from protons,What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?
Solar chemical processes,What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?
artificial photosynthesis,What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?
The Solzinc process,What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?
pure zinc,The Solznic process produces what?
Hydrogen production technologies,What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?
uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures,What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?
Solzinc process,What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?
heat,In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?
Thermal mass systems,What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?
"water, earth and stone",What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?
reduce overall heating and cooling requirements,What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?
thermal,Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?
"The ""Dover House""",The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?
paraffin wax and Glauber's salt,What are some examples of phase change materials?
64 °C or 147 °F,What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?
Dover House,What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?
"they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems",Why are salts good  for thermal storage?
"1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)",How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?
rechargeable batteries,Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?
rechargeable batteries,What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?
Net metering programs,What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?
by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes,How is the credit to households accomplished?
Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions,Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?
a hydroelectric power generator,"When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?"
water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one,Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?
"by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator",How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?
1973,The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?
The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis,What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?
the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan,What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?
"SERI, now NREL",What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?
NEDO,What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE,What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?
the 1920s,The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?
20% per year,"Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?"
in the 1890s,When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?
falling petroleum prices,Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?
20%,Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999
154 GW,What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?
The International Energy Agency,Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?
The International Energy Agency,Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?
glass in building,ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?
materials used in solar water heaters,ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?
ISO 9050,What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?
ISO 10217,What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?
passive solar or active solar,What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?
"photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating",What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?
orienting a building to the Sun,What is an example of a passive solar technique?
559.8 EJ,What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?
"1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)",What is solar energy's yearly potential?
The large magnitude of solar energy available,What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>
The United Nations Development Programme,Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?
"through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource",How will solar energy increase energy security?
the costs of mitigating global warming,What costs will solar energy lower?
learning investments,What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise,What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?
"geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans",Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?
areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation,Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?
photovoltaics,What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?
during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb,Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?
clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells,What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?
solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels,Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?
many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way,Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?
"insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans",What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?
"1,575–49,837 EJ per year",What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?
conversion of sunlight into electricity,What is solar power?
"either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)",How is sunlight converted into electricity?
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems,What does a concentrated solar power system use?
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam,What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?
photoelectric effect,What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?
Sunlight,What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?
Greeks and Chinese,Who first utilized solar architecture?
toward the south,In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?
a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air,What is a solar balloon?
the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force,What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?
the toy market,What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?
the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high,Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?
driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce,Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?
"increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum",What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?
2060,"According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?"
could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters,What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?
"Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire",What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
"Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism",What other culutres has ruled the area?
city of Sarazm,What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
1991,When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
1992 to 1997,What years did the civil war take place?
"Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism",What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
"the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire",What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
1991,What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
1992 to 1997,What years did the war last through?
1939,When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?
"260,000 Tajik","How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?"
"Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)",What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?
"living conditions, education and industry",What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?
by clan loyalties,How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?
30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition,What did the ceasefire guaranteed?
Emomali Rahmon,Who came into power in 1992?
"because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities",Why did more than half a million people flee?
Russian border troops,Who was stationed along the boarder?
at the Dushanbe Airport,"Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?"
t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe,Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.,Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
28 Tajik soldiers,How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?
2015,When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?
November 2010,When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?
that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August,Why was there concerns in 2010?
a republic,What type of government does Tajikistan have?
Kokhir Rasulzoda,Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova,Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
November 1994,When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament,What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
independent press outlets remain restricted,"Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?"
no public criticism of the regime is tolerated,What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
all direct protest is severely suppressed,What is not covered by local media?
"access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru",What access is blocked?
Tajikistan,What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
the Pamir range,What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley,Where is Dushanbe located?
"between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)",Where exactly is Tajikistan?
"in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys",What area is under sea level?
the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe,Where did the word Tajik come from?
"""Land of the Tajiks""",What does Tajikistan mean?
"""place of"" or ""country""",What does the suffix -stan mean?
"because the term is ""embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.""",Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?
650–680,When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Umayyads,Who took control of the regin in 710?
"The Samanid Empire,",Who restored Persian control of the region?
Khorasan,What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
650–680,When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Umayyads,Who took control of the regin in 710?
650–680,When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
"The Samanid Empire,",Who restored Persian control of the region?
Umayyads,Who took control of the regin in 710?
"The Samanid Empire,",Who restored Persian control of the region?
Khorasan,What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
Khorasan,What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
650–680,When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?
710,When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?
The Kara-Khanid Khanate,Who conquered Tansaxania?
The Samanid Empire,When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?
during the late 19th century's Imperial Era,When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?
the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand,Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?
gaining access to a supply of cotton,What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?
Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan,What did Russia do between 1864-1885?
"the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara","In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?"
an Islamic social movement throughout the region,What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?
Russians,Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?
between 1910 and 1913,When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?
the threat of forced conscription during World War I,Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?
"guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi",Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?
to maintain independence,What did they go to war against Bolshevick?
The Bolsheviks,Who won the war?
"Islam, Judaism, and Christianity",What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,"In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?"
in the southern region,Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?
collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place,What happeded between 1927-1934?
Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement,What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?
Moscow,Who directed the purges of Soviets?
"nearly 10,000 people",How many people were expelled??
Ethnic Russians,Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?
grew from less than 1% to 13%,What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?
"subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary",What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?
PDPT lose four seats in Parliament,What happened in the Feb 2010 election?
accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment,Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?
"""failed to meet many key OSCE commitments"" and that ""these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.""",What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?
"The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people",What was the Tajikistan governments response?
in Central Asia,Where is Tajikistan located?
8 million people,How many people are living in Tajikistan?
"area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)",What is the area of Tajikistan?
China,What country lies to Tajikistans east?
Wakhan Corridor,What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
China,What country borders Tajikistan to the east?
8 million,How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?
"143,100 km2",What is the area of Tajikistan?
Afghanistan,What country borders Tajikistan to the south?
Uzbekistan,What country borders Tajikistan to the west?
about 500 BCE,What was the first recorded history of this region?
the Achaemenid Empire,What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
Alexander the Great,Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?
Yuezhi tribes,What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?
in the early eighth century,When was Islam brought to the region?
"Hephthalite Empire,",What empire brought Islam practices with them?
"Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism",What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?
an average rate of 9.6%,What was the rate that the GDP expanded?
"aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers",What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?
60%,What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?
Tajik Aluminum Company,What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?
the government,Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?
hydropower potential,What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?
Nurek Dam,What is the highest dam in the world?
"CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan",What will the project named CASA 1000 do?
US$1.25 per day,What is the average amount lived on per day?
estimated $2.1 billion US dollars,What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?
"by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor",How did Tajikistan change their economy?
remittances,What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?
opium poppy,What is raised locally for the domestic market?
"with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities",What all has helped with the fight against drugs?
heroin and raw opium confiscations,Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?
"strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency",What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?
"via roads, air, and rail.",What are the majority of transportation options?
Iran and Pakistan,What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?
"Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan",What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?
2012,What year was the agreement signed?
26 airports,How many airports does Tajikistan have?
Dushanbe International Airport,What is the country's main airport?
Russia,Where are the international flights maining going to?
Khorog Airport,What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?
"7,349,145",What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
70%,What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
35%,What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
Tajik,What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
Tajikistanis,What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
The Pamiri people,What people live in the southeast area of the country?
distinct linguistically and culturally,How are they different than most Tajiks?
Pamir Mountains,What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi,What school has been recognized by the government?
a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion,What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon,What are the two national Islamic holidays?
98%,What percent of the population is muslim?
minority religious groups undermine national unity,What type of religions concerns are there?
a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere,What concerns for the religions institutions are there?
Hizb ut-Tahrir,What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?
aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state,What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?
State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities,What do religions communities have to register with?
"a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location",What does the SCRA require?
a physical structure,What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?
can result in large fines and closure of place of worship,What can happen if you do not register?
", the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies",What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?
"104,272",How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?
1%,What percent of the GDP was spent on health?
World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper,What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?
11 years of primary and secondary education,How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?
a 12-year system,What do they want to impliment in 2016?
Khujand State University,What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?
17%,What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?
humans and their societies,What is anthropology a study of?
social,What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?
linguistic anthropology,What investigates the influence of language in social life?
physical,What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?
United States,Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?
1870,Vienna created it's society in what year?
1869,When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?
1902,When was the American Anthropological Association founded?
1865,When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?
empirical foundation,What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?
anthropological societies,What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?
international,What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?
The major theorists,Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?
48,How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?
13,How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?
late 19th and early 20th centuries,When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?
gender equality and sexual liberation,What did Margaret Mead advocate for?
cross-cultural comparisons,What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?
19th-century racial ideology,What did Boas' argue against?
"cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques",What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?
"humanities, social, and natural sciences",What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?
Anthropology,What builds upon natural and social sciences?
global,What type of discipline is anthropology?
Greece and Persia,Where did early anthropology originate?
"cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies",What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?
structuralist and postmodern theories,What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?
During the 1970s and 1990s,When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?
nature and production of knowledge,What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?
archaeology and biological anthropology,What two fields remained largely positivist? 
cohesion,What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?
Sociocultural anthropology,What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?
social,Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?
"social structures,",What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?
hard-and-fast,What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?
Cultural anthropology,What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?
cultural relativism,What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?
Ethnography,What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?
Participant observation,What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?
emic,"What is a needlessly complicated word which means ""conceptual""?"
reductionism in cross-cultural comparison,What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?
Sociocultural,Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?
consumption and exchange,What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?
kinship,What is a human universal?
language,What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?
resolution,Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?
Archaeology,What field studies human's past through material remains?
human behavior and cultural practices,What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?
past human groups,What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?
in similar ways,How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?
cultural and material lives of past societies,"What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?"
anthropological,What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?
interpretation of sociocultural processes,What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?
Linguistic,What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?
"sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis",What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?
art,What is a cultural phenomenon? 
do not exist,What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?
evident 'aesthetic' qualities,What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?
1983,When was Art as Cultural System penned?
culturally specific 'aesthetics',What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?
Étienne Serres,Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?
1838,When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?
1850,When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?
France,Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?
Société Ethnologique de Paris,What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?
comparative methods,What is anthropology the intellectual results of?
similarities,What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?
processes or laws unknown to them then,What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?
epiphany,What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?
comparison of species,How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?
late 1850s.,When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?
bring it into the social sciences,What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?
Paris,Where did Paul Broca reside?
Société de biologie,What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?
Transformisme,What did the French call evolutionism?
neurosurgeon,"If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?"
the pathology of speech,What particularly interested Broca?
speech center,What did Broca discover in the human brain?
psychology,What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?
six,How many volumes was Waitz work?
the science of the nature of man,How did Waitz define anthropology?
an animist,What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?
"comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology",What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?
empirical,What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?
civilization,What history was to be brought into the comparison?
British ethnologists,Who was Waitz influential among?
1863,In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?
anthropology,What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?
French Société,Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?
Waitz,Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?
majority of the world's higher educational institutions,What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?
subdivisions,What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?
Practical,What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?
recreate the final scene,What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?
about three dozen,From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?
Media anthropology,What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
ethnographic,Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
early 1990s,Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
media reception,Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
cyber,What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
Visual,What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
visual representation,"What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?"
all,What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
ethnographic film,What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
Economic,Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?
"historic, geographic and cultural",Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?
discipline of economics,What is economic anthropology highly critical of?
Bronislaw Malinowski,Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?
exchange,What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?
traditional concerns,What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?
history and colonialism,What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?
Hunter-gatherers,Who were the original affluent society?
population,What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?
industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism,What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?
Applied,What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?
change or stability,What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?
direct,What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?
the practical side,What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?
participating,Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?
critical,What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
pondering,What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
increasing,"Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?"
gap,"When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?"
fail,What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
Kinship,What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?
anthropology,What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?
Over its history,When has anthropology developed related terms?
one's social relations during development,What does it mean if people are related by descent?
marriage,Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?
Feminist,What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?
male bias,What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?
systematic bias,What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?
gender,What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?
birth anthropology,What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?
Nutritional,What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?
food security,Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?
globalization,"If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?"
Nutritional status,What affects overall health status?
economic,What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?
Psychological,What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? 
humans' development and enculturation,What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?
"its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories",What aspects define a cultural group?
cultural group,What shapes processes of human cognition?
understanding,Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?
Cognitive,What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?
cognitive sciences,What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?
experimental psychology and evolutionary biology,What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?
implicit knowledge,Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?
Political,What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?
structure of societies,From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?
the 1960s,When did the new development of a stateless society come about?
"""complex""","The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?"
Geertz,Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?
Cyborg,What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?
1993,When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?
the Society for the Social Studies of Science,"What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?"
Donna Haraway,Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?
its relations,What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?
Environmental,Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?
political ecology,What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?
"culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.",What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?
corporate,The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?
people of Hyde Park,Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?
by examining historical records,How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?
ethnic,Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?
its foundation,What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?
documents and manuscripts,What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?
Practitioners,"Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?"
Urban,What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?
Ulf Hannerz,Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?
notoriously agoraphobic,What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? 
two,How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?
social issues,One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?
human–animal studies,What is Anthrozoology also known as?
Anthrozoology,What is the study of interaction between living things?
number of other disciplines,What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?
positive,What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?
"anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy",What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?
Evolutionary,What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?
natural science and social science,What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?
past and present,Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?
scientific,What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?
many lines,What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
Ethical,What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?
mutilation,What is the proper term for circumcision?
"racism, slavery, and human sacrifice",What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?
man,Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?
depth of an anthropological approach,Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?
active in the allied war effort,What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?
"Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan",What groups formed the Axis forces?
the armed forces,What did many anthropologists serve in?
intelligence,The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?
communist sympathies.,"Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?"
the state,What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?
secret,What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?
certain scholarship,What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?
The AAA,"Who penned a ""Statement of Professional Responsibility""?"
given,Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?
the US military,Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? 
US Army's strategy in Afghanistan,What are the anthropologists part of?
Counterinsurgency,What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?
Iraq,Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?
ethics,What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?
Biological,What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?
human universals,What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?
into the field,Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?
a community in its own setting,"To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?"
genetic,Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?
relevant time periods and geographic regions,How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?
cultural traditions based on material,How has human time on Earth been divided up?
tool,"Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?"
geographers,Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?
comparative method,What is a central part of the science of anthropology?
"""other cultures",What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?
time,A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?
non-European/non-Western societies,"What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?"
Ulf Hannerz,"Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, ""Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology""?"
only in late 1960s,"When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to ""look across the tracks""?"
set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region,What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?
research to a single locale,Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?
daily life of ordinary people,What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?
scientific laboratories,What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?
research,Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?
wounded in an attempted assassination,What happened to Joseph I in 1758?
The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro,Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?
The Jesuits,Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?
1759,In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
"Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children",What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
1770,In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
until Joseph I's death in 1779,How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
autocracy,What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
knew no opposition,Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
"crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation","What was Pombal's ""enlightenment"" an apparatus for?"
Napoleon,Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
1822,In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
Brazil,To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
"United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves",What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
until the 20th century,How long did Portugal's decline last?
French,Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?
until the Liberal Revolution of 1820,Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?
Porto,Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
1815,By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?
the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family,"What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?"
before the turn of the 20th century,When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
1884,When was the Conference of Berlin held?
Scramble for Africa,During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa,Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
"Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia",What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
1 February 1908,"On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?"
"on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902","Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?"
Manuel II of Portugal,Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?
5 October 1910,On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?
Political instability and economic weaknesses,"During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?"
António de Oliveira Salazar,Who led the Estado Novo?
1933,In what year was the Estado Novo established?
five,How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?
relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa,What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
"United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries",What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?
unitary semi-presidential republican,What form of government does Portugal maintain?
18th highest,What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?
"France, Spain and Italy",Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?
decriminalized the usage of all common drugs,"In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?"
to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors,What was Pelayos' plan?
Moors,Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?
Battle of Covadonga,In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?
722 AD,In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?
Reconquista Cristã,"What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?"
dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring,Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
King Alfonso III,Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?
868 AD,In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?
First Count of Portus Cale,What was Vimara knighted as?
"Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália",What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture,"During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?"
the Kingdom of Portugal,The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?
Galician,Portugese diverged from which language? 
Spanish,What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?
Castilian (Spanish Language),By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
"the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun",Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo,Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
Queen consort of Portugal,What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
Queen consort of Portugal,Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
King John V of Portugal,Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
earthquakes,What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?
marching troops around the models,How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?
Lisbon suffered no epidemics,Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?
The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre,What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?
by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country,How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
Portuguese Republic,What is the official name of Portugal?
"Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe",Where is Portugal located?
Atlantic Ocean,Which ocean does Portugal border?
"1,214 km (754 mi)",How long is the Portugal-Spain border?
Azores and Madeira,What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
Portuguese Republic,What is the official name of Portugal?
"Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe",Where is Portugal located?
Spain,What other country does Portugal border?
Atlantic Ocean,What ocean does Portugal border?
Portugal–Spain,What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
The Celts and the Romans,Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?
Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples,Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?
1139,By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?
Age of Discovery,What age did Portugal pioneer?
15th and 16th centuries,In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
Lisbon,"In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?"
1822,In which year did Brazel become independent?
1910,In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?
Macau,Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?
250 million,How many Portugese speakers are there today?
Portus Cale,From what name is Portugal derived?
Pre-Celts and Celts,By what group was the Portugal region settled?
"Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes",To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
45 BC until 298 AD,During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
Alankerk,From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
27 BC,In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?
Gallaecia,What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?
Conímbriga and Mirobriga,What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?
hill forts,What are castros?
16 km,How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
a few months,How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?
711,In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?
750,In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?
Abd-ar-Rahman,Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?
almost two centuries,How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
Emir,What were the governors of the taifas called?
the Christian kingdoms of the north,Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?
Taifa of Badajoz,To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?
1086,In which year did the taifa period end?
Battle of Sagrajas,Which battle took place in 1147?
Muwallad or Muladi,What are converts to Islam called?
noblemen from Oman,Who did the Arabs principally consist of?
Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa,Where were the Berbers originally from?
"Algarve region, and south of the Tagus",In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?
800,How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
"García, became king of León",Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
"Ordoño, reigned in Galicia",Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
"Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital",Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?
910,In which year did Alfonso III likely die?
1230,In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
1348 and 1349,Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
England,"In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?"
Portugal made an alliance with England,What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
NATO,The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
Oporto region,In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
the Age of Discovery,What European age did Portugal spearhead?
King João I,Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?
"Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde",Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?
Cape of Good Hope,By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?
Brazil,What South American country did Portugal discover?
increased,Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?
Prime Minister,What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
British,With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
Sebastião de Melo,Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
Sebastião de Melo,Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
economic and financial,What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
to ensure the wine's quality,Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
especially among the high nobility,Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
Sebastião de Melo,Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class,Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
April 1974,Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?
left-wing military coup in Lisbon,What was the Carnation Revolution?
social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces,By what was the PREC characterized by?
Junta de Salvação Nacional,What entity governed Portugal until 1976?
Socialist Party,Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?
Mário Soares,Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?
1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985,Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model,Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?
1976,In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?
to accommodate socialist and communist principles,For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?
Mediterranean,What type of climate does Portugal have?
8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F),"In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?"
16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F),"In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?"
"900 metres (3,000 ft)",How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?
subtropical,What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?
rough topography,What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?
Mediterranean,What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?
deciduous and coniferous,What two types of forests can be found in Geres?
the Tertiary period,To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?
Pyrenean,What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?
Boars,What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?
12,How many national parks does Portugal have?
a unique type of subtropical rainforest,What is Laurisilva?
"fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear",What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
migratory birds,What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
more than 100,How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?
in the Tagus International Natural Park,"In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?"
"because of habitat loss, pollution and drought",Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?
plankton,What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?
five,For how many years is the Portugal president elected?
Aníbal Cavaco Silva,Who is the current president of Portugal?
230,How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?
four-year,For how long of a term are deputies elected?
thirteen,How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?
Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party,What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?
"national-, regional- and local-levels",At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?
"Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party ""The Greens""), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party",What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?
5 and 15%,What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?
President of the Republic,Who is the Head of State of Portugal?
five,For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?
"by direct, universal suffrage",By what means is the President of the Republic elected?
President of the Republic,Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?
The Council of Ministers,What group acts as the presidential cabinet?
"define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate",What process is required of each government's policies?
an absolute majority of deputies,What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?
former colonies and territories,Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?
a civilian police force who work in urban areas,What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?
a highly specialized criminal investigation police,What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?
the Public Ministry.,Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?
2001,In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?
10 days worth of personal use,How much of a drug is legal to possess?
go to a rehab facility,What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?
50 percent,"By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?"
308,How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?
"3,092",How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?
18,How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?
three,How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?
"Navy, Army and Air Force",What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?
primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security,What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?
"7,500",How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?
"$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP",How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?
"21,000",What is the number of personnel in the army?
Pandur II APC,With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?
Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC,What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?
"paratroopers, commandos and rangers",What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?
"10,700",How many personnel does the Navy have?
World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War,In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?
1961–1974,During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?
"East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon",In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?
Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998,What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?
Pedro Passos Coelho,Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?
improve the State's financial situation,What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?
"tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts",How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?
20%,"Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?"
1974,In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?
unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms,"Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?"
Diário de Notícias,By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
2007–08,In what two years was there a financial crisis?
Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP),Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?
"bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud",What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?
"its size, market share, and the political implications",Why was the case of BPN more serious?
fraud,On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?
the euro (€),What currency does Portugal use?
Portuguese Escudo,What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?
Banco de Portugal,What is the name of Portugal's central bank?
Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas,"In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?"
Golf,"According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?"
1974,In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?
PREC period,What period followed the Carnation Revolution?
"changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector","Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?"
"textiles, clothing, footwear and cork",What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?
cork,What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?
"European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund",By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?
2011,In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?
€78 billion,How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?
May 2014,When did Portugal exit the bailout?
15.3 percent,"By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?"
small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units,Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?
"Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro","What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?"
"tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms",What types of crops does Portugal produce?
"dairy products, poultry and beef",What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?
Ramirez,Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?
"Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama",What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?
fish,What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?
copper,What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?
"tin, tungsten and uranium",What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?
hydrocarbon,What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?
north,In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?
1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization,What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?
Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen,What automotive brands exist in Portugal?
Embraer and OGMA,What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?
Palmela,Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?
"Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor",What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?
"Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro",Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?
increase,Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?
Eastern European destinations,With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?
focus upon its niche attractions,How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?
"health, nature and rural tourism",What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?
The Economist,"What magazine described Portugal as ""a new sick man of Europe?"""
65%,"Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?"
10.2%,"What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?"
negative,"In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?"
2011,In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?
that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility,"What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?"
third,How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?
Carnation's Revolution,What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?
financial weakness,For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?
70.8,"In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?"
62.4,What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?
slow and inefficient,"In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?"
Italy,Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?
over 30,"How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?"
Passos Coelho,Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?
"significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours",What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?
austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant,For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?
"European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund",From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?
66,To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?
"pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses",To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?
English,Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?
social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions,What did the instituting of these policies lead to?
third quarter of 2014,Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?
17.7%,To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?
7.3%,"In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?"
December 2009,By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?
"Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra",What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?
Fátima,Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?
Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children,What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?
"Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo",What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?
Lisbon,What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?
fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles,What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?
new motorways,"After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?"
"68,732 km (42,708 mi)",How long is Portugal's total road network?
1944,In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?
"89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)",How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?
four,How many national airports does Portugal have?
"Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja",Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?
geographical position,Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?
TAP Portugal,What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?
Spain,Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?
Comboios de Portugal,What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?
"2,791 km (1,734 mi)",How long is the total railway system in Portugal?
"1,430 km (889 mi)",How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?
900 km (559 mi),How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?
Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area,What are the two subway systems in Portugal?
more than 35 km (22 mi),How long are each of the subway systems?
Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris),By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?
over a century,For how long has the Libon tram service existed?
R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions,In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?
"INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação",What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?
"Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)",By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation,What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?
neuroscience and oncology research centre,What is the Champalimaud Foundation?
one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world,What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?
1779,In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?
Lisbon Oceanarium,What is the name of the largest European aquarium?
scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population,What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?
"Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium",What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?
the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world,"What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?"
"Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)",What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?
take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support,For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?
wind and river power,What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?
"Moura, in the south",Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?
Norte region,Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?
29%,"By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?"
Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN),What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?
"uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants",What does REN do?
hydropower plants on its rivers,Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?
wind-driven turbines,What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?
setting a premium price,How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?
"10,562,178",What was the Portuguese population in 2011?
52%,What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?
48%,What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?
Catholicism,What is the dominant religion in Portugal?
Mouriscos,What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?
Paleolithic peoples,In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?
"45,000 years ago",When did people first start arriving in the European continent?
Paleolithic,What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?
colonial history,What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?
Atlantic Ocean,Which ocean does Portugal border?
Angola and Mozambique,What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?
Portuguese,The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?
"10,617,575",How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?
81.0%,What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?
"Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist",What other religious communities exist in Portugal?
6.8%,What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?
8.3%,What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?
Christian,In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?
13th and 14th,In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?
formation of the First Portuguese Republic,What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?
1910–26,During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?
25 July 1139,On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?
"victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso",Afonso heard Jesus promising what?
in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands,Why did God want to act through Afonso?
Portuguese,What is the official name of Portugal?
Romance,What type of language is Portuguese?
Galicia and Northern Portugal,Where did Portuguese originate?
Galician-Portuguese,What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?
Latin,From what language is Portuguese derived?
Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula,By what group of people is Portuguese derived?
1415 and 1999,Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?
five,In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?
Brazil,What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?
99 percent,What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?
100 percent,Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?
Over 35%,What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?
50%,What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?
1290,Since when have Portuguese universities existed?
Lisbon,Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?
Coimbra,Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?
"the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro",What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?
the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa,What is the oldest medical college in Asia?
2006,When was the Bologna process adopted?
public money,What are most higher education student costs supported with?
over 23 years old,Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?
developing health policy as well as managing the SNS,What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?
Five,How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?
"implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery",What are the regional health administrations in charge of?
noncommunicable diseases,What do most Portuguese people die from?
ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease,What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?
cerebrovascular disease,What is the biggest killer in Portugal?
12%,What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?
children as well as among women younger than 44 years,Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?
self-reporting at the household level,What survey results complement on data on health status?
one third,What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?
1990s and 2000s,Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?
1956,In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?
Lisbon,Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?
"Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música",What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?
fifteen,How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?
Portuguese late Gothic,What is the Manueline style also known as?
"a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century",What is the Manueline style?
A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture,What is Soft Portuguese style?
"Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne",Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?
stadium design,For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?
late 19th century,In which period was cinema born?
"Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes",Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?
"Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado",Who are some noted Portuguese actors?
late 19th century,In which period was cinema born?
"Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes",Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?
"Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado",Who are some noted Portuguese actors?
Adventurer and poet,Who was Luís de Camões?
"""Os Lusíadas"" (The Lusiads)",What epic poem did Luís de Camões write?
Virgil's Aeneid,What was Luís de Camões main influence?
neoclassic and contemporary styles,What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?
"Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga",Who are some modern Portuguese authors?
bacalhau,What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?
grilled sardines and caldeirada,"Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?"
a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish,What is caldeirada?
"beef, pork, lamb, or chicken",What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?
arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood),What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?
"Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches",What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?
in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country,Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?
"almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor",What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?
"pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro",What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?
since the times of the Romans,Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?
Bacchus,With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?
"Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine",What are some of the best Portuguese wines?
Port and Madeira,Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?
"Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,",What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?
Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto,What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?
one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years,What is the Boom Festival?
European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010,What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?
2005,In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?
"Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa",What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?
"Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro",What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?
"José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos",Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?
Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira,Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?
20th century,In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?
"French painters, particularly by the Delaunays",By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?
Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro,What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?
"Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego",Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?
Football,What is the most popular sport in Portugal?
Eusébio,What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?
Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo,Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?
FIFA World Player of the Year,What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?
"José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José",Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?
"SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP",What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?
"""os três grandes"" (""the big three"")",What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?
eight,"How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have ""the big three"" won?"
"roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball","Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?"
Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol,By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?
1977,What year was Kanye born?
hip hop,What kind of music does Kanye West perform?
Omari,What is Kanye West's middle name?
"June 8, 1977",When is Kanye West's birthday?
Roc-A-Fella Records,What was the first label that Kanye produced for?
Jay-Z and Alicia Keys,Who are some well known artists that Kanye produced for early in his career?
7,How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?
Jay-Z,With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with?
Chicago,Where did Kanye West live as a child?
producer,What was Kanye West's first job title after art school?
2004,What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?
7,How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?
32 million,How many albums has Kanye sold?
100 million,How many downloads do Kanye's tracks have across the globe?
Grammy,Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age?
3,"How many albums does Kanye have on the ""500 Greatest Albums of All Time"" list?"
Time,What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015?
32 million,How many CDs has Kanye West sold?
21,How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won?
3,How many of Kanye West's albums were recognized by Rolling Stone Magazine?
2005 and 2015,Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine?
English,What subject did Kanye's mother teach at her university?
Atlanta,What Georgia city was Kanye West born?
Good Water Store and Café,What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006?
Chicago State University,Where did Kanye West's mother work before becoming his manager?
Polaris High School,What was the name of Kanye West's high school?
"Nanjing, China",Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10?
foreigner,"While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class?"
A's and B's,How well did Kanye do in high school?
10,At what age did Kanye West relocate to China?
Nanjing University,What University was the cause of West's mother moving the family to China?
poetry,What was Kanye creating when he was five?
"""Green Eggs and Ham""",What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?
DJ No I.D.,Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?
writing poetry,What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?
Green Eggs and Ham,What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?
No I.D.,What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?
American Academy of Art,Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend?
20,How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college?
Chicago's American Academy of Art,What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?
English,What subject was Kanye West's focus at Chicago State University?
20,At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion?
College Dropout,What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience?
local artists,Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?
classic soul records,What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career.
Go-Getters,What music group did Kanye join when he couldn't release his solo album?
mid-1990s,In what time period did Kanye begin producing?
mid-1990s,When did Kanye West start his production career?
"Deric ""D-Dot"" Angelettie",For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer? 
Go-Getters,What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of?
Hustle Period,What firm managed Kanye West's rap group? 
1999,What year was the first Go-Getters album released? 
Foxy Brown,Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?
"Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.",What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?
Foxy Brown,Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?
Tell 'Em Why U Madd,What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character?
Roc-A-Fella Records,What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000?
The Blueprint,What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?
2000,In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?
The Blueprint,What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?
rapper,"Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?"
Capitol Records,What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?
rapper,What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?
gangsta image,What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?
Capitol Records,Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?
Joe Weinberger,Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?
Roc-A-Fella,What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?
a producer,What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?
Joe Weinberger,What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?
Roc-A-Fella,What record company eventually signed Kanye West?
Through The Wire,What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?
Get Well Soon...,What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?
The College Dropout,"After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?"
"October 23, 2002",What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?
"""Through The Wire""",What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?
Get Well Soon,What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?
it was leaked,What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?
3,How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?
Los Angeles,In what city did West finish recording his first album?
3,How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?
August 2003,What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?
2,What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?
2,How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?
Jesus Walks,What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?
GOOD Music,What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?
February 2004,When was The College Dropout finally released?
"""Slow Jamz""",What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?
10,How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?
GOOD Music,What was the name of the record label that West founded?
string orchestra,What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?
Jon Brion,What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?
Late Registration,What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?
2.3 million,How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?
Portishead,What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?
Late Registration,What was the name of West's second album?
2.3 million,How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?
Best New Artist,The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?
Hurricane Katrina,Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?
Rolling Stone,What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?
Best New Artist,In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?
Mike Myers,Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?
Rolling Stone,What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?
A Concert for Hurricane Relief,What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?
U2,What band did Kanye tour with for a year?
large arenas,What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash,Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?
U2,Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?
1980s,What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?
The Rolling Stones,"Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?"
Bob Dylan,What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?
Graduation,What was the name of Kanye's third album?
50 Cent,"Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?"
"957,000",How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? 
Daft Punk,What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?
Graduation,What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?
50 Cent,What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?
Daft Punk,What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?
Alexis Phifer,"Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?"
Auto-Tune,What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?
2007,In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?
Alexis Phifer,What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?
Glow in the Dark Tour,What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?
Hawaii,In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?
"""Love Lockdown""",What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?
Island Def Jam,What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?
808s & Heartbreak,"Which album by Kanye West featured the song ""Love Lockdown""?"
Island Def Jam,808s & Heartbreak was released by what company? 
November 2008,When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? 
Heartless,What was the second song released off of 808s? 
Roland TR-808 drum machine,The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?
Matthew Trammell,"What journalist gave ""808s and Hearbreak"" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?"
Matthew Trammell,What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?
2009 MTV Video Music Awards,Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?
Taylor Swift,From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?
Lady Gaga,Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?
2009,In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?
Beyoncé,What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?
Lady Gaga,"Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?"
52nd Grammy Awards,What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?
Hawaii,Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?
fashion,What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?
Hawaii,What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?
Album of the Year,What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?
November 2010,When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? 
"""All of the Lights""",What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?
GOOD Fridays,What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?
Coachella,What festival did Kanye headline in 2011?
Jay-Z,With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?
Cannes Film Festival,Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?
Coachella,What event did Kanye headline in 2011?
Watch the Throne,What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?
"""Niggas in Paris""","What was the top single off the album ""Watch the Throne""?"
2012,"In what year was ""Cruel Summer"" released?"
2012 Cannes Film Festival,"What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called ""Cruel Summer""?"
Paris,Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?
Yeezus,What became the name of his sixth studio album?
Kendrick Lamar,Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?
2013,In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?
architecture,What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?
Yeezus,What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?
"June 18, 2013",On what date was Yeezus released?
Kendrick Lamar,What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?
North,What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?
Adidas,What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?
Paul McCartney,What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?
2015 BRIT Awards,"Where did Kanye perform his single ""All Day"" with a menagerie of other artists?"
Kim Kardashian,Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?
North,What is Kanye West's first child's name?
Florence,In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?
Paul McCartney,"What musician joined Kanye West on the song ""Only One""?"
Yeezy Season 1,What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?
SWISH,What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?
Art Institute of Chicago,From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?
"135,000",How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?
So Help Me God,"What was the original name of Kanye's album ""SWISH""?"
School of the Art Institute of Chicago,What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?
"135,000",How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?
February 11,What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?
Waves,What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?
Wiz Khalifa,With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?
The Life of Pablo,What became the final title of Kanye's next album?
Tidal,What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?
"""Facts""",What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?
Waves,"On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?"
Wiz Khalifa,What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?
Yeezy Season 3,What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?
David Bowie,What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?
Wu-Tang Clan,Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style?
chipmunk soul,What name did Kanye's early production style coin.
David Bowie,"What artist was named by Kanye West to be his ""most important inspiration""?"
Puff Daddy,Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?
"""This Can't Be Life""","What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye's ""chipmunk soul"" style?"
Jon Brion,What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?
"orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation",What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye's album?
a string section,What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album?
Jon Brion,What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?
Portishead,What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?
Graduation,What was the name of Kanye's third record?
"more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape",What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album?
melody and chord progression,"Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?"
2007,What year was Kanye West's third album released?
electropop,What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?
"Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George",Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak?
"dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano",What types of instruments are present on his fourth album?
Boy George,What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?
post-punk,What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?
Rolling Stone,The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,What is Kanye's fifth album titled? 
Simon Vozick-Levinson,What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?
Jon Brion,What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?
DJ Toomp,What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?
808s & Heartbreak,Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?
a protest to music,What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?
Le Corbusier,What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?
2013,In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?
Yeezus,What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?
clothing line,What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?
cancelled,What finally become of Kanye's clothing line in 2009?
September 2005,When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?
2009,What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?
Nike,What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?
Louis Vuitton,For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?
women,Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?
mixed-to-negative reviews,What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?
"March 6, 2012",When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?
"October 1, 2011",On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?
DW Kanye West,What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?
"October 1, 2011",On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? 
DW Kanye West,What was the name of West's fashion line for women?
mixed-to-negative,The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?
"March 6, 2012",On what day did West release his second fashion line?
Adidas,What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?
3,"How many ""seasons"" of clothing did Kanye release?"
Adidas Yeezy Boosts,What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?
9000,How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?
Adidas Yeezy Boosts,What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?
2015,In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?
The Life of Pablo,What album release coincided with Kanye's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line?
Fatburger,What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?
2,How many restaurants did Kanye open?
shut down,What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?
Fatburger,What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?
2,How many  of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?
2011,When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?
KW Foods LLC,What is the name of Kanye West's food company?
GOOD Music,What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?
Pusha T,"As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?"
2004,What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?
John Legend,What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?
Pusha T,Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?
to make products and experiences that people want and can afford,What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?
mother Donda West,Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?
"January 5, 2012",On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?
Tidal,What platform was Kanye named  a co-owner of in 2015?
Jay-Z,What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?
low payout of royalties,What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?
Tidal,What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?
lossless audio and high definition music videos,What is Tidal's specialization?
Jay Z,Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?
Spotify,What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?
Kanye West Foundation,"With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?"
"battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education",What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?
Kanye West Foundation,What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?
2007,In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? 
Chicago,"Where was the ""Kanye West Foundation"" founded?"
music education,What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?
"""Ed in '08""",What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?
August,"In what month was the inaugural concert held for the ""Ed in '08"" campaign?"
The Dr. Donda West Foundation,What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?
2011,What year did the foundation end its run?
2008,In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? 
The Dr. Donda West Foundation,Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? 
2008,What year did the foundation stop operating? 
"100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally",What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?
A Concert for Hurricane Relief,During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?
George W. Bush,Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? 
George W. Bush,"Which President did Kanye West accuse of ""Not caring for black people""?"
"September 2, 2005",On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?
Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker,What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement?
George Bush,Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?
"""one of the most disgusting moments"" of his presidency",How did George W. Bush describe Kanye's controversial statement?
Matt Lauer,To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?
Kazakhstan,Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?
$3 million,How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?
one of the poorest,How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?
Kazakhstan,What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?
Arizona,"Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?"
human rights concerns,For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? 
Jimmy Kimmel Live!,What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?
an apology,What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?
Jimmy Kimmel,What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?
Zane Lowe,The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?
BBC Radio 1,"On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself ""the biggest rockstar on the planet""?"
Obama,What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?
Jewish people,What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?
"November 26, 2013",On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?
"December 21, 2013",On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?
Bill Cosby,What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?
Bill Cosby,What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?
Gretchen Wilson,To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?
Touch the Sky,"The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?"
Gretchen Wilson,"What artist did Kanye West lose ""Best New Artist"" to at the 2004 AMAs?"
Touch the Sky,Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?
"November 7, 2006",On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?
Saturday Night Live,What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?
race,What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?
Stronger,With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?
his race,What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?
"""Stronger""",What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?
Taylor Swift,What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?
Obama,Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?
President Barack Obama,Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?
Taylor Swift,To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?
Famous,What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?
September 2010,When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?
"November 8, 2010","When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being ""selfless""?"
The Life of Pablo,What album by Kanye was released in 2016?
Beck,Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?
Beyoncé,To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?
Beck,What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?
"February 26, 2015",What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?
Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award,What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?
2020,When does Kanye intend to run for president?
Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award,"What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?"
Glastonbury Festival 2015,For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?
2015 Pan American Games,What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?
Change.org,What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?
Glastonbury Festival,What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?
"50,000",How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?
Alexis Phifer,Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?
Amber Rose,What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?
Kim Kardashian,Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?
2,How many children does Kanye have with Kim?
2002,What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?
August 2006,When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?
Amber Rose,Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?
April 2012,When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?
Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James,Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?
58,How old was Kanye's mother when she died?
Andre Aboolian,What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition?
7:35 pm,"At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West's mother, Donda?"
heart disease,What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West?
Andre Aboolian,What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation?
Jan Adams,What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?
Larry King Live,What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?
"""coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty""",What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?
Ed McPherson,What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?
violating patient confidentiality,What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?
Larry King Live,"On what show did Adams appear to ""defend himself""?"
"January 10, 2008",On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?
Oklahoma City,Where was Donda West's funeral?
"""Hey Mama"", as well as a cover of Journey's ""Don't Stop Believin'""",What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?
Oklahoma City,In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?
"November 20, 2007",On what day was the funeral of Donda West?
November 22,What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?
Glow in the Dark tour,"On what tour did Kanye perform ""Hey Mama"" and his version of Journey's ""Don't Stop Believing"" in memory of his mother?"
New Zealand,Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?
New Zealand,Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?
Arnold Schwarzenegger,What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?
Arnold Schwarzenegger,What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?
"""Donda West Law""",What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?
"Robert ""Evel"" Knievel",What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?
days before his death in November 2007,When was the suit settled?
"Robert ""Evel"" Knievel",Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?
Evel Kanyevel,"What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video ""Touch the Sky""?"
November 2007,When did Knievel settle the argument with West?
felony vandalism,What was Kanye arrested for in 2008?
"$20,000",How much was Kanye's bail bond?
"one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery",What was Kanye finally charged with?
"September 11, 2008",On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport?
felony vandalism,What were the charges filed against Kanye West?
"Don ""Don C."" Crowley",What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism?
"$20,000",What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?
scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle,What was Kanye second arrest for?
"November 14, 2008",What was the date of Kanye's second arrest?
Hilton hotel near Gateshead,Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?
Tup Tup Palace nightclub,At what location did the incident leading to West's second arrest take place?
Daniel Ramos,What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?
misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft,What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?
Daniel Ramos,What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?
2,How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?
anger management,He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?
250,How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?
Christian,What are Kanye's religious beliefs?
The College Dropout,"""Jesus Walks"" was on which of Kanye's albums?"
Christian,"September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?"
among the most critically acclaimed,How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?
David Bowie,What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?
Jon Caramanic,What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?
Ben Westhoff,Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?
The Guardian,What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?
homophobia in hip hop,What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?
gangsta rap,The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?
middle-class,What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?
50 Cent,Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?
Ben Detrick,Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?
influential,A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?
inventor Elon Musk,Who complimented West in Time Magazine?
6,How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?
over 30 million,How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?
6,How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?
Yeezus,What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?
"3,086,000","As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of ""Golddigger""?"
third,What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?
30 million,How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?
21,How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013?
Bob Dylan,With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll?
twice,How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list?
21,"In 2013, West had won how many total Grammy Awards?"
8,"What rank did About.com give Kanye ""Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers"" list?"
"May 16, 2008","On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year's Number 1 ""Hottest MC in the Game.""?"
MTV Man of the Year,"December 17, 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what?"
Bob Dylan,What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?
3,How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?
3,How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,Which one of Kanye's albums won The Pitchfork's Album of the Decade (so far) award?
eighth,What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums?
The Pitchfork,"What online music publication ranked Kanye's album ""My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"" as the world's best album so far?"
Yeezus,What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums?
"""Runaway""","What song was ranked third in a list of 200 ""best tracks"" since 2010?"
George W. Bush,What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005?
Taylor Swift,Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards?
clothing and footwear,What fashion items does Kanye West design?
DONDA,What company did Kanye West begin?
2013,What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas?
nontheistic,What type of religion is Buddhism?
teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha,What are the practices of Buddhism based on?
present-day Nepal,Where did the Buddha live?
through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths,How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended?
ignorance and craving,What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering?
nontheistic religion,What type of religion is Buddhism?
Gautama Buddha,Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE,When was Buddha alive?
present-day Nepal,Where did Buddha reside when he was alive?
Gautama Buddha,Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?
Nepal,Where was Buddha thought to live?
sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE,When approximately was Buddha alive?
Gautama Buddha,Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?
4,How many noble truths are there?
Indian,Buddha was part of what subcontinent?
Buddha,"Who is ""the awakened one"""
"Theravada (""The School of the Elders"") and Mahayana (""The Great Vehicle"")",What are the two major branches of Buddhism?
Vajrayana,What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism?
Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia,Where does Theravada have the largest following?
"Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai)",Mahayana includes which practices of Buddhism?
488 million[web 1] and 535 million,What is the estimated number of Buddhists in the world?
Mahayana,Which branch practices the teachings of Zen?
Vajrayana,What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana?
Vajrayana,What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve?
Indian siddhas,Vajrayana is attributed to who?
The School of the Elders,Theravada means what?
the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana,What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?
practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way),How is Nirvana achieved?
a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening,What is the bodhisattva path?
Buddhahood or rainbow body,What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?
by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path,How is Nirvana attained?
Theravada,In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?
Tibetan,What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?
the Middle Way,The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?
bodhisattva,Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?
suffering and rebirth,Theravada escapes what cycle?
"the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)",What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?
cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment,What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?
Ten Meritorious Deeds,What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?
renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic,What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?
creator,Buddhism denies what kind of deity?
greediness,"Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?"
Mahayana,Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?
Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada,The Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who?
"Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu, and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra",What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales?
"Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order",What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha?
5th century CE,When was the Buddhagohosa written?
the Buddhacarita,What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism?
Buddha,Who founded a monastic order in his life?
Buddha,Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?
monastic,Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?
5th ce,The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?
Michael Carrithers,"Who said ""the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.""?"
"birth, maturity, renunciation",What are some of the outlines of life?
Karen Armstrong,Who wrote a biography of Buddha?
Siddhatta Gotama,What do some say is Buddha's real name?
disciples,What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?
Michael Carrithers,"Who believes ""the outline of the life must be true"" in reference to Buddha?"
the Buddha,Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?
Siddhatta Gotama,Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?
fifth century BCE,"According to early texts, when was Siddhārtha Gautama born?"
"in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent","According to early texts, where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?"
"It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.",What type of community was Siddhārtha Gautama raised in?
the northeastern Indian subcontinent,Where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
fifth century BCE,When did Siddhārtha Gautama live?
a small republic,What size was Siddhārtha Gautama's birthplace?
early texts,Where did we find proof of his existence?
an oligarchy,What was most likely Siddhārtha Gautama's father?
Siddhārtha Gautama,Who was born in a northeastern part of India/
elected chieftain,"If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?"
Asita,What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?
Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man,What was the prediction made by Asita?
depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls,"According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?"
an astrologer,What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?
Suddhodana,What was the name of his father?
a great king,What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?
Asita,What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?
Suddhodana,What is Gautama's fathers name?
holy man,Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?
prevented him from leaving the palace grounds,What did Śuddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?
29,How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?
he learned of the suffering of ordinary people,What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?
"encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man",What are the four sights in Buddhism?
a king,What did Buddha's father want him to become?
29,By what age was he venturing outside?
the four sights,What were his first four encounters called?
abandon royal life,What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?
a king,Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?
29,At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?
four,"How many ""sights"" did Gautama have that are well known?"
corpse,"Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?"
went to study with famous religious teachers of the day,What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?
the Middle Way,What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?
"prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain",What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?
meditation,What was the first skill Gautama learnt?
asceticism,What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?
milk and rice,What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?
Middle Way,What is the path of moderation called he followed?
they did not provide a permanent end to suffering,Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?
milk and rice,What did Gautama accept from a village girl?
anapanasati,Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?
the Middle Way,Buddhists call anapanasati what?
35,How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?
Ficus religiosa,What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered,What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?
80,How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi,What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?
Ficus religiosa,What was the tree called he sat under?
Bodhi Tree,What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?
80,At what age did Gautama come to pass?
Bodhi Tree,When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?
Ficus religiosa,What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
Bodh Gaya,What town was the Bodhi Tree in?
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi,The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?
the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death,What is samsara?
ignorance,What is avidya?
"suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction",What is dukkha?
"In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.",Is liberation from samsara possible?
Samsara,The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?
six,How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?
ignorance,avidya is what kind of samsara?
by following the Buddhist path,How can you be freed from samsara?
the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death,What is samsara defined as?
six,How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?
psychological,Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?
avidya,Samsara is caused by what?
following the Buddhist path,A person can get away from samsara by doing what?
"action, work",What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?
the force that drives saṃsāra,What is karma according to Buddhism?
sīla,What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?
"actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent",What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?
"action, work",What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?
sīla,What is the avoidance of bad acts called?
cetanā,Karma's actions come from what?
vipāka,What is the result of Karma called?
the force that drives saṃsāra,What is Karma?
sīla,Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?
result,what does vipaka mean?
Theravada Buddhism,In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?
"the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra","In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?"
Vajrayana,The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?
Amitābha,"According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?"
Theravada Buddhism,What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?
Amitābha,Who has the power to destroy bad karma?
Mahayana,What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?
negative,Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?
Genshin,Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?
Amitābha,"According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?"
Rebirth,What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?
The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman),Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?
the laws of cause and effect,"In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?"
from conception to death.,Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?
karma,The laws of cause and effect can also be called?
Rebirth,What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?
anatta,What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?
pratītyasamutpāda,"""dependent arising"" is the meaning of what word?"
eternal soul,Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?
skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners),Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?
"those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation",Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?
31,How many planes of existence are there?
Pure Abodes,What are the higher heavens called?
anāgāmis,What are skilled Buddhists called?
formless realms,What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu?
arūpajhānas,What is the highest object of meditation called?
31,How many planes of existence?
anāgāmis,Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?
arūpajhānas,What is the highest object of meditation?
formless realms,What does arupyadhatu mean?
East Asian and Tibetan,There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?
Theravada,What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?
Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon,Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?
bardo,What is the state called between lives?
Theravada,Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?
Samyutta Nikaya,What book discusses bardo?
East Asian,"Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?"
East Asian and Tibetan,There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?
orthodox,What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?
Pali,Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?
the Four Noble Truths,What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?
"the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome",What do the Four Noble Truths explain?
the Four Noble Truths,What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?
suffering,What part of Dukkha deals with pain?
Four Noble Truths,What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?
dukkha,The four truths explain the nature of what?
the nature of dukkha,What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?
"""suffering"", ""anxiety"", ""unsatisfactoriness"", ""unease"", etc.",What is Dukkha?
Dukkha,What does the first truth cover?
suffering,What is another word for Dukkha?
anxiety,What is another nature of Dukkha?
three,How many aspects are there to Dukkha?
unsatisfactoriness,Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?
Dukkha,"Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?"
three,How many aspects does dukkha have?
that the origin of dukkha can be known,What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?
craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja),What is the origin of dukkha?
the complete cessation of dukkha is possible,What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?
identifies a path to this cessation,What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?
dukkha can be known.,What is the second truth?
craving,How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?
ignorance,What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?
the origin of dukkha can be known,The second truth is?
ignorance,The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?
true nature of things,The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?
dukkha,The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?
The Noble Eightfold Path,What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?
lead to the cessation of dukkha,What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?
"Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration",What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?
the fourth,The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?
Eight,The fourth truth consists of how many factors?
the cessation of dukkha,What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?
Right Action,What is one of the eight factors?
the fourth,The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?
eight,The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?
dukkha,"When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?"
Ajahn Sucitto,"Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as ""a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.""?"
as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour,How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?
"mental, spoken, and bodily",What can one's behaviour be divided into?
Ajahn Sucitto,"Who describes the path as ""a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other""?"
"the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as ""the immeasurables""","During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?"
one without egotism,What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?
"brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables",What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?
mettā or loving-kindness meditation,What is the best known of the four immeasurables?
wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings,The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?
Kalama,Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?
egotism,Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?
"love, compassion, joy, and equanimity","What are the ""four Immeasurable minds""?"
Pema Chödrön,"Who calls the four immeasurable minds ""four limitless ones""?"
meditation,The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?
prior to his enlightenment,When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?
the Middle Way,An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?
enlightenment,Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?
"Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism",What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?
"Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.",Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?
Buddhist scholars,Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?
doctrinal,Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?
liberation,What is the goal of the Buddhist path?
suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra),"Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?"
nirvāṇa,Liberation is know as what?
nirvāṇa,What is the goal of the buddhist path?
objects,"In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?"
three,Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?
"all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent",What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?
"in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss","According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?"
because things are impermanent,Why is attachment to things futile?
Everything,What is in a constant flux?
ceasing to be,Everything is continuously coming into being and what?
saṃsāra,The cycle of rebirth is also called what?
suffering,"According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?"
"suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration",The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?
disquietude,"Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?"
realistic,"Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?"
Buddhism,Suffering is a central concept in what?
disquietude,The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?
disquietude,The condition of being disturbed is what?
dukkha,In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?
Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman),What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?
suffering,"The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions ""I have a Self"" and ""I have no Self"" as views that bind one to what?"
the Buddha refused to answer,What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?
neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self,What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?
Not-self,What is the 3rd mark of existence?
Nikayas,In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?
"""I have no Self""","Buddha rejected the assertion ""I have a Self"" and what other related assertion?"
skandhas,What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?
"pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起)",What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?
"""dependent origination"", ""conditioned genesis"", ""dependent relationship"", ""dependent co-arising"", ""interdependent arising"", or ""contingency""","Translated into English, what does pratītyasamutpāda mean?"
Buddhist,The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?
the scheme of Twelve Nidānas,What is the most common application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda?
the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.,What does the scheme of Twelve Nidānas explain?
Twelve Nidānas,An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?
"cause, foundation, source or origin",What doe nidana mean?
The Twelve Nidānas,What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?
The Twelve Nidānas,What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?
by attaining Nirvana,How are sentient beings freed from suffering?
ignorance,What is the first Nidāna?
the absence of the others,The absence of ignorance leads to what?
Sentient beings,Who always suffers throughout samsara?
dukkha,What is suffering also called?
attaining Nirvana,How do you free yourself of dukkha?
ignorance,What is the first Nidana?
śūnyatā,Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?
emptiness,What does sunyata mean?
ātman,Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?
phenomena,What does dharmas mean?
Sarvastivada teachings,What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?
Vasubandhu and Asanga,What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?
cittamatra,What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?
Vasubandhu and Asanga,What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?
Buddha-nature,What does tathagatagarbha mean?
perfected spiritual insight,what does prajnaparamita mean?
Sakya,According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?
Jonang,According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?
tathāgatagarbha,What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?
Nirvana,What term means cessation?
nirvana,What term means awakening?
arahant,What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?
Bodhi,What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?
nirvana,In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?
raga,What is the term for greed or craving?
dosa,what is the word for hate or aversion?
delusion,What does moha mean?
bodhisattva,What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?
a buddha,If bodhi is attained what do you become?
nirvana,"In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?"
parinirvana,What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?
a Buddha,"Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?"
Samsara,A Buddha is no longer bound by what?
suffering,What do unawakend people experience?
28,How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?
Maitreya,A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?
celestial,Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?
reality,"A person can awaken from the ""sleep of ignorance"" by acknowledging the true nature of what?"
arahants,At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?
Bodhi,Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?
anagami,"What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?"
Buddha,"In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?"
Buddha,Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?
Mahayana,"In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?"
existence,"Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?"
monks,"Who is permitted to offer ""new truths"" based on Buddhas input?"
śūnyatā,What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?
bodhisattvas,Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?
Pure Land,"What is characterized by the deep truts in the ""other-power"" of Amitabha Buddha"
Pure Land,What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?
Amitabha,What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?
Gautama Buddha,Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?
A Buddha era,What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?
Gautama Buddha,Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?
Gautama Buddha,Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?
Mahayana Buddhists,Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?
Theravada,What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?
Pure Land,What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?
enlightenment being,What does Bodhisattva mean?
bodhicitta,What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?
Mahayana,"What term means ""great vehicle""?"
Mahayana,What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?
Mahayana,The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?
Mahayana,What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?
bodhisattva vow,What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?
"dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā",What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?
the 14th Dalai Lama,Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?
Buddhists,Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?
"bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting",What are the devotional practices?
meditative,Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?
the Buddha,The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?
Brahminic,The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?
liberating,According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?
the yogis,Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?
mindfulness and clear awareness,"In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?"
vision,Religious knowledge is also known as what?
meditative,What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?
transcendent wisdom,There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?
Buddhist texts,What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?
Buddhist texts,What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?
Upanishads,What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?
meditation,In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?
contemplative,The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?
Nasadiya Sukta,What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?
the Three Jewels,What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?
Majjhima Nikaya,What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?
Tibetan,What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?
essence.,The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?
The Three Jewels,What has an irreversable effect?
Gautama Buddha,Who presented himself as a model?
Dharma,What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?
Sangha,What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?
Śīla,What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?
pāramitā,Sila is the second what?
keeping the precepts,What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?
Śīla,What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?
keeping the precepts,What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?
overall principles of ethical behavior,What does sila refer to?
precepts,Lay people tend to live by the five what?
asceticism.,"Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?"
training rules,"Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?"
ethical,The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?
lower,"Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?"
third,Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?
a precept of celibacy,What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?
ten,How many precepts are on the list?
seventh,"In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?"
the ten precepts,How many basic precepts are there for monastics?
vinaya,What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?
227,How many rules dows the patimokkha have?
vinayapitaka,What are the scriptures on vinaya called?
counts,"Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?"
life,The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?
higher attainments,The rules are a perfect springboard for what?
islands unto themselves,Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?
Mahayana Brahmajala,Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?
meat,Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?
Japan,Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?
Zen,In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?
jhānas,Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?
right concentration,What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?
samādhi,Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?
"defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous","Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?"
jhāna,What is powerful concentration called?
vipassanā,What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?
insight,"Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?"
idea,Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?
jhāna,What is the term for tranquility?
mind,"In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?"
disturbed,Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?
jñāna,What is the term for insight knowledge?
prajñā,What is the term for understanding?
understanding,What eradicates the defilements completely?
craving,"In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?"
defilements,What does craving carry with it?
suffering and stress,Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?
Nibbāna,What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?
Four,How many Noble Truths are there?
bodhi,Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?
Prajñā,What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?
sermons,Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?
at any point,In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?
conceptual understanding,What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?
seon,Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?
Zen,What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?
Zen,What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?
spiritual,Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?
two,Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?
Rinzai,Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?
Zen,What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?
True Self,What type of self is equated with the Buddha?
Thinking and thought,What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?
Mahayana,What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?
Diamond Vehicle,What is the English term for Vajrayana?
Tantric,What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?
ritual,Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?
second half of the first millennium BCE,What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?
the shramanas,Scholars believe that karma originated in what?
shramanas,What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?
non-Vedic,Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?
Greater Magadha,Buddhism arose in what area?
Rajagrha,Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?
2nd or 3rd centuries,What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?
in the Upanishads,Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?
Pakudha Kaccayana,The movement included atomists such as what?
Ajnanas,What is the term for agnostics?
Jains,What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?
Vedic animal sacrifice,A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?
hymn of the cosmic man,The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?
animal sacrifices,The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?
Vedas,"The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?"
The reliability,What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?
insight,A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?
Rupa Jhanas,Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?
Majjhima Nikaya,Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?
rebirth,"According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?"
karma,Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?
dhyana,What was the earliest Buddhism type?
meditative,Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? 
fourth,From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?
liberating insight,A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?
linear,The four truths depict what type of path of practice?
Nirvāna,What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?
Nikayas,Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?
Nirvāna,The desired goal for buddhism is what?
the middle way,A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?
eightfold,The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?
prajna,Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?
liberating insight,What is prajna called in english?
person,Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?
three,How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?
five,The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?
Early Buddhism,What is the first period of Buddhism called?
Sectarian,What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?
Esoteric Buddhism,What is the last period of Buddhism?
Vajrayana,What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?
Pre-sectarian,Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?
rebirth,Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?
Noble Eightfold,Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?
Buddhist,"Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?"
Ānanda,Who was cousin of the Buddha?
sūtras,What are the discourses of the Buddha called?
abhidhamma,Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?
the Second,The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?
the Second Council,According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?
100 BCE,The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?
Mahasanghikas,The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?
Mahasanghika,The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?
the vinaya,The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?
Sthaviras,Who gave rise to the Theravada school?
monasteries,Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?
doctrinal,"By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?"
Abhidharma,What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?
summaries or numerical lists,"The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?"
3rd century BCE,The Abhidharma texts are from what time?
Mahasanghika,"There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?"
Prajñāpāramitā,Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?
Āndhra,The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?
Prajñāpāramitā,The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?
1st century BCE,Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?
Āndhra,Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?
third,The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?
South,Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?
Buddhism,There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?
Vinaya,The mahayana never tried to have separte what?
monasteries,We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?
Chinese,Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?
Lokakṣema,The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?
Prajñāpāramitā,The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?
1st,Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?
"Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic",What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?
Buddhist Logic,What was the latest thought type?
Yogacara,In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?
Ashoka,Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?
stūpas,The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?
Buddhist religious memorials,What does stupas mean in English?
west,Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?
missionaries,Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?
to spread Buddhism,What were the emissaries used for?
Persian and Greek,The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?
Menander,Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?
3rd century,The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?
3rd century,The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?
2nd century CE,When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?
2nd century CE,Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?
Korea and Japan,What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?
8th century onwards,When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?
Buddhist,China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?
the teachings of the Buddha,What is the Dharma?
the Buddhist community,What is the Sangha?
progressive,West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?
Modern influences,New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?
second half of the 20th Century,When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?
neo-Buddhism,What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?
Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai,What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?
Value Creation Society,What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?
Soka Gakkai International,What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?
SGI,What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?
Buddhism,What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?
China,What country has the largest population of Buddhists?
244 million,How many Buddhists are in China?
360 million,How may adherents does Mahayana have?
150 million,How many adherents does Thervada have?
Seven million,How many Buddists are outside of Asia?
138 million,How many Buddhists were there in 1910?
495 million,How many Buddhists are there in 2010?
487 million,How many buddhists are in Asia?
lesser vehicle,What does Hinayana mean in English?
Hinayana,What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?
concepts,Each tradition has its own core what?
Buddhist ecumenical organization,there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?
Theravada,What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?
ancestral Sthāvirīya,Where does the name theravada come from?
Pali Canon,Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?
the west,Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?
Theravadin,What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?
merit,"Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?"
Nālandā University,What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?
Mahayana Sutras,Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?
the Buddha,A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?
Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra,Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?
Eastern Buddhism,Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?
Northern Buddhism,"The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?"
the Pure Land school of Mahayana,What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?
Saivism,The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?
Buddhists,"Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?"
The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra,What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?
Buddhist,There is a great variety of what type of scripture?
objects,Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?
text,"Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?"
āgamas,Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?
core,Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?
size and complexity of the Buddhist canons,What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?
Dhammapada,"In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?"
Buddhism,There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?
Theravada,condensed study texts where created in what tradition?
Zen,Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?
The Buddha and His Dhamma,Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?
Pāli Tipitaka,"What means ""three baskets""?"
"the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka","What does the ""three baskets"" refer to?"
Vinaya Pitaka,What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?
the Sutta Pitaka,What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?
Abhidhamma Pitaka,What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?
Pāli Tipitaka,What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?
five or seven,Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?
Mahākāśyapa,Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?
to record the Buddha's teachings,What was the goal of the council?
Upāli,the vinaya was recited by?
Ānanda,Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?
dhamma,Ananda was called upon to recite what?
Theravadin,Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?
The Theravadins,Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?
Mahayana sutras,What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?
Mahayana sutras,What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?
Sarvastivada Abhidharma,What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?
Mahayana,What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?
the Great Vehicle,What does Mahayana mean?
bodhisattva path,What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?
Mahayana,What sutras were transmitted in secret?
Mahayana,What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?
Mahayana tradition,What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?
six hundred,How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?
East Asian Buddhism,What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?
after the 5th century CE,When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?
Hinayana,What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?
the Theravada,What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?
Sri Lanka,The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?
hinayana,What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?
Hinayana,The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?
Śrāvakayāna,What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?
Buddhism,What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?
ethics,Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?
moral and spiritual,Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?
Christianity,Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?
scientific,Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?
Buddhism,What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?
Buddhism,What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?
Simon Fuller,Who is the creator of American Idol?
19 Entertainment,What company produces American idol?
2002,What year did American Idol begin airing?
Pop Idol,What British show is American Idols format based on?
Fox,What television network does American Idol air on?
19 Entertainment,What company produces American Idol?
Pop Idol,What British series is American Idols format based on?
Simon Fuller,Who created American Idol?
19 Entertainment,Who produced American Idol?
"June 11, 2002",When did American Idol first air on TV?
Pop Idol,What British show was American Idol based on?
Randy Jackson,What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?
Brian Dunkleman,What comedian was an original host on American Idol? 
Jennifer Lopez,What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? 
Ryan Seacrest,Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?
Brian Dunkleman,What comedian was an original host on American Idol?
Paula Abdul,What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?
Jennifer Lopez,What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?
Randy Jackson,Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?
Paula Abdul,Which original judge was a choreographer?
Simon Cowell,Which original judge was a music executive?
Keith Urban,Which judge is a country music singer?
"Harry Connick, Jr.",Which judge is a jazz singer?
345,How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?
Kelly Clarkson,Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
a rival TV executive,"Who called American Idol ""the most impactful show in the history of television""?"
Carrie Underwood,Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
Fantasia,Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
Carrie Underwood,Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
Fantasia,Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
345,How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?
a rival TV executive,"Who said that American Idol is ""the most impactful show in the history of televsion?"
2015,What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?
2015,What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?
15,For how many seasons did American Idol air? 
eight,How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?
"May 11, 2015",When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?
Popstars,What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?
Simon Fuller,Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?
2001,What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?
Simon Cowell,Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?
Nigel Lythgoe,Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?
Popstars,What show was Pop Idols based on?
Nigel Lythgoe,Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?
telephone voting,"In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?"
2001,When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain?
Lythgoe,Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?
seven,For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US?
2002,What year did American Idol first air on FOX?
2001,What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States? 
his daughter Elisabeth,Who talked Rupert Murdoch into buying American Idol for FOX?
Rupert Murdoch,Who is the head of Fox's parent company?
American Idol: The Search for a Superstar,What was Pop Idol renamed to for its American debut?
eight,For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?
four,How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?
Angie Martinez,What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?
Stryker,What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?
four,How many judges were originally intended for the show?
DJ Stryker,"Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?"
Angie Martinez,"During Season two, which judge quit after a few days?"
season eight,When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?
Kara DioGuardi,Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol?
Ellen DeGeneres,Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?
two,For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?
2010,What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?
The X Factor,What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?
Kara DioGuardi,Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?
before season nine,When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge?
"January 11, 2010",When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?
Ellen DeGeneres,Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?
season ten,When did Steven Tyler become a judge?
season two,In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?
Adam Lambert,Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?
season three,In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol?
season six,In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol?
season nine,Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge?
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb,Who were the guest judges in season two?
season eight,When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions?
season three,When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds?
Ryan Seacrest,Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?
Brian Dunkleman,Which host quit after the first season?
Randy Jackson,Who was a mentor to the contestants on American Idol in its thirteenth season? 
Scott Borchetta,Who mentored contestants in the fourteenth and fifteenth seasons of American Idol?
song choice and performance,What two things did the mentors help the contestants with?
Jimmy Iovine,Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12?
Randy Jackson,Who was the mentor for season 13?
Scott Borchetta,Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15?
twenty-eight,What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?
season four,When was the age limit increased to 28?
semi-final stage,"Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? "
at least three,How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?
the judges,Which audition stage is televised?
a few hundred,How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?
in front of the judges,What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?
three,How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?
producers,Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?
Hollywood,"If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?"
seven,Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?
two and three,In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?
usually three,How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?
twelve,In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?
three,How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?
groups,What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?
seasons two and three,Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?
Las Vegas,In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?
Sudden Death,What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?
twelve,"In which season was the ""Hollywood or Home"" round added to the competition?"
178 million,How many text message votes were there in season eight?
ten,In which season was online voting introduced?
Telescope Inc,What company counts the votes on American Idol? 
the semi-finals,At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?
Over 110 million,How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?
nearly 750 million,How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?
ten,How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?
wildcard,What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?
three groups of ten,How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?
four groups of eight,How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?
season one,When did the wildcard round become a factor?
ten,How many finalists were chosen for season one?
12,How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?
twenty-four,How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?
by gender,How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?
six,How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?
six,How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?
twelve,How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?
four,How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?
three,How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?
five,How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?
thirteen,How many finalists were there in season eight?
season eight,What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?
three,How many contestants moved forward from each round?
four,How many wildcard contestants were chosen?
10,How many contestants were finalists for season 12?
CBS Television City,Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?
Jimmy Iovine,Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? 
thirteen,How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?
eight,How many weeks did the finals last in the first season?
CBS Television City,Where are the finals broadcast from?
Jimmy Iovine,Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?
one,How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?
top four or five,When do contestants start singing two songs?
eight,"In what season was the ""Judges Save"" introduced to give contestants a second chance?"
once,How many time can the judges save be used each season?
safety,"When three are called, one is often sent to what?"
season six,Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode?
fourteen,"In which season was the ""Fan Save"" first used?"
Twitter,How do people vote using the fan save?
Fan Save,What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?
Twitter,How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?
Top 8,When does the Fan Save start?
the Nokia Theatre,What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at?
"3,400",How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?
The finale,In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?
Dolby Theatre,Where was the season one finale broadcast from?
"3,400",How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?
"6,000",What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?
Nokia Theatre,"For seasons 7-13, the season finale was held where?"
19 Management,Which company manages the winners of American Idol?
Big Machine Records,What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?
three months,How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?
a record deal,What does the winner of American Idol receive?
19 Management,The winner also receives a management contract with which company?
Big Machine Records,"In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?"
a golden ticket,What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?
a golden ticket,"In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?"
the public,Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?
seven,In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?
Ray Chew,Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?
ten,In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?
Rickey Minor,Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?
Rickey Minor,Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?
Ray Chew,Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?
seven,What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?
Fox,What network aired the first season of American Idol?
2002,What year did American Idol first debut?
Brian Dunkleman,Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol?
June 2002,When did American Idol debut?
Fox,What network did American Idol debut on?
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman,Who co-hosted American Idol?
121,How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?
"around 10,000",How many people initially auditioned?
Jim Verraros,Who was the first known homosexual contestant on American Idol?
Tamyra Gray,Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode? 
the hospital,Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show?
121,"How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?"
30,"Of the 121 chosen, how many became semi-finalists?"
Delano Cagnolatti,Which contestant was disqualified for lying about his age?
top four,When was Tamyra Gray eliminated?
Christina Christian,Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?
2002,What year did Kelly Clarkson win?
Justin Guarini,Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?
September,What month did Kelly Clarkson win?
Justin Guarini,"Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?"
Kelly Clarkson,Who won the first season of American Idol?
"September 4, 2002",When did Clarkson win the crown?
A Moment Like This,What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?
From Justin to Kelly,What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?
more than 23 million,How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?
A Moment Like This,What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?
the coronation song,What did Clarkson sing during the finale?
A Moment Like This,What was the name of the song?
The Beatles,"Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?"
From Justin to Kelly,What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?
more than 23 million,How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?
2003,What year did season two of American Idol first air?
Kristin Adams,Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol?
January 2003,When did season two air?
Kristin Adams,Who was a correspondent for season two?
Paula Abdul,Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?
Frenchie Davis,Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?
Corey Clark,Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?
Jaered Andrews,Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?
Corey Clark,Who was disqualified for having a police record?
Frenchie Davis,Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?
Jaered Andrews,Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?
Ruben Studdard,Who was the season two winner of American Idol?
24 million,How many votes were cast during the final week?
Clay Aiken,Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?
"134,000",How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?
Nigel Lythgoe,What was the name of the shows executive producer?
Ruben Studdard,Who won season two?
Clay Aiken,Who was the runner up for season two?
"134,000",How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?
24 million,How many votes were cast for the finale?
Clay Aiken,Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?
Flying Without Wings,What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol?
Josh Gracin,What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol?
This Is the Night,What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol?
Flying Without Wings,What was the name of Studdard's coronation song?
This Is the Night,What was Aiken's single release named?
Aiken,Which of the final two had more success with his first album?
Josh Gracin,Who finished fourth on season two?
2004,What year did the third season of American Idol first air?
William Hung,"Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of ""She Bangs""?"
William Hung,Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?
"January 19, 2004",When did season three premiere?
William Hung,"Which contestant sang an off-key ""She Bangs""?"
William Hung,Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?
the Three Divas,What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as?
Jennifer Hudson,Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?
Elton John,What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?
John Stevens,Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats?
the Three Divas,"What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?"
Jennifer Hudson,Which of the three was eliminated?
Elton John,Who said that the results were racist?
John Stevens,Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?
Diana DeGarmo,Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?
I Believe,What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?
Dreams,What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?
Summertime,What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?
Simon Cowell,Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?
Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo,Who were the final two contestants?
Fantasia,Who was declared the season winner?
I Believe,What was Fantasia's coronation song?
Nikko Smith,Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?
Nikko Smith,Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?
Freemantle Media,What company produces the show?
Vazquez,A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist?
top 11 week,During what week was there a problem with voting?
the following night,When did the results show happen?
2005,What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?
65 million,How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol?
Inside Your Heaven,What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol? 
Carrie Underwood,Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?
May 2005,When was the winner declared?
Carrie Underwood,Who was the winner of this season?
Inside Your Heaven,What song did the two finalists release?
14 million,How many records has Underwood sold in America?
Season five,Which season of American Idol stands out for having the highest ratings?
the Brittenum twins,Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft?
Season five,Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons?
"January 17, 2006",When did season five premiere?
the Brittenum twins,Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft?
Chris Daughtry,Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?
Chris Daughtry,Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?
Chris Daughtry,Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?
Chris Daughtry,Who performed a Fuel song on this season?
lead singer,Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?
Chris Daughtry,Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?
I Walk the Line,Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?
not crediting the arrangement to Live,Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line
Taylor Hicks,Who was the winner American Idol in 2006?
Do I Make You Proud,What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?
My Destiny,What was the first song that Katherine McPhee released after coming in second on American Idol?
"May 30, 2006",When was the winner announced?
Taylor Hicks,Who was the winner for this season?
Do I Make You Proud,What was Hick's debut single?
My Destiny,What was McPhee's first single?
Chris Daughtry,Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?
Daughtry,What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer?
Chris Daughtry,Who was the most successful artist from this season?
Daughtry,What band does Chris Daughtry sing for?
2007,What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?
37.3 million,How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?
"January 16, 2007",When did season six premiere?
37.3 million,How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?
Sanjaya Malakar,Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?
Howard Stern,What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?
Vote for the Worst,What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?
April 18,What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?
Sanjaya Malakar,What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?
Sanjaya Malakar,Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season?
hair,What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?
Vote for the Worst,Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?
Howard Stern,Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?
April 18,When was Sanjaya eliminated? 
Idol Gives Back,What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?
$76 million,How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?
Melinda Doolittle,What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?
Idol Gives Back,What was the charity event that occurred this season?
Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson,Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?
Melinda Doolittle,Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?
Jordin Sparks,Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?
Blake Lewis,Who came in second on season six of American Idol?
May 23,On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?
May 23,When was the finale aired?
Jordin Sparks,Which contestant won the season?
Blake Lewis,Who was the runner up?
2005,What year did season four of American Idol first air?
"over 100,000",How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol?
28,What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?
Season four,What  was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?
Season four,In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?
"January 18, 2005",When did season four premiere?
high definition,Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?
"over 100,000",How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?
28,What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?
2007,In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?
This Is My Now,What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?
public vote,"How was ""This is My Now"" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?"
American Idol Songwriter contest,Which contest started during this season?
coronation song,Fans could vote for what during this contest?
20,"Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?"
This Is My Now,What song won the contest?
"May 24, 2007",When did Sparks release her version of the song?
2008,What year did season seven of American Idol first air?
David Hernandez,Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol?
Carly Smithson,Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?
"January 15, 2008",When did season seven premiere?
David Hernandez,Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?
professional status,Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?
Carly Smithson,Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?
Billie Jean,What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?
David Cook,Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?
Chris Cornell,"Who arranged the version of ""Billie Jean"" that David Cook performed on American Idol?"
"March 11, 2008",On what date did the American Idol finals begin?
"March 11, 2008",When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?
Chris Cornell,Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?
David Cook,Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?
David Archuleta,"Which contestant sang ""Imagine"" on season seven of American Idol?"
season ten,In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?
Hallelujah,What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?
Jeff Buckley,Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?
iTunes,On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?
"John Lennon's ""Imagine""",Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?
Jennifer Lopez,Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?
Jason Castro,"Which finalist sang ""Hallelujah"" during the semi-finals?"
Jeff Buckley,Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?
iTunes,"For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?"
David Cook,Who won season seven of American Idol?
David Cook,Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?
"May 21, 2008",When was the winner announced?
David Cook,Who was the winner?
The Time of My Life,What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?
The American Idol Songwriter contest,How was the winning single chose on season seven of American Idol?
2008,"What year did David Cook release the single, ""The Time of My Life""?"
The Time of My Life,What was the coronation song?
"May 22, 2008",When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life?
2009,What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?
Danny Gokey,Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse?
president of alternative programming,What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?
January,What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?
"January 13, 2009",When did season eight premiere?
Mike Darnell,Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?
Danny Gokey,Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood?
Kara DioGuardi,Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season?
two weeks,How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol?
So You Think You Can Dance,What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce?
the Kodak Theatre,What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009?
the global recession,Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009?
four,How many judges were on the panel for this season?
Kara DioGuardi,Which judge joined the panel?
So You Think You Can Dance,Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show?
Kodak Theatre,Where was the Hollywood round moved to?
Idol Gives Back,What was canceled for this year of Idol?
13,How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?
Matt Giraud,Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save?
two,How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save?
two,How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals?
Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai,Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud?
13,How many finalists were on this season?
two,How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?
Matt Giraud,Which contestant was saved with the first Judges' Save?
Kris Allen and Adam Lambert,Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol?
Kris Allen,Who won season eight of American Idol?
Arkansas,What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from?
100 million,How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight?
Kris Allen,Who won the season?
season two,The only prior season to have matching controversy over the winner was?
100 million,How many votes were cast for the final two?
AT&T employees,Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner?
No Boundaries,What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol?
DioGuardi,"Who helped write the song ""No Boundaries""?"
No Boundaries,What was the coronation song for this season?
DioGuardi,Who co-wrote the coronation song?
gold album status,"Unlike every previous winner, the winner of this season failed to achieve what status?"
none,How many contestants from this season reached platinum album status?
2010,What year did season nine of American Idol first air?
Ellen DeGeneres,Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol?
Hollywood Week,At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge?
"January 12, 2010",When did season nine premiere?
Paula Abdul,Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?
Ellen DeGeneres,Who replaced Abdul?
Hollywood Week,When did Ellen join the judges' panel?
Crystal Bowersox,Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?
Ken Warwick,What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?
diabetic ketoacidosis,Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?
Crystal Bowersox,Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?
top 20 week,When was Crystal hospitalized?
The schedule,What was changed so she could still qualify?
Ken Warwick,Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?
producer,What role does Warwick have on the show?
Michael Lynche,Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol?
top nine,At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season?
Adam Lambert,Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor?
$45 million,How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?
Michael Lynche,Who was saved with the Judges' Save?
Adam Lambert,Which former contestant was a mentor this season?
Simon Cowell,Who had their final season in the show in season nine?
tribute to Simon Cowell,Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?
Simon Cowell,Who had a special tribute at the finale?
Paula Abdul,Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?
Lee DeWyze,Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season?
Beautiful Day,What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?
May 26,When was the finale held?
DeWyze,Who won this season of Idol?
Beautiful Day,What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?
Up to the Mountain,Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?
2011,What year did season ten of American Idol first air?
ten,In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?
Jimmy Iovine,Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season? 
The X Factor,What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?
Nigel Lythgoe,Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season?
"January 19, 2011",When did season ten premiere?
Nigel Lythgoe,Who returned as executive producer this season?
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler,Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges' panel?
Jimmy Iovine,Who was the in-house mentor this season?
Season ten,What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?
Myspace,What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?
Myspace,How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?
online,This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?
Myspace,Where could contestants submit a video audition?
Chris Medina,Which contestant had a fiancé that had suffered brain damage?
Top 40,In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol?
Casey Abrams,Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show?
Casey Abrams,Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol?
Chris Medina,Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee?
Top 40 round,When was Medina eliminated from the competition?
Casey Abrams,Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis?
Top 13 result show,Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital?
Abrams,Who received the Judges' Save this season?
Pia Toscano,What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?
Tom Hanks,What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?
Pia Toscano,Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?
Tom Hanks,Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?
country,What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing?
Scotty McCreery,Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?
I Love You This Big,What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?
Like My Mother Does,What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?
Soulful,What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003?
May 25,When was the season finale of Idol?
Scotty McCreery,Who won this season of Idol?
Ruben Studdard,"Scotty's first album reached the top Billboard spot, the first time for an Idol winner since when?"
2012,In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season?
25,How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol?
Jermaine Jones,What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?
"January 18, 2012",When did season 11 premiere?
Jermaine Jones,"Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?"
March 14,When was Jones removed from the show?
concealing arrests and outstanding warrants,Why was Jones disqualified?
Phillip Phillips,Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results?
kidney stones,Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?
eight,How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol?
Phillip Phillips,Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney?
Phillip Phillips,Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?
kidney pain,What kind of pain did Phillips endure?
Jessica Sanchez,Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?
Jessica Sanchez,Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?
Colton Dixon,Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?
final two,How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?
Top 7,When did the judges use their save this season?
Jessica Sanchez,Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?
Colton Dixon,Which contestant was sent home the following week?
Diana DeGarmo,What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him?
five,In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?
three,In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?
Phillips,Who won this season of Idol?
season five,Which season was Ace Young on?
season three,Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?
Home,What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?
Change Nothing,What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?
Home,What was Phillip's coronation song?
Change Nothing,What song did Sanchez release?
Home,Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?
2013,What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?
Judges,What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?
TMZ,What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?
"January 16, 2013",When did season 12 premiere?
four,How many judges did this season have?
five,How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?
Lazaro Arbos,Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol?
10,How many contestants did this season have?
five,How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated?
Lazaro Arbos,Who as the last man to be eliminated?
four,How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations?
Candice Glover,Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season?
Kree Harrison,Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?
I Am Beautiful,What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol?
All Cried Out,What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?
Candice Glover,Who won this season of Idol?
Kree Harrison,Who was the runner up?
I Am Beautiful,What was Glover's first single?
All Cried Out,What was Harrison's first single?
not signed by a music label,This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up?
Randy Jackson,Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season?
one,How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol?
Randy Jackson,Who announced this would be his final year as a judge?
Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj,Who were the other judges to leave after this season?
2014,What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?
Ryan Seacrest,Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?
in-mentor,What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?
Gregg Gelfand,Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?
"January 15, 2014",When did season 13 premiere?
Randy Jackson,Who was the mentor this season?
Jennifer Lopez,Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?
"Harry Connick, Jr.",Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?
Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick,"Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?"
Sam Woolf,Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol?
Top 3 performance night,At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show?
songs they wrote themselves,Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever?
Sam Woolf,Who received the Judges' Save this season?
Top 8,When did the judges use their save on Woolf?
Top 3 performance night,What episode was the 500th of the entire series?
Caleb Johnson,Who won season 13 of American Idol?
Jena Irene,Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?
As Long as You Love Me,What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? 
We Are One,What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? 
Caleb Johnson,Who won this season of Idol?
Jena Irene,Who was the runner up this season?
As Long as You Love Me,What was Johnson's coronation song?
We Are One,What was Irene's coronation song?
2015,What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season?
Ryan Seacrest,Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season? 
Adam Lambert,Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City?
judges,What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season? 
Randy Jackson,Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?
"January 7, 2015",When did season 14 premiere?
Adam Lambert,Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?
one,How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten?
Coca Cola,What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14?
Ford Motor Company,What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?
Big Machine Records,What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?
one,"Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?"
Coca Cola,Who ended their sponsorship this season?
Ford Motor Company,What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?
Big Machine Records,"This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?"
Nick Fradiani,Who won American Idols fourteenth season?
Clark Beckham,Who came in second on American Idol in season 14?
Jax,Who came in third on American Idol in season 14?
Beautiful Life,What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song?
Forcefield,What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol?
Nick Fradiani,Who won this season of Idol?
Clark Beckham,Who was the runner up of Idol?
Beautiful Life,What was Nick's coronation song?
Champion,What was Beckham's first release?
Jax,Which contestant came in third place?
2015,What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?
15,How many seasons of American Idol have there been?
5,How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol? 
judges,What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?
Ryan Seacrest,Who hosted American Idol in its last season?
"May 11, 2015",When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?
Ryan Seacrest,Who is returning as host?
131,"As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? "
2002,When did American Idol begin? 
Southern,What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? 
North Carolina,What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?
North Carolina,What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? 
ten,How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?
Chris Daughtry,"In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?"
47 million,How many CDs from American Idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010? 
16 percent,"In the same study, how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show?"
47 million,How many CDS were sold by Idol contestants up to 2010?
85 percent,"Of the CDs sold, how many were by the contestants with southern ties?"
Taylor Hicks,Who won season five of American Idol? 
Alabama,What state is Taylor Hicks from? 
church,Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing? 
church,Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south?
Alabama,Where is Taylor Hicks from?
White guy with guitar,What does the acronym WGWG stand for? 
Phillip Phillips,Who won season eleven of American Idol? 
American Idol: The Untold Story,What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? 
five,How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? 
guitar,What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?
White guy with guitar,What is the WGWG factor?
Richard Rushfield,Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?
Phillip Phillips,Who was named the winner of Season 11?
19 Entertainment,What company are contestants required to sign a contract with on American Idol?
Ruben Studdard,Who won season two of American Idol? 
Clay Aiken,Who came in second on season two of American Idol? 
2013,What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? 
100 million,How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? 
season two,Which season had the biggest voting controversy?
season eight,Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?
power voting,Which voting concern has been present since the first season?
2010,When did Vote for the Girls start?
2013,When did Vote for the Worst close?
Idol Gives Back,What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?
$185 million,How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? 
Idol Gives Back,What is the name of the charity that Idol has?
season six,When was the first Idol Gives Back?
2002,What year did American Idol being to air on television? 
9.9 million,How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? 
23 million,How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? 
summer,What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? 
June 2002,When did American Idol premiere?
9.9 million,How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?
23 million,What was the average for viewership by finale night?
26.5 million,How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season? 
21.7 million,How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season? 
Ruben Studdard,What contestant won the second season of American Idol? 
season four,During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? 
season five,Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people? 
26.5 million,How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol?
21.7 million,How many people watched on average for season two?
four,By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV?
Season six,Which season premier of American Idol was the most watched?
Season six,During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall?
the Death Star,What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings?
NBC,Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show? 
Season six,Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons?
the Death Star,What was the show called by other networks?
decline,Season six saw what for the first time in viewership?
results show,Season six was the first season where what had more viewers?
season seven,During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? 
Writers Guild of America strike,Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season? 
season seven,On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol? 
Kristy Lee Cook,Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?
season seven,What was the series' third most watched finale?
the most watched TV network,"Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?"
Writers Guild of America strike,What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?
NBC,Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? 
CBS,Which television network originally aired All in the Family? 
2010,In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?
2010 Winter Olympics,What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?
30.1 million,How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?
six,"At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?"
32.1,What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season? 
47.2,What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its tenth season? 
47.2,What is the median age of viewers this season?
32.1,What was the median age for viewers for season one?
eight,For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? 
Sunday Night Football,What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?
eight years,How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?
13.3 million,How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol? 
13,During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings? 
2002,When did American Idol first air on television? 
7.2 million,The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?
13.3 million,How many viewers watched on average this season?
Coca-Cola,What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?
8.03 million,How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?
15,After what season will American Idol be cancelled? 
"May 11, 2015",When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?
8.03 million,How many people watched the season 14 finale?
9,For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?
8,For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol? 
Fox,What television network originally aired the show Glee?
Fox,What television network originally aired the show House? 
Simon Fuller,Who created American Idol? 
Dancing with the Stars,What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?
The Voice,What is another singing show similar to American Idol? 
American Idol,What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson? 
American Idol,What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood? 
American Idol,What show helped launched the career of Daughtry? 
345,How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade? 
Rich Meyer,Who is the president of Mediabase? 
Kelly Clarkson,Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? 
345,How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?
Fred Bronson,Who authored books on Billboard charts?
four,How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?
over four million,How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?
59 million,How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?
120 million,How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013? 
59 million,How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013?
120 million,How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013?
Jennifer Hudson,Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? 
vocal coach,What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? 
musical theatre,In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?
Jennifer Hudson,Which Idol won an Academy Award?
Dreamgirls,What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?
Debra Byrd,Who recommended the role for Hudon?
Entertainment Weekly,What publication does Ken Tucker work for? 
the national anthem,What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? 
Ken Tucker,Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?
Entertainment Weekly,Which publication did Tucker work for?
Karla Peterson,Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?
Lincoln Memorial,Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?
Entertainment Weekly,What publication does Michael Slezak write for?
Simon Cowell,Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? 
John Mayer,What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol? 
Newsweek,What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? 
commercialism,Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?
Ann Powers,Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?
Simon Cowell,Who was accused of helping meanness thrive?
John Mayer,Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?
Elton John,What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? 
2006,What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? 
LeAnn Rimes,What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? 
Usher,Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?
Carrie Underwood,Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?
Faith Hill,Who did Carrie beat out for the award?
LeAnn Rimes,Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?
Elton John,Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?
country,Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? 
country music,Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?
9,How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  
Bruce Gower,What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? 
8,How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? 
Idol Gives Back,What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?
nine,How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?
Governor's Award in 2007,What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?
$900 million,How much money did American Idol make in 2004?
$6.4 billion,How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? 
The American Idol Experience,What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? 
$900 million,How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?
Disney,Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?
season four,In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? 
$1.3 million,How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?
"less than $300,000",How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? 
"$737,000",How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? 
four,By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?
800 million,How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?
season one,In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? 
season one,In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? 
AT&T Wireless,Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? 
after season 13,When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol? 
seven,In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? 
10 million,How much did it cost each company for the first season?
35 million,How much did it cost each company in season 7?
AT&T,Who was the third largest sponsor?
text-messaging,What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? 
"4,349",How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?
PepsiCo,Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? 
The X Factor,What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? 
PepsiCo,Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?
The X Factor,"In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?"
third,"PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?"
season five,Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?
M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies,What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? 
a semi-finalist who won a sing-off,Who was added to the tour in season 12?
Kellogg's Pop-Tarts,Who sponsored the first seven tours?
M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies,Who sponsored the ninth tour?
season five,Which was the most successful tour?
season seven,When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? 
five,For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? 
iTunes,What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?
the winner's coronation single,Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?
as a compilation album,How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?
the most successful soundtrack franchise,"Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?"
iTunes,Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?
19 Recordings,What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?
UMG,What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?
BMG,What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? 
19 Entertainment,Who owns 19 Recordings?
19 Recordings,Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?
BMG,Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?
Sony Music Entertainment,Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?
UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records,Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?
The Walt Disney Company,What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? 
2009,In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? 
2014,In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? 
19 Entertainment,What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience? 
"February 14, 2009",When did the American Idol Experience open?
Walt Disney World,Where did it open?
Dream Ticket,What did the winner win?
"August 30, 2014",When did the Experience close?
over 100,How many different countries air American Idol on television? 
CTV,What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? 
2014,In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? 
Yes TV,What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? 
over 100,How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?
CTV and/or CTV Two,Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?
Yes TV,Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?
La3,What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? 
one,How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? 
STAR World,What television network in Asia shows American Idol? 
Thursday and Friday,On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? 
STAR World,Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia?
La3,Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?
ringers,Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?
seven,How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?
eight,How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?
Canis lupus familiaris,What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?
domestic dog,What is Canis familiaris?
millennia,How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?
sensory capabilities,"Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?"
2010s,What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?
"40,000",Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?
Eurasia,What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?
starch-rich,What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?
extensive genetic studies,What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?
man's best friend,"What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?"
man's best friend,What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?
meat,Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?
dukkōn,"What is the Proto-Germanic word that ""dog"" may have come from?"
Proto-Indo-European,"What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word ""dog"" came from?"
Old English docga,Where does the word dog originate?
Proto-Indo-European,Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?
hound,What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?
mastiff.,What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?
16th,"In what century did ""hound"" start to only apply to hunting dogs?"
hound,What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?
16th century,When did the word dog become the common term for canines?
hunting,Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?
"*kwon- ""dog""",What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?
a litter.,What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?
sire,What is the male who is father of the pups called?
poupée,"What is the French word that ""puppy"" comes from?"
whelping,What is giving birth to dogs called?
bitch,What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?
bitch,A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?
litter,What are canine offspring referred as?
sire,What is the father of a litter referred as?
dam,What is the mother of a litter referred as?
pups,What are the individual litter canines called?
Canis,"What is the Latin term for ""dog.?"""
1758,What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?
Linnaeus,Who published Systema Naturae?
wolf,What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?
Mammal Species of the World,What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?
Canis,What is the Latin word for dog?
family dog,"Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?"
Canis lupus,What is the Latin name for a wolf?
Canis dingo,Feral dogs have what Latin classification?
1982,What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?
2003,"What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?"
Mammal Species of the World,What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?
Canis familiaris.,What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?
ICZN,What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?
Canis familiaris.,Many researchers prefer what term?
ICZN,Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?
Opinion 2027,What was this decision called?
genetic studies,What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?
extinct.,The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?
hunter-gatherers,Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?
Taimyr wolf of North Asia,"Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?"
human hunter-gatherers,"Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?"
gray wolf,Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?
Taimyr,Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?
Modern dog breeds,"What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?"
catching and tearing.,What are dog teeth best suited for?
scavengers,Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?
wrist,What bones in dog legs are fused?
endurance,A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?
catching and tearing,What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?
scavengers,Dogs originated as predators and what?
height and weight.,Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?
English Mastiff,What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?
English Mastiff,What is the biggest known dog?
double,Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?
soft down hair,"Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?"
double,What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?
topcoat only,What is a single coat?
countershading,"When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?"
upper surfaces,A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?
countershading,A natural camo pattern is known as what?
dark coloring,What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?
visibility,What is reduced when a dog has countershading?
tails,"What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?"
emotional state,What does a dog communicate with its tail?
tails,"What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?"
genetic ailments,What are some dogs prone to?
parasites,What are all dogs susceptible to?
unspayed,Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?
unspayed females,Who does pyometra affect?
parasites,"What are fleas, ticks and mites called?"
toxic,Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?
xylitol,"Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?"
macadamia,What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?
theobromine,What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?
toxic,Some human foods can be what to dogs?
nicotine,What in tobacco can hurt dogs?
dark,What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?
1.2 years,"Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?"
shorter,Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?
2013,When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?
1.2 years longer,"Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?"
10 to 13 years.,What is the median lifespan of canines?
Dogue de Bordeaux,What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?
5.2 years,What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?
6 to 7 years.,What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?
Dogue de Bordeaux,Which dog has the shortest lifespan?
5.2 years,What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?
14 to 15 years.,What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?
Bluey,What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?
Pusuke,What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?
1939,What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?
Bluey,What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?
1939,When did Bluey die?
Pusuke,Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?
two,How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?
pregnancy.,What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?
two years,Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?
first estrous cycle,What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?
58 to 68 days,How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?
63 days,What is the average length of dog pregnancy?
about six,What is the average number of pups in a litter?
one to four,"For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?"
63 days,What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?
six,What is the average number of pups per litter?
one to four,Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?
Neutering,What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?
the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA),"According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?"
testicles,What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?
ovaries and uterus,What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?
testicles,"In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?"
ovaries and uterus,"In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?"
neutered,What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?
Neutering,Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?
urinary incontinence,"According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?"
Spayed,Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?
urinary incontinence,What is increased in female dogs with neutering?
prostate cancer,What is increased in male dogs with neutering?
Rico,What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?
Chaser,What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?
gesturing and pointing,In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?
Australian dingos,What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?
to solve their problems for them.,"What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?"
intelligence,Perceiving information and retaining it is what?
over 200,How many labels does Rico the dog know?
advanced,What kind of memory skills do dogs have?
"over 1,000",How many words did Chaser know?
"9,000–30,000 years BCE",Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?
humans.,Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?
social-cognitive skills of human children,What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?
humans.,Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?
humans.,Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?
Dog behavior,What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?
understand and communicate,"More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?"
human children,Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?
"scents, pheromones and taste",What is gustatory communication include in dogs?
hand signals,"People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?"
Dog communication,"Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?"
hand signals,"In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?"
dogs.,"Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?"
atrophy of the jaw muscles.,Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?
diagnostic features,What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?
once a year.,How often do female wolves enter estrus?
behaviors.,"Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?"
11,"How many ""fixed"" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?"
morphology and behavior,The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?
tameness,What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?
fear and aggression,What do most dogs show less of than wolves?
production-related traits,Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?
for their behaviors.,Why were dogs initially selected?
11,"For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?"
aggression,Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?
525 million,What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?
525 million,How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?
human population densities,What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?
apex,"Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?"
fearless,Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?
dogs,What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?
apex,"Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?"
sheep,Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?
Wolves,What limits the feral dog population in Russia?
leopards.,What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?
Striped hyenas,What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?
alligators and pythons,What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?
Leopards,What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?
Tigers,What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?
alligators and pythons,What type of reptiles eat dogs?
Striped hyenas,What is a known predator of village dogs in India?
omnivores,Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?
vegetables and grains,Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?
obligate,Cats are known as what type of carnivore?
carnivores or omnivores,"Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?"
protein,Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?
starch,"Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?"
a few hundred years,The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?
particular morphologies and behaviors,People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?
selective breeding,Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?
Irish Wolfhound,Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?
a few hundred years old,How old are most dog breeds?
hundreds,How many different breeds are there?
blue,Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?
selective breeding,Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?
breed,What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?
modern kennel clubs.,Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?
natural selection and selective breeding,What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?
breeds,Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?
non-scientific,Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?
unsystematic.,The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
four,A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?
Malamute and Shar Pei,"What, according to the text, are two examples of ""old world"" dogs?"
herding,the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?
four,How many main types of dogs are there?
old world dogs,What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
all others,What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
bite inhibition,What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?
sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication,"What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?"
one of the most successful species on the planet today.,Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?
bite inhibition,What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?
hunter-gatherers,Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?
aiding handicapped individuals.,"Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?"
man's best friend,"Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?"
a source of meat,Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
food scraps.,What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
three dog night,What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? 
early warning.,What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
cleaning up food scraps,How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
three dog night,What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
cooperative hunting,What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?
2004,What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?
sense of smell,What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?
the domestication of the wolf,The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?
sled dogs,"What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?"
Bering land bridge,What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?
"9,400 years",How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?
"12,000 years ago",Evidence places dogs in North America when?
Athabascan,Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?
Apache and Navajo tribes,Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?
horse,People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?
puppy,"A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?"
humans and dogs,What two species have the most widespread bonding?
after World War II,When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?
1980s,What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?
outside,In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?
elites,"Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?"
outside,Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?
1980s,When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?
commodification,Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?
dogs.,"The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?"
two,How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?
commodification,"When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?"
everyday routines,A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
commodity forms,It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?
18th,Dog training can be researched back to what century?
urine marking,How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?
18th century,How far back can dog training be found?
urine marking,How do dogs mark their territory?
training,"What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?"
part of the family,How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?
Dog Whisperer.,What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?
part of the family,Most people today describe their dogs as what?
Dog Whisperer,What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?
newspaper,A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?
plates,Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?
dog yoga.,"In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?"
set tasks or routines,What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?
the newspaper,What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?
77.5 million,The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?
77.5 million,How many people in the United States are said to own dog?
magnetic resonance imaging,What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
voices,An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
the brain,An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
emotion,"Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?"
MRI,What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
emotional,Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
man's best friend,What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?
hunt,Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?
nets,Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?
Laika,Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?
husky-terrier mix,What breed was Laika?
man's best friend,What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?
pointers and hounds,"What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?"
nets,Some dogs help fishermen with what?
Laika,What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?
1957,What year was the first dog sent into space?
Service dogs,What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?
medical care.,"Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?"
breed shows,What are conformation shows also known as?
a judge,Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?
conformity with their established breed,What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?
externally observable qualities,What is the only standard judged?
conformation shows.,"What is another word for ""breed shows""?"
a judge,What is the evaluator called in a breed show?
externally observable qualities,The breed standard only is about what?
health,Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?
East Asian countries,Where do some people eat dogs?
taboo.,"In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?"
dog fat,"In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?"
western hypocrisy,"What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?"
taboo,"The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?"
medicinal properties,Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?
gaejang-guk,What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?
a spicy stew,What is Gaejang-guk?
to balance the body's heat,Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?
scallions and chili powder.,What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?
the summer months,When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?
scallions and chili powder.,What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?
4.5 million,How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?
17,"During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?"
26,"In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?"
4.5 million,"According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?"
2000s,What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?
less severe,"According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?"
12.9,"Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?"
60.7,"Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?"
the face or neck.,Children are often bit where by dogs?
infections.,A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?
Colorado,Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?
60.7,"About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?"
infections.,"According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?"
cats,"In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?"
two-wheeled vehicles.,Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?
two-wheeled vehicles,What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?
dog roundworm,What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?
dog feces,How are Toxicara canis infections spread?
"10,000",About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?
retinal damage and decreased vision.,Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?
roundworm,Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?
14,What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?
"10,000",How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?
24,What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?
retinal damage and decreased vision,"If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?"
2005,What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?
absenteeism from school,What is lowered in children who have pets?
2005,What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?
exercise,People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?
exercise,People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?
immune-stimulating microorganisms,What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?
social interactions,Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?
2015,What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?
anxiety,What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?
strangers,People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?
mental institutions,Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?
social behaviors,Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?
antisocial and violent behavior,What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?
the late 18th century,When did people start using dogs as therapy?
mental institutions,Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?
dogs,Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?
animal-assisted therapy,People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?
diseases,What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?
40 times larger,How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?
trillion,A dog can detect smells in one part per what?
40 times larger,How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?
551,How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?
Cerberus,What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?
the gates of Hades.,What did Cerberus guard?
Garmr,What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?
Kimat,What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?
thunder,"Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?"
Persian,In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?
Cerberus,Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?
Garmr,Who is the dog that guards Helheim?
god of thunder,Who is Tadaklan?
Kimat,Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?
the gates of Naraka.,"In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?"
Yama,What is the name of the god of death?
bronze dog figurines.,Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?
Yama,Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?
the gates of Naraka,What do Yama's dogs watch over?
mount,What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?
bronze dog figurines,Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?
as unclean,How are dogs viewed in Islam?
scavengers,Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?
The Hague,What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?
leather dog booties,"In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?"
scavengers,Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?
2015,When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?
"Lérida, Spain",Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?
their luggage,What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?
faithfulness.,What do dogs represent to Christians?
themselves,Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?
feed,"If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?"
faithfulness,What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?
kind protectors.,Three Asian countries see dogs as what?
China,What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?
as kind protectors,How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?
caves.,"Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?"
Hunting,What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?
caves,Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?
Hunting scenes,What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?
became more elaborate,"As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?"
humans,Dogs can have the same health issues as who?
Male French Bulldogs,Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?
run away,"When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?"
respond with aggression,"When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?"
pet dogs living in human homes.,Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?
significant benefits,What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?
the domestication of dogs,What has likely led to human success?
poorly controlled,Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?
to the doctor,People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?
1936 Summer Olympics.,When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?
129 days,How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?
"one world, one dream",What was the theme for the torch relay?
Journey of Harmony,What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?
"one world, one dream",What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?
"Beijing, China.",Where were the details of the torch relay made known?
"""Journey of Harmony""",What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?
"85,000 mi",How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?
March 24,What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?
"Olympia, Greece",Where did the Olympics originate?
March 31,When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?
six,How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?
Silk Road,The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?
"Olympia, Greece",Where was the Olympic torch lit?
March 24,What date was the Olympic torch lit?
Panathinaiko Stadium,What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?
March 31.,What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?
Mount Everest,What mountain was the torch taken up?
hundreds,How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?
effectively none,How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?
protesting,What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?
Chinese security officials,Who put out the torch along the route for protection?
the Chinese government,Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?
supporters,"In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? "
counter-protesters,Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?
counter-protesters,Who amassed in large scale against protesters?
skirmishes,What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?
"Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia",What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?
Jacques Rogge,Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?
Tibetan,Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?
global relays,"Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?"
Jacques Rogge,"What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a ""crisis""?"
could be expelled,What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?
IOC members.,Who asked that the torch relay be ended?
global relays,What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?
Paralympic Games,The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?
Paralympic Games,For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?
Lucky Cloud,What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?
aluminum.,What is the Olympic Torch made from?
985 grams,How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?
An ignition key,What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?
Lucky Cloud,What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?
aluminum.,What metal is the torch constructed from?
37,What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?
2,How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?
propane.,What fuel is used for the torch?
a chartered Air China Airbus A330,"When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?"
red and yellow,What color was the chartered plane?
March 2008,When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?
130 days,How many days did the plane travel?
Airbus A330,What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?
red and yellow,What colors was the aircraft painted?
Air China,What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?
130,How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?
21,How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?
six,How many continents did the torch visit?
Taipei,What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?
Hong Kong and Macau,The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?
continents,The torch route covered six what?
Taiwan.,What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?
Hong Kong and Macau,What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?
24,How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?
"March 24, 2008",On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?
"Olympia, Greece.",Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?
Alexandros Nikolaidis,Who was the first person to carry the torch?
Maria Nafpliotou,Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?
"March 30, 2008",When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?
"Olympia, Greece.",Where is the location of the original Olympic events?
Maria Nafpliotou,What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?
silver,What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?
Alexandros Nikolaidis,What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?
Nepal.,What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?
Carrefour,Action was taken to boycott which company?
the LVMH Group,Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?
the French flag,What did some protesters burn?
Kunming,Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?
the LVMH Group,Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?
censorship,What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?
Carrefour,What French company was being boycotted?
People's Daily,In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?
People's Daily,What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?
legal,The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?
Almaty,What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?
Nursultan Nazarbaev.,Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?
the President of Kazakhstan,Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?
Astana Square.,The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?
Uighur activists,What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?
Kazakhstan,What country did the torch get to for the first time?
Nursultan Nazarbaev.,What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?
20,What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?
Uighur,What activists were reported to have been arrested?
April 3,When was the torch in Istanbul?
Taksim Square,Where did the torch end up in Istanbul?
Sultanahmet Square,Where did the torch start in Instanbul?
Uyghurs living in Turkey,Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?
Istanbul,What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?
Sultanahmet Square,What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?
Taksim Square.,Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?
Uyghurs,What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?
arrested,What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?
April 5,When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?
Victory Square,Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?
Palace Square,Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?
Fedor Emelianenko,Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?
Saint Petersburg,Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?
Victory Square,What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?
Palace Square.,What was the last location for the relay in Russia?
Fedor Emelianenko,What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?
London,Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?
April 6,When did the torch route begin in London?
"£750,000",How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?
London,What city held the Olympics in 2012?
Wembley Stadium,Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?
O2 Arena,Where did the relay end in London?
30 mi,How many miles was the relay in England?
thugs,What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?
80,How many torchbearers took part in the London route?
Sir Steve Redgrave,Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?
Richard Vaughan,"Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?"
Prime Minister Gordon Brown,Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?
Sir Steve Redgrave,Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?
80,How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?
Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan,What two people in England declined to bear the torch?
10 Downing Street,Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?
Ladbroke Grove,Where was an attempt made to take the torch?
April 7,When did the torch relay in Paris occur?
the Eiffel Tower,Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?
by bus,"Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?"
Teddy Riner,The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?
April 7,What date did the torch relay begin in France?
Paris,What city in France did the torch relay start at?
Eiffel Tower,Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?
"3,000",About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?
five,How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?
Green Party officials.,Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?
Jin Jing,Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?
Angel in Wheelchair,What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?
torch relay ceremony,What was stopped due to protest interruptions?
Jin Jing,What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?
Angel in Wheelchair,What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?
Green Party officials.,Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?
Reporters Without Borders,Which organization planned several protests?
the Eiffel Tower,What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?
Notre Dame cathedral,Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?
banner,What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?
Reporters Without Borders,Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?
Notre Dame cathedral.,Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?
the Trocadéro,Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?
Jane Birkin,Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?
Thupten Gyatso,Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?
Trocadéro,Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?
peaceful,The Trocadéro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?
Jane Birkin,"Who, of the Trocadéro protest, spoke to the media?"
freedom of speech,What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocadéro say China lacked?
the National Assembly's session,What did the political parties request a brief stop in?
Respect for Human Rights in China,What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?
Freedom for Tibet!,What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?
Parliament,Various French politicians started protests including members of what?
National Assembly's session,All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?
Respect for Human Rights in China,Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?
Freedom for Tibet!,What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?
Tibetan flags,What did French police take from demonstrators?
Libération,Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?
the Trocadéro,Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?
Michèle Alliot-Marie,Who was the Minister of the Interior?
Tibetan flags,What did French law enforcement take from protesters?
the Trocadéro.,Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?
Michèle Alliot-Marie,Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?
a police officer,Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?
San Francisco,Where did the torch start it's North American route?
April 9,What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?
Lin Li,What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?
San Francisco International Airport,The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?
Peter Ueberroth,Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?
San Francisco,What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?
April 9.,What was the date of the relay in the United States?
Norman Bellingham,What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?
Justin Herman Plaza,What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?
San Francisco Board of Supervisors,"Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?"
human rights abuses,The concern was over what in China and Tibet?
April 8,What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?
"April 1, 2008",When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?
San Francisco Board of Supervisors,Who approved the resolution?
United Nations Plaza,Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?
Richard Gere,What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?
Golden Gate Bridge,"Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?"
KPIX-CBS5,Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?
China,Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?
Golden Gate Bridge,What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?
Laurel Sutherlin,Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?
five,How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?
three,How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?
a warehouse,Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??
Andrew Michael,Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?
Andrew Michael,What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?
Marina district,Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?
San Francisco International Airport,Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?
Van Ness Avenue,"After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?"
April 11,When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?
the Lola Mora amphitheatre,Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?
Mauricio Macri,Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?
Buenos Aires,Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?
Lola Mora amphitheatre,What place held an opening show for the relay?
Mauricio Macri,What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?
Carlos Espínola.,Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?
confetti,What was showered along the route in some places?
Jorge Carcavallo,What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?
from the Obelisk to the city hall,What route was planned for an alternative march?
Free Tibet,What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?
Jorge Carcavallo.,What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?
Obelisk to the city hall,Where did the other march travel form and to?
Human Rights Torch.,What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?
Free Tibet,What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?
Human Rights Torch Relay,What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?
Susan Prager,Who was the outreach director of HRTR?
Friends of Falun Gong,What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?
Diego Maradona,Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?
1200,How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?
water balloons,What was thrown to try and put out the flame?
Friends of Falun Gong,What is Susan Prager communication director of?
Diego Maradona,What football star backed out due to relay controversy?
1200,How many police officers were part of the security operative?
water balloons,What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?
peaceful,The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?
Dar es Salaam,Where was the only African destination for the torch?
April 13,When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?
the TAZARA Railway,Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?
Dar es Salaam,Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?
TAZARA,What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?
Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium,Where did the relay terminate in Africa?
China,What country paid for the stadium through aid money?
Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein.,Who it the torch in Africa?
Muscat,Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?
April 14,When did the torch arrive in Muscat?
Sulaf Fawakherji,Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?
Muscat,Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?
20,How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?
Sulaf Fawakherji.,What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?
April 16,When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?
Jinnah Stadium,Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani,Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?
Islamabad,Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?
Jinnah Stadium.,"Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?"
April 17,When did the torch visit New Delhi?
70,How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?
Baichung Bhutia,Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?
five,How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?
New Delhi,Where did the torch relay happen in India?
1.5,How long was the route in India in miles?
70,How many bearers of the torch were used in India?
five,How many bearers decided not to participate?
Baichung Bhutia,What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?
Republic Day celebrations,The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?
Nirupama Sen.,The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?
India's Commerce Minister,Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?
Kamal Nath,Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?
2 am,At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?
Republic Day,The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?
terrorist targets.,What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?
"150,000",How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?
a democracy,India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?
India,Where is the exiled Tibetan government?
"150,000",How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?
protests,A wholesale ban on what was denied?
Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit,What Olympic group was denied by India?
relations,What deteriorated between India and China?
the Tibetan government in exile,Who said they did not support relay interruptions?
Kiran Bedi,Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?
Indian Police Service,Where was Bedi retired from?
Soha Ali Khan,Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?
April 16,When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?
Kiran Bedi,What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?
Soha Ali Khan,What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?
Delhi,Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?
police.,Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?
caged woman,The retired police officer said she would not run as what?
April 18,When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?
M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse,Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?
students,The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?
April 18,When did the torch go through Bankok?
10,The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?
foreign protesters,Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?
Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse,What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?
April 21,When did the torch visit Malaysia?
Kuala Lumpur,What is the capital city of Malaysia?
Independence Square,Where did the route begin in Malaysia?
1964,"Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?"
Independence Square,What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?
Petronas Twin Towers.,Where did the relay end in Malaysia?
1964,What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?
1000,How many Special Police protected the relay event?
Falun Gong,Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?
Falun Gong,Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?
plastic air-filled batons,What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?
Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.,What did the Chinese group yell?
placards,What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?
April 22,When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?
the Chinese embassy,Who requested that the original route be cancelled?
journalists,"Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?"
Jakarta,Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?
20,How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?
security worries,Why was the first route not taken?
stadium.,What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.
outside the stadium.,Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?
April 24,When did the torch arrive in Canberra?
Agnes Shea,Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?
a message stick,What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?
Australian and Chinese officials,Who publicly argued at a press conference?
Canberra,Where was the relay held in Australia?
16,How many kilometers was the route in Australia?
Reconciliation Place,What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?
Australian Federal Police.,Who kept the demonstrators separated?
Agnes Shea,What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?
People's Liberation Army personnel,Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?
sacred torch,Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?
Tony Goh,Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?
Stephen Smith,Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?
People's Liberation Army,What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?
Australian police,Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?
Tony Goh,Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?
Zhang Rongan,"Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a ""peaceful show of strength""?"
Stephen Smith,Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?
Lin Hatfield Dodds,Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?
Foreign Minister Stephen Smith,Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?
Lin Hatfield Dodds,Who withdrew from the torch event?
Stephen Smith,Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?
Ted Quinlan,Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?
600,How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?
the Chinese embassy,ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?
Ian Thorpe,Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?
Up to 600,How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?
"between 2,000 and 10,000",It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?
Ted Quinlan,Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?
the Chinese embassy,Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?
Nagano,Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?
April 26,When did the torch arrive in Nagano?
Nagano,Where was the torch relay held in Japan?
1998 Winter Olympics,Which Olympics did Nagano host?
Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji,What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?
a municipal building,"When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?"
two,How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?
Seoul,Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?
1988 Summer Olympics,When did Seoul host the Olympics?
Olympic Park,Where was the start point for the relay?
Chinese students,Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?
Seoul,Where was the relay event held in South Korea?
1988 Summer Olympics,Which Olympics did Seoul host?
April 28,When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?
Kim Yong Nam,Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?
Pak Du Ik,Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?
the Juche Tower,Where did the relay start?
Pyongyang.,Where was the relay event held in North Korea?
April 28.,What date did the torch relay event take place?
pink paper flowers and small flags,What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?
Pak Du Ik,Who was the first runner with the torch?
a propaganda stunt.,The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?
against human rights.,North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?
UNICEF,What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?
their staff,Both organizations withdrew what?
raising awareness of conditions for children,What is the mission of the organizations?
North Korea,Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?
April 29,When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh City,Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?
60,How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?
the downtown Opera House,Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?
the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium,Where did the torch event end?
Ho Chi Minh City.,Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?
the Spratly and Paracel Islands,What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?
Sansha,The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.,"As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?"
Nguyễn Tấn Dũng,Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?
seven,How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?
Điếu Cày,Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?
Lê Minh Phiếu,Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?
seven,How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?
Nguyễn Văn Hải,What is blogger Điếu Cày's real name?
tax evasion.,"Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Hải was charged with what crime?"
Lê Minh Phiếu,What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?
disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims,What was removed from the website that Lê Minh Phiếu had written about?
May 2,When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?
Lee Lai Shan,Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?
Hong Kong Cultural Centre,Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?
Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai,Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?
120,How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?
May 2.,When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?
Donald Tsang,"Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?"
a dragon boat,What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?
120,How many torchbearers carried the torch?
pro-Beijing camp politicians.,"The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?"
plastic Olympic flames,What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?
Tiananmen Square protests,This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?
Christina Chan,Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?
police,Who removed Chan from the protest?
her human rights were breached.,Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?
democracy.,"Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?"
Leung Kwok-hung,Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?
Tibetan snow lion flag,What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?
The Color Orange democracy group,Which group did Jens Galschiøt lead?
Pillar of Shame,What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?
immigration reasons,Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?
Mia Farrow,Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?
"one country, two systems",A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?
The Color Orange,What group did Jens Galschiøt lead?
Pillar of Shame,What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?
immigration reasons,Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong?
Mia Farrow,Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?
May 3,When did the torch visit Macao?
Macau Fisherman's Wharf,Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?
120,How many torchbearers participated in Macao?
Leong Hong Man,Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?
athletes,A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?
May 3,When was the torch relay event held in Macao?
120,How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?
Leong Hong Man,Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?
Stanley Ho.,Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?
Macao Daily News,Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?
cyberctm.com,A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?
orchidbbs.com,"In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?"
A Macau resident,Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?
cyberctm.com,Where was the message posted?
The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation,Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?
May 4,"After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?"
Jackie Chan,What actor attended a torch celebration in China?
May 4,"When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?"
April.,When was the last time the torch had been in China?
IOC,Who attended the celebrations?
Jackie Chan.,Which actor also attended the celebrations?
partial and censored,The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?
biased.,"In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?"
Libération,Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?
media coverage,What was under scrutiny?
censored,Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?
Reporters Without Borders,What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?
Libération,Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?
saboteurs,The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?
the more disruptive protesters,What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?
condemned the protests,Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?
Marie-José Pérec,Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?
radicals,What did Xinhua call protesters?
Marie-José Pérec,Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?
Xinhua,Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?
spirit of Olympics,"Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?"
sports and politics,What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?
run for spirit of Olympics,"Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?"
sports and politics,Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?
The Daily Telegraph,Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?
Libération,What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?
Western media bias.,Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?
Fu Ying,Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?
The Daily Telegraph,Which newspaper published these accusations?
Libération,What other newspaper was accused of bias?
CNN, Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?
CNN,Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?
the Chinese government,Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?
The challenges of reporting in China,What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?
Paul Danahar,Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?
"1,300",How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?
Paul Danahar,Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?
Tibet,Where is BBC banned from reporting?
People's Daily,"Who published ""Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage"" on April 20?"
People's Daily,Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?
an anti-CNN website,What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?
a Beijing citizen.,Who supposedly created the site?
a Beijing citizen.,Who takes credit for creating the site?
foreign correspondents,Who felt that the government was involved in the website?
30,How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?
August 2007,When were the 30 team members sworn in?
matching blue tracksuits,What were their official team outfits?
Second Right Brother,Which team member has his own fan following?
30,How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?
August 2007,When were these 30 sworn in?
blue tracksuits,What did these 30 attendants wear?
Second Right Brother,What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?
Carrefour,Which French company was boycotted?
LVMH Group,Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?
the Dalai Lama,Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?
the French flag,What was burned during these boycotts?
LVMH Group,Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?
anti-Chinese racism.,Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?
anti-Japanese protests,"The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?"
People's Daily,Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?
Sohu.com,Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?
May 1,When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?
the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.,The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?
People's Daily,Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?
the Chinese government,Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?
May 1.,What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?
Shoichi Washizawa,Who was the mayor of Nagano?
great nuisance,How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?
a major Buddhist temple,What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?
Shoichi Washizawa,Who was the mayor of Nagano?
great nuisance,What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?
a major Buddhist temple,Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?
lanterns.,In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?
during protests,"The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?"
Hong Kong legislator,Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?
Jin Jing,Which athlete did the official website call an angel?
Western media,Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?
Two,How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?
40,How many members are on each of these two teams?
"the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics","Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?"
mixed,What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? 
Kurt Gödel,Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?
"for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced",What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?
Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book,Why was Gödels finding ironic?
1931,When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?
some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them,What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?
Principia Mathematica,Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?
metaphysics,"Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?"
The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916,What is the origin of the title of the book?
"ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture","How did Whitehead define ""inert ideas""?"
"""education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.""",What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?
1929,"When was ""The Aims of Education and Other Essays"" published?"
between 1912 and 1927,"During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in ""The Aims of Education and Other Essays"" composed?"
1929,What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?
numerous essays and addresses,What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?
inert ideas,What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?
Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts,What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?
"important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life",How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?
"For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model",What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?
"it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom",What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?
a relatively few important concepts,Whitehead's education style was to teach what?
"different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.",What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?
value-free school model,Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?
he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education,What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
"""This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.""",What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians,How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
Bertrand Russell,With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
undergraduate,What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
friend and former student,What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
rank amateur,What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.,What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
"""Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.""",What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?
such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned,What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?
people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress,What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?
Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy,What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?
make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works,"What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?"
they remain unexamined and unquestioned,Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?
basic assumptions about how the universe works,What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?
metaphysical investigations,What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?
reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another,What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?
"event-based or ""process"" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another",What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?
"He used the term ""experience"" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience","How did whitehead define ""experience""?"
"two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental",How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?
"""philosophy of organism""",How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?
Cartesian idea,What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?
"an event-based or ""process"" ontology",Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?
interrelated and dependent,"Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?"
experiential,Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?
process philosophy,"Whitehead's system as ""philosophy of organism"" became widely known as what term?"
"By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete","How did Whitehead define the ""fallacy of misplaced concreteness""?"
"""quality"", ""matter"", and ""form""",What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?
"These ""classical"" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.",Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?
a continuum of overlapping events,How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?
"a ""society"" of events",How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?
"""classical"" concepts","What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?"
change,"Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?"
"quality"", ""matter"", and ""form""",What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?
society,What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?
continuum of overlapping events,"Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?"
"discrete ""occasions of experience"" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing",What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?
"""defining essence"" or a ""core identity""","Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?"
qualitative and secondary to their core identity,"In that line of thinking, how are changes described?"
defining essence,The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?
occasions of experience,"In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?"
time and space,Where do occasions of experience overlap?
"all things flow""","Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?"
people define identities,"In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?"
it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things,Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?
"should not prevent people from realizing that ""material substances"" or ""essences"" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum",What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?
limitations of language,What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?
it is not philosophically or ontologically sound,What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?
limitations of language,Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?
limitations of language,What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?
each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago,Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?
Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things,What is the general materialistic view of an object?
"The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything",How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?
"in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves",What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?
It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.,What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?
it obscures the importance of relations,What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?
materialism,What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?
distinct and discrete,What does Materialism see each object as?
externally,How is each object related to other things?
in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it,How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?
A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it,How does he describe what makes something real?
"if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist","In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?"
"Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.",What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?
nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities,Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?
not be said to really exist.,"If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?"
they are what the thing is,"If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?"
rld around it,What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?
in some way conform to it,A real object forces the universe to do what?
Europe and China,In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?
William Temple,Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?
Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934,"What was the basis for ""Nature, Man and God""?"
practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education,"According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?"
"ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology",What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?
at the University of Chicago's Divinity School,Where were the first followers mainly found?
Henry Nelson Wieman,Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?
John B. Cobb,Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?
"Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams",What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?
China,Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?
modernization and industrialization,What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?
"traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism","What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's ""constructive post-modern"" philosophy?"
John Cobb and David Ray Griffin,What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?
"interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts",Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?
his assertion that matter is an abstraction,what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?
the sheer difficulty and density of his prose,Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?
perception of metaphysics itself as passé,What is a common opinion of metaphysics?
Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools,What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?
American pragmatism,What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?
William James and John Dewey,"What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to ""Process and Reality""?"
Nicholas Rescher,Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?
Charles Sanders Peirce,What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?
Richard Rorty,What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?
It has been severely criticized,How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?
Henry Stapp and David Bohm,What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?
"Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves",What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?
phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes,What are gravitational waves?
Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation,How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order,What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?
Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology,What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?
"For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future",On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?
Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy,What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?
"to challenge ""economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.""",What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?
Xie Bangxiu,Who established the FEELS model in China?
"Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher","What does ""FEELS"" stand for?"
"It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to ""help a person become whole.""",What is the purpose of the FEELS model?
Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China,What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?
Mark Dibben,What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?
"""applied process thought""",What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?
philosophy of management and business ethics,In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?
philosophy of business administration and organizational theory,What business fields has Whitehead influenced?
"this allows ""a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening.""","According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?"
1910s,During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?
"philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics","After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?"
processes,"As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?"
reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another,What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?
Process and Reality,What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?
mathematics,What did Whitehead first study?
philosophy,What was Whitehead's second area of study?
metaphysics,What was Whitehead's final area of study?
metaphysical,What type of system did he develop?
processes,What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?
"Ramsgate, Kent, England",Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?
1861,In what year was Whitehead born?
"Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather",Who founded Chatham House Academy?
minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy,What was Whitehead's father's profession?
"Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster",Who was Whitehead's mother?
"Ramsgate, Kent, England",Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? 
1861,What year was Whitehead born?
minister and schoolmaster,What was Whitehead's father's profession?
"Maria Sarah Whitehead,",What was Whitehead's mother's name?
Evelyn,What was Whitehead's wife's name?
University of London system,In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?
Dean of the Faculty of Science,What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?
chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council,What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?
1924,In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?
Bachelor of Science,What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?
1918,When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
Dean of the Faculty of Science,What was he elected at the University of London?
University of London,Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
1924,When did Whitehead go to America?
Victor Lowe,Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?
his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death,Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?
almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy,What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?
"""No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.""",What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?
two,How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?
Victor Lowe,Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?
all of his papers be destroyed after his death.,What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?
right to privacy,What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?
A Treatise on Universal Algebra,What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?
Bertrand Russell,With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?
professional mathematicians,Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?
An Introduction to Mathematics,What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?
regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century,What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?
mathematics,What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?
three,How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?
Bertrand Russell,Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?
Principia Mathematica,Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?
1898,When did Whitehead write his first book? 
the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class,What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?
comparative study of their several structures,"How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in ""A Treatise on Algebra"" in his review?"
"""It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.""","What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of ""A Treatise on Algebra""?"
expand algebraic structures,Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?
unity of design,What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? 
several structures,Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?
a year,How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
ten years,How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 
"the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)",Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? 
"00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell",Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica,How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
a year,How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
ten years,How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
three,How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
"2,000",How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
Cambridge University Press,Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon,What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?
Gifford lectures,What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?
Process and Reality,Under what name were those lectures later published?
professional philosophers,Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?
Process and Reality,"Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?"
1927–28,When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?
the most difficult to understand,"In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?"
Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest,What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?
perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications,How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?
Henry Nelson Wieman,What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?
Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years,What was the result of that lecture?
Mathews,Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?
Chicago's Divinity School,What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?
1927,When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?
Henry Nelson Wieman,Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?
hired,What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?
"""arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,""","How has ""Process and Reality"" been described? "
"it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – ""that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.""","What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that ""Process and Reality"" is not commonly read and understood?"
he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.,What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?
Process and Reality,Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?
Isabelle Stengers,Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?
how the universe works,What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?
scientific and philosophical problems,What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?
novel solutions,What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?
creativity is the absolute principle of existence,What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?
reaction to them.,"An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?"
consciousness,Most entities do not have what?
the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities,"All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?"
creativity is the absolute principle of existence,Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?
"an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them","Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?"
"has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws",What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?
"comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning ""to seize.""","What is the origin of the word ""prehension""?"
the mind only has private ideas about other entities,What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?
prehension,What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?
Latin,"What language does the term ""prehensio"" come from?"
to seize,"What does the word ""Prehensio"" translate into?"
conscious or unconscious,What entities does the term prehension apply to?
two,How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?
"a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons",What is prehension used to define?
"entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them","What does the term ""prehension"" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?"
"causal efficacy (or ""physical prehension"") and presentational immediacy (or ""conceptual prehension"")",What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?
unmediated by the senses,How do the senses affect causal efficacy?
"it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive",What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?
causal efficacy,What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?
Presentational immediacy,"What is the other term for ""pure sense perception""?"
Presentational immediacy,What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?
"""the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.""",How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?
"""pure sense perception"", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation",How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?
causal relationships,Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?
symbolic reference,What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?
causal relationships,What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?
causation,What does symbolic reference link appearance with?
higher grade mentality,What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?
links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it,What is the purpose of symbolic reference?
"An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair",How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?
"""might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.""",How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?
"""would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.""",How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?
"""life is comparatively deficient in survival value.""",What observation did Whitehead make about life?
they are actively engaged in modifying their environment,What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
"living, living well, and living better",What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
increasing its own satisfaction,What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
survival value,Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
modifying their environment,What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
three,How many goals of living is there?
increasing its own satisfaction,Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
unintelligible,"Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?"
"""they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.""",What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
"""the brief Galilean vision of humility""",What was Whitehead's description of God?
"""the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.""",What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
"primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power",What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
God is not necessarily tied to religion,What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?
primordial nature of God,In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?
the consequent nature,What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?
dipolar,What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?
"His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.",Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?
God's reception of the world's activity,How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?
God saves and cherishes all experiences forever,What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?
It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.,How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?
those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world,What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?
"God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.",What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?
deficient in actuality and change,In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
merely eternally unrealized possibilities,What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another,How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide,How does he define entities' need for God?
"by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time",How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
individual,What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?
"""religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.""",What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?
a system of general truths that transformed a person's character,How did Whitehead define religion?
"while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good","How did Whitehead define ""dangerous delusion"" as it relates to religion?"
solitariness,In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?
"""the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.""",What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?
"meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community",What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?
The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself,How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?
the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent,What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?
through the work of his students and admirers rather,Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?
Bruno Latour,"What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was ""the greatest philosopher of the 20th century""?"
Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs,Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?
"Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine",Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?
"""he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.""",What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?
American progressive theology,In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?
Charles Hartshorne,Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?
developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology,What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?
"John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller",Who are some other distinguished process theologians?
God's relational nature,What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?
"""the fellow sufferer who understands"", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events",How is God usually perceived by process theologians?
people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?,Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?
"as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world",Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?
"""process naturalism"", i.e. a process theology without God.",What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?
biology and economics,"What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?"
"poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory",What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?
geneticist,What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?
Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist,"Who authored ""Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age""?"
process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests,Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?
"""an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.""",What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?
religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world,What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?
a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society,What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?
It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.,What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?
pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior,What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
"ontology that ""understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.""",What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration,What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments,What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?
a conflict of interest,What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?
Professional investment managers,Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?
to maximize their compensation,What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?
plausible deniability,What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?
Countrywide Financial,Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?
"July 11, 2008",On what date did IndyMac fail?
IndyMac,Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?
IndyMac Bank,"Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?"
IndyMac Bancorp,Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?
April 2008,When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
9.27%,"If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?"
$160 million,What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
Moody's,What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
minimum 10% risk-based,What is a well capitalized ratio?
Charles Schumer (D-NY),Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?
a little over $7 billion,"How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?"
June 30,"Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?"
$500 million,How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?
$1.55 billion,How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
7.5%,What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
$10.7 billion,What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
Charles Schumer,"Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a ""run"" on IndyMac?"
unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated,What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
"IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB","What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?"
"US$100,000",What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?
"roughly 10,000 depositors","How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?"
"July 11, 2008",On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?
"July 14, 2008","On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?"
Over 100,How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
Bear Stearns,Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
September and October 2008,When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
"Oct. 6, 2008",When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
Lehman Brothers,What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
money market funds,The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
commercial paper issued by corporations,What do money market funds frequently invest in?
September 2008,When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
$144.5 billion,How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?
4.65%,"What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?"
shadow banking system,Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?
shadow banking system,What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?
investor funds,The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?
U.S. Treasury Secretary,What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?
nearly one-third,How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?
the collapse of the shadow banking system,What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?
Brookings Institution,What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?
some forms of securitization,"What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?"
capital,"As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?"
more than a quarter,How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?
45%,"In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?"
20%,"In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?"
$13 trillion,How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?
$8.8 trillion,How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?
serious,"According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?"
loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth,What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?
Tens of millions,"How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?"
future profits,What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?
much worse,How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?
global economic collapse,"In 2008, what type collapse was feared?"
UBS,What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?
three quarters,"On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?"
Iceland,"Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?"
capital injection,What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?
more than a third,"According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?"
14.4%,"For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?"
21.5%,"For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?"
the rest of the world,Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?
recession in the U.S.,What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?
close to zero,What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?
$251 billion,How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?
"300,000",How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?
sound economic policymaking and good governance,What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?
falls in trade,"According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?"
Arab World,What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?
Foreign Direct Investment,What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?
global downturn,Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?
lower oil prices,What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?
oil prices,What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?
10.1%,What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?
33,What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?
6%,What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?
1983,"The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?"
patent applications,"The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?"
faulty risk-weightings,Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?
financial engineering,What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?
Basel III regulations,What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?
Johan Norberg,Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?
capital ratios,What was increased by Basel III regulations?
June 2009,When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?
June 2009,When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?
2008,When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?
"More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.""",What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?
"January 27, 2010",On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?
"""emerging"" and ""developing"" economies",Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?
69%,How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
global economic growth,What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?
31%,"How much global GDP did ""advanced"" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?"
Advanced economies,What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?
Krugman,Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?
December 2010,When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?
2006,"According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?"
commercial mortgage-backed securities,What are CMBS?
the crisis in commercial real estate,"According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate?"
collateralized debt obligation,What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?
$70 trillion,How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?
roughly doubled in size,How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?
mortgage-backed security,What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?
U.S. Treasury bonds,"In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?"
collateralized debt obligation,What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime?
extending or increasing the housing bubble,What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations?
investment-grade ratings,What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies?
single pool,What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into?
Securities with lower priority,What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return?
over 20%,How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?
mid-2006,When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?
nearly 1.3 million,How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?
81%,What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?
14.4%,How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?
1.0%,Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?
to combat a perceived risk of deflation,What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?
a housing bubble,"In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?"
excessive credit growth,What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?
Lower interest rates,What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?
$650 billion,"Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004?"
5.8%,What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004?
Asia and oil-exporting nations,What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports?
capital account,What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit?
foreign funds,Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports?
July 2004,When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly?
adjustable-rate mortgage,What does ARM stand for:
inversely,How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?
raised the Fed funds rate,"Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?"
dramatically declined in value,How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?
Citigroup,Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?
220,How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?
60%,What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective?
"1,600","In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?"
over 80%,"During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?"
Clayton Holdings,Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?
54%,"According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?"
23,How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? 
28%,"Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?"
"900,000",How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?
Predatory lending,What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans?
Countrywide Financial,What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?
adjustable rate mortgage (ARM),Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised?
negative amortization,What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid?
classic bait-and-switch,What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use?
California Attorney General Jerry Brown,Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?
adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs),What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?
disappeared,What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?
Office of Thrift Supervision,Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?
weak credit,What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?
Paul Krugman,What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?
Timothy Geithner,Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?
OECD,Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?
regulatory framework,It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?
Basel,What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?
became highly leveraged,What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?
complex,What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?
government,Who bailed out financial institutions?
bankruptcy,Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?
complex financial instruments,What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?
five,How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?
financial shock,U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?
capital requirements,Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?
over $4.1 trillion,How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?
Lehman Brothers,What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?
saving more during adverse economic conditions,What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?
paradox of thrift,What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?
can cause or deepen a recession,What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?
Hyman Minsky,"Who is the economist who described a ""paradox of deleveraging""?"
their assets,Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?
Janet Yellen,Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?
we were in a recession,What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?
recession,What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?
cancelling planned investments,What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?
balance sheet deleveraging,What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?
financial innovation,What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?
adjustable-rate mortgage,What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?
CDS,What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?
mortgage-backed securities (MBS),What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?
expanded dramatically,What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?
Q1 2007,When did the issuance of CDO peak?
$20 billion,What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?
over $180 billion,What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?
36%,What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?
under $20 billion,What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?
innovative financial products,Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?
multiplied the number of actors connected,What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?
indirect information,What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?
computer models of rating agencies,What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?
2005,In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?
interest rates or fees,What is a measurement of pricing of risk?
pricing of risk,What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?
lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures,"According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?"
"straightforward, readily understandable format",How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?
far more disruptive,What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?
risk inherent with financial innovation,What did market participants fail to measure accurately?
a variety of reasons,What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have?
approximately 32 cents on the dollar,How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?
approximately five cents for every dollar,How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?
$450bn,How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?
AIG,What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?
credit default swaps,What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?
September 2008,When did the government take over AIG?
over $180 billion,How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?
a premium,What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?
George Soros,Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?
more complex,What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?
the originators of synthetic products,Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?
the banks,"When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?"
international bond rating agencies,Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?
World Scientific,"Who published ""Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas"" in 2007?"
2006,When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?
Merrill Lynch,"The volume ""Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas"" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?"
some of the copula limitations,"What did the volume ""Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas"" propose models to rectify?"
2006,"What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?"
Timothy Geithner,Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?
2009,What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?
"""parallel"" banking system","In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?"
shadow banking system,"What is the ""parallel"" banking system also called?"
maturity mismatch,What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?
spring of 2007,When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?
fall of 2008,When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?
More than a third,How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds?
Brookings Institution,What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?
a number of years,How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?
Mark Zandi,What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?
securitization markets,"In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?"
close to $2 trillion,What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?
less than $150 billion,What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?
TALF,Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?
Rapid increases,"Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?"
nearly tripled from $50 to $147,How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?
plunging,What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?
monetary policy,What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? 
gasoline,"Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?"
Michael Greenberger,"Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?"
IntercontinentalExchange,Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?
"Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP",Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?
IntercontinentalExchange (ICE),Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?
London and New York,Where are regulated future exchanges located?
Ailsa McKay,Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?
mainstream economics,Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?
feminist economics,"According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?"
a reshaping,"What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?"
Raghuram Rajan,Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?
2005,When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?
at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan,"In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?"
"""Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?""",What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?
tail risks,What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?
Raghuram Rajan,Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?
Great Moderation,What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?
Dirk Bezemer,Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?
as a vindication,How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?
Alan Greenspan,Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?
BusinessWeek,Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?
Great Depression,The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?
The Wharton School,Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?
Nouriel Roubini,Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?
"""Dr. Doom""",What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?
Nassim Nicholas Taleb,Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?
David Brooks,What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?
the breakdown of the banking system,What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?
banking stocks,What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?
Phil Dow,Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?
50%,How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?
54.7%,What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?
Floyd Norris,Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?
Northern Rock,Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?
Bank of England,Who did Northern Rock request security from?
September 2007,When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?
February 2008,When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?
Northern Rock,Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?
the borrower’s income,IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?
Appraisals,What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?
poor,IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?
risky,IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?
issuing criteria,IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?
half,How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?
63,"In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?"
77,How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?
50,How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?
poorest families,Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?
European Commission at Brussels,"On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?"
0.1%,How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?
−1.0%,How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?
the IMF,"On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?"
3%,"On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?"
expand money supplies,What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?
enacted large fiscal stimulus packages,What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?
lender-of-last-resort,What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?
expanded liquidity facilities,What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?
self-reinforcing decline,What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?
credit freeze,What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?
US$2.5 trillion,How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?
$1.5 trillion,How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?
Joseph Stiglitz,"In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?"
investing internationally in emerging markets,What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?
a series of regulatory proposals,What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?
consumer protection,What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?
proprietary,Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?
Paul Volcker,"Who were proposed new regulations called ""The Volcker Rule"" named after?"
Paul Volcker,Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?
May 2010,When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?
December 2009,When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?
Volcker Rule,What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?
Senate,Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?
bailout of banks,What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?
trillions of U.S. dollars,How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?
"August 9, 2007",What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?
2012,What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?
BNP Paribas,What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?
2004,What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?
2009,What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?
escalate,Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?
subprime,One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?
capital,"In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?"
Levin–Coburn Report,What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?
Glass-Steagall Act,Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?
credit rating agencies,What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?
regulatory,What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?
mortgage-backed securities,What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?
collateralized debt obligations,What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?
major global financial institutions,"When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?"
institutions and investors around the world,Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?
mortgage payments and housing prices,MBS and CDO derive their value from?
trillions of U.S. dollars,How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?
foreclosure,What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?
late 2006,What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?
other loan types,What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?
foreclosure epidemic,What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?
investment banks and hedge funds,What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?
investment banks and hedge funds,What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?
financialization,What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?
deregulation,What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?
U.S. Government policy,"Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?"
MBS,Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?
slowing economic activity,What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?
central banks,Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?
Governments,Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?
large loan defaults or MBS losses,What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?
January 2011,When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?
the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation,What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?
Federal Reserve,What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?
key policy makers,Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?
financial firms,Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?
tough competition,What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?
2003,In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?
2004–2007,What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?
2004–2007,What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?
government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs),Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?
six,How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?
Paul Krugman,Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?
government affordable housing policy,Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?
GSE loans,"According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?"
4,How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?
13 million,How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? 
over $2 trillion,What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?
HUD,Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?
6,How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO),Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
Bush administration,Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?
"September 10, 2003",On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation,"What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?"
House Financial Services Committee,Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
$467 billion,What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?
10%,What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?
Community Reinvestment Act,What does CRA stand for?
25%,What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?
25%,What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?
1995,When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?
$4.5 trillion,How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?
high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average),What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?
prime,How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?
"after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001",When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?
"credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.",What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?
derivatives,"Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?"
Portfolio Magazine,Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?
derivatives,What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?
"credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs",What are some names of derivatives?
substandard,Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?
low or no downpayments,What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?
it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans,"According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?"
1997–2007,Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?
Krugman,Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?
160,How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?
the Saint-Barthélemy Channel,What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?
little Turtle rocks,"What does ""Roques"" mean in English?"
the Renaissance,St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?
satellite islets,What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts?
Saint-Barthélemoise,What are the people of St. Barts called?
French,What is the native language of St. Barts?
500–700,About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?
French,Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?
racially,How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?
Saint Martin,What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?
five,How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?
in March 2012,When was the last election held for the executive council positions?
15 July 2007,When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?
nineteen,How many people are on the Territorial Council?
September 2014,When was the last senate election in St. Barts?
the European Union,What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?
One,How many senators represent St. Barts in France?
2008,What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?
thirteen,How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?
Agricultural production,What is often difficult on the island?
Sweet potato,What is grown in patches on the island?
salt,What seasoning is found naturally on the island?
fishing,What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?
Gustavia,What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?
the rich and famous,St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?
"200,000",How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?
"€61,200,000",What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?
wealth generated by wealthy tourists,What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?
by airplane,Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?
25,About how many hotels does St. Barts have?
58,How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?
Portugal,Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?
12,How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?
400,About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?
succulent,What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?
The eastern part,Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?
several hundred,A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?
Sea grapes,What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?
the Pacific islands,Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?
aloe or aloe vera,What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?
cereus,What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?
South America,Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?
1773,When did the british army invade the island?
barbary,What type of fig grows on the island?
May,When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?
December,When is the beggining of the whale migration season?
Turtles,What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?
jellyfish,What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?
amidst tall sea grasses,Where do green turtles live?
pearly-pink,What color are conch shells?
conch,What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?
shallow waters,Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?
ghost,What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?
garbage and sewerage,What do hermit crabs eat?
1.200,How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?
sea turtles,What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?
Anchoring,What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?
Reserve Naturelle,What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?
mooring buoys,Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?
the Swedes,Who built the three forts on St. Barts?
Gustav Adolph,What was the former name of Fort Oscar?
1787,When was Fort Gustav built?
ruins,Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?
La Pointe,On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?
over 70,How many restaurants does the island have?
in the hotels,Where are most of the nice restaurants located?
les petits creux,What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?
spicier,Creole food is often what?
gastronomic,What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?
every alternate year,How often is the AG2R Race held?
Concarneau,Where does the AG2R originate from?
boats,What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?
10 m,What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?
two,How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?
the north coast,Where is the airport located on the island?
charters,What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?
Princess Juliana International Airport,What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?
Sint Maarten,What Island is the nearest major airport located on?
Gustaf III,What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?
France,What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of?
Saint-Barth,What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy?
English,In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts?
Ouanalao,What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island?
west,In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy?
volcanic,What kind of island is St. Barts?
"9,035",What is the population of St. Barts?
Gustavia,What is the capital of St. Barts?
Swedish,What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?
the winter holiday season,When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?
Guadeloupe,St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?
2003,When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?
2007,When did St. Barts finally received its independence?
Hotel de la Collectivité,What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?
A senator,Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? 
Colombier Bay,What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?
small,Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?
visible coral reef,The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?
shallow,Reefs are almost always in what type of water?
a marine reserve,Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?
22,How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?
15,How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?
leeward,What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?
windward,What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?
windsurfing,The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?
arid,What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?
"2,500",How many hectares does the island have in total?
1000 mm,How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?
November,When does summer end in St. Barts?
13 °C,What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?
1744,When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?
1785,What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?
Carénage,What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?
Gustavia,What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?
the Caribbean war,What war occurred in the 18th century?
St. Barts Municipal Museum,What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?
Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy,What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?
Gustavia,What town is the Museum located in?
British,"Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?"
Creole,What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?
molecular biology and genetics,In what fields of science is the genome studied?
DNA,What is the content of the human genome?
RNA,What constitutes the viral genome?
Hans Winkler,Who coined the word genome?
1920,In what year was the word genome first created?
University of Hamburg,At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?
"biome, rhizome",Which two similar words share etymology with genome?
half,A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?
meiosis,What process splits the chromosome between gametes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts,What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?
genomics,What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?
single genes or groups of genes,"In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?"
sequenced,What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?
C-value paradox,What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?
trichomoniasis,Which organism has the most genes?
"60,000",How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?
three times,"Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?"
Walter Fiers,Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?
Bacteriophage MS2,Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?
Fred Sanger,Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?
Institute for Genomic Research,What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?
1996,In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?
US National Institutes of Health,Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?
mouse,What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?
puffer fish,What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?
December 2013,When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?
"130,000",How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?
massive parallel sequencing,What is a recent development in sequencing methods?
Manteia Predictive Medicine,Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?
James D. Watson,Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?
the structure of DNA,What is Watson famous for helping discover?
genome map,What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?
The Human Genome Project,Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?
Jean Weissenbach,Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?
Genoscope,Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
Genome composition,What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?
evolutionary history,What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?
prokaryotes and eukaryotes,What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?
exon-intron,What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?
mammals and plants,In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?
pathogenic microbe,What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?
virus,What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?
plasmids,Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?
"plants, protozoa and animals",What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?
plastome,What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?
mitochondrial genome,What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?
Genome size,What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?
morphological complexity,What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?
repetitive DNA,What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?
minimal genomes,What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?
in vivo and in silico,In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?
Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes,What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
proportion of non-repetitive DNA,"In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?"
genome size,What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
E. coli,What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?
C. elegans and fruit fly,What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?
20%,What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
tandem repeats and interspersed repeats,What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?
proportion of repetitive DNA,What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
Tandem repeats,Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?
satellite DNA and microsatellites,What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?
interspersed repeats.,What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?
Transposable elements,What is the main source of interspersed repeats?
genome evolution,What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?
retrotransposons,What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?
DNA transposons,What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?
RNA,What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?
cut and paste,What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?
RNA,DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?
karyotype,What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?
"genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content","Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?"
Duplications,What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?
genetic novelty,What is a possible product of duplications?
Horizontal gene transfer,What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?
microbes,In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?
chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes,Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?
comprehensive school,What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?
selective school system,What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?
England and Wales,What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?
90%,How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?
Gesamtschule,What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?
design and technology and vocational learning,What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?
Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges,What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?
City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes,Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?
164,How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?
1965,In what year were comprehensive schools first created?
neighbourhood,What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?
"Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges",What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?
1970s,In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?
7 to 16,What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?
comprehensive,What type of school is the Gesamtschule?
remedial,What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?
"the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur",What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?
50%,What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
less than 1%,What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
Stadtteilschule,What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?
Sekundarschule,What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?
2010/2011,In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?
college preparatory classes,What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?
Abitur,What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?
Hauptschule,What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?
grade inflation,What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?
Barbara Sommer,Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?
Sigrid Beer,Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?
Christian Democratic Union,Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?
Alliance '90/The Greens,Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?
bright working class students,Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?
middle class peers,From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?
Hauptschule,At which school do students achieve the least success?
Helmut Fend,Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?
tripartite system,To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?
1972,When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?
sixth form,Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?
A-levels,What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?
1966,When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?
Patrick Hillery,Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?
vocational school system,What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?
community school,What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?
1970s,In what decade were community schools conceived?
The state,Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?
the denominational basis of the schools,What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?
Community colleges,What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?
1946,In what year was the Walworth School established?
London County Council,Who established the Walworth School?
Holyhead County School,What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?
1949,When was Holyhead County School established?
Woodlands Boys School,Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
Anthony Crosland,Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?
Secretary of State for Education,what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?
Secondary technical schools,Which type of school was not in widespread usage?
Margaret Thatcher,Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?
comprehensive,What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?
Conservative,What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?
1975,By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?
neighbourhood comprehensives,What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?
comprehensive schools,Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?
Sandwell and Dudley,What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?
James Callaghan,Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?
Comprehensive school,What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?
Labour,Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?
Education Reform Act,What law enables parents full control over their child's education?
1988,In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?
specialisation,What concept does the government currently support for education?
league tables of school performance,Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?
comprehensive,All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
specialist schools,What has Scotland refused to adopt?
2005,When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
Scotland,Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?
England and Wales,Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?
République du Congo,What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?
Central African Republic,Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?
Gabon,Whic country lies on Congo's western border?
Cameroon,Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?
Central Africa,In what part of Africa is the Congo located?
Bantu,What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?
1960,When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?
Denis Sassou Nguesso,Who is the ruler of the Congo?
President,What title does Nguesso hold?
fourth,What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?
oil revenues,What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?
Pygmy,What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?
1500 BC,When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?
Bantu,The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?
Diogo Cão,Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?
Portuguese,What was Diogo Cao's nationality?
"commodities, manufactured goods, and people",What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?
late 19th century,When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?
Bantu societies,Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?
1880,When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?
Pierre de Brazza,Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?
Middle Congo,What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?
French Equatorial Africa,What group of French colonies was created in 1908?
"14,000",How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?
Brazzaville,What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?
Brazzaville Conference of 1944,What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?
1946,When did Brazzaville get its own local government?
the Fourth Republic,What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
1958,When was the Fifth Republic founded?
the AEF,What was disbanded in 1958?
the Republic of the Congo,"In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?"
1959,When did the Congo establish its first constitution?
"August 15, 1960",On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?
Fulbert Youlou,Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?
Alphonse Massamba-Débat,Who replaced Youlou?
labour elements and rival political parties,Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?
Congolese military,Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?
Massamba-Débat,Who became president of the Congo in 1963?
scientific socialism,What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?
Cuban,Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?
September 1968,When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?
Marien Ngouabi,Who became president of the Congo in 1968?
People's Republic of the Congo,What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?
Congolese Labour Party,What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?
1972,In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?
"March 16, 1977",On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?
Eastern Bloc,Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?
the Soviet Union,Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?
dictatorship,What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?
political repression,What was an important tool of the Sassou government?
Pascal Lissouba,Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?
IMF,Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?
civil war,What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?
enhanced structural adjustment facility,What does ESAF stand for?
Lissouba and Sassou,Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?
Cobras,What is the name of Sassou's personal army?
Angolan,What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?
October,In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?
Milongo,Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?
seven years,How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?
January 2002,When was the new constitution ratified?
April 2003,When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?
Sassou,Who won the presidential election in 2009?
Congolese Observatory of Human Rights,Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?
very low,What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?
multi-party,What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?
Congolese Labour Party,Which party does Sassou belong to?
Parti Congolais du Travail,What is the French term for Sassou's political party?
corruption revelations,What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?
France,What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?
"March 27, 2015",When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?
third,Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?
the government,Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008
one,How many government TV stations exist?
10,How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?
Bantus,Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?
pets,The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?
"December 30, 2010",When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?
4°N and 5°S,Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?
11° and 19°E,Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?
Atlantic Ocean,What ocean connects to the Congo?
Cabinda,Which country lies southwest of the Congo?
Angola,What is another name for Cabinda?
Brazzaville,What is the capital of the Congo?
Congo River,On what river can Brazzaville be found?
Kinshasa,What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?
Democratic Republic of the Congo,What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?
coastal plain,What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?
Kouilou-Niari River,Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?
plateau,The middle of the country features what kind of geography?
Forests,What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?
Equator,On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?
24 °C (75 °F),What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?
16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F),What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?
June to August,When does the Congo experience dry season?
Wildlife Conservation Society,Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?
Sangha Region,What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?
inhospitable swamps,What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?
Petroleum,What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?
budget problems and overstaffing,What are two issues in the Congolese government?
forestry,What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?
65%,What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?
92%,What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?
large-scale development projects,What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?
5%,What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?
50%,By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?
46%,How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?
civil war,What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?
slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict,What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?
December 1998,When did military conflict resume in the Congo?
stimulating recovery and reducing poverty,What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?
Natural gas and diamonds,What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?
2007,When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?
"base metal, gold, iron and phosphate",What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?
Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa,What business organization is the Congo a member of?
"200,000 hectares",How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?
"land, air and water",What forms of transport are available in the Congo?
1930s,When was the Congo's train system built?
Paris,What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?
Atlantic Ocean,On what ocean is a major port located?
southwest,In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?
534-kilometre (332 mi),How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?
62,How many languages are used in the Congo?
Kongo,What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?
2%,How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?
12%,What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?
"about 9,000","Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?"
French,What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?
Around 300,How many Americans live in the Congo?
Catholics,What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?
22.3%,What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?
19.9%,What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?
1.6%,What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?
foreign workers,Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?
8.9%,How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?
2.8%,What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?
$30,How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?
20,"For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?"
560,"As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?"
Female genital mutilation,What does FGM stand for?
59.34,"How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?"
16,Public schooling is required for people under what age?
44%,What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?
baccalaureate,What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?
French,What language is used in Congolese schools?
executive,What branch of government does the prime minister lead?
cabinet,What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?
civil service,"In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?"
Westminster system,What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?
ceremonial,What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
ensure the passage of bills,What is a central duty of the prime minister?
royal prerogative,What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?
parliament,Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?
First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service,What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?
Minister of Defence,"In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?"
1625,When was the title of prime minister first used?
Cardinal Richelieu,Who coined the term prime minister?
France,What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?
Louis XIV,Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?
18th century,When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?
Sir Robert Walpole,Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?
Thomas Cromwell,Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?
Godolphin,Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?
Clarendon,Who served as the head minister under Charles II?
the monarch,From whom did ministers derive their power?
the monarch,Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?
Harley and St John,Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?
Clarendon,Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?
Glorious Revolution,What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?
Bill of Rights,What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?
House of Commons,What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?
George I,The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?
1714,In what year did Queen Anne die?
Hanover,Where was George I's home?
twenty-one years,For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?
Whig,What party did Walpole belong to?
doctrine of cabinet solidarity,What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?
resign,What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?
Lord Melbourne,Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?
parliamentarians and legal scholars,"Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?"
George II and George III,Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?
Benjamin Disraeli,During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?
1905,When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?
president,"In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?"
Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah,Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?
1970,When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?
Bahrain,What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?
parliamentary republics,"Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?"
parliamentary republics,In whic type of government is the leader elected?
Premier of the State Council,What is the term for the head of China's government?
Taiwan,What is another name for the Republic of China?
legislature,Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?
cohabitation,What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?
resignation of the government,What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?
Bangladesh's,Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?
the process of his/her appointment and dismissal,What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?
the National People's Congress,What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?
Zŏnglĭ,What is the pinyin form of premier?
the Constitution Act,Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?
1982,When was the Constitution Act passed?
federal and provincial first ministers,The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?
constitution,What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?
first decade of the twentieth century,When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?
Balfour,Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?
1905,When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?
Margaret Thatcher,Which prime minister was appointed only one time?
1979,When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?
1990,When did Thatcher last hold power?
cabinet,What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?
Taoiseach,What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?
the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament,From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?
after every general election,When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?
lower house of parliament,Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?
upper houses,"Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?"
vote of confidence,What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?
head of state,Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?
resignation of the prime minister and his or her government,"If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?"
prime minister,"In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?"
1918,When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?
1937,"In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?"
the Executive Council,The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?
cabinet,What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?
spill motion,What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?
Chairman of the government,What is the Russian term for prime minister?
Rosh HaMemshalah,What is the Israeli term for prime minister?
President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno),What is the term used in spain for prime minister?
Taoiseach,What is the Irish term for prime minister?
president of the council of ministers,What is the Italian term for the prime minister?
statsminister,What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?
premier,What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?
Germany and Austria,Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?
Minister of State,What is the head of Monaco's government called?
Secretary of State,What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?
President,What is the head of Iran's government called?
non-Commonwealth countries,In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?
Right Honourable,What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council,What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?
Canada,What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?
devolved,What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?
First Minister,"What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?"
Pradhan Mantri,What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?
Wazir-e-Azam,What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?
Grand Vizier,What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?
Office of the Prime Minister,What is the head of government's office called in Canada?
Cabinet Office,What is the head of government's office called in the UK?
IT,What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?
19th century,In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?
École Polytechnique,What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?
Greek,What language does the French word polytechnique come from?
polytechnic,"What word means the same thing as ""institute of technology""?"
the Berg-Schola,What was the first institute of technology in the world?
World War II,What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?
Collegium Carolinum,What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?
1794,In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?
institutions of higher education,What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?
1992,In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?
University of Westminster,What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?
Regent Street,What street is the University of Westminster on?
polytechnics,What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?
University of Technology,What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?
College of Advanced Education system,"What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?"
TAFE,What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?
Melbourne Polytechnic,What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?
2009,TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?
seven,"In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?"
Fachhochschule,What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?
master's degrees,"In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?"
hogeschool,What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?
academization,What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?
four,How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?
three,How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?
Cambodia,"What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?"
Affiliate Schools,What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?
Quebec,In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?
public funding,"In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?"
Polytechnics Canada,What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?
collaborative institute-industry projects,What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?
1895,In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?
Capital University,What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?
half,What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?
1997,What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?
The Geophysics Institute,What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?
Quito Astronomical Observatory,What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?
National Polytechnic School,What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?
1873,When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?
one,EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?
the country's development,"If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?"
50,"MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?"
Instituts de technologie,What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?
180,How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?
160,How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?
Finland,In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?
ammattikorkeakoulus,What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?
yrkeshögskola,What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?
technology,Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?
institut universitaire de technologie,What are an institute of technology called in France?
IUT,What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?
Fachhochschule,What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?
Polytechnicum,"In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?"
18th,What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?
Escola Politécnica,What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?
1970s,Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?
teaching,"Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?"
business,"In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?"
TU,What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?
research,What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?
medicine,Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?
nine,How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?
17,How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?
"290,000",What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?
Saxony,Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule,"What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?"
Higher Education Reform Act,What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?
The Hong Kong Polytechnic,What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?
Hong Kong Technical College,What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?
1984,In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?
1994,When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?
copper,What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?
1735,What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?
Court Chamber of Vienna,Who established the Berg-Schola?
16,How many private institutes of technology are there in India?
30,How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?
AICTE,What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?
Diploma in Engineering,What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?
four,How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?
three,"Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?"
Regional Technical College,What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?
Dublin Institute of Technology,What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?
Politecnico,What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?
two,"Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?"
Genoa,What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?
Imperial College of Engineering,What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?
sciences,What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?
Malaysia,What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?
UNESCO,What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?
Ipoh,In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
32,How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?
"60,840",How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?
"87,440",How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?
"University of Technology, Mauritius",What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?
technology,What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?
New Zealand,"What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?"
Universal College of Learning,What does UCOL stand for?
1989,In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?
Wellington Polytechnic,What school did Massey University combine with?
1990s,In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?
Central Institute of Technology,What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?
North Island,What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?
Auckland University of Technology,What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?
10th,"In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?"
trades,"What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?"
three,How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?
BE,What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?
F.Sc,What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?
Politechnika,What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?
bacharelatos,What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?
Bologna Process,What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?
Millennia Institute,What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
5,How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?
three,How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
queen Maria Theresa,What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?
1735,What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?
silver and gold,The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?
1764,What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?
teaching,What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?
Technikons,What are polytechnics called in South Africa?
1993,What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?
2004,When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?
technical colleges,Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?
bachelor's degrees,What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?
Pathumwan Institute of Technology,What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi,What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?
Institute of Technology and Vocational Education,What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology,What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?
Suranaree University of Technology,What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?
1989,What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?
Mahanakorn University of Technology,What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?
Bursa Technical University,What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?
six,"When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?"
Ankara and Trabzon,What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?
1970,What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?
the UK Council for National Academic Awards,What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?
Central Institutions,What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?
Royal Polytechnic Institution,What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?
two,How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?
Loughborough University of Technology,What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?
1960s,In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?
the Further and Higher Education Act 1992,What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?
CNAA,The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?
university colleges,"If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?"
20th century,What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?
high school,A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?
1824,In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,"Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?"
middle class,What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?
1950s,When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?
Caracas,What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?
Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio,Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?
World Wide Web,Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?
Internet Archive,Which company made the Wayback Machine?
San Francisco,Where is Internet Archive headquartered?
Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat,What individuals founded Internet Archive?
three dimensional index,What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?
Linux,What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?
if the content has changed,When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?
to archive the entire Internet,What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show,What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?
Mr. Peabody and Sherman,Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?
WABAC machine,What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?
1996,When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?
crawlers,What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?
robots exclusion standard,What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?
Archive-It.org,What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?
digital tape,What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?
researchers and scientists,Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?
fifth anniversary,At what milestone was the archive made public?
"University of California, Berkeley",Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?
Snapshots,What are the saved versions of a site called?
six months,What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
variable,What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
After August 2008,When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?
Jeff Kaplan,Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?
November 2010,When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?
three petabytes,"In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?"
12 terabytes/month,"As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?"
PetaBox rack systems,Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
Capricorn Technologies,Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
2009,When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?
Sun Open Storage,Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?
Sun Microsystems' California campus,Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?
2011,When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?
March 2011,When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?
2008,The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?
2010,The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?
Save a Page,What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?
October 2013,When was Save a Page made available?
"Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.",What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?
Chordiant,Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?
the robots.txt file,What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?
Internet Archive,Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?
Chordiant,Which party did Internet Archive side with?
Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd,Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?
"Northern District of California, San Jose Division",In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?
Chordiant,Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?
TVP Polonia,What does Telewizja Polska operate?
the Dish Network,What is EchoStar's platform?
Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys,Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?
district Court Judge Ronald Guzman,Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?
in examining a patent application,When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?
authoritative statement of the archivist,What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?
technical,What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?
underlying links,The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?
forms,What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?
e-commerce,What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?
copyright laws,What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?
delete pages from its system,What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?
FAQ,In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
Scientology,Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?
the site owner,Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?
Church of Scientology,Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?
Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey,Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?
Healthcare Advocates,"Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?"
Internet Archive,Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?
the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act,What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?
voluntary,What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Robots.txt,What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Robots.txt,"If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?"
Internet Archive,Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?
Suzanne Shell,Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?
profane-justice.org,What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
Northern District of California,In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
District of Colorado,In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
"April 25, 2007",When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
Internet Archive,Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
Suzanne Shell,Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
DMCA requests,What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
Federal Court of Canada,What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
"the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)",What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?
"from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795",The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?
"Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands",What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?
"Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg",The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
Flanders,Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg,The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V,Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?
1568,In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
"high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces",Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
1579,In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?
a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries,Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
the Act of Abjuration,What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
1581,In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army,What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
1582,"In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?"
1583,"In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?"
10 July 1584,When was William of Orange assassinated?
Elizabeth I,Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
1588,In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795,What events created the Batavian Republic?
France,The republican forces fled to which country?
the Batavian Republic,The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
1813,In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?
"""United Provinces of the Netherlands"" and ""United Netherlands""",What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
"Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège",The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?
the Dutch Golden Age,The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?
The County of Holland,What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
1602,When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?
Rotterdam,Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?
six,The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?
Amsterdam,Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?
1590–1712,The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?
Africa and the Pacific,The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?
breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient,What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
seven,The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?
"the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government",Who were the Generality Lands governed by?
representatives of each of the seven provinces,The States General was made up of what?
the County of Drenthe,What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes,Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
raadspensionaris,The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
the stadtholder,Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
the stadtholder,Who commanded the army?
the states of each province,Who appointed the stadtholders?
"the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent",Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
Zeeland and usually Utrecht,Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
Orangists,"What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?"
Republicans,Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
the Peace of Westphalia,Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden),The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
"Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)",What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
The States General of the United Provinces,Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
Holland and/or Zeeland,Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
The framers of the US Constitution,Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
James Madison,"Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting ""Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."""
"the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces",The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579,What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
personal religion,What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
William of Orange,Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
Catholic services,What was forbidden in all provinces?
the Reformed Church,What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
the time period and regional or city leaders,The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city,What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
personal freedom of religion,What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
predestination,What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
"the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants",The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
the Synod of Dort,What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
in the 18th century,When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
as long as their services took place secretly in private churches,Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
Greek,"What language does the word ""symbiosis"" come from?"
lichens,"What type of organism did Frank apply the term ""symbiosis"" to?"
German,What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
130 years,How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?
obligate,What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?
facultative,What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?
lichens,What is an example of an obligate relationship?
mistletoe,What is an example of ectosymbiosis?
disjunctive symbiosis,What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
endosymbiosis,What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
insects,What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?
Frankia,What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
algae,What endosymbionts live in coral? 
barnacles,What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?
lice,Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.
exosymbiosis,What is another name for ectosymbiosis?
interspecies reciprocal altruism,What is another term for mutualism?
lifelong,Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?
mutualistic,What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
Coral reefs,What do coral and algae produce together?
fix carbon from the air,How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
mycorrhyzal,What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
ocellaris clownfish,What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?
A special mucus,What prevents the clownfish from being stung?
mutual symbiosis,What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?
the goby fish,What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?
its tail,What part of the fish is used to signal danger?
non-obligate,What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?
the late 1980s,When were the worms found?
nutrition,What does the bacteria give the worm?
the Galapagos Islands,What land is near the worms' first known location?
nutrients,What is given to the host cell?
specialized cells,What does the host make that affect its genes?
vertical transmission,In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?
drastic reduction in its genome size,What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?
Muller's ratchet phenomenon,What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?
lack of selection mechanisms,What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?
Latin,"What language do the roots of ""commensal"" come from?"
Commensalism,What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?
inquilinism,What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?
metabiosis,What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?
phoresy,In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?
A parasitic relationship,Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?
necrotrophic,What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?
biotrophic,What is it called when parasites need their host to live?
as many as half,What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?
a tick,Name a biotrophic organism.
Amensalism,What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?
competition and antibiosis,What kinds of amensalism are there?
competition,"When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?"
juglone,What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?
weevils,What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?
shrub,What does the Spanish ibex eat?
Amensalism,What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?
Synnecrosis,What type of relationship harms both organisms?
death,What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?
uncommon,How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?
to protect the hive,Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?
the evolution of all eukaryotes,What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?
"plants, animals, fungi, and protists",What are eukaryotes?
symbiosis,What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?
Dorion Sagan,Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?
a major role,How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?
nectar and large sticky pollen,What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?
dependent,What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?
Forces armées canadiennes,What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
the National Defence Act,What law constitutes the CAF?
Her Majesty,Who are the CAF supposed to protect?
Forces canadiennes,What does CF stand for in this context?
four,How many sub components are there?
the National Defence Act,What act defines the CAF?
Queen Elizabeth II,Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?
the Governor General of Canada,Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?
the Chief of the Defence Staff,Who leads the CAF?
the Armed Forces Council.,Who advises the Chief of the Defence?
Cold War,What war were the CAF involved in?
the security of Europe,What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?
the Soviet military threat,What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?
the early 1950s,Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?
the early 1990s,What year did the CAF leave Europe?
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),What Treaty is the CAF part of?
international security operations,What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?
Afghanistan,What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?
2002,What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?
out of area,Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?
Canada First Defence Strategy,What is Canada's defense policy based on?
2008,When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?
six core missions,How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?
North America,What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?
conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy,What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?
deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?
the American Air Forces,What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?
military training,What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?
relationship-building efforts,What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?
1867,What year was Canada united in a confederation?
French and British forces,The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?
European powers,What is one of the threats that faced them?
the American Revolutionary War,What American war threatened Canada?
invasion by the United States,"Early on, what did they defend against with the British?"
the British Crown-in-Council,Who initially had military command?
Halifax,Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?
1906,When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?
the Department of Militia and Defence,The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?
November 1940,When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?
Second Boer War,When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?
British command,Under what command did they serve?
the First World War,When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?
Second World War,What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?
Korean War,What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?
more than 200 operations,How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?
72,How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?
"Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War",What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?
United Nations Peacekeeping operations,What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?
an aircraft carrier,What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?
the Normandy Landings,What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?
the strategic bombing of German cities,What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?
the Battle of Vimy Ridge,What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?
Croatia,What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?
the largest volunteer army ever,Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?
the Soviet Union,What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?
Japanese,Which other country had a sizable naval army?
1 February 1968,When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?
"the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force",What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?
the British government,What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?
1931,When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?
the First World War,What war aided Canadian legislative independence?
Canadian Armed Forces,What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?
After the 1980s,When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?
2013,When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?
Canadian Forces,What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Land Forces,What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?
2011,Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?
ISAF,What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?
the Government of Afghanistan,Who requested the aid of the Canadians?
peacekeeping,What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?
approximately $20.1 billion,What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?
74th in size,How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?
"approximately 119,000",What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?
2020,"By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?"
"around 124,000",What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?
the Canada First Defence Strategy,What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?
"through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness",How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?
loss of existing members,What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?
"main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles",What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?
C-130 Hercules,What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?
CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters,What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?
2006,When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?
"medicine, communication, logistics, and administration",What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?
1971,What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?
"vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers",What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?
the Department changed its policies,Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?
"infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery",Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.
5 February 1987,On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?
the Minister of National Defence,Who created an office to study these effects?
Combat-Related Employment of Women,What was the study called?
1989,What year were most military occupations opened to women?
submarine service,What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?
100 percent,By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?
the government of Jean Chretien,Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?
equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force,What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?
"Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots",What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?
an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments,What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?
It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.,What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?
The Canadian constitution,What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?
the governor general,Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?
troop deployment and disposition orders,What orders fall under the royal prerogative?
the monarch or governor general,Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?
the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet,Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?
"115,349",The armed forces has approximately how many members?
the Chief of the Defence Staff,Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?
The governor general,Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?
"Ottawa, Ontario",What location does the National Defense operate out of?
"the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.",What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?
27,How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu,Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?
Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School,What is the place called where initial training happens?
33,How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?
Halifax,Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?
the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ),What formation is located in Quebec?
NATO exercises,What international exercises does the RCN partake in?
Commander of the Canadian Army,Who heads the Canadian Army?
four divisions,How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?
"the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division",What are the four divisions?
the 5th Canadian Division,What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?
the 5th Canadian Division,The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?
three,How many brigades does the Army consist of?
one,Each Brigade contains how many regiments?
tactical helicopter squadron,What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?
a field ambulance,What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?
"CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.",Where is most of the major training performed?
the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force,Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?
Winnipeg,Where is the commander based out of?
eleven,How many air force wings are located across Canada?
tactical commander,Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?
"Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba",What are some locations of the air bases?
Winnipeg and North Bay,Where are the command facilities located?
"Geilenkirchen, Germany",Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?
Airborne Early Warning Force,What NATO force are the Canadians part of?
Labrador,What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?
Joint Task Force (North),What does JTFN stand for?
a chain of forward operating locations,What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?
fighter operations,What can each forwarding operation location provide?
CF-18 squadrons,What squadrons deploy to these locations?
Arctic sovereignty patrols.,What patrols are organized from these locations?
October 2012,When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?
"Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command",What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?
the 2012 federal budget,What specifically prompted this merger?
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command,what does CANSOFCOM stand for?
generating special operations forces,What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?
CJOC,What do the special forces support?
CFB Trenton,Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?
427,How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?
electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks,What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?
CFS Leitrim in Ottawa,Where is the Information Management Group located?
design and build cyber warfare capabilities,What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?
June 2011,When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?
the Director General Cyber,Who heads the Directorate?
the Canadian Armed Forces,Who does The Health Services Group serve?
Joint Task Force,Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?
domestic support,What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?
in times of national emergency or threat,When can the reserve force be called upon?
primary and supplementary,What troops does The reserve force consists of?
Chief of Reserves and Cadets,Who commands the reserves?
"the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)",What are some of the components of the reserve force?
Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service,Who conducts training of the cadets?
12 to 18 years,What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?
officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre,What branch are the majority of COATS members?
Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS,Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?
provide surveillance and patrol services,What do Canadian Rangers perform?
in Canada's arctic,Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?
reserve force,Which force are the Rangers part of?
Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory,What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?
service dress,What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?
"gloves, swords, and medals",What other parts are there to a uniform?
operational dress is now the daily uniform,What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?
Approved parkas,What can be worn in cold winter weather?
a ceremonial/regimental full dress,What is only worn for very specific occasions?
"beret, wedge cap, ballcap",What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?
coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn,Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?
The beret,What is the most popular head dress worn?
CG634 helmet,What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?
The Constitution of Canada,What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?
2005,What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?
the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.,"In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? "
a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses,What were the cardinals assigned? 
cardinal,"At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?"
ninth century,How early was this term used?
tituli,The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?
cardo,"What Latin word does ""cardinal"" come from?"
The Church of England,"Which church still holds on to the original meaning of ""cardinal"" from the above Latin word?"
the deacons of the seven regions of the city,Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? 
8th century,When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?
769,"What year did the ruling ""only a cardinal was eligible to become pope"" come in effect?"
Nicholas II,Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?
the Papal Bull In nomine Domini,What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?
1244,In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?
Pope Innocent IV,Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?
cardinal,What term was given to certain church men of honor?
747,When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?
1567,When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?
Pope Zacharias,"In regards to the word ""cardinal"" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?"
747,In what year was the letter sent?
Pius V.,Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?
1567,In what year did the pope make the declaration?
1563,In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? 
Pope Pius IV,Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?
1563,In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?
Pope Pius IV,Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?
French kings,Who were generally temporal rulers?
secular affairs.,In what roles did cardinals have important roles?
Cardinal Richelieu,What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?
Cardinal Richelieu,Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?
"Henry, King of Portugal",Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?
70,Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?
"comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.",What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?
Pope John XXIII,During who's term did the ruling exceed? 
120,Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? 
80,What is the maximum age for electors?
120,Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?
the number of cardinals generally,Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?
a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees,Where do the cardinals work?
The Dean of the College of Cardinals,Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?
titular bishopric of Ostia,What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?
1630,In was year was the title decreed Eminence?
Pope Urban VIII,Who decreed this?
Prince,What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?
the Pope and crowned monarchs,Who held more power then the cardinal?
Pope Urban VIII,Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?
"""Cardinal [First name] [Surname]""",The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? 
Cardinal [First name] [Surname],What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?
"by placing the title ""Cardinal"" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname",How do cardinals sign traditionally?
Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis,How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?
because they do not belong to the Roman clergy,Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?
[First name] Cardinal [Surname],What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?
Cardinal,What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?
1378,When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?
1378,When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?
no,Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
the cardinalate,"Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?"
Cardinal bishops,Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?
cardinals of the episcopal order,What is a cardinal bishop?
Cardinal bishops,"Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?"
a Roman priest,"In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?"
To preserve apostolic succession,Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?
"he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.",What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? 
"he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.",What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?
seven,How many suburbicarian sees?
1150 until 1914,When were the two sees combined? 
Pope Pius X,Who separated them?
"Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri",What are the seven sees?
1962,Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?
Ostia,Which see doesn't have its own bishop?
Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.,Who is in charge of Ostia? 
1962,In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?
Ostia,What see is the one exception to this rule?
the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome,Who has power over the exception?
College of Cardinals,The entire group of cardinals is known as what?
the pope,Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?
a gold ring,What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?
the pope,Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?
a galero.,What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?
1969,In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?
scarlet biretta,What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?
Eastern Catholic cardinals,Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?
willingness to die for his faith,What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?
rochet,Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?
the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture,The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?
1460s,When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?
the cardinalate expires,"What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?"
Pope Martin V,Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?
marry,"What was a ""lay cardinal"" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?"
1917,In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?
only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals,What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?
"perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination","A cardinal who does not hold the title of ""bishop"" may not do what?"
1962,Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?
1917,In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?
1962,In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?
collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals,"In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?"
The cardinal protodeacon,Who announces the election of a new pope?
from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State,Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?
Pope John Paul I,Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?
white,What color is the hat?
30,How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?
10 years,How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?
about half,"In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?"
third,"In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?"
seven deacons in the Papal Household,What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?
cardinal deacons,Which cardinals are ranked lowest?
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests,Who can become the cardinal protopriest?
Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil,Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?
the Pope,"In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?"
a suburbicarian see,Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?
cardinal deacons,Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?
cardinal bishops,Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?
Cardinal priests,Which rank has the most cardinals?
priests chosen by the pope,What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?
a titular church in Rome,Each cardinal priest has what?
1587,In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
70,What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
Pope John XXIII,Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
Iranic languages,What is another term meaning Iranian languages?
Indo-Iranian languages,What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?
Indo-European language family,What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?
400 BCE,When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?
Middle Persian,What is an example of a Sassanid language?
86,How many different Iranian languages exist?
Proto-Iranian,Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?
Persian and Sanskrit,From what languages does the word Aryao come?
1836,When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?
Christian Lassen,Who first used the term Iranian language?
Robert Needham Cust,Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?
1878,When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?
Proto-Iranian,From where did Iranian languages originate?
Central Asia,What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?
Andronovo,What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?
2000 BC,When did the Andronovo culture exist?
Indo-European,What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?
"southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia",Where did early Iranian people establish societies?
linguistic diversity,What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?
two,How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?
the Behistun inscription,In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?
520 BC,When was the Behistun inscription written?
4th century BC,During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?
Avestan,What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?
Zoroastrianism,What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?
Rigvedic Sanskrit,What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?
Old Persian,What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?
Kurdish,What language is Carduchi thought to have become?
Scythian,What language did Herodotus invent a name for?
western and eastern,What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?
Old Persian,Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?
Avestan,Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?
*ć and *dź,What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?
first-series palatal consonants,What type of letters are *ć and *dź?
Nuristani languages,What languages share a similar situation?
*ćw and *dźw,What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?
consonant clusters,What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?
other distinct dialect groups,What may have also been in use at the time?
Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian,Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?
Old Parthian,What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?
9th century,When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?
Western and Eastern,What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?
Eastern,"Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?"
Avestan,Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?
Aramaic,Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?
Greek script,What did the Bactrian language use for writing?
Pahlavi,What is another term for Middle Persian?
3rd century CE,When did Middle Persian start being u sed?
"Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian",What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?
Syriac script,What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?
Islam,The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?
Dari,What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?
Saffarid,What was the first dynasty to use Dari?
875 CE,When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?
Khorasan,What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?
Arabic script,What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?
second half of the 8th century,When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?
Tajik script,What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?
the 1930s,When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?
the Soviet government,Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?
Khuzestan,What is another term for Western Iran?
Sogdian and Bactrian,What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?
6th century AD,By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?
Zarafshan valley,Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?
Saka,Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?
Daylighting,What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?
positive,What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?
energy consumption,Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?
artificial light sources,Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?
Lighting or illumination,The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?
Daylighting,What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Lighting,Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?
positive,What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?
energy consumption,What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?
Lighting or illumination,What is the used to achieve a practical effect?
light fixtures,What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?
Indoor lighting,What is considered a key part of interior design?
lighting,What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?
light fixtures,What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?
lighting,What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?
1939,When was fluorescent lighting first available?
Recessed lighting,What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?
"400,000 BCE",Peking man kindled fire as early as?
birds and fish,Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?
campfires or torches,What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?
"15,000 years",The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?
incandescent light,What type of lighting was powered by electricity?
early 1800s,When did gas powered street lights became economically available.
urban crime.,Street lights help reduce?
Lighting fixtures,What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?
visual glare,Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?
lumen per watt,Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?
6400,How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?
incandescent bulb,What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?
blue-white,It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?
Lower color temperature,A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?
light produced by the fixture.,"A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?"
Lightolier,Who invented track lighting?
master transformer,What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.
cable lighting,What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?
12 or 24 volts,How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?
torchiere,What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?
table lamp,What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?
task lighting,Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? 
dark nightclub,When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?
illuminated ceiling,What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?
accent lighting,Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?
small lights,What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?
LED based versions,What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?
translucent tube,What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?
Street Lights,What is used to light walkways at night?
photovoltaic luminaires,What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?
Floodlights,What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?
security lighting,Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?
Entry lights,What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?
red,What color are tail lights?
white or selective yellow,What color are headlamps on a vehicle?
late 1950s,When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?
White,What color are reversing indicator lamps?
turn signals,What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?
light bulbs,What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?
electrical energy,What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?
60 w,Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.
800 lumens,How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?
architectural lighting design,What is designing as it applies to built environments?
kno,Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?
Radiance,What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?
tabular,Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?
Daylight factor calculation.,What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.
dark paint,What type of paint tends to absorb light?
light paint,What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?
Photometric studies,What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?
lighting cues,What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?
stage lighting,Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?
candela (cd),What is the basic SI unit of measurement?
cd/m2,What is the SI unit for lumiance?
stilb,What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
lumen (lm),What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
luminosity function,What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?
Lux,What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?
Unified Glare Rating,What does UGR stand for?
correlated color temperature,What does CCT stand for?
color rendering index,What does CRI stand for?
CRI,What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?
CCT,"What metric indicates ""warmth"" or ""coolness""?"
gamut area index,What does GAI stand for?
GAI,The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?
ano,Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?
light dosimeters,What is typically used to measure light?
Daysimeter,What measures the amount of light entering the eye?
circadian light meter,A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?
30,How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?
short-wavelength light,What type of light stimulates the circadian system?
Specification of illumination requirements,What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? 
Lighting control,What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? 
wireless mesh open standards,What type of standard do newer control systems use? 
ZigBee,What is the name of one type of control system used? 
no,Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?
Occupancy sensors,What sensor controls light with motion sensors? 
changes in heat,What does a passive infrared sensor react to? 
Ultrasonic sensors,What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?
no,Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?
Daylighting,What is the oldest method of interior lighting? 
not,Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?
LEDs,What is a form of solid state lighting?
nonimaging optics,What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?
higher lighting levels,What can cause health effects such headache frequency?
Alzheimer's Disease,Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? 
24,The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?
disrupt the natural circadian cycle,What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?
Robert Ulrich,Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?
no,Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?
no,Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?
University of Toronto Scarborough,What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?
Northwestern University,What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?
Dr. Abraham Gesner,What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?
1849,What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? 
coal-gas methods,What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?
Compact fluorescent lamps,What does CFL stand for?
not,Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?
10%,How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?
"50,000",What is the average lifetime of a CFL?
"50,000 hours",What is the average lifetime of a CFL?
70%,How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?
Light pollution,What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?
glare,What causes sharp shadows around buildings? 
searchlights and flares,In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? 
light,The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? 
infrared cameras,Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? 
Flares,What can be used by military for targeting?
laser-guided and GPS weapons,What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?
International Commission on Illumination,What does the CIE stand for?
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,What does the IESNA stand for? 
ANSI and ASHRAE,Who else publishes along with IESNA? 
distribution of light released,What defines photo metric data?
The International Association of Lighting Designers,What does IALD stand for?
The Professional Lighting Designers Association,What does PLDA stand for?
ELDA,What was the PLDA formerly known as?
NCQLP,Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? 
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions,What does NCQLP stand for?
LC,Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?
CLEP and CLMC,What other national examinations are available?
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association,What does PLASA stand for? 
UK,Where is PLASA based?
500+,How many individuals does PLASA represent?
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive,What does RoHS stand for?
Separation of powers,Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?
three,How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?
United States Constitution,What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?
checks and balances,What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?
separation of powers,What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?
John Locke,Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?
Thomas Hobbes,Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?
Montesquieu,Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?
the framers of the United States Constitution,Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?
John Locke,Who was an advocate of separation of powers?
Thomas Hobbes,Who was an opponent of separation of powers?
Montesquieu,Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  
UK,"What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?"
parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government,What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?
separate and distinct,"What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?"
United Kingdom,What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?
a member of the Court of Appeals,"In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? "
Congress,What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?
Clinton v. City of New York,Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?
1998,When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?
Congress,In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?
nondelegation doctrine,What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?
Clinton v. City of New York,What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?
1998,What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?
Wayman v. Southard,What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
1825,In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
John Marshall,Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
the judiciary,"In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?"
Wayman v. Southard,What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
John Marshall,Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
the 1930s,When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
National Recovery Administration,The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?
1935,In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?
1935,In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States,What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?
Army and Navy,Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
Senate,Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
impeachment,What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
quasi-judicial,What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
Executive,Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
the President,Who has the authority to make treaties?
impeachment,What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
Congress,Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
the performance of their duties,To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?
INS v. Chadha,What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?
1983,When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?
two-thirds,By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?
Judicial,In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?
president,Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?
Senate,Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?
constitutional courts,What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?
Judicial power,What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?
the president,Who appoints a judge?
the Senate,Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
legislative courts,What kind of courts did congress establish?
judicial power of the United States,What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
President,Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?
The president,Who can call congress into emergency session?
The Vice President,Who serves as president of the Senate?
The president,Who has the power to issue a pardon?
The president,Who has the power to issue a reprieve? 
The president,Who is the commander and chief of the Army?
Congress,Who has the power to declare ware?
the Senate,Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?
Courts,Who is responsible for judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison,What is the court case that established judicial review?
the Supreme Court,Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?
Congress,Who can limit judicial review of a law?
the Supreme Court,Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?
The Chief Justice,Who presides over an impeachment trial?
James Madison,Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?
Federalist 51,In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?
Congress,Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?
two,How many bills did George Washington veto?
one,How many bills did James Monroe veto?
twelve,How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
Andrew Jackson,Who was the seventh President of the United States?
fifteen,How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress
Tenure of Office Act,What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?
Grover Cleveland,Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
Grover Cleveland,Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 
Franklin Roosevelt,Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?
Congress,Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?
national security,Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
checks and balances,What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
the Supreme Court,Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 
the Florida Supreme Court,Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?
the Florida Supreme Court,Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
Architectural,What is the latin word for architecture?
architectura,What is the Latin word for architecture?
Architecture,What do you call the planning and building of buildings?
Architectural works,What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?
architectural achievements,Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?
Greek,"In what language does the word ""architecture"" have its origins?"
"ἀρχι- ""chief"" and τέκτων ""builder""","What two words is ""architecture"" a combination of?"
buildings and other physical structures,Architecture involves the creation of what?
as works of art,"Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?"
Historical civilizations,What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
De architectura,What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
Roman architect Vitruvius,Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
1st century AD.,When did Vitruvius create these plans?
"firmness, commodity and delight.",What are the three principles every plan should consider?
De architectura,What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
Vitruvius,Who was the author of  De architectura?
architect,What was Vitruvius' profession?
"firmitas, utilitas, venustas",What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
"firmness, commodity and delight",What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
16th century,When were the styles of arts created?
Vasari,"Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?"
"Italian, French, Spanish and English",By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
architect,"In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?"
Leon Battista Alberti,Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
proportion,What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
the Golden mean,What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
16th,"In what century did ""style"" as an artistic concept arise?"
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin,Who wrote the book Contrasts?
1836,What year was Contrasts written in?
Contrasts,What was the name of Pugin's book?
1836,In what year was Contrasts written?
"modern, industrial world",What world did Pugin dislike?
Gothic,What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
John Ruskin,Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
John Ruskin,Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
art critic,What was Ruskin's career? 
1849,When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
"to his mental health, power, and pleasure","What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?"
not,Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?
the aesthetic,What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
"it is in some way ""adorned""",To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
string courses or rustication,What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
20th-century,What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
Le Corbusier,Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 
Architect,What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
20th-century,When did Le Corbusier live and write?
heart,What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
I am happy,What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
Function,"What term replaced Vitruvius' term ""utility""?"
"aesthetic, psychological and cultural",In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
Vitruvius,Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
"all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building",What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
both popularity and skepticism,What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
"rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.",What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
philosophies,Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
their approach to building design,Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
poststructuralism,Which philosophy followed structuralism?
late 20th century,"When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?"
sustainability,What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
environment,To what should a building be friendly?
non-sustainable power sources,What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
"shelter, security, worship",What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
knowledge,Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
a craft,What was building considered?
architecture,What was the most valued type of building craft called?
building materials,"Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?"
vernacular buildings,What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
a surplus in production,Why did the economy begin to expand?
trial and error,Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
vernacular,What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
rural,In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
urbanization,What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
rapidly,At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
Egypt and Mesopotamia,What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
Egypt and Mesopotamia,What are two examples of past civilizations?
the divine and the supernatural,To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
political power,What does architectural monumentality often represent?
Kao Gong Ji,Name one Asian architectural writer.
China,What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
7th–5th centuries BCE,When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra,What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
Shilpa Shastras,India produced which early architectural text?
pantheistic religion,What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
Buddhist architecture,Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
3rd century BCE,When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
the macrocosm and the microcosm,What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
the Shastras,What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
Buddhist,What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
pantheistic religion,What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
European architecture,What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
7th century CE,When was Islamic architecture first seen?
Byzantium,"In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?"
religious and social needs,What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
pointed arch,What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
abbeys and cathedrals.,What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
abbeys and cathedrals,What were the most important buildings of the time?
clerics and tradesmen,What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
pan-European,What style is Gothic?
Romanesque,What is another pan-European style?
900 CE onwards,When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
1400,When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
1400 onwards,When did the Classical learning revival begin?
Europe,What continent did this revival take place on?
Renaissance,What was the name for the time period?
role of the individual,What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
"artist, architect and engineer",What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
"functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic",What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 
"form, space and ambience",In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
pragmatic aspects,Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Nunzia Rondanini,Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
Through its aesthetic dimension,In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
social life,"What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture ""stimulate and influence""?"
social development,"What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?"
functional aspects,What does architecture share with other sciences?
art for art's sake,What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
quest for perfection or originality,What sort of quest lacks purpose?
form,What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
civic ideals,From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
new building types,These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
religious or empirical ones,What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
"Architectural ""style""",What owes its development to the Classical orders?
ancient time,When were architectural writings first made?
specific formal prescriptions,Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
canons,What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
1st-century BCE,When did Vitruvius write his canons?
religious,What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
guilds,What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
written contracts,What records of the guilds are still in existence?
ecclesiastical buildings,What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
Magister lathomorum,What is another term for master mason?
proportions and structure,What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
generalist,Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
architecture and engineering,What two fields began to grow apart?
technical aspects of building design,What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
"""gentleman architect""",What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
context and feasibility,What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
in the offices of other architects,Where did most architects learn their trade?
mass production and consumption,What started with the Industrial Revolution?
ornamented products,What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
Aesthetics,As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
pattern books and architectural journals,What kind of books did housebuilders use?
current architectural design,What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
20th,At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? 
Modern Architecture,What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
1907,When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
to produce better quality machine made objects,What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
the Bauhaus school,"In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?"
avant-garde movement,What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?
the middle and working classes,Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
the rapidly declining aristocratic order,Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
functionalist,What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
historical references and ornament,What details did Modernists' do away with?
Frank Lloyd Wright,Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?
Robie House and Fallingwater,What are two of Wright's designs?
to promote harmony,What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
the Industrial Revolution,What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?
steel-frame construction,What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
International Style,What style came after Modernism?
Twin Towers,What is an example of International Style?
Minoru Yamasaki,Who designed the Twin Towers?
decorative richness,What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
"Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen",Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
unfinished concrete,What material was used in Brutalist structures?
postwar generation,Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
the school of metaphoric architecture,What school was a response to Brutalism?
biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture,What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
nature,What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
expressionist architecture,What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
the late 1950s and 1960s,When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?
modernism,What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?
human experience,What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?
Robert Venturi,"Who called postmodern architecture a ""decorated shed""?"
"""ducks""",What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
Since the 1980s,About when did architecture begin specializing?
one person,Who can no longer design a large structure?
Modernism and Postmodernism,What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? 
Environmental sustainability,What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?
the environment,What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?
Frank Lloyd Wright,Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?
Buckminster Fuller,Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?
The U.S. Green Building Council,What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?
"New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture",What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?
solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.,What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?
"smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design",What are three things the new movements try to achieve?
modernist and globally uniform architecture,What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
"life expectancy, education, and income per capita",Which three statistics does the HDI compile?
longer,Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
Mahbub ul Haq,Who developed the HDI?
United Nations Development Programme,What entity publishes the HDI?
longer,Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
2010,In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index,What does IHDI stand for?
the IHDI,"Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?"
the HDI,"Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?"
1990,In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
Amartya Sen,Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
people-centered policies,Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
1990,Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Life expectancy at birth,What does LE stand for?
Mean years of schooling,What does MYS stand for?
Expected years of schooling,What does EYS stand for?
Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita,What does GNIpc stand for?
the United Nations Development Programme,What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
"December 14, 2015",On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?
2014,Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
"July 24, 2014",On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?
2013,Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Inequality,What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
the average level,"Does the IHDI measure the ""average"" or the ""potential"" level of human development? "
Cuba,Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
very high,"Is the top quartile of HDI considered ""high"" or ""very high"" human development?"
lack of necessary data,What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?
North Korea,Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?
"March 14, 2013",On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?
2012,Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
the average level,"Does the IHDI measure the ""average"" or the ""potential"" level of human development?"
Barbados,Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Barbados,Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
2011,Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Barbados,Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Barbados,Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
unavailability of certain crucial data,What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
North Korea,Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
"November 4, 2010",On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
2010,Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
"income, life expectancy, and education","In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?"
Barbados,Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
unavailability of certain crucial data,What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
Cuba,Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
High Human Development country,What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
"October 5, 2009",On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
period up to 2007,What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development,What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
very high human development,What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
developed countries,"How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank ""very high""?"
being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication,What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
statistical update,"What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?"
an accompanying Human Development Report,"What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?"
up to 2006,What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
"November 27, 2007",On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world,What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
2005,What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
2005,The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
"Brasília, Brazil",Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
high income countries,Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
0.5,"Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a ""low development"" country?"
Africa,On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?
119th,What is Gabon's ranking?
121st,What is South Africa's ranking?
Gabon and South Africa,What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
0.8,"What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a ""high development"" country?"
Brazil,Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
Russia,What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
red arrows,"If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?"
green arrows,"If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?"
Blue dash,"If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?"
Norway,Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?
Iceland,Which country has received the top rank twice?
national performance and ranking,The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
Western,Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
global,The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
egalitarianism,Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
three,How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
2010,In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
The Economist,"Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?"
182,How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
169,How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
Mediterranean Europe,What is another term for southern Europe
Iberian peninsula,What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
Balkan countries,What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
southern France,What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
"political, economic, and cultural attributes",What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
"geography, climate, and flora",What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
The Mediterranean climate,What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
Western and Southern coastal regions,Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
vegetations and landscapes,What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
mountain ranges of Spain and Italy,Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
north coast of Spain,Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
Atlantic climate,What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
phytochoria,What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?
Armen Takhtajan,Who coined the term phytochoria?
classical antiquity,What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
city-states,What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
Alexander the Great,Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
Rome,Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
Constantinople,Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
Germanic,Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
AD 476,What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
300 AD,By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
the Byzantine Empire,What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
Germanic peoples,Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
kingdoms and empires of their own,What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
the Crusades,What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
1204,When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
Genoa and Venice,Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
The Reconquista,What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
the Byzantine Empire,What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
The Late Middle Ages,What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
the Black Death,What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
the Ottoman Empire,Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
1453,When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
14th century,When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
Florence,In what city did the Renaissance begin?
science and theology,What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
Greek and Roman,The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
Portugal and Spain,Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
1648,When did religious conflict end in Europe?
Spain and France,Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
Galileo Galilei,Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
Guglielmo Marconi,Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
the rise of colonial empires,What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
the Columbian Exchange,What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
manufacturing,What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain,"Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?"
between 1815 and 1871,When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?
the Ottoman Empire,From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?
1870,In what year was Rome conquered?
The Age of Empire,What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?
1914,In what year did World War I begin?
1918,When did a victor emerge in World War I?
the Paris Peace Conference,At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
The Nazi regime,Which group took control in 1933?
Adolf Hitler,Who led the Nazis?
Italy,Which country did Hitler align Germany with?
Mussolini,Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?
the Warsaw Pact,What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?
European Union,What does EU stand for?
"market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism",What was the European Union tasked with managing?
1989,When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
1991,When did the USSR dissolve?
2013,In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
Romance languages,What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
"Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican",What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
eastern Spain,Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
Galician,What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
over 40 million,How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
Hellenic,What is another term for Greek?
Cyprus,"Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?"
Macedonian,What language is used in Macedonia?
Bulgarian,What do people speak in Bulgaria?
Slovenia,Slovene is a major language in what country?
English,What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
Spanish,"Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?"
Maltese,"Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?"
Albanian,What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?
Semitic,What type of language is Maltese?
northern Spain and southwestern France,Where is Basque Country located?
Christianity,What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?
380 AD,When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?
Roman Catholic,What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?
Greek Orthodox,Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?
regions,What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?
statistical convenience,What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?
sub-regions,What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?
Tourism Decision Metrics,What does TDM stand for?
European Travel Commission,Which group uses TDM as a metric?
BBC,What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?
Royal charter,Under what auspices does the BBC exist?
1932,When did the BBC start creating its own programming?
2 November 1936,On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?
United Kingdom,In what country is the BBC headquartered?
30%,What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?
television production companies,"As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?"
30 September 1929,On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?
"Long Acre, London",From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?
30,How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?
June 1932,When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?
30 March 1930,When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?
"Broadcasting House, London",Where was the BBC's first studio located?
telephone line,What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?
electromechanical,What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?
"16 Portland Place, London",Where was the BBC's second studio located?
February 1934,When did the BBC first change studios?
Alexandra Palace,Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?
VHF,What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?
240,How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?
405,How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?
Monday to Saturday,On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?
six months,For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?
Farnsworth image dissector,What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?
13 February 1937,When was the Baird system officially abandoned?
40 kilometres,How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?
1938,In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?
RCA,What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?
a British television set,What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?
Brookmans Park,Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?
2 August 1932,When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?
Opening of the BBC Television Service,What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth,Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?
September 1939,When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?
VHF transmissions,What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?
the radar programme,What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?
Mickey's Gala Premier,What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?
before the end of the cartoon,When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?
"18,999",How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?
Jasmine Bligh,Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?
7 June 1946,On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?
Lime Grove Studios,"In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?"
Mickey Mouse,What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?
Birmingham,What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?
Sutton Coldfield transmitting station,Which facility brought the BBC's transmissions to Birmingham?
405-line interlaced image,What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?
VHF,On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?
BBC tv,What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?
ITV,What was the BBC's main competitor?
Doctor Who,"What program debuted on November 23, 1963?"
Alexandra Palace,Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?
ITV,What was the first station launched after the original BBC?
BBC2,What was the third network started in the UK?
massive power failure,What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?
Battersea Power Station,Where was the cause of the power outage?
Denis Tuohy,Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?
BBC Two,What was the first station to show programs in color?
15 November 1969,When did the other two major British stations start color programming?
soap opera or standard news programming,What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?
Sir David Attenborough,Who was the first controller of BBC2?
documentaries,What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?
1967,When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One?
2000,When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry?
2,How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings?
CBBC,On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?
BBC Natural History Unit,Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?
the 1950s,When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?
"Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet",What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?
fifteen,How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?
"Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland",Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?
local announcers,Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?
major local events,What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?
Give My Head Peace,What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?
River City,What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?
Gaelic,What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?
Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?,What is a well-known Gaelic program?
Patrick Kielty Almost Live,What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?
25%,How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?
The Simpsons,What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?
Neighbours,What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?
teletext,What kind of service was Ceefax?
1974,When was Ceefax launched?
BBCi,What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?
May 2003,When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?
Astra 2D satellite,What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?
14 July,"Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?"
£85 million,How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?
Western Europe,"With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?"
Hollywood studios and sporting organisations,What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?
Sky Digital,On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?
Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football,What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?
5 July 2004,When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?
DVD,On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary?
Newsreel,In what format were the BBC's first new bulletins shown?
Little Angels,What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005?
Jana Bennett,Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?
BBC Vision,What did BBC Television get absorbed into?
the onset of new media outlets and technology,What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?
2008,When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?
November 2008,When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?
Keeping Up Appearances,"As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?"
nearly 1000,How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers?
BBC Worldwide,Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?
annually,How often are people required to remit the TV license fee?
advertisements and subscription,How do the BBC's non-domestic channels generate revenue?
2013,When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?
Danny Cohen,Who is the current head of BBC Television?
"commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting",What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?
December 2004,When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?
April 2006,When did BBC Japan shut down?
general entertainment,What was the genre of BBC Japan?
"July 30, 1947",What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?
Alois,What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?
two,How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?
15,How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?
seven,How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?
Conan the Barbarian,For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?
20,How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?
Arnie,What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?
2011,What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?
Republican,What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?
Gray Davis,What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?
"January 5, 2007",What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?
Austria,What country was Schwarzenegger born in?
Jadrny,What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?
Gustav,What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?
chief of police,What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?
Meinhard,What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?
refrigerator,What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?
soccer,What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?
John Wayne,Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?
police officer,What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?
Steve Reeves,Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?
1971,What year did Schwarzenegger's brother die?
Patrick,What is Meinhard's son named?
stroke,What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?
Barbara Baker,Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?
Fortune,What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?
Mr. Universe,"Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his ""ticket to America""?"
Junior Mr. Europe,Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?
1966,When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?
London,In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?
Reg Park,Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?
legs,Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?
four,How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?
Rolf Putziger,Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?
10,How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?
21,How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?
New York,In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?
Ric Drasin,What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?
LA Weekly,What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?
Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder,What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?
Santa Monica College,At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?
Transcendental Meditation,What does TM stand for?
anxiety,What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?
the Arnold Classic,What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger?
monthly,How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?
"$250,000",How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?
executive editor,What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?
Junior Mr. Europe,What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?
seven,How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?
half an hour,"In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? "
Munich stone-lifting contest,In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?
1969,What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?
Sergio Oliva,Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?
1970,At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?
23,How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?
Franco Columbu,Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?
1975,What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?
Mr. Olympia,What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?
Pumping Iron,What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?
three months,How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?
Jeff Bridges,Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?
Conan,For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?
seven,How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?
seven,How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?
1977,"In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were ""helpful""?"
Dr. Willi Heepe,What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?
"$10,000",How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?
The Globe,Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?
Hercules,What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?
Strong,What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  
Robert Altman,"In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?"
New Male Star of the Year,Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?
weird,What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?
1991,When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?
1980,In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?
The Incredible Hulk,What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?
The Villain,"What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?"
Conan the Destroyer,What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?
1984,What year was the first Terminator movie released?
James Cameron,Who directed The Terminator?
Sylvester Stallone,What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?
1987,What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?
Twins,What's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988?
$10 million,"How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?"
Christmas in Connecticut,What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct?
Tales from the Crypt,An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?
Terminator 2: Judgment Day,What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?
the National Association of Theatre Owners,"What organization named Schwarzenegger the ""International Star of the Decade"" in 1993?"
True Lies,What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?
Junior,What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?
$150 million,How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?
82,How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?
Forum Stadtpark,What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?
The Kid & I,Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?
the Governator,What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?
Stan Lee,What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?
With Wings as Eagles,Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?
Randall Wallace,Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?
May 20,On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?
10 years,2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?
Escape Plan,What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?
Terminator Genisys,What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?
2015,What year did Terminator Genisys debut?
2004,In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?
"""Stop the Madness""",What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?
1988,In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?
George H.W. Bush,Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?
Conan the Republican,What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?
1999,What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?
The Hollywood Reporter,Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?
"August 6, 2003",The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?
one,How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?
55.4%,What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?
Cruz Bustamante,Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?
1.3 million,By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?
31%,What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?
John G. Downey,Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?
Willie Brown,What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?
Hans and Franz,"What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians ""girlie men""?"
November,In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?
four,How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?
Susan Kennedy,Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?
Phil Angelides,"In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?"
San Francisco,Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat?
United States Senate,What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?
Wendy Leigh,What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?
Sargent Shriver,What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?
The Simpsons Movie,Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?
1983,What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States?
Austrian,In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?
John McCain,Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?
Rudy Giuliani,Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?
the environment and economy,On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree?
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington,"What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 ""worst governors"" in a 2010 report?"
89%,What was Schwarzenegger's highest approval rating during his stint as governor?
23%,What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?
Gropegate,What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?
six,How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?
Los Angeles Times,Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?
bathing suit,One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?
GQ,"What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a ""leaf""?"
marijuana,What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?
Anna Richardson,"Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?"
The 6th Day,What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?
Los Angeles Times,What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?
1968,What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?
Peter Pilz,Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?
"September 27, 2006",What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?
refineries,"The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?"
2020,What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?
the Northeast,What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?
solar panels,What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? 
2009,What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?
carbon dioxide emissions,What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?
Detroit,In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?
"Article II, Section I, Clause V","What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?"
the New York Post,"In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?"
Columbia University,Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?
index cards,Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?
30,Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?
Franco Columbu,With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company?
San Fernando earthquake,What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?
"$10,000",How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?
Planet Hollywood,What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?
2000,When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?
the Hard Rock Cafe,What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?
Dimensional Fund Advisors,What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?
"Columbus, Ohio",What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?
"Oak Productions, Inc.",What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?
Simon & Schuster,What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?
Schatzi On Main,What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?
Santa Monica,Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?
little treasure,"What is the literal translation of the word ""schatzi""?"
1998,What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?
2011,In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?
$38 million,What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997?
2006,In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?
polite society,What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?
the first Apollo Moon landing,What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?
Sue Moray,What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?
the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament,Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?
August 1978,What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?
niece,What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy
Hyannis,What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?
four,How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?
Heather Milligan,Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?
25 years,How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?
the Los Angeles Times,What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?
20,Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?
Joseph,What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?
2010,Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?
Bob Kaufman,Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?
Schwarzenegger,Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?
spousal support,Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?
Brigitte Nielsen,What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?
bicuspid,What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?
1997,Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?
Patrick,Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?
right femur,What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?
"Sun Valley, Idaho",Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?
Van Nuys Airport,At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?
"6'2""",How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?
Herb Wesson,What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?
"5'10""",How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?
Total Recall,What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?
"""The Secret""",What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?
October 2012,When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?
1992,In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?
Hummers,"In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?"
silver,What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?
"6,300",How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?
"$21,000",How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?
California Hydrogen Highway Network,What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?
U.S. Department of Energy,What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?
the Inner City Games Foundation,What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?
Shanghai,Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?
400,About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?
the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy,What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?
2012,In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?
chairman,What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?
60,"In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?"
190,How many miles away from London is Plymouth?
Tamar,What river borders Plymouth on the west?
Devon,In what county is Plymouth located?
Plymouth Sound,In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?
Mount Batten,What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?
Sutton,What was Plymouth's original name?
1620,In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?
1646,When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?
Plymouth Colony,What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?
Devonport,What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?
1928,In what year did Plymouth become a city?
Plymouth Blitz,What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?
1967,In what year was Plymstock incorporated?
East Stonehouse,"Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?"
"261,546","As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?"
30th,Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?
three,How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?
Santander,In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?
Plymouth University,What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?
TAMARI OSTIA,What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?
Mount Batten,Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?
mouth/estuaries of the Tamar,What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?
11th,In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?
south town,What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?
1211,In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?
King Henry VI,During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?
mouth of the River Plym,What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?
1340,In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?
Breton raiders,Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?
1596,In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?
Sutton Pool,"Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?"
1512,In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?
Sir John Hawkins,What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?
Sir Francis Drake,Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?
1588,In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?
1620,When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?
Plymouth Colony,What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?
Parliamentarians,Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?
four,For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?
Freedom Fields Park,Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?
1660,In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?
Drake's Island,What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?
18th,During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?
17th,In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?
1690,In what year was HMNB Davenport established?
River Tamar,What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?
318,How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?
"3,000",What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?
Stoke Damerel,In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?
timber,"Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?"
Devonport,What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?
Stonehouse,"Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?"
John Foulston,What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?
Union Street,On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?
William Cookworthy,Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?
1768,In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?
chemist,What was William Cookworthy's profession?
John Smeaton,What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?
2,"In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?"
John Rennie,Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
1841,In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
1812,When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
Devonport,Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?
guano,What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?
Devonport,In what settlement were the dockyards located?
Scapa Flow,What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?
escort vessels,What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?
Mount Batten,What location provided a base for flying boats?
Royal Australian Air Force,What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?
Western Approaches Command,What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?
59,How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?
"more than 1,000",How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?
"over 3,700",How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?
over 1000,"In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?"
"over 20,000","In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?"
1962,When was the Civic Centre built?
grade II,What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?
Ark Royal,What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?
1971,By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?
42 Commando of the Royal Marines,What military unit is based in Plymouth?
Domesday Book,In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?
1086,In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?
Sudtone,What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?
1254,In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?
1439,In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?
Nancy Astor,Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?
Plymouth Sutton,For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?
18 October 1928,On what date did Plymouth become a city?
1935,In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?
Plymstock,What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?
Plymouth Devonport,What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?
Secretary of State for Education,What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?
1974 Health and Safety at Work Act,What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?
Labour,What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?
Plymouth,In what town was Michael Foot born?
"250,000",What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?
1971 Local Government White Paper,What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?
Tamarside,What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?
1 April 1974,On what date did Plymouth's county status end?
the Banham Commission,What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?
South West England,What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?
Gary Streeter,Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?
Conservative,"As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?"
Moor View,What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?
three,How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?
57,How many members are on the Plymouth council?
a third,What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?
Brest,With what French city is Plymouth twinned?
2001,In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?
King George V,What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?
six,How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?
the Lord Mayor,What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?
Dr John Mahony,Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?
3 Elliot Terrace,At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?
Lady Astor,Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?
Armada Way,On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?
June 2007,In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?
£40m,What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?
River Tamar,What river is to the west of Plymouth?
River Plym,To the east of Plymouth lies which river?
Cornwall,The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?
Plymouth Sound,In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?
1967,When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?
Cattewater,What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?
1814,When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?
Drake's Island,What island is present in Plymouth Sound?
30.83,How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?
155,"In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?"
Site of Special Scientific Interest,"What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?"
Lower Devonian slates,What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?
granite,"Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?"
Upper Devonian slates,"Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?"
its geology,For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?
Cremyll,Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?
Dartmoor,What location north of the city possesses granite?
Tamar,What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?
Cattedown,"Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?"
limestone,What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?
27 April 1944,On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?
Armada Way,What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?
David MacKay,Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?
28,How many parks exist in Plymouth?
temperate oceanic,What Köppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?
52,"In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?"
February,What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?
20,Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?
July,"Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?"
Atlantic depressions,"Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?"
autumn,"Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?"
39,About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?
November,"Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?"
south-west,From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?
"over 1,600",How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?
South West England,What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?
89,"In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?"
June 1976,In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?
4.25,About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 °F?
−8.8 °C,"In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?"
January 1979,In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?
"25,895",How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?
22nd,Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?
"3,000",How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?
£160 million,About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?
1992,In what year was the University of Plymouth established?
The University of St Mark & St John,What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?
teacher training,What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?
Plymouth College of Art,"Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?"
"26,000",About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?
153,How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?
four,How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?
two,How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?
71,How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?
13,Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?
three,How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?
Plymouth College,What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?
Devonport High School for Girls,"Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?"
the Royal Naval Engineering College,What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?
1910,When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?
Dockyard Technical College,What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?
1994,In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?
University of Southampton,"After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?"
Marine Biological Association,What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences,What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?
Marine Institute,What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?
Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership,What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?
National Marine Aquarium,What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?
"256,384",What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?
"240,720",What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?
"15,664",How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?
2.3,What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?
0.5,What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?
25%,What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?
"5,169",What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?
"£19,943",What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?
"£23,755",What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?
7.0%,What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?
26.2%,What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?
78.3 years,"As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?"
82.1,"As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?"
lowest,Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?
"12,000",How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?
"7,500",About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?
1793,When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?
Plymouth Gin Distillery,What company produces Plymouth Gin?
the 1930s,During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?
10%,About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?
Devonport Dockyard,What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?
270,How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?
500,How many people work in Tamar Science Park?
Hemsley Fraser,What is a notable company based in Plymouth?
Pannier Market,What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?
1959,In what year was Pannier Market finished?
29th,What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?
Tinside Pool,What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?
£3.4 million,What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?
"""Vision for Plymouth""",What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?
David Mackay,"What architect is in charge of the """"Vision for Plymouth""?"
the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce,"Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the ""Vision for Plymouth""?"
"300,000","What is the population goal of the ""Vision for Plymouth""?"
"33,000","How many residences does the ""Vision for Plymouth"" seek to build?"
2004,When was the Charles Cross car park removed?
October 2006,In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?
Cattedown,Where was TR2 built?
the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003,What prize did TR2 almost win?
David Mackay,Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?
the Bretonside bus station,What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?
the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena,"To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?"
Millbay,What city region is located near a ferry terminal?
The Parkway,What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?
40,"In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?"
Tamar Bridge,What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?
Plymouth City Airport,What park and ride service is located at George Junction?
First South West,Who operates Milehouse park and ride?
Brittany Ferries,Who operates the ferry to Spain?
Roscoff,Where does the ferry to France terminate?
MV Armorique,"Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?"
Stonehouse,A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?
1204,When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?
Plymouth City Airport,What local airport closed in 2011?
6,"In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?"
2018,By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?
FlyPlymouth,Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?
1877,When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?
Great Western Railway,Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?
Cornish Main Line,"Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?"
three,How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?
CrossCountry,Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?
4 February 2014,On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?
130,"In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?"
4 April 2014,"After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?"
February 2014,In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?
150,How many churches are present in Plymouth?
1858,In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?
St Andrew's,What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?
Anglican,What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?
over twenty,How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?
Moses,What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?
1762,In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?
Grade II*,What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?
Ashkenazi,What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?
58.1%,What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?
0.8%,What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?
32.9%,What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?
24.7%,What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?
7%,What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?
1815,In what year was Union Street constructed?
Charlie Chaplin,Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?
30s,How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?
sailors from the Royal Navy,What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?
British Firework Championships,What notable event occurs each August?
August 2006,In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?
Roy Lowry,Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?
University of Plymouth,What institution did Roy Lowry work for?
1992,In what year did the Music of the Night begin?
"1,315",How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?
200,What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?
free,What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?
six,How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?
2009,When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?
BBC South West,What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?
ITV West Country,What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?
16 February 2009,On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?
ITV West,With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?
BBC Radio Devon,What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?
Plymouth Argyle F.C.,What football league team is located in Plymouth?
Football League Two,What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?
Home Park,What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?
The Pilgrims,What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?
Vospers Oak Villa F.C.,What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?
Plymouth Albion R.F.C.,What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?
Plymouth Raiders,What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?
1875,When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?
Plymouth Pavilions,Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?
1983,When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?
1823,When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?
September 2011,In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?
nine,For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?
1973,When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?
Plymouth County Borough Corporation,Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?
24 April 1591,When did Drake's Leat open?
River Meavy,From where did Drake's Leat draw water?
1801,When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?
Plymouth City Council,What body handles waste management in Plymouth?
South West Water,Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?
Western Power Distribution,Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?
2009,In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?
Plympton,What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?
1836,When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?
Crownhill,Where is the police divisional headquarters located?
five,How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?
Millbay Docks,Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?
Devon and Cornwall Constabulary,What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?
Derriford Hospital,What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?
6,"In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?"
Royal Eye Infirmary,What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust,What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?
Exeter,Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?
2007,When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?
Weston Mill,"Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?"
Drake Memorial Park,What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?
a brass plaque,"In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?"
mid-19th century,When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?
1666,In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?
English Civil War,In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?
1759,When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?
23,"In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?"
Armada Memorial,What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?
Sutton,What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?
1620,When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?
Mayflower Steps,What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?
400,How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?
100,How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?
Crownhill Fort,"What structure was referred to as a ""Palmerston's Folly""?"
north,In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?
the Landmark Trust,Who runs Crownhill Fort?
west,In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?
over 70,How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?
south-east Cornwall,Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?
Kingsand,"Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?"
Tamar Valley,Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?
Henning Larsen,Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?
2008,When did the Roland Levinsky building open?
University of Plymouth,Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?
Arts,What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?
the city's central quarter,What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?
Plymothians,What are Plymouth residents commonly called?
Janners,What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?
Cousin Jan,After what figure are Janners named?
John,"In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?"
Tavistock,What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?
El Draco,What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?
1596,In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?
dysentery,What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?
Sir Joshua Reynolds,What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?
Robert Lenkiewicz,What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?
Plymouth College of Art,Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?
Jazz,What genre of music does John Surman play?
Keith Rowe,What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?
Trematon Castle,Where do the family of Michael Foot live?
footballer,What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?
Canadian,What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?
Lyndon B. Johnson,What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?
Clear and Present Danger,In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?
comedian,What is Dawn French's job?
established beliefs or customs,What is heresy mainly at odds with?
A heretic,What is a person called is practicing heresy?
"Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism",What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
"Christian, Islamic and Jewish",What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?
Greek,What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
slightly different,"What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?"
heresiarch,What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
Heresiology,What is the study of heresy?
"""choice"" or ""thing chosen""",What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
two times,How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?
divisive person,What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?
sound,What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?
Jews and Judaism,What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
Orthodox Christianity,What religion were these Fathers of the Church?
Tertullian,Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?
Irenaeus,Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?
orthodox,What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?
apostolic succession,What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?
Constantine the Great,Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
Edict of Milan,What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
Pontifex Maximus,What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
the ecumenical councils,What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
AD 380,In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
Thessalonica of Theodosius I,Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
state-sponsored support,What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
state powers of legal enforcement,What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
death sentence,What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
Priscillian,Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?
excommunicated,What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?
Catholics,What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?
Cayetano Ripoll,Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?
Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter,From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?
obstinate and willful manifest heresy,What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
The Codex Justinianus,What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
"Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism",What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
Paulicians,What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
"Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars",What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
France,In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?
The Cathar Crusade,What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?
Heresy,What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?
Galileo Galilei,Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?
the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe,What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?
Pope St. Gregory,Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
Christ,What were the Jews described as enemies of?
Jewish,According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
Roman-Christian law,In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
Eastern Christianity,What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?
Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation,After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?
"Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm",What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?
"""On the Jews and Their Lies""",What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
blasphemous,What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
Jewish circumcision,What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
European Reformation,What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
Henry VIII,During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher,What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
Edward VI,Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
1612,In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
"1659, 1660, and 1661",During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?
Anglican Puritans,Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?
purer absolute theocracy,What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?
Quaker sect,What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox,Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?
1826,What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
Cayetano Ripoll,Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
Christian,Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?
Protestant,Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith,What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?
Spanish inquisition,What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
Jorge Luis Borges,"Who was the author of the short story ""The Theologians""?"
Christian heresy,What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
Shia Qizilbash,What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?
70,What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?
Sharia law,What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?
Salman Rushdie,What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?
heretical,What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?
right-wing groups,What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?
The liberal wing,Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?
squirreling,What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
The Religious Technology Center,What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
innovation,What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
an abstraction,What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
endoheretics,Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
orthodoxy,What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
The Dinosaur Heresies,What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?
the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough,What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?
Jurassic Park,What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?
active poses,What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?
endoheretic,What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?
exoheretic,What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
scientific journals,What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
extinction event and punctuated equilibrium,What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
an established orthodoxy,"By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?"
metaphors,What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
1955,In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?
Soviet Union,Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?
the Cold War,Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?
seven,How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?
West Germany,The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?
NATO,Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?
Czechoslovakia,Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? 
Solidarity,What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
Czechoslovakia,Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? 
1989,In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? 
Solidarity,What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?
Hungary,In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?
Václav Havel,Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? 
the USSR,"Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?"
the USSR,Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?
socialism and communism,Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?
Brezhnev,Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?
Western Europe,The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?
West Germany,The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?
the USSR,Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?
Molotov,Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?
1952,When was reunification first proposed as an idea?
the USA,The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?
Hastings Ismay,Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?
burglar,To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?
1954,In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?
France,Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?
1954,In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?
Norway,Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?
May,In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?
East Germany,Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?
the National People's Army,What was the name of the East German armed forces?
eight,How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?
1963,In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?
1966,In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? 
containment,What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?
Europe,Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?
1956,In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?
Imre Nagy,Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?
1968,In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?
Czechoslovakia,Which country did the Pact conquer?
Hungary,In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?
1989,In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?
36,For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?
Albania,Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?
1999,In which year did Poland join NATO?
2004,In which year did Slovakia join NATO? 
2005,In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?
70,How many documents remain classified?
Seven Days to the River Rhine,What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?
250,How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?
1979,In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?
a form of philosophical monism,What is materialism?
matter,"In nature, this is an essential substance?"
"spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter",What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?
Materialism,Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?
monist ontology,What class does materialism belong to?
"""what does reality consist of?""",What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?
"""how does it originate?""",What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?
spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas),An idealist considers what as the most important?
matter,A materialist considers what as the most important?
materialist,Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?
how material substance should be characterized.,Materialism does not define what?
dialectical materialism,What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?
Karl Jaspers,Who coined the Axial Age?
Eurasia,In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?
600 BC,Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?
"Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy","At that time, who helped develop materialism?"
Nyaya–Vaisesika school,What school advanced atomism?
600 BC - 100 BC,Between what years did the school advance atomism?
reductionism,Materialism is linked to what?
Lucretius,De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?
mechanistic explanations,What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?
"Tattvopaplavasimha (""The upsetting of all principles"")",Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.
materialistic Cārvāka philosophy,Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?
a digest of all philosophies,What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
Madhavacharya,Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus),What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?
1592-1665,Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?
1596-1650,René Descartes lived from what year to what year?
1664-1729,abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?
1713-1784,Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?
1770-1850,William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?
1788-1860,Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?
how material objects will be experienced or perceived,What did he say that the brain would decide?
Ludwig Feuerbach,"Who wrote ""The Essence of Christianity""?"
1841,"In what year was ""The Essence of Christianity"" written?"
the outward projection of man's inward nature,"What did the author of ""The Essence of Christianity"" consider religion to be?"
Karl Marx,The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?
"functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory","In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?"
matter,What is hyle?
matter and energy,Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?
energy,Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?
fields,Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?
Lambda-CDM model,Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?
dark matter,What type of matter does the model consider it to be?
things,Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?
quantum mechanics and chaos theory.,What are some of the findings that support their argument?
The Matter Myth,What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?
information,Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?
religions,"Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?"
"simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical",Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?
Christians,Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?
materialism,"If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?"
"Emergence, holism, and process philosophy",What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?
dual-aspect monism,"Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?"
German rocket technology,Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States?
the Soviet Union,Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite?
Yuri Gagarin,Who was the first human in space?
"July 20, 1969",When did Apollo 11 land on the moon?
"August 2, 1955",On what date did the Space Race begin?
"October 4, 1957",Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?
Yuri Gagarin,Who was the first person in space?
"April 12, 1961",What was the date that the first human reached space?
Germany,Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?
liquid-fueled rockets,What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?
Wernher von Braun,What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?
World War II,Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?
1932,A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?
technical director of the ballistic missile program,What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?
the Aggregate-4,What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?
General Dornberger,"During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?"
Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket,What was the first object to enter space?
1942 and 1943,When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?
Germany's rocket engineers,"After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?"
Operation Paperclip,"What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?"
V2 rockets,The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?
Sergei Korolev,Who led the Soviet rocket engineers
Siberia,Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?
the Chief Designer,"What was his ""secret"" title after World War II?"
Peenemünde,The German rocket center was located in what city?
Sergei Korolev,Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?
1938,What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?
1966,Sergei Korolev died in what year?
USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer,"After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?"
1948,What year was the R1 rocket born?
Robert H. Goddard,What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?
1921,Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?
New Mexico,The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?
1945,Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?
1949,The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?
"Huntsville, Alabama",The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?
1950,What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?
1949,What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?
the hydrogen bomb,What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?
intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles,ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?
Strategic Air Command,The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?
1950s,"During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?"
27 million,How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?
1941,The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?
1949,"Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?"
1947,In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?
air force,What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?
Korolev,Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?
German G-4, R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?
"August 21, 1957",When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?
R-7 Semyorka rocket,The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?
1945,The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?
MX-774,What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?
1947,The MX-774 was tested in what year?
Cape Canaveral,The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?
"June 11, 1957",The Atlas-A first launched on what date?
James C. Hagerty,Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?
"August 30, 1955",The starting date for the Space Race was which date?
"September 20, 1956",A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?
Vanguard,The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?
"December 6, 195",Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?
Florida,Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?
Jupiter-C rocket,"in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?"
"January 31, 1958",The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?
"cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites",The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?
Lyndon B. Johnson,Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?
1958,The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics,What was NASA called before it became NASA?
"April 2, 1958",The first US satellite was launched on what date?
"July 1, 1960",The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?
von Braun,Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?
4,How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?
1959,The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?
Luna 3,Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory,The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?
Ranger 4,The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?
Block III Ranger 7,The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?
"July 31, 1964",The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?
Luna,What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?
the USSR,Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?
Vostok 1,The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?
108 minutes,How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?
Cosmonautics Day,"April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?"
2011,What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?
US Air Force,Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?
Project Mercury,"Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?"
Alan Shepard,The first American to travel into space was whom?
"May 5, 1961",When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?
Freedom 7,The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?
Alan Shepard,The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?
John F. Kennedy,Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson,"President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?"
May 25,"The speech by Kennedy, ""Special Message on Urgent National Needs"" was delivered on what date?"
Rice University Stadium,"""We choose to go to the Moon"" speech was given at what location in Texas?"
John Glenn,The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?
"February 20, 1962",When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?
Atlantic Ocean,Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?
Friendship 7,John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?
3,How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?
Gherman Titov,What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?
"August 6, 1961",Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?
Vostok 3 and Vostok 4,"Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?"
Valentina Tereshkova,The first woman that went into space was whom?
Vostok 6,"What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?"
"June 16, 1963",The first woman to launch into space was on what date?
The USSR,The first woman to go into space was from which country?
July 1961 Tushino air show,At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?
"September 20, 1963","When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?"
"November 22, 1963",President Kennedy was killed when?
assassination,How did US President Kennedy die?
Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities,What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?
Gemini and Apollo,Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?
1962,What year was the Gemini project confirmed?
2,How many people could the Gemini project carry?
"October 12, 1964",On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?
Voskhod 1,The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?
1968,The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?
"January 14, 1966",Korolev died on what date?
"March 18, 1965",The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?
Alexey Leonov,Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?
Alexey Leonov,Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?
Apollo,Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?
Vladimir Chelomey,Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?
Soyuz 7K-L1,Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?
N1,"The ""Lunniy Korabl"" or ""LK"" would carry how many people?"
1959,The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?
United Nations,The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?
Political Committee of the UN General Assembly,A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?
December 1962,The cooperative space program was passed on what date?
"January 27, 1967",The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?
Apollo and Soyuz,Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?
"January 27, 1967",The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?
electrical spark,What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?
"Command Pilot Virgil ""Gus"" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee",Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?
Vladimir Komarov,Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?
"April 24, 1967",When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?
"October 11, 1968",Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?
Walter Schirra,Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?
"October 26, 1968",The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?
January 1969,When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?
Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5,Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?
Gulf of Guinea,Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?
1968,The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?
tortoises,What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?
March 1969,The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?
"Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders",Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?
"December 21, 1968","What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?"
Christmas Eve,"During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?"
Pacific,Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?
"47,400 feet",How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?
March 1969,The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?
"July 3, 1969","The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?"
Sea of Tranquility,Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?
"July 16, 1969",When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?
Florida,What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?
January 1969,When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?
three days,How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?
Eagle,The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?
Armstrong,Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?
9:56 pm CDT July 20,At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?
723 million,How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?
The next day,When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?
"July 24, 1969",When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?
Pacific Ocean,Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?
November 1969,When was the second landing on the Moon successful?
February 1971,When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?
July 1971,Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?
April 1972,On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?
December 1972,Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?
1976,Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?
"April 19, 1971",The USSR launched their first space station on what date?
"Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev",Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?
October 11,"The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?"
175 days,"How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?"
rocket failure,Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?
"May 14, 1973",The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?
"169,950 pounds",How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?
"July 11, 1979",When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?
Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev,Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?
May 1972,When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project,ASTP stands for what?
16,Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?
"July 15, 1975",Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?
1991,What year did the USSR disband?
R-7 rocket,Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?
1958,The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?
it is licensed to sell alcohol,What is a pub licensed to sell?
the pub,In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?
public house,What is the term 'pub' short for?
New England,Where in the United States are pubs located?
Denmark,What continental European country has pubs?
Canada,"Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?"
Samuel Pepys,Who said that pubs are the heart of England?
to Roman taverns,How far back does the history of pubs go back?
alehouse,What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? 
the modern tied house system,What is a pub tied to in the 19th century?
taverns,What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?
alehouse,What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?
19th century,In what century did the tied house system develop?
to obscure the clientele from the street,Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?
"beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks",What fares do most pubs offer?
smoked or frosted glass,What are traditional pub windows made out of?
clear glass,What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?
snacks,"Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?"
pub landlord,"What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?"
publican,What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?
for their proximity to home or work,Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?
pub landlord,What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?
publican,What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?
locals,What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?
darts,Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?
pool or snooker,What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?
jug and bottle,"What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as? "
1970s,In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?
off-sales counter,What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?
the jug and bottle,What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?
supermarkets,"Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?"
the Bronze Age,When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?
tabernae,"With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?"
the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole,How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?
there should be no more than one alehouse per village,What did King Edgar decree in 965?
the Bronze Age,During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?
the 1st Century,In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?
tabernae,What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?
5th Century,In what century did the Romans leave Britain?
green,What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?
in monasteries,"In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?"
1446,When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?
Worshipful Company of Innholders,What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?
1446,When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?
1514,In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?
monasteries,Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?
pilgrimages,What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?
in the country or along a highway,Where is an inn typically located?
community gathering places,In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?
several centuries,How old are some of the inns in Europe?
food and drink,"Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?"
highway,What road is an inn often located near?
two,How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?
several centuries,About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?
community gathering places,What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?
accommodation,"What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?"
the UK,In what nation's pubs is food often served?
The George,"Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?"
Scotland,"In what country is ""The Welcome Inn"" frequently used as a name for pubs?"
horses,"Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?"
lodging,"What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?"
alcohol,What is the main provision that pubs offer?
food and drink,What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?
Holiday Inn,What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?
innkeepers,"In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?"
Inns of Court,"Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?"
London,In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?
Wales,"Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?"
fermented malt,What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?
the Netherlands,What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?
15th,In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?
17th,In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?
commercial breweries,What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?
the Glorious Revolution,After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?
the Dutch,What people introduced gin to England?
1688,In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?
six times,How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?
half,"In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?"
William Hogarth,What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
The Gin Act 1736,What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?
1742,When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? 
The Gin Act 1751,What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
19th,In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?
Sketches by Boz,What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?
1835–1836,Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?
"""Gin Palaces""",What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?
London,In what British city did gin houses first appear?
Beer Act of 1830,What law allowed the existence of beer houses?
low alcohol content,In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?
gin,What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
reducing public drunkenness,What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?
£168,What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?
beer or cider,What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?
Sundays,On what day were beer houses closed?
jugs,"Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?"
spirits and fortified wines,What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?
400,How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?
"46,000",How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?
1869,In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?
pubs,What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?
19th,By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?
corners or road junctions,Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?
real ale micro-brewers,What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?
The Red Lion,"Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?"
Smith's Beer House,What is an example of a name for a beer house?
ale,"In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?"
17th,In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?
the crown,What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?
19th,In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?
1960s,In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?
Local Authorities,What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?
Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869,What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?
special Licensing Sessions courts,At what locations were public house licenses granted?
ex-servicemen or ex-policemen,Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?
Occasional Licences,What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?
London Metropolitan Archives centre,Where can historical licensing records be examined?
owner,"Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?"
the Defence of the Realm Act,What law further restricted public houses?
August 1914,In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?
12 noon–2:30 pm,"Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?"
Pembrokeshire,What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?
the police,What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?
10:30 pm,What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?
11 pm,What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?
Carlisle,What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?
1973,In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?
Sundays,On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?
11 pm,"Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?"
10:30 pm,What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?
24,How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?
12 noon,"In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?"
11 am,"In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?"
1976,When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?
Scotland's and Northern Ireland's,What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?
24 November 2005,When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?
the local council,"After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?"
11.30 pm,"Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?"
"207,800",How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?
"1,121",How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?
"""lock-in""",What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?
Licensing Act 2003,What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?
1915,"A law of what year prompted the existence of the ""lock-in""?"
allowing smoking,What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?
March 2006,In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?
April 2007,When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?
July 2007,What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?
Carlsberg and Heineken,What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?
Wetherspoon,What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?
Balls Pond Road,What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?
City Road,On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?
The Eagle,What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?
weasel,What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?
18th,In what century did saloons become established?
stand-up comedy,"Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?"
juke boxes,"Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?"
middle-class,What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?
working class,What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?
4,"In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?"
spit and sawdust,What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?
saloon,What is another name for the lounge bar?
the 1960s and 1970s,In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?
removal of the dividing wall or partition,What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
snug,What is another name for the smoke room?
higher,What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?
the parish priest,"Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?"
frosted glass,What were the windows in the snug made out of?
"50,000",How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?
very few,"According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?"
bring the beer out to the table,"In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?"
taproom,"Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?"
gin houses,What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?
Brierley Hill,In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?
The Bull and Bladder,What do the locals call The Vine?
Isambard Kingdom Brunel,Who pioneered the circular bar?
Swindon station pub,At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?
engineer and railway builder,What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?
British,What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?
a device for pumping beer,"What is a ""beer engine""?"
to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar,"What is the function of a ""beer engine""?"
John Lofting,Who invented the beer pump in England?
London,In what city was the beer pump invented?
Netherlands,In what country was John Lofting born?
1742,What was the death year of John Lofting?
1659,When was John Lofting born?
London Gazette,In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?
17 March 1691,On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?
20 to 30,How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?
St Thomas Apostle London,What location did John Lofting live near?
Islington,In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?
Turner,What was William Tillcar's profession?
Sun Tavern,What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?
handpump,What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?
gas,"Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?"
a Free house,What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?
18th,In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?
landlord,What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?
Shepherd Neame,What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?
Young's and Fuller's,What London breweries each own many pubs?
Greene King,What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?
The Beer Orders,What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?
1989,In what year were the Beer Orders passed?
O'Neill's,"Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?"
PubCo,What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?
PubCo,"Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?"
the UK,In what country was Punch Taverns established?
renamed,"When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?"
closed down,What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?
A brewery tap,What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?
the nearest pub,"If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?"
brewpub,What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?
country pub,What is another name for a rural public house?
serving travellers as coaching inns,What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?
the last thirty,Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?
providing seating facilities for the consumption of food,What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?
drinking,"Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?"
theme pubs,"What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?"
Irish pubs,What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?
rock pubs,What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?
strip pubs,What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?
karaoke bars,In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?
Richard II,Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
1393,In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
John,What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
inspectors,What was John Shakespeare's profession?
forfeit his ale,"If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?"
the Middle Ages,In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?
the illustration on the pub's sign,From where did pubs without written names derive their names?
Latin,Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?
The Cross,"Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?"
the coat of arms,What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
hops,What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
farming,Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
Trafalgar,What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?
Crowborough,What town is The Crow and Gate located in?
East Sussex,What county is home to The Crow and Gate?
royal,Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?
decorated signs,What hangs today over most British pub doors?
the name of the pub,What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?
directing potential customers to their door,What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?
Slug and Lettuce,What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?
comic,What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?
to identify and differentiate each pub,What is the purpose of a pub name?
pictorial signs,What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?
"John Manners, Marquess of Granby",After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?
"John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland","Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?"
general,What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?
18th,In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?
the Royal George,What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?
Bacchanals,"The pub ""The Bag o'Nails"" was a corruption of what word?"
God Encompasseth Us,"What phrase was ""The Goat and Compasses"" a corruption of?"
Faithful Kitten,What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English?
Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour,What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?
Henry VIII,Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?
pool,What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?
Nine Men's Morris,"Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?"
cards,"Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?"
cribbage,"Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?"
Table Football,What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?
video games,"Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?"
dance bar,What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?
sports bar,At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?
Shove ha'penny,"Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?"
Sunday League Football,What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?
Bowling,What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?
Pub rock,Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?
Punk music,What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?
the 1970s,In what decade was Pub rock popular?
bar snacks,"Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?"
mobile shellfish stalls,"In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?"
East End,In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?
pickled cockles and mussels,What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?
1950s,"During what decade did some British pubs provide ""a pie and a pint""?"
1960s,In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?
1960s,"What decade saw the popularity of ""chicken in a basket""?"
a wicker basket,"What was ""chicken in a basket"" served in?"
chips,"Along with chicken, what food was included in ""chicken in a basket""?"
Pub grub,What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?
Sunday,On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?
British,What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?
the 1990s,During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?
lunches,"Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?"
gastropubs,What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?
dining room,"Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?"
pub and gastronomy,What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?
1991,In what year was the term gastropub invented?
Mike Belben,"Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?"
London,In what city is the Eagle pub located?
Clerkenwell,In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?
thirty-six,How many pubs does the National Trust own?
London,In what city is the George Inn located?
Belfast,What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?
Northern Ireland,What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?
CAMRA,What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?
the Tan Hill Inn,What pub in England is the highest above sea level?
Yorkshire,In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?
528,How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?
Inverie,In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?
Scotland,In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?
Ye Olde Fighting Cocks,What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?
11th,In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?
Nottingham,Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?
1189,When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?
1086,When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?
Holywell,Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?
460,How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?
560,When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?
905,When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?
Yorkshire,In what county is the Bingley Arms located?
1240,When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?
Nottingham,Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?
1631,When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?
Stalybridge,What town is the Q Inn located in?
Cheshire,What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?
the Q Inn,What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?
The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn,What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?
Cheshire,What county is Stalybridge in?
2007,When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?
1982,In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?
gastro-pubs,Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?
supermarkets,What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?
"28,095",How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?
2015,In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?
legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants,What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?
Dick Turpin,Who was based out of the Swan Inn?
Buckinghamshire,In what county was the Swan Inn located?
John Fothergill,What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?
1931,In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?
Chatto & Windus,What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?
Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese,"What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?"
the Cock Tavern,"Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?"
Charles Dickens,What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?
Ye Olde Cock Tavern,"Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?"
16 Charlotte Street,What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?
Fitzrovia,In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?
Soho,In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?
The Canonbury Tavern,What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?
Canonbury,In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?
Parliament Square,Where is the Red Lion located?
a Division bell,What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?
Madonna,Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?
Mayfair,In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?
The Coleherne,What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?
The Blind Beggar,At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?
The Ten Bells,What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?
The Magdala,Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?
The Crown Tavern,What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?
1903,In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?
The Angel,At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?
Islington,In what district of London is The Angel located?
Charles Dickens,What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?
a Co-operative Bank,What is the present status of the Angel pub?
a coaching inn,"Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?"
the Lamb and Flag,"Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?"
Oxford,Where is the Eagle and Child located?
C. S. Lewis,"Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?"
Cambridge,Where is the Eagle pub located?
28 February 1953,On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?
The Rovers Return,What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?
The Queen Vic,What pub is featured on EastEnders?
BBC One,What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?
ITV,What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?
the Woolpack,What pub is featured on Emmerdale?
themed bars,"What would be a more accurate classification for many ""British"" pubs found outside Britain?"
Denmark,What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?
56,How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?
Copenhagen,In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?
"20,000",About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?
craic,What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?
tavernhouse,What does teach tábhairne mean in English?
teach óil,"What Irish term means ""drinkinghouse""?"
spirit grocers,"Vis-à-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?"
New Zealand,What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?
tavern,"Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?"
1970s,"In what decade did ""bar"" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?"
public house,"In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?"
the student's union,What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?
1990s,"In what decade could one find an ""English looking"" pub trend in Canada?"
Christian,What is a person who follows Christianity called?
Jesus Christ,Whose life do Christians learn from?
Christós,What Greek word is Christian derived from?
mashiach,Christós is translated from what Biblical term?
conflict,"While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?"
significance,"Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?"
the cultural aspects of Christianity,"Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?"
2.2 billion,"According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010?"
600 million,How many Christians were in the world in 1910?
Christianity,"If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050?"
half,"Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic?"
158,Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today?
Χριστιανός (Christianos),"What Greek word defines as ""follower of Christ?"""
Χριστός (Christos),Where does the Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos) come from?
anointed one,What does Χριστός (Christos) mean?
Chrétien,What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek?
Acts 11:26,Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?
Herod Agrippa II,Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?
Peter 4:16,When verse was the third mention?
the emperor of Rome,Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?
Antioch,In what city did the term Christians start?
Nazarenes,"When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?"
Josephus,"What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?"
Tacitus,Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?
Nero,Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?
Nazarenes,"In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?"
Nazoraean,What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?
Notzrim,What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?
modern Israeli Hebrew,Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?
beliefs and practices,"While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?"
Linda Woodhead,Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance? 
Michael Martin,Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?
three,How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?
faith in Jesus,What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?
"the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed",What are the three creeds Martin studied?
Messiah,Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?
Galilean village,What village did Jesus come from?
Nazareth,Where was the Galilean village?
northern Israel,Where is Nazareth located?
followers of the Messiah,What does Masīḥī mean?
July 2014,When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?
the Fall of Mosul,What happened in July 2014?
the first letter of Nasara,What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?
Nasrani,Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?
Masihi,Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?
Nasrani,What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?
Ṣalībī,What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?
cross,"Ṣalībī comes from the word ṣalīb, which means what?"
Crusader,What does Ṣalībī mean?
European Christian Crusaders,What does Alfranj mean?
Masīhī,What is the most common Persian word for Christian?
Nasrānī,What is the Syriac word for Nazarene?
"fear, respect",What does tars mean?
Tarsā,What is the Middle Persion word for Christian?
Nasrani,"Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?"
Isaai,What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?
Isa Masih,What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?
Nasrani,What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?
the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia,What does the term refer to now? 
基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú),What is the Chinese word for Christian?
Christ follower,What does 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú) mean?
Ki-To in Cantonese,What was the original pronunciation of Jīdū?
Cơ đốc,What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? 
kirishitan,What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics?
16th and 17th centuries,When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese?
the Tokugawa shogunate,Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?
Kirisuto-kyōto,How are Christians referenced today in Japan?
"기독교도, Kidok-kyo-do",What is the Korean word for Christian?
Sino-Korean Kidok,Which term referred to Jesus himself?
Kurisudo 그리스도,What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok?
Scythia,What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?
Armenia,What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? 
301 AD,When did Armenia adopt Christianity?
337 AD,When did Georgia adopt Christianity? 
Pravoslav faith,What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?
100 years,How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?
Roman Catholic Church,Which Christian denomination has the most members?
1.17 billion,How many people today are Roman Catholics?
Christianity,More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?
Christianity,Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?
2.7,"On average, how many children do Christians have?"
10.2 million,How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?
High birth rates,"In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?"
Protestant,What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America?
American Record Corporation,"What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?"
1938,In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?
1966,In what year was it known as CBS Records?
1987,"In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?"
Universal Music Group.,What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?
2004,In what year did SME merge with another company?
Bertelsmann Music Group,What was the name of the other company that SME merged with?
Sony BMG Music Entertainment,What did the company call themselves after the  merger?
2008,In what year did Sony BMG Music Entertainment go back to being called SME?
1929,In what year did ARC form?
1888,In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form?
1934,In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company?
Columbia Broadcasting System,Who bought out ARC?
1938,In what year was ARC bought?
Columbia Recording Corporation,What did CBS call ARC after buying it?
William S. Paley,Who was the head of CBS at the time?
RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein,Who convinced Paley to buy ARC?
1953,In what year was Epic Records created?
Columbia,What company created Epic Records?
Conkling,Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?
Warner Bros. Records,What did Conkling later go on to lead?
rockabilly,What type of music was Date Records known for?
1961,In what year was Mercury Records (US) bought out?
Philips Records,Who acquired Mercury Records (US)?
Discos CBS,What is the name of CBS' Mexican record label?
"Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey",What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in?
Oriole Records.,What lable was bought by CBS in the UK?
1965,CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?
1965,"Date Records gave rise to the group ""Peaches and Herb"" in what year?"
"""Time of the Season"" by the Zombies",Date Records released what major success in 1969?
#2,What place on the charts did Date Records' big success land on?
1970,"Despite the success, in what year did Date Records cease to exist?"
Leiberson,Who ran CBS-Columbia Group starting in 1966?
1968,In what year did CBS and Sony come together?
1983,In what year did CDs come to the American market?
1972,In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group?
over a hundred thousand,How many people signed a petition to boycott Sony Music in 2016?
Google,What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?
Wikipedia.org,What website does Sony have complaints against?
2013,In what year did Sony pull out of the Greek market?
Feelgood Records,What label for the Greek market were artists on under the Sony umbrella?
2012,In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines?
L.A. Reid,What famous music producer became CEO of Epic Records?
Doug Morris,Who joined the CEO of Epic Records in becoming the CEO of Sony Music?
2011,In what year did he become the CEO of Sony Music?
Peter Edge,Who became the CEO of RCA Records?
"Arista, J Records and Jive Records",What labels did RCA disband in 2011?
"Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer",Name 3 artists that CBS Associated Records signed on in the 80s and 90s?
1986,In what year did CBS sell CBS Songs?
$125 million,How much was the sale of CBS Songs?
"Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman",Who were the 3 people who bought CBS Songs?
1987,In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company?
MCA Records,What label did ABC sell in 1979?
RCA,What label did NBC sell in 1986?
Ge,Who bought RCA?
1987,In what year did SCA buy CBS Records?
Michael Jackson,Who was the biggest artist that CBS had?
$2 billion,How much did SCA pay for CBS Records?
2006,In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records?
Sony through its RED subsidiary,Who distributes CBS Records material?
1989,In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing?
$30 million,How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing?
Nashville,In what city was Tree International Publishing located?
2011,In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave?
Island Def Jam and Universal Republic,What company did Barry Weiss move to?
2008,When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive?
1991,When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?
Mel Lewinter,Who was promoted to Executive VP of Label Strategy in 2011?
Dennis Kooker,Who became President of Global Digital Business and US Sales in 2012?
2004,In what year did Sony and BMG Germany merge?
2008,In what year did Sony take BMG's half stake in the company?
"Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyoncé, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido",Name one of the final albums to ever have the Sony BMG label?
2009,When was Sony's new logo revealed to the public?
SME and IODA,What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders?
2009,In what year did they partner in order to do so?
Michael Jackson Company,Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever?
$250 million,How much was the partnership worth?
2010,In what year was the partnership initiated?
1989,Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year?
Clive Davis,Who is the CCO of Sony Music?
1995,In what year did the merger take place?
1991,In what year did the name Sony Music Entertainment become the new name of Sony's record label?
1991,In what year did CBS Associated become Epic Associated?
Japan,What is the only country where Sony has no rights to the Columbia label?
Nippon Columbia,Who owns the rights to the Columbia label in Japan?
Oklahoma City,What is the capital of Oklahoma?
Oklahoma City,Which city is the largest in Oklahoma?
"1,322,429",What was the population of Oklahoma city in 2014?
Great Plains region,Which region is Oklahoma City a part of?
Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center,What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases?
I-35 Corridor,What corridor is Oklahoma City situated in?
1889,When was the city founded?
1995,When was the Oklahoma City bombing?
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building,What was the name of the building involved in the bombing?
Unassigned Lands,What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City?
James W. Maney,Who was an early leader of the city?
1907,What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?
Guthrie,What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?
Route 66,What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?
Bobby Troup,"Who wrote the Jazz oldie ""(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66""?"
Nat King Cole,Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?
1928,When was oil discovered in the city limits?
"I-35, I-40 and I-44",What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?
Patience Latting,Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?
1971,When was Patience Latting elected?
Metropolitan Area Projects,What was the name of the redevelopment passage that was passed in 1993?
baseball park,What is one thing that was added in this project?
$3 billion,How much money was invested in MAPS by 2010?
2007,When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?
Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum,What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured?
2000,What year did the memorial first opened?
"The ""Core-to-Shore"" project",What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?
2009,What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program?
620.34 square miles,How many square miles is Oklahoma City?
19.23 square miles,"Out of the 620.34 square miles, how much of it is water?"
Sandstone Hills region,Which region is Oklahoma city located in?
North Canadian River,What river flows through Oklahoma city?
Oklahoma River,What is the new name for the part of the North Canadian River that resides within the city limits?
1940s,When was a dam built for the river?
low-water dams,What was built in the 1990's to help return water to the river near downtown?
rural watershed areas,What covers the remaining 377 square miles?
South Oklahoma City,Which side is known for primarily being industrial?
North Oklahoma City,Which side is more urban and fashionable?
Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens,What are two newly renovated locations in downtown Oklahoma city?
humid subtropical climate,What type of climate does Oklahoma city?
35.9 inches,How much precipitation on average falls within the city?
8.6 inches,"Out of the precipitation that falls, how much of it is snow?"
March,When is Oklahoma city sever weather season begin?
June,When does Oklahoma city sever weather season end?
150,Approximately How many tornadoes have reached the city limits?
2.6 miles,How wide was the widest tornado ever?
May 2015,When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?
"579,999",How many people were counted in the 2010 census?
"230,233 households",How many households were recorded in the 2010 census
"144,120 families",How many families were recorded in the 2010 census?
956.4,What was the density of the population per square mile?
"256,930",How many housing units were there for the 2010 census?
"230,233",How many households were in Oklahoma city?
married couples,What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total?
2.47,What is the average size for households?
3.11,What is the average size for families?
non-families,What is the second highest demographic for households?
34,What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000?
females,Which gender was prominent in that time?
late 1990s,When did the population increases begin in Oklahoma city?
"620,602",What was the estimated population of Oklahoma city in 2014
Oklahoma City,What is Oklahoma's largest urbanized area?
42nd,What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012?
Juárez Cartel,What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?
1978,When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer?
1995,When was Roger Dale Stafford executed?
5,How many substations does Oklahoma city have?
Timothy McVeigh,Who detonated the bomb in 1995?
168,How many people were killed in the bombing?
680,How many people were injured in the bombing?
$652 million,How much money was the damage worth?
"June 11, 2001",When was Timothy McVeigh Executed?
2,How many universities are within the MSA region?
Norman Regional Hospital,What hospital is in the MSA region
"27,000",How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?
"2,800",How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?
"11,900",How many people work in University of Oklahoma?
$61.1 billion,What was Oklahoma cities gross metropolitan product in 2009?
2008,"What year did forbes list Oklahoma city as ""recession proof""."
1982,When did Penn Square Bank go bankrupt?
1985,What year did the oil crash?
April 2006,When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened?
Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex,What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma?
2013,When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated?
300,How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology?
2009,When did The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum begin construction?
The Oklahoma City National Memorial,What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial?
Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism,What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial?
the banjo,What musical instrument has it's own museum in Oklahoma City?
$3.5 million,How much is the collection worth in the museum?
2005,When was the Oklahoma History Center created?
Oklahoma Historical Society,Who operates the Oklahoma History Center?
northeast Oklahoma City,Where is the Oklahoma History Center located?
Thunder,What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City?
Oklahoma City Dodgers,What team is the affiliate to the Los Angeles Dodgers?
Chesapeake Energy Arena,What is the name of the downtown arena?
Oklahoma City Thunder,Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008?
Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark,What is the name of the nearby minor league park?
Big 12 Baseball Tournament,What is one annual event Oklahoma City hosts?
Remington Park,What park hosts Quarter horse racing?
state fairgrounds,Where are equine events hosted?
Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association,What organization organizes High School football?
Clayton Bennett,Who moved the Oklahoma City Thunder to Oklahoma City?
OKC,What is one of the Thunders nicknames?
Bison,What is the Thunders mascot?
8th,What place were the Thunder in 2010 NBA playoffs?
Miami Heat,Who did the Thunder play in the finals of 2012?
San Antonio Spurs,Who did the Thunder lose to in the Western Conference finals?
2009,When did the Thunder start winning Northwest Division Titles?
Billy Donovan,Who is the Thunders head coach?
Russell Westbrook,Who is the Thunders point guard?
Ford Center,Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina?
Houston Rockets,What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City?
I. M. Pei,Who designed the bridge?
Water Stage,What is the name of the amphitheater located inside the Botanical Gardens?
Remington Park,Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino?
Frontier City,Which amusement park is western themed? 
Lake Stanley Draper,Which lake is the cities largest lake?
American Banjo Museum,What place hosts concerts and lectures?
Will Rogers Park,Where is the Lycan Conservatory located?
Mat Hoffman,Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City?
March 2009,When was Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park considered one of the best by National Geographic Society?
Mick Cornett,Who is the mayor of Oklahoma City?
2004,When was Mick Cornett first elected?
Jim Couch,Who is the city Manager?
Epworth University,What was the original name of Oklahoma City University?
"September 1, 1904",When was the university founded?
Oklahoma Health Center district,Which district is OU Medicine campus located in?
OU Medicine,Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center?
"12,000",Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center?
University of Central Oklahoma,Which university is the third-largest in the state?
Oklahoma Christian University,Which private university is located near the Edmond border?
Oklahoma City Community College,Which community college is the second largest in the state?
Oklahoma State University,Which university is located in the Furniture district?
Bethany,Where is Southern Nazarene University located?
Church of the Nazarene,Who founded the Southern Nazarene University
Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center,What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?
Oklahoma City Public Schools,What is Oklahoma's largest school district?
2012,What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award?
Oklahoma City,Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?
Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center,What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?
The Dale Rogers Training Center,What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people?
The Oklahoman,Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma?
NewsOK.com,What is the name of The Oklahoman's website?
Oklahoma Gazette,What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly?
The Journal Record,What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper?
Eastside,Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?
OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times,What international newspapers is in the Asia District?
The Campus,What is the name of the student newspaper?
Slice Magazine,What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?
Back40,What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?
WKY Radio,What was the third Radio Station in the US?
1921,When was WKY granted a federal license?
1928,When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?
KFOR-TV,What is the current station called?
41st,What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen?
34,How many counties does Oklahoma Cities Networks cover?
1015,How many  people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?
G. Keith Bryant,Who is currently the Chief of the department?
37,How many firestations are there?
"70,000",How many emergency calls are made yearly?
3,How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?
Lake Hefner Parkway,What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City?
Shields Boulevard,What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?
Will Rogers World Airport,Which airport is the busiest?
3.6 million,How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year?
Tinker Air Force Base,What is the name of the largest military base in the nation?
METRO Transit,What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?
Fixed Guideway Study,What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?
December 2009,When was MAPS 3 passed?
$777 million,How much will MAPS 3 cost?
2017,What year should the streetcar become operable?
St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center,What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?
Oklahoma Health Center district,Where is the Children's hospital located?
INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center,Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health?
2012,When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list?
Midwest City,Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?
347,"How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?"
last place,What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?
hunter-gatherer,What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?
agricultural,What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?
domesticated species,What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?
Hunting and gathering,What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?
Hunting and gathering,What was the first way humans used to find food?
invention of agriculture,What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?
farming or pastoralist groups,What are the basic types of agricultural groups?
Only a few,How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?
horticulture and/or keeping animals,What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?
hunter-gatherers,Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?
keeping animals,"Besides  agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?"
horticulture,"In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?"
scavenging,How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?
natural causes,"In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?"
sparsely wooded areas,Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?
dense forest,What type of area did early humans avoid?
persistence hunting,What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?
endurance running hypothesis,What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?
some hunter-gatherer groups,Who still practices persistence hunting?
scavenging hypothesis,"Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?"
both subsistence strategies,What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?
1.8 million years ago,When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?
Homo erectus,What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?
0.2 million years ago,When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?
"10,000 years ago",When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?
Neolithic Revolution,What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?
Middle to Upper Paleolithic,During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?
"80,000 to 70,000 years ago",How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?
a smaller selection,What was the change in gathering?
"12,000 years ago",When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?
jungle-clad river banks,In what kind of area did forest gardening start?
foothills of monsoon regions,In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?
tree and vine species,What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?
"identified, protected and improved",What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?
eliminated,What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?
in the developing world,Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?
arid regions or tropical forests,In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?
settlements of agriculturalists,What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?
availability of wild foods,What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?
large mammal species,What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?
agricultural societies,Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?
first forms of government,What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?
agricultural centers,What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?
agriculture-driven,What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?
agricultural societies increased,Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?
unsuitable for agricultural use,What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?
few,How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?
agriculture,What do people basically rely on now?
hunter-gatherer cultures,Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?
reliance upon agriculture,What kind of food production is worldwide now?
nomadic or semi-nomadic,What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?
temporary,What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?
impermanent,What kind of building materials do they use?
rock shelters,What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?
Mobile communities,What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?
rich environments,What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?
hunter-gatherer,What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?
sedentary or semi-sedentary,What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?
rich environments,What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?
hunter-gatherer cultures,What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?
egalitarian,What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?
Northwest Coast of North America, Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?
African,what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?
in an evolutionary context,How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?
anything but egalitarian,What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?
into hierarchies,How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?
alpha male,What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?
permanent leaders,What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?
task being performed,Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?
matrilocal,What group arrangement is usual in family authority?
matrilineal,What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?
Western values,What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?
women,Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?
men,What group members are the big game hunters?
arrangement oppresses women,What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?
childcare is collective,How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?
sexual division,How is labor often divided in these groups?
85%,What percentage of Aeta women hunt?
31%,What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?
17%,What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?
Man the Hunter,At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?
1966,When was the Man the Hunter conference?
mobility,Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?
egalitarianism,What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?
territorial boundaries,What other characteristic is variable for these groups?
Marshall Sahlins,Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?
1996,When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?
8.8 hours a day,How long a day do people in other societies work?
sharing,What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?
gift economy,What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?
temperature,What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?
variability,What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?
significant,What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?
increased variability of tools,What does temperature impact on tool kits?
risk of failure,What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?
egalitarian,What  does the immediate return system mean?
nonegalitarian,To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?
immediate return,Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?
contact with modern civilization,How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?
pristine,What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?
in uncontacted peoples,Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?
Paleolithic societies,What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?
adaptive strategy,What is hunting and gathering argued to be?
environmental change,What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?
transition,What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?
cultural diffusion,"Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?"
"last 10,000 years",How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?
agriculturalists,"If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being?"
pushed into marginal areas,What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers??
migrations,What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers?
violent conflict,"Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?"
nothing meaningful,What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?
theorists,Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?
pure hunter-gatherer,What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?
Lee and Guenther,Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?
prehistoric hunter-gatherers,Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?
egalitarianism,What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?
Wilmsen,Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?
the landscape,What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?
cutting or burning undesirable plants,How do they manage the landscape?
slash-and-burn,What technique do they use to make animal habitats?
agriculture,What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with?
domesticated food,What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?
hunt and gather,What do some agriculturalists often do?
go hunting,What do they sometimes do for entertainment?
to escape colonial control,Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?
agriculture became difficult,"Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?"
Pila Nguru,What is the name of the Spinifex people?
Western Australia,Where do the Pila Nguru people live?
Sentinelese,Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island?
Indian Ocean,Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?
ice-free corridors,These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?
Laurentide and Cordilleran,Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?
primitive boats,What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?
Great Plains,Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?
stone tool production,What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?
common style,What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?
across the Americas,Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?
25 to 50 members,How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?
warmer more arid,What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?
megafauna,What disappeared during the Archaic period?
regional adaptations,What became the norm for the mobile bands?
hunting and gathering,What did they rely less and less on?
increasing regional generalization,What was there a pattern of in this period?
United Nations Population Fund,What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?
reproductive health,UNFPA's work concerns what general area?
wanted,One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?
safe,Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?
female genital mutilation,"What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?"
four,In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?
three quarters,About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?
United Nations Development Group,UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?
Europe,UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?
1969,When did UNFPA begin its work?
United Nations Fund for Population Activities,What was UNFPA's original name?
1987,When did the organization change its name?
United Nations Development Fund,UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?
1971,When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?
2015,When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?
193,How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?
17,How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?
15 years,The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?
ambitious,Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?
health,The third of the goals concerns what?
education,What does the fourth goal focus on improving?
gender equality,What is the topic of the fifth goal?
Rafael M. Salas,Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
Nigeria,Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?
Thoraya Ahmed Obaid,Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?
Dr Nafis Sadik,Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?
population and reproductive health programs,UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?
150,In how many countries does UNFPA operate?
non-governmental organizations,"In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?"
the international community,What supports UNFPA's work?
young people,"The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?"
reproductive health,UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?
the reproductive system,These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?
social health,What is the third element?
developing countries,Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?
population concerns,To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?
policies and strategies,What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?
Dr. Osotimehin,Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?
Goodwill Ambassadors,The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?
women and young people,UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?
governments,With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?
United Nations agencies,With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?
raise awareness,"In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?"
"communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector",Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?
forced-abortions,UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?
sterilizations,UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?
anti-family planning groups,What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?
three,Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?
governments and the private sector,Who contributes to UNFPA?
$1 billion,Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?
$529 million,How much of its funding was earmarked?
$477 million,What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?
the mid-to-late '90s,During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?
sterilizations,Peru was found to have been coercing what?
reforms and protocols,UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?
women seeking assistance,UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?
laws and practices,"After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?"
the Bush Administration,Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?
From 2002 through 2008,During what period did the administration deny funding?
the US Congress,Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?
forced abortions and coercive sterilizations,What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?
the Kemp-Kasten Amendment,What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?
China,Which country was administering forced abortions?
three,How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?
the State Department,Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?
population control policies,What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?
Secretary of State,What was this official's position at the time?
Colin Powell,Who was the official that accused UNFPA?
vehicles and computers,What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?
the Washington Post and the Washington Times,What papers reported on this incident?
Christopher H. Smith,Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?
Potemkin Villages,The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?
Dr. Nafis Sadik,Which former director defended UNFPA?
Amnesty International,Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?
coercive techniques,What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?
Amnesty International,What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?
Population Research Institute,"In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?"
United Nations Members,"In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?"
130,How many members does the “Group of 77” have?
the United Kingdom,"Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?"
President,Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?
Bush,What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?
$244 million,How much funding was blocked?
the Executive Branch,Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?
Congressionally,How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?
the Netherlands,Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?
Luxembourg,Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?
Japan,Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?
180,"In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?"
America,What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?
nonprofit,What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?
Americans for UNFPA,What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?
federal funding,What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace? 
private donations,Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?
Barack Obama,Which president began funding UNFPA again?
2009,In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?
January,In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?
180,The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?
154,The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?
the Pacific Ocean,Which ocean is along eastern Russia?
the Soviet Union,Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?
91,When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?
sixteen,How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?
forty,The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?
five,How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?
six,How many krais were present in the RSFSR?
the Bolsheviks,Which group originally created the Soviet state?
Vladimir Lenin,Who led the group which created the Soviet state?
the Russian Provisional Government,Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?
five months,How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?
Sovdepia,What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?
Vladimir Lenin,Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?
Russian Provisional Government,What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?
five months,For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?
Sovdepia,What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?
"December 30, 1922",When was the Soviet Union created?
six,How many republics were in the USSR?
the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?
1936,When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?
the Great Northern War,In which war was Russia involved in 1700?
"December 30, 1922",On what date was the Soviet Union created?
six,How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?
1936,In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?
Soviet Constitution of 1936,What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
1700,In what year was the Great Northern War fought?
"December 25, 1991",When did the Soviet Union break up?
the Russian Federation,Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?
the Russian Federation,What is the current official name of Russia?
"April 21, 1992",When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?
"December 25, 1991",When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?
the collapse of the Soviet Union,What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?
"April 21, 1992",When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?
1993 Constitution of Russia,What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?
Poland,Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?
Norway and Finland,Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?
"Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China",Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?
"Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs",Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?
"the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs",Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?
Poland,What country borders Russia on the west?
Finland,"Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?"
Georgian,"In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?"
Democratic People's Republic of Korea,"Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?"
"November 7, 1917",When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?
the Russian Provisional Government,Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?
the October Revolution,Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?
five months,How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?
the Russian Republic,What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?
"November 7, 1917",When did the Soviet government assume power?
the October Revolution,What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?
the Russian Provisional Government,What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?
five,"In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?"
the Soviet Russian Republic,Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?
Germany,To which country did Russia give land during World War I?
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?
the Russian Civil War,What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?
third,"What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?"
the Soviet Russian Republic,"On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?"
peace in World War I,What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
"July 10, 1918",On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
the Russian Civil War,During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?
Karachay Autonomous Oblast,Which oblast was broken up in 1943?
Central Asia,Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?
the Georgian SSR,Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?
Joseph Stalin,Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?
Joseph Stalin,Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?
1943,When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?
Central Asia,To where were the Karachays exiled?
alleged collaboration with the Germans,Why were the Karachays exiled?
Georgian SSR,What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?
"November 7, 1917",On what date was the RSFSR established?
October Revolution,What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?
1918,In what year was the Constitution adopted?
1922,The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?
two-thirds,How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?
the United States and Saudi Arabia,What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?
"23,941,000",How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?
475,How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?
47,In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?
"June 12, 1990",On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?
Boris Yeltsin,"Who became president on June 12, 1991?"
"December 8, 1991",On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?
December 12,When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?
1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR,What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?
Russian Federation,"What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?"
"December 26, 1991",On what date was the USSR dissolved?
Soviet of Nationalities,What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?
Soviet of the Union,"What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?"
UN membership,What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?
"January 25, 1918",On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?
All-Russian Congress of Soviets,What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?
"March 3, 1918",When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?
Germany,The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?
Russian Constitution of 1918,What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
Treaty of Tartu,What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?
Irish Republic,"Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?"
Russia,What was the common name of the Soviet Union?
republic,"Technically, what type of state was Russia?"
Russia,What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?
70%,What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?
the east,In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?
natural gas,"Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?"
"December 30, 1922",On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?
First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR,What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?
Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic,"Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?"
"January 31, 1924",On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?
the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR,What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?
1932–1933,During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?
the 1936 Soviet Constitution,"What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?"
the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics,What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?
the Uzbek SSR,What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?
reduced,What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?
the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?
the Russian Constitution of 1937,What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?
the Chechen-Ingush ASSR,"What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?"
Stalin,Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?
accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism,Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?
Georgian SSR,"Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?"
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast,What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?
"October 11, 1944",On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?
an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?
Latvia,"Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?"
Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts,What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?
Ivangorod,Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?
Kuril Islands,"Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?"
the RSFSR,What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?
the southernmost Kurils,The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?
"April 17, 1946",On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?
East Prussia,What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?
the Russian SFSR,What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?
Malenkov,"Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?"
deputy Prime Minister,To what position was Malenkov demoted?
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party,What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?
Nikita Khrushchev,Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?
"January 9, 1957",When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?
Karachay Autonomous Oblast,What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?
Khrushchev,Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?
the Russian SFSR,To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?
the Georgian SSR,What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?
Nikita Khrushchev,Who lost power in 1964?
Leonid Brezhnev,Who assumed a position of power in 1964?
1982,When did Leonid Brezhnev die?
Mikhail Gorbachev,Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?
introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society,How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?
"June 12, 1990",On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?
the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic,What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?
"the ""War of Laws""",What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?
the Soviet Union,What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?
"March 17, 1991",On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?
Boris Yeltsin,Who was the first President of the RSFSR?
Mikhail Gorbachev,Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?
June 12,On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?
"August 19–21, 1991",During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?
August 23,On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?
Yeltsin,Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?
November 6,On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?
Gorbachev,"Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?"
Belarus,In what country is Viskuli located?
"December 8, 1991",On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?
Belavezha Accords,What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?
the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR,What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?
fourteen,The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?
December 24,When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?
December 25,On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?
the Russian Federation,What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?
Yeltsin,Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?
Rossiyskaya Gazeta,In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?
the Council of People's Commissars,What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946?
Council of Ministers,What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946?
Council of Ministers–Government,"When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?"
Vladimir Lenin,Who led the first government of the RSFSR?
Boris Yeltsin,Who led the final government of the RSFSR?
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?
the abortive 1991 August coup,What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?
Yeltsin,Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?
NBCUniversal,Which company is directly above Universal Studios?
Comcast,Which company runs NBC Universal?
Big Six,What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part?
1912,When was Universal Studios created?
"Universal City, California",Where does Universal's filming take place?
Universal Pictures,What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?
Comcast,Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?
100 Universal City Plaza Drive,What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?
"Universal City, California",In what city and state are its production studios located?
New York City,In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?
fourth,What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age?
Nordisk,Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal?
Gaumont Film Company and Pathé,Which French companies are older than Universal?
French,What is the nationality of Pathé?
Nordisk Film company,"Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?"
fourth,"Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?"
Chicago,After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?
1908,In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?
Edison,What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?
the Latham Loop,For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?
Yankee Film Company,What company did Laemmle found in June 1909?
Abe Stern and Julius Stern,Who were Laemmle's business partners in the Yankee Film Company?
"Fort Lee, New Jersey",In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based?
The Biograph Girl,What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence?
King Baggot,What actor did Laemmle promote?
"April 30, 1912",On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?
New York,In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated?
Laemmle,Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912?
bought out by Laemmle,What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?
movie production,"Along with exhibition and distribution, what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in?"
"March 15, 1915",On what date did Universal City Studios open?
0.9,"In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?"
Cahuenga Pass,What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?
Universal,What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?
low-budget programmers,What sort of films were produced by Red Feather?
more ambitious productions,What type of movies came out of Bluebird?
prestige motion pictures,What motion pictures were made by Jewel?
Directors,What was the profession of George Marshall?
Lois Weber,Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?
Erich von Stroheim,Who directed Blind Husbands?
1922,In what year was Foolish Wives produced?
Lon Chaney,Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera?
1923,What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
Irving Thalberg,Who was at one time Laemmle's personal secretary?
Deutsche Universal-Film AG,What was the name of Universal's German production unit?
Joe Pasternak,Who ran Universal's German production unit?
1926,In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open?
three to four,How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?
Hungary,"Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?"
"""clean picture""",what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years?
April 1927,"By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on ""unclean pictures""?"
Universal was losing money,"Why did Laemmle change his position on ""unclean pictures""?"
Ub Iwerks,"Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?"
Universal,Who owned the rights to Oswald?
Charles Mintz,Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?
Mickey Mouse,What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?
Steamboat Willie,What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?
Disney,Who bought the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons in 2006?
NBC Universal,Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons?
Al Michaels,What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC?
Walter Lantz,Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929?
1943,In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal?
70,"How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?"
Uncle Carl,"What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?"
Ogden Nash,What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?
21,"At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?"
William Wyler,What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?
Junior,What was Carl Laemmle Jr.'s nickname?
Show Boat,What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel?
1929,In what year was the musical Broadway produced?
All Quiet on the Western Front,What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture?
King of Jazz,What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930?
1931,In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula?
1933,In what year was The Invisible Man made?
Imitation of Life,What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934?
1936,In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?
1931,When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made?
The theater chain,What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy?
production operations,"Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?"
1936,In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released?
1929,In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat?
"$750,000",What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?
the Standard Capital Corporation,Who granted Universal the production loan?
"April 2, 1936",When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?
J. Cheever Cowdin,Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?
Margaret Sullavan,What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?
J. Cheever Cowdin,Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover?
William Wyler,"Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?"
1936,In what year was Show Boat released?
Joe Pasternak,Who produced the film Three Smart Girls?
Deanna Durbin,Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls?
1936,In what year was Three Smart Girls made?
Universal's German subsidiary,"Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed?"
light musicals,What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany?
13,How old was Gloria Jean in 1939?
Bing Crosby,"Along with Donald O'Connor and Bing Crosby, with whom did Gloria Jean star?"
James Stewart,Who played Destry in Destry Rides Again?
Paramount Studios,"Prior to working at Universal, what studio employed Marlene Dietrich?"
1939,In what year was Destry Rides again produced?
1938–43,During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced?
1938–41,Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made?
1938–42,In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies?
1932–33,When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns?
1946–47,In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant?
Bud Abbott and Lou Costello,What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?
Buck Privates,What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?
W. C. Fields,"Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?"
Fritz Lang,Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?
1942–46,In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?
1943–45,In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?
Selznick International Pictures,What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?
1943,In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?
Arabian Nights,What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?
Maria Montez,What actress starred in Arabian Nights?
Claude Rains,"Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?"
1925,When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?
1942,In what year was Arabian Nights produced?
1945,In what year was United World Pictures founded?
Kenneth Young,What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures?
one year,How long did United World Pictures last?
William Goetz,Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures?
Louis B. Mayer,Who was William Goetz's father-in-law?
1948,In what year was the Olivier version of Hamlet made?
David Lean,Who directed 1946's Great Expectations?
Castle Films,"In 1947, what company did Universal buy a stake in?"
Jack Broeder,Who ran Realart Pictures?
1951,In what year did Universal-International take over Castle Films?
1946,In what year was The Killers produced?
Francis,What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?
1949,In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein,What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?
Milton Rackmil,Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?
Tony Curtis,Who did many of Universal-International's Arabian Nights films feature?
William Alland,Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal?
Douglas Sirk,What Universal director was known for his melodramas?
Jack Arnold,Who directed monster movies for Universal?
Ross Hunter,Who produced melodramas for Universal?
Lew Wasserman,Who was a notable talent agent circa 1950?
James Stewart,What star did Lew Wasserman represent?
James Stewart,What actor featured in Winchester '73?
"U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al.",What legal decision resulted in movie studios letting their contract actors go?
MCA,What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?
Republic Studios,Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?
1.5,"In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?"
1958,In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?
$11 million,How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?
1962,In what year did MCA take over Universal?
"Universal City Studios, Inc.",What company did MCA create in 1964?
Universal Television,What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966?
NBC Universal,What was the company formed by the merger of Universal and NBC?
1964,When did Universal inaugurate its studio tour subsidiary?
Hal B. Wallis,Who produced Anne of the Thousand Days?
Maxwell Anderson,Who wrote the original work that the film version of Anne of the Thousand Days was based on?
1971,"In what year was the film version of Mary, Queen of Scots made?"
Richard Burton,Whose performance in Anne of the Thousand Days garnered a Best Actor nod?
Rooster Cogburn,What was the name of the sequel to True Grit produced by Universal?
Paramount Pictures,Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation?
1970s,In what year was the film Airport made?
Earthquake,What Universal hit film was produced in 1974?
United Artists,What company was purchased by MGM in 1981?
1997,When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks?
Lew Wasserman,Who was the head of MCA in 1990?
Panasonic,What is the current name of the company that was called Matsushita Electric in 1990?
$6.6 billion,How much did Matsushita Electric pay for MCA?
1990,In what year was MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. created?
Japanese,What was the nationality of Matsushita Electric?
80%,What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?
Seagram,To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?
$5.7 billion,How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?
its stake in DuPont,What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?
PolyGram,What company did Seagram buy in 1999?
Edgar Bronfman Jr.,Who was the head of Seagram?
Barry Diller,Who bought the USA cable network from Seagram?
Vivendi,Who bought Seagram in June 2000?
$40 million,What was the budget of the film Love Actually?
Mulholland Drive,What StudioCanal film received an Academy Award nomination?
General Electric,Who bought 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004?
20%,What percentage of NBC Universal was owned by Vivendi until 2011?
Comcast,Who bought 51% of NBC Universal in 2011?
March 2013,In what month and year did Comcast buy 49% of NBCUniversal?
$16.7 billion,How much did Comcast pay for 49% of NBCUniversal in 2013?
2005,In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks?
Stacey Snider,What Universal chairperson headed DreamWorks as of 2006?
Adam Fogelson,Who became the chairperson in late 2009?
Stephanie Sperber,Who was the founder of Universal Partnerships & Licensing?
Donna Langley,Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013?
Elliott Management,Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?
Legendary Pictures,With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013?
five years,How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run?
2014,In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin?
Gramercy Pictures,What film studio was brought back in May 2015?
Focus Features,What division of NBCUniversal revived Gramercy Pictures?
"action, sci-fi, and horror",What genre of films will Gramercy be responsible for creating?
2015,In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films?
Minions,"Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7, what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015?"
Universal is the only studio,How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year?
Universal Productions France S.A.,What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris?
Universal Pictures France,What was the name of Universal's French distribution company?
The Champagne Murders,What was the English title of Le scandale?
Fred Zinnemann,Who directed The Day of the Jackal?
Les Valseuses,What film was known in English as Going Places?
telephone,What is Bell most famous for inventing?
1922,What year did Bell die?
practical,What was special about his telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell,What is Bell's full name?
telephone,What is Bell famous for inventing?
elocution and speech,What were his relatives known for working on?
deaf,What was interesting about his mother and wife?
1876,What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?
U.S.,In what country did Bell patent his telephone?
telephone,What did Bell never put in his study?
33,How many people started the National Geographic Society?
National Geographic Society,Bell was the second president of what magazine?
hydrofoils,"What field did Bell later work in, apart from optical telecommunications and aeronautics?"
1898,What year did Bell become President of the National Geographic magazine?
Edinburgh,What city was Bell born in?
stone,What material marks Bells family  home as his birthplace?
tuberculosis,What disease did his two brothers die of?
10,At what age did Bell ask for a middle name?
Aleck,What did those close to him call Bell?
botanical specimens,What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?
Ben Herdman,Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?
flour,What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?
rotating paddles,Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?
small workshop,What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?
music,"Bell was gifted at art, poetry, and what?"
piano,What did Bell succeed at without being taught?
12,How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf?
forehead,What part of his mom's head would Bell talk into?
acoustics,What did Bell research because of his mom's deafness?
Dublin,Where did Bell's uncle live?
The Standard Elocutionist,What was Bell's father most famous for publishing?
pronunciation,Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what?
168,The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times?
father,Who taught Bell when he was very young?
Royal High School,What school did Bell leave at 15?
biology,What was Bell's favorite subject?
16,"How old was Bell when he became a ""pupil-teacher""?"
1863,In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?
Sir Charles Wheatstone,Who created the automaton Bell saw?
human voice,What did the automaton mimic?
Melville,Bell built his own automaton with who?
skull,What part of the automaton did Bell create?
Skye Terrier,What living thing did Bell use in his research?
Trouve,What was Bell's pet's name?
How are you grandma?,What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?
tuning forks,Bell investigated resonance using what?
growl continuously,What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?
Alexander Ellis,Who did Bell get to read his work?
Germany,What country was doing work similar to Bell's?
Hermann von Helmholtz,Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?
19,How old was Bell when he wrote his paper?
Professor Henry Higgins,What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis?
electrical,By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?
consonants,What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?
German,What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?
electricity,What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?
1865,In what year did the Bell's move to London?
Weston House,Where did Bell go in work in 1865?
Somerset College,What building was Bell in?
A.G. Bell,How did Bell sign his letters?
1867,In what year did Bell move home?
South Kensington,What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?
deaf,What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?
Melville,Who died in 1870?
Newfoundland,Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?
lisp,What did Bell help his final student get rid of?
23,How old was Bell when he went to Canada?
SS Nestorian,What boat did Bell travel on?
Quebec City,In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?
Paris,What city did Bell arrive at by train?
10.5,How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?
carriage house,What building did Bell use as a workshop?
dreaming place,What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?
Mohawk,What Native American language did Bell learn?
Honorary Chief,What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe?
Onondaga,Where was the Six Nations Reserve located?
melodeon,What did Bell rework to send music?
pump organ,What is a melodeon a kind of?
1871,When did Bell go to Montreal?
father,Who went with Bell to Montreal?
electrically,How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?
Sarah Fuller,Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?
the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf,What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?
April,What month did Bell go to Boston?
instructors,Bell trained who in Boston?
Hartford,What city was the American Asylum in?
1,How many wires did Bell send a signal through?
pitch,"For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?"
receiver,Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?
Brantford,Where was Bell's home?
Boston,What city did Bell decide to return to?
1872,In what year did Bell open his own school?
30,How many people were in Bell's first class?
Helen Keller,Which of Bell's students is the most well known?
sign language,Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?
tied behind their backs,What would happen so some children's hands in schools?
negative,In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?
signing,What was the only language many deaf people had?
Boston University School of Oratory.,With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?
Vocal Physiology and Elocution,What was Bell's discipline?
experiments,What did Bell do late at night?
headaches,What health condition did Bell start to have?
1873,In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?
Mabel Hubbard,"Bell's two remaining students were ""Georgie"" Sanders and who?"
Thomas Sanders,What was Georgie's father's name?
scarlet fever,What disease made Mabel deaf?
15,How old was Mabel when she became deaf?
smoked glass,On what material did the phonautograph operate?
metal,What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?
sound,What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?
pen,What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?
1874,In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?
Western Union,What business was William Orton in charge of?
nervous system,In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?
cost,What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?
Elisha Gray,Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?
Joseph Henry,Who did Bell go to see in 1875?
Joseph Henry,Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?
Get it!,What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?
Thomas A. Watson,Who did Bell meet in 1874?
electrical machine,What kind of business did Watson work at?
Thomas Watson,Who did Bell take on to work with him?
June 2,What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?
1,How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?
gallows,What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?
Sanders and Hubbard,Who gave money to Bell and Watson?
U.S. profits,What did Bell promise to split with his financers?
Britain,In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?
Britain,Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?
George Brown,Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?
acoustic,What kind of telegraph did Bell create?
water,What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?
"February 14, 1876",On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?
February 26,On what day did Bell get to Washington?
U.S. Patent Office,What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?
telephone,What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?
"174,465",What number is Bell's patent?
"March 7, 1876",On what date did Bell get his patent?
apparatus,Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?
"March 7, 1876",On what day did Bell go back to Boston?
Gray,Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?
liquid,What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?
Mr. Watson,How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?
electrical resistance,What did the vibrations cause to change?
proof of concept,Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?
March,Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?
commercial use,Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?
variable resistance,What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?
"February 25, 1875",When did Bell put in his prior patent?
mercury,What liquid did Bell use in his first application?
Zenas Fisk Wilber,Who declared himself an alcoholic?
Civil War,In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?
$100,How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?
technical details,What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?
Mount Pleasant,From what city did Bell send his first message?
fences,Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?
reading and singing,What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?
"$100,000",How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?
Western Union,Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?
a toy,"What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?"
$25 million,How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?
Philadelphia,In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?
Emperor Pedro II,What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?
Brazil,Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?
Victoria,Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?
1877,In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?
"150,000",How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?
1879,In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?
carbon microphone,What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?
Western Union,What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?
January 1915,In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?
AT&T,What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?
New York,What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?
San Francisco,What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?
Thomas Watson,Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?
18,During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?
587,How many times were Bell's patents contested?
5,How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?
Amos Dolbear,Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?
misrepresentation,In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?
Supreme Court,The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?
9,How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?
precedent,What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?
"November 30, 1897",On what date did the US Government stop legal action?
Antonio Meucci,Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?
3,How many court trials did Meucci participate in?
American District Telegraph (ADT),At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?
1901,In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?
death,What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?
royalties,"Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?"
Brussels,What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?
1880,In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?
Mabel Hubbard,Who did Bell marry in 1877?
4,How many children did Bell and Mabel have?
Europe,Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?
lectures,"Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?"
1880,In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?
1882,In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?
"Cambridge, Massachusetts",Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?
patent disputes,What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?
1882,In what year did Bell officially become an American?
British,What was Bell's original nationality?
Canada,"Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?"
hyphenated,What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?
Breton Island,What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?
Bras d'Or,"In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?"
The Lodge,What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?
40,How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?
Beinn Bhreagh,Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?
"December 6, 1917",On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?
Beinn Bhreagh,Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?
Baddeck,What city adopted the Bells?
mobilized the community,What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?
Encyclopædia Britannica,What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?
18,How many solo patents did Bell get?
12,How many patents did Bell co-author?
Volta,What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?
magnetic,What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?
tape recorder,The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?
ice,What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?
Methane gas,What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?
composting,What kind of toilet did Bell work on?
solar,"Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?"
photophone,What did Bell call his cord-free phone?
Charles Sumner Tainter,Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?
light,What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?
Volta Laboratory Association,What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?
normal human conversations,"In the photophone, light carried sound and what?"
"June 21, 1880",Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?
700,How many feet did the first photophone message travel?
Franklin School,From what building was the first photophone message sent?
19,How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?
The photophone,What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?
telephone,Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?
fiber-optic communication,What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?
1880,When was fiber-optics first patented?
1980s,In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?
metal detector,What did Bell create in 1881?
bullet,What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?
metal bed frame,"What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?"
first,On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?
in tests,When did Bell's metal detector work well?
Science,Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?
Executive Mansion,Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?
horse-hair,What kind of mattress was the President directly on?
footnote,Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?
William E. Meacham,Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?
American,What nationality was Meacham?
hydrofoil boat,What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?
"Frederick W. ""Casey"" Baldwin",Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?
Enrico Forlanini,Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?
France,In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?
flying,What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?
HD-4,Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?
maroon,What color silk covered Bell's kites?
Selfridge,Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?
1912,Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?
3,How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?
Alexander Graham Bell,Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?
Aerial Experiment Association,What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?
1907,When was the AEA founded?
Glenn H. Curtiss,Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?
army,Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?
gliders,What did the AEA work on after kites?
bamboo,What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?
biplane,What kind of plane was the Red Wing?
150,How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?
Selfridge,Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?
Silver Dart,What did the AEA name their last plane?
J.A.D. McCurdy,Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?
a doctor,What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?
Canadian Aerodrome Company,What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?
February 23,On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?
congenitally deaf parents,What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?
Second International Congress of Eugenics,In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?
David Starr,Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?
livestock breeding,What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?
Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers,What are Bell's personal papers known as?
Manuscript Division,In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?
online,"Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?"
Cape Breton University,In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?
Nova Scotia,In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?
"$250,000","Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?"
Alexandre Dumas,Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
Napoleon Bonaparte,Who first established the Volta Prize?
wax,The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
Volta Bureau,Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
Science,What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
1903,When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
illustrations,What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
Albert Medal,What award did Bell win in 1902?
honorary degrees,What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?
Bell Telephone Memorial,What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?
1917,When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
Brantford,In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
Alexander Graham Bell Gardens,In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
First,"In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?"
commemorative stamp,What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
Famous Americans Series,Bell's stamp is part of which line?
October 28,On what date was the stamp officially released?
Boston,In which city was the stamp officially released?
geese,What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?
genetics,What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?
C$100 gold coin,What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?
2009,In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?
57th,"In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?"
10,In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?
Scottish Science Hall of Fame,In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?
National Library of Scotland,Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?
diabetes,What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?
August 2,On what day and month did Bell die?
Mabel,Who was the last person to see Bell alive?
Nova Scotia,In what Province did Bell die?
Beinn Bhreagh pine,What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?
red,What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?
black,What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?
Jean MacDonald,Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?
atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain,Where was Bell buried?
Marian,Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?
35,Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?
The bel,What unit is named after Bell?
sound intensity,What does the bel and decibel measure?
Bell Labs,"What lab invented the term ""bel."""
telecommunications,In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?
1976,What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?
Internet service provider,What does ISP stand for?
"provides services for accessing, using, the Internet",what does an isp do?
"commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned",What forms can an isp be organized in?
ISPs,What type of organization provides internet access?
"Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation",What are some services provided by an isp?
a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities,Why was the internet developed?
1980s,when was the internet developed?
"a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet",what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
1995,When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
4 years,how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
Australia and the United States,Where were the first isps established?
"Brookline, Massachusetts",where was the first commercial isp in the us located? 
November 1989,when was the first commercial isp customer served?
1989,when were the first commercial isps established?
The World,what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content,What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
municipal broadband,what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? 
a telecommunications service,how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? 
Title II (common carrier),what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? 
telecommunications,what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? 
February 2015,When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
in favor,How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934,what did the FCC adopt for the internet? 
the First Amendment,what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? 
free speech,what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
13 April 2015,When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
Internet access,What do ISPs provide?
a range of technologies to connect users to their network,how do isps provide internet access?
television cable (CATV),what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
wireless Ethernet (wi-fi),what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
telephone lines,what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
"copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)",what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? 
Fiber To The Home,what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
users and small businesses,"who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?"
"medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs",What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
Asynchronous Transfer Mode,what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
customers with more demanding requirements,what is high-speed dsl used for? 
synchronous optical networking,what is SONET? 
an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes,What is a mailbox provider? 
A mailbox provider,What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? 
"It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email",what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? 
A mailbox provider,how does a user store electronic mail?
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,What is SMTP?
Internet Message Access Protocol,What is IMAP?
"implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.",How is access to mail provided? 
access providers,what are most mailbox providers as well? 
"companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals",who possibly controls their own mail servers? 
"email, web-hosting, or online storage services",What do internet hosting services provide? 
Internet hosting services,Who provides a virtual server service?
Internet hosting services,who provides cloud services?
upstream ISPs,Who does an ISP pay for internet access?
An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP,Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to,What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
upstream ISPs,"what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?"
transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network,What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs,what do transit ISPs provide? 
a tier 1 carrier,A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
point of presence,What is a PoP?
Transit ISPs,What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
virtual ISP,What is a VISP?
mobile virtual network operators,What do VISPs resemble? 
a wholesale ISP,What do visps purchase services from? 
Internet service providers that provide service free of charge,What are free ISPs?
advertisements,What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
commercial television,What are free ISPs similar to? 
on a nonprofit basis,How are freenets run? 
wireless Internet service provider,What is a WISP? 
"commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment",What technology is part of a WISP?
"900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands",What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? 
wireless networking,What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points,What is peering? 
"routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted",What does peering allow? 
"data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP",Why is peering used? 
Internet exchange points,What are IXs? 
peering points or Internet exchange points,Where do multiple ISPs connect? 
A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible,Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
the most efficient route,What sort of route does data follow? 
intelligence agencies,What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? 
PRISM,What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic,What does PRISM do? 
a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment,What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? 
allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time,What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? 
fumetti,Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?
speech balloons,"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?"
online webcomics,What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?
narrative pacing,The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?
1830s,When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?
Superman,Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?
manga,What is Japanese cartooning known as?
bandes dessinées,French comics are also known as what?
when it refers to the medium,When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
recurring characters,The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
images and text,Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
manga,What are Japanese comics called?
Rodolphe Töpffer,Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?
Richard F. Outcault,Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?
1890s,When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?
satirical,What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?
Lascaux cave paintings,"In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?"
The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel,What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
hieroglyphs,"In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?"
Trajan's Column,"In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
The Glasgow Looking Glass,What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
1825,When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
Punch,"In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?"
Ally Sloper,Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
1884,When did Ally Sloper first appear?
New York World,Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?
Outcault's The Yellow Kid,Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
Mutt and Jeff,What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?
1907,When did Mutt and Jeff appear?
1930s,When did comic books make an appearance?
Action Comics,Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
crime and horror,Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?
Comics Code Authority,Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?
1960s,When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?
1980s,When did the alternative comics movement begin?
1980s,Serialization of comics became less popular when?
as albums,How were comics published when serialization became less common?
L'Association,Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?
print market,Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?
toba-e and kibyōshi picture books,What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
woodblock prints,What is ukiyo-e an example of?
1890s,When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?
Western expatriates,Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?
1900,When did Jiji Manga debut?
Rakuten Kitazawa,Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?
1930s,When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
Sazae-san,What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?
magazines,Where were comic strip stories first serialized?
after World War II,What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?
newspapers,Where do comics usually appear?
magazines,Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?
monthly or weekly,How often are European serialized comics in magazines?
weekly,How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?
hundreds of pages,How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?
graphic novels,What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?
tankōbon,What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?
fiction,What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?
graphic novels,What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?
Europe,Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?
1843,When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?
Punch,In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?
lowbrow reputation,What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?
cultural elites,Who thought pop culture was a risk?
Comics,What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?
graphic novel,What is a comic that is as long as a book called?
Will Eisner,"Who helped ""graphic novel"" get public attention?"
1980s,"What decade did the term ""graphic novel"" become well known by the public?"
webcomics,"In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?"
Maus,"The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize ""graphic novel"" as a term?"
Rodolphe Töpffer,Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?
19th,What century had comics in wide production?
Zig et Puce,What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?
Franco-Belgian,What comics began to dominate in Europe?
1929,"When was ""The Adventures of Tintin"" serialized?"
literacy,In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?
comics,"What was seen as ""infantile"" in the United States?"
literature,Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?
drawn strips,What does bandes dessinées mean?
Ninth Art,Comics for adults began to be called what?
1959,What year did Pilote begin?
Adventures of Asterix,What became a best-seller comic in the French language?
editorial interference,Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?
1972,When was L'Écho des savanes begun?
science fiction,Métal hurlant was of what genre?
prestige,What format did adult comics begin to be published in?
Nihon Manga-Shi,Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?
1924,When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?
Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics,What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?
Frederik L. Schodt,Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?
Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics,What publication is Schodt responsible for?
Coulton Waugh,Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?
The Comics,What was the name of Waugh's work?
David Carrier,Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?
Comics and Sequential Art,What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?
bandes dessinées,What word is used in France for comics?
manga,What word is used in Japan for comics?
drawn strip,What does bandes dessinées mean?
drawn images,What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées?
Webcomics,What comics are on the Internet?
readers,Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?
archived installments,"With webcomics, readers have access to what?"
infinite canvas,"Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?"
Wordless novels,Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?
Film studios,Storyboards are used a lot by what?
an end product,Storyboards are not considered what?
the public,Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?
Wordless novels,A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?
consensus,What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?
Theorists,"R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?"
pantomime comics,What are there prominent examples of in comic history?
images,"Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?"
20th,What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?
his own,"In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?"
Henri Vanlier,"Who introduced the term ""multiframe""?"
Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle,Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?
Neil Cohn,Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?
komiks,What Russian word is used for comics?
comics,What German word is used for comics?
manhua,What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?
manhwa,What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?
newspaper comic strips,The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?
non-humorous,Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?
periodicals,Comic books are what type of books?
manga,What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?
bandes dessinées,What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?
specialists,"Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?"
penciller,What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?
finishes the artwork in ink,What does an inker do?
Panels,What are the individual images with action called in comics?
encapsulation,Narrative is placed into panels using what?
The reader,Who puts the panels together using closure?
arrangement,"Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?"
asynchronous,When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?
Speech balloons,What association with comics is strong?
comics,The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?
onomatopoeia,What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?
India ink,What type of ink is often used in making comics?
Cartooning,What method is mostly used in making comics?
digital technology,Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?
abstract symbols,Motion lines and what are often used in comics?
Saint Helena of Constantinople,What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?
South Atlantic Ocean,What ocean is Saint Helena located in?
"4,255",What is the population of Saint Helena?
16 by 8 kilometres,How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?
1502,When was the island discovered?
"more than 5,000",How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?
leading a Zulu army against British rule,Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?
environmentalism,The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?
rainfall,What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?
environmental change,The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?
21 May 1502,What date was the island discovered on?
João da Nova,What navigator discovered the island?
Portugal,What country was João da Nova doing service for?
Helena of Constantinople,What person is Saint Helena Island named after?
trees and fresh water.,What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?
"livestock, fruit trees and vegetables",What was imported by the settlers of the island?
a chapel and one or two houses.,What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?
mariners,Who was left on the island to recover when sick?
food,What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?
Englishman Sir Francis Drake,Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?
Portuguese India carracks,What did English ships of war attack on the island?
the Dutch,Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?
The Portuguese and Spanish,Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?
The Dutch Republic,Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?
1651,What year did the Dutch abandon the island?
Cape of Good Hope.,Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?
the English East India Company,Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?
Oliver Cromwell,Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?
Captain John Dutton,Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?
1659,What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?
East India Company,Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?
new immigrants,What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?
Ecological problems,What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?
Isaac Pyke,What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?
Mauritius,What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?
610,How many slaves were on the island in 1723?
1770,When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?
James Cook,What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?
St. James' Church,What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?
Plantation House,What is the official residence of the governor?
Edmond Halley,Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?
University of Oxford,What university did Edmond Halley attend?
24,How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?
Longwood district,What district is the telescope set up in?
Southern,What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?
East India Company,Saint Helena was an important port of which company?
water and provisions,What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?
HMS Endeavour,What vessel was owned by Captain James?
HMS Endeavour,What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?
Royal,Vessels of what navy protected convoys?
importation of slaves,What was made illegal in 1792?
1810,What year did Coolie labourers arrive?
600,How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?
"3,507",What was the population of the island in 1814?
Napoleon Bonaparte,The British government detained who in Saint Helena?
1815,What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?
Briars pavilion,Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?
Longwood House,What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?
1821,What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?
East India Company,Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?
the packet schooner St Helena,The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?
wine and provisions,The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?
coffee,Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?
Paris,Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?
coffee,What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?
1792,When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?
1827,The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?
British Parliament,Who banned slavery in their colonies?
800,Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?
1833 India Act,What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?
East India Company,Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?
steam ships,During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?
"1,100",How many ships were going to the island in 1855?
288,By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?
British,Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?
"over 15,000",Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?
Liberated Africans,What were the freed slaves known as?
Napoleon III,Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?
1858,What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?
Napoleon I,Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Who has authority over Longwood house?
Joshua Slocum,Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?
11 April 1898,When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?
20 April 1898,When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?
Sir R A Standale,Who presented two lectures on their voyage?
New Zealand,What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?
Ascension Island,What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?
Wideawake airport,What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?
1942,What year was Wideawake Airport built?
flax,What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?
1951,What year did flax prices peak?
synthetic fibres,The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?
1965,What year did the Island's flax mills close?
1958,What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?
Curnow Shipping,Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?
1977,What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?
right of abode in Britain,What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?
The Development and Economic Planning Department,What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?
1988,What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?
Falkland Islands and Ascension Island,Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?
1989,What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?
Prince Andrew,Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?
Cardiff–Cape Town route,What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?
a mixed cargo/passenger layout.,What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?
1989,What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?
British Overseas Territories Act 2002,In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?
British Overseas Territories,What were the dependent territories renamed to?
250 million,How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?
UK government,Which government built the island's airport?
early 2016,When was the airport expected to be fully functional?
tourism,Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?
"up to 30,000",How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?
Namibe,What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?
the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport,What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?
RMS St Helena,What is the mail boat that serves the island called?
Western,What hemisphere is the island located in?
West Africa,What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?
47,How many square miles is Saint Helena?
volcanic,What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?
"2,684",How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?
1996,What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?
Millennium Forest project,What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?
one kilometre,How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?
South,Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?
Southwest,Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?
West,Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?
Southeast,Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?
the Saint Helena plover,What is the national bird of Saint Helena?
wirebird,What is the Plover known locally as?
Benguela Current,What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?
5–6,"On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?"
eight,How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?
statistical subdivisions,What do the districts also serve as?
1659,When was Saint Helena first settled?
"4,250",What was the population of the island in 1659
Africa,Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?
India and Madagascar,"Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?"
1792,Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?
a provisioning station,In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?
British West Africa Squadron,What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?
Brazil,What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?
500,How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?
many thousands,How many slaves were freed from the island?
1810,When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?
618,How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?
1818,What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?
British Overseas Territories citizenship,What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?
21 May 2002,On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?
British Overseas Territories Act 2002,What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?
emigration,What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?
late 1980s,When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?
prospect of higher wages,What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?
Anglican,What communion do most residents of the island belong to?
June 2009,When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?
the Diocese of St Helena,"Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?"
bishop,The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?
1852,When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?
1884,What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?
1845,When did Baptists come to the island?
35,How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?
1949,When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?
Queen Elizabeth II,Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?
the Governor,Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?
the United Kingdom,Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?
15,How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?
the Governor,Who presides over the executive council?
the Governor,The head of government on the island is who?
23 March 2013,When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?
loss of full passports,What caused high unemployment on the island?
King George VI,Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?
1947,What year did King George VI visit the island?
1957,When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?
1984,"Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?"
St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015,What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?
awareness-raising articles,What kind of articles were published to help this plan?
with human rights queries,How was support for members of the public given?
reports of child abuse,What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?
Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office,Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?
the United Nations,Who has Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?
endemic,Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds?
vascular,What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena?
BirdLife International,What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation?
UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's list for future what?
more than 200,How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island?
9,How many endemic species of fungi have been found?
"freshwater, terrestrial and marine",What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island?
monocrop,What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?
1966,What year did the crop economy change?
flax,What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?
aid from the British government,Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?
50%,How much % of production does the public sector cover?
the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment,What is the tourist industry mostly based around?
sportfishing,What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?
3,How many hotels are on the island?
the RMS St Helena,Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island?
coffee,What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?
Opuntia ficus-indica,What is Tungi Spirit made out of?
postage stamps,"Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?"
£12 million,What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?
£11 million,By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?
the UK and South Africa,Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?
fish and coffee,What are the main exports of the island?
£0.4 million,Tourists spent how much in  2004-05?
£10 million,How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?
£12 million,By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?
£28m,"In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?"
£12.1 million,UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?
38%, Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?
31,How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?
public,Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?
800,In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?
45,What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?
218,How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?
8%,What % of households were spending less than £20 per week in 2004
22,What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?
20%,How much of the population is over age 60?
"70,560",How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?
Saul Solomon,Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?
a halfpenny,How much was each copper token worth?
1836,When did the Crown take over the island?
the Saint Helena pound,What is the Saint Helena currency?
coinage and banknotes,The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?
2004,What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?
pound sterling,The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency?
1,How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?
ship,What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?
Ascension Island,A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?
RAF flights,What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?
RMS Saint Helena,What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?
2010,What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?
the airport,What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?
March 2005,When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?
2010,The airport was expected to be completed by what year?
Impregilo,Who was the approved bidder for the airport?
Andrew Gurr,Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport?
22 July 2010,When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?
Basil Read,Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport? 
February 2016,The new airport opening date is when?
South Africa and the UK,Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?
Comair,Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?
South African Beechcraft King Air 200,What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?
15 September 2015,What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?
the airport's radio navigation equipment.,What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?
Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377,Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?
HMS Lancaster,Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?
23 October 2015,When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?
A minibus,What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?
Jamestown,Where does the minibus travel to?
weekdays,On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?
Christmas Day 1967,What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?
62,What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?
1,How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast internationally?
St Helena Herald,What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?
25 December 2012,What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down?
January 2005,What date was Saint FM radio launched?
21 December 2012,What date was Saint FM radio closed?
St Helena Independent,Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?
Saint FM Community Radio,Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?
10 March 2013,What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?
everyone,What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community?
a former print and BBC journalist,Who runs Saint Helena online?
Saint FM and the St Helena Independent,Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?
television,What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?
17,How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?
a satellite dish,What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?
telecommunications,SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?
digital copper-based telephone network,What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?
August 2011,When was the first fibre-optic network installed?
25,How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?
1989,When was the satellite dish installed?
The Briars,Where was the satellite dish installed?
sun outages,Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?
+290,What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?
Tristan da Cunha,Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?
5,How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?
1 October 2013,When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?
2,What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?
10/3.6 Mbit/s,What speed is Saint Helena internet access?
Intelsat 707,What is the internet service provided through?
SURE,Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?
"more than 4,000",What kind of population does SURE service?
1,How many satellites provide the link to the internet?
ADSL,What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?
1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream,What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?
£16 per month,What is the lite price of the broadband service?
£190 per month,What is the gold price of the broadband service?
Jamestown,What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public?
"6,214",How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?
eFive,Who runs the South Atlantic Express?
6 October 2012,On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?
A Human Right,Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?
two,How many local newspapers does the island have?
the Internet,Where are both newspapers available?
November 2005,Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?
2012,When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?
3,How many primary schools does the island have?
"Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s",What are the 3 primary schools called?
Prince Andrew School,What is the name of the secondary school for the island?
230,How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?
weekly,When does the mobile library service operate?
The Education and Employment Directorate,Who provides programs to students with special needs?
The UK national curriculum,What curriculum does the island adapt?
"GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications",What are the qualifications offered?
International Island Games Association,Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?
Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League,Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?
2011,When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?
"between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,",Where does the Governor's cup take place? 
December/January,What months does the Governor's cup take place?
December 2010,When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?
scouting and guiding,What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?
1912,When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?
Lord and Lady Baden-Powell,Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?
African Adventures,What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?
phonetics,Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
allophones,Aspirated consonants are what in English?
Indian and East Asian,What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
pin,With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?
aspirated,"In English the first consonant in ""pin"" is what?"
International Phonetic Alphabet,What does IPA stand for?
voiceless consonants,Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
p,What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?
aspirated bilabial stop,pʰ represents what?
Voiced consonants,What is not often aspirated?
breathy,The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?
breathy-voiced,Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
degrees of aspiration,There are no IPA symbols for what?
aspiration modifier,What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?
Korean,"What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?"
numerically,How are voice-onset time details usually presented?
placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol,A preaspirated consonant is marked how?
⟨ʰp⟩,What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?
with the modifier letter,How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?
⟨t˭⟩,What is the superscript equal sign?
left unmarked,"Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?"
⟨t⟩,How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?
Voiceless consonants,What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
voiced consonants,What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
Voiceless aspiration,What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
Navajo,"Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?"
an extended length of the frication,"In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?"
consonant clusters,"In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?"
Wahgi,Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
unaspirated stops,"As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?"
place of articulation,Aspiration alters with what?
the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.,What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?
An aspirated affricate,"What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?"
Icelandic and Faroese,What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?
consonant clusters,What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
double stops and single stops,What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Preaspirated stops,The Sami tongue also has what?
North Sami,Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
up to four,How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?
True aspirated voiced consonants,Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
rare,True aspirated consonants are considered what?
Kx'a languages,True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
Aspiration,What has a different significance in various languages?
allophonic or phonemic,What two forms can aspiration be in?
allophonic,"Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?"
voicing,How are stops distinguished?
aspirated,Voiceless stops are at times what?
unaspirated,Voiced stops are most often what?
unaspirated,"When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?"
compound words,"If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?"
aspirated,"If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?"
unaspirated,"If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?"
phonemic,"In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?"
phonemes,[p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
their lack of aspiration,How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
⟨p t k⟩,"If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?"
aspiration,Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?
pinyin,Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?
aspirated stops,What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
Wu Chinese,What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
/p pʰ b/,What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
Muddy consonants,"What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?"
slack or breathy,What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
four,How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
breathy-voiced,What is another term for voice-aspirated?
breathy-voiced consonants,Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
Dravidian,"Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?"
native Dravidian words,"What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?"
Western Armenian,What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?
/d/,Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
/t/,The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
aspirated stops.,Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
Classical Attic,What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?
Greek grammarians,Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
/pʰ tʰ kʰ/,What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
Mycenaean Greek,Earlier Greek was represented by what?
dialect and phonetic environment,"Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?"
three,Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
Ionic and Aeolic,Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
fricative,"Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?"
voiceless and voiced fricatives,Attic Greek lenited to what?
Medieval and Modern Greek,The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
debuccalization,Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?
glottal stop or fricative,Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?
lenited,What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds,What is breathy voice?
"⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic",The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
murmured sonorants,What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
vowels and nasals,"What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?"
breathy-voiced release of obstruents.,What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
H,What is hydrogens chemical symbol?
1,What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?
7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u,What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?
Hydrogen,What element is considered the lightest?
molecular,What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?
H2,What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?
"colorless, odorless, tasteless",What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?
negative,What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?
quantum mechanics,What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?
early 16th century,When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?
Henry Cavendish,Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?
water,When it is burned what does hydrogen make?
water-former,What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?
the fertilizer market,What market primarily uses ammonia production?
hydrocracking,Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.
286 kJ/mol,For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?
dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen,What are two forms of hydrogen gas?
Hydrogen,Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at −286 kJ/mol?
ultraviolet light,What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?
hydrogen combustion,What caused  the Hindenburg to explode?
hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride,What are two other dangerous acids?
room temperature,What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?
Bohr model,What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?
gravity,What attracts planets and celestial items?
electrons and protons,What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?
angular,What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?
2,How many different spin isomers exist?
triplet state,What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?
normal,"When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>"
25%,What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?
75%,What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?
"ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds",What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling
positive charge,What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?
negative,What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?
hydrides,"When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?"
not,Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?
hydrocarbons,What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?
organic compounds,What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?
organic chemistry,What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?
biochemistry,What is the study of living organisms known as?
carbon,Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?
Gilbert N. Lewis, Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?
group II,What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?
over 100,How many binary borane hydrides are known?
1,How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?
inorganic chemistry,What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?
link two metal centers,What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?
group 13,What group is briging ligands most common in?
electrons,"When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?"
H+,"When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?"
Bronsted-Lowry,What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?
H+,What is another term for a bare proton?
in acidic solution with other solvents,Where can oxonium ions be found?
hydronium ion,What other term is a solvated protons referred as?
protonated,What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?
trihydrogen cation,What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?
3H,How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>
"denoted 1H, 2H and 3H",What are the names of these isotopes?
4H to 7H,Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?
Hydrogen,Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?
deuterium and tritium,What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?
D and T,What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?
phosphorus,What does the symbol P represent?
2H and 3H,What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?
1671,What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?
Robert Boyle,Who discovered Hydrogen gas?
Henry Cavendish,Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?
1766,In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?
water,What does gas produce when burned?
reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire,How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?
James Dewar,Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?
1898,In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?
1931,What year was Deuterium discovered?
Harold Urey,Who was the first to discover deuterium?
1934,What year was tritium discovered?
Jacques Charles,Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?
1783,What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?
Zeppelins,what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?
1900,In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?
the British,Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?
1919,What year was this done?
1937,What year did the airship get destroyed?
New Jersey,What city was the ship over when it caught fire?
1937,In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?
Ohio,What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?
1977,What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?
2009,In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?
a proton and an electron,What is the hydrogen atom made up of?
atomic structure,What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?
1920s,When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed?
Maxwell,Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?
spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels,What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?
quantum theory,What theory supports this?
75%,What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?
90%,What percent of atoms is hydrogen?
dark matter and dark energy,What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?
stars,Clouds of H2 form what?
atomic and plasma,In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?
plasma,Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?
neutral atomic state,"in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?"
cosmological baryonic density of the Universe,The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?
third most abundant,How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?
bacteria and algae,what produces hydrogen gas?
protonated molecular hydrogen,What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?
ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays,What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?
Jupiter,On what planet can you find  protonated molecular hydrogen?
excited form,In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?
expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions,How does nature produce H2?
by-product of other reactions,How do labs produce H2?
electrolysis of water,What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?
anode,Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?
cathode,Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?
hydrogen,"When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?"
alumina,What else can it produce?
the expensive gallium,What can be reused after the formation?
hydrocarbons,The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?
"1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F",What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?
high pressures,At what pressure does PSA work best in?
production of methanol,What is synthesis gas used for?
Hydrocarbons,"Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?"
use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction,How can it be recovered through steam?
ammonia,"When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?"
Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine,How is hydrogen produced as a co product?
produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity,What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for?
solar energy and water,What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?
"France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA",What countries are testing this?
anaerobic,What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?
formation of ferrous hydroxide,What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?
green rust,What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?
anaerobic,Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?
magnetite and molecular hydrogen,What does this process form?
Schikorr reaction,What reaction describes this process?
serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation,How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?
crystal lattice of the fayalite,Where do you find silicate?
hydrogen,What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?
petroleum and chemical industries,Where are large quantities of H2 needed?
"hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking",What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?
rare earth and transition metals,Where is hydrogen highly soluble?
nanocrystalline and amorphous metals,Where can you find soluble hydrogen?
local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice,What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?
when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks,When are these useful?
"gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks",When is it damaging?
in physics and engineering,Where else is H2 applied?
as the rotor coolant,How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?
it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas,Why is it used as the rotor coolant?
cryogenic,What research uses liquid H2?
as a tracer gas for minute leak detection,Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?
"automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications",What industries can you find these applications?
allows food package leak testing,How is hydrogen used as a food additive?
Deuterium,What isotope is used in nuclear fission?
nuclear reactors,Where is tritium produced?
"production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints",What is tritium used for?
as a coolant in generators,How is hydrogen used at power stations?
favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules,Why is it used as a coolant?
"low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases",What are these properties?
not,Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?
nuclear fusion of hydrogen,Where does the sun get its energy from?
energy carrier,How does hydrogen function when it s burned?
elemental,What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?
"to saturate broken (""dangling"") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties",Why is hydrogen employed?
a potential electron donor,How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?
"ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3",What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?
hydrogenases,What enzymes are used to produce H2?
in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water,When does hydrogen gas occur?
hydrogen cycle,What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?
Water splitting,What is the decomposition of water into its components called?
in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms,Where does water splitting occur?
alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria,What organisms can form H2 gas?
by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast,How are these gases formed?
"potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form",What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?
cracks and explosions,What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?
the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio,What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?
days or weeks,How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?
container geometry,What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?
browser,What do people typically call a web browser?
World Wide Web,What platform is a browser used on?
Uniform Resource Identifier,What does URL mean?
Hyperlinks,What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?
the World Wide Web,The primary function of a browser is to use what?
private networks,"In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?"
file systems,A browser can also access files where?
1990,When was the first browser created?
Sir Tim Berners-Lee,Who invented the first browser?
the World Wide Web Consortium,What was Berners-Lee a director of?
World Wide Web Foundation,What organization did Berners-Lee create?
Marc Andreessen,Who released Mosaic?
1993,When was Mosaic released?
Netscape,"When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?"
Netscape Navigator,What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?
Microsoft,Who released the Internet Explorer browser?
1995,When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?
browser war,The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?
Windows,What was bundled with Internet Explorer?
1996,Opera was introduced in what year?
Opera-mini version,What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
mobile phone web browser,Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
Nintendo's Wii,Opera is also available on which video game console?
Mozilla Foundation,What did Netscape launch in 1998?
open source software model,Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?
Firefox,What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?
late 2004,When was Firefox released?
January 2003,When was the first beta release for Safari?
Apple,Who created Safari?
Chrome,Which browser is the newest to enter the field?
September 2008,When was Chrome released?
Internet Explorer,"As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?"
May 2012,When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?
Internet Explorer,What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?
sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users,Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?
Mac,What other OS could use Internet Explorer?
the European Commission,Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?
January 2009,When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?
competition between web browsers,The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?
product innovation,The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?
Safari,What browser was automatically included with OS X?
Google,Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?
Chrome,What other browser has Google as the default search engine?
Google Chrome,"The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?"
to bring information resources to the user,What is the main use of a browser?
Uniform Resource Locator,What does URL stand for?
The prefix of the URL,What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol,What does http stand for?
File Transfer Protocol,What does ftp stand for?
default newsgroup reader,A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
rendering,What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?
Flash applications and Java applets,Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?
hyperlinks,What can resources have to connect to other resources?
rich user interfaces,Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?
Internet suites,"When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?"
Internet Relay Chat,What does IRC stand for?
pop-up blockers,What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?
browser extension,A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?
bookmarked,A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?
Favorites,"What are ""bookmarks"" called in Internet Explorer?"
feed aggregator,The top browsers have a built-in what?
live bookmarks,Firefox does web feeds as what?
traditional,The Opera feed reader is more what?
Most browsers,HTTP Secure is supported by what?
form and search history,"Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?"
current security vulnerabilities,A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?
proprietary web browsers,Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
problems with interoperability,Non-standard dialects led to what?
HTML and XHTML,Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
rendered in the same way,HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?
Web browsers,"A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?"
functionalities,"The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?"
Boston,What is the capital of Massachusetts?
"655,884",What is the approximate population for 2014?
48 square miles,How many square miles does Boston cover?
"655,884",What was the population of Boston in 2014
48 square miles,How many square miles is Boston?
24th,What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?
Massachusetts,Which of the United States is Boston located in?
48,How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
Greater Boston,The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
4.7 million people,What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
Boston,What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
1630,When was Boston founded?
Shawmut Peninsula,Where was Boston Founded?
Boston Massacre,List one major event that took place in Boston.
20 million,How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?
1630,What year was Boston founded?
the Shawmut Peninsula,What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?
tourists,Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?
20 million,The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?
businesses and institutions,What ranks in the top of the country for investment?
philanthropy,Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?
environmental sustainability and investment,Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?
The city has one of the highest costs of living,Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?
high,How does Boston rank on world livability?
colleges and universities,Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?
Trimountaine,What was the name before the city was called Boston?
Trimountaine,What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
three mountains,What does Trimountaine mean?
1630,What year was the city renamed Boston?
Puritan colonists from England,Who named the city Boston?
fresh water,What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
1629,What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?
1635,America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?
John Winthrop,Who was Massachusetts first governor?
four,How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?
John Winthrop,Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?
the American Revolution,Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?
seafaring tradition,What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?
the American Revolution,Boston was the location of many important events of what war?
The Embargo Act of 1807,What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?
The Embargo Act of 1807,What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?
manufacturing,What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?
19th century,In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?
the early 20th century,When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?
Boston Brahmins,What was the name given to old Boston families?
Boston Brahmins,Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?
literary life,Boston was admired for what kind of life?
artistic patronage,Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?
slave trade,"Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? "
the abolitionist movement,What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?
the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?
Franklin Pierce,What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?
the Town of Boston,What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?
1822,What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?
a city,Boston was chartered as what in 1822?
"about 46,226",What was the population of Boston in 1822?
4.7 square miles,How many square miles was the city in 1822?
Boston's population grew rapidly,How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?
the city's ethnic composition,The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?
"about 35,000",What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?
Roman Catholicism,What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?
Catholics,What is Bostons largest religious group today?
the crown of Beacon Hill,What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?
State House,What sits on Beacon Hill today?
The Great Boston Fire of 1872,What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?
as landfill along the downtown waterfront,What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?
20th century,During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?
the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA),Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?
with vociferous public opposition.,How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?
1965,What year did the first community health center in the US open?
the Dorchester neighborhood,Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?
Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center,"In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?"
The Boston Globe,The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?
Bank of America,Who bought FleetBoston Financial?
2004,What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?
Macy's,Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?
Jordan Marsh and Filene's,What department stores merged to form Macy's?
"April 15, 2013",On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?
near the finish line,At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?
three,How many fatalities were there at the marathon?
264,About how many people were injured in the explosion?
89.6 square miles,What is the total area of Boston?
48.4 square miles,How many square miles of land is Boston?
41.2 square miles,How many square miles of water is Boston?
19 ft,How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?
oceanic coastline,Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?
Greater Boston,What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?
The Charles River,What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?
To the east,What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?
Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area,Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?
city of neighborhoods,What s Boston sometimes called?
23 neighborhoods,How many neighborhoods are in Boston?
Office of Neighborhood Services,What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?
More than two-thirds,How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?
tidal areas,The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?
Trimountain,Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?
the Back Bay,A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?
the Back Bay,The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?
6b,Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?
Prevailing wind patterns,What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?
July,What is the hottest month in Boston?
January,What is the coldest month in Boston?
the North Atlantic,On what coast is Boston located?
Nor'easter,What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?
43.8 inches,What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?
43.8 inches,What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?
December through March,When does most snowfall occur?
spring and early summer,During what seasons is fog common in Boston?
late summer and early autumn,When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?
late spring,Sea breezes occur during what season?
May to September,What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?
"2,600",What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?
"617,594",About what was the population of Boston in 2010?
"272,481",How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010?
1.2 million,How many people are in Boston during work hours?
2 million,What can the population of Boston rech during special events?
"12,200 persons/sq mile",What is the density of Boston's population?
21.9%,What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under?
14.3%,What percentage of the City of Boston's population is 20 to 24?
33.2%,What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44?
20.4%,What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64?
10.1%,What percentage of the City of Boston's residents are over 65?
"$51,739",What is the average household income in Boston?
"$61,035",What is the average family income in Boston?
"$52,544",What is the average income for a full time male worker?
"$46,540",What is the average income for a full time female worker?
16.0%,What percent of families fall below the poverty line?
94.7%,What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?
49.5%,"In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?"
2000,What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?
formerly non-white areas,"In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?"
2006,What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?
People of Irish descent,What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?
15.8%,What percentage of the city's population is Irish?
Italians,What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?
8.3%,What percentage of the citys population is italian?
"Over 27,000",How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?
"25,000",How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston?
"227,000",How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?
22,What is the total number of congregations in Boston?
Brookline and Newton,What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?
one-third,What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?
the East Boston neighborhood,What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?
"107,917",How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?
"175,000+",How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?
"25,000+",How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?
"22,000+",How many Colombians live in greater Boston?
57%,"In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?"
25%,"In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?"
29%,"In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?"
33%,"In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?"
10%,"In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?"
two million,How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010?
339,How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010?
160,How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010?
Old South Church,What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US?
1669,What year was Old South Church organized?
among the top 30,What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?
$363 billion,What is the economy of Boston?
sixth-largest,What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?
12th-largest,What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?
"more than 350,000",How many college students does Boston attract?
$4.8 billion,Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?
biotechnology,"Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?"
life sciences cluster,The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?
the National Institutes of Health,"Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?"
venture capital,The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital?
high-tech companies,There is a  high presence of what type of company in the city?
venture capital investment,Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment?
high technology,What remains an important sector?
Tourism,A large part of Boston's economy is made up of what?
21.2 million,How many tourists visited Boston in 2011?
$8.3 billion,How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?
2014,What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list?
financial services,Mutual funds and insurance are what type of industry?
Fidelity Investments,What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980's?
Fidelity Investments,What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US?
venture capital,Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?
the Seaport District in Boston,"In 2016, GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where?"
"57,000",How many students are in Boston Public schools?
145 schools,How many schools are in Boston?
The Boston Latin School,What is the oldest public high school in the US?
35%,What percentage of Bostons public students are African American?
four,How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?
"250,000",How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?
Boston University,Who is the citys fourth largest employer?
Smaller private schools,Babson College is what type of institution?
New England School of Law,What small private law school is located in Boston?
New England School of Law,What was the name of Americas first all female law school?
Metropolitan Boston,Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located?
Suffolk University,What is another name for New Englans school of Art and Design
the New England Conservatory,What is the oldest independant conservatory in the US?
Berklee College of Music,What college plays an important role in making Boston known for Jazz?
Harvard University,What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?
Harvard University,What is the nations oldest college?
Allston,Where does Harvard plan to expand to?
Boston Tech,What was MIT originally known as?
Cambridge,"In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?"
violent crime,"Since the early 1990's, Boston has had less of what type of crime?"
joining gangs,Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what?
Murders,The Boston Miracle is the name for the reduction in what crime from 1990 to 1999?
"26.5 per 100,000",What was the murder rate in Boston in 1990?
62,How many reported murders were there in 2008?
52,How many murders were there in 2014?
39,How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?
greater New England,Boston is culturally similar to what area?
Boston English,What is the Boston accent known as?
Irish Americans,Who influences Boston's politics and religion?
Boston slang,What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?
regional cuisine,"Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?"
Athens of America,"Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?"
the nineteenth century,What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?
Old Corner Bookstore,What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?
the Old Corner Bookstore,Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?
1852,What year was the Boston Public Library founded?
Big Five,The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what?
Gramophone,What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras?
Symphony Hall,What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home?
west of Back Bay,Where is Symphony Hall located?
south of Boston Common,Where is the theater District located?
First Night,What event occurs on New Year's Eve?
Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park,Where is the annual Boston Arts festival?
the North End,Where are Italian Summer feasts held?
Catholic saints,Whos is honored in the Italian Summer Feasts?
week-long,How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities?
several historic sites,What is preserved in the Boston national Historical Park?
the Freedom Trail,What is marked by a line of red bricks in the ground?
in the Seaport District,Where is the institute of contemporary Art located?
The Boston Athenaeum,What is one of the oldest libraries in the US?
within the city,Where is the New England Aquarium located?
from its earliest days,How long has Boston been a religious center?
nearly 300,How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?
the South End,Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?
Back Bay,Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?
King's Chapel,What was the city's first Anglican church?
generally very good,How is the air quality in Boston?
4 days,How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy?
the EPA,Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days?
cleaner energy facilities,Allston Green District is an example of what?
three,How many green housing facilities does the Allston green District contain?
every three years,How often is Boston's climate plan updated?
in 2013,When was the last time the climate plan was modified?
Thomas Menino,Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?
Mayor Thomas Menino,Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?
cost of living,The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?
500,The goal is to get how  many residents to sign up?
free,How much does the program cost?
wooden piles,Lots of older buildings are supported by what?
air,The piles begin to rot if exposed to what?
dropping,What has been happening to groundwater levels?
directly into sewers,Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground?
four,How many major North American sports leagues are there?
36 championships,How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?
nine,How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?
financial concerns,Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?
"July 27, 2015",When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?
The Boston Red Sox,Who plays their games at Fenway park?
near Kenmore Square,Where is Fenway park?
1903,What year was the first game of the first world series played?
1912,What year was fenway Park built?
Red Stockings,What was the name of Bostons first baseball team?
the FleetCenter,What is the TD Gardens former name?
Boston Garden,What was the FleetCenter built to replace?
two,How many teams is TD garden the home to?
"18,624",How many people can be seated in a basketball game at TD Garden?
"17,565",How many people can be seated for an ice hockey game at TD Garden?
the National Football League,What league do the new England patriots belong to?
1960,What year were the new England patriots founded in?
Boston Patriots,What was the original name of the new England patriots?
after relocating,When dod the Boston patriots change their name?
Gillette Stadium,What stadium do the patriots play in?
four,How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston?
Boston College,Which college participates in college football at the highest level?
the Football Bowl Subdivision,What is the name of the highest level of college football?
Harvard,Who participates in the second highest level of college football?
Football Championship Subdivision,What is the name of the second highest level of college football?
the Boston Marathon,What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?
October,When is the head of Charles Regatta held?
three,How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?
Boston Common,What is the oldest public park in the US?
near the Financial District and Beacon Hill,Where is Boston Common located?
Boston Public Garden,What is next to Boston Common?
parks,The Emerald necklace is a string of what?
Frederick Law Olmsted,Who designed the Emerald necklace?
third-best,What ranking does the Boston park system have?
ParkScore,Who ranks city park systems?
a half-mile,Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?
every fourth year,How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?
extensive executive power,What kind of power does the mayor have?
Marty Walsh,"Who became Mayor in january, 2014?"
The School Committee,Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?
Boston,What is the capital of Massachusetts?
state politics,"As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?"
Massachusetts Water Resources Authority,What is the MWRA?
Massport,What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?
The city,Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located?
the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit,What court is located in Boston?
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston,What is the name of the famous bank located in Boston?
two,Boston is split between how many congressional districts?
the 7th district,What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?
Mike Capuano,Who represents the 7th district?
1998,What year was Capuano elected?
the 8th district,What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?
daily newspapers,The Boston Globe and the Boston herals are two of Bostons what?
Boston,Where is the Christial Science Monitor headquarters?
2009,When did the Christian Science Monitor end daily print newspapers?
weekly,How often does The Christian Science monitor publish their magazine?
Teens in Print,What is the name of the teen paper that the Boston Globe provides to schools?
Lawrence,Where is the main office of Siglo21?
El Planeta,The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?
The Rainbow Times,What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine?
2006,What year was the Rainbow Times founded?
all of New England,What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?
Boston,Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times?
11th largest,What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?
WEEI,What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?
WZBC,What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?
WHRB,What is the name of Harvards radio station?
NPR,WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?
8th largest in the United States,What ranking does the Boston television DMA hold?
WSBK-TV,What is the sister station to WBZ-TV?
WGBH-TV,What is the citys PBS station?
Spanish-language television networks,MundoFox is an example of what?
Needham and Newton,Where are most of the television stations transmitters located?
the Fenway district,What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to?
the Beacon Hill area,Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?
Brighton Center,Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located?
The Boston Public Health Commission,What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?
universities,A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?
Harvard Medical School,The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?
Tufts Medical Center,Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?
Chinatown,What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?
Boston City Hospital,What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?
Logan Airport,What Airport is located in East Boston?
Massport,Who operates Logan Airport?
Logan Airport,What is the name of Bostons main airport?
Beverly Municipal Airport,What airport is North of Logan Airport?
Norwood Memorial Airport,What airport is south of Logan Airport?
organically,How did the streets of downtown Boston grow?
I-90,Boston is at the East end of what Interstate?
2006,What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place?
planned grid,The streets of Back bay grew into a what?
nearly a third,How many people in Boston use public transportation?
fifth-highest,Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use?
MBTA,What is the name of Bostons subway system?
T,The MBTA is also known as the what?
65.5 miles,How long is bostons subway system?
South Station,Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start?
Back Bay,Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end?
Route 128 Station,Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where?
southwestern,What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in?
North Station,Where does the Downeaster service to maine start?
The Walking City,What is Bostons nickname?
pedestrian,What type of commuters does Have than any other largely populated city?
13 percent,What percent of Boston's population commutes by walking?
2015,What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US?
80,What was the walk score given to Boston?
cycling,Bicycling magazine named Boston one of the worst cities in the US for what?
Bicycling magazine,What magazine put Boston on its Future best City For Biking list?
Hubway,What is the name of the bike share program in Boston?
2011,What year did Hubway launch?
"more than 140,000",How many rides did Hubway log in its first year?
a Chinese satellite navigation system,What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?
two separate satellite constellations,How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have?
"a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system",What are the two satellite constellations?
since 2000,How long has the limited test system been operating?
北斗衛星導航系統,How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese?
the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System,What was the first BeiDou system called?
mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions,Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?
BeiDou-1,What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?
three,How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?
since 2000,How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,What is the name of the second generation of BDS?
COMPASS or BeiDou-2,What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?
35,How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?
January 2015,When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?
December 2011,When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?
mid 2015,When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?
BDS-3,What is the third BeiDou system called?
30 September 2015,When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?
4,How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?
Fifteen years,How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?
$31.5 billion,How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?
"China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.",What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?
the Big Dipper constellation,What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?
Běidǒu,What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?
Northern Dipper,What does Běidǒu translate as?
ancient Chinese astronomers,Who named the constellation Běidǒu?
to locate the North Star Polaris,What was the Běidǒu constellation used for?
Chen Fangyun and his colleagues,Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?
in the 1980s,When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?
three,The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?
BeiDou-1A,What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?
20 December 2000,When was BeiDou-1A launched?
BeiDou-1C,What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?
a backup satellite,What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?
25 May 2003,When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?
2 November 2006,When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?
10 meters,What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?
"timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second",What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?
February 2007,When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
BeiDou-1D,What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?
BeiDou-2A,What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?
serving as a backup satellite,What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?
a control system malfunction,What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?
April 2007,When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
Compass-M1,What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?
to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation,What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?
15 April 2009,When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
17 January 2010,When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
"€230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)",How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?
only be used by its armed forces,"In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?"
October 2004,When did China join the Galileo project?
December 2004,When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?
the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post,Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?
an experimental regional navigation system,What is the BeiDou-1?
four,The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?
one,How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?
the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite,What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?
"1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each",How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?
medium Earth orbit satellites,What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?
satellites in geostationary orbit,What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?
the system does not require a large constellation of satellites,What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?
from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N,What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?
2491.75 MHz,What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?
"October 31, 2000",When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
BeiDou-1A,What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?
"December 21, 2000",When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
BeiDou-1B,What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?
"May 25, 2003",When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
as high as 0.5 metres,"In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?"
20m,What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?
100m,What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?
the official Xinhua News Agency,Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?
"around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)",How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?
almost 10 times the price,How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?
due to the cost of imported microchips,Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?
Shenzhen,Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?
"a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB",What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?
Sun Jiadong,Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?
"""Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.""",What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?
the chief designer of the navigation system,Who is Sun Jiadong?
COMPASS,What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?
35,How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
5,How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
30,How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1,What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?
the CDMA principle,What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?
open and restricted (military),What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?
globally to general users,Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?
Sun Jiadong,Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?
75+ satellites,How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?
a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military,What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?
10-meter location-tracking accuracy,What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?
10 centimetres,What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?
the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan,"As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?"
communication,What is something the licensed military service can be used for?
four bands,How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?
"E1, E2, E5B, and E6",What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?
E1 and E2,Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?
E1 and E2,Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?
the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency,"According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?"
little was officially announced,How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?
to study general characteristics of the signals,What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
to build a COMPASS receiver,What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
14 April 2007,When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?
for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing,What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?
the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system,The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?
"21,150 km",What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?
55.5 degrees,What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?
"E2, E5B, and E6",What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?
90 degrees (in quadrature),What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?
"""I"" and ""Q""",What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?
likely to be intended for the open service,"What is the intended purpose of the ""I"" component?"
probably intended for the restricted service,"What is the intended purpose of the ""Q"" component?"
immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007,When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?
the spectrum and structure of the signals,What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?
researchers from Stanford University,Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?
a group of engineers at Septentrio,Who built the COMPASS receiver?
report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B,What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?
Compass signals have somewhat greater power,"What is the difference between the ""I"" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?"
December 2011,When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?
27 December,"When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?"
as more satellites are launched,What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?
accurate to the nearest 10 m,"Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?"
within 0.2 m per second,"Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?"
December 2012,When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?
the Asia-Pacific region,Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?
between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N,"At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?"
December 2011,When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?
by 2020,When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?
16,"As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?"
14,"Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?"
2007,When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?
nine,How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?
functional regional coverage,What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?
16,How many satellites were launched since 2007?
2015,When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites,How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
"July 25, 2015",When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?
the Xichang Satellite Launch Center,Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?
Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket,What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?
an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits,What is the Expedition-1?
navigation services,What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?
testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links,What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?
three,How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
Canon law,What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?
Christian,In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?
Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches,Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?
church council,What body was first responsible for creating canon?
canons,What does canon law consist of?
kanon,What is the Greek term for canon?
kaneh,What is the Hebrew term for canon?
Qanun,What is the Arabic term meaning canon?
reed,"What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?"
cane,"Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?"
eighty-five,How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?
fifty,How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?
Ecclesiastical Canons,What is another term for Apostolic Canons?
325,When was the First Council of Nicaea held?
a rule,What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
the Church's hierarchical authorities,Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
canon law,What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
external organization and government,What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church,What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
rites,What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?
five,How many major rites exist?
the Supreme Pontiff,Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?
full union,What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?
Roman Catholic,Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?
immutable divine and natural law,What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
changeable circumstantial and merely positive law,What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
formal authority and promulgation,What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
Supreme Pontiff,What is the pope's official title?
"legislative, executive, and judicial",What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
The Catholic Church,What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?
Roman law,What is a legal system older than Catholic law?
canons,What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?
first century,When was the Council of Jerusalem held?
"Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic","Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?"
the jus novum,Which period followed the jus antiquum?
the Code of Canon Law,What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?
the jus vetus,What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
different disciplines and practices,In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?
process of codification,What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?
1990,When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?
Pope John Paul II,Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?
the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches,What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
"lawyers, judges",What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
civilly-binding force,What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus,What does J.C.B. stand for?
Bachelor of Canon Law,What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
Juris Canonici Licentiatus,What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
Roman Law Code of Justinian,What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?
adversarial,What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
inquisitorial,What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?
to enquire,What is the English meaning of inquirere?
Europe,What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?
modern civil law and common law,In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?
Edson Luiz Sampel,Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?
Europe and Latin American,What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?
contemporary society,What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
Aristotelian-Thomistic,What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?
Aquinas,Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?
law,What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?
the common good,What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?
a rule of conduct,What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
the Latin or Western Church,"Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?"
more diversity in legislation,What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
custom,What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
1929,When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
1949 through 1958,"During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?"
1917,When was the original Code of Canon Law published?
the Roman Rite,For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
1962 - 1965,During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
the Roman Rite,For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
1990,When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
Greek,What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?
canons and commentaries upon them,What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?
Rudder,What does Pēdálion mean in English?
bishops,Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?
the Ecumenical Councils,Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
the Church of England,In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
12th,In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
common law,What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
Oxford and Cambridge,At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
Henry VIII,Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
the Anglican Communion,What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?
the Episcopal Church,What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?
the Anglican Church of Canada,What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?
their own private systems of canon law,What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?
principles of canon law,"As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?"
factually,What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?
its own legal system,Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? 
living,What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?
unity,What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
"""practice and procedure"" or ""church order""",What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?
Presbyterian and Reformed churches,"In what types of institutions are canon rules called ""practice and procedure""?"
government,What aspect of management is covered by church order?
discipline,What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?
worship,What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?
the Presbyterians,What group took issue with the Roman canons?
1572,In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
Parliament,To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
1500 years,For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
bishops,Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
The Book of Concord,What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?
16th,Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?
confessional,What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?
canons,What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?
orthodox,What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?
two,How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?
private,Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?
Print media,"As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?"
2013,What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?
National Communications Act,"In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?"
private,Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?
private,Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?
two,How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?
Print media,What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?
radio stations and online portals,What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?
2013,What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?
Somali entrepreneurs,Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?
expertise,"China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms."
affordable mobile phone and internet services,What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?
mobile phones,Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
infrastructure,"When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?"
multinational corporations,"Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?"
Somali telecommunication companies,"Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?"
25,aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?
tele-density,what is another word for availability of telephone lines?
$40 million,How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
2008,What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?
Hargeisa,Where is Somtal network located?
mobile banking,Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?
Somali Telecommunication Company,STC stands for what?
three,The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?
telecom industry,Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?
telecom,What sector provides key communication services?
2012,What year was the national Communications act enacted?
the National Communications Act,What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?
academic and civil society,What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?
investment,The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?
service delivery,Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?
Somali Post,What is the name of the Somali postal service?
Somali Post,What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?
during the civil war,When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?
Dubai International,What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?
three,How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?
ten years,Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?
16,How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?
17,How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?
2012,What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
2013,What year did postal service in Somalia resume?
Universal Postal Union,Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?
technical,What type of assistance does the postal union provide?
basic mail processing equipment,What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
during the colonial period,When was Radio Mogadishu established?
Somali and Italian,What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?
Russian assistance,What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?
home service,"What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?"
Mogadishu,Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?
2010,In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?
one,How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?
six,About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?
Radio Free Somalia,What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?
Galkayo,Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?
Mudug province,What province is Galkayo located in?
one,How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?
Somali National Television,What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?
Mogadishu,Where is Somali National Television located?
2011,What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?
"April 4, 2011",When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?
24,Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?
private television networks,Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?
private television networks,What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?
Bosaso,Where does SBC TV broadcast from?
Bosaso,What is the commercial capital of Puntland?
one,Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?
Mogadishu,Where was The Mogadishu Times published?
2003,What year did free media outlets begin to expand?
radio and online commercials,Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?
Issa Farah,Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?
Information Support Team,What is the IST?
internet blocking or filtering,"As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?"
content standards online,"What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?"
1999,What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?
Africa,Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?
53%,"In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?"
internet commerce and telephony,The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?
200,What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?
"106,000",What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?
rise,Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?
"512,682",What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?
6.1 million,What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?
Somali Telecommunication Association,What is the STA?
ICT sector,What sector does the STC oversee?
STA,"In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?"
22,How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?
234,How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?
2009,"As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?"
12.5%,What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?
$10 per month,What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?
Global Internet Company,What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?
Global Internet Company,Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?
major cities,Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?
Mogadishu,What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?
Mogadishu,Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?
Wanaag HK,What is another name for Dalcom?
10% to 15% per year,What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?
satellite,Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?
internet cafes,Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?
gradually began to fall,"As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?"
Tri-Band 3G,Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?
internet and mobile clients,Who was the 3G service for?
Tri-Band 3G,what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?
faster and more secure,What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?
third generation,what does 3G stand for?
2013,What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?
broadband,"in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?"
"10,500 mile",How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?
more affordable,How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?
Mogadishu,Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?
Catalonia,What place is Catalan named for?
Romance language,What type of language is Catalan?
Valencian,What is Catalan called in Valencia?
Andorra,Where is Catalan the only official language?
Catalan,What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?
Spanish,What is the most used language in Catalonia?
native,What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?
The Generalitat of Catalunya,What group spends money to promote the language?
Catalan,What language is promoted in Catalonia?
Vulgar Latin,From what language did Catalan come?
eastern Pyrenees,In what area did Catalan develop?
9th century,When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
Low Middle Ages,When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?
1479,What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
Spanish transition to democracy,What happened in 1975-1982?
increased prestige,What has this official language state done for Catalan?
Europe,Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
mass media,"Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?"
Eastern and Western,What is the division of Catalan dialects?
pronunciation,What is the basic difference between the dialects?
different varieties,What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?
the same language,What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?
two standard varieties,What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
many traits,What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?
Iberian Peninsula,Where is Catalonia located?
Spanish and Portuguese,What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?
pronunciation,"Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?"
Gallo-Romance,What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
two,How many genders does Catalan have?
"singular, plural",What numbers does Catalan have?
inflectional,What style of grammar does Catalan have?
consonants,What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
Catalonia,What is Catalan the derivitive of?
Gathia Launia,What is the Latin for Calalunya?
March of Gothia,Where did the Catalan  people originate?
Gothia,What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?
mid 14th century,When did the reference Catelaner first appear?
Catellain,What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
French,What language is the source of the term Catellain?
English,What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
1652,Since what year has this term been used?
Valencian Community,Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?
the same language,What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
dialects,What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
Vulgar Latin,What language did Catalan descend from?
9th century,When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
Hispania Tarraconensis,"Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?"
Catalan counts,Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?
988,When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
11th century,When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?
by 1080,When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
Gallo-Romance,To what language did Catalan display similarities?
Old Occitan,What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?
11th and 12th centuries,When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
13th century,When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?
14th century,When Catalan reach Sardinia?
Murcia,Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?
15th century,When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
Low Middle Ages,When was the golden age of Catalan?
city of Valencia,Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
Catalan,What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
17th,Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
Costa Carreras,Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
Martorell,Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?
chivalry,What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?
Renaissance values,To what does Matorell's work show a transition?
Metge,What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? 
movable type,In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
1479,When were Castille and Aragon united?
Spanish,"After 1479, what language became more valued?"
16th century,When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
Spanish,What language began to supersede Catalan?
urban and literary,At this time what classes became bilingual?
1659,When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?
northern part,What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?
Treaty of the Pyrenees,Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?
French,What language began to influence Catalan?
1700,When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?
1789,When did France outlaw Catalan?
French Revolution,What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
"Occitan, Flemish, and Basque","Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?"
patois,What are French non standard languages called?
1833,When did the French obtain Algeria?
Northern Catalonia and Minorca,Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?
patuet,What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?
"around 100,000",How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?
1962,When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
French,What is the official language of France?
in public life and education,Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales,Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
Catalan,What language does the General Council want to promote?
Catalan,What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
War of Spanish Succession,Where did Catalan experience defeat?
1714,When was the war of Spanish Succession?
Spanish,What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
Catalan,Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
revival,What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
Catalan literary revival,What is Renaixenca?
1833,When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
1833,When did this revival period begin?
early 20th,"In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?"
Catalan,Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
in all schools,Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
Catalan,"Since the transition, what is the official language?"
mass media,"Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?"
Andorra,Where has Catalan always been the only language?
1993,When was the Andorran constitution produced?
Andorranization policies,What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
Catalan medium education,What is an Andorran school policy?
Catalan,What is the only language of Andorra?
language shift processes,What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
60 or older,How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
2004,When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
30%,What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
Catalan,What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
Spanish,What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
Italian,What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
ingrained diglossic attitudes,What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
diglossic attitudes,What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
Catalan,What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
Occitano-Romance,To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?
linguists,Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
Spanish ones,What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
Occitan language,What is Catalan a variety of?
varying degrees,What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
differences,What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
many traits,What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
closely related,Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
many traits,What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
Iberian Peninsula,Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
Ibero-Romance group,In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
Spanish and Portuguese,What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
Occitan,To what group is Catalan most closely related?
87%,What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
85%,Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
80%,What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
76%,What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
75%,How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
dialect of Spanish,What has Catalan often been considered?
Francoist,During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
rest of Roman Hispania,What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
Occitan,What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
Western Romance,What is Occitan a branch of?
Germanic,What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
Latin origin,What is the origin of some Spanish words?
Germanic superstrate,What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
Arabic element,What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
Arabic loanwords,What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
Spanish,In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
of Arabic origin,Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
Latin origin,What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance,What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
unique,What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
lexical,What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
enyorar,What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
Catalan Countries,What are the Paisos Catalans
cultural affinity and common heritage,What is that determination based on?
no official status,What status does Catalan Countries have?
Various interpretations,What is the interpretation of the term?
Països Catalans,What is the term for Catalan Countries?
many monosyllabic words,How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
consonant clusters,What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
obstruent,What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
couplets,What do many words feature?
Central Catalan,What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
standard pronunciation,What is Central Catalan?
standard pronunciation,What are the descriptions for?
section pronunciation,Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
Vulgar Latin,Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
seven,How many stressed phenoms are there?
Western Romance,Where is this a common feature?
Spanish,What is the exception to this common characteristic?
Dialects,What differs in vowel reduction?
three,How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
/i/,What vowel stays distinct?
different,What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
In Central Catalan,Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
section pronunciation,Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
Catalan sociolinguistics,What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
Catalan sociolinguistics,What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
Catalan philology,What is this a subdiscipline of?
analyse the relation,"What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?"
other languages in contact,What outside affects does this study include?
uniformity,What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
other Romance languages,In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
intelligibility,What is high among dialects?
90% to 95%,What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
Alguerese,What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
treatment of unstressed a and e,What is the major difference between the two blocks?
distinct,How are a and e in western dialects?
merged,What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
Northwestern Catalan and Valencian,What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
four,How many dialects are in the eastern group?
Eastern block,To what division does Central Catalan belong?
subdialects,What other divisions can be made of dialects?
Western Catalan,What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
Central Catalan,What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
Central Catalan,Where are the most speakers found?
Barcelona province,In what densely populated area is it spoken?
eastern half,What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
Vulgar Latin,What is the vowel system of Catalan?
seven,How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
Western Romance,Where is this system common?
Spanish,What language is the exception?
Dialects,What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
Eastern Catalan,Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
Majorcan,What is the exception to this reduction?
/i/,Which vowel remains distinct?
Majorcan,In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
Eastern Catalan,What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
Western Catalan,What other pattern do other vowels follow?
/u/,What letter remains distinct?
Western Catalan,/u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
five,What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
/a u i/,Which letters remain distinct?
Proto-Romance,Where did this pattern come from?
Italian and Portuguese,In what other languages is this pattern found?
further reduction,What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
Balearic,What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
/e/,What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
higher incidence,"What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?"
Valencian,What language is parle or tem ?
Northwestern,What language  is parlo or temo ?
Balearic,What language is parl?
Northern,What language form is parli?
nouns and adjectives,Where do you find medieval plurals?
/n/,What letter is lost in some words?
homes,"When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?"
joves,The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
proparoxytone,What kind of plural words lose /n/?
word choices,What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
as an archaism,How can you explain differences in the language groups?
Central Catalan,What form is innovative?
Eastern and Western,What are the two blocks of Catalan?
lexical divergence,What does an archaism explain?
Eastern Catalan,What is Standard based on?
Standard Catalan,What form is excepted by most speakers?
traditional ones,What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
jo compre,What is jo compro changed to ?
many verbal forms,What common Valencian forms are used?
verbal forms,What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
the Balearic Islands,Where is IEC's standard used?
adapted for the Balearic dialect,How is the standard used there?
non-ending,What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
Alghero,Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
lo,What definite article is found rather than el?
imperfect tense,What is -v- used for?
Alguerese,What dialect employs many archaic words?
weak pronouns,What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
La Franja,Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
2011,When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
Catalan,What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
La Franja,Where is the language to be regulated located?
Western dialect,How is Valencian classified?
northwestern varieties,What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
Western Catalonia,Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
Catalan and Valencian,What forms are mutually intelligible?
90% to 95%,What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
as the same language,How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
as the same language,How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
the Valencian Academy of Language,What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
Valencian Academy of Language,Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
Valencian parliament,Who established the AVL?
use of Valencian,Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
Norms of Castelló,What is the AVL standard based on?
everyone who writes,Who uses this standard?
Royal Academy of Valencian Culture,Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
different,What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
between 2001 and 2004,When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
younger generations,Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
Royal Academy of Valencian Culture,Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
A minority,How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
clash of opinions,What has produced a great deal of controversy?
2004,When did the EU create the European Constitution?
Spanish government,Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
as an archaism,As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
as an innovative element,How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
Eastern and Western,What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
Catalan,What language has a lexical unity?
Literary Catalan,What can use words from different dialects?
restricted use,What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
19th century,When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
detriment of others,What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
greater freedom of choice,What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
Greek and Latin,Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
very early,When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
Ramon Llull,In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
Roís de Corella,Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
agglutination,What is common in Romance languages?
morphological,What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
Prefixes,What word additive is usually added to verbs?
sound alternations,What other word changes can occur in derivations?
affixes,What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
-o,What is the usual masculine suffix?
suppletive couplets,What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
French,What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
Italian and Spanish,What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
French,What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
Occitan and French,What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
bullent/bullenta,What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
bullent/bullenta,What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
suffix -s,What is the usual way to make a plural?
morphological alternations,What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
gender inflection,To what are these morphological changes similar?
addition of -o-,What is an important plural alternation?
complex,What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
inflection of determinatives,What is much like the neighboring languages?
Spanish,What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
Italian,Catalan has less contractions than what language?
article,What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
unstressed possessives,What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
Italian,What other language shares this type of construction?
el meu,What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
mon,What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
13 distinct forms,How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
11,How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
9,What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
65,How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
all other Romance languages,What is this distinction similar to?
English,What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
formality,What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
French or Spanish,What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
passive voice,What do you not need to use in Catalan?
French or English,What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
preposition,What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
more complex,What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
Suffixation,What plays a primary part in Catalan?
morphological alternations,What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
active,How are vowel alternances in Catalan?
Catalan verbal system,What system is common to Western Romance?
synthetic indicative perfect,What have many dialects replaced?
all Western Romance,What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
into three conjugations,How are Catalan verbs grouped?
first conjugation,Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
700,How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
second,Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
two,How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
first,Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
joining both surnames,What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
in,What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
Estonian,What is the official language of Estonia?
about 1.1 million,How many people in Estonia speak Estonian?
tens of thousands,How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian?
Finnic,What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to?
Uralic,What language family does Estonian belong to?
Estonian,What country has Estonian as its official language?
1.1 million,In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
Uralic,Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
Finnic,On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
tens of thousands,How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
linguists,Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
"short, long, and ""overlong""",What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
the underlying phonological mechanism,What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
Finnic,What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
"Finnish, Karelian",What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
Indo-European languages,What language group is Estonian not a part of?
Hungarian and to the Sami languages,What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
Baltic Germans,Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
Middle Low German,Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
vowel,What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
agglutinative,"What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? "
subject–verb–object,In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
two,What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
North and South Estonian languages,What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
13th century to 1918,When did the Northern Crusades happen?
"Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia",Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
Estonia,Following the crusades which country was dominated?
indigenous literacy,What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
13th century,How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
Originates Livoniae,Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
Chronicle of Henry of Livonia,Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
words and fragments of sentences.,Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
a Lutheran manuscript,What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
1524 and 1528,When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
destroyed,What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
immediately after publication,At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
S. Wanradt and J. Koell,What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?
1535,In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?
bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism,What type of book was it?
An Estonian grammar book,What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
1637,What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?
Kristjan Jaak Peterson,Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
patriotic and philosophical,What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
March 14,When was Peterson born?
Mother Tongue Day,What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?
German-language University of Dorpat,What university did Peterson attend?
"23,868",In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
"14,503",In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
Estonian,"In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?"
Age of Enlightenment,What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?
Baltic Germans,Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
Estophile educated class,Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?
Danes and Germans,Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
13th century,When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?
1919,What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?
Estonian,After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?
97.3%,What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?
Estonian,What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
invaded and occupied,What happened to Estonia during WWII?
Soviet Union,Who invaded Estonia?
Russian,After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?
Latvia,What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?
pressure of bilingualism,What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?
collapse of the Soviet Union,What historical event once again freed Estonia?
Estonian,Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?
Russian,What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?
The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language,What came into being in January 1989?
above 70%,Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?
two,How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
the northern and southern dialects,What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
Tallinn,What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?
the northeastern coast of Estonia,Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
Tartu,What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?
the keskmurre,What dialect is also known as the central dialect?
the idamurre or eastern dialect,What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?
Saaremaa and Hiiumaa,What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?
the läänemurre,What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?
"the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects",What dialects comprise the southern group?
their culture,More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?
separate languages altogether,"Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?"
Christian,What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?
Latin,From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?
Finnish,What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?
"[æ], as in English mat",In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?
phonemic principles,What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?
one,To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?
some historical and morphological deviations,What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?
Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž,On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh?
Pasha (pas-ha),What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?
Newer Orthography, In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?
Eduard Ahrens,Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?
19th century,In what century was the Newer Orthography created?
Older Orthography,Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?
standard German orthography,From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?
Russian,In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?
Encyclopædia Britannica,What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?
"""ostrov Khiuma""",What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?
transitional,What is the typological form of Estonian?
an agglutinating language,What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?
a fusional language,What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?
subject–verb–object,How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?
Estonian,What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?
adjectives,"In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?"
Finnish,What other language has a telicity contrast?
partitive,"Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?"
total objects,What is the accusative used for?
verbal system,From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?
present tense,What is used in place of the future tense?
special forms,What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?
Germanic languages,Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?
Low Saxon,What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?
during the period of German rule,When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?
High German,From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?
High German,Standard German is part of what Germanic language?
'b' & 'p',What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?
The initial letter 's' is often dropped,What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?
pagas,In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?
Ado Grenzstein,Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?
1870s–90s,In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?
formation ex nihilo,What is another term for making up words from nothing?
Ado Grenzstein,Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?
Johannes Aavik,Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?
1880–1973,What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?
creations ex nihilo,What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?
Aavik’s dictionary,In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?
approximately 4000,How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?
"Ancient Greek, Latin and French",What languages did Aavik know?
1921,When was Aavik's dictionary published?
Aavikisms,What is another term for words created by Aavik?
foreign lexical items,Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?
wood,What is a source for the particles in paper?
writing,What is a common use for paper?
drying,What is the last step in paper production?
2nd century AD,When was the pulp papermaking process developed?
China,What country was the process developed in?
China,What country is leading in production of paper?
United States,What country is the second largest produced of paper?
Cai Lun,Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?
Cai Lun,Who is credited with the papermaking process?
silk,What material did paper replace upon its invention?
Golden Age,Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?
2nd,What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?
13th,In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?
Baghdad,Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?
bagdatikos,What name did the process take on in Baghdad?
19th,In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?
Charles Fenerty,Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?
Papyrus,What Latin word is paper derived from?
Greek,What language is papyrus derived from?
maceration,What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?
Cyperus,What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus?
the pith,What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus?
lignin,What is separated from the cellulose fibres?
wood-free,What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?
5%,What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?
90%,What percentage of cotton is cellulose?
three,How many chemical pulping processes are there?
1840s,What decade does the sulfite process date to?
The kraft process,What process is most commonly used?
Soda pulping,What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?
groundwood pulp,"Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?"
debarked logs,What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?
weak,What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?
virgin,Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?
china clay,What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?
Additives,What is added for sizing purposes?
chalk,What besides china clay is used as a filler?
Pressing,How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?
felt,What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?
blotter sheet,What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?
felt,"Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?"
air,What is the main component of drying the paper?
6,At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?
china clay,"Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?"
calendering,What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?
Gloss,What is the shiniest type of coated paper?
Gloss,What papers give the best optical density?
reels,What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?
long-grain,In what manner are sheets normally cut?
cut into sheets,"If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?"
wove paper,What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?
rollers,What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?
density,What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?
wire mesh,What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?
Laidlines,What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?
Laidlines,What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?
chainlines,What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?
Laidlines,"Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?"
caliper,What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?
thousandths of an inch,"In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?"
mm,Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?
0.0028 and 0.0071 in,"Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?"
weight,What characteristic is paper usually classified by?
a ream,"In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?"
card,Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?
ISO 216,What ISO sizing system does Europe use?
card,If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?
dimensions,"Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?"
length and width,Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?
standard paper sizes,Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?
length and width,Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?
ISO 216,Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?
Germany,What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?
A0,What is the largest standard size paper?
2,How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?
A3,What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?
tissue paper,What is the lightest density of paper produced?
800 kg/m3,What is the common density of printing paper?
Alum,What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?
sizing,Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?
more stable,How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?
lignin,What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?
lignin,A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?
light and oxygen,What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?
Library of Congress,Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?
oxalic,"Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?"
twice,How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
Mechanical,What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
acid-free,What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
400%,"In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?"
35%,What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?
plant trees,What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?
10%,What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
40%,What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?
71.6 million,How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?
16 billion,How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?
31,How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
bleaching,What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
through food,How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
fatty tissue,Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
paperfoam,What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?
biodegradable,What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?
paper,What is paperfoam primarily made of?
recycled,How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
corn protein,What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?
corn protein,Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?
synthetic,PFOA is what type of coating?
1987,When was the football league established?
indoors,Where is football played?
Arena Football League,What does AFL sand for?
Jim Foster,Who founded The AFL?
1987,In what year was the AFL founded?
1980s,In what decade was AFL sport invented?
Jim Foster,Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
1987,What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
third,Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
68,"In yards, how large is an arena football field?"
half,What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
12,How many teams were there in the 2015 season?
2,How many conferences does the AFL have?
American Conference and National Conference,What are these conferences in the AFL named?
San Jose SaberCats,Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?
12,How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?
Spokane Shock,What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?
IFL,What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?
National Conference,"Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?"
four,"As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?"
16,"As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?"
18-week,How long is the AFL regular season?
March,In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?
August,What month did the 2015 AFL season end?
ArenaBowl,What is the name of the AFL championship game?
af2,What was the name of the AFL development league?
2000,When did the AFL development league begin?
1987,When was the first AFL season played?
2009,What Arena Football League season was cancelled?
"Chicago, Illinois",In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?
the National Football League,Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?
an indoor soccer match,What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?
Madison Square Garden,Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?
1981,In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?
NBC,What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
the United States Football League,What football league began in 1982?
Chicago Blitz,What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?
1985,When did the USFL shut down?
"April 27, 1986",On what date was the arena football test game played?
executive vice-president,What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
"Rockford, Illinois",In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?
Rockford MetroCentre,At what venue did the test game occur?
Chicago Politicians,"Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?"
"February 26, 1987",On what date did the second test game take place?
Rosemont Horizon,The second test game was played in what arena?
four,How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?
Washington Commandos,"Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?"
executive director of football operations,What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?
Mouse,What was Darrell Davis' nickname?
Davis,Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?
"June 19, 1987",On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?
Gladiators,"Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?"
"12,117",How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?
"June 20, 1987",On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?
the Rosemont Horizon,At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
"September 30, 1987",On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?
"March 27, 1990",When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?
"September 30, 2007",On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?
the United States Patent and Trademark Office,With whom did Foster file his patent?
ESPN,"In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?"
midnight,"In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?"
Arena Bowl XII,What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?
1998,In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?
Wide World of Sports,On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?
Joe Haering,Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?
Saturday,"What day of the week was July 23, 1989?"
Jim Foster,Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?
USA Today,What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?
Arco Arena,"In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?"
Detroit Drive,What team did Art Schlichter play for?
Joe Louis Arena,Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?
1988,In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?
Mike Ilitch,Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?
Detroit Tigers,What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?
Massachusetts,Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?
1994,Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?
Storm,What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?
Orlando Predators,What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?
San Jose SaberCats,What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?
first All-Star Game,What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?
"Des Moines, Iowa",In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?
Iowa Barnstormers,What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?
American Conference,What conference lost the first All-Star Game?
64,How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?
New England Sea Wolves,What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?
Toronto,What city did the Sea Wolves move to?
two,How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?
two seasons,How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?
two,How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?
Iowa Barnstormers,What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?
Super Bowl XXXIV,Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?
St. Louis Rams,What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?
TNN,What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?
VooDoo,What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?
16,How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?
2005,In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?
2005,In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?
2007,What year introduced the free substitution rule?
2008,"What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the ""jack"" linebacker?"
David Baker,Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?
12,For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?
"July 25, 2008",On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL?
ArenaBowl XXII,What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker's resignation?
Ed Policy,Who temporarily served in the commissioner's post after Baker's departure?
New Orleans VooDoo,What team shut down in October 2008?
Tom Benson,Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?
Platinum Equity,What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?
$100 million,How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL?
Sports Business Journal,What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?
December 2,On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?
December 3,To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?
December 9,"After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?"
December 4,When was free agency first scheduled to begin?
December 11,When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?
tenth,What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?
December 2008,In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?
2004-05,What National Hockey League season was cancelled?
a lockout,What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?
Jim Renacci,Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?
interim commissioner,What was the job title of Ed Policy?
Los Angeles Avengers,"After Ed Policy resigned, what franchise closed?"
Two,How many weeks after Policy's resignation did the Avengers fold?
One month,How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement?
the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league,What reason did Policy give for his resignation?
"July 20, 2009",On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy?
Sports Business Journal,What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy?
$14 million,"How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20, 2009?"
Chapter 11,What type of bankruptcy was the league reportedly thinking about filing in July 2009?
August 4,On what date did the AFL announce that it was not shutting down?
50.1,What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL?
"September 8, 2009",On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?
Arena Football 1,What legal entity was created by af2 league owners?
Arizona Rattlers,"Along with the Orlando Predators, what former Arena Football League team joined af2?"
2009,What Arena Football League season was suspended?
Jerry Jones,Who owned the Dallas Desperados?
"November 11, 2009",When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?
"November 25, 2009",When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?
Arena Football 1,Who won the auction for the AFL's assets?
$6.1 million,What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League's assets?
"February 17, 2010",On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?
NFL Network,What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010?
two,How many expansion teams were announced in 2010?
Jacksonville Sharks,"Along with the Dallas Vigilantes, what expansion team was announced in 2010?"
San Jose SaberCats,"Along with the New Orleans VooDoo, Kansas City Brigade, Philadelphia Soul and Georgia Force, what former team returned for the 2011 season?"
New York Dragons,"Along with the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers and Los Angeles Avengers, what team did not return for the 2011 season?"
Pittsburgh Power,What expansion team joined the league in 2011?
Pittsburgh Steelers,For what NFL team did Lynn Swann play?
Pittsburgh Gladiators,What was the former name of the Tampa Bay Storm?
25th,What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?
"March 9, 2012",What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?
San Antonio,To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?
Jeffrey Vinik,Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?
Hurricane Sandy,What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period?
"December 12, 2012",On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?
NET10 Wireless,What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?
NET10 Wireless Arena Football League,What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal?
2014,When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end?
two,How many years did the AFL title sponsorship deal last?
Kiss,What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013?
Gene Simmons,"Along with Paul Stanley, who owned the Los Angeles Kiss?"
Portland Thunder,"Other than the Los Angeles Kiss, what expansion team entered in the league in 2013?"
Kiss,Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons are members of what musical group?
Mötley Crüe,What band was Vince Neil a part of?
Outlaws,What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil?
MGM Grand Garden Arena,What was the original intended home field of the Las Vegas Outlaws?
the Thomas & Mack Center,Where did the Outlaws play their home games?
Las Vegas Sting,"Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators, what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center?"
Jerry Kurz,Who was the first president of the AFL?
commissioner,What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?
Scott Butera,Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?
Foxwoods,Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?
CEO,What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?
"August 9, 2015",On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down?
ESPN,Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo?
"September 1, 2015",On what date did the Spokane Shock leave the AFL?
IFL,What rival league did the Spokane Shock join?
Spokane Empire,What was the name of the Spokane Shock after they joined the IFL?
Friday,"What day of the week was October 30, 2015?"
San Antonio Spurs,At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?
BJ Pickard,Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?
Austin Wranglers,What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin?
San Antonio Force,"Along with the San Antonio Talons, what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time?"
San Jose SaberCats,Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League?
November 12,When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down?
reasons unrelated to League operations,What was the reason given for the closing of the SaberCats?
eight,How many AFL teams are operating as of 2016?
"January 6, 2016",On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams?
Portland Thunder,What team did the league take control of?
Terry Emmert,Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thunder?
Jerry Jones,Who owned the Desperados trademarks?
Scott Butera,Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League?
"December 10, 2015",On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?
eight,How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?
16,How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?
18,How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last?
Independence Day,On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye?
Las Vegas,Where did ArenaBowl XX take place?
New Orleans Arena,What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in?
"July 29, 2007",On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played?
August 2005,In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur?
San Jose SaberCats,What team won ArenaBowl XXI?
NBC,A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?
14,How many games was the regular season in 1996?
16,How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?
18,How many games long was the 2011 regular season?
16,How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?
the China American Football League,What league did the AFL found in China?
August 2012,When was the AFL's China project announced?
Ron Jaworski,Who is leading the China American Football League?
ESPN,What television network does Ron Jaworski work for?
Philadelphia Soul,What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of?
Martin E. Judge,Who created Ganlan Media?
the Judge Group,What company is Martin Judge the founder of?
2012,In what year was AFL Global created?
October,In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou?
Gary Morris,Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League?
2016,When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?
2014,When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?
six,How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?
November,In what month did the CAFL tournament occur?
May,In what month did the AFL season originally begin?
February,"After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?"
Friday or Saturday,What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal?
Sunday,When were most of the AFL's games played after the TV deal?
"June 30, 2006",On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end?
"December 19, 2006",On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?
17,"At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?"
Monday,On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played?
ABC,What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI?
nine,"Under the deal, how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year?"
Fox Sports,Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?
FSN,What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?
2010,"After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?"
NFL Network,What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?
Friday,On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?
Ustream,What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?
free,What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?
2012,In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?
ongoing labor problems,Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?
the labor issues were resolved,Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again?
Friday,On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network?
night,At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network?
CBS Sports Network,Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?
19,How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?
two,How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast?
CBS,On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast?
Saturday,"In 2013, on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network?"
ESPN,Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?
WatchESPN,What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?
CBS Sports Network,"Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?"
ESPN,On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?
Arena Football,What was the first Arena Football League video game?
the C-64,For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?
1988,In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released?
"May 18, 2000",On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?
Midway Games,Who made Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed?
Jeff Foley,Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?
2001,In what year was War on the Floor released?
Albany Firebirds,What team did Jeff Foley play for?
three,How many games did Jeff Foley play in?
2000,"Along with 1999, in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds? "
2010,In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?
the league,Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?
franchise model,What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?
"10,000–11,000",What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?
"the September 11, 2001 attacks","Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?"
"12,392",What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?
"12,957","In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?"
eight,"During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?"
"8,135",What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?
one,"In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?"
Tampa Bay,"What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010?"
easy listening,"Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?"
soft rock,What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?
vocal,What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s?
Adult contemporary,What does the acronym AC stand for?
soft rock,"Along with easy listening, adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music?"
melody,"Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?"
verse–chorus structure,What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?
pop music,With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure?
inoffensive,"Along with being pleasurable, what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music?"
romantic sentimental ballads,What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?
drum machines,"Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?"
acoustic,What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?
bass guitar,What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?
high-pitched,"Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?"
25–44,What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?
hip hop,"Along with teen pop, dance and hard rock, what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio?"
1960s,When did advertisers begin to focus on the adult contemporary age demographic?
newer music,What type of music are AC stations noted as playing less of versus hits of the past?
soft AC,What is lite AC otherwise known as?
contemporary Christian music,What is Christian AC a subgenre of?
rhythmic AC,"Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music?"
1960s,From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?
70-80%,"Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?"
"July 17, 1961",On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published?
20,How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart?
Brook Benton,Who performed the first #1 on the easy listening chart?
Connie Francis,"Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?"
instrumental,What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?
big band-era recordings,What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?
the Hot 100 chart,What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?
1965,In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge?
Bobby Vinton,"Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?"
rock music continued to harden,Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease?
1950s,During what decade did rock and roll music first rise to popularity?
middle of the road,What does the acronym MOR stand for?
big band titles,"Along with pre-rock standards, what type of older songs did MOR stations play?"
beautiful music,What was another term for easy listening stations?
instrumental,Easy listening was predominately what type of music?
hit singles and album cuts,What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?
lite,What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?
1965,As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music?
hard rock,"Along with soft rock, what type of music made up mainstream rock music in the late 1960s?"
acoustic,What type of instruments were prominent in soft rock? 
folk rock,What genre of music was soft rock descended from?
James Taylor,"Along with Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens and Bread, who was a prominent soft rock artist of this era?"
1960s,At the end of what decade did the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts begin to converge?
1970s,During the middle and early parts of what decade did the similarity of Easy Listening and Hot 100 increase?
began to soften,How did Top 40 radio what ifmusic change during this era?
Chicago,"With Elton John and the Eagles, what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period?"
the mid-to-late 1970s,During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?
Fleetwood Mac,What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?
1977,In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?
WYNY,What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?
Walter Sabo,Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?
disco,What genre of music was was listening to by a different demographic than hard rock?
1970s,In what decade did genres begin to diverge on the basis of demographic groups?
Billy Joel,"Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?"
the early 1970s,During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?
R&B,"Along with rock and roll, what genre of music was sometimes featured on Easy Listening radio?"
disco,What genre of music was surprisingly successful on adult contemporary radio?
singer-songwriters,"What type of musicians were artists such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian?"
"April 7, 1979",When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?
the Easy Listening chart,What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?
heavy metal,"Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?"
1980s,During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?
Michael Jackson,"Along with Richard Marx, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan, what artist was also frequently played on Contemporary Hit Radio stations?"
MTV,What television station was responsible for the increasing success of Contemporary Hit Radio artists on the AC charts?
John Denver,"Along with Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton-John, what adult contemporary staple found it more difficult to score chart hits in the 1980s?"
Phil Collins,"Who did Allmusic refer to as ""one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond""?"
disco or new wave,"In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?"
hip-hop and harder rock music,"What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?"
1980s,During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?
ballad-oriented rock,"Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?"
soft rock,What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to?
six weeks,What was the longest that a song spent at #1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s?
1983,"In what year did Lionel Richie record ""You Are""?"
Hot 100,"Aside from the adult contemporary chart, on what other chart did Lionel Richie's ""Hello"" reach the top spot?"
Linda Ronstadt,"What artist issued the album known as ""the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade""?"
1989,"In what year was the album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind released?"
Aaron Neville,"What male singer featured on several songs from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind?"
Triple Platinum,"What certification did Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind receive?"
"""All My Life""","Along with ""Don't Know Much,"" what single won a Grammy?"
1990s,What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?
softening,What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?
widening of the market,The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?
1980s,Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts?
Savage Garden,"Along with All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys, what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R&B genre?"
Latin pop,"What genre of music did Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Selena, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make?"
multiple number ones,"What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?"
Jewel,"Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow, what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s?"
AC,On what chart did Whitney Houston see success?
Adult Top 40,What was the name of the chart created by Billboard in 1996?
"""adult contemporary"" music and ""pop"" music",Adult Top 40 represented a midpoint between what two radio formats?
Adult Contemporary,What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with?
hot AC,What radio programming genre is sometimes confused with the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart?
Barry Mayo,"Who invented the term ""urban adult contemporary format""?"
African Americans,What demographic group is the urban adult contemporary format marketed to?
rapping,What style of singing is absent from R&B played on urban adult contemporary format stations?
classic soul,"Along with R&B, gospel and dance music, what type of music is represented on urban adult contemporary stations?"
Hot AC,Urban adult contemporary music came into being because of pressure on what previously existing format?
Toni Braxton,"Who performed the song ""Unbreak My Heart""?"
Amber,What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box?
rhythmic AC,"What radio station format plays soft AC, hot AC, disco and dance?"
Soul Solution,"What artist notably remixed ""Unbreak My Heart""?"
smooth jazz,What radio station format was sometimes regarded as a type of adult contemporary?
instrumental,What type of music was predominantly played on smooth jazz stations?
George Benson,"Along with Kenny G and Dave Koz, what artist was featured on smooth jazz stations?"
soft AC,What other format of station were smooth jazz artists sometimes featured on?
senior vice president for adult music,What is Adrian Moreira's job title?
RCA Music Group,For what company does Adrian Moreira work?
Corey Moss,"Who wrote, ""In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life""?"
MTV's website,Where was Corey Moss' article published?
after the hits had become established,When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs?
less and less new music fits their bill,Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?
dance-pop and electronic dance music,By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?
too alternative,Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?
"the ""Candlelight Mix""","What was the name of DJ Sammy's mix of ""Heaven""?"
D.H.T.,"Who recorded the song ""Listen To Your Heart""?"
Cascada,"Who is known for the song ""Everytime We Touch""?"
Cee Lo Green,"What artist performed the song ""Forget You""?"
edited,"What version of P!nk's ""Perfect"" appeared on adult contemporary radio in 2011?"
Michael Bublé,"Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?"
ballad heavy,What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?
Carrie Underwood,"Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?"
country,What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with? 
indie rock,What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?
Imagine Dragons,"Along with Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers, what indie artist has had adult contemporary success?"
2000s,In what decade did indie musicians first began getting attention from the adult contemporary audience?
the 2005-2007 economic downturn,"Along with the recession, what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations?"
urban,"Along with CHR, Top 40 and Latino, what format have former AC stations transitioned to?"
hot AC,What AC format is still viable?
physical record,Declining sales of what items harmed the adult contemporary genre?
1960s,"Generally speaking, what is the earliest decade represented by the ""oldies"" on soft AC stations?"
jazz,"Along with R&B, pop and rock, what genre of music is represented on modern soft AC stations?"
"""easy listening""",What genre of music do new songs on soft AC stations often belong to?
the late 2000s/early 2010s,During what period did soft AC stations attempt to reinvent themselves?
soft adult contemporary,"What radio format was described as being ""the acoustic equivalent to Prozac""?"
1970s,What decade saw the birth of the soft adult contemporary format?
WEEI-FM,"What radio station introduced the term ""soft rock""?"
Boston,"Where was the station that introduced the term ""soft rock"" based?"
baloney,"What processed meat, featured in WEEI-FM's ad slogan, rhymes with Joni?"
Canada,"In what country is soft adult contemporary called ""EZ Rock""?"
beautiful music,"Along with MOR, easy listening and soft rock, what format is soft adult contemporary a successor to?"
office workers,What occupation is stereotypical held by soft adult contemporary listeners?
females aged 25–54,What advertising demographic is soft adult contemporary marketed towards?
KOST,"What station first introduced the tagline ""everyone at work can agree on""?"
raising children,"Along with romantic and sexual relationships, family and work, what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss?"
1960s and 1970s,Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?
soul,"Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?"
hot AC,What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with?
jazz and big band,What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s?
oldies,What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day?
adult standards,What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to?
incorporating more oldies,Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what?
aging demographics,Why are adult standards format radio stations declining?
Frank Sinatra,"Along with Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony, what notable artist is featured on the soft AC format?"
contemporary mainstream music,"Along with classic hits, what type of music do hot adult contemporary stations feature?"
adult,What is the primary audience of hot adult contemporary format stations?
Generation Z,What demographic do hot AC stations featuring more pop and alternative rock focus on?
teen pop,"Along with urban and rhythmic dance tracks, what genre is featured on hot AC stations with a younger audience?"
dance-pop,"Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?"
boybands,What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?
power pops,What genre of music is played by Westlife?
soft rock,What genre of music is played by The Eagles?
18-54,What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?
KMXB,What station did Mike Marino work for in 1997?
Las Vegas,Where was the radio station KMXB based in 1997?
18-34,What age demographic is modern rock radio focused on?
men,What is the sex of the listeners modern rock radio is geared towards?
women,"Unlike modern rock radio, what sex is adult contemporary radio said to appeal to?"
adult,What age group is Urban AC focused towards?
African-American,What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio?
Des'ree,Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations?
I Ain't Movin',What is the name of the popular album released by Des'ree?
black,What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio?
soft AC,What other adult contemporary radio format is urban AC similar to?
hip-hop,What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC?
R&B and soul music,What two genres of music are popular on urban AC?
Luther Vandross,"Along with Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey, who is a well-known urban AC artist?"
hot AC,What adult contemporary radio format is urban AC not similar to?
rhythmic oldies,What radio format is similar to urban AC but features older soul and R&B songs?
1960s,What is the earliest decade of music typically featured on the rhythmic oldies format?
1990s,What is the most recent decade music from which music can be heard on a rhythmic oldies station?
African-Americans,What is the target demographic of the rhythmic oldies format?
quiet storm,What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?
quiet storm,What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?
the evening,At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?
Black and Latino,What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?
Vanessa L. Williams,"Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?"
mainstream AC,"Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz, what station format might feature music from Sade?"
smooth jazz,What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations?
the weekends,When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station?
Smooth AC,What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format?
to lure younger listeners,What was the smooth jazz format renamed?
urban AC,"Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?"
songcraft and sophistication,What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?
Philly soul,"Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?"
1970s,During what decade was smooth soul popular?
sequencers,"Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?"
jazz-R&B fusion,What genre of music did Patti Austin perform?
crossover R&B,Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat?
1980s,During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful?
ballads,What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for?
Babyface,Who wrote Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You?
Contemporary Christian music,What is CCM an acronym of?
Christian AC,What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?
Radio & Records,What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?
hot AC,"Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?"
soft AC,What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season?
November and December,During what two months does the Christmas season take place?
Johnny Mathis,"Along with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Carpenters, Percy Faith and Andy Williams, who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise?"
the week before Thanksgiving Day,When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin?
after Christmas Day,When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends?
New Year's Day,When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends?
the beginning of November,When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format?
beautiful music and easy listening,What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s?
20th,In what century was the term matter defined excluding energy phenomena like light and sound?
matter,What term is used for the substance that composes all observable physical objects?
interaction energies,The mass of an object can come from the motion of its constituents or what other source?
universal,What term is used to describe the type of definition that matter would have if all scientists could agree on its definition?
at rest,"Prior to the 20th century, the definition of matter included any object that had mass even when it was in what state? "
atoms,What kind of particles make up every object in the world that can be touched?
subatomic,"The smaller particles that make up atoms, like protons and neutrons, are what kind of particles?"
photons,What subatomic particle has no volume or rest mass?
point particles,What  kind of particles are quarks and leptons?
volume,"Despite not having size or volume themselves, quarks and leptons contribute to what measure of composite particles in matter?"
four,How many phases of matter are there?
quark–gluon plasma,What new phase of matter can be considered with a focus on elementary particles?
particulate theory of matter,What is the theory that matter is made up of discrete building blocks called?
Leucippus,"What colleague of Democritus, also a Greek philosopher, helped him propose the particulate theory of matter?"
natural sciences,People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science?
mass,"What similar term is often used interchangeably with matter, although the two differ slightly in modern physics?"
closed,Being a conserved quantity means that the value of mass doesn't ever change as long as it's in what kind of system?
energy,Special relativity says matter can disappear by conversion into what state?
Earth,What planet isn't a closed system but sometimes appears to be because of the approximate conservation of matter?
matter,What term does science not have a universally-accepted scientific definition for?
mass,Sometimes scientific terms were historically considered in ways we know now aren't compatible because scientists didn't need to distinguish matter from what other term?
matter,What word do physicists sometimes consider to be defined as particles exhibiting rest mass?
wave–particle duality,What duality describes the conflicting properties of matter in the fields of chemistry and physics?
the speed of light,Quarks and leptons are sometimes considered matter because they can't travel at what speed?
Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster,What was Westminster Abbey's original name?
Gothic,What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?
"City of Westminster, London",In what city is Westminster Abbey located?
Between 1540 and 1556,In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?
Royal Peculiar,What type of building is the Abbey now considered?
the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster,What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?
"City of Westminster, London",Where is Westminster Abbey located?
Between 1540 and 1556,When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?
"Church of England ""Royal Peculiar""",What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?
1245,What year did the construction of the church begin?
King Henry III,Who commissioned the Abbey to be built?
Thorn Ey (Thorn Island),What was the area previously named?
7th century,In what century was the church established at the location?
"Mellitus, a Bishop of London",Who was the Bishop in this time frame?
Thorn Island,What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?
7th century,When was a church first founded at the site?
a Bishop of London,Who was Mellitus?
1245,When was construction of the present church started?
King Henry III,Who ordered the construction of the church?
Aldrich,What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?
salmon,What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?
Benedictine,What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?
Fishmonger's Company,"Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?"
Saint Dunstan,Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?
Aldrich,Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
Thames fishermen,Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
Fishmonger's Company,Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
960s or early 970s,When was the monk community installed?
Romanesque style,What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?
1090,What year was the building finished?
28 December 1065,What was the date of the Abbey's coronation? 
William the Conqueror,Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?
King Edward the Confessor,What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?
King Edward the Confessor,Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
Romanesque,What style was the church rebuilt in?
28 December 1065,When was the building consecrated?
5 January 1066,When did King Edward the Confessor die?
William the Conqueror,Who was the first documented coronation?
Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror,Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?
1066,Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?
16,How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?
Henry I and Richard II,Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?
1100,When did royal weddings begin at the church?
Bayeux Tapestry,Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?
a dozen,What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?
endowments,How was the community able to increase?
Palace of Westminster,What is adjacent the abbey?
The abbot and monks,Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?
government,The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?
The abbot,Who was employed on royal service?
secular,With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?
Cluniac,To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?
Lord of the Manor of Westminster,What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
the town economy,What did the monastery help fuel?
shops and dwellings,What did the abbey build on the west side?
shops and dwellings,What encroached upon the sanctuary?
coronation site,What was the abbey to Norman kings?
Henry Yevele,What architect continued work on the abbey?
Richard II,Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?
Cosmati,What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?
The Confessor's shrine,What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
Henry VII,Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
Blessed Virgin Mary,Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
Caen,What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
Isle of Portland,Where did the Portland stone come from?
1503,When was the Lady Chapel added?
1535,When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
"£1,310,000 to £1,530,000",What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
Glastonbury Abbey,To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries,During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
1539,When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
Henry VIII,Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
destruction,What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
the Diocese of Westminster,What did changing the status of the abbey create?
1550,When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?
a second cathedral of the Diocese of London,The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?
Saint Peter,Who is the abbey dedicated to?
Mary I of England,The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?
Elizabeth I,Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?
Collegiate Church of St Peter,What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?
The last of Mary's abbots,Who was made the first dean of the new church?
1640s,When did the abbey suffer damage?
Puritan iconoclasts,Who attacked the abbey?
ties to the state during the Commonwealth,What protected the abbey?
Oliver Cromwell,Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?
January 1661,When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?
between 1722 and 1745,When were the western towers built?
Nicholas Hawksmoor,Who built the western towers of the abbey?
Purbeck,What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?
Sir George Gilbert Scott,Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?
Portland stone,What were the two western towers built from?
A narthex,What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?
mid-20th century,When was the narthex designed?
Yevele,The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?
Oxford and Cambridge,Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?
King James Bible Old Testament,The first third of what was translated at the abbey?
New Testament,The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?
20th century,The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?
the Blitz,Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?
Sergei Fyodorov,Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?
"funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales",What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?
Pope Benedict XVI,Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?
17 September 2010,On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?
Russian,What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?
Gloucester Cathedral,Where was Henry III crowned?
1216,When was Henry III crowned?
French prince Louis,Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?
the Pope,Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?
The Archbishop of Canterbury,Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?
King Edward's Chair,What is the name of the throne used for coronation?
St Edward's Chair,What is another name for King Edward's Chair?
the Stone of Scone,Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?
Scottish nationalists,Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?
collegiate church,What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?
Queen Elizabeth I,Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?
the Dean and Chapter of Westminster,Who governs the church?
the Dean and four canons residentiary,Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?
the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk,Who assist the chapter of Westminster?
12,How many lay vicars are there?
10,How many choristers are there at the abbey?
1970s,When was the office of Priest Vicar created?
Edward the Confessor,Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?
1760,When did George II of Great Britain die?
a royal saint,Who was Edward the Confessor?
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle,Where was Henry VI buried?
Leicester Cathedral,Where was Richard III buried?
inside chapels,Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?
master of the King's Works,Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?
in the abbey,Henry Purcell was buried where?
Admiral Robert Blake,Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
Isaac Newton,Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
Charles Darwin,Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
William Wilberforce,Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
William Pitt,Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
cremated,In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?
1905,In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?
Frances Challen,Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?
Percy Family,What family has the Northumberland Vault?
11 November 1920,When was The Unknown Warrior buried?
At the east end of the Lady Chapel,Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?
the Battle of Britain,The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?
Tudor stained glass window,The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?
"Saturday September 6, 1997","When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?"
Sunday,When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?
Catherine Walker,Who designed Diana's dress?
Mother Teresa,Who gave Diana the rosary beads?
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School,What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?
the Pope,Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?
1179,When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?
Westminster Abbey Choir School,The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?
Harrison & Harrison,Who built the organ?
1937,When was the organ built? 
the coronation of King George VI,When was the organ first used?
pipework,What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
John Loughborough Pearson,Who designed the two organ cases?
the Celestial Organ,What part of the organ is not connected or playable?
1971,When were the bells overhauled?
Ten,How many bells make up the abbey ring?
1971,When were the ten bells cast?
Whitechapel Bell Foundry,Who cast the abbey bells?
Robert Mot,Who cast the two service bells?
1585 and 1598,When were the two service bells cast?
1738,When was the Sanctus bell cast?
Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester,Who cast the Sanctus bell?
in the refectory,"Where is the ""dish bell"" kept?"
Henry III,Under whom was the chapter house built?
Sir George Gilbert Scott,Who restored the chapter house in 1872?
Geometrical Gothic style,What style is the octagonal chapter house?
crypt,There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
vaulted,What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
4-light quatre-foiled windows,What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
"the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris",The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
mid-13th-century,What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?
1050,A door in the vestible dates back to when?
the 14th century,When were the exterior flying buttresses added?
King's Great Council and the Commons,Who else met in the chapter house?
The Pyx Chamber,What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
the late 11th century,When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
the Trial of the Pyx,When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
English Heritage,The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?
the Dean and Chapter of Westminster,Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?
repairs,English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?
The Westminster Abbey Museum,What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?
1065,The area the museum occupies dates back to when?
1908,The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
"funeral saddle, helm and shield",What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
panels of mediaeval glass,What kind of panels are in the museum?
sculptor Patience Wright,Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
wax,What are the effigies made of?
some of his own clothes,What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
13th-century Westminster Retable,What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
England's oldest altarpiece,What is the Westminster Retable?
high altar of the abbey,What was the altarpiece designed for?
altarpiece,What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
major building work,What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?
4 August 2010,On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?
a restaurant,Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?
English Oak,What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?
Luke Hughes and Company,Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries,What will be created in the medieval triforium?
Gothic access tower with lift,What has been designed to help with the gallery?
2018,When will the new galleries open?
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Nanjing,What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?
lower Yangtze River region,What region is Nanjing in?
Ming dynasty,When was the city given the name Nanjing?
Jin dynasty,When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?
"""Southern Capital""",What does Nanjing mean?
East,"What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?"
inland ports,What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?
Yangtze River,What river is Nanjing associated with?
Nanjing,What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?
over a thousand years,How long has Nanjing been important?
Four,How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?
Nanjing,What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum,What mausoleum is in Nanjing?
Nanjing,What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?
more than 500 thousand years ago,"How long ago did ""Nanjing Man"" live?"
"Zun, a kind of wine vessel",What vessel was found 5000 years ago?
473 BC,When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?
about 400 years,How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?
the late period of Shang dynasty,When was the Wu state created?
229 AD,When did Nanjing become a state capital?
Sun Quan,Who founded Eastern Wu?
during the Three Kingdoms period,When was Eastern Wu founded?
the Western Jin dynasty,Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?
211 AD,When was Nanjing extended?
the unification of the region,What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?
317,When did the Jin court head South?
Nanjing,"Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?"
nobles and wealthy families,Who fled with the Jin court to the South?
more than two and a half centuries,How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?
Nanjing,"During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?"
"280,000 registered households","During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?"
more than 1.4 million residents,What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?
historical documents,Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?
A number of sculptural ensembles,What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?
Qixia and Jiangning District,In what district are these sculptural pieces located?
the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu,"Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?"
a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang,Who was Xiao Xiu?
475–518,When did Xiao Xiu live?
during the Southern Tang (937–976),When was Nanjing made a capital again?
the Song dynasty,During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?
The court of Da Chu,What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?
the Mongol empire,Who defeated the court of Song?
Zhu Yuanzhang,Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
the Yuan dynasty,Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
long city wall,What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
21 years,How long did it take to finish the wall?
"200,000",How many workers worked on the wall?
from 1358 to 1425,When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?
"487,000",What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?
1421,When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?
Beijing,Where was the capital moved to?
the Yongle Emperor,Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum,What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?
the Taipings,Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?
in the 19th century,When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?
superstitious fear of its geomantic properties,One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?
15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city,How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?
a gigantic stele,What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?
600 years ago,How long ago was the stele abandoned?
it was impossible to move or complete it,Why was the stele abandoned?
the Yongle Emperor,Who ordered the creation of the stele?
admiral Zheng He,What Admiral called Nanjing his home?
(Boni 渤泥),What visiting king died in China in 1408?
Borneo,What country did this visiting king come from?
a tortoise stele,What stele is at Boni's tomb?
1644,When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
Zhu Yousong,What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
in June 1644,When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
the Hongguang Emperor,What was Zhu Yousong's title?
the so-called Southern Ming dynasty,The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
late May 1645,"When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?"
Zhao the Earl of Xincheng,Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?
shave their heads,What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?
1644–1911,When was the Qing dynasty in power?
Jiangning,What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?
the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors,What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?
1842,What year did the First Opium War end?
the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king,Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?
1864,When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?
"over 100,000",How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?
Taiping,Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?
Zeng Guofan,Who was the leader of the Qing troops?
January 1912,When was the Republic of China founded?
Sun Yat-sen,Who was the first president of the Republic of China?
Yuan Shikai,Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?
1927,When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?
the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party),What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek,Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?
the Nanking decade,"What are the 1930's known as, in China?"
1928,When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?
1931,When did Japan invade Manchuria?
1937,When did Japan invade all of China?
the Imperial Japanese Army,Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?
"between 300,000 and 350,000",How many died in the Nanking Massacre?
1985,When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?
A few days before the fall of the city,When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?
1940,When was the Nanjing Regime established?
Wang Jingwei,Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?
1946,When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?
"""Reorganized National Government of China""",What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?
21 April,When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?
"April 23, 1949",When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?
Canton (Guangzhou),Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?
December 10,When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?
October 1949,When was the People's Republic of China formed?
"2,548 sq mi","How large is Nanjing, in miles?"
past the west side and then north side,Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?
190 mi,"How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?"
750 mi,How far is Nanjing from Beijing?
"Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region",What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?
Yangzhou,What city is northeast of Nanjing?
Changzhou,What is southeast of Nanjing?
Anhui province,What province is to the west of Nanjing?
five,How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?
Zhenjiang,What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?
Yangtze River,What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?
Nanjing–Beijing railway,What is the railway that runs South to North called?
Zhong Mountain,What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?
Stone Mountain,What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?
tiger,Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?
a humid subtropical climate,What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?
the East Asian monsoon,What monsoon affects Nanjing?
Chongqing and Wuhan,"Nanjing is one of three ""Furnacelike"" cities. What are the other two cities?"
115 days,"How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?"
"1,983 hours",How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?
40,How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?
iron and sulfur,Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?
strontium,For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?
the Yangtze River and groundwater,What are Nanjing's main water sources?
Tangshan Hot Spring,What hot spring is in Jiangning?
Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake,What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?
evergreens and oaks,What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?
Liu Bei,Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?
Nanjing's impeccable geographic position,What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?
the Yangtze River and mountains,What is Nanjing surrounded by?
2 December 2013,When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?
five straight days,"How long was Nanjing ranked as ""severely polluted"" during this wave?"
From 5 to 6 December,On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?
"""People's Government of Nanjing City""",What is the full name for Nanjing's government?
one-party,How many parties rule Nanjing?
the CPC,What party rules Nanjing?
the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary,Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing?
the mayor,"who is the executive leader of Nanjing, working under the secretary?"
8.005 million,What was the population of Nanjing in 2010?
8.11 million,What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?
the Sixth China Census,How was the population figure for 2010 obtained?
8.86 percent,What was Nanjing's birth rate?
6.47 million,How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing?
Han nationality,What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?
Hui nationalities,What minority nationality is most common?
Manchu,What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?
"2,311",How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?
50,How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?
minting,"In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?"
its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation,Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?
Ming,During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?
Qing,In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?
around 200 thousand jobs,"During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?"
Into the first half of the twentieth century,In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?
the rapid expansion of its wealthy population,What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?
huge department stores,What is Zhongyang Shangchang?
1933,In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?
One third of the city population,How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?
a series of state-owned heavy industries,What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950's?
negative economic growth,The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth?
Five,How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s?
large numbers of layoff,The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers?
“world-class”,The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?
Service industries,What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing?
about 60 percent,How much of the city's GDP do the service industries contribute to?
many R & D centers and institutions,"Companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing?"
research center,"Companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing?"
"financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry",The top 3 industries in Nanjing are?
RMB 801 billion,What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?
"RMB 98,174(US$16041)",What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?
increase,Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?
lower than the national average,"How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?"
12th,What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?
"land, water and air",What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?
public transportation,What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?
five,How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?
two,How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?
on the south bank,Where is the city centre located?
eastern China,"Nanjing's railway is important, and is located in what region of China?"
Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu),What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for?
the old Jinpu and Huning Railways,What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?
Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line,What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai?
several more high-speed rail lines,What type of railway lines are now under construction?
17,How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?
Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station,Which are the two most prominent railway stations?
1968,When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?
2005,In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?
Nanjing South Railway Station,Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?
Express highways,What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?
140 mi,How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?
Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong,What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?
"in the city centre, Xinjiekou",Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?
181.15 mi/100 sq mi,"What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?"
"bus, taxi and metro systems",What are the main types of public transportation?
three companies,How many companies are involved with the network of buses?
121 stations,How many stations are there in total in the Nanjing metro system?
2030,When does Nanjing expect to finish it's light rail line?
more than 370 routes,How many bus routes are there in Nanjing?
Lukou International Airport,What is Nanjing's airport called?
85 routes,How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?
"15,011,792 passengers",How many passengers did the airport service in 2013?
28 June 1997,When did the airport open for business?
Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport,What airport was the primary airport before Lukou?
Port of Nanjing,What is the largest inland port for China?
98 kilometres (61 mi) in length,How long is the Port of Nanjing?
64,How many berths does the Port contain?
March 2004,When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up?
one million container-capacity,How many containers can Longtan Containers Port Area handle?
the 1960s,When was the very first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge finished?
symbol of modern China,What was the symbolism of the bridge?
1968,When did the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge first open for traffic?
a two-tiered road and rail design,What type of design is the bridge?
four,How many more bridges have been built since the first one was completed?
four,How many ancient capitals does China have in its history?
intellectuals,What type of people does Nanjing draw because of its culture?
the Tang and Song dynasties,In what dynasties did poets congregate in Nanjing?
the Ming and Qing dynasties,When did the city serve as the official imperial examination centre?
Jiangnan Examination Hall,What was the name of the examination centre?
as a “city of culture”,"How is Nanjing seen, from a cultural perspective?"
local educational institutions,Who provides strong support to Nanjing?
Nanjing,"What city is considered one of the more pleasant cities to live in, by the Chinese?"
a long cultural tradition,Does Nanjing have a long or short tradition of culture?
Nanjing,Where do some of the country's most prominent art groups call home?
Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute,Which opera company is based in Nanjing?
Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company,What art company is based in Nanjing?
"the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company",Name two dance groups that are based in Nanjing:
Kunqu,What is the name of China's oldest stage art?
Jiangsu Province Kun Opera,What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?
a conservative and traditional troupe,What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?
"Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing",What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?
"Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre",What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?
Jiangsu Art Gallery,What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?
traditional and contemporary art pieces of China,What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?
Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery,What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?
their own special exhibitions,What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?
January 16,When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?
bathing in Qing Xi,"On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?"
hill hiking,What did citizens used to do on September 9?
Chinese lunar calendar,Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?
Almost none of them,How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?
Nanjing,What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?
a series of government-organised events,"Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?"
Plum Blossom Hill,What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?
domestically and internationally,Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?
Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival,What festival involves kites and fruit trees?
1907,When was the Nanjing Library completed?
the third largest library in China,What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?
more than 10 million volumes,How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?
Nanjing University Library,What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?
Peking University Library,Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?
Nanjing,What city contains some of the finest and oldest museums in all of China?
National Central Museum,What is the previous name of the Nanjing Museum?
Nanjing Museum,Which museum was the first modern one in China?
Ming and Qing imperial porcelain,What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for?
"400,000 items",How many items does the Nanjing Museum contain?
"convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres",What can most of Nanjing's multi-purpose theatres be used for?
the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center,What are the two most prominent theatres in Nanjing?
a museum in theatre/film,What is the current purpose of The Capital Theatre?
well known,"What was the popularity of The Capital Theater, in the past?"
around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River,Where have Nanjing's after-hours activities typically been located?
"night markets, restaurants and pubs",What three things were popular in the Nanjing Fuzimiao area?
Boating at night in the river,What was a major night attraction for Nanjing?
courtesans,What statues are near the ones of teachers and educators?
Confucius Temple,What is another name for Nanjing Fuzimiao?
In the past 20 years,When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing?
the nightlife has become more diverse,What has happened as the result of more commercial streets in Nanjing?
"""Nanjing 1912""",What area has lots of types of recreational outlets?
along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood,"Other than at ""Nanjing 1912"", where else are there a lot of bars?"
international residents of the city,The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom?
radish,What is considered to be a typical food for a Nanjing resident?
the southern suburb,Which area has the longest history of growing radish?
very juicy and sweet,What does the radish taste like in the spring?
'Nanjing big radish',What are Nanjing people called by others?
"they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative",What does calling someone 'Nanjing big radish' mean they are like?
many professional sports teams,"Generally, what types of teams call Nanjing home?"
Jiangsu Sainty,What is the name of the football club in Nanjing?
Nanjing Olympic Sports Center,What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty?
Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club,What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing?
CBA,What is the name of China's highest level basketball league?
Wutaishan Sports Center,Which sports center started in 1952?
two,How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?
comprehensive sports centers,What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?
it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.,"What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?"
tennis court,"Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?"
2005,When was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?
in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China,Why was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?
"60,000",How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's stadium hold?
"13,000",How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's gymnasium hold?
"3,000",How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's natatorium hold?
10 February 2010,When was Nanjing announced as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games?
"“Share the Games, Share our Dreams”",What was the theme for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
28,How many types of sports were performed in the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
the Olympic spirit,What type of spirit does the Youth Olympic Games hope to spread?
from 16 to 28 August,When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
mainland China,Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region?
thousands,How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?
historical buildings,What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?
"lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains",List three natural attractions of Nanjing.
the national capital,What was the designation of Nanjing?
many structures were built,What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital?
some of them still remain,Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around?
tourists,The structures that still remain are open to whom?
more than 1700 years,How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?
75,How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?
third,What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?
third,What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?
some of the most prominent,"What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?"
Berne,What city is the de facto capital of Switserland? 
Canton of Bern, What is the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons?
Canton of Bern,Which canton is Berne the capital?
36 municipalities,How many municipalities are in the Berne agglomeration?
"140,634",What is the population of Berne?
Switzerland,Where is Bern located? 
36,How many municiplaities are in Bern?
Canton of Bern,Bern is the capitol of which canton?
second,Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland?
German,What is the official language of Bern?
Bernese German,What is the main language spoken in Bern?
Alemannic Swiss,What dialect is Bernese German?
German,What is the official language of Bern?
1983,In what year did the historic old town in the center of Bern become a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
the world’s top ten,What is Bern's ranking for the best quality of life?
the centre of Bern,Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site located?
2010,In what year was Bern ranked as one of the 10 best cities for their quality of life?
centre of Bern,Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site?
top ten,Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life?
1983,When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site?
"Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen",Who was the founder of the city of Bern?
a bear,What animal does legend say Bern is named after?
the 1440s,What is the earliest reference to keeping live bears in the Bärengraben?
"a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna ""cleft""",What is the common assumption of what Bern was named after?
the Bern zinc tablet,Finding what in the 1980s changed the assumption as to what the city was named after?
bear,What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?
bears,What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben?
1440s.,What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben?
12th century,When was the earliest evidnce of settlement in the city centre?
Roman era,What era was there a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site?
Brenodor,What is the name of the Bern zinc tablet?
Early Middle Ages,When was the settlement in Bumpliz close to the medieval city?
Zähringer,The medieval city is a foundation of what family?
12th century,When did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?
Upper Burgundy,Where did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?
1191,What year was Bern founded?
"Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen",Who founded Bern?
1353,what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?
8,How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?
1415,What year did Bern invade Aargau?
Bern,What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?
River Aare,What river was the city near?
Zytglogge,What was the name of the tower that was the western boundary?
Käfigturm,What tower took over after Zytglogge?
the whole area of the peninsula,What did the big and small Schanze protect?
1405,What year was there a huge fire?
the city's original wooden buildings,What was destroyed in the fire?
1798,What year was Bern occupied by French troops?
French Revolutionary Wars,Why were French troops in Bern?
1802,When did Bern regain control of Bernese Oberland?
Bernese Jura.,What new territory was aquired in 1814?
1979,When did the canton of Jura seceed?
First and Second Internationals,What congresses were held in Bern?
Switzerland was neutral,"In World War I, what side was Switzerland on?"
30%,What percent of the populatin of Bern resident foreigners?
the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern,Where is Bern located?
glaciers,What helped form the Bern countryside?
Bantiger,What is the tallest mountain closests to Bern?
Aare,What peninsula is Bern located on?
bridges,What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula?
19th century,What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula?
uneven ground.,What type of ground was Bern built on?
several metres,What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?
Länggasse,"Which city is higher, Matte or Langgasse?"
forested,What is 33.6% of the land in Bern?
2009,When was the last time the area of Bern was measured?
as a collegiate authority.,How does the government of Bern operate?
five,How many councilors are there?
Alexander Tschäppät,"Who is Bern's mayor, or Stadtprasident?"
every four years.,How after are the elections?
in the Erlacherhof,Where is the executive body held?
left parties,Who has the majority of the seats in Bern's City Council?
Social Democratic Party,What party also had the mayor as of 2015?
CVP,What is the Christian Democratic Party also known as?
The City Parliament,Who holds the legislative power?
80,How many members are part of the City Parliament?
every four years.,How often are elections held for the City Parliament?
public,Are the sessions of City Parliament private or public?
left parties,Which party has the absolute majority of the seats?
46,How many seats are there?
Social Democratic Party,Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament?
"140,634",What is the population of Bern?
34%,What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals?
.6%,What was the population change from 2000 and 2010?
births and deaths,What counted for more of the population change?
German,What is the main lanuage of Bern?
Italian,What is the second most common language?
81.2%,What percent of the population speaks German?
having twinned cities,What did the city decide again?
during the UEFA Euro 2008,When did they have a temporary twinned city?
Salzburg,What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008?
Austrian,What country is Salzburg in?
35.4%,How many Swiss men live in Bern?
20.1%,What percent of the population is born somewhere else in Switzerland?
21.6%,What percent were born outside of Switzerland?
15.1%,What percent of the population are 19 years old and under?
65%,What percent of the population are between 20-64?
19.9%,What percent of the population are over 64 years old?
adults,What age group has most of the population included?
"59,948",How many people were single in Bern in 2000?
"49,873",How many people were married in Bern in 2000?
"9,468",How many people were widows or widowers in Bern in 2000?
single,Where there more married or single people in Bern in 2000?
1.8 persons,What is the average of people per household in Bern?
"1,592",How many households have 5 or more people living in them?
90.6%,What percentage of the apartment homes in Bern were occupied in 2000?
7.4%,What percent of apartments are seasonal apartments?
1108.92 Swiss francs,What was the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern?
.45%,What was the vacancy rate for Bern in 2010?
24.5%,What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?
.25%,How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?
"4,907",How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?
12.72%,How much of the population had no religion?
medieval,The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?
a Cultural World Heritage Site,What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?
Zytglogge,What is Berns most famous site?
Münster,What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?
Gothic,What type of cathedral is Muster?
a bear pit,What is the Barengraben?
the far end of the Nydeggbrücke,Where is the Barengraben located?
heraldic animals,What are held at the Barengraben?
the Russian president,Who gave Bern their bears?
Dählhölzli zoo,What zoo are the bears of Bern kept?
The Federal Palace,Where is the national parliment housed?
Bundeshaus,What is the Federal Palace called?
the Kramgasse 49,Where is Albert Einstein live?
Annus Mirabilis Papers,What was published the same years?
Einsteinhaus,What is the flat that Einstein called?
Rosengarten,What is the Rose Garden also known as?
view of the medieval town centre,What can you see from the Rose Garden?
a park,What was the Rosarium converted into?
1913,What year was the Rosarium converted?
public fountains,Where are the statues at in the Old Town?
disobedient children.,Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?
Hans Hiltbrand,Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?
a UNESCO World Heritage Site,What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town?
1421,When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built?
Holy Ghost Church,What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland?
Hans Gieng,Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town?
German and French subtitles,What subtitles are included in the movies?
1954,What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern?
West Germany,Who won the game?
BSC Young Boys,What football team is based in Bern?
SC Bern,What is the major hockey league team of Bern?
PostFinance Arena,Where do they play?
2009,What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern?
2010,What year did Bern want to host the Winter Olympics?
2002,What year did they withdraw their bid?
"Vancouver, Canada",Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held?
3.3%,What was Berns unemployment rate in 2010?
59,How many businesses are there in the primary sector?
950,How many businesses are there in the secondary sector?
"7,654",How many businesses are there in the tertiary sector?
"125,037.",How many full time jobs were there in 2008?
184,How many jobs in the primary sector were agrictulture?
19,How many jobs in the primary sector were in forestry or lumber production?
"15,476",How many jobs are in the secondary sector?
"109,358",How many jobs are in the tertiary secotr?
"94,367",How many workers commute into the municipality?
"16,424",How many workers had to commute away from the municipality?
50.6%,How much of the working population uses public transportation?
20.6%,How many of the working population use private cars?
Länggasse quarter,Where are the majority of the buildings for the University of Bern?
39.2%,What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education?
18.9%,What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education?
Swiss men,The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people?
non,Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?
ability and aptitude,What seperates the children in secondary school?
"10,979",How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?
89,How many kindergarten classes were there?
266,How many primary classes were there?
151,How many lower secondary classes were there?
8,How many libraries are in Bern?
"9,045",How many pupils lived in another municipality?
"1,185",How many pupils attended school outside of the city?
A funicular railway,What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?
106 m,How long is the Marzilibah funicular?
Marzilibahn,What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?
Zagreb funicular,What is the shortest public railway in Europe?
Bern Airport,What is the name of Bern's airport?
Bern-Belp or Belpmoos,What is the name of the regional airport?
summer time,What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?
one hour,What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?
daylight,What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?
autumn,In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?
sunrise,"By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?"
George Hudson,Who first suggested daylight saving?
New Zealand,From what country did George Hudson hail?
1895,In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?
Germany,"Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?"
incandescent lighting,What used to be the main draw on electricity?
retailing,What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?
farming,"In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?"
energy,Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?
travel,What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?
Computer software,"When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?"
policy,What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?
sleep patterns,What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?
Industrialized,What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?
agrarian,What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?
North and south of the tropics,In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?
axial tilt,What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?
one hour,How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?
winter,In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?
after,Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?
Standard Time,What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?
lighting and heating,What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
equal,What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
after,Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
Supporters,Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
higher latitudes,What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?
near the equator,What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?
little,How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?
small,Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?
extreme,"As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?"
water clocks,What kind of clocks did the Romans use?
hora tertia,What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?
75,"During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?"
Jewish,"What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?"
Benjamin Franklin,"Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be ""healthy, wealthy, and wise""?"
Parisians,Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?
1784,In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?
rail,What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?
ringing church bells,"In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?"
entomologist,What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?
insects,What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?
1895,What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?
William Willett,"Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?"
Robert Pearce,Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?
1916,What year did Germany decide to try DST?
Sommerzeit,What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?
coal,What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?
1918,What year did the United States get on board with DST?
energy crisis,What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?
Ireland,"What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?"
Second World War,Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?
Europe,"Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?"
many,Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?
repeals,"Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?"
02:00,At what local time does the United States change the time?
23,"Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?"
25,"In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?"
03:00:00.0,"At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?"
spring,"Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?"
weekend,During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?
weekday schedules,What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?
Eastern European Time,Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?
two hours,"For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?"
October 26,"In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?"
one hour,"At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?"
Hawaii,"In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?"
1996,What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?
October,European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?
the Energy Policy Act of 2005,What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?
Congress,What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?
Halloween,Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?
Beginning and ending dates,"In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?"
24:00,At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?
Saturday,What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?
five hours,"In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?"
summer,During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?
southern Brazil,Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?
equatorial Brazil,What part of Brazil does not observe DST?
Asia and Africa,Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?
sunrise,The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?
Winston Churchill,"What leader said daylight saving gives people more ""opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness""?"
Daylight Slaving Time,What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?
agricultural,"In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?"
sports,"Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?"
war,"Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?"
Edward VII,Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?
Napier Shaw,What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?
1909,What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?
Andrew Peters,Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?
Robert Garland,What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?
1917,"What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?"
1918,What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?
Britain,Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?
Easter,What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?
1919,After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?
golf,What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?
New York,"What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?"
May 1965,What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?
Idaho,What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?
7-Eleven,What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?
1987,What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?
1966,What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?
54.5%,What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?
Daylight Saving for South East Queensland,What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?
rural,"In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?"
Peter Wellington,What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?
the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents,What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?
postal workers,"Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?"
northern regions,What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?
Ramadan,What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?
the evening dinner,What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?
Iran,What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?
July and August,When was Ramadan in 2012?
2011,What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?
Belarus,What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?
Russia,Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?
winter,Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?
2014,What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?
urban workers,Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?
summer,"If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?"
saves energy,Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?
heart attack,What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?
Farmers,What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?
inconclusive,What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?
morning,What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?
get up earlier,Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?
television,What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?
winter,During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?
coordination with others,What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?
3.5%,What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
morning,DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
incandescent,"When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?"
climate,"Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?"
Franklin,Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
increases,Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?
2008,What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?
extension of DST,What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?
sporting goods,What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?
the National Golf Foundation,What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?
1984,What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?
3%,"According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?"
$30 million,How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?
after,Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
cows,What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
disrupts their systems,What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
earlier,Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
parents of young children,"Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?"
2007,What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?
William F. Shughart II,Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?
decreased economic efficiency,What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?
the daylight-saving effect,What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?
methodology,What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?
1976,In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?
the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety,What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?
SDST,What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?
11%,"In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?"
40 minutes,"How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?"
violent crime rate,"What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?"
two,How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?
one,How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
1970s,In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?
heating,There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?
carbon monoxide detectors,"In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?"
the first days of spring and autumn,"If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?"
lights,What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?
hazardous materials,What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?
outdoor exercise,What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
vitamin D,What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
Gordon Gund,What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
skin cancer,What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
rise earlier,Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
circadian rhythm,What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?
Kazakhstan,"In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?"
Dmitri Medvedev,Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
three,"According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the ""spring forward"" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?"
higher,Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?
before dawn,Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?
air pollution,What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
twice,"During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?"
confusion,What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
change their clocks,What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
multiple DST rules,What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
1993,What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
one hour,For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
software developers,Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
Coordinated Universal Time,What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
Unix-based,What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
weekly,Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
complexity,What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
Some clock-shift problems,What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
disadvantages,What does DST inherit from standard time?
magnify,Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
two,"Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?"
sun-exposure guidelines,What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
time zone,"When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?"
Richard Meade,"What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an ""s"" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?"
daylight savings time,"In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?"
daylight saving time,Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
American Heritage,"Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the ""s"" is still listed first in what dictionary?"
daylight time,"Along with ""daylight saving"" and ""daylight savings,"" what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?"
daylight saving,Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
summer time,What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
zomertijd,What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
ora legale,"What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as ""legal time""?"
solar time,"What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?"
The name of local time,What usually changes when a place observes DST?
standard,"What word does American English swap out for ""daylight"" when referring to time zones?"
Pacific Daylight Time,"In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?"
British Summer Time,"When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?"
summer,What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
"spring forward, fall back",What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
mnemonic,"What is a language like ""spring forward, fall back"" that acts as a trigger for memory called?"
which direction to shift clocks,"What does ""spring forward, fall back"" help people remember?"
Changes to DST rules,What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
2007,What year did DST rules change in North America?
upgrades,What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
email,"In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?"
corporate information technologists,Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
UTC,What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
time zone differences,"By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?"
operating systems,"In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?"
internally,Where do computers usually use UTC?
local time,What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
the IANA time zone database,Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
date/time,What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
zoneinfo,What's another name for the IANA database?
historical and predicted clock shifts,The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
system maintenance,"IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?"
TZ,What environment variable defines a location's name?
timezone-independent epoch time,What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
tztab,What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
one,Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?
whenever DST rules change,When must TZ values be changed on an older system?
time for the eastern United States starting in 2007,"What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?"
all years,What years will a new TZ value apply to?
older timestamps,What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
specifying the name of a location,"Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?"
when DST rules change,When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
two,"If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?"
1987,"If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?"
2006,"On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?"
1995,What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
marked Israel as not having DST,"Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?"
twice a year,How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law,What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
the Gregorian calendar,"Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?"
local time,What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?
a rescue boot disk,"Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?"
a single system-wide setting,"As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?"
2008,In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?
two,"Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?"
NTFS,What file system do recent Windows versions use?
UTC,"Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?"
FAT,What file system do most removable devices use?
current local time,What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?
permanent daylight saving time,What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
time shifts,Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
late,"In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?"
2011 to 2014,During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
winter,In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
westward,In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
67,"About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?"
Central Standard Time,What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
negative DST,Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
1971,What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
an extra hour,Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?
three,"During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?"
Double Summer Time,What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?
Central European Midsummer Time,What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
Royal Institute of British Architects,What does RIBA stand for?
the advancement of architecture,What is the goal of RIBA?
1837,When was RIBA founded?
1971,When was RIBA's founding document expanded?
United Kingdom,In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
Institute of British Architects in London,What was Riba's first name?
1834,In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
London,In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
Architects,"In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?"
the grant of the royal charter,What caused the change of the Institute's name?
the reference to London,What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?
1892,When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Portland Place,Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
King George V and Queen Mary,Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
1837,When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?
King William IV,Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?
"1887, 1909 and 1925",In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?
1971,When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?
minor amendments,What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
the general advancement of Civil Architecture,What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
The original Charter of 1837,What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
promoting and facilitating,What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
the Byelaws,What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?
the Byelaws,What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?
the Privy Council's approval,What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
Usui civium decori urbium,What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
Thomas Leverton Donaldson,Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
honorary secretary,What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?
Eric Gill,Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?
1960,When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom,What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?
"the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938",Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?
the Liverpool University School of Architecture,Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?
Encyclopædia Britannica,What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?
twenty,How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?
1934,When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?
Harry Barnes,Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?
80 per cent,"In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?"
architectural associations,Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?
ARCUK,What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?
1904,When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?
syllabus,What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?
an approved external examiner,What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?
Visiting Board,What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?
European Union,What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?
1996,When did the name of ARCUK change?
"the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act",What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?
the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education,What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?
Architects Registration Board,What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?
to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture,What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?
2011,When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?
Architects Registration Board,What does ARB stand for?
RIBA also validates courses outside the UK,What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?
"44,000",How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?
RIBA,What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?
Student Members,What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?
fellowships,What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?
FRIBA,Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?
66 Portland Place,What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?
George Grey Wornum,Who designed RIBA's headquarters?
the Library,What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?
events,For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?
a dozen,How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?
1966,When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?
Cambridge,In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?
the East of England,What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?
RIBA Enterprises,What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?
15 Bonhill Street in London,Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?
over 250,How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?
180,How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?
"RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing",What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?
RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal,What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?
National Building Specification,What does NBS stand for?
130,How many people work for the NBS?
Newcastle,Where is the NBS located?
The British Architectural Library,What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?
1834,When was the RIBA library founded?
over four million,How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?
Europe,The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?
Victoria and Albert Museum,In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?
9 Conduit Street,What was the RIBA Library's first address?
66 Portland Place,Where did RIBA move its library?
1934,In what year did RIBA move its library?
Adolf Loos,Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?
66 Portland Place,Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?
the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A,Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?
Art Deco,What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?
2004,In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?
"students, education groups and families",Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?
2004,When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?
the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership,What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?
to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture,What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?
Room 128,In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?
Architecture Exhibition Space,What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?
Gareth Hoskins Architects,Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?
21 Portman Place,Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?
the Henry Cole Wing,What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?
the best new building of the year,What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?
1848,What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?
a distinguished body of work,What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?
"£500,000",What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?
the President's Medals,What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?
Architectural design competitions,What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?
Brief,What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?
design professionals and client representatives,What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?
independence of the jury,What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?
public realm artworks,What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?
RIBA,"Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?"
course validation,What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?
international courses,What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?
three-year first degree,What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?
a two-year post graduate diploma or masters,What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?
professional exams,What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?
seven years,"How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?"
A further year out,What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?
minimum space standards,What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?
2007,When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?
Jack Pringle,Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?
the 1920s,To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?
Holland,What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?
National Archives,NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?
National Archives and Records Administration,What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?
The Archivist,What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?
The Archivist,What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?
The Office of the Federal Register,What office publishes the Federal Register?
The Office of the Federal Register,What office administers the Electoral College?
The Office of the Federal Register,Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?
The Office of the Federal Register,Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?
The National Historical Publications and Records Commission,Which arm of NARA handles grants?
1964,What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?
"4,500",About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?
FOIA,OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?
FOIA disputes,What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?
FOIA policies,NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?
changes to FOIA,What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?
1934,What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?
1985,In what year did NARA become an independent agency?
1949,In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?
R.D.W. Connor,Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?
1934,When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?
Congress,What branch of the US government established the National Archives?
Hoover Commission,What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?
subordinate official,The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?
2007,When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?
public hearing,How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?
2010,What year was Executive Order 13526 created?
Executive Order 13526,What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?
coordinate declassification practices,What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?
record groups,What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?
governmental department or agency,Each record group is classified based on what?
documents,"Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?"
microfilm,"Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?"
Archival Research Catalog (ARC),Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?
10 billion,"As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?"
"922,000",How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?
artifacts,"Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?"
"527,000",The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?
public domain,Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?
copyright,Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection?
copyright,Some records at NARA are legally protected by what?
Executive Order 13526,What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA?
Information Security Oversight Office,What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials?
naturalization records,"Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?"
1790 to 1930,For what time period does NARA have census records available for?
Archives I,What is the informal name of The National Archives Building?
Constitution Avenue,On what street is the The National Archives Building located?
The National Archives Building,Where is the Declaration of Independence kept?
main chamber,Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?
The National Archives Building,Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept?
"February 25, 2010",Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned?
over 30 years,For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography?
no lines,What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?
advent of cameras with automatic flashes,What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?
Archives II,What is the second facility of NARA named?
1994,When was Archives II opened?
University of Maryland,What college is Archives II closest to?
University of Maryland,What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with?
College Park campus,What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places?
"Suitland, Maryland",Where is The Washington National Records Center located?
federal records,What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?
the National Archives,"After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?"
destroyed,What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?
research,"Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?"
downtown Washington,Where is the National Archives Building located?
all,What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house?
Philippine–American War,What's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for?
American Revolution,What's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for
documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region,What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?
facilities across the country,Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?
Federal Records Centers,Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed?
public,Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research?
"FRC in Lenexa, Kansas",Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination? 
1963,When was JFK shot?
NARA,What agency maintains the Presidential Library system?
Presidential Library system,What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents?
Herbert Hoover,Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?
nationwide,In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries?
state governments,"Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations, historical societies, and what government entities?"
Illinois,What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library?
Abraham Lincoln,What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system?
state,Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity?
2006,In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?
Google,What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?
Allen Weinstein,What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?
digitize and offer NARA video online,What is Google helping NARA with?
to make its holdings more widely available,What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?
Fold3.com,"In January of 2007, what internet company did the National Archives partner with?"
to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings,What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com?
Allen Weinstein,What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3?
much greater access,"Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3, what benefited the public at large the most?"
enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records,What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3?
2007,In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online?
CreateSpace,What company did the National Archives partner with make it's Universal Newsreels available online?
1929,Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace?
digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection,What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008?
Ancestry.com,Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement?
turned over to the National Archives,What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records?
YouTube,Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009?
showcase popular archived films,What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve?
Flickr,What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings?
2010,The National Archives' educational team created a website in what year?
Wikiproject,"In 2011, what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make?"
expand collaboration,What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject?
National Archives,Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia?
holdings widely available,What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia?
English,Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in?
volcanic,what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
south Atlantic Ocean,where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?
98,how many square kilometres  is the island?
archipelago,what type of island group are the islands?
the British overseas territory of Saint Helena,what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?
267,What is the population of the island?
Ascension Island,what other island is included in the territory?
1506,in what year were the islands first sighted?
Tristão da Cunha,what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?
Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha,who was the main island named after?
1520,what year was it said the first island landing was made?
Jonathan Lambert,what was the name of the first long term settler? 
December 1810,what year did the first permanent settler arrive?
Islands of Refreshment,what did one of the settlers rename the islands?
1816,in what year did the UK annex the islands?
South Africa,where did the UK rule the islands from?
1867,in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas,what was the main settlement named?
Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson,who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?
the opening of the Suez Canal,what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?
1938,what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena?
World War II,During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station?
HMS Atlantic Isle,What was the islands codename during World War II?
Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley,Who was the administrator during World War II for the island?
1958,What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?
United States,What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?
1961,What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption?
1963,What year did most families return after being evacuated?
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas,What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation?
2001,In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone?
the British government,Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone?
2007,what year was a virus induced flu reported?
2008,What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory?
March 2008,When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems?
M/V Kelso,what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility?
July 2009,when was the new fishing factory ready for use?
March 2011,When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?
heavy fuel oil,What was spilled when the freighter ran aground?
rockhopper penguins,what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill?
Tristan da Cunha,where were the penguins transported for cleaning?
November 2011,When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?
Puma's Mar Mostro,What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race?
Volvo Ocean Race,What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in?
mast,what was broken/damaged on the boat?
KU,What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known?
Lawrence,Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located?
Mount Oread,What is the tallest point in Lawrence?
the Kansas State Legislature,Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?
1861,In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States?
Wichita and Salina,In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU's medical school?
the Association of American Universities,What organization does KU belong to?
62,How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities' membership?
Kansas City,In what city can KU's hospital be found?
Overland Park,In what city can KU's Edwards campus be found?
"23,597",How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014?
"3,371","In the autumn of 2014, how many people attended the University of Kansas's Medical Center?"
"26,968",How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014?
"2,663",How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012?
"February 20, 1863",On what date was KU's Lawrence campus made official?
"$15,000",How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter?
forty acres,What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university?
Emporia,What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?
Mount Oread,On what geographic feature was KU built?
Charles L. Robinson,Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?
Amos Adams Lawrence,Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?
Board of Regents,What was the governing body of KU?
1873,What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?
131,How many institutions participated in the V-12 program?
a path to a Navy commission,What did the V-12 program provide to interested pupils?
World War II,During what event did the V-12 program take place?
the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics,What part of KU serves students learning about government?
"KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM",What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU?
the Spencer Museum of Art,What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU?
Anschutz Library,Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?
Philip Anschutz,Whom is the Anschutz Library named for?
five,How many campuses are run by KU?
state-sponsored,What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?
the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration,What are two parts of the University of Kansas house in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences?
345,At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU?
city management and urban policy,What program at the University of Kansas was rated highest among its peers?
special education,What KU department was rated second in its field?
U.S. News & World Report,Which publication provided rankings of college and university programs?
the top 25,In what tier did a number of KU's programs rank in 2016?
"The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning",What KU school is abbreviated as SADP?
Marvin Hall,Where is the SADP housed?
the School of Architecture and Urban Design,What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's precursor?
civil and environmental engineering,With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001?
2009,In what year did the SADP assume its current form?
DesignIntelligence,What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?
America's Best Architecture and Design Schools,What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?
best in the Midwest,What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?
11th,In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?
public,What kind of institution is KU's School of Business?
Lawrence,Where is the business school at KU located?
1924,When was the University of Kansas School of Business established?
1500,How many students attend the business school at KU?
more than 80,How many educators work at the KU School of Business?
Princeton Review,Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Midwestern business institutions?
the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business,What organization provides oversight for business schools like KU's?
AACSB,By what acronym is the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business known?
business and accounting,What are two kinds of courses of study available at KU's business school?
Best Graduate Schools,"In 2014, what issue of U.S. News & World Report provided rankins for law schools?"
68th,What was KU's national law school ranking in 2014?
Kansas,The University of Kansas had the highest rated law school in which state?
Green Hall,In what building do law students attend classes at KU?
James Green,For whom is Green Hall named?
ABET,What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?
main campus,On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?
1891,When was KU's engineering school established?
1873,When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?
public,What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?
U.S. News & World Report,Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?
90th,In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?
national universities,Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?
Alan Mulally,What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU?
Lou Montulli,Which person associated with web browsers was a student at KU?
Brian McClendon,What Google employee once studied at the University of Kansas?
Charles E. Spahr,What oil company leader is an alumnus of the University of Kansas?
Standard Oil of Ohio,For what company did Charles Spahr serve as CEO?
The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications,What is the full name of KU's journalism school?
News and Information and Strategic Communication,What are the two different programs offered at KU's Schoold of Journalism?
"print, online and broadcast",What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU's School of Journalism?
Jayplay magazine,What is the name of a magazine published at KU?
Hearst Foundation,Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing?
"the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions",What are the three constituents of the medical center at KU?
its own programs of graduate study,What does each of the component schools of KU's Medical Center offer?
"3,349",How many students attended the medical center at KU in fall of 2013?
Wichita,At what other KU campus is a four year program available?
rural health care,What is the focus of the Salina location's medical program?
Overland Park,In what city is the Edwards Campus located?
1993,When was the Edwards Campus built?
adults,Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus?
32,What is the average age of students on KU's Edwards Campus?
college degrees,What can adult learners obtain through studying at the Edwards Campus of the University of Kansas?
the College Board,Who provides statistics on educational costs?
best buy,What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost?
fixed tuition rate,What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?
48 months,For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last?
Four-Year Tuition Compact,What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?
$828,How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15?
additional fees,What is charged at KU's specialized professional schools?
interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research,What was launched in 1965 by the business school at KU?
decision science,What kind of applications did the interdisciplinary program help shape?
NASA,Which government agency used the applications that were informed by KU's interdisciplinary management program?
NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations,What NASA program benefited from the use of decision science applications?
1965,In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU's School of Business?
academic computing,What division of the University of Kansas contributed to the development of the internet?
text based web browser,What kind of software is Lynx?
hypertext browsing and navigation,What was made possible by Lynx?
crimson and royal blue,What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?
Kansas Jayhawks,What is the name of KU athletic teams?
five,How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?
one,How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?
Rim Rock Farm,Where does KU's cross country team run?
1890,When did KU start fielding a football team?
three,How many times has the team from the University of Kansas appeared in the Orange Bowl?
David Beaty,Who is the current head of KU's football program?
Virginia Tech Hokies,Who did KU defeat in the 2008 Orange Bowl?
Memorial Stadium,What is the name of the facility that the KU football team plays in?
1898,What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?
Bill Self,Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?
five,How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?
Wilt Chamberlain,Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?
1939,In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?
Sheahon Zenger,Who is in charge of all sports teams at KU?
Lew Perkins,Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU?
ESPN Regional Television,With what broadcasting company does KU have a contract?
Adidas,What sportswear company has a deal with the University of Kansas?
Nike,What sportswear company formerly held a contract with the University of Kansas?
70,How many times have KU teams appeared in the National Debate Tournament?
5,How many times has KU won the national debate championship?
12,How many times has KU been one of the last four teams competing at the National Debate Championships?
Northwestern,What school has won the most national debate championships?
Copeland Award,What is the name of an honor given to collegiate debate teams?
commencement and convocation,What are two events non-sports at which school songs are often heard?
"""Crimson and the Blue"", ""Red and Blue""",What are two songs that reference the school's team colors in their titles?
"""Kansas Song""",What is the name of a song that references the state that KU serves?
"""Home on the Range""",What is the name of a traditional American song that is associated with KU?
University Daily Kansan,What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas?
Intercollegiate Writing Competition,What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?
2007,In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?
KUpedia,What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU?
Matthew Porubsky,What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006?
print and online,In what two forms of media is the Daily Kansan available?
William Allen White School of Journalism,What institution houses the Daily Kansan?
"at least 30,000",How big is the Daily Kansan's audience?
KANU,What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU?
KJHK,What is the name of the station operated by KU students?
1952,When did KJHK first broadcast?
KUJH-LP,What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU?
public affairs,What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP?
1926,When was KU's first student union constructed?
campus community center,What was the role the union was intended serve?
Jayhawk Central,What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?
KU Memorial Unions Corporation,What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?
Student Union Activities,What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?
KU Endowment,What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?
1891,When was the KU Endowment founded?
donors,To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?
philanthropic support,What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?
The Community Tool Box,What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?
the Work Group for Community Health and Development,What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box?
professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development,What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box?
"more than 7,000 pages",How much content does the Community Tool Box offer?
online,Where can the Community Tool Box be found?
political corruption,What do you call  government officials using power for illicit private gain?
government officials,Who benefits from political corruption?
their official duties,It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?
influence,Trading in what is considered political corruption?
Political corruption,What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
corruption,Bribery and embezzelment are forms of what?
criminal enterprise,Drug trafficking and money laundering are considered what?
corruption,Repression of political opponants and police brutality are forms of political what?
nepotism,"One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?"
gombeenism,"Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?"
human trafficking,"Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?"
political opponents,The repression of what is also considered political corruption?
country or jurisdiction,What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?
broad or ill-defined,Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?
1 trillion US dollars,How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?
kleptocracy,unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?
rule by thieves,What does kleptocracy mean?
kleptocracy,A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?
bribery,"Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?"
rule by thieves,What does kleptocracy mean?
institutional corruption,Another for of corruption is what?
institutional corruption,A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what?
personal gain,Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain?
institutional corruption,What are some forms of corruption now  called?
bribery,Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?
the primary purpose of the institution,This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?
democracy,What does corruption undermine in politics?
formal processes,What does corruption disregard in politics?
accountability,"Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?"
judiciary,Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
public administration,Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
trust and tolerance,What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?
bought and sold,Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?
accountability,The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?
private,Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
bureaucracy,Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations,What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
competition,Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
public investment,Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?
bribes and kickbacks,What is more plentiful in capital projects?
compliance,Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?
Swiss,African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?
rent extraction,What form has corruption taken in Africa?
overseas,"In Africa, the finances are often moved where?"
University of Massachusetts Amherst,Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
external debts,The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
political instability,What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
countries with the smallest per capita incomes,Where is corruption most noticeable?
health services,These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
Local,"In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?"
the 2006 World Bank Report,Which report described this corruption? 
about half,How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
ghost employees,What kind of employees received payments?
the black market,Where were drugs siphoned off to?
counterfeit drugs,"In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?"
money,"If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?"
environmental destruction,Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
bribed,Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
social rights worker protection,"Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?"
illegitimate economic advantage,"When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?"
Amartya Sen,Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
drought,What can trigger famine conditions?
government action or inaction,"While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?"
kleptocracy,"Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?"
construction,"Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?"
physically diverted,How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
assessments,Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
workmanship,Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
kickbacks,What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
exclusion,Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
forced to give sexual favors,"Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?"
statistics,Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
the public health,These types of corruption can harm what?
social relationships,"Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?"
sports,Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
anti-doping controls,Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
artificial,The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
national anti-corruption initiatives,What needs to stay away from loopholes?
a bribe,What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
two,What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
culture of corruption,What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
harm,"Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?"
active and passive bribery,What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
mutual understanding,In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
accepting,"A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?"
indirect,Bribes can be direct or what?
influence peddling,Selling or trading government position influence is called what?
tri-lateral,Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?
an accessory,In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?
distinctive criteria,"Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?"
article 12,What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?
Patronage,Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?
Romania,What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
nepotism,What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?
cronyism,What is it called when friends are favored over other people?
old boy network,"Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?"
enemies,Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?
politically sensitive issues,False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?
Gombeenism,What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?
parochialism,Parish pump politics is also called what?
Irish Banking crisis,"Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?"
senior management or committee position,Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?
Electoral fraud,Illegal interference with an election is called what?
voter fraud,Another term for electoral fraud is what?
intimidation,"Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?"
Embezzlement,"When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?"
public,It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?
personal,One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?
kickback,What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?
bidder,A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?
Kickbacks,What is not limited to just government officials?
unholy alliance,"When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?"
patronage,"While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?"
1920s and 1930s,When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?
Du Yuesheng,Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?
a gang boss,"In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?"
narcokleptocracy,What was Noriega's government accused of being?
Panama,What country did Noriega rule?
United States,What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?
government profiting on illegal drug trade,What is a narcokleptocracy?
Manuel,What is Noriega's first name?
safe,"According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?"
Brunetti and Weder,Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?
"Adserà, Boix, and Payne",Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?
different states in the US.,About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?
Snyder and Strömberg,Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?
Cincinnati Post,What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?
incumbents,Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?
voter turnout,Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?
growth of the Internet,What did the analysis show mixed results for?
traditional sources of funding,What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?
a tiny fraction,How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?
three,How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?
Bribe Payers Index,What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?
CPI,What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?
1995,When was the CPI first released?
Government Defence Anti-corruption Index,Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?
"over 100,000",How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?
six,How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?
Control of Corruption,"One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?"
Millennium Challenge Corporation,Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?
International Budget Partnership,A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?
2004,When was the Global Integrity Index first published?
public surveys,Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?
in-country experts,"Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?"
local,The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?
worldwide,"Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?"
Drivers of Change,What is the British aid agency's research called?
numbers,What does Drivers of Change skip?
understanding corruption,What does Drivers of Change promote?
cronyism,"Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?"
Complicated,What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?
privatization and deregulation,The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?
Nordic,What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?
rule of law,What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?
cronyism,Selling government property is highly at risk for what?
Those with political connections,What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?
non-privatized sectors,Where is corruption even more prevalent?
privatized less,Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?
principle of subsidiarity,Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?
embezzlement,What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?
centralized,Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?
kleptocracy,What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?
diamonds and oil,What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?
foreign aid,Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?
armaments,Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?
economic and social problems,"In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?"
Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko,Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?
Democratic Republic of the Congo,What did Zaire used to be known as?
kleptocracy,What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?
General Sani Abacha,Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?
Forbes,What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?
a portion,The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?
General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba,What is Fidel Castro's official title?
Organization of American States,What is OAS?
the African Union,Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?
the United Nations Convention against Corruption,What organization joined at the universal level?
2003,When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?
imprecise definitions of corruption,Why is it difficult to measure corruption?
1995,When did indices on corruption first appear?
the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI,"What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?"
two,How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?
executive,What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?
separation of powers,What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?
judiciary,What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?
Mobile telecommunications,Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?
Africa,What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?
the anti-corruption bureau,Who works against corruption in India?
Jan Lokpal Bill,What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?
1990s,What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?
Ministers of the Council of Europe,Who started the Programme of Action?
a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments,What did the Programme of Action issue?
Group of States Against Corruption,What does GRECO stand for?
Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption,What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?
transnational,The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?
Latin,What language is the word dialectus from?
Greek,From what language does the word diálektos come?
discourse,What does diálektos mean in English?
two,How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?
two,How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?
a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers,What is the common definition of dialect?
regional speech patterns,What is the term dialect most often applied to?
social class,"Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?"
sociolect,What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?
ethnolect,What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?
a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language,What is the other definition of the term dialect?
subordinate to the standard language,How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?
Italy,The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?
regional Italian,What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?
Latin,From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?
vocabulary,"Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?"
accent,"If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?"
jargons,What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?
argots,"Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?"
standard language,What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?
institutions,The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?
textbooks,"Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?"
English,Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?
government,Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?
institutional support,What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?
English,What language is Scouse a dialect of?
The Dialect Test,What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?
Joseph Wright,Who came up with the Dialect Test?
vocabulary,"Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?"
Costa Rica,In what country is Limón Creole English spoken?
Caribbean,On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken?
Jamaican,Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?
mutual intelligibility,What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?
dialect continua,"What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?"
if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other,What is the definition of mutual intelligibility?
linguistic authority,What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?
East Franconian German,"Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?"
Middle High German,Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?
a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary,Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?
everybody,"According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?"
Heinz Kloss,Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?
1967,In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?
politically and/or culturally,What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?
German,The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?
languoid,What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?
variety,What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?
lect,"Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?"
the elite class,With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?
low,"What social status is the term ""dialect"" sometimes associated with?"
dialects,What is another term for language varieties?
historical and political,What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?
Lombardic alpine,What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?
Chinese,What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?
mutual unintelligibility,Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?
the French Revolution,What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?
its own independent state,"If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?"
regional autonomy,What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?
armed conflict,"Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?"
Yiddish,Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?
A language is a dialect with an army and navy,"What does ""A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"" mean in English?"
1945,"When did Max Weinrich write ""A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot""?"
traditional regional varieties,When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?
the regional varieties of modern standard German,What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?
Germanic tribes,After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?
South,In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?
Northern Germany,In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?
cities,Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?
public,In what environment are dialects less common?
familiar,In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?
Swiss German,What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?
standard German,What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?
Liechtenstein,"Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?"
an ausbau language,What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?
they are roofed by standard German,Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?
dialetti,What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?
Vulgar Latin,What language are many Italian dialects derived from?
dialects,What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?
they are not derived from modern standard Italian,Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?
they lack mutual intelligibility,What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?
Lombardy,From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?
Gallo-Italic,What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?
Neapolitan,What type of language is Sicilian?
Sicilian Gallo-Italic,What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?
Florentine Tuscan,What language is modern standard Italian derived from?
Latin,What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?
12th,During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?
upper class,What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?
Tuscany,From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
Alessandro Manzoni,What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?
the Risorgimento,During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?
1860s,In what decade was Italy unified?
2.5%,What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?
standard Italian,"When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?"
World War I,During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?
television,"Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?"
lower,"In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?"
outside of one's region,"Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?"
at home with family,"Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?"
standard Italian,Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?
Italo-Dalmatian,What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?
Latin,What language are most languages of Italy derived from?
Romance,"Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?"
The Sardinian language,Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?
Italian Tuscan,What language is Sassarese closely related to?
Italo-Dalmatian,What language family does Gallurese belong to?
Gallo-Romance,What language family does Ligurian belong to?
Sardinian,Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?
American English,"Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?"
Serbian and Croatian,What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?
dialects of a single language,"Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?"
distinct languages,Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?
the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies,Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?
Bulgarian,"Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?"
South Slavic,What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?
a Bulgarian dialect,What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?
1944,In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?
Republic of Macedonia,In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?
Christian,Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?
Arabic,In what language are Lebanese laws written?
Lebanese Arabic,"During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?"
Arabic,What language is Lebanese closely related to?
Latin,What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?
Algeria,"Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?"
Literary Arabic,What is the liturgical language of Islam?
Literary Arabic,In what language is the Qur'an written?
spoken North African languages,What does the term Dariajs refer to?
Islam,What is the dominant religion of North Africa?
19th,During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?
the Tsarist Government,What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?
The German Empire,What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?
the Entente,What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?
Bolsheviks,What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?
Whites,Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?
World War II,After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers,Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
to gain independence,Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?
Ukraine,In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?
Russian,Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?
Mircea Snegur,Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?
2003,In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?
Romanian expansionism,Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
Ion Bărbuţă,Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?
logograms,From what did Chinese characters derive?
Cantonese,What is another name for the Yue language?
the south,Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?
Beijing,"From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?"
Standard Mandarin,At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?
Latin,"From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?"
Ancient Greek,What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?
Old Norse,From what language is North Germanic derived?
English,Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?
Spanish,Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?
French,With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?
French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change,What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?
avere,"What Italian word is similar to the French word ""avoir""?"
être,"What French word is similar to the Italian word ""essere""?"
Italian and Spanish,What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?
body parts,"Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?"
sere,"When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?"
Interlingua,What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?
International Auxiliary Language Association,Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?
Swedish,What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?
Portuguese,"Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?"
the international scientific vocabulary,"Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?"
the Classical period,What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?
1400–1600,What years are termed the Renaissance period?
1600–1750,What years are termed the Baroque period? 
Romantic,From 1804-1910 was called what era?
Western music,Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? 
Western,Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?
the Classical period,What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?
between 1550 and 1900,What time period is known at the common practice period?
1400–1600,When was the Renaissance era?
1890–1930,When was the modern era?
its system of staff notation,How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
Western staff notation,"What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?"
jazz and blues,What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
complexity,"Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? "
its system of staff notation,How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
since about the 16th century,How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
improvisation,Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? 
complexity,Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
the early 19th century,"When did the term ""classical music"" appear? "
the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven,"What period is referred to as a ""golden age""?"
1836,What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Oxford English Dictionary,What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
classical music,What term did not appear until the early 19th century?
golden age,What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?
1836,What year was the earliest reference to classical music?
Oxford English Dictionary,In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?
monks,Who sang Medieval plainchant?
solo piano,Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?
use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works,What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?
the entire classical music period,Through what period did the symphony not exist?
the symphony ensemble,What has become a defining feature of classical music?
the symphony,What did not exist through the entire classical music period?
classical music,The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?
monks,Who sang medieval plainchant?
live improvisation,J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?
rhythm,"The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?"
written notation,What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?
J.S. Bach's,Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?
perform a historical work,The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?
the Baroque era,In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 
the human voice,"Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?"
held notes,What are fermatas?
improvisation,Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?
organ performers,"In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?"
instrumental performers,Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?
J.S. Bach,Who was noted for his complex improvisations?
his ability to improvise melodies in different styles,What was Mozart noted for?
the mid-19th century,Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?
The symphony orchestra,What is the most widely known medium for classical music?
brass,"A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?"
a string section,What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?
vocal,What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?
wood,What was the medieval flute made from?
vielle,What was an early version of the fiddle called?
sackbut,What was an early version of the trombone called? 
singly,Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
bas,"Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?"
liturgical,What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?
Polyphonic vocal genres,What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?
during the high medieval era,When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?
monophonic,What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?
the Renaissance,Many instruments originated during what era?
authentic instruments,"What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?"
percussion,"Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?"
the Renaissance,Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?
the hurdy-gurdy,"Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?"
Keyboard instruments with strings,The virginal is what type of instrument?
Percussion,"The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?"
Woodwind,The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
polyphonic style,Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
masses,What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
opera,"Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?"
Baroque,"The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?"
fell into disuse,What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
Percussion,The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
Brass,The serpent is what type of instrument?
theorbo,Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
the types of instruments used in ensembles,What was less standardized during the Baroque era?
a classical era string quartet,"Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?"
clavichord,"Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?"
a lute,What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
Haydn,From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?
the early 1830s,Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?
the Medieval era,The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?
Baroque,Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?
rackett,The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?
the violin,The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?
the regular valved trumpet,What did the Baroque trumpet become?
viola,"The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?"
Woodwinds,"The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?"
the harpsichord,What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?
the ophicleide,What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?
Beethoven,"To whom is the ""standard complement"" attributed to?"
Symphony No. 5,"PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?"
several decades,How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
"timbral ""palette""","What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?"
sunshine,A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
fortepiano,What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
two,How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
the standard orchestral palette,What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
sound,Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
a bell-like keyboard instrument,What is a celestes?
the late 19th century,When do saxophones first appear in scores?
Symphonic Dances,Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?
as a member of the orchestral ensemble,How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?
"""tenor tuba""",The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?
Gustav Holst,Who wrote The Planets?
The Wagner tuba,What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?
Symphony No. 7 in E Major,Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky,Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?
freelance musicians,What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?
La Mer,What Debussy piece features a cornet?
Electric,What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?
popular,What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?
electronic,What type of instrument is the gamelan?
"early classical music,",In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?
the acoustic guitar,What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?
popular,Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?
equal temperament,What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?
the 18th century,When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?
meantone temperament,What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
studied classical music,What have classical trained performers done extensively?
individual lessons from professors,What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
postgraduate,To what level is training for classical music often required?
sight-reading,Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
harmonic,Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
classical music,Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
Van Halen brothers,What brothers have had significant classical training?
classical,Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?
commercial,Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
male,What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?
harpist,Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?
1997,What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?
the Berlin Philharmonic,Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?
Dieter Flury,Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
1997,In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?
Anna Lelkes,Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?
harp,What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?
six,How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
Albena Danailova,Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
female,The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?
male,"The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?"
'blind' auditions,What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?
violin,In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?
complexity,"Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?"
popular styles,What is usually written in song forms?
sophisticated,"The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?"
movements,What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?
four,How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?
slow,"What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?"
sections,A movement broken up further is called what?
Allegro,The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?
Medieval,What period was from 500-1400?
1600–1750,What years dictate the Baroque period?
by calendar century,How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?
the contemporary/postmodern musical era,What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?
Romantic,The years 1804-1910 marked what era?
Haydn,What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?
Classical,Haydn is classified as typical of what era?
Beethoven,Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?
Brahms,"Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?"
era,Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?
neo,A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?
20th-century,What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?
Stravinsky's,Who wrote Pulcinella?
Classical,What era is Pulcinella similar to?
2695 BC,When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?
Burgh,Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?
"early Christian liturgical music,",What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?
ancient Greeks,Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?
Pythagoras,Who helped codify musical notation?
Rome,The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?
Monophonic chant,What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
multi-voiced,What does Polyphonic mean? 
1100,When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
motets,Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
from 1400 to 1600,When was the Renaissance era?
Renaissance,What era was from 1400 to 1600? 
Renaissance,The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
Social dancing,What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
Renaissance,Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
staff,The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?
oral,How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?
change,What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?
the composer's presence,What can a musical scored be performed without?
the 15th century,When was the movable-type printing press invented?
the flute family,The record is part of what wind family?
the oboe,The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?
churches,Where were the first pipe organs confined to?
the 16th century,When had the viol emerged by?
Printing,What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?
The common practice period,When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?
The common practice period,What began with the Baroque era?
Baroque era,What era did the classical era follow?
around 1820,When did the classical era end?
about 1910,When did the romantic era end?
Baroque,Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? 
a continuous bass line,What does basso continuo mean? 
more complex,What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
the sonata form,What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? 
tonalities,Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
Baroque,Keyboard music became popular during what era?
stringed,The violin family is what type of instrument?
staged musical drama,Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?
vocal forms,What became more common during the Baroque era?
embellishments,What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?
equal temperament,What theories began to be put in wider practice?
a wider range of chromatic possibilities,What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?
equal temperament,What did Bach not use?
tuned,A modern piano is generally what?
meantone,What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?
1750 to 1820,When was the Classical era?
the piano,What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?
The basic forces required for an orchestra,What became more standardized during the classical era?
10,"How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?"
a form of comic opera,What is an opera buffa?
Wind,What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?
the clarinet family,What is the single reed family called?
double reeded,What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?
Mozart,Who expanded the single reeds role?
Romantic,Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era?
the early 20th century,When did the Romantic era end?
Classical,Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?
key signatures,Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?
Lied,What is a name for an art song?
wealthy patrons,Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century?
the nobility,Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?
middle classes,What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?
The piano,What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?
symphony orchestras,The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?
100,To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to?
over 400,What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?
over 150,What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?
rotary valves,What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?
percussion,What array of instrument grew wider?
colonial expansion,What did European cultural ideas follow?
nationalism,What type of music rose toward the end of the era?
political sentiments of the time,What did nationalism in music sometime echo?
traditional music of their homelands,Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?
post-Romantic,What style does 20th century classical music encompass?
1890–1930,When did modernism take place?
Modernism,Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?
high-modern era,Neo-classical music emerged during what era?
contemporary music,Postmodern music is also know as what?
male,What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?
Musicologist Marcia Citron,Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?
did not write many symphonies,Why were women composers deemed not notable?
Clara Shumann,Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?
art songs,What type of music did women composers typically write?
modernist,What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?
transmitting classical music,Musical notation is effective for what?
contains the technical instructions for performing the work,Why is written musical notation effective? 
higher,Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?
moderately lower,What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?
students who used classical during the course of study,Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?
University of Colorado,Who conducted the research study?
1996–1997,What years was the study conducted in?
Mozart,Which composer had an effect named after him?
Don Campbell,Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?
Nature,Where was the experiment originally published?
8 to 9 points,How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?
"$105,000",How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?
the commercialization of classical music,What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?
Shawn Vancour,Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?
inadequate representation.,Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour? 
classical music,Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?
Walt Disney,Who produced Fantasia?
Tom and Jerry,Who starred in Johann Mouse?
Warner Bros,Who produced Rabbit of Seville?
Warner Bros,"Who produced What's Opera, Doc?"
refinement or opulence,What does classical music convey in movies and television?
Four Seasons,What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?
Eine kleine Nachtmusik,What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?
Rossini,Who wrote William Tell Overture?
Mussorgsky,Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?
instructions,What does the written score not usually contain explicitly? 
performers,Interpretations of written score is left to whom?
the work's idiom,Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?
the score,Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?
the 20th century,When did oral tradition disappear?
key elements of the music,"There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?"
block-rhythms,A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?
Improvisation,What once played an important role in classical music?
cadenza,Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?
their virtuoso skills on the instrument,What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?
authentic performances,What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?
Da tempeste il legno infranto,An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?
commercially,How are staples of classical music often used?
clichéd,TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?
"""O Fortuna"" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana",What piece is often used in the horror genre?
Wagner,Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?
Edvard Grieg,Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?
classically trained,Folk musicians are not commonly what?
folk music,What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?
folk,Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?
Bartók,Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?
in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer,How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?
the 19th century,When did details that composers put in their scores increase?
a better realization of the original intent than the composer,Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?
high reputations for their musicianship,What do classical performers often achieve?
the Baroque and early romantic eras,When was improvisation in classical music performance common?
the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries,When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?
the cadenzas to their piano concertos,What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?
come scritto,What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?
soprano Maria Callas,Who strongly supposed ome scritto?
Classical music,Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?
student drinking songs,What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?
jazz,What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?
Kurt Weill,Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?
popular,What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?
the 1970s,Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?
the musical crossover phenomenon,What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?
heavy metal,Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?
electric guitar,Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?
Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.,What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?
"They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.",What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?
The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.,What was colonised by the East Slavs?
Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities,What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?
Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.,Slavic mercenaries settled where?
"Poles, Czechs and Slovaks",West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
"Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians",East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
"Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins",South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
North Slavs,West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?
Proto-Slavic,"*Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?"
Old Church Slavonic,Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?
Procopius,Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?
Latin,Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?
slovo,"What slavic word denotes ""people who speak the same language?"""
němci,"What slavic word denotes ""foreign people?"""
Roman Jakobson,Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?
*ḱlew,"Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?"
Pericles,"The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - ""famous"") helped create what famous name?"
"he word slovo (""word"") and the related slava (""fame"") and slukh (""hearing"")","What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- (""be spoken of, fame"")?"
sclave,The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?
Sklavinoi,The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?
misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym,"The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos ""slave,"" which was in turn apparently derived from what?"
medieval Arab historiographers,The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?
Lozinski,Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?
S.B. Bernstein,Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?
a man from a certain place,The suffix -enin indicates what?
Henrich Bartek,Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?
River Danube,The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?
Slavic raids,The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?
c. 600 AD,No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?
the Balkans,There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
in the early 6th century,The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?
the Antes and the Sclaveni,The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?
"the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea","According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?"
the Danubian provinces,Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?
under Justinian I,Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
Procopius,"Who wrote in 545 that ""the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.""?"
545,"When did Procopius write that ""the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.""?"
Spori,Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?
their social structure and beliefs,What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?
the Sclaveni and the Antae,Who did Procopius write about in 545?
Jordanes,Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
the Sclaveni,Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
"among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes",A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
Menander Protector,Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Daurentius,Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
the Avars,The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
Daurentius,"Who said, ""Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us.""?"
Khagan Bayan I,Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
the Veneti,An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?
east of the River Vistula,The Veneti tribe was located where?
Veneti,What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?
in the Roman period,When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?
multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia,Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?
"the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires",What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?
Germans,Who started the great migration of the Slavs?
Iberia and north Africa,Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?
the Huns and their allies,Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?
Around the 6th century,When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?
Byzantine borders,The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?
Peloponnese and Asia Minor,Where else reported Slavic settlements?
the Eastern Alps,Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?
By the end of the 6th century,When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?
the first rudiments of state organizations,What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?
When their migratory movements ended,When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?
a prince with a treasury and a defense force,Early state organizations where headed by what?
the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors,Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?
the 7th century,When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?
Samo,What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?
Carantania,What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?
681,When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?
Slavic literacy and Christianity,Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?
"the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro",What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?
1878,"When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?"
Bulgaria,Whose official independence was declared in 1908?
In 1918,"When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?"
Hitler's,"Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?"
The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost,What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?
19.3 million civilians,The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?
Lebensraum,What is the German word for living space?
"succession of wars, famines and other disasters",The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?
Stephen J. Lee,Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?
1945,When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?
Russia and the Soviet Union,"What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?"
In the 19th century,When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?
Russian Empire,Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?
Pan-Slavism,The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?
Yugoslavia,What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?
1990s,When did Yugoslavia break apart?
1939–1945,"When was the word ""Slavs"" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?"
1943–1992,"When was the word ""Slavs"" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?"
1992–2003,"When was the word ""Slavs"" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?"
2003–2006,"When was the word ""Slavs"" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?"
"the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR",Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?
Russians,What is the largest Slavic minority?
Kazakhstan,Where is the largest Slavic minority located?
"Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles",What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?
Pan-Slavism,What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
"the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice",Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?
The Russian Empire,Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?
between 1945 and 1948,When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?
until the period 1989–1991,How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?
Slavic studies,What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?
As early as 1833,When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?
Slavic languages,What languages were recognized as Indo-European?
Indo-European,"In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?"
The alphabet,What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?
The Orthodox,Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
the Roman Catholics,Who uses the Latin alphabet?
the Bosniaks,"Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?"
the Lacinka alphabet,What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?
Proto-Slavic,What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?
Baltic languages,Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?
Balto-Slavic,The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?
Indo-Europeans,Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
Proto-Indo-European,Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?
Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic,Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?
Proto-Slavic,What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?
Thessaloniki,Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
Old Church Slavonic manuscripts,What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?
between the 6th and 10th centuries,When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?
Orthodox Christianity,What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?
Roman Catholicism,What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?
11th century,When did the East-West Schism begin?
Orthodox,The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?
Slavs,Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?
"West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs",What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?
non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age,The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?
the Lemkos,Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?
Transcarpathia and abroad,"The idea of ""Carpatho-Ruthenian"" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?"
Czechs,Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?
Silesians,What group is considered part of the Poles?
Bosniak,Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?
Bosniak and Muslim,What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?
Bosnia and Herzegovina,A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?
Yugoslav republics,This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?
USA and Canada,The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?
Bačka,Where are Bunjevci located?
Slavonia and Vojvodina,Where are Šokci located?
Kosovo,Where are Janjevci located?
Austria,Where are Burgenland Croats located?
Romania,Where are Krashovans located?
Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes,What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?
"Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians",What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?
the Grenzers,Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?
northern Croatia,Where are Zagorci located?
westernmost Croatia,Where are Istrijani located?
Adriatic islands,Where are Boduli located?
hinterland of Dalmatia,Where are Vlaji located?
R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a,What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?
63.39%,What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?
56.4%,What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?
54%,What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?
52%,What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?
2007,When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
Rębała,Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
the Proto-Slavic homeland,In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?
Marcin Woźniak and colleagues,Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
2010,When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
Peter Underhill,The team that discovered M458 was led by who?
Pomors,What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?
Y Haplogroup N,Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?
Uralic peoples,Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?
central-eastern Europe,Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?
Northern Russians,Pomors are also known as what?
South Slavic populations,I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?
Bosnia-Herzegovina,I2a1b1 is found being highest where?
north-eastern Italians,Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?
west Balkans,Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?
Ken Nordtvedt,Who has split I2a2 into two clades?
2008,"When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of ""Monigoloid"" ""mtDNA lineages""?"
Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk,"Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of ""Monigoloid"" ""mtDNA lineages""?"
Slavic populations,Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?
"Malyarchuk said that other Slavs ""Mongoloid component"" was increased during the waves of migration from ""steppe populations","Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of ""Balto-Slavics"" in what time period?"
steppe populations,"Malyarchuk said that other Slavs ""Mongoloid component"" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?"
1228,DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?
West Eurasian,"DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?"
95%,"Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?"
0.7%,What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?
European,Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?
Ukraine,What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?
Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths,Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?
non-Slavic peoples,"After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?"
Paleo-Balkan peoples,What peoples where in the Balkans?
The Thracians and Illyrians,Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?
In the Western Balkans,Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?
Avar invaders,"In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?"
Germanic and Celtic,"In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?"
Uralic and Scandinavian peoples,The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?
the Rus' state,Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?
Polabian Slavs (Wends),Who settled in parts of England?
parts of England (Danelaw),Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?
Norse age Iceland,Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?
Saqaliba,"What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?"
caliph's guards,Saqaliba served as what?
Tatars and other Turks,Cossacks came from what backgrounds?
Ossetians,Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?
Orthodox Christians,What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?
southern Poland and northern Slovakia,Where did the Gorals reside?
Gorals,Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs?
14th to 17th centuries,When did the Vlachs migrate into the region?
Moravian Wallachia,What population descended from the Vlachs?
the Magyar or Romanian population,Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?
Romania,There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?
Bulgaria,Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?
Carpathian basin,Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?
"253,651",What's the estimated population of Southampton?
Sotonian,What could you call someone who lives in Southampton?
Hampshire,In what ceremonial county is Southampton located?
75,How many miles away from London is Southampton?
north-west,In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton?
WestQuay,What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called?
October,In what month of 2014 did Southampton's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark?
World War II,What war is Southampton often associated with?
Hammerson,What company owns WestQuay Watermark?
"1,550","By the end of 2016, how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark?"
Portsmouth,What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?
Solent City,What's the other name for South Hampshire?
"855,569","In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?"
South Hampshire,What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?
1.5 million,What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?
AD 43,What year did the Romans invade Britain?
Clausentum,What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?
stone age,"According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?"
Bitterne Manor,What is the site of Clausentum called now?
a wall,"In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?"
Anglo-Saxons,What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary's area of Southampton?
Hamwic,What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first?
Hamtun,What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton?
Hampshire,What county in England was named after Hampton?
Itchen,What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers?
Viking,What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?
840,What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?
10th,In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?
Southampton,What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?
1066,In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?
Winchester,What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?
Normandy,Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?
12th,In what century was Southampton Castle built?
French wine,"During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?"
12th,Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?
Black Death,What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?
1348,What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?
Canute's Palace,"In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?"
Charles Grimaldi,Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?
Monaco,What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?
1339,What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?
13,How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?
1175,The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?
God's House Tower,What's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes?
1417,In what year was the God's House Tower built?
Museum of Archaeology,What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?
Henry VIII,Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?
15th,In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city?
Castle Way,The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?
1233,About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?
1538,What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?
1940s,In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?
Friary House,What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?
1290,In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?
Conduit Head,Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?
1310,What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?
1420,When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?
Conduit House,What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?
English Civil War,What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?
1642,What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?
Redbridge,What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?
March,In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?
shipbuilding,What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?
HMS Grace Dieu,What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?
Walter Taylor,What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?
Thornycroft,"Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?"
Industrial Revolution,In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?
Battle of Agincourt,What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?
Southampton Plot,"What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?"
Red Lion,What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?
Richard,What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?
the Bargate,Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?
embarkation,What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century?
the Crimean war,"In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War, in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role?"
the Great War,What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port?
POWs,What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment?
1944,In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe?
1740,When did Southampton turn into a spa town?
1760s,"Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw  Southampton become popular for sea bathing?"
West Quay,Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?
the tide,What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?
Victorian era,In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly?
1835,What year was the Southampton Docks company created?
October,In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks?
1840,What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully?
The Gateway to the Empire,What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?
John Choules,"Who wrote ""The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star""?"
Oxford,What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?
one mile and a half,How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?
elegant,What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?
clean,Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?
Mayflower,What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?
1620,What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?
Four,How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?
Cunard,"What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?"
1968,In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?
R J Mitchell,Who designed the Supermarine Spitfire?
Portswood,What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from?
blue,What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer's house?
September,In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell's seaplanes?
Allied forces,Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids?
630,How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?
"2,000","In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?"
thousands,Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?
Georgian,What style of architecture partially survived the war?
World War II,Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?
1920s,In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?
the Bargate,Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?
Royal Charter,What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?
University of Southampton,What is the new name of University College at Highfield?
1964,When did Southampton officially become a city?
1952,In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?
1888,In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?
the Corporation in Southampton,What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?
1959,What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?
Hantscire,"Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?"
non-metropolitan district,What designation was Southampton given in 1974?
King John,Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?
£200,What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?
Langstone,"In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?"
Henry VI,Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?
29 June 1199,What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?
Charles I,What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?
1640,What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?
Victorian period,What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?
Hampshire County Council,"After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?"
1964,What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?
Hampshire County,What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?
unitary authority,What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization?
1992 Local Government Act,"What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997?"
Hampshire,What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to?
48,How many concillors sit on Southampton's City Council?
16,How man wards are there in Southampton?
3,How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton?
May,In what month are council elections held?
three,In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton?
three,How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?
Southampton Itchen,What is Royston Smith's constituency?
Dr. Alan Whitehead,Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?
Conservative,To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?
west,Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?
16,How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?
Linda Norris,Who's the current Mayor of Southampton?
Catherine McEwing,What's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton?
2014,"When did John Melody, the town crier of Southampton, pass away?"
104,How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry?
Le Havre,What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with?
Trieste,Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002?
"Hampton, Virginia",What's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council?
1978,"What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan, South Korea?"
Germany,In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis?
northern,At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?
Itchen,What river converges with the Test?
Test,Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?
Itchen,Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?
The city centre,What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?
Town Quay,What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?
1830s,In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?
Southern Railway Company,What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?
Southampton Water,What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?
1930s,In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?
two,How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get?
Isle of Wight,What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water?
English Channel,What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide?
large,What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide?
depth,"In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?"
western,Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run?
New Forest,What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton?
the M27,What motorway crosses the River Test to the North?
Mansbridge,Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen?
Woodmill Bridge,What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen?
Southampton Common,What's the largest park in Southampton?
148,How many hectares is Southampton Common?
Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre,What wildlife center is located in Southampton Common?
Southampton Zoo,What related attraction was at the same site before the Urban Wildlife Centre?
354,How many Local Authorities are there in England?
Weston,"In addition to the Thornhill and Townhill Park districts, what other district has a council estate?"
96th,What's Southampton's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England?
oceanic,What kind of climate does Southampton have?
June,For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?
35.6,What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?
1976,What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?
96.1,What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit? 
hot water aquifer,What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton's center?
West Quay,In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?
Southampton District Energy Scheme,Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant?
British Gas,What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006?
United Kingdom,"In the 2006 study, Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area?"
White,What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton's population?
1.0,"What percentage of the population of Southampton is Black, according to the 2001 Census?"
1.5,"Going by the 2001 Census, what percentage of Southampton's population is of mixed race?"
one,What percentage of the white population did the 2001 Census show were White Irish?
South Asian,"According to the 2001 Census, what race comprises 3.8% of people living in Southampton?"
"236,900","In 2011, what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits?"
Polish,What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents?
"20,000",What's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton?
males,Are there more males or females in Southampton?
20–24,What age range contains the most people from Southampton?
"17,800",How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton?
"117,400",How many women live in Southampton?
Plymouth,What's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton?
4.9,By what percentage did the population of Southampton increase from 1996 to 2004?
London,What's the only other city in England besides Portsmouth more densely populated than Southampton?
Hampshire County Council,What organization anticipated an additional 2% population growth from 2006 to 2013?
the elderly,What age segment of the population of Southampton is projected to increase the most?
"4,200","How many more residents would Southampton have if the population grew by 2%, as the council expected?"
"120,305",How many jobs were there in Southampton in March of 2007?
"3,570","How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker's allowance in March, 2007?"
2.4,"In March 2007, what percentage of Southampton residents claimed job seeker's allowance?"
2.5,What England's average percentage for people claiming job seeker's allowance?
health and education,What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?
19,What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?
wholesale and retail,What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?
18.5,By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?
16.2,What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?
"£22,267",What was Southampton's average annual salary in January of 2007?
"£1,700",How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton?
"£3,800",How far below England's South East region is Southampton's average annual salary?
half,About how much of UK's passenger traffic did Southampton handle during the inter-war period?
cruise ships,What kind of passenger ships make up a lot of the traffic in the port of Southampton?
tonnage,Going by what unit of measurement makes Southampton the fourth largest port in the UK?
2009,In what year did Southampton's fourth cruise terminal open in the western docklands?
Marine Accident Investigation Branch,What branch of the Department for Transport has its headquarters in Southampton?
20th,What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?
aircraft,Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?
electrical,What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?
tobacco,"Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?"
"500,000",How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?
3 million,How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?
palliative care,What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?
Moorgreen Hospital,What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?
West End,In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?
Ordnance Survey,What's the name of the UK's national mapping agency?
2011,What year did Ordnance Survey's new headquarters open in Southampton?
Lloyd's Register Group,What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton?
Swaythling,What area of Southampton holds a Ford assembly plant?
Transit,Which model does Ford manufacture in their Southampton plant?
WestQuay Shopping Centre,What's the largest retail center in Southampton?
35th,What's WestQuay's ranking among the largest retail centers in the UK?
Watermark Westquay,What was the name of the third phase of West Quay development that got put on hold because of the recession?
2015,What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay?
IKEA,What popular Swedish company opened a new store in the West Quay site in 2009?
skyscrapers,What type of tall buildings are being planned on Southampton's waterfront?
23,How many stories tall will each of the three proposed towers be?
Ocean Village,What marina in Southampton may get a 15-story high hotel?
economy,What factor is very strong in Southampton that encourages redevelopment of the city?
£100m,What's the projected budget of the development plan that includes the new hotels?
£4.2 bn,"Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?"
the service sector,What sector puts up most of Southampton's economic contribution?
1995,"In 2004, Southampton's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year?"
Tudor House Museum,"What museum reopened on July 30th, 2011 after a huge renovation?"
God's House Tower,What's the name of the museum located in one of Southampton's tower walls?
Solent Sky,What's the name of the aviation museum in Southampton?
£28 million,What's the impressive budget of the SeaCity Museum?
the National Lottery,What organization invested half a million pounds in the SeaCity Museum?
September,In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held?
Mayflower Park,What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show?
1968,When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park?
Sea City,What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show?
600,Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors?
Mayflower Theatre,What's the biggest theatre in Southampton?
"2,300",How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold?
the Gaumont,What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?
English National Ballet,What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower?
Nuffield Theatre,Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015?
The Southampton City Art Gallery,What gallery in Southampton houses a Designated Collection?
a space,What's the all-lowercase named arts organization in charge of the art gallery in Southampton's Bargate?
Art Vaults,"What project, also run by a space, showcases art in Southampton's medieval buildings?"
The Millais Gallery,What art gallery is a part of Southampton Solent University?
the Guildhall,"In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music?"
Pink Floyd,What legendary band with a color in its name has played at the Guildhall?
Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra,"What orchestra with a name that starts with ""B"" has played at the Guildhall?"
Southampton Philharmonic Choir,What choir from the area has sung at the Guildhall?
Junk,What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK's best small nightclub?
dance,What genre of music is featured at Junk?
the Dolphin,What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal?
Craig David,What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?
Will Champion,What's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton?
Holloways,What group did Southampton's Rob Skipper sing for?
Kids Can't Fly,What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?
dance,What genre of music is James Zabiela known for?
South Today,What program with a direction in its name does the BBC broadcast from Southampton?
Meridian,What's the name of the local ITV division?
Whiteley,Where is the Meridian headquarters located?
That's Solent,What is the local television channel for Southampton called?
2014,Towards the end of what year did That's Solent begin broadcasting?
2,How many community FM radio stations are there in Southampton?
Unity 101 Community Radio,What local FM station won the Queens Award?
The Breeze,What's the new name of the station formerly known as The Saint?
Hot adult contemporary,What genre of music is played on The Breeze?
Ocean FM,What was the old name of Heart Hampshire?
SURGE,What's Southampton University's radio station called?
adult contemporary,What kind of music does Wave 105 play?
The Saints,What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?
St Mary's Stadium,What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?
1966,What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?
Manchester United,Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?
the Premier League,What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992? 
Sunday,Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?
two,How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have? 
City of Southampton Sunday Football League,"What's the name of the local league with ""City"" in its name?"
Southampton and District Sunday Football League,"What's the name of the the local league with ""District"" in its name?"
the Rose Bowl,At what venue does the Hampshire County Cricket Club play?
West End,What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in?
the Antelope Ground,"Besides the County Cricket Ground, at what other cricket ground did the Hampshire County Cricket Club used to play?"
the Southampton Evening Cricket League,"Besides the Hampshire County Cricket Club, what's the name of the other cricket league in Southampton?"
Southampton Hockey Club,What's Southampton's hockey club named?
1938,What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded?
7,How many senior men's teams does the hockey club field each week?
5,"Weekly, how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field?"
6,How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club?
Trojans RFC,What's the oldest rugby team in Southampton?
London South West 2,What division was Trojans RFC promoted to in 2008-9?
Anthony Allen,What famous player from Trojans RFC also played for the Leicester Tigers?
centre,What position did Allen play for the Leicester Tigers?
London South West division 2,What division do the Tottonians belong to?
marinas,What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting?
the Volvo Ocean Race,What race named after a car company used to be hosted in Southampton?
the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race,What was the former name of the Volvo Ocean Race?
Ocean Village marina,Which marina in Southampton hosted the yacht race from 1977 too 2001?
Southampton Sports Centre,What facility is the center of Southampton's public sports and outdoor activities?
11,How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives?
Park Wood Leisure,What company did the Council leisure executives sell operating rights to?
Men's Fitness,"What magazine awarded Southampton ""fittest city in the UK"" in 2006?"
one,"How many spots did Southampton lose in the ""fittest city"" rankings for 2007?"
London,"Who was the ""fittest city in the UK"" ahead of Southampton in 2007?"
Banister Court Stadium,"During the pre-war period, where was speedway racing held?"
1963,What year did Banister Court Stadium close its doors for good?
Southampton Stags,What College American Football team calls Southampton home?
Wide Lane Sports Facility,At what sports venue do the Southampton Stags play?
Eastleigh,Where is the Wide Lane Sports Facility located?
Hampshire Constabulary,Who is responsible for policing Southampton?
£30 million,How much did it cost to build the operations base of Southampton's police service?
Southern Road,On what street in Southampton is the police headquarters for the city?
2011,"What year did the brand new, eight-story police headquarters open?"
Southampton Central,What train station is close to the police force's building?
Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service,Who handles fires in Southampton?
three,How many fire stations are there in Southampton city limits?
St Mary's,"Along with Hightown and Redbridge, what's the third fire station in Southampton?"
202,"How many crimes overall are reported for each 1,000 people in Southampton?"
fewer,Did Hampshire Constabulary record fewer or more crime incidents in 2009/10 than the year before?
three,For how many consecutive years has violent crime in Southampton decreased?
higher,Is Southampton's crime rate higher or lower than the national average?
comparative crime statisitics,Which statistics are debated because of the different ways various police forces record crime?
strong,Is Southampton's higher education sector weak or strong?
"over 40,000",What's the combined student population of the two major universities in Southampton?
Southampton Solent University,"What's the name of the institution of higher learning with ""Solent"" in its name?"
1862,What year was the University of Southampton founded?
1952,When did the University of Southampton receive university designation by official Royal Charter?
"22,000",The University of Southampton has more than what number of students attending?
"National Oceanography Centre, Southampton",What research centre at the University of Southampton is abbreviated NOCS?
THES - QS World University Rankings,What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010?
"17,000",How many students attend Southampton Solent University?
Warsash Maritime Academy,What specialized academy does Southampton Solent University host?
off-shore oil,"In addition to international shipping, what other industry does the Warsash Maritime Academy prepare students for?"
two,How many standalone sixth form colleges are there in Southampton?
Southampton City College,What college of further education offers vocational courses and ESOL programs?
Access courses,What courses does Southampton City College offer to adult students?
Barton Peveril College,What college with the initials BPC is outside of the city but still popular with students from Southampton?
Richard Taunton Sixth Form College,What's the sixth form college named after a person?
40,More than what percentage of the students surveyed said they'd been bullied?
"2,000",About how many pupils took the bullying survey?
verbal,What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common?
physical,What was the second most common form of bullying experienced by boys who took the survey?
secondary,Which level of schools in Southampton are the worst behaved in the UK?
three,How many times the national average are the suspension rates at Southampton's secondary schools?
1,"Out of about every 14 students, how many will be suspended from school?"
verbal,"In addition to physical attacks, what other kind of assault do Southampton's students commit against staff more than anywhere else in the country?"
M27,Which motorway located north of Southampton links up England's south coast?
M3,Which motorway connects Southampton to London?
Winchester,What city is located on the A34 where the M3 connects to the North and Midlands?
M271,What spur of the M27 connects it to Southampton's city centre and Western Docks?
good,Are Southampton's transport routes around the UK good or bad?
passenger services,Southampton's railways provide freight services and what other important services?
Southampton Central,What's the name of the main train station in Southampton?
Portsmouth,"Heading east from Southampton, what city is connected by rail?"
north,In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester?
1840,In what year did the rail route from Southampton to London open?
central,"In addition to the southern and eastern sections of Southampton, what other section has local train service?"
South West Trains,What company operates Southampton's local train service?
Hampshire County Council,What organization announced plans for rail expansion in Southampton in July of 2009?
2005,In what year did a proposal to expand light rail service to Portsmouth and Gosport fail?
Fawley,What's the current destination of the freight-only line the Hampshire County Council wants to use to expand passenger service?
"Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway",What competing railway company tried to open a rail route in the 1880s?
North,"In which direction did the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand?"
embankment,"What feature survives in the Hill Lane area as evidence of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway's work?"
Eastleigh,In what town is Southampton Airport located?
north,What direction would one travel from Southampton to get to the airport in Eastleigh?
bus,"If passengers don't want to take a train to the airport, what other transport is available?"
Southampton Airport (Parkway),"To take a train to Southampton Airport, what railway station would you need to go through?"
Carnival Corporation & plc,What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?
Royal Caribbean,"Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? "
Princess Cruises,"In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?"
Cunard Line,What brand of cruise ships has a special importance to Southampton?
RMS Queen Elizabeth 2,"What was the name of the liner that left Southampton on its final journey on November 11, 2008?"
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall,Who christened the Cunard ship Queen Victoria in December 2007?
2011,In what year did the Queen Elizabeth receive its name from the Queen?
Royal Princess,"What ship did the Duchess of Cambridge christen on June 13, 2013?"
Arrival of the Three Queens,What does Southampton call the event when three ships named after queens all visit the city?
Queen Mary 2,"Which of the ""Three Queens"" has a number in its name?"
Queen Elizabeth,"Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria, which third ship must be present for the 'Arrival of the Three Queens'?"
P&O Cruises,What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?
175th,Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?
seven,How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?
Ventura,"Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with ""V""?"
Oceana,"Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?"
three,How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve?
Town Quay,What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals?
Two,How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight?
Red Funnel,What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes?
Southampton Water,What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton?
1960s,In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent?
1996,"By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton, other than the one to the Isle of Wight?"
a retail and housing development,What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be?
a marina,What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become?
Eastern Docks,"What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?"
Buses,What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now?
Bluestar,"Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?"
Uni-link,What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?
midnight,What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?
Enterprise,What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar?
Pound Tree Road,What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?
Uni-link,Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?
Wilts & Dorset,What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?
1949,When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?
Hanover Buildings,Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?
sovereign states and international organizations,Who are the actors in international law?
A treaty,What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law?
equally,How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties?
the rules are the same,How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?
live up to their obligations,What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?
contracts,What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?
international law,Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?
willing,What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?
obligations,What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?
in words,How are the agreements in a treaty expressed?
legally,How are states that enter into a treaty bound?
A treaty,What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?
A treaty,What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?
themselves,Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?
a fairly consistent format,What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?
a preamble,What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?
readability,Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?
a verb,Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?
any underlying events (such as a war),"In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?"
boilerplate,What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?
full powers,What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?
sovereign titles,"In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?"
in good or proper form.,How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?
their representatives,Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?
numbered articles,What follows the preamble in a treaty?
the substance of the parties' actual agreement,What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?
a paragraph,What does each article heading usually encompass?
under chapter headings,How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped?
A long treaty,The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?
peaceful,What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?
articles,Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?
their interpretation,Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?
the final authentic copies,Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?
disputes,Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?
the eschatocol,What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?
the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s),What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?
"its most formal, longest possible form",How is the date typically written in a treaty?
equally authentic,What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?
The end,"A clause like ""in witness whereof"" or ""in faith whereof"" typically signals what in a treaty?"
the parties' representatives,Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?
in a collection of treaties currently in effect,Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?
an editor,"Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?"
ratified the treaty,Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?
came into effect,"Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?"
two,Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?
It is possible,Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?
the European Economic Area agreement,The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?
it does not,Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?
bilateral,The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?
A multilateral treaty,What is a treaty concluded among several countries?
each party and every other party,Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?
attack,The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?
international compacts,What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?
region,Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?
Reservations,What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?
Reservations,What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?
at the time of signing or ratification,When must reservations be included in a treaty?
add a reservation,What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?
exclude or to modify,A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?
reservations,A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?
inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty,Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?
rejecting them,How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?
all parties,Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?
expressly,"Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?"
"accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them","When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?"
other parties to the treaty,Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?
drop out completely,What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?
no legal obligations,What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?
the reserving state is a party to the treaty,If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?
three,How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?
the ratification process,What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?
a procès-verbal,What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?
the terms they both agreed upon,Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?
some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty,"In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?"
a protocol,What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?
add additional provisions,A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?
not required,Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?
"an ""optional protocol""",What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?
amend the previous treaty,A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty?
the Kyoto Protocol,The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol?
binding greenhouse gas emission limits,The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what?
the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon,"While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what?"
Protocol,The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty?
self-executing,A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?
implementing legislation,What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?
a change in the domestic law of a state party,"What is ""implementing legislation"" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?"
non-self-executing,A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?
puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action,Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?
a non-self-executing treaty,What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?
pass the necessary domestic laws,A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?
its legislature,What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?
politicized,The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?
not clear,A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?
principle of maximum effectiveness,What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties?
the fullest force and effect,The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties?
The Vienna Convention,"What states that treaties are to be interpreted ""in good faith"" according to the ""ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?"""
The language,What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear?
a perhaps unforeseen circumstance,Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty?
impose its particular interpretation of the treaty,No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?
Consent,What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?
complaint,Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?
adding another clause to the treaty,Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?
an 'authentic interpretation',The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?
substantial disputes over treaty interpretations,What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?
International tribunals and arbiters,What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?
the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty,"In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?"
To establish the meaning in context,For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?
"the final, signed treaty itself","In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?"
compacts,What are agreements between states within the United States called?
memoranda of understanding,What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?
memoranda of understanding,"In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?"
a sovereign state,Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?
international law,Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?
international law,Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what?
North Korea and the United States,Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law?
security guarantees and nuclear proliferation,Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics?
to create an obligation under international law,North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation?
documents under domestic law,What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?
"convention, protocol, or simply agreement",What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?
"named something other than a treaty,",What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?
the Treaty of Waitangi,What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?
terminology,"Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?"
consent,"Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?"
procedures of notification,What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?
not necessarily,Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?
the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?
Article 56,Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?
North Korea,What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
the Secretary-General of the United Nations,"Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?"
the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire,What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?
The possibility of withdrawal,The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?
sovereignty,"What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?"
how other states will react,What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?
impose sanctions or go to war,What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?
In practice,"Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?"
at any time,Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?
terminated,What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?
a bilateral treaty,What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?
remain in force,What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?
withdrawal,After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated?
agreed upon between the remaining states parties,Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty?
A material breach,What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?
temporarily suspending their obligations to that party,"In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?"
terminating the treaty itself,"In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?"
the other parties,Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?
suspending their obligations to that party,What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?
the seriousness of a breach,What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?
a tribunal or other independent arbiter,Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?
does not,Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?
how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it,What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?
how they resolve to respond to it, A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?
self-termination,Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?
set to expire on a given date,What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?
certain defined conditions are met,"In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?"
automatically terminated,What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?
temporarily binding,What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?
a fundamental change in circumstances,What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?
its own breach of the treaty,A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?
political boundaries,The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?
the extent of obligations,The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?
unforeseen,"In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?"
the Banu Qaynuqa tribe,The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?
the Constitution of Medina,Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?
Abdullah ibn Ubayy,Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?
stripped naked,"Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?"
revenge killings,What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?
Gabriel,"What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza?"
Al-Waqidi,Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart?
600-900,How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham?
all Males and 1 woman,According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers?
Two,How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza?
at the formation of the treaty,When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?
"the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910",What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void?
the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea,"In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907, and 1910 confirmed as ""already null and void?"""
Japan and the Republic of Korea,"Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905, 1907, and 1910 to be already void?"
a binding international agreement,An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty?
that state's domestic law,A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?
his proper authority,For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?
"a ""manifest violation""",What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?
the internal affairs and processes,A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?
invalid,What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?
invalid,"If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?"
his sovereign,Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty?
the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing,What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid?
the other parties,Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state's consent to be considered invalid? 
The Law of Treaties,The preamble of what states that treaties are a source of international law?
international law,Which will prevail in a conflict between international and domestic law?
treaties,What are started to be a source of international law in the preamble in The Law of Treaties?
internal law,Approval under what law will not make an act or lack thereof legal if condemned under international law?
international law,An act or lack thereof cannot be made legal under what law even if made legal under internal law?
Articles 46–53,Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated?
the content of the treaty itself,"In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty, why might a treaty be invalidated?"
the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty,"In addition to the content of the treaty itself, why might a treated by invalidated?"
invalidated,A treaty might be considered what if it's considered unenforceable and void under international law?
"withdrawal, suspension, or termination",Which processes simply alter the consent given by parties to a previously valid treaty rather than invalidating the consent completely?
own conduct,What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?
the truth,Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?
A state's consent,What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?
"formed the ""essential basis"" of the state's consent",An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?
an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation,"What, if it formed the ""essential basis"" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?"
fraudulent conduct,What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?
corruption,"What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent?"
invalidate that consent,Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty?
representative,"Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?"
used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty,What must  be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?
null and void,What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?
peremptory norm,What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?
no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts,What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law?
permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations,What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law?
genocide,What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?
the International Court of Justice,What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?
The United Nations Charter,What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?
to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties,Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations?
19th and 20th century,In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it?
Section 103,What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties?
the United Nations,Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption?
the Office of Legal Affairs,Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures?
After their adoption,When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations?
entry into force,"In addition to signature and ratification, what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption?"
"signature, ratification and entry into force",What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption?
the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government,The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?
function and effectiveness,In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government?
modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation,The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest?
the UN,Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution?
Articles of Confederation,What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States?
"articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I",What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress?
Congress,In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty?
the Federal Supreme Court,What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree?
the federal register,"In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil, a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid?"
president,In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution?
same hierarchical position,The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?
2008,In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?
the 45th amendment,What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?
abrogate,The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?
leis ordinárias,What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?
supremacy clause,What kind of clause does the United States constitution have that the Brazilian constitution does not have with the same effects?
state legislation,A supremacy clause in a federal constitution is relevant to the discussion on the relation between treaties and what other type of legislation?
supremacy clause,What clause of the United States Constitution is relevant to the discussion of the relation between treaties and U.S. legislation?
treaties,The Brazilian constitution does not have a supremacy clause that would be of interest to the relation between state legislation and what other legal agreements?
internal American law,"Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?"
their method of approval,"Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?"
two-thirds,What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?
sole executive agreements,What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?
congressional-executive agreements,What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?
10:1,"In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?"
the relative ease,What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?
pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds,The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what?
"long-term, complex",The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US?
Iran,"The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty?"
Head Money Cases,In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?
Act of Congress,The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the purposes of US law?
Reid v. Covert,What Supreme Court case ruled that a treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is null and void under US law?
any other regular law,The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified for the purposes of US law just like what by any subsequent Act of Congress?
null and void,Any treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is considered what under US law?
"Union List, State List and Concurrent List",Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India?
Concurrent subjects,What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?
Parliament of India,What is the central legislative body in India?
any subject,"In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists?"
the subjects in Union list,What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India?
Treaties,What formed an important part of European colonization?
indigenous peoples,With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?
extremely disadvantageous terms,What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?
the implications,What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?
their sovereignty,What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?
Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China,In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?
the intricacies of European diplomatic customs,What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement?
the impact of European colonization,Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties?
by playing different powers against each other,"In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization?"
overstepping,Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements?
autonomy,What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?
Māori,What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?
terra nullius,What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?
Mabo v Queensland,The concept of native title was established by what court case?
colonizers,Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?
"Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871",What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty?
"agreements, statutes, and executive orders","By what did the US federal government provide contractual relations with Indian tribes following the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871?"
1871,Prior to what year did the United States regularly enter into treaties with Native Americans?
"an independent nation, tribe, or power",A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as what?
contract by treaty,A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that the US government could not do what with an Indian nation?
1980,In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?
"the Partisans,",During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?
Yugoslavia,For what country is Tito viewed as  unifying figure?
Gamal Abdel Nasser,"In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?"
Sukarno,"In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?"
General Secretary,What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?
Prime Minister,What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?
98,How many foreign decorations did he receive?
Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath,What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?
1941–45,During what years did Tito lead the Partisans?
Slovene,What ethnicity was Tito's mother?
Croat,What ethnicity was Tito's father?
the Imperial Russians,Who captured him during World War I?
Red Guard,Tito joined which unit in Omsk?
Communist Party,What party in Yugoslavia did he join?
1943,When did the second Yugoslavia start?
Cominform,What group did Tito found?
1951,When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnries?
1980,When did Tito die?
1991,When did Yugoslavia disintegrate?
Kumrovec,Where was Josip Broz born?
1892,In what year was Broz born?
Croat,What ethnicity was Broz's father?
Slovene,What ethnicity was Broz's mother?
2nd,What grade did he fail?
1913,When was he conscripted into the army?
sergeant,What position in the army did he become after office school?
fencing,What competition did he win a silver medal in?
anti-war propaganda,For what crime was he arrested?
Bukovina,Where was Tito serioiusly wounded and captured by the Russians at?
13 months,How long was Broz in the hospital?
Ural Mountains,Where was Broz's work camp?
camp leader,What position was he selected for at work camp?
Kirgiziya,Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive?
Omsk,Where did Broz marry Belousova?
59,How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia?
Svetozar Delić,Who was elected mayor of Zagreb after the Communists won 59 parliamentary seats?
Veliko Trojstvo,Where did Broz move in 1921?
five years,How long was he in prison at Lepoglava for?
"Moša Pijade,",Who became his ideological mentor in prison?
1934,When was Tito sent to Vienna?
Milan Gorkić,Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?
Moscow,Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?
Tito,Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered?
Tito,"Who is known as ""Comrade Walter""?"
6 April 1941,When did German forces launch an invasion of Yugoslavia?
King Peter II,Which king fled the country in 1941?
pamphlet,What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle against the occupation in 1941?
Chief of all project national liberation military forces.,What position was Tito appointed to in 1941 by the Central Committee?
Belgrade,"In 1941, where did representatives of the government and military meet with German officials?"
Partisans,Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts?
Chetnik movement,Who did the Partisans have conflicts with?
Draža Mihailović,Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?
"escaping Jews,",Which group did Tito order his forces to assist?
Jews,2000 of what group fought directly for Tito?
1941,When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?
1942,When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?
President,What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?
Jajce,"Where was the 67-member ""presidency"" located?"
67,"How many members were in the ""presidency"" in Jajce?"
Axis,Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?
Axis,Who was the opponent of the Allies?
German,Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?
Drvar,In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?
airborne,What type of assault was there in Bosnia?
Axis,Who was attacking the Partisans in 1943?
Draža Mihailović,From whom did Allied leaders switch their support from to Tito?
Stalin,Who was the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito?
Tehran Conference,At what event was Tito recognized by Stalin?
1944,When was the Balkan air force formed?
Moscow,Who was Tito considered loyal to?
Stalin,Who was Tito considered second to in the Eastern bloc?
Stalin,With whom did Tito have an uneasy alliance form the start?
Stalin,Who considered Tito too independent?
Tito,Who was considered loyal to Moscow?
King Peter II,In 1944 who called on all Yuboslavs to come together under Tito's leadership?
Soviet Union,With whom did Tito sign an agreement on September 28 1944?
Soviet troops,"Who were allowed ""temporary entry"" into Yugoslav territory?"
Red Army,Who assisted in operations in ortheastern areas of Yugoslavia?
the Partisans,Who executed a massive offensive and succeeded in breaking through German lines?
Tito,Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? 
Tito,Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?
Partisans,"In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?"
amnesty,What did Tito offer to the retreating column?
military court.,Where were possible suspects transferred to?
Belgrade,Where was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?
7 March 1945,When was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?
Tito,Who Where assembled the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia?
Tito,Who was seen as the liberator of Yugoslavia?
King Peter II,"Who was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constitutent Assembly on November 29, 1945?"
The State Security Administration,What was formed as the new secret police?
Yugoslav intelligence,Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators?
Catholic clergymen,Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration?
Draža Mihailović,"Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason?"
firing squad,How was Draza executed?
Aloysius Stepinac,Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?
two days,How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?
Catholic Church,What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops' Conference?
Stepinac,Under whose leadership did the bishops' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes?
house-arrest,What was Stepinac's sentence shortened to?
Tito,Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?
Stalin,Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?
Soviets,Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?
1945,As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?
Axis,From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?
Istria,What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war?
Trieste,What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate?
four,At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948?
Tito,Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War?
1948,In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow?
Cominform,Tito did not attend the second meeting of this.
1949,In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict?
Titoists,What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe?
Stalin,Who made several assasination attempts on Tito?
Stalin,Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?
Ranković,Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?
1956,Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?
Soviet Union,The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?
State Security Service,What is another name for the UBDA?
US,Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR?
ECA,What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia?
Marshall Plan,What plan was also administered by the ECA?
Tito,Which leader feared that accepting American aid meant aligning with the West?
1953,In what year did Stalin die?
Informbiro,What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?
Titoism,What was Tito's form of communism called?
Moscow,Who encouraged purges against Titoites?
Eastern bloc,Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?
Tito,Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?
1950,"In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about ""self Management""?"
Milovan Đilas,"Who wrote the bill with Tito about ""self management""?"
Ribar,Tito succeeded who as the President of Yugoslavia?
USSR,Whose invitation did Tito reject after Stalin's death?
1956,When did Tito visit the USSR to signal that his country's animosity was decreasing?
14,How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?
11,How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?
Czechoslovakia,What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges?
Tito,"Who espoused the ""national path to socialism""?"
Stalin,Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges?
Tito,Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?
1961,In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?
Egypt,Nasser led which country in 1961?
Nehru,Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?
Tito,Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?
1954,When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie?
1956,When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie?
Ethiopia,What country does Emperor Selassie rule?
Ethiopia,In what country does Tito have a street named in his honor?
Selassie,Who is the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1954?
Cold War,During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?
Stalin,With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?
developing,What type of countries did Tito develop relations with?
Tito,Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this?
Western European nations,Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?
Egypt,Nasser was a leader of what country?
Indian,Nehru was a leader of what country?
Indian,Gandhi was a leader of what country?
U.S.,Eisenhower was a president of what country?
U.S.,Nixon was a president of what country?
1954,When did Tito first visit India?
1955,When did Tito leave India?
India,After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia?
India,Where did Tito visit from 1954 to 1955?
spiritual,"After returning from India, Tito removed restrictions on what type of institutions?"
Burma,What country did U Nu lead?
U Nu,Who was the leader of Burma in 1955?
Ne Win,Who succeeded U Nu in Burma?
Burma,Ne Win led what country?
Ne Win,Who led Burma in 1959?
Yugoslavia,What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner's Paraguay?
Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay,Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where?
Chile,Pinochet ruled what country?
Allende,Who did Pinochet overthrow?
Guatemala,What country did Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia lead?
7 April 1963,When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
Americas,Two government ministers resigned over Tito's visit to what region?
United Nations General Assembly meeting.,Eisenhower met Tito where in 1960?
Tito,"Who said that neutralism did not imply passivity but mean ""not taking sides""?"
1960,When did Tito meet Eisenhower at the U.N.?
Stepinac,What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960?
Yugoslav,Stepinac's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church?
UDBA,What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 after Lenninist orthodoxy was abandoned?
UDBA,What acronym describes the State Security Administration?
Leninist,What ideology did Tito abandon as part of his new socialism?
Yugoslavia,Who was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors?
1967,In what year did the first communist country open its borders to all foreign visitors?
1967,When did Tito start promoting a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict?
Tito,Whose plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained?
1967,In what year did Tito start working in Arab Israeli peace processes?
Czechoslovak,What country did Dubcek lead?
three hours,How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague?
Prague,Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?
Tito,Who removed generals Gosnjak and Hamovic?
Yugoslavia,What army was unprepared for the invasion of Czechoslovakia?
1971,In what year was Tito reelected president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time?
Federal Assembly,Who elected Tito president in 1971?
20,How many sweeping constitutional amendments did Tito introduce in 1971?
Bijedić,Who was chosen as a premier in 1971 in Yugoslavia?
federal,"What branch of the Yugoslav government would retain control over foreign affairs, defense and internal security?"
Tito,What person's calls for unity is credited by western communists of holding together Yugoslavia?
the Croatian Spring,"What was referred to as the ""Mass Movement""?"
16 May 1974,When was the new Yugoslavian constitution passed?
Tito,Who was named President for Life of Yugoslavia in 1974?
five years.,"How long did the person named ""president for life"" serve?"
Yugoslav,What flag did protesters of Tito often burn?
Tito murderer,What did protesters scream during Tito's visit to the United Nations in the late 1970's?
United States authorities.,Which authorities fielded complaints from TIto about protesters?
New York,What American state did Tito visit when he saw the U.N.?
protesters,Security for Tito's visit was unusually high to keep Tito away from what individuals?
Beijing,Where did Tito travel in 1977 to reconcile with Chinese leadership?
1977,In what year did Tito travel to China to reconcile with Chinese leadership?
Chairman Hua Guofeng,What Chinese leader traveled to Yugoslavia in 1979?
1974,After the constitutional changes made in what year did Tito reduce his role in the day-to-day running of the state.
1978,"In what year did Tito travel to the U.S. to visit Washington D.C., amist protest by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups?"
1979,During what year did Tito become increasingly ill?
Vila Srna,What was built near Morovic for Tito to use in the event of his recovery?
the Medical Centre in Ljubljana,Where was Tito admitted on 7 January and again on 11 January 1980 with circulatory problems?
4 May 1980,When did Tito die?
gangrene,Tito's cause of death was what?
Belgrade,In what city was Tito interred?
Museum of Yugoslav History,"What museum was formerly called ""Museum 25 May""?"
House of Flowers,What name was given to Tito's mausoleum?
Francisco Goya,Who made the original print of Los Caprichos?
Tito,After whose death did speculation begin concerning whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together?
Podgorica,What name was changed to Titograd?
1992,When did Uziece revert to its original name?
Kumrovec,Where is the birthplace of Antun Augustincic?
Croatian,What country is Stejpan Mesic president of?
Slovenia,Where is the largest Tito monument located?
"""House of Flowers""","Where does the annual ""Brotherhood and Unity"" relay race end?"
Belgrade,Where is the final resting place of Tito?
Kumrovec,Where is Tito's birthplace in Croatia?
Every year,"How often is the ""Brotherhood and Unity"" relay race done?"
25,"On what day in May does the ""Brotherhood and Unity"" relay race end?"
2011,On what year did a Slovenian court find a 2009 naming of a street after Tito to be unconstitutional?
Ljubljana,Where was the street named after Tito that was found unconstitutional located?
Tito,Several public area of Slovenia bear which person's name.
Tito,Under which ruler do historians argue human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia?
Velenje,Tito Square is located in what Slovenian city?
10-meter,How tall is the statue in Tito Square?
Tito Square,Where is a 10-meter statue of Tito located?
Slovenia,Where is Velenje located?
German,What is the ethnic origin of the Danube Swabian people?
Vojvodina,Where is the location of the Danube Swabian population?
Vojvodina,There were mass executions of Danube Swabian populations in what city?
German,Which group of people occupied Yugoslavia at the end of World War II?
"World War II,",At the end of what World War did the Germans occupy Yugoslavia?
Omsk,Where in Russia was Tito brought as a prisoner of war in 1918?
1918,When was Tito brought to Russia as a prisoner of war?
thirteen,How old was Pelagija Belousava when Tito met her?
five,How many children did Pelagija bore for Tito?
Žarko Leon,Who was the only surviving child of Tito's?
Moscow,Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia?
1936,When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux?
Lucia Bauer,What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936?
1936,When did Tito marry Lucia Bauer?
Lucia Bauer,Tito's marriage to what person was later erased in records?
Herta Haas,Who did Tito marry in 1940?
1941,When did Haas give birth to Tito's son?
"Aleksandar ""Mišo"" Broz",What was the name of Tito's son born to him and Haas?
Davorjanka Paunović,With whom did Tito have a parallel life during his marriage to Haas?
1946,When did Davorjanka die of Tuberculosis?
Jovanka Broz,Who was Tito's best known wife?
27,How old was Jovanka Broz when she married Tito?
1952,In what year did Tito and Jovanka marry?
Aleksandar Ranković,Who was the best man at the wedding of Jovanka and Tito?
Jovanka,Who went down in history as Yugoslavia's first lady?
Aleksandra Broz,Which of Tito's grandchildren is a theatre director?
Svetlana Broz,Which of Tito's grandchildren is a cardiologist and writer?
Bosnia-Herzegovina,Where does Svetlana Broz live?
Croatia,Where does Leksandra Broz live?
Bosnia-Herzegovina,Where does Edvard Broz live?
Beli dvor,What is the name of the official residence in Belgrade?
Brijuni,What islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on?
Jože Plečnik,Who designed the pavilion at the State Summer Residence?
Belgrade,In what city was the official residence for Tito?
State Summer Residence,Film stars including Elizabeth Taylor visited what island residence of Tito?
Karađorđevo,"The grounds at what location were the site of ""diplomatic hunts""?"
Galeb,What was the name of the yacht the Yugoslav president had at his disposal?
Aviogenex,What company bought the presidential Boeing 727 after Tito's death?
Montenegro,Where was the Galeb docked after Tito's death?
seagull,What is the English translation of Galeb?
Viennese,With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer?
some,How much English did Tito speak?
Kirghiz,"Other than Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, Czech, Slovenian and English, French and Italian, what language does Tito speak?"
atheist,What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?
Catholic,What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?
slapped and shouted at,What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest's vestments?
church,"After being yelled at by a priest as a child, what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again?"
Titograd,What is the name of the largest town or city renamed in Tito's name?
Podgorica,What is Titograd now called?
Montenegro,What is Podgorica the capital city of?
Tito's,Whose name was added to the name for every town or city with historical signiciance from the World War II period?
Aleksandar Matunović,What was the name of Tito's personal doctor?
Aleksandar Matunović,Who wrote a book about Tito questioning his true origin?
Vladan Dinić,What Serbian journalist includes several alternate identities of Tito?
1949,In what year waas Vladan Dinic born?
Tito,Dinic gives several alternate identities of what person?
2013,In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out?
NSA,What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum?
Russian and Polish,What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spectrum conclude Tito spoke?
Draža Mihailović's,The Cryptologic Spectrum also notes whose impressions of Tito's Russian origins?
Croatian,Experts from what country disproved the NSA's report?
Zagorje,What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke?
NSA,Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tito's ethnic origins?
Croatian,Tito's acute accent is present only in what type of dialects?
1920,Starting in what year was the Communist Party outlawed in Yugoslavia?
Communist,What party was outlawed in Yugoslavia in 1920?
Josip Broz,"""Rudi"", ""Walter"" and ""Tito"" are names that what person assumed?"
30 December,On what date in 1920 was the Communist party outlawed in Yugoslavia?
Josip Broz,What was Tito's former name?
119,How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?
21,"Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?"
French,Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit?
British,Which government awards the Order of the Bath?
Japanese,Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum?
1948,In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur?
1953,In what year was Tito inaugurated as president?
1980,In what year was Tito's funeral?
Tito,Who was the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Tito,Who was inauguarated as President of Yugoslavia in 1953?
Romania,Tito was awarded the Star of what country?
Austria,Tito was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of what country?
Sheba,Tito was awarded the Queen of where?
Finland,Tito was awarded with the Order of the White Rose of what country?
Cambodia,Tito was awarded with the Royal Order of what country?
Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ,What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?
the equator,Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?
"53,158","As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?"
the Federated States of Micronesia,What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side?
Majuro,Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands?
Republic of the Marshall Islands,What is the official name of the Marshall Islands?
Pacific Ocean,In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located?
"53,158",How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?
29,How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands?
Majuro,On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
Micronesian colonists,Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands?
traditional stick charts,How were original settlers of the area able to move between islands?
1526,In what year did a European explorer first see the Marshall Islands?
Alonso de Salazar,Which explorer first saw the Marshall Islands?
John Marshall,For whom are the Marshall Islands named?
2nd millennium BC,During what span were the Marshall Islands first settled?
Micronesian colonists,Who first settled the Marshall Islands?
1520s,In what decade did Europeans first visit the Marshall Islands?
August 1526,In what month and year did a European first arrive at the Marshall Islands?
John Marshall,After whom are the Marshall Islands named?
1874,In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations?
the German Empire,"In 1884, which country purchased the Marshall Islands?"
the South Pacific Mandate,What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I?
the United States,Who took over the Marshall Islands in the second world war?
1986,In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?
Spain,What European nation owned the Marshall Islands in 1874?
the German Empire,Who bought the Marshall Islands from the Spanish in 1884?
Japan,Who occupied the Marshall Islands during the First World War?
1919,In what year was the South Pacific Mandate created?
1986,In what year did the Marshall Islands become a sovereign nation?
presidential republic,What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?
the United States,With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?
service,What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?
aid,What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?
the United States dollar,What is the currency of the Marshall Islands?
the FCC,"Along with the USPS, what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands?"
service,What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy?
United States dollar,What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands?
presidential republic,What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands?
the United States,Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy?
Marshallese,What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands?
Malayo-Polynesian,What family of languages does Marshallese belong to?
United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands,What does UCCCMI stand for?
the Assemblies of God,"Aside from UCCCMI, what is the other major religious denomination of the Marshall Islands?"
the United States,From what non-Asian nation do some people living in the Marshall Islands come?
Marshallese,Of what ancestry are most Marshall Islands citizens?
English,"Along with Marshallese, what is the official language of the Marshall Islands?"
Malayo-Polynesian,Of what language group is the Marshallese language?
three-quarters,What fraction of Marshall Islands residents are religious?
the Assemblies of God,"Along with the United Church of Christ and the UCCCMI, what is a main religion of the Marshall Islands?"
Micronesians,Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC?
historical or oral records,What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?
canoe,What vessel did early settlers of the Marshall Islands use to travel?
traditional stick charts,What is the name of the item used as a primitive type of map for navigation by early settlers of the Marshall Islands?
Micronesians,Who first settled the Marshall Islands?
2nd millennium BC,When were the Marshal Islands first settled?
canoe,In what vehicles did the Marshall Islanders travel by water?
stick charts,What navigation aids did the Marshall Islanders use?
Alonso de Salazar,Which European first saw the Marshall Islands?
Spanish,What was Alonso de Salazar's nationality?
1526,In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?
Santa Maria de la Victoria,What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?
San Bartolome,What did Alonso de Salazar call the island that he saw?
Alonso de Salazar,Who was the first person from Europe to observe the Marshall Islands?
Spanish,What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands?
1526,In what year did the first European view the Marshall Islands?
Santa Maria de la Victoria,What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?
Taongi,Which of the Marshall Islands did Salazar most likely see?
Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón,Whose ship was named Florida?
the Maluku Islands,From where did Cerón attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean?
Los Pintados,What did Cerón name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel?
Los Jardines,What was the name given to the islands reached by Cerón in October of 1529?
Enewetak or Bikini Atoll,What are two possible modern names for the islands called Los Jardines by Cerón?
Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón,Who was in charge of the ship named Florida?
the Maluku Islands,Where did Cerón's expedition begin?
Los Pintados,What name did Cerón give to the island that might have been Ujelang?
Los Jardines,What group of islands might have been Bikini Atoll or Enewetak?
eight days,How long did Cerón spend on Los Jardines?
Los Barbudos,What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530?
Mejit,What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos?
January 10,On what date did Legazpi's expedition see the island it named Placeres?
Corrales,What name did the expedition give to the island it saw on January 12th?
10°N,What was the location of Corrales?
Miguel López de Legazpi,Who led the expedition involving the ship San Pedro?
Los Barbudos,"What did Miguel López de Legazpi call the island discovered on January 9, 1530?"
Placeres,What did the Spanish call the island that might have been Ailuk?
January 12,On what day did the Spanish see the island they named Corrales?
Ujelang,What island may have been spotted by the Spanish on January 15?
Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert,Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?
jolet jen Anij,What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?
Adam Johann von Krusenstern,Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?
Louis Isidore Duperrey,Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?
Mulgrave,At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824?
Thomas Gilbert,Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands?
1788,In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands?
jolet jen Anij,What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?
Gifts from God,What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?
Mulgrave Island,On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?
Captain DonSette,Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?
Naiad,What vessel was attacked in 1845?
Glencoe and Sea Nymph,What ships were attacked in 1852?
1857,In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?
Ebon,On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?
Captain DonSette,Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?
1845,In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?
schooner,What type of ship was the Naiad?
San Francisco,Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?
Ebon,Where did missionaries live as of 1857?
the Spanish Empire,What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?
the German Empire,What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?
Britain,What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?
SMS Nautilus,On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?
King of the Ralik Islands,What title did the Germans give to Kabua?
November 1,On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?
Imperial German Protectorate,What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?
Spain,What nation had control of the Carolines?
copra,What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?
1884,In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?
the Jaluit Gesellschaft,What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?
1905,When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?
the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899,What document was signed in 1899?
the Carolines,"Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?"
the governor of German New Guinea,What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?
the Sacred Heart Jesu Society,What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?
1914,In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?
1911,In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?
1912,When was Father Linckens' book published?
1904,In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?
the Meiji Restoration,What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?
East Asia,In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?
traders,"Along with fishermen, what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls?"
"September 29, 1914",On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?
the Entente,What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War?
the Jaluit Atoll,"What did the Japanese occupy on September 30, 1914?"
"June 28, 1919",On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
"December 17, 1920",When was the South Pacific Mandate for Japan approved?
"1,000",About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?
economic,What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?
land,What was the primary nature of Japan's interest in the Marshall Islands?
Palau,"Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants?"
Matrilineality,What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?
the Japanese Patriarchal system,What system of social organization was used in Japan?
"March 27, 1933",On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?
Japanese,What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?
Catholic,"Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?"
6th Fleet,What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?
Kwajalein,On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?
defense of the Marshall Islands,What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service?
World War II,During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?
the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign,What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?
1944,In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?
one,"How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?"
Wotje,"Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?"
1943,In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?
"5,100",How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?
half,What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?
lack of food,"Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?"
World War II,During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?
Security Council Resolution 21,What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?
1947,In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created?
Micronesia,What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of?
1946,In what year did the Cold War begin?
67,How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958?
Castle Bravo,What was the name of the United States' largest atmospheric nuclear test?
"108,496",What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons?
Elugelab,Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test?
Project 4.1,What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?
1956,When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?
759,"In millions of dollars, how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998?"
the Compact of Free Association,What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands?
1986,In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?
Kwajalein Atoll,Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range?
1990,When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end?
Security Council Resolution 683,What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls?
Majuro,What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
Christmas,On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?
0.91,"In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?"
extreme waves and high tides,What caused the 2008 floods?
2013,In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city?
the northern atolls,What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?
"6,000",How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?
1,"In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of water did residents consume each day?"
diarrhea,"Along with pink eye and influenza, what other health issue was caused by the drought?"
the United States President,What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought?
Tony de Brum,"As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?"
September 2013,In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?
Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership,What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?
climate change,What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?
the Obama administration,Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?
parliamentary-presidential system,What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?
18,How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?
every four years,How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?
Nitijela,What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?
1979,When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?
the Council of Iroij,What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
twelve tribal chiefs,Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
ten,How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?
the AKA,"Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?"
twenty-four,How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?
Compact of Free Association,What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?
the U.S.,What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?
technical aid,"Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?"
"August 9, 1991",When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
"September 17, 1991",When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?
the United States,What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?
Resolution 704,What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
28 April 2015,On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?
MV Maersk Tigris,What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?
Rickmers Ship Management,Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship?
34,How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris?
the Strait of Hormuz,Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?
the Federated States of Micronesia,What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?
Wake Island,What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?
"1,900,000",How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?
180,How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?
29,How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?
"772,000",How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?
October 2011,In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?
"1,776,000",In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected?
shark fishing,What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?
Wake Island,What island do the Marshall Islands claim?
the United States,Who controls Wake Island?
1899,In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?
Enen-kio,What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?
May,When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin?
November,In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end?
tropical storms,Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Marshalls?
the Philippines,"Along with the Marianas, where do typhoons that begin in the Marshalls sometimes terminate?"
its very low elevation,What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?
the president of Nauru,Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?
flooding from climate change,Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth?
"1,300",How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive?
rainfall,What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands?
drought,What is the Marshall Islands often threatened with?
twice,How much more rain do the southern atolls get compared to the northern?
the International Labour Organization,What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?
its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks,What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization?
business conditions,What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization?
US$57.7 million,How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?
US$62.7 million,How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?
the Amended Compact of Free Association,What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?
a trust fund,What will be established in 2023?
Kwajalein Atoll,On what atoll is a missile test facility based?
Ronald Reagan,Who is the missile test facility named after?
Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site,What is the official name of the missile test facility?
United States Army,What organization operates the missile test site?
breadfruit,"Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?"
small farms,Where does most agricultural production take place?
1999,In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed?
400,How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?
2005,In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?
tuna steaks,"Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce?"
$2 million,What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for?
the Tobolar Copra processing plant,Who did Witon Barry work for?
Majuro,Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?
the meat of the coconut,What is copra?
6 to 10,How many coconuts are required to produce 1 liter of coconut oil?
57,How many kilowatts of power are produced by the solar plant built in 2009?
"10,000",About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?
"15,000",How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?
"72,191","As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?"
Kwajalein Atoll,On what atoll is Ebeye located?
"Springdale, Arkansas",What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?
Marshallese,What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?
Asia,From what continent did the Marshallese originate?
one-half,What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?
Japanese,What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?
several thousand years ago,From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?
Congregational,What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ?
24.2%,What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?
8.3%,What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons?
2.2%,What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two?
September 2012,When did the first mosque in Majuro open?
Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands),What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?
College of the Marshall Islands,"Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?"
Majuro,Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?
Bucholz Army Airfield,What airfield operates in Kwajalein?
noble class,What class was slackta in Poland?
King Casimir III the Great,Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland,WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
1569–1795,When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
Ducal Prussia,What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
manor farms,What is another name for folwarks?
obscurity and mystery,Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.
late 18th century,Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.
political and legal privileges,WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
1772 to 1795,"When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. "
Russian Empire,What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.
1921,When was the March constitution implemented.
legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished,What did the Mach constitution do?
Second Polish Republic,In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. 
social equals,What was the notion for all polish nobles?
Polish saying,What ethnic saying is this traditional from?
regardless of their financial status,Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?
slahta,What german word does the term szlachta come from?
"""(noble) family""",What does slahta mean?
rycerz,What is the polish name for knight?
Ritter,German name for knight?
Erbe,Where does the word her derive from in german?
"German ""schlachten""",What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?
"(""to slaughter"" or ""to butcher"")",What does schlachtan mean in german?
Schlacht,What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?
battle,What does schlacht mean?
"legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech",The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
magnates,What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?
magnat,What is the singular version of magnates?
możny,What is another name referring polish nobles?
możni,What is the plural version of mozny?
Lithuania,What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
szlachta,What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?
"formalized, hereditary",What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?
hereditary szlachta,Who is referred to as nobilitas?
equivalent in legal status of the English nobility,What is the legal status of nobilitas?
nobility,What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?
szlachta,What were the non noble land owners referred too as?
by courtesy or error,Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term?
old-Commonwealth nobility,What does szlachta mainly denote?
included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals,Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?
szlachta,"Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?"
hereditary juridical status,What ultimately determined nobility?
to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.,What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?
no,Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?
retained all their constitutional prerogatives,What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?
obscure,Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?
odwieczna,What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?
descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians,What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?
Alexander the Great,What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
"had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens",What was important and unique about regional leaders?
Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):,WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?
was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants,"In this theory, what was the upper class?"
about the fifth century.,WHen did they find the polish kingdom?
military caste,WHat caste system does the hindu society have?
The szlachta,Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?
documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure,WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?
Middle Ages and in the early modern period,WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?
"the ius militare,",The polish anem and cry ritualized what?
define knightly status,In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?
Around the 14th century,Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?
defend the country,What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?
geography,What contributed to the long standing traditions?
wiec,What was governing the polish tribes?
an assembly of free tribesmen,What was the wiec?
an elected prince,When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?
elites,What was the governing position limited to?
clans (ród),What ruled over the tribes?
theoretically descending from a common ancestor,What did the clans people all have in common?
related by blood or marriage,What gave them a sense of solidarity? 
grόd,What were stronghold called?
opole,What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?
Mieszko I of Poland,WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
(c. 935 – 25 May 992),How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
preserving the unity of his state,Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?
Mieszko I's successors,Who also established this retinue as well?
rycerz,WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?
knight,What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?
wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes,What people did the rycerstwo class represent?
gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.,What positive did the szlachta class receive?
could serve as officials in state administration.,What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
"A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314",WHen was the period of Division?
Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons,What stemmed the period of division?
Polish,What tribe was the prior social structure from?
850 A.D.,WHen did the Piast dynasty appear?
"Piast dynasty,",Polish nation ruled by what dynasty?
co-proprietors of Piast realms,What did some Mozni regard themselves with?
attempted to deprive them of their independence,What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?
możni,Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?
die beste leuten,WHat were nobles named in german language?
ponai,What were the nobles named in lithuanian?
kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai',What were the higher nobility named?
King of Lithuania.,The kunigai were subordinate to who?
бояре,What word is used to denominate nobility?
Polish szlachta,What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?
polonized,What did the polish szlachta become more of?
they were of Roman extraction,What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?
šlėkta,What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?
Lithuanian linguists,Who forbid the use of the word slekta?
the highest members of the nobility,WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
Russian Empire,Who imposed various sanction on the people?
removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas,What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
"""Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism""",What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?
Lithuanian language.,What language was banned from printing on books?
Grand Duchy of Lithuania,What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?
multicultural and multilingual,What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?
principalities of Halych and Volhynia,What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?
intermarried,What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?
Polish and Lithuanian nobility,What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?
convert to Catholicism,What social pressure was pressing down the people?
Union of Brest,What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. 
1596,What year was the union of brest
by monarch,Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?
ennoblement,What right was reversed by sijm?
undifferentiated coat of arms,What would be given to the enobled one?
sejm,After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?
szlachta clan,What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
"between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,",Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?
two ennoblements per year,What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.
heraldic sources,What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
"1,600",What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth
14th century onward,When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
final years of the late 18th century,When were most ennoblements implemented?
Vytautas the Great,WHo reformed the grand duchy army?
bajorai,vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors,What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?
"Goštautai,",What is an example of noble family name?
Union of Horodlo,Who gave the coat of arms to others?
Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries,Who defined the significant legislative changes?
"1374 exemption from the land tax,",What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?
requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms,What did the 1425 requirement entail? 
rights of commoners,What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
service to the state,What was a rarest rare to become a noble?
"really usurpers, being commoners,",Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?
Hieronim Nekanda Trepka,Who denounced many nobles?
first half of the 16th century,When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?
owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer,What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
many rights,THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?
Poland,What was the nobilities commonwealth?
not of the king or the ruling dynasty,WHo elected the king?
the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty,WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?
dynasty's female-line descendants.,The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?
at the time of their election to the throne,When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
king-elect's Pacta conventa,What specified the kings privileges?
ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax,What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
privileges,What did nobles get in from the king during election?
1355,When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
Buda King Casimir III the Great,who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? 
Louis I of Hungary,WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes,What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
the king and the court,WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
1374,When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?
in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga,WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
exempted the entire class from all but one tax,What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?
abolished,WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?
King to pay indemnities,What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
King Władysław II Jagiełło,Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
1422,When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
ceded,What happened to the right to mint coinage?
at Kraków in 1433,Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
Brześć Kujawski privilege,WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest,What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
warrant from a court of justice,What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon,What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? 
1454,When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks,What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
judicial abuses,THe nobility was protected from what?
magnates,Whos power was curbed?
their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.,Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
1492,When did the first free election take place?
no restrictions on the choice of candidates.,What was different about later elections then first free election?
senators,Who only voted in the election of 1492?
John I Albert,Who won the election of 1492?
Jagiellonian Dynasty,What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
King John I Albert,Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?
"On April 26, 1496",Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?
increasing,WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
one son (not the eldest),Who was allowed to leave the village?
owning land,What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?
23 October 1501,When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?
Union of Mielnik,Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
Union of Mielnik,Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?
more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility,What did the actof of milno do?
disobey the King or his representatives,What right was given to the nobles?
3 May 1505,"When did the Act of ""Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"" happen?"
King Alexander I Jagiellon,"Who granted the act Act of ""Nihil novi nisi commune consensu""?"
forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility,"What did The Act of ""Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"" Do"
greatly strengthened,What happened to the notabilities political position?
legislative power from the king to the Sejm.,What has happened to the legislative power?
"""executionist movement",What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?
seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country,What were the intentions of executionists movement?
"return many leased crown lands to the king,",what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?
1605,WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?
movement lost its political force.,What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?
Sigismund II Augustus,Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?
monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family,What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?
any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood,After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?
two documents,How many documents should the new elected king sign?
basic laws of the Commonwealth,What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
1578,The crown tribunal was created when?
king Stefan Batory,Who created the crown tribunal?
reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court,What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?
the nobility class,Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?
Lithuanian Tribunal,WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
gain legal privileges over their peers,What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?
Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates,What were most szlachtas class?
Crimsons,What is another name for magnates?
own at least 20 villages or estates.,A proper magnates own what?
magnates,Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?
1%,Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
200–300,Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
30–40,Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
monarchs,Magnates recieved gifts often from who?
Magnates,What significantly increased the magnates wealth?
temporary leases,What terms were these gifts given?
never returned,What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?
magnates,The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
late 16th century,When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?
ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this,What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?
often rivalled,What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?
estates of the king,What was an important power basis for the magnates?
1795,When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
Partitions of Poland,Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?
szlachta,UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
Nicholas I,"Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?"
62.8%,IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
"Russian Poland on February 19, 1864",When and who abolished the serfdom?
"only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta",Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
48.9%,How much land was held by the peasants? 
European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy,What was different between the polish nobility and others?
actually gained power,What happened to nobility at expense of the king?
oligarchy,What did the political system eventually evolve into?
absolute monarchy,What did the ruler strive for?
10–12%,How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
8%,IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania,Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
1–3%,How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
March Constitution of Poland,"What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?"
closed class,What class was polands nobility?
Many low-born individuals,Who could rise into polish ennoblement?
enormous influence,How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
any nobleman,WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?
liberum veto,What is is called to nullify proceedings?
noble mother and father,Children inherited polish nobility from whom?
special services to the state,What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
Polish king,WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
nobilitacja,What is another name for ennoblement? 
indygenat,WHat is another name for polish noble?
equals,In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?
not hereditary,Was was unique about the dignities?
ritual,If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
"other lords were only peers ""de iure""",Nobles held land form whom?
any nobility that owned lands,Who could compose the polish landed gentry?
(ziemianie or ziemiaństwo,whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
no,Did all hold title of nobility?
Coats of arms,What was very important to the polish nobility?
heraldic system,What kind of system was the coats of arms?
differing in many ways,how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?
Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany,Where did polish knightshood originate?
minorities would be given the noble title,What is the most notable difference between countries?
most families sharing origin,Coat of arms would be shared with who else?
on the basis of similarity of arms,How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?
low and did not exceed 200,Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?
brisure,What was rarely used?
Poland,Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
their fathers,Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
Sarmatism,What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians,Where did the name sarmatism originate?
served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility,How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
peace and pacifism,What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
Polish and Latin,What languages were freely mixed?
Roman Catholic or Orthodox,What two religions were most common?
Muslims,What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
ennoblement,What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?
the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic,What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?
Jews,What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?
Augustan,During which period was Vigil a poet?
three,How many major works of literature is Virgil known for?
Aeneid,Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for?
Publius Vergilius Maro,What is Virgil's full name?
Appendix Vergiliana,Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil?
Aeneid,Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?
Iliad and Odyssey,Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?
Aeneas,Who is the main character in the Aeneid?
fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy,What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?
Virgil,Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?
Varius,Who was Virgil's editor?
Servius and Donatus,Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?
inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing,What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?
problematic,Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?
Andes,In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born?
"Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples",In which cities did Virgil attend schools?
rhetoric and law,What other career did Virgil consider?
equestrian landowning,Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to?
humble,Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background?
"rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy",Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?
extremely shy and reserved,How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?
Parthenias,What was Virgil's nickname?
social aloofness,"How did Virgil earn his nickname ""Parthenias"" or ""maiden""?"
the Culex,Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?
Theocritus,Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?
Octavian,"Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?"
Eclogues,Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work?
Asinius Pollio,To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to?
Ecl. 2,Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love?
Varius Rufus,Who helped finish the Aeneid?
before 37 BC,When where the Eclogues likely published?
Maecenas,What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called?
Horace,Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry?
Georgics,Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years?
Maecenas,To whom was Georgics dedicated to?
running a farm,The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what?
Gallus,Which of Virgil's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC?
Augustus,Who was Gallus disgraced by?
Battle of Actium,Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle?
31 BC,When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium?
Maecenas,Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian?
The Aeneid,Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest?
Augustus,Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius?
12,How many books are included in The Aeneid?
Odyssey,Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after?
Iliad,Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?
Juno,Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?
Dido,Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?
5,In which book does Aeneas' father die?
Anchises,Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?
Sibyl,Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?
Lavinia,To whom is Aeneas betrothed?
King Evander,Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid?
Turnus,Who had Lavinia already been promised to?
Turnus,Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother?
31 BC,When did Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur?
Aeneas,Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid?
Turnus,Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas?
Augustus,Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas?
6,Which book supposedly caused Augustus' sister to faint?
Virgil Reading the Aeneid,What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid?
Augustus,"Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to?"
Greece,"According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid?"
Brundisium harbor,Where did Virgil die?
"September 21, 19 BC",What date did Virgil die?
Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca,Who were Virgil's literary executors?
the poem be burned,What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?
Silius Italicus,Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic?
Punica,.What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line?
Silius,Who bought Virgil's tomb?
Fourth Eclogue,Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ?
Gregory of Tours,"Who cautioned ""we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death""?"
Western Roman,Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing?
master,Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?
Divine Comedy,In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory?
Dante,Who was the author of the Divine Comedy?
Virgil,Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy?
Eclogues 4,Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?
Christianity,Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?
Middle Ages,During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?
Naples,Where did the tradition start which regarded Virgil as a great magician?
over two hundred years,How long did legends of Virgil's magical powers remain popular?
fferyllydd,What is the modern Welsh word for phramacist?
medieval Wales,Where did Virgil's name become a generic term for magic-worker?
12th century,When did Virgil's reputation as a great magician begin?
Middle Ages,During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise?
Lucretia,What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured?
Phyllis riding Aristotle,Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?
Lucas van Leyden,Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket?
Middle Ages,During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?
Piedigrotta,"In which district is ""Virgil's tomb"" located?"
grotta vecchia,"What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where ""Virgil's tomb"" is located also called?"
Vergilius,"Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?"
Late Empire and Middle Ages,During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?
19th,In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?
Oxford,Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?
Europe,What Country are the Alps located in?
"1,200 kilometres",How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?
over tens of millions of years,How long has it taken for the Alps to form? 
Mont Blanc,What is the highest mountain in the Alps?
"the ""four-thousanders""",The Alpine region is also known as what? 
The altitude and size of the range,What affects the climate in Europe? 
ibex,What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
Edelweiss,What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?
Paleolithic era,Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era? 
"5,000 years old",How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?
the Celtic La Tène culture,What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC? 
Hannibal,Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? 
Napoleon,"What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes? "
Bavarian Alps,Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?
14 million people,The alps is home to how many people?
120 million,How many visitors go to the Alps annually?
tourist industry,What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region? 
Alpes,The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word? 
Maurus Servius Honoratus,Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
Celtic languages,What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp? 
Indo-European origin,There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin? 
Albania,What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe? 
the eastern Caucasus,Albania was a name for what during Roman Times? 
Scotland,Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language? 
"alb (""white"") and albus",What words are likely to have common origins?
the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.,Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?
white,Alb can also mean what? 
"a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks","The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages? "
An alp,What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?
German speaking regions,"Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?"
French speaking regions,"Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?"
The Alps,What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?
2.5 km (1.6 mi),What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?
"the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland",How far does the Alps range stretch?
alpine territory,"Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what? "
the glacial trough of the Rhone valley,The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what? 
the easterly portion,Where are the peaks smaller in the range? 
northern,The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range? 
The variances in nomenclature,What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?
geologist Stefan Schmid,Who came up with the general classification?
Splügen Pass,Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?
Mont Blanc,The highest peak of the Western Alps is where? 
"4,810 m",How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc? 
Piz Bernina,The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?
"4,049 metres",How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
France,Where are the French Prealps located? 
the Jura Mountains,What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?
The secondary chain of the Alps,What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?
the line of the main chain,What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?
The Alps,What have been crossed for war and commerce? 
hospices,What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?
the summits of many of the main passes,Where were hospices established? 
Col de l'Iseran,What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?
the Brenner Pass,What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?
since the 14th century,How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route? 
"985 m (3,232 ft)",The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation? 
Napoleon Bonaparte,"Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops? "
col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France),Where is the highest point in the alps located? 
naturalists,Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
the 18th century,When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
theory of geosynclines,"What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of ""folded"" mountain chains? "
the theory of plate tectonics,What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century? 
about 300 million years ago,When did the formation of the alps began?
a single tectonic plate,What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?
the Mesozoic Era,When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?
Jurassic Period,The Tethys sea developed during what period of time? 
the late Cretaceous Period,The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time? 
marine sedimentary rocks,What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure? 
As the rising peaks underwent erosion,When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?
Coarse sediments,What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?
flysch,Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?
a late-stage orogeny,What caused the development of the Jura Mountains? 
A series of tectonic events,"What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?"
lithology,What is another word for rock composition? 
Helveticum,What geological subdivision is located in the north?
geologist,What is Stefan Schmid's profession?
a metamorphic event,What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era
the Cretaceous Period,When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?
nappe formations,The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?
Cretaceous,When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?
Houillière zone,"What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? "
"High ""massifs""",What are more common in the Western Alps?
Eastern Alps,"When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?"
the structure of the Alps,"Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?"
continental Europe,What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure? 
the African plate,Where are the top of the nappes derived from? 
The Matterhorn,What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?
folded and fractured,What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?
layers of rock from the various orogenies,"Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?"
steep vertical peaks,What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?
Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA),"What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?"
subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives,What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?
"500 m (1,640 ft)",The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?
1786,When was Mont Blanc first climbed?
first half of the 19th century,When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?
1865,When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?
the end of the golden age of alpinism,What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?
Karl Blodig,"Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?"
1788,When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent? 
1819,When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?
the mid-1850s,When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks? 
1865,What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?
1938,When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed? 
minerals,What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years? 
copper,What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?
gold,What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?
high-quality iron ore,What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?
Slovenia,The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?
hundreds of years,How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected? 
the 18th century,When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified? 
Leonhard Euler,Who studied the shapes of crystals? 
crystal hunting,By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?
David Friedrich Wiser,Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?
Miocene Epoch,Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?
glaciation,What was the cause of the severe erosion?
Louis Agassiz,Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?
"the ""father of the ice-age concept""",What was Louis Agassiz also known as? 
the Unteraar Glacier,Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?
100 m (328 ft),Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year? 
the middle,The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?
The Inn valley,What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages? 
Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age,What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley
erosion from earlier ice ages,The top of the Inn Valley consists of what?
piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier,What are Moraines?
"at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers.",Where have moraines accumulated?
spread in a fan-like shape,How do Piedmont glaciers appear?
The stress of the movement,What causes the ice to break and crack loudly?
unpredictable and dangerous crevasses,What does the cracking of the ice create?
a piece of glacier will detach or break,"What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?"
an avalanche,What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?
120 homes,How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? 
High levels of precipitation,What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas? 
"to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi)","From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?"
decreased river run-off levels.,What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps?
Forty percent,How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared?
30%,How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?
The Alps,"What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power?"
11 percent of the surface area,How much of Europe does the Alps cover?
90 percent,How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe?
80 percent,How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff?
500,Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?
Switzerland,"The Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po rivers flow from what Country?"
the Alps,Where do the major tributaries that flow through the Danube originate from?
The Rhone,Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean?
glacial meltwater,What does The Rhone begin as?
a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland,Where does the Rhine originate?
Germany,Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?
south side,What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?
lakes,What do the rivers form?
Scientists,Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?
snowmaking in the ski resorts,Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?
unknown,What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?
The Alps,What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain?
Alpine,Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what?
A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere,What causes the temperature to decrease?
The height of the Alps,What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south?
the 18th century,Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied? 
the weather patterns,Particularly what part of the weather has been studied?
Numerous weather stations,What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century?
Italy,Where is the Aosta valley located?
Switzerland,Where is the Valais located?
The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation,What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff?
"2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year",What are the ranges of mean precipitation in the Alps?
high altitudes,Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur? 
"At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m",At what altitude does snowfall begin in November?
five climatic zones,How many zones are the Alps split into?
colline zone,What is the lowest zone of the Alps called?
"between 500 and 1,000 m",Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist? 
"from 800 to 1,700 m",Where does the montane zone extend from?
"from 1,600 to 2,400 m",Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from?
Various models of climate change,What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps?
increased temperatures,"What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff?"
climate change,What have the various models been of?
Thirteen thousand,How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions?
by habitat and soil type,How are Alpine plants grouped?
chief deciduous trees,"Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees?"
a band of short pine trees,What is often above the forestry?
acidic soil,What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer?
alpine,What is the area above the treeline defined as?
because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.,Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly?
Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian,What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental?
the Illyrian king Gentius,What are Gentians named after?
40 species,How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps?
isolated cushions,What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes? 
"above 4,000 m",Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps?
the King of the Alps,What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as?
Edelweiss,What is the best known of the alpine plants?
extreme and stressful climatic conditions,What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes?
medicinal,Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties?
the Alps,Where are Urtica dioica found?
Human interference,What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas?
forests of deciduous trees,What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries?
The vegetation,What has changed since the second half of the 20th century?
the underlying tundra,The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what?
"30,000 species",How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps?
made adaptations,What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps?
directly above or below the snow line,Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment?
alpine ibex,What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes?
"as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)",How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted?
in caves,Where do the ibex live?
chamois,What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes?
1792,What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed?
underground,Where do many rodents live?
"almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)",Where do Marmots live?
beneath the alpine pastures,Where do marmots build their colonies?
the alpine chough,What is the most common bird found in the Alps?
they cannot bear the cold temperatures,Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line?
they hibernate underground,What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures?
by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs,How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line?
Brown trout,What can be found in the streams up to the snow line?
120 million years,How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?
Blue moths,What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?
"1,800 m (5,906 ft)",The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?
Rosalia alpina,What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?
having been indigenous to the area,Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what?
the Alpine orogeny,How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous?
"Valais, Switzerland",Where is Emosson located?
the 1970s,When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson?
"About 10,000 years ago",When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?
Evidence of human habitation,What has been found in caves near Vercors?
to keep them dry,Why were houses built on piles?
Standing stones,What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?
more than 5000 years old,How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?
a mummy of a neolithic body,Who was Otzi the Iceman?
In 1991,When was Otzi the Iceman found?
the Similaun glacier,Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?
between 1000 to 1500 BC,When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? 
the eastern regions,The Raetians lived in what region?
the west,The Helvetii occupied which region?
salt,What did the Celtic tribes mine?
The Celts,Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?
218 BC,When was the Second Punic War?
Hannibal,Who was the Carthaginian general?
roads,What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?
Roman road markers,What can still be found on the mountain passes?
The Roman expansion,What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?
in 121 BC,When were the Allobrogi defeated?
58 BC,When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?
Germanic tribes,What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?
Romans,Who established Christianity in the region?
feudalism,What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
"Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy",What area still has intricate frescoes?
Château de Chillon,What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?
power struggles,Much of the medieval period was a time of what?
northern Italy,Where were the Visconti from?
the House of Habsburg,What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?
Switzerland,What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?
the Napoleonic Wars,What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
Napoleon,Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
1798,When was the Helvetic Republic established?
Switzerland,Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
After the fall of Napoléon,When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?
Savoy,Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?
to protect the major alpine passes,Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?
Napoléon Bonaparte,Who ordered the construction of a paved road?
the monasteries built in the high Alps,What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?
The Benedictines,"Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?"
the Augustinians,Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?
the 9th or 10th centuries,When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?
"50,000 years",How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?
the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people,What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?
Seven bear skulls,What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?
Alpine passes,People blindfolded themselves to cross what?
France,Where was Charles VII from?
climb Mont Aiguille,What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
a bronze triptych of three crosses,What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
1492,When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
18th century,When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
Conrad Gessner,Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?
Geneva,Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?
Saussure,Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
Albrecht von Haller,Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars,"When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?"
the sublime effects of monumental nature,What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
Geneva,Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?
Mont Blanc,What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?
the mid-19th century,When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?
Austrian,Where was Adolf Hitler born?
the Alps,What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with? 
the Obersalzberg region,Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?
1923,When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?
the Third Reich,By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?
Austria,What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?
Switzerland,What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?
The Swiss commanders,Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?
Ski troops,Who were trained for the war?
Italy,Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?
Austria,Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?
The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area,Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?
14 million,What is the population of the Alpine region?
manufacturing and service jobs,What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
Alpine culture,Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
Alpine culture,Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?
the medieval period,When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?
carpentry,What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?
Farming,What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
tourism,What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? 
because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps,Why is pasture land limited? 
mid-June,When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
Cheesemaking,What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
up to 45 kg (100 lb),How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
Haymaking,What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
twice,How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
before Lent,When is Carnival celebrated? 
medieval designs that withstand cold winters,What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
the stube,What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? 
the Bernese Oberland,The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
south or downhill,Which direction do Chalets often face? 
solid wood,What are Chalets built of? 
the stube,The food is passed from the kitchen to where? 
the stube,Where is the dining room table placed? 
carved wooden plates,"Traditionally, what are meals served on? "
elaborately,How is furniture traditionally carved? 
Alpine rocks,What are roofs traditionally constructed from? 
the higher parts of the valleys,Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? 
40%,The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? 
19,How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
Romansh,What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? 
the Alps,What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? 
Austria,Where is Saalbach located? 
over 120 million,How many people visit the Alps every year? 
tourism,What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
the early 19th century,When did the tourism industry begin? 
during the Belle Époque,When were large hotels built in the Alps? 
early in the 20th century,When were cog-railways built in the Alps?
1882,When was the first figure skating championship held? 
St. Moritz,Where was the first figure skating championship held? 
"Chamonix, France",Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?
"St. Moritz, Switzerland",Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?
"Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany",Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?
1930,When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?
(1992),"When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? "
post-World War I,When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?
the 1970s,When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?
France,Where is Les Menuires located? 
"4,200 km (2,600 mi)",How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?
6 million,How many vehicles use the roads? 
Switzerland,Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? 
57 km,How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? 
France,Where is the village of Avoriaz located? 
Switzerland,Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? 
reasons of sustainability,Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?
winter,When are many passes in the Alps closed? 
motorways,The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?
mountain passes,What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?
a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product,What is a gene?
The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring,What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?
polygenes (many different genes),What influence are most biological traits under?
eye colour or number of limbs,What is one instantly visible genetic trait?
"blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life",What is one invisible genetic trait?
"different variants, known as alleles",What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?
encode slightly different versions of a protein,What do alleles do?
different phenotype traits,What do alleles cause?
having a different allele of the gene,"What does ""having a gene"" or a ""good gene"" typically refer to?"
natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles,What causes genes to evolve?
its coding regions,What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?
several exons,What can coding regions be split into?
RNA,What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?
functional non-coding RNAs,What are some gene products?
"any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product","What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?"
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884),Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?
n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas,"If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? "
independent assortment,What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
the distinction between dominant and recessive traits,What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics,What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?
one of blending inheritance,What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?
Charles Darwin,Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?
hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction,What does the term gemmule describe?
1866,What year was Mendel's work first published?
"Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak",Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?
γένος (génos),What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?
"""race, offspring""",What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean?
Wilhelm Johannsen,What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'?
the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity,What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909?
William Bateson,Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?
Rosalind Franklin,Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?
James D. Watson and Francis Crick,What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?
reverse transcription in retroviruses,What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?
molecular genetics,What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?
In 1972,When was the first sequence of a gene determined?
the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein,What was the first gene to be sequenced?
Frederick Sanger,Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?
improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool.,What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?
the Human Genome Project,What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?
the 1930s and 1940s,In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?
the modern evolutionary synthesis,What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?
George C. Williams,Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
"""that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.""",What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
Richard Dawkins,Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?
long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?
a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits,What does DNA consist of?
a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose),What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?
"adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine",What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?
a phosphate group,"Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?"
phosphate-sugar,What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?
adenine,What base pairs with thymine?
cytosine,What base does guanine pair with?
"adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds",What causes the specificity of base pairing?
The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary,"Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?"
the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases,What causes the directionality of DNA strands?
an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose,What is known as the 3' end?
an exposed phosphate group,What is known as the 5' end?
Nucleic acid synthesis,What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction?
because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile,Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction?
by transcribing the gene into RNA,How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?
a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA,What is RNA?
the base uracil,What base does RNA have in place of thymine?
a series of three-nucleotide sequences,What are codons?
The genetic code,What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?
its genome,What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?
"a single, very long DNA helix",What does a chromosome consist of?
thousands of genes,What is encoded on a chromosome?
its locus,What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?
one allele of a gene,What does each locus contain?
"on a set of large, linear chromosomes",Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored?
a nucleosome,Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?
whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression,What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate?
regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome,What are replication origins?
Telomeres,Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what?
bacteria and archaea,What are prokaryotes?
"on a single large, circular chromosome",How do prokaryotes store their genomes?
a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes,What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?
plasmids,Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?
horizontal gene transfer,What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?
prokaryotes,What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?
eukaryotes,Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?
DNA without an identified function,"What is referred to as ""junk DNA""?"
barely 2%,What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA?
about 80%,What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA
often only a small part,"Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?"
the actual protein coding sequence,What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? 
DNA regions that are not transcribed,What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?
untranslated regions of the RNA,What is another element of the structure of a gene?
DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA,What elements does the structure of a gene consist of?
a regulatory sequence,What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?
by transcription factors and RNA polymerase,How is a promoter sequence recognized?
messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end,What results when genes have more than one promoter?
bind the transcription machinery well,"What does a ""strong"" promoter sequence do?"
bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently,"What does a ""weak"" promoter sequence do?"
by binding to transcription factors,How do regulatory regions act?
the DNA to loop,What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?
by binding an activator protein,How do enhancers increase transcription?
helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter,What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?
silencers bind repressor proteins,What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?
untranslated regions,What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA?
untranslated regions,"Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA?"
untranslated introns,What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain?
The sequences at the ends of the introns,What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA?
the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA,What encodes the protein or RNA product?
operons,What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?
a unit,What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?
related functions,What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have?
the same regulatory network,What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with?
multiple protein-coding sequences,What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?
enhancers,What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?
because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity,Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?
a gene's introns,What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?
in trans,How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?
different chromosomes,Where can regulatory regions be found?
the model that one gene makes one protein.,What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?
the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins,What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?
by alternative splicing and coding sequences,How do genes encode multiple proteins?
split in short section across the genome,How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?
concatenated by trans-splicing.,"In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?"
A broad operational definition,What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?
a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products,What is the broad operational definition of a gene?
their specific DNA loci,What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?
their functional products (proteins or RNA),What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?
regulatory elements,What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?
two steps are required,How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?
the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA),What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?
mRNA is translated to protein,What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?
the first step,What step must RNA-coding genes still go through?
gene expression,What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called?
The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA,What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?
codons,What are sets of three nucleotides known as?
a specific amino acid,What does each codon correspond to?
"a ""start codon"", and three ""stop codons""",What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region?
"There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons)",How many possible codons are there?
a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA,What does transcription produce?
complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed,How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?
The gene's DNA,What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?
because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand,Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?
an RNA polymerase,What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?
in the cytoplasm,Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?
at the 5' end of the RNA,"If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?"
transcription occurs in the nucleus,Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
in the nucleus,Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?
the primary transcript,What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?
Translation,What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?
large complexes of RNA and protein,What does a ribosome consist of?
carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain,What is a ribosome responsible for?
via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA),How is the genetic code read?
three,How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?
only when the product is needed,When are genes expressed?
"available nutrients, temperature and other stresses",What are examples of a cell's external environment?
"cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status",What are examples of a cell's internal environment?
at any step,At which step can gene expression be regulated?
The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli,What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961?
A typical protein-coding gene,What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product?
the RNA molecules,"In some cases, what are the actual functional products?"
the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA,What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products?
enzymatic function,What sort of function are ribozymes capable of?
non-coding RNA genes,What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as?
in the form of RNA,In what form do some viruses store their entire genome?
Because they use RNA to store genes,Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins?
HIV,What is one type of an RNA retrovirus?
reverse transcription,What sort of transcription does the genome of HIV require before its proteins can be synthesized?
in plants and very rarely in animals,"Besides viruses, where has RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance been observed?"
from their parents,Where do organisms inherit their genes from?
a complete copy,How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents?
two copies of each chromosome,How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have?
one complete set from each parent,How many sets of chromosomes does a sexual organism inherit from each parent?
because they inherit one complete set from each parent,Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome?
variations in its genotype,"According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype?"
observable physical and behavioral characteristics,What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype?
particular set of genes,What is a genotype?
Each gene,What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles?
two alleles for each trait,How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait?
at a locus,Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive?
their corresponding phenotypes,"When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to?"
when paired with another copy of the same allele,When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype?
in the production of gametes,When do alleles assort independently?
germ cells,What are gametes?
cell division,"What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on?"
identical daughter cells,"In cell division, what two cells are created? "
DNA polymerases,What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication?
Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing,Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement?
semiconservative,What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication?
physically separate the two copies of the genome,What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete?
divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells,What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete?
circular,"In binary fission, what shape is each genome?"
as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm,In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells?
extremely fast,"Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur?"
molecular inheritance,The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?
cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells,Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents?
In asexually reproducing organisms,In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism?
In sexually reproducing organisms,In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes?
eggs or ova,What are the gametes produced by females called?
During the process of meiotic cell division,When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?
no effect,"If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? "
reassortment of otherwise linked alleles,"If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? "
independent assortment,Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle?
a crossover point,"In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur?"
mutations,What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?
10−8 per nucleotide per replication,What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?
10−3,What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?
DNA replication,What can small mutations be caused by?
errors in recombination,What can larger mutations be caused by?
polymorphic,What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?
different phenotypic traits,What can some alleles give rise to?
the wild type,What is a gene's most common allele known as?
mutants,What are rare alleles called?
genetic drift,What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?
silent mutations,What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called?
synonymous mutations,What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called?
conservative mutations,What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called?
Genetic disorders,What is a result of deleterious mutations?
adaptive evolution,What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to?
homologs,What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?
gene duplication within an organism's genome,What is one reason for homologs to appear?
paralogous genes,What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called?
orthologous genes,What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called?
The relationship between genes,What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?
conserved sequence,What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?
by neutral molecular evolution,How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?
stabilizing,Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?
phylogenetic,What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?
gene duplication,What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages?
gene duplication,What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome?
paralogs,What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called?
nonfunctional,What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in?
pseudogenes,What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called?
"De novo or ""orphan"" genes",What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?
18 to 60,What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?
typically shorter,How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?
simpler in structure,How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?
gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change,What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?
Horizontal gene transfer,What is the  transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as?
prokaryotes,In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes?
antibiotic resistance,What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading?
eukaryotes,In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare?
alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin,What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes?
genome size,What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms?
viruses,In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur?
2,What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have?
viroids,Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene?
5 million,What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth?
the 1960s,Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?
"2,000,000",What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?
alternative variants,What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?
13,"After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?"
1–2%,What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?
Essential genes,What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism?
environmental stress,What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of?
250–400,How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli?
Half,What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs?
1000 genes,How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?
Housekeeping genes,What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?
constant,At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?
housekeeping genes,"When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments?"
developmentally,How are some essential genes regulated?
at certain times during the organism's life cycle,When are some essential genes expressed?
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC),What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?
through a database maintained by HGNC,How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? 
only one,How many symbols does each gene have?
homologs in other species,With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?
common model,What type of model does the mouse play a role for?
Genetic engineering,What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?
the 1970s,"When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?"
engineered nuclease enzymes,What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use?
targeted,What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques?
synthetic biology,What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism?
Genetic engineering,What has become a common research tool with model organisms?
that gene's function,What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?
agriculture,What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?
industrial biotechnology,What is another for which  organisms have been modified for?
medicine,What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?
multicellular organisms,For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?
gene therapy techniques,What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?
the embryo,What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism?
the genomes of cells,What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques?
genetic diseases,What can be treated using genetic engineering?
the Republic of Guinea-Bissau,What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?
West Africa,Where is Guinea-Bissau located?
"13,948 sq mi",How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?
"1,704,000",What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau?
"36,125",How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?
Gabu,What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?
Mali Empire,What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?
1973,What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?
Guinea (formerly French Guinea),What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?
political instability,Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?
14%,What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?
44%,What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?
African traditional religions and Islam,What are the two main religions?
one of the lowest in the world,What is their gross domestic product status?
Christian (mostly Roman Catholic),What is the minority religion?
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
Community of Portuguese Language Countries,What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
Economic Community of West African States,What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone,What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
the Latin Union,What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?
Portuguese Guinea,What area was known as the Slave Coast?
Europeans,Who exported African slaves to the western hemisphere?
Gabu,What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once a part of?
until the 18th century,How long did the Mali Empire persist?
Arabs,Who traded slaves into the Middle East?
1455,When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?
1479–1480,When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?
Diogo Cão,What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?
Congo River,What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?
Angola,What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?
the rivers and coast,What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?
16th century,When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?
19th century,When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?
local African rulers,Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?
Bissau and Cacheu,What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?
the British,Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?
the 1790s,When was a rival foothold  attempted at Bolama?
the Portuguese,Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?
part of present South Senegal,What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?
the British,What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau?
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC),What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau?
1956,When did the armed rebellion begin?
Amílcar Cabral,Who was the leader of the armed rebellion?
Cuba,Who supplied doctors and technicians to the rebels?
January 1973,When was Cabral assassinated?
24 September 1973,When was independence declared?
25 April 1974,What date was independence considered universal? 
socialist-inspired military coup,What event caused the recognition to be universal?
Portugal,Where did a coup take place?
Lisbon's Estado Novo regime,Who was overthrown in the coup?
Luís Cabral,Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?
thousands,How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?
Bissorã,Where did one of the massacres occur?
29 November 1980,When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions?
"Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá",Where were the soldiers buried?
a revolutionary council,Who controlled the country prior to 1984?
1994,When were the first multi-party elections held?
An army uprising,What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?
June 1999,When was the president ousted?
Kumba Ialá,Who was elected president in the 2000 election?
September 2003,When was a military coup conducted?
Ialá,Who did the military arrest?
March 2004,When were legislative elections held?
October 2004,When did the mutiny of military factions occur?
the head of the armed forces,Who died in the mutiny?
June 2005,"After the coup, when were presidential elections held?"
Ialá,"At that time, who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country?"
João Bernardo Vieira,Who won the election?
Malam Bacai Sanhá,Who did Vieira beat in a runoff election?
1999,"When was Vieira, a former president, deposed?"
arms,What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?
attacks on government offices,"What type of ""disturbances"" were reported during the campaign?"
"""calm and organized""",How did foreign election monitors describe the election?
2005,What year was the election held?
foreign,"Where the election monitors local, or foreign?"
November 2008,When was the parliamentary election held?
PAIGC,Who won a strong majority in the election?
67,How many seats did PAIGC win in the election?
President Vieira's,Whose residence was attacked by members of the armed forces?
November 2008,When did the attack on the residence occur?
Vieira,Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009?
General Batista Tagme Na Wai,Who was assassinated on 1 March 2009?
Military leaders,Who pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession?
Raimundo Pereira,Who was appointed interim president?
Malam Bacai Sanhá,Who won the election in June 2009?
12 April 2012,When was a coup d'etat staged?
members of the country's military,Who staged the coup d'etat?
Mamadu Ture Kuruma,Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?
opposition parties,Who did Kuruma negotiate with?
vice chief of staff,What was Kuruma's former position?
Guinea-Bissau,What country is listed as a republic?
In the past,When had the government been highly centralized?
mid-1991,When was multi-party governance established?
president,Who is the head of state?
prime minister,Who is the head of government?
100,How many members compose the legislature?
unicameral,Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral?
four-year term,How long do members serve in the legislature?
Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court),What is the head of the judicial system?
nine,How many justices are on the Supreme Court?
"João Bernardo ""Nino"" Vieira",Who was elected as President in 2005?
CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições),What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?
six years,How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?
1980,What year did Vieira first assume power?
Luís Cabral,Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?
widespread violence,What was NOT triggered by Vieira's death?
2 March 2009,When was Vieira killed?
Sanhá,"In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PAIGC?"
Kumba Ialá,"In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PRS?"
Sanhá,Who won the 2009 election?
2012,When did President Sanha die?
PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde),What party did Sanha belong to?
PRS (Party for Social Renewal),"Besides the PAIGC, what is the other major political party?"
more than 20,How many minor political parties are there?
President,What office did Sanha hold in 2012?
eight,How many regions does Guinea-Bissau contain?
one,How many autonomous sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?
37,How many subdivided Sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?
Senegal,What country is on the north border of Guinea-Bissau?
Guinea,What country is on the south border of Guinea-Bissau?
Atlantic Ocean,What is to the west of Guinea-Bissau?
11° and 13°N,What latitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?
13° and 17°W,What longitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?
Taiwan or Belgium,Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries?
300 metres (984 ft),How high is the highest point in Guinea-Bissau?
Bijagos,What archipelago lies off the mainland?
"36,125",How many square kilometers is Guinea-Bissau?
the Sahara,Where does Guinea-Bissau get its hot dry winds from?
"2,024","What is the average rainfall in Bissau, in millimetres?"
between June and September/October,When is the rainy season in Guinea-Bissau?
drought,What does the country experience from December through April?
all year around,When is Guinea-Bissau warm?
26.3 °C (79.3 °F),What is the average temperature in Guinea-Bissau?
More than two-thirds,How much of the population lives below the poverty line?
"fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts",What are Guinea-Bissau's major exports?
GDP,What per capita index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest in the world?
Human Development Index,For what index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest on earth?
The economy,What area depends on agriculture in Guinea-Bissau?
depressed,Political instability has resulted in what type of economic activity?
deteriorating,Political instability has resulted in what description of social conditions?
macroeconomic,What type of imbalances have increased as a result of the instability?
233 days or about 33 weeks,How long does it take to register a business in Guinea-Bissau?
Suriname,What is the one country that takes longer than Guinea-Bissau to register a business?
a pact of stability,What did the main political parties sign to help the economy?
IMF,What organization backed a structural reform program?
1974,When did Guinea-Bissau become independent?
Portugal,What country left Guinea-Bissau in 1974?
the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution,What happened in Portugal that contributed to Guinea-Bissau's independence?
1997,In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country?
entered the CFA franc monetary system,What did the government do in 1997 to increase monetary stability?
1998 and 1999,What years did the civil war take place?
September 2003,When was there a military coup in Guinea-Bissau?
March 2004,When were parliamentary elections held?
2005,When did drug traffickers begin to use Guinea-Bissau?
Latin America,Where did the drug traffickers come from?
Europe,What was the final destination of the drugs going through Guinea-Bissau?
a United Nations official,"Who described Guinea-Bissau as being at risk for becoming a ""narco-state""?"
The government and the military,Who has done little to stop drug trafficking in the country?
"518,000",What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 1950?
"1,515,000",What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 2010?
the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects,What is the source of the population data?
41.3%,What percentage of the population was below the age of 15?
3.3%,What percentage of the population was 65 or older?
Portuguese,What natives comprise a very small percentage of the population?
Portuguese nationals,Who left the country after Guinea-Bissau gained independence?
Chinese,What ethnic group has a tiny population in Guinea-Bissau?
Macau,What is the name of a former Asian Portuguese colony?
mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry,What is the ancestry of the Chinese population in Guinea-Bissau?
44%,What percentage of the population speaks Kriol?
Portuguese,What is the official language of Guinea-Bissau?
centuries,How long was Guinea-Bissau under colonial rule?
a Portuguese-based creole language,What type of language is Kriol?
Kriol,What is the second language for most Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau?
Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations.,Why is French taught in school?
the Francophonie,What is Guinea-Bissau a full member of?
Most Portuguese and Mestiços,Who speaks both African languages and Kriol?
Animism.,In the 20th century most people practiced some form of what faith?
Islam,What religion was adopted by the population in the early 21st century?
50%,What percentage of the population now practices Islam?
Sunni,What denomination are the majority of Guinea-Bissau's muslims?
Ahmadiyya,What sect does 2% of the population belong to?
Approximately 10%,What percentage of the population is Christian?
40%,What percentage of the population continues to hold indigenous beliefs?
syncretic,What forms of Islamic and Christian faiths do many residents practice?
traditional African beliefs,What do many residents combine with Islamic and Christian practices?
HIV,What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?
1.8%,What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?
20%,How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral coverage?
transmission to newborns,What does retroviral coverage help prevent?
infected pregnant women,Who receives retroviral coverage?
Malaria,What kills more residents than AIDS?
9%,What percentage of the population has Malaria?
three times as many,How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS?
fewer than half,How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008?
antimalarial,What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008?
cholera,What type of disease was reported to be on the rise in Guinea-Bissau?
nine,How many died from cholera in a November 2012 report?
225,How many died from cholera in a 2008 epidemic?
surrounding countries,Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering?
"14,222",How many people were affected by the 2008 cholera epidemic?
1000,"What was the 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?"
966,"What was the 1990 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?"
3,"How many midwives are listed per 1,000 live births?"
one out of eighteen,How many pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy?
50%,"According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation?"
7 to 13,What are the ages when education is compulsory?
boys,What gender has a higher enrollment?
53.5%,What was the gross primary enrollment rate in 1998?
67.7%,What was the gross primary enrollment rate for males?
40%,What was the gross primary enrollment rate for females?
general as well as technical,What type of secondary schools does Guinea-Bissau have?
universities,What institutions have added a Faculty of Law?
universities,What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine?
institutionally autonomous,What two words are used to describe the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine?
gumbe,What music genre is usually associated with Guinea-Bissau?
the polyrhythmic gumbe genre,What is considered the country's primary musical export?
civil unrest,What major factor has kept gumbe out of mainstream audiences?
generally syncretist African countries,What other type of countries has gumbe been kept out of?
The calabash,What is the primary instrument of Guinea-Bissau?
extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music,What type of music is the calabash used in?
Guinea-Bissau Creole,What language are lyrics typically sung in?
current events and controversies,What do typical song lyrics revolve around?
AIDS,What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?
gumbe,What is sometimes used as a generic word for any music of Guinea-Bissau?
about ten,Gumbe fuses how many of the country's folk music traditions?
Tina and tinga,"Other than gumbe, what are two popular music genres?"
kundere,What sound comes from the Bissagos Islands?
folk,What type of tradition includes ceremonial music used in funerals?
Rice,What grain is a staple for residents near the coast of Guinea-Bissau?
millet,What grain is a staple for residents in the interior of Guinea-Bissau?
The Portuguese,Who encouraged peanut production in Guinea-Bissau?
Palm,What type of oil is harvested?
Black-eyed peas,What kind of pea is part of the diet in Guinea-Bissau?
soups and stews,What are common dishes in Guinea-Bissau?
"yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato and plantain",What are common ingredients in Guinea-Bissau?
cooking,"What are spices, peppers and chilis used in?"
Aframomum melegueta seeds,What is another name for Guinea pepper?
cooking,What are Guinea peppers used in?
Flora Gomes,Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?
Nha Fala (English: My Voice),What is Flora Gomes' most famous film?
1987,What year was the first feature film made in Guinea-Bissau?
Umban u’Kest,Who directed the first feature film in Guinea-Bissau?
Oumarou Ganda Prize,What prize did the film Mortu Nega win?
Hudson River,What is the grid plan aligned with rather than the cardinal directions?
29,"In this article, how many degrees north of true west is ""West?"""
east-west,Does this article cover east-west or north-south streets?
Major streets,Which streets have their own linked articles?
even-numbered,Which streets are one-way eastbound?
west,Odd-numbered streets are one-way in which direction?
two-way,Do most wide streets carry one-way or two-way traffic?
Streets' names change,What happens at Broadway below 8th Street?
Streets' names change,What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above?
West to East,Do streets' names change from West to East or North to South?
14th Street north,The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point?
East Houston Street,Which street do numbered streets begin just north of?
East Village,In what village is East Houston Street located?
Greenwich Village,Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out?
Commissioners' Plan of 1811,Who laid out the Grid Plan?
220th Street,What is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island?
228,What is the highest street number within the borough of Manhattan?
263,What is the highest street number in the Bronx?
Battery Park City,Where is First Place located?
Alphabet City,Where is East First Street located?
Peretz Square,What is the spot where the grid takes hold called?
triangular,"What shape is the sliver park where Houston Street, First Street, and First Avenue meet?"
East 1st Street,Which street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A?
Bowery,East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to where?
FDR,East 6th Street continues further Eastward and connects to which Drive?
Avenue D,"Where is the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets?"
C,Which Avenue is the starting location for East 2nd Street?
East 2nd Street,Which street begins just North of East Huston Street and continues to Bowery?
Amity Place,What name did 3rd Street previously hold?
Greenwich,Which village do 3rd and 4th Street extend into?
Great Jones,Which street connects East 3rd to West 3rd?
Bowery,The west end of these streets is Third Avenue and where?
Village View,Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A?
364,What is the Public School number that interrupts East 5th Street?
The Earth School,Which school interrupts East 5th Street?
Cooper Square,East 5th Street goes west to what stopping point?
shopping,West 8th Street is an important local street for what activity?
St Mark's Place,8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called what?
Avenue D,Where do 8th and 9th Streets begin?
Sixth Avenue,Where do 8th and 9th Streets end?
Tompkins Square Park,Which park interrupts 8th and 9th Street at Avenue B?
M8,Which bus operates on 10th Street between Avenues D and A and between West Street and Sixth Ave?
no,Does the two-way section of 10th Street have a dedicated bike lane?
West 10th Street,The end of what road was once home to Newgate Prison?
Newgate Prison,Which prison was New York City's first?
Newgate Prison,What was the name of the United States' second prison?
West 11th Street,Which street runs from Broadway to West Street?
early 20th century,When was the Old Grapevine tavern demolished?
Old Grapevine,11th Street and 6th Avenue was the home of what tavern from the 1700s?
Grace Church,What church interuppts 11th Street between Broadway and Fourth Avenue?
three,13th Street is divided into how many parts?
C,The first part of 13th Street is a dead end from which Avenue?
Greenwich Avenue,Where does the second part of 13th Street end?
13th Street,Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue?
Avenue C,Where does 14th Street begin?
West Street,Where does 14th Street end?
six,How many subway stations are on 14th Street?
2.1,What is the length of 14th Street in miles?
FDR Drive,Where does 15th Street start?
16th Street,Which road starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C?
Stuyvesant,16th Street pauses at which Square?
Union Square,Which Square stops both 15th and 16th Streets?
runs in both directions,What is unusual about the traffic between Broadway and Park Avenue South on 17th Street?
one way,Does traffic on 17th Street generally run one way or two ways?
Composer,What was the job of the person who lived at 327 East 17th Street?
141 East 17th Street,Where was Time Magazine started?
AIDS hospice,What was Antonin Dvorak's New York home replaced with after it was demolished?
subway station,What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue?
IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line,Which train line do the 1 2 trains serve?
IRT Lexington Avenue Line,Which train line used to have an 18th Street Station at the crossing with Park Avenue South?
Avenue C,Where does 10th Street start?
First,At which Avenue do 21st and 22nd Streets begin?
very wide,What is different about 20th Street between Avenue C and First Avenue?
20th Street,Which street is much wider from Avenue C to First Avenue?
in the opposite direction,"How does traffic travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st, and 22nd Streets?"
21st Street,Which Street is also known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way?
Gramercy Park North,What is 21st Street known as along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park?
Second and Third Avenues,Between what avenues is 21st Street known by Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way?
Anthony Sanchez,Which police officer does a section of 21st Street refer to?
FDR Drive,Where does 23rd Street begin?
Eleventh Avenue,Where does 23rd Street end?
3.1 km,What is the length of 23rd Street in kilometers?
two-way,Does traffic move in one or two ways on 23rd Street?
five,How many local subway stations are on 23rd Street?
25th Street,Which street is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue?
First Avenue,Where does 24th street start?
Madison Square Park,Which park is at the end of 24th Street and Madison Avenue?
Madison,Where does 25th Street end?
Fifth Avenue,"After being interrupted, where do 24th and 25th Streets continue from?"
27th Street,Which street does Club Row occur on?
Club Row,Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges?
Club Row,What is the strip of 27th Street between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues known as?
one-way,Does traffuc on 27th Street run one-way or two-ways?
Second Avenue,Where does 27th Street start?
fifteen blocks,How many blocks south of 27th Street is Manhattan's Meatpacking District?
nightclubs,Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan?
south,What direction is Manhattan's Meatpacking District from West 27th Street?
Eighth,The Fashion Institute of Technology is on the corner of 27th Street and what Avenue?
1928,What year was the New York Life Building built?
Cass Gilbert,Who designed the New York Life Building?
Bellevue,Which hospital is located at the end if 27th Street?
Chelsea,Which park does 27th Street pass through between Ninth and Tenth Avenues?
West Side Yard,Where does 31st Street begin?
Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi,Which church is situated at 135-139 West 31st Street?
Grolier Club,Who owned the building at 29 East 32nd Street between 1890 and 1917?
Grand Hotel,The corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is home to what business?
Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist,Which religios center is located at 210 West?
FDR Drive,Where does 35th Street begin?
Eleventh Avenue,Where does 35th Street end?
35th Street,On which street does LaptopMD headquarters sit?
35th Street,On which street is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center located?
35th Street,Which street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue?
Designers' Way,What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as?
Designers' Way,Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?
Second,Designers' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue?
East 90th Street,"Which street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park?"
Our Lady of Good Counsel Church,Which church is located on East 90th Street between Second and Third Avenue?
Ruppert Towers,Which towers are located at 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue?
Asphalt Green,What is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue?
Morningside Heights,Where does 112th Street start?
112th Street,Which street runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue?
112th Street,Which road meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine?
Butler Library,Which library is Columbia University's largest?
Columbia University,114th Street marks the southern boundary of which university's Morningside Heights Campus?
southern,114th Street runs along which boundary of Columbia University's Morningside Heights Campus?
114th Street,On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?
St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center,Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization?
114th Street,A bridge connecting two of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center's buildings crosses above which road?
Riverside Drive,On which road does 120th Street begin?
120th Street,The Interchurch Center is the start of which street?
120th Street,Morningside Park interrupts which street?
Maya Angelou,Who formerly lived at 58 West?
FDR Drive,120th Street turns into Paladino Avenue and into a pedestrian bridge across what road?
Marcus Garvey,Which memorial park divides 122nd Street?
Morningside Park,Which park divides 122nd Street along with Marcus Garvey Memorial Park?
three,How many segments is 122nd Street divided into?
noncontiguous,Are 122nd Street's three segments contiguous or noncontiguous?
four,How many blocks west of Second Avenue does E 122nd Street run?
Marcus Garvey Memorial Park,At which park does E 122nd Street end?
Madison Avenue,At which intersection does E 122nd Street terminate?
Park,What is another name for Fourth Avenue?
E 122nd Street,"A segment of what road crosses portions of Third Avenue, Lexington, and Park and runs in East Harlem?"
Morningside Avenue,At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate?
Morningside Park,At which park does W 122nd Street end?
six,How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?
Mount Morris,Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?
Lenox Avenue,What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?
Amsterdam Avenue,What is another name for Tenth Avenue?
Riverside Drive,At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?
Morningside Drive,What is another name for Ninth Avenue?
Morningside Heights,Which district surrounds Columbia University?
Jewish Theological,"Besides the Union Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?"
Union Theological,"Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?"
Seminary Row,"Which road runs by two Seminaries, the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, and Grant's Tomb?"
Travis Bickle,Who is the main character in Taxi Driver?
122nd Street,What street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver as the location where a cab driver is assaulted?
Wizard,"Which character in Taxi Driver deemed 122nd Street as ""Mau Mau Land""?"
"""Mau Mau Land""",What is the term given to 122nd Street by Wizard in Taxi Driver indicating the area is majority black?
Harlem,Which neighborhood surrounds 122nd Street?
La Salle Street,Which street in West Harlem runs just two blocks between Amersterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue?
Claremont,La Salle Street runs between Amsterdam Avenue and which other Avenue?
West Harlem,In which neighborhood does La Salle Street run?
125th Street,Which street was swallowed up to make low income housing projects?
La Salle Street,Which street is the only area left of the routing onto old Manhattan Avenue?
West 132nd Street,There is a small stretch of what road between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue?
132nd Street,The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue?
Park Avenue,On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive?
City College,West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college?
St. Nicholas Park,West 132nd Street is interrupted by City College and which park?
local residents,Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden?
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.,The 132nd Street Community Garden is located between Malcom X Boulevard and what other Boulevard?
1997,In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system?
Borough President's office,Who funded the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system?
"$100,000",How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system cost?
Manhattanville Bus Depot,What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as?
132nd Street Bus Depot,What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as?
Manhattanville,In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot?
Riverside Drive,The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood?
155,How many crosstown streets are mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?
155th Street,Which street is the northernmost of the streets mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?
155th Street,Which street forms the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights?
Commissioner's Plan of 1811,What document established Manhattan's numbered street grid?
Washington Heights,155th Street forms the boundary between Harlem and what other neighborhood?
Riverside Drive,Where does 155th Street start?
St. Nicholas,"155th Street crosses Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and what other Avenue?"
490,How many meters long is the viaduct on which 155th Street travels?
1893,In what year was the viaduct along 155th Street constructed?
Bradhurst,A section of 155th Street connects Harlem River Drive and what Avenue?
Washington Heights,181st Street runs through what neighborhood?
Plaza Lafayette,What is the west end of 181st Street called?
west,Does Plaza Lafayette refer to the east or west end of 181st Street?
Hudson River,Which river does 181st Street run near?
181st Street,Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway?
West,In which direction is 181st Street largely residential?
East,In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial?
Fort Washington Avenue,Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit?
Harlem,Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?
two,How many subway lines serve 181st Street?
500,How many metres apart are 181st Street's two subway stations?
Fort Washington Avenue,On what avenue is the George Wasington Bridge Bus Terminal?
181st Street,Which road is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway's last south/west exit?
Chittenden Avenue,187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west?
stairs,What is 187th Street interrupted by?
Broadway valley,Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to?
Hudson Heights,An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood?
Laurel Hill Terrace,Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has?
Chittenden Avenue,Which is the westernmost intersection that 187th Street has?
187th Street,Wadsworth Avenue is intersected by what street?
P.S. 187,Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard?
187th Street,On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel?
Yeshiva University,Which University has a campus on 187th Street?
187th Street,Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street?
187th Street,On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?
The brain,What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures?
The brain,What is the most complex organ in an animal's body?
15–33 billion,"In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex?"
axons,Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?
"sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts",A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?
The brain,Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?
reflexes,What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?
spinal cord or peripheral ganglia,Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?
central processing unit (CPU),Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?
vertebrates,Animals with a spine are called what?
invertebrates,Animals without a spine are called what?
visual inspection,The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?
alcohol,"Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?"
"grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter",The two main areas of the brain are what colors?
microscope,What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?
dark color,Grey matter of the brain is what color?
neurons and glial cells,Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?
glia or neuroglia,Glial cells are also referred to as what?
neurons,Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?
action potentials,Axons send signals that are named what?
1–100 meters per second,What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?
synapses,Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?
receptor molecules,The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?
several thousand,An axon can connect to how many other cells?
100 trillion synapses;,How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?
several million,The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?
excitatory,A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?
cell-to-cell communication,The primary job of the brain is what?
nerve fiber tracts,Axons grouped together are known as what?
sheath of myelin,An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what?
white,Myelin is what color in the brain?
axons,Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures?
neuron cell bodies,Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what?
cnidarians,Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?
symmetric body shape,Bilaterians are animals that have what?
485-540 million years ago,The Cambrian period was how long ago?
a ganglion,A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?
leeches,What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?
acoelomorphs,A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what?
"echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs",Some bilaterians without a brain are what?
"arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods",Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?
parallel nerve cords,Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?
octopus and squid,The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals?
invertebrate,"Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates?"
over 500 million years ago,How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?
Cambrian period,During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?
450 Mya,Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?
(the telencephalon,The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?
200 Mya,At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?
larger,Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey?
0.75,"In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?"
primates,Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?
prosencephalon,The forebrain during development is known as what?
mesencephalon,The midbrain during development is known as what?
rhombencephalon,The hindbrain during development is known as what?
mammals,Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest?
neural tube;,"During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what?"
pinkish,Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside?
white,The color of the brain inside is what?
meninges,Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?
the skull,Meninges separate what structure from the brain?
cells in the blood vessel walls,The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?
Neuroanatomists,People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?
telencephalon,The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?
diencephalon,The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?
mesencephalon,The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?
thalamus and hypothalamus,Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?
teleost fishes,The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?
forebrain area,Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?
twice as large,A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size?
ten times,A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size?
size.,The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?
The cerebral cortex,What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?
pallium,The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?
neocortex or isocortex,Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?
neocortex,The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?
visual,The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates?
(the neocerebellum,The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what?
cerebral cortex,The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain?
encephalization quotient (EQ),Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?
7-to-8 range,What is the average EQ of a person?
2-to-3,Primates have an EQ in what range?
30,Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas?
more than half,The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?
prefrontal cortex,"Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area?"
primates,The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals?
the neural plate,The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?
fluid-filled ventricle,The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center?
"telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon",The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what?
telencephalon,The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one?
the diencephalon,The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle?
protoplasm,A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?
dendrites and an axon,What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development?
neurons,The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?
sense of smell,The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?
dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?
Glial cells,Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?
neurons continue to be generated throughout life,Neurogenesis is the process of what?
neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses,The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?
electrochemical,What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?
synapses,Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?
receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell,What do neurotransmitters attach to?
Dale's principle,Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?
gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA is the abbreviation for what?
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?
"glutamate,",The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?
Raphe nuclei,Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?
Serotonin,Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?
Norepinephrine,Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?
locus coeruleus,Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?
electroencephalography,An EEG of the brain stands for what?
magnetoencephalography,MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what?
EEG,What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep?
large slow delta waves,What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep?
faster alpha waves,"What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake, but inattentive?"
Glial cells,What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism?
chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons,Glial cells control what inside the brain?
"glucose (i.e., blood sugar",Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?
20–25%,The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?
ketones,Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?
2% and 8%,Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?
provide coherent control over the actions of an animal,The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?
1940s,Computers were invented in what decade in history?
cybernetics,Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?
John von Neumann's,"Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?"
1958,"When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?"
1959,"The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?"
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel,Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?
the Human Brain Project,"What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?"
bats,What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?
snakes,What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?
birds,The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?
fish,The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?
retina,Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye?
cochlea,Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear?
cerebral cortex,Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain?
"the eye,",What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?
spinal cord and hindbrain,All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?
"the medulla and pons,",Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?
the medulla and pons,"At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?"
coordinating movements of the arms and legs,The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?
primary motor cortex,A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?
pyramidal tract.,The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?
autonomic nervous system,The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?
autonomic nervous system,What system in the body controls heart rate?
autonomic nervous system,What system in the body controls salivation?
not under direct voluntary control,Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?
The autonomic nervous system,Which system in the body controls urination?
suprachiasmatic nucleus,The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?
the hypothalamus,The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?
the suprachiasmatic nucleus,Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?
retinohypothalamic tract,The RHT is an abbreviation for what?
the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT,THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?
the reticular formation,A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?
the thalamus,Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?
state of coma,Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?
sleep-wake cycles.,The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?
REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM,There are two types of sleep called what?
REM sleep,What type of sleep involves dreaming?
"REM, light NREM and deep NREM",The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?
deep NREM sleep,Slow wave sleep is also known as what?
slow wave sleep,During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?
The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body,Homeostasis is defined as what?
"""standing still""",Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?
Claude Bernard,The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?
a thermostat.,Homeostasis is like what household tool?
the forebrain,The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?
"the hypothalamus,","In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?"
"the hypothalamus,",A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?
the pituitary gland,The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?
the bloodstream,The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?
basal ganglia,A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?
decisions,The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?
dopamine,Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?
The reward mechanism,"Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?"
1971,In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?
Santiago Ramón y Cajal,Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?
neuroscience,What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?
Psychology,What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?
neurology,What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?
"study, prevent, and treat mental disorders",Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?
neuroscience and psychology,Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?
"anatomical,",The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?
the large-scale structure of the brain,What do neuroanatomists study?
neuroanatomy,What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?
"the middle of the 20th century,",Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?
"the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain",What do neurophysiologists study?
drugs and recording devices,The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?
pain receptors,What type of receptors does the brain lack?
the scalp,Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?
cerebrospinal fluid,The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?
the blood–brain barrier,The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?
the skull and meninges,The two main structures that protect the brain are what?
strokes,What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?
rats,What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?
"the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.",Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?
mice,What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?
Armenia,Where was the oldest brain that was found?
"over 5,000 years old",How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?
12 to 14-year-old,The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?
girl,The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?
brain or heart.,The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?
the heart,Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?
"Democritus,",Who invented the atomic theory of matter?
Hippocrates,"The ""father of medicine"" is a name given to whom in history?"
Democritus,What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?
Roman,The physician Galen was from which country in history?
the Renaissance,What period in history was anatomical  studies of nerves greatly increased?
The Roman physician Galen,Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?
animal spirits,Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?
Luigi Galvani,Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?
the Golgi stain,The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?
Spanish,What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?
"Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley",Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?
the 1990s,"Which decade in history was officially called the ""Decade of the Brain""?"
the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;,Multielectrode recording allows what?
molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;,Genetic engineering allows what?
variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.,What does genomics allow the study of?
"the 21st century,",During what century was multielectrode recording invented?
"the 21st century,",Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?
Near East (French: Proche-Orient),What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?
Ottoman Empire,The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?
English,The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?
Middle East,What has replaced the term Near East?
The Encyclopædia Britannica,"Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?"
Afghanistan,The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?
the National Geographic Society,What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?
the Ottoman Empire,What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?
1914,When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?
the rise of Balkan nationalism,"The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?"
1912,"Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?"
the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13,"When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?"
as the sick man of Europe,How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?
Christian,The Balkan states were primarily what religion? 
1894,When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?
the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people,What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?
The Hamidian Massacres,What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?
middle of the 19th century,"When did ""Near East"" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?"
the East Indies,"In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area"
the Levant,"""Near East"" applied to this mainly known area"
the Ottoman Porte,What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in? 
permits from the Ottoman Empire,What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean? 
North Africa west of Egypt,What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?
Barbary Coast,Where were the piratical kingdoms from? 
because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia,Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? 
the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia,What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?
of the sick man of Europe,"The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by ""Near East"" "
the opposites of far and near,"The terms ""Near East"" and ""Far East"" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? "
the mid-19th century,"When do the terms ""Near East"" and ""Far East"" appear together in journals? "
"the near or far east of a field, village or shire.",The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what? 
The Romans,Who used the terms near Gaul?
the Greeks,The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?
a geographic feature,Usually the terms were given when referencing what?  
Ptolemy's Geography,What divided Asia on a similar basis? 
In the north,"""Scythia this side of the Himalayas"" is located where? "
To the south,"""India on this side of the Ganges"" is located where? "
In the north,"""Scythia beyond the Himalayas"" is located where? "
on the coast of Anatolia,Where did Asia begin? 
1670,When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?
the East Indies,"What had ""India Beyond the Ganges"" become? "
"""the East Indies""","China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? "
"""east""","What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, ""the land of the rising sun""?"
1590,What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? 
England,Where was Elizabeth I from?
trade with the east,What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? 
English merchants,Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?
obtain trading concessions by treaty,What was the goal of the first trading companies?
The East India Company,What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?
to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire,What has pleased western historians?
The borders,What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? 
the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire,What was the Ottoman Empire created from?
fighting hand-to-hand in the streets,How did the last Roman emperor die?
Constantinople,Where was the Roman emperor's capital?
Turkish rule,The populations did not accept what?
1688,The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? 
the Serbian Revolution,What created Serbia?
1815–1833,When was the Serbian Revolution?
1821–1832,When was the Greek War of Independence?
1853,When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?
1853–1856,When was the Crimean War?
the Ottoman Empire,During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?
the incursions of the Russian Empire,What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?
the Balkan region,The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?
1855,Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? 
The Crimean War,What brought a change in vocabulary?
the Ottoman Empire,The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
the British government,Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? 
the British Empire,What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?
1855,When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?
Thomas Taylor Meadows,Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?
the suggestion by another interpreter,What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?
the letter to the Times,What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?
Meadows' terminology,What was said must represent usage by that administration?
Duke of Wellington,Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?
"""Near East""","What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?"
"""the Nearer East,""",What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?
the Biblical lands,There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?
the land of the Old and New Testaments,What did the Christians see the country as?
on the basis of archaeology,How did the scholars attempt their definition? 
1861,When was the London Review?
The London Review of 1861,"Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?"
(Telford and Barber,Who wrote The London Review of 1861?
India,What region was explicitly excluded?
the Balkans,What region has no mention?
regions in their inventory,"Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?"
where and why,What does Hogarth say in detail?
the classics,Hogarth makes no mention of what?
geopolitical,How is Hogarth's analysis?
the 19th century,"When did the term ""Near East"" acquire considerable disrepute?"
English-speaking public,"The term ""Near East"" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?"
the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians,What was the cause of the onus?
they were Christians,What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?
1913),When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?
influential British travellers,Reports from who made the change evident?
the Far East,Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894
The Peoples and Politics of the Far East,What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?
1895,What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out? 
New York,Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?
"June, 1896",When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?
Scribner's Magazine,What magazine did Norman publish his work in?
The Russians,Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?
England,"Who did Norman say ""turned her back""?"
"the countries where ""the eastern question"" applied","What does Norman mean in the article when saying ""Near East""?"
"just ""the east.""",What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?
The rest of the Ottoman domain,"""The East"" refers to what?"
1864–1945,What was William Miller's life span?
the Near East,What was William Miller an expert on?
"signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires","So to speak, what did William Miller do?"
Oxford,Where did Miller attend school?
fighting words,Miller's words were considered what?
Turkey,It was considered Europe needed what country?
"the ""collective wisdom"" of Europe",What was Miller citing?
Austro-Hungarian Empire,The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?
the German Empire,Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
the Russian Empire,Who did the British Empire side with?
World War I,The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?
1918,By what year were three empires gone? 
1916,What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?
Arnold J. Toynbee,Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?
Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms,Arnold J Toynbee believed what?
new nations,What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?
the Republic of Turkey,What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?
with the west,How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?
Mustafa Kemal,Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?
Mustafa Kemal,Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?
the 19th century,When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?
archaeology,The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?
"Ptolemy's ""India Beyond the Ganges.""","Where did the ""Far East"" derive from? "
the eastern border of Iraq,Where did the Ottoman Empire end?
because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there,"Why did archaeologists count Iran as ""The Near East""?"
in British and American diplomatic circles,Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?
Persia,What was Iran known as to the west?
1900,"When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish ""The Problem of the Middle East""?"
The Problem of the Middle East,What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?
Thomas Edward Gordon,The problem of the Middle East was published by who?
resumption of work on a railway,What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?
Gordon,Who was a diplomat and military officer?
Gordon,Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?
Alfred Thayer Mahan,Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?
the naval vulnerability of the trade routes,What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?
1902,When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?
the sailor,Who did not connect with the soldier?
the term Middle East,What did Mahan believe he was innovating?
the term Middle East,What had already been there to be seen?
the period following World War I,The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?
Bertram Lenox Simpson,Who was the colonial officer killed in China?
Bertram Lenox Simpson,Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?
Weale,What was Simpson's pen-name?
color and colonial subjection,What is the basis of Simpson's unity?
the 1920s,The great whites were appearing as late as what time?
James Henry Breasted,In whose works were the great whites appearing?
A red wavelength,What was mainly of interest in America?
the brown men,These regions were occupied by who?
the Far East,Where where the yellow?
Africa,Where were the black?
1963,When did Kenya become independent?
Kenya became independent,The color issue was not settled until when?
the slavers,The Ottomans were portrayed as what?
Charles George Gordon,Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?
assignments living among the poor and donating his salary,What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?
as a junior officer in the Crimean War,When did he win Ottoman confidence?
a high official in the Ottoman Empire,What did he become in his later career?
a few years before World War I,"When did the term ""Near and Middle East"" hold stage?"
"The term ""Near and Middle East,""",What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?
1916,When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?
(troops of British India,Who were the 40th Pathans?
"""the Middle East.","In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?"
"""Middle East""","What prevailed with the disgrace of ""Near East""?"
Near East,What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?
Near East,What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?
sentiment of unity,What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?
racial and colonial definitions,What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?
no longer considered ideologically sound,What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?
the 20th century,"When were terms such as ""Near East"", ""Far East"", and ""Middle East"" relegated to the experts?"
the new field of political science,Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?
the shadow of international relations,Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?
independent republics,What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?
The United States,What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?
the Near Eastern regional system,What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?
The countries of the former empires of the 19th century,Who has abandoned the term Near East?
the United States Department of State,The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?
The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs,What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?
statecraft,Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?
the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA),Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?
an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense,What is NESA?
It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops,What does NESA Teach?
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy,What is WINEP?
the Middle East,What is WINEPS target countries as?
"under ""North Africa.""",How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?
The Library of Congress,What does LoC stand for?
an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government,What is the Library of Congress?
the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library,The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?
The United Nations,Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?
UNICEF,"Who recognizes the ""Middle East and North Africa"" region?"
the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East,The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?
the Near East,The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?
multiple leadership,The CIA appears to have what?
the president,Who appoints the director of the CIA?
Congress,Who oversees the operations of the CIA?
The World Factbook,The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?
Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis,What does NESA stand for?
(NESA),"Whose duties are defined as ""support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"""
U.S. Agency for International Development,What does USAID stand for?
USAID,What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?
the term Near East,What term does USAID not use?
a Middle East and North Africa region,The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?
Near East,What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?
Their original Middle East,What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?
"""bilateral relationships""",What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?
Near East,The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?
Republic of Turkey,"The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?"
The Ancient Near East,What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?
the Ancient Near East,"The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?"
Fertile Crescent,What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?
Texts relating to the Old Testament,James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?
1950,When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?
Leonard Woolley,Who was a British archaeologist?
Leonard Woolley,Who excavated ancient Ur?
library and museum collections,What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? 
the collection of resources,What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
for scholarship and research,What are these resources collected for?
Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents,What does CSAD stand for?
Oxford University,Who founded the CSAD?
Great Britain,Where is Oxford University?
university departments named for the Near East,Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
Middle East,What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
Expertise on the modern Middle East,What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
Near Eastern Languages,What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
Chekiang,What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?
Anhui,Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?
Jiangxi,Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?
Fujian,Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?
East China Sea,Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?
Zhe River,What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
Hangzhou Bay,What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
Crooked,What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
Zhe River,Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
Hangzhou,What does the Qiantang River flow past?
Neolithic,What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
Zhejiang,Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?
2007,What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?
Liangzhu,Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?
O1,What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?
Hundred Yue,Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
Spring and Autumn Period,When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
northern Zhejiang,Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
Yu the Great,Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
bird-worm seal script,What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
Kuaiji Commandery,What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
the Han,Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?
Kuaiji,"In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?"
Xiang Yu,Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?
the Qin Empire,Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?
220–280 CE,When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
Zhejiang,What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
the Kingdom of Wu,What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
Jianye,Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
Funan,"Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?"
during the Three Kingdoms,When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?
Sun Wu,What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?
Wu,What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
Romance of the Three Kingdoms,"Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?"
Shu,"Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?"
Jiankang,What was Nanjing formerly known as?
Qiantang,What was the former name of Hangzhou?
Chengdu,"Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?"
589,What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?
three,How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?
265–420,When was the Jin Dynasty?
Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun),Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?
this day,When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?
mountainous,What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?
181–234,When did Zhuge Liang live from?
589,When did the Six Dynasties end?
Zhejiang,What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?
the Sui dynasty,Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?
the Zhe River,What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
960,When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?
1127,When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
Lin'an,What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
Lin'an,When was the Yuan dynasty established?
Kinsay,What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
celadon,What were greenware ceramics made from?
bluish-green,What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?
the Ming,What period did Longquan ceramics decline?
Jingdezhen in Jiangxi,What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?
Middle Eastern,What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?
idle people,What do 'to-min' mean?
music people,What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
small people,What does 'si-min' mean?
egg-people,What does Tanka mean? 
Zhejiang,What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
the First Opium War,During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
1843,When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
Ningbo,What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom,What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
1876,When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
World War II,What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?
Japan,Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
"250,000",How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
B-25,What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?
the Reorganized National Government of China,The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?
1949,When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?
1955,When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?
1966–76,When was the Cultural Revolution?
1966–69,When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?
grain,What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?
natural,What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?
flooding,What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?
capitalist,What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?
Northeast Zhejiang,Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?
flat,What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?
hills,What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?
70%,What percent of Zhejiang is hills?
Huangmaojian Peak,What is the highest peak of the province?
"1,929",How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?
"6,329",How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?
the Yangtze Delta,What does the north of the province lie just south of?
Hangzhou,Where does the Grand Canal of China end?
Ou Rivers,What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?
West Lake,What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?
South Lake,What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
over three thousand,How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?
Zhoushan Island,What is the largest island near Zhejiang?
Hangzhou Bay,What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?
four,How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?
March,When does Spring start in Zhejiang?
eleven,How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
90,How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
"1,570",How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
Jinhua,What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?
Hengdian,What is called 'China's Hollywood'?
a dual party-government system,How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?
The Governor of Zhejiang,Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?
the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary,Who is the Governor subordinate to?
Zhejiang CPC Party Chief,What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?
dual,What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?
1949-1952,When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?
Tan Zhenlin,Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?
1967,When was the so-called February Countercurrent?
1956-1968,When was Jiang Hua's term?
1980,When was the case against the Gang of Four?
Land of Fish and Rice,What is the province traditionally known as?
rice,What is the main crop of the province?
wheat,What is the second main crop of the province?
north Zhejiang,What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?
Zhoushan fishery,What is the largest fishery in the country?
Zhoushan,"What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?"
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge,What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge,What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?
commercial,What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?
Cixi,The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?
Zhejiang model,What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?
entrepreneurship,What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?
southeast,What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?
8.3%,What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?
3.20 trillion,What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?
Thursday,"What day of the week was September 15, 2011?"
Hongxiao,"What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?"
eight,How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company?
two,How many more nights after the first day did protests last?
Chen Hongming,Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?
Han,What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?
Wu,What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?
"400,000",How many members of ethnic minorities are there?
"200,000",How many She people are there?
Lishui,Where is the only She autonomous county in China?
Chinese Buddhism,What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?
23.02%,"According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?"
2.62%,"According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?"
3.92%,What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?
74.36%,What percent of the population may be irreligious?
2015,What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?
"1,800 years ago",When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?
Buddhism,"What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago?"
mid,What part of 2015 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?
twenty,More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?
400,How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?
150,How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?
Wenzhou,Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?
2.8%,What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?
Catholicism,Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?
2014,When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?
Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities,"According to the locality, in addition to ""Three Rectifications and One Demolition"", what was another name for these measures?"
folk religion temples,These regulations have led to the demolition of churches and what else?
crosses,What have these regulations led to the removal of from churches?
Sanjiang Church,What was an exemplary case of all this?
"1,400 years",How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?
Islam,What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?
virtually all,How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?
She shamanism,What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?
Islam,"What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?"
extremely,"How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?"
Wu,What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak?
with Anhui,Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where?
with Fujian,Min dialects are spoken on the border where?
mountainous,What type of geography is Zhejiang?
1949,When was the People's Republic of China founded?
Mandarin,What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?
1978,A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?
Urban,What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?
lingua francas,Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?
Yueju,What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera?
Shengzhou,Where did Yueju originate?
actresses only,Who is Yueju traditionally performed by?
actresses,Who plays male roles in Yueju?
actresses,Who plays female roles in Yueju?
dragon well tea,What is Longjing tea also called?
Hangzhou,Where does Longjing tea originate from?
silk,What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for?
hand,What type of fans is Hangzhou known for?
eight,Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine?
Jiangsu,What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south?
Zhejiang,What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north?
prosperity,North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?
dreaminess,Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?
Hangzhou,The fame of where led to a popular saying?
British,Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?
Ministry of Defence,What does MoD stand for?
Her Majesty's Government,Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?
British Armed Forces,For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?
international peace and stability,What does the MoD wish to strengthen?
Great Britain and Northern Ireland,The UK consists of what two areas?
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,What does the MoD defend?
"weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states",What are the threats that the MoD has identified?
"day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement",What does the MoD manage?
"the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force",What three services make up the armed forces of the UK?
The formation of a united ministry of defence,What did David Lloyd George's coalition government reject in 1921?
1923,When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed?
Stanley Baldwin,Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?
Minister for Coordination of Defence,What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940?
Winston Churchill,Who created the office of Minister of Defence?
1946,When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?
1940,When did Winstron Churchill form his government?
a seat in the Cabinet,"The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?"
"the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air",Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?
1946 to 1964,During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?
"the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence",What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?
1971,When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?
1964,All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?
The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff,"Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?"
Permanent Secretary,What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as?
MoD,Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant?
to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government,What is the role of the Permanent Secretary?
General Sir Nicholas Houghton,What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?
Chief of the Defence Staff,Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?
HM Armed Forces,The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?
the Commander,Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?
three,How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?
"Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)",What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
The Surgeon General,Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?
The Surgeon General,Who leads the Defence Medical Services?
Cadets,One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what?
the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom,The Personnel Chief is also known as what?
Sovereign,There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what?
Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom,Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
1998,In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?
Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper,What paper was published in 2003?
British Armed Forces,Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?
defence diplomacy,In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?
David Cameron,Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?
Nicolas Sarkozy,Who was the president of France in 2010?
UAE and Bahrain,In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?
Oman,In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?
£178 billion,How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth?
2015,In which year was a £178 billion investment made?
four,How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?
The Strategic Defence and Security Review,What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD?
terrorism,What was the new threat that arose after the end of the Cold War?
Cold War mentality,Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?
10%,"How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the ""land environment""?"
Afghanistan and Iraq,Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?
2003 and 2018,Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?
General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue,Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?
Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S),Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?
Equipment Programme,Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?
Bob Ainsworth MP,Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?
London Evening Standard,Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?
"227,300 hectares",How much land is owned by the MoD?
£20 billion,How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?
1.8%,The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?
in excess of £3.3 billion,How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?
The Ministry of Defence,Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?
84.0%,What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?
storage & supply depots,What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?
(3.4%,What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?
Defence Infrastructure Organisation,Who manages the defence estate?
(2.5%,Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?
Whitehall,In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?
Vincent Harris,Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?
Charles Wheeler,Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?
Main Building,What is the headquarters of the MoD called?
Philip Jackson,Who made the Gurkha Monument?
Henry VIII,Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?
the basement of Main Building,Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?
1514–1516,When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?
brick,What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?
1949,When was the cellar relocated?
Gordon Foxley,Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?
head of defence procurement,What position was held by Foxley?
1981 to 1984,What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?
at least £3.5m,How much money was Foxley accused of taking?
influence the allocation of contracts,What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?
the Guardian,What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?
secret germ warfare tests,What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?
children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps,What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?
between 1940 and 1979,When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
between 1961 and 1968,When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
£240m,How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
1995,When were the helicopters ordered?
National Audit Office,"Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?"
2010,In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
£500m,What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
Boeing,Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?
April 2008,When was the Boeing contract signed?
QinetiQ,Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?
£90m,How much was the Boeing contract worth?
more advanced equipment,What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?
October 2009,When was the TA budget withdrawn?
£20m,How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?
April 2010,When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?
a small percentage,How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?
weekly evenings and monthly weekends,How often do the TA troops regularly train?
£6.5bn,By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
2013,When was the overbudget amount discovered?
poor management and financial control,What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?
up to 39 years,What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?
up to 10 and even as much as 15 years,Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?
1936,"The term ""high definition"" originally described televisions systems from what year?"
mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution,Earlier television systems were based on what?
20th,During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?
21st,"In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?"
8K,What is the most current HDTV system development?
The British high-definition TV service,Who started trials in August 1936?
February 1937,When was the Baird system discontinued?
France,Which country developed the 441-line system?
the technical limitations of the time,What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?
405-line system,Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?
"1953,",What year did color broadcasts start in the US?
525,How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?
1960s,When did Europe begin color broadcasts?
Europe,The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?
625,How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai,What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai,What does NHK stand for in Japan?
1972,What year was NHK Color created?
5:3,What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?
The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE),What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology? 
four,How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?
SMPTE,Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?
an SMPTE study group,Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?
1979,In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?
A Study of High Definition Television Systems,What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?
digital video broadcasting,What does DVB stand for?
early 2000s,When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?
SECAM systems,"In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?"
PAL-M,"In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?"
standard definition television systems,525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?
1949,In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?
France,What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?
an 819 lines system,What did France start transmissions with in 1949?
monochrome only,Was France's 819 line system in color?
1983,When was France's 819 line system discontinued?
a research project,In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?
1958,When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?
the Soviet Union,Who developed Transformator in 1958?
"1,125",How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?
providing teleconferencing for military command,What was the goal of the Transformator system?
1979,In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?
the Japanese state broadcaster NHK,Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?
1989,When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start?
"November 25, 1994",When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start?
1991,When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start?
1981,When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?
5:3,What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?
President Ronald Reagan,"Which president declared it ""a matter of national interest"" to introduce HDTV to the US?"
MUSE,Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?
MUSE,Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?
their higher bandwidth requirements,Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?
television channels,What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?
the FCC,Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?
"had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth",What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?
NTSC,What was the existing system at the time?
technical and economic,What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?
use bandwidths greater than normal television,What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?
over four times,How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?
about twice,Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?
by satellite,"Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?"
Early HDTV commercial experiments,What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?
seven,How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?
Japan,Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?
recording and reproducing an HDTV signal,What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?
the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV,What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?
International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector,What does ITU-R stand for?
Digital Video Broadcasting,What does DVB stand for?
"an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies",What is the DVB?
develops and agrees upon specifications,What is the DVB's role?
ETSI,Who standardizes HDTV specifications?
ATSC,What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
MPEG-2,Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?
DVB,"Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?"
the Grand Alliance,Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
1983,When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?
setting a single international HDTV standard,What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?
a suitable frame/field refresh rate,What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?
motion vectors,What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?
two,How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?
16:9,What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?
the IWP11/6 working party,Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?
widescreen cinema,What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?
MBAFF,Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?
5:3,Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?
1440×1152 HDMAC,What scan format is also included in MBAFF?
a mooted 750-line,What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?
an enhanced television format,A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?
US SMPTE standards,What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?
late 1980s,When was HDTV introduced in the US?
the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance,Who made HDTV official in 1993?
the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance,"AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?"
"July 23, 1996",When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?
Advanced Television Systems Committee,What does ATSC stand for?
1990,When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
FIFA World Cup,What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?
mid-1990s,When did Europe abandon standard transmission?
8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain,Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?
"January 1, 2004",When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?
Vienna New Year's Concert,"What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?"
HD1,The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?
September 2003,When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?
Euro1080,Which European company launched HD1?
Alfacam,Euro1080 was a division of what former company?
"""no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ...""","What ""chicken or the egg"" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?"
HDTV interest in Europe,What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?
free-to-air,How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?
a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule,What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?
1080i format,What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
MPEG-2,What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
DVB-S,What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
MPEG-4/AVC,What compression did Euro1080 later change to?
DVB-S2,What signal did Euro1080 later change to?
185 million,"According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?"
20 million,"According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts? "
£60 million,How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?
27%,What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?
risen steadily,The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?
the United Kingdom,Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?
December 2009,When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?
DVB-T2,What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?
Digital TV Group,What does DTG stand for?
10,How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?
October 2012,When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?
Freeview HD,Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?
region by region,How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?
[frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate],What are the three HDTV parameters?
frame size or frame rate,Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?
if its value is implied from context,When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?
the scanning system,"When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?"
"1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high",What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?
25,The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
25,The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
30,The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
60,The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
"50i, 25p and 50p",What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?
60 Hz,"Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p"
whole numbers,SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?
ambiguity,Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?
the frame rate,What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?
24 progressive scan frames per second,What does 24p mean?
25 interlaced frames per second,What does 50i mean?
a resolution,"When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?"
no,Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?
YUV,"Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?"
a RGB color space,Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?
8-bit RGB channels,"When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?"
it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen,What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?
twice,At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?
letterboxing or anamorphic stretching,HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?
standard-definition television,What does SDTV stand for?
16:9,HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?
fidelity,"If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?"
distort the received picture,The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?
bandwidth,A very high resolution source may require more of what?
the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics,A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?
"transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate","For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? "
those of the source,"For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? "
The optimum format for a broadcast,The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?
analogue standard,"PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?"
digital or high definition,"PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?"
25/50 Hz,"In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?"
30/60 Hz,"In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?"
24 frames per second,At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?
25 frame/s,"To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?"
3:2 Pulldown,"The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?"
1/12 of a second,The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?
the correct average film frame rate,What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?
720p or 1080i,What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?
720p,Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?
progressive-scan,Most computer monitors operate in what mode?
Blu-ray,"1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. "
ATSC,"In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?"
the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts,Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?
home owners' associations and city government,Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?
the installation of antennas,Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?
2009,Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?
an external box,HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?
HD content,"Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?"
a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD,What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?
QAM,What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
CableCARD,What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
IPTV,Roku and AppleTV are examples of what?
High-definition image sources,"Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?"
High-definition image sources,Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?
High-definition image sources,Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?
because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player,Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?
"Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace",In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what?
The Wii U,What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?
"port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics",The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what?
an HDTV-capable digital video recorder,"Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what?"
receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format,Some cable boxes are capable of doing what?
analog only,What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?
Digital-VHS or Data-VHS,What does D-VHS stand for?
2008,When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced?
in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file,How does the Personal Video Recorder store content?
'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray,Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format?
the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder,What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008?
analog HD,W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?
Analog tape,What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?
expensive and scarce,"In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?"
"a set-top box with ""functional"" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request","Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?"
July 2004,"When were boxes with ""functional"" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?"
5C,Content is now protected by what encryption?
duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted,What can 5c encryption prevent?
fuel,"In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years?"
cellulose,What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood?
lignin,What's the matrix in wood made up of?
support,What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?
nutrients,"What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water?"
434 billion,How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?
47%,What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial?
furniture,"In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make?"
3.5,About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?
abundant,"In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source?"
2011,What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered?
New Brunswick,In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?
carbon dating,"If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?"
395 to 400,How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?
construction material,What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?
houses,What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?
tree-ring widths,"For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?"
weapons,What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?
furniture,What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?
trees,Where does wood come from?
woody layers,What forms in a tree to increase its diameter?
secondary growth,What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called?
seasons,What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree?
annual rings,"If a place has annual seasons, what are the growth rings on the trees there called?"
wider,"If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?"
earlywood,"What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?"
latewood,"If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?"
lighter,Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?
outer,Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?
knot,What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?
strength,What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?
longitudinally,In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?
darker,Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?
90,The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?
a dormant bud,"Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot?"
conical,What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base?
diameter,What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement?
circular,"Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have?"
die,What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development?
years,For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree?
around it,"Rather than being joined to the limb that died, where do subsequent layers grow?"
not attached,Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached?
boards,A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what?
grading,What's the process in which knots are classified called?
size,"Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?"
firmness,What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?
defects,What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to? 
stiffness,"Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?"
sound wood,What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?
parallel,What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?
interest,What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces?
bleed,What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted?
difficult,Is bleed easy or difficult to control?
yellow,The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color?
preparation,In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?
Heartwood,"What's another word for ""duramen""?"
decay,What is heartwood naturally resistant to?
spontaneously,How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?
dead,What adjective describes fully formed heartwood?
decay organisms,"Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to?"
growth rings,In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible?
darker,What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree?
decay,"Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood?"
woody,What kind of plants never form heartwood?
sapwood,What is the living wood in a tree called?
alburnum,"What term is interchangeable with ""sapwood""?"
younger,Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?
water,What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?
All,How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?
thicker,Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?
thin,"If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?"
position,What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?
thick,Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?
Thin,Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?
thick,Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?
crown,What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to?
narrow,Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide?
thinner,"As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?"
near the base,In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest?
age,"Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree?"
limbs,What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?
knots,What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?
heartwood,"In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?"
Subsequent growth,What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?
sapwood,"Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?"
decay,What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?
the trunk,Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?
larvae,What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?
inner heartwood,What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?
tunnels,What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?
youth,In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest?
narrower,"As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?"
crown,What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?
lessened,Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?
light,"Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?"
differ,"When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?"
heartwood,"In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?"
sapwood,"If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?"
mature,"Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?"
heartwood,"When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?"
chemical substances,What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?
conspicuous,Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?
mechanical,What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?
chemical,"Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?"
Longleaf Pine,What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?
fat lighter,What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?
rot,What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?
strength,"If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?"
kindling,"Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?"
latewood,Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?
density,Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?
coniferous,What category of trees show this difference greatly?
ring-porous,What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?
no indication,"With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?"
diseased,What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?
unsoundness,What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?
insect attacks,What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?
birds,What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?
spalting,What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?
water,What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?
16,Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?
oven-dried,What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?
softer,Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?
rawhide,What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?
paper,"What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?"
greater,"When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?"
softening,What type of action does water create in cloth?
strength,What will drying often increase in wood?
green,"What color is also used interchangeably with ""undried"" for wood?"
spruce,What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?
crushing,"What type of ""ultimate"" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?"
elasticity,What property of wood is least affected by drying?
strength at elastic limit in endwise compression,Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?
modulus of rupture,Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?
heterogeneous,"Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?"
cells,What does wood consist of?
walls,What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?
cellulose,What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?
lignin,What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?
tracheids,What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?
softwood,Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?
pores,What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?
oak,"What hardwood that starts with the letter ""O"" would have pores?"
ash,"Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?"
complex,Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?
vessels,What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?
large,Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?
a hand lens,"In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?"
diffuse-porous,"Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?"
ring-porous,What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?
spring,In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?
summer,In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?
wood fibers,What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?
toughness,"Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?"
diffuse-porous,What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?
Populus,"What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?"
cherry,"With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?"
water conducting,What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?
diffuse-porous,Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?
temperate,What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?
denser,Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?
walls,Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?
thin,Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?
very small,What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?
heavy,"Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?"
growth rings,What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?
white pines,What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?
easy,Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?
hard pines,"What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?"
quality,Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?
comparative density,What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?
strength,What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?
porous,What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?
character,What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?
moderate to slow,"If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?"
conifers,What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?
latewood,What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?
a rule,"While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?"
ring-porous,What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?
large,What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?
the year before,When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?
rate of growth,Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?
wider,"Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings?"
hickory,"What kind of wood with a name that starts with ""H"" is a ring-porous hardwood?"
more rapid,"If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid?"
ring-porous,What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster?
latewood,Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong?
breadth of ring,"When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?"
slow,"Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood?"
good,What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log?
thick-walled,"What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm?"
second-growth,What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?
open stands,Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?
strength,"What property is important to manufacturers who use ""second-growth"" hardwood?"
hickory,"What specific kind of ""second-growth"" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? "
U.S. Forest Service,What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?
diffuse-porous,What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?
structure,"In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?"
unaided,What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?
diffuse-porous,What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels?
medium,What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly?
water,The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring?
conifers,What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods?
little,Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood?
dicot,"What's another term used for ""conifer"" wood?"
monocot,"What type of plants produce material that is referred to as ""wood"" even though it is technically not?"
bamboo,"What monocot plant produces ""wood"" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?"
grass,"While we call bamboo ""wood,"" what botanical family does it belong to?"
palms,"Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called ""wood""?"
specific gravity,Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?
pulp yield,"In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?"
density,What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?
increases,"When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?"
water-saturated,"When wood is described as ""green,"" what does ""green"" mean?"
physiological,"Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?"
one,Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?
Elliott,"What author called wood's density ""fairly easily measured""?"
Variation,What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density?
radial,What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?
bole,Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity?
density,Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another?
seed,What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density?
softwood,What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?
hardwood,What kind of wood does an oak tree have?
hardwood,Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?
yew,"What's an example of a softwood that isn't ""soft,"" and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?"
dicotyledons,What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?
strong,What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?
density,What property of wood varies according to species?
strength,What property of wood has a correlation to its density?
hardwood,Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?
model building,What hobby is balsa wood often used for?
50%,What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have?
hydrogen,What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?
1%,About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?
oxygen,Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?
magnesium,"What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?"
three,"How many main components make up wood, not counting water?"
Cellulose,What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
hemicellulose,"After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?"
conifers,What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
cellulose,Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
lignin,What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?
Softwood,Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?
coniferyl,Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?
sinapyl,"In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?"
Hardwood,Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?
extractives,What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?
resin,"Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?"
waxes,"Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?"
insects,What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?
turpentine,"Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?"
Hardwood,What type of wood is preferred as fuel?
softwood,What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?
rural,What type of areas use more wood for fuel?
warmth,What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?
Elm,What wood is decay-resistant when wet?
water pipe,What plumbing component was once made out of elm?
boats,"Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?"
construction material,What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?
houses,"Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?"
lumber,What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?
felled trees,"Outside of North America, if someone said ""lumber,"" to what would they be referring?"
timber,What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?
oak,What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?
Douglas fir,"For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?"
timber-framed,What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?
commercial,"In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?"
structural,"Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?"
construction,What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?
supporting material,What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?
roof,What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?
cladding,Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?
doors,"Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?"
glue,What holds together an engineered wood product?
industrial,"Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?"
application-specific performance requirements,What requirements do engineered wood products meet?
composite structural unit,"What efficient type of unit does the process of ""engineering"" wood result in?"
veneers,"Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?"
wood structural panels,"What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?"
glulam,What's another word for glued laminated timber?
laminated veneer lumber,What does LVL stand for?
plywood,"If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?"
100 million,"About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?"
cellulose,What material results from chemically breaking down wood?
MDF,What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?
mechanically,How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?
laminate,What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?
paper,What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?
furniture,What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?
wooden spoon,What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?
handles,Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?
beds,What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?
chopsticks,What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?
Moisture content,What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?
glue,Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?
tire,"Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?"
high strength fabrics,What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?
modify wood,"In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?"
carvings,"Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?"
totem poles,What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?
Western Red Cedar,What type of tree was often used for totem poles?
Edinburgh,What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?
National Museum of Scotland,What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?
african blackwood,What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?
ripple sycamore,What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?
tonewoods,What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?
European spruce,What's the common name for Picea abies?
tone,"Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?"
woodwind instruments,What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?
Arundo donax,What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?
monocot,Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?
reeds,What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?
white willow,What wood is usually used for cricket bats?
Major League Baseball,Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?
parquetry,What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?
maple,What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?
fragile,"Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?"
archery bows,What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden?
sticks,Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood?
persimmon,"When the golf club called the ""wood"" was actually made out of it, what type of wood was used?"
synthetic materials,"What is the golf club known as the ""wood"" usually made out of today?"
fiberglass,"What other modern material has joined composites, carbon fiber, titanium, and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment?"
cellulose,What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?
Symbiotic,What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
sunken,What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
over a year,How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
Flavobacteria,"What bacteria starting with the letter ""F"" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?"
Afro-Asiatic,What language family is Somali a part of?
Cushitic,What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?
Sunni Muslim,What is the majority religion of Somalis?
12.3 million,How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?
Ethiopia,What country has the second largest Somali population?
Irir Samaale,From whom are several Somali clans descended?
soo and maal,From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?
go and milk,What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?
dhawamaal,What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?
livestock,What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
Berbera,What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Po-pa-li,What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
15th,In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?
the Abyssinian Emperor,Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?
Zeila,Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
5000 years,How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?
the Laas Geel complex,Where are the most notable rock paintings located?
human figures,"Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?"
the northern Dhambalin region,Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?
northern,In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?
the Doian culture,"Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?"
Inscriptions,What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
the Stone age,During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
Somalia,In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?
4th millennium BC,From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?
the Jalelo site,At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?
northern,In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?
commerce,What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?
frankincense,"Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?"
Mycenaeans,"Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?"
Land of Punt,What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?
Pharaonic Egypt,What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?
Hatshepsut,Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?
pyramidal structures,"Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?"
Cape Guardafui,Near what headland was Mosylon located?
Damo,"Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?"
Sabaeans,"Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?"
Indo-Greco-Roman,What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?
Red Sea,What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?
the Arabian Peninsula,In what location was Islam born?
Berberi,What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?
the City of Islam,What was another name for Mogadishu?
gold,The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?
the Walashma dynasty,What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?
Zeila,What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?
Djibouti,"Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?"
"15,000","According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?"
the Red Sea,Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?
the Ajuran Sultanate,What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?
the Sultanate of Adal,What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?
Ahmed Gurey,What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?
the Ethiopian Empire,What state did Adal conquer?
Sultan Ahmed Yusuf,What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?
the Ottoman and German empires,What states supported the Dervish State?
1920,In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
Taleex,What was the capital of the Dervish State?
1927,In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
1941,In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
Italian Somaliland,"Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?"
the Potsdam Conference,At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?
Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali,"Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?"
ten,How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? 
1960,In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?
the Ogaden,"Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?"
1948,In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?
Emperor Menelik,The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?
1956,In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?
Somali,What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?
French Somaliland,What was Djibouti called in 1958?
1960,In what year did Somalia become independent?
Vice President of the Government Council,What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?
1977,When did Djibouti achieve independence?
Hassan Gouled Aptidon,Who was the first president of Djibouti?
26 June 1960,On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?
the State of Somaliland,What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?
the Trust Territory of Somalia,What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?
1 July 1960,On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?
Aden Abdullah Osman Daar,Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?
15 October 1969,On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?
one of his own bodyguards,Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?
21 October 1969,"On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?"
Mohamed Siad Barre,Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?
Major General,What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?
Salaad Gabeyre Kediye,"Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?"
Chief of Police,What was Jama Korshel's title?
Lieutenant Colonel,What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?
the Somali Democratic Republic,What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?
suspended the constitution,"Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?"
industry,What did the new government nationalize along with land?
the Arab League,What international body did the new government join?
1974,In what year did the new government enter the Arab League?
the African Union,What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?
literacy,What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?
Ethiopia,"Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?"
northeastern,In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?
Pan-Somalism,What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?
Cuba,"Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?"
the Ogaden War,"What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?"
2005,In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?
Afro-Asiatic,What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?
E1b1b1a,What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?
Egypt/Libya,"Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?"
77%,What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?
2006,When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?
Ethiopians,"Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?"
Asia,On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?
Holden,Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?
Afro-Asiatic,What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
2014,When did Hodgson publish his DNA study?
Ethio-Somali,"According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?"
Somalis,"According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?"
"at least 23,000 years ago","According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?"
the Near East,"According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?"
2006,In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?
northern,In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?
the Quraysh,From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?
Sunni,"Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?"
Islam,What is the majority religion in Somalia?
Shia,A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?
dugsi,What is another name for a Qur'anic school?
40,What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?
the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs,What government body regulates Qur'anic education?
Toronto,"Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?"
the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque,What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?
droughts,"Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?"
schools,"Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?"
the Arabian Peninsula,"Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?"
clan,What is a basic social unit of Somali society?
northern,In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?
Hawiye,Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?
marriage,What practice is often used to bind different clans together?
3,"According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?"
55,"According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?"
Darod,To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
4.3%,What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
1975 Somali Family Law,What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?
the Somali Democratic Republic,What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?
equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce,"In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?"
Somalis,What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?
85%,What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?
20th,During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?
their seafaring tradition,Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?
Kenya,"Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?"
Civil strife,What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?
Europe,"Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?"
Toronto,"Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?"
69th,"As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?"
"108,000",About how many Somalis live in the UK?
78%,What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?
"57,906","As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?"
"38,413","In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?"
"16,721",How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
the United States,What country is Cedar Rapids located in?
Minneapolis,"Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities?"
"20,000",About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?
Cedar-Riverside,What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?
money transfer services,What is hawala?
halal,What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?
the United Arab Emirates,In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?
Deira,What is another name for the city center of Dubai?
Iranians,People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?
Star African Air,What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?
three,How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
Khartoum,Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?
north,In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?
students,"Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?"
Eastleigh,In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?
Western Cape,In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?
Afro-Asiatic,What language family does the Somali language belong to?
Cushitic,What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?
Afar,"Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?"
Somali,"Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?"
1900,Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?
7.78 million,About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?
12.65,"In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?"
the Somali diaspora,"Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?"
Benaadir,"Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?"
Northern Somali,What dialect is Standard Somali based on?
Coastal Somali,What is another name for Benaadir?
Benaadir,What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?
southern,In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?
the Somali alphabet,What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?
Mohamed Siad Barre,Who introduced the Somali alphabet?
October 1972,In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?
Shire Jama Ahmed,Who created the Somali alphabet?
Osman Yusuf Kenadid,Who invented the Osmanya script?
Arabic,"Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?"
Afro-Asiatic,To what language family does Arabic belong?
Djibouti,In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?
the Arab League,What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?
centuries,For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?
Northeast,Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?
Southeast,Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?
India,What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?
the Arabian Peninsula,"Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?"
Southeast Asian,Somali food contains influences from what region?
monumental architecture,"Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?"
Margaret Laurence,"Who called Somalia a ""Nation of Bards""?"
Canadian,"Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a ""Nation of Bards""?"
novelist,"What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a ""Nation of Bards""?"
Shax,What is a notable game that is played in Somalia?
martial arts,"Along with sport, games, literature, dress and festivals, what is a notable Somali cultural tradition?"
pentatonic,What scale is used by most Somali songs?
seven,How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?
the major scale,What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?
Sudan,"Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?"
lyricists,What does midho mean in English?
1960s,In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?
1975,In what year was the SFA founded?
Ali Said Hassan,Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?
popular musicals,What are riwaaydo?
The Somali Darwish,What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?
aniconism,What is a notable characteristic of Somali art?
music,"Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?"
northern,In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?
birds,What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?
southern,In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?
henna,What do Somali women wear on their feet during Eid?
flower motifs,"Along with triangular shapes, what are common henna designs in Somalia?"
kohl,What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes?
Land of Punt,From what ancient region did kuul application come?
Henna parties,What activity is often held before Somali weddings?
Football,What sport do Somalis most enjoy?
Ocean Stars,What is the name of the Somali national football team?
1972,In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics?
Mohammed Ahamed Jama,"Along with Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim, who is a notable Somali football player?"
the Somalia League,"Along with the Somalia Cup, what is an important Somali football competition?"
15–23 December 1981,When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?
Somalia,Who hosted the 1981 FIBA African Championship?
Mogadishu,In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?
Djibouti,For what nation did Hussein Ahmed Salah compete?
Canada,Who did Mohammed Ahmed compete for in the Olympics?
Mohamed Deq Abdulle,Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
silver,What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
Tongeren,Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?
K1,"Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?"
an embroidered fez,What is a koofiyad?
the macawis,What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?
around the waist,Where is the macawis worn?
sarong,What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?
turban,"Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?"
a long white garment,What is the jellabiya?
qamiis,"Along with jellabiyad, what is the jellabiya called in Somali?"
the Arab world,In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya?
the guntiino,What is the regular garment of Somali women?
alandi,What is the guntiino normally made from?
the dirac,What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?
taffeta,"Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?"
the gorgorad,What is the underskirt of the dirac called?
shaash,What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?
garbasaar,What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?
the jilbab,"Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?"
gold,What is the jewelry worn by Somali women commonly made from?
necklaces,"Along with anklets, what pieces of jewelry are traditionally worn by Somali women?"
gold,What type of jewelry do Somali women wear at their weddings?
1954,In what year was the Somali flag invented?
Mohammed Awale Liban,Who devised the Somali flag?
scholar,What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?
Star of Unity,What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?
five,How many points does the Star of Unity have?
all food is served halal,What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?
pork,What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?
alcohol,What beverage is not halal?
blood,"Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?"
lunch,What is the English word for qado?
rice,What is bariis in English?
basmati,What is the most popular variety of bariis?
11 pm,When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?
Tarawih prayers,After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?
halva,What is another term for xalwo?
Eid celebrations,"Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?"
lubaan,What do the Somalis call frankincense?
incense,What is the English word for cunnsi?
dabqaad,What do the Somalis call incense burners?
1972,When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
Nuruddin Farah,Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?
1998,In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?
Farah Mohamed Jama Awl,Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?
Nadifa Mohamed,Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?
Xeer,What is the Somali system of customary law?
7th,In what century did the Xeer system begin?
the Horn of Africa,In what region did the Xeer system develop?
devoid of loan words,What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally?
odayal,"In the Xeer system, what are judges called?"
jurists,What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?
garxajiyaal,What does the Xeer system call attorneys?
murkhaatiyal,By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?
waranle,What does the Xeer system call cops?
Western designs,"Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?"
medieval,"Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?"
stone,What material was used to make Somali cities?
taalo,What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?
burial,What were taalo used for?
dressed stone,What were ancient Somali houses made out of?
Egypt,Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?
the Wargaade Wall,What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?
early medieval,During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?
Persia,"Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?"
mosques,"In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?"
limestone,"Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?"
drystone,"Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?"
Somali Studies,What is the academic study of the Somali people called?
anthropology,"Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?"
oral literature,"Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?"
the International Congress of Somali Studies,What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?
1980,When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?
5th,In what century did the Middle Ages begin?
15th,What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?
the collapse of the Western Roman Empire,What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?
Age of Discovery,"Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?"
Antiquity,What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?
deurbanisation,"Along with the movement of peoples, invasion and depopulation, what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages?"
the Western Roman Empire,In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms?
the Eastern Roman Empire,What empire was North Africa previously a part of?
7th,In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa?
1070,In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian?
1000,What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?
the Medieval Warm Period,What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?
Manorialism,What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?
feudalism,What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?
1095,In what year did the Crusades begin?
1350,When did the Black Death end?
Late,In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?
a third,What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?
the early modern period,What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?
heresy,"Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?"
the Modern Period,"Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?"
three,How many major periods is European history divided into?
classical civilisation,What is another name for Antiquity?
Four Empires,"Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?"
Petrarch,What writer referred to the Christian period as new?
Leonardo Bruni,Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?
1442,When was the History of the Florentine People published?
Christoph Cellarius,"Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?"
476,What date is usually given as the beginning of the Middle Ages?
Bruni,Who was the first writer to date the Middle Ages from 476?
1500,When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended?
1453,In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople?
1516,When did Ferdinand II die?
the 2nd century AD,In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?
3rd century,In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?
doubled,How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century?
taxes,What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in?
curial,What is another term for the Roman landowning class?
284,In what year did Diocletian begin his reign?
286,When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions?
Byzantium,What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople?
5th,During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete?
337,When did the rule of Constantine end?
376,In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire?
Valens,Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire?
Thracia,In what province did the Ostrogoths settle?
the Battle of Adrianople,At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?
9 August 378,When did the Battle of Adrianople occur?
Romulus Augustus,Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?
476,When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?
Byzantine Empire,What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?
Justinian,What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?
565,When did Justinian's reign end?
Aspar,When did Aspar die?
516,What year saw the death of Gundobad?
Stilicho,What notable Roman figure died in 408?
tax revenue,The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?
land or rents,"Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?"
5th,In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy?
Theoderic,What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy?
the Huns,Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436?
Gaul,In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle?
Childeric,Who was the first notable king of the Franks?
Slavic,People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?
north-east,In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?
Romance languages,What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?
Greek,What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?
Slavonic,What languages were spoken by the Slavs?
7th,In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?
5th,In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?
the Balkans,Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?
438,What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?
Justinian,Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?
Slavic tribes,Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?
the Avars,What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?
the Danube,Near what river were the Avars originally based?
Heraclius,During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?
602,In what year did the reign of Maurice end?
Cicero,What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?
420,In what year did Jerome die?
6th,In what century did Gregory of Tours live?
music,"Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?"
489,When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?
great feasts,What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?
jewels,"Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?"
courage,"Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?"
Anglo-Saxon,In what society did women have status as abbesses?
Merovingian Gaul,In what country did Gregory of Tours live?
700,How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?
military service,What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?
9th,In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?
law codes,"Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?"
archaeology,What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?
"30,000",About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?
Christian churches,What new use was found for Roman temples?
Jews,What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?
Arab,What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?
Zoroastrianism,What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?
632,In what yer did Muhammad die?
634–635,In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?
7th,In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?
732,In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?
Abbasid,What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?
Baghdad,What was the capital of the Abbasid state?
Tulunids,What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?
the Franks,What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?
Rome,"Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?"
Muslim conquests,What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?
luxury goods,What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?
7th,During what century did gold coinage cease?
silver,Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?
penny,What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?
denier,What was another name for the denarius?
Southern Europe,In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?
Greek,What language was used by the eastern church?
Latin,What language did the western church use?
1054,When did the eastern and western churches split?
papal supremacy,Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?
the Orthodox Church,What was the eastern church subsequently known as?
590,When did Gregory the Great become pope?
850,About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?
Britain,In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence?
597,When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain?
615,When did Columbanus die?
monasticism,What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?
Pachomius,Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?
Benedict of Nursia,Who composed the Benedictine Rule?
northern,From what part of England did Bede come?
abbot,What was the title of the leader of a monastery?
Burgundy,"Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?"
Merovingian,What dynasty ruled Neustria?
Clovis,From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?
Mayor of the Palace,What was the title of Pippin?
Charles Martel,What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?
Carolingian,What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel?
753,In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?
Pippin III,Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?
752,When did Stephen II become pope?
Carloman,"Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?"
Christmas Day 800,On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?
peasants,Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?
300,About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?
small farms,In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?
Scandinavia,"Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?"
Aachen,Where was Charlemagne's court based?
Carolingian Renaissance,What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?
English,Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?
804,In what year did Alcuin die?
Medieval Latin,What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?
Louis the Pious,Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?
26 years,How long did Louis the Pious reign?
840,When did the reign of Louis the Pious end?
Lothair I,Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?
Louis the German,Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious?
three,How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?
the Rhine and Rhone,Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?
Germany,In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?
France,In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands?
911,When did Louis the Child die?
the Vikings,What group settled in Iceland during this period?
Charles the Simple,Who was king of the Franks in 899?
Normandy,In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?
Magyar,What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld?
955,In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur?
871,When did Alfred the Great begin his reign?
the Kingdom of Alba,What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?
Ottonian dynasty,Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?
Magyars,What group did Otto I defeat?
962,In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?
Denmark,"Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?"
907,"Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?"
Asturias,"Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?"
Russia,"Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?"
Macedonian,Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member?
913–959,During what period did Constantine VII reign?
867,When did Basil I's rule begin?
10th,During what century did John Geometres flourish?
680,In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded?
4th century,When were the Constantinian basilicas built?
the west end,In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?
the basilica,What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?
transept,What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?
perpendicular,How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?
infantry,What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?
cavalry,What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?
composite bow,What Scythian weapon was used during this era?
Hunnic composite bow,What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?
mail,"Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?"
illuminated manuscripts,"Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?"
the Cross of Lothair,What is a notable cross made during this era?
Nagyszentmiklós,Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?
Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram,What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?
Guarrazar,Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?
heavy cavalry,The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?
Anglo-Saxon England,What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?
the crossbow,What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?
the stirrup,"Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?"
infantry,"Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?"
80 million,What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?
35,About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?
90,"During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?"
villages,"Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?"
assarting,What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?
11th and 12th,In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary?
the eldest son,"In this period, who usually inherited fiefs?"
wood,What were castles originally built out of?
Knights,What group constituted the lowest nobility?
9th,In what century were castles first built?
the secular clergy,What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy?
regular clergy,What type of clergy were monks?
less than one per cent,What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?
the nobility,What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from?
the peasant class,From what class were many parish priests?
cities,In what type of settlement did most Jews live?
the 11th and 12th,In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?
Christianity,What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?
Eastern,In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?
pagan,What was the religion of the Slavs?
taking care of the household,"Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?"
brewing,"Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?"
help with field-work,What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?
nuns,What role did women fill in the Church?
Baltic,What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?
Genoa,"Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?"
Marco Polo,Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?
double-entry bookkeeping,What accounting method was utilized in this period?
Italy,In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?
Hungary,"Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?"
Árpád,Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?
1198,When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?
England,"Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?"
900,In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?
Ottonian,What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?
Salian,What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?
1084,When did Henry IV's reign begin?
Investiture Controversy,The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?
Frederick II,What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?
William the Conqueror,Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?
1066–87,During what period did William reign over England?
1085,When did Robert Guiscard die?
Kingdom of Sicily,What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?
Angevin,To what dynasty did Henry II belong?
the Reconquista,What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?
five,How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?
Navarre,"Along with León, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150?"
the Caliphate of Córdoba,What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?
the Almohad Caliphate,What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s?
1060s,During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?
1071,In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?
Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV,Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert?
the Fatimids of Egypt,Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?
11th,During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?
Urban II,What pope launched the First crusade?
the Council of Clermont,At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?
1095,In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?
Alexios I Komnenos,What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?
1099,In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?
to regain Jerusalem,What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?
Saladin,Who took Jerusalem in 1187?
1203,In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?
Latin Empire of Constantinople,What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?
Cyprus,"After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?"
southern France,"Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?"
Marienburg,Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?
the Order of the Sword Brothers,What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?
12th,In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?
14th,What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?
realists,What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals?
Aristotle,"What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?"
1164,When did Peter Lombard die?
scholasticism,What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy?
Thomas Aquinas,Who authored the Summa Theologica?
songs of great deeds,What does chansons de geste mean in English?
The Song of Hildebrand,"Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?"
Geoffrey of Monmouth,Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae?
Arthur,What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae?
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa,Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris?
ecclesiastical law,What is another name for canon law?
Secular law,What is another name for Roman law?
Bologna,Where could one study Roman law in 1100?
11th,In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?
Gratian,Who wrote the Decretum?
algebra,What invention led to advances in mathematics?
Almagest,What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?
Greek,In what language was Almagest originally written?
Salerno,In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?
Latin,Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?
mechanical clocks,"Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?"
Concave spectacles,What was invented in approximately 1286?
Pisa,Near what city were concave spectacles invented?
one half,What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?
two-thirds,What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?
the horse collar,What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?
the heavy plough,What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?
faster,"In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?"
houses,"Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?"
mortise and tenon,"What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?"
rib and plank,What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?
stern-post,What type of rudder was introduced during this period?
lateen,What type of sails were first used during this era?
13th,In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?
the English,Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?
the Scots,Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?
1320s,In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?
The increasing use of crossbows,What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?
10th,In what century was Romanesque architecture first used?
arched stone vaults,What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?
C. R. Dodwell,Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era?
the castle,What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century?
1000,Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur?
Nicholas of Verdun,Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?
1205,What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?
west,On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?
on the barrel-vaulted roof,Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?
Gloucester Candlestick,What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?
12th,In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?
16th,In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?
Chartres,"Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?"
Salisbury Cathedral,What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?
French,Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?
Janetta Benton,Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?
Metalwork,What form of art had the most prestige in this era?
1337,When did Giotto die?
ivory,What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?
Cimabue,"Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?"
11th,In what century was thought given to monastic reform?
909,In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?
Mâcon,In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?
austerity,"Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?"
Cluniac Reforms,What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?
11th,During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?
1049,When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?
Pope Gregory VII,What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?
1122,In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?
German princes,What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?
Cistercians,What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?
1153,When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?
Monte Gargano,"Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?"
Compostela,"Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?"
Carthusians,"Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?"
Franciscans,"Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?"
poverty,What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?
begging,How did the mendicant orders make a living?
the Albigensian Crusade,What was the crusade against the Cathars called?
the Waldensians,"Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?"
1315–17,In what years did the Great Famine occur?
the Little Ice Age,What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?
the Medieval Warm Period,What period preceded the Little Ice Age?
1313–14,"Along with 1317–21, what span saw extreme rains in Europe?"
14th,In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease?
1347,When did the Black Death start?
35,How many million people died from the Black Death?
the jacquerie,What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?
the Peasants' Revolt,What English popular revolt took place during this period?
Florence,What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?
50,"By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?"
90,"At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?"
Eastern,In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?
cash rents,"Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?"
chivalry,What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?
1290,In what year were the Jews expelled from England?
1306,What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?
Poland,"Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?"
1492,In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?
Holland,"Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?"
Portugal,"Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?"
Paying for the wars,Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?
Parliament,What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?
Estates General,What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?
the peasantry,What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?
1337,When did the Hundred Years' War begin?
the Black Prince,What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward?
1327,When did the reign of Edward III begin?
Crécy,"Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?"
1420s,What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc?
Bohemia,"Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?"
15th,During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?
England,What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?
Henry VII,What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?
Norway,"Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?"
Palaeologi,Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?
Venice,"Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?"
Ottomans,What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?
1366,In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?
Serbia,Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?
1305–78,During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?
Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy,What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?
1418,When did the Great Schism end?
two,How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?
Martin V,Who was made pope in 1417?
English,Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?
1415,In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?
the laity,Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?
Hussitism,What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?
burned at the stake,How did Jan Hus die?
the clergy,"In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?"
1471,When did Thomas à Kempis die?
1484,In what year did the Church condemn witches?
1486,In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published?
handbook for witch-hunters,What was the Malleus Maleficarum?
scholasticism,What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?
customary law,"Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?"
England,What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?
Lithuania,"Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?"
universals,What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?
training of future clergy,What was the main purpose of education in this period?
grammar,"Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium?"
ten,About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500?
one,"In 1500, approximately what percent of European women could read?"
a village priest,"Along with their family, who typically taught a child letters and numbers?"
Petrarch,"Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?"
1400,When did Chaucer die?
Christine de Pizan,Who was a notable female French author of this period?
Latin,In what language was most religious literature of this period written?
Meister Eckhart,"Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?"
Portugal,Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?
Prince Henry the Navigator,What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?
Vasco da Gama,What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?
the Americas,What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?
Henry VII,What English monarch financed John Cabot?
infantry,"Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?"
longbowmen,What troops were uniquely successful in English service?
the increasing power of crossbows,What influenced the increasing development of armor?
pikes,What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?
hand-held guns,"Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?"
the traditional distaff,What was replaced by the spinning wheel?
buttons,What invention replaced laces on clothing?
the tower mill,What new type of windmill was invented in this period?
Sweden,In what country did the blast furnace first appear?
Venice,Where did patent law originate?
1400,Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?
the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry,What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?
Early Renaissance,"Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages?"
Mudéjar potters,Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery?
the Royal Gold Cup,What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate?
Giovanni Pisano,Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea?
Painted,"Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period?"
1464,When did Rogier van der Weyden die?
Netherlandish,Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck?
works printed before 1500,What does incunabula refer to?
Enlightenment,"Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?"
the Classical world,What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?
as a time of ignorance and superstition,How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages?
faith,What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason?
Science,What is Edward Grant a historian of?
David Lindberg,Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?
18th,"According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?"
19th,During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat?
dissections,"Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?"
ancient science,"According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy?"
natural philosophy,"According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to?"
Ronald Numbers,"Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages?"
linguistics,What is phonology a branch of?
phonemes,What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? 
Phonology,The study of sign language is a part of what?
the phonological system,What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?
sound system,What is another term for phonological system?
vocabulary,"Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?"
fundamental,What sort of language system is phonology?
phonetics,What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?
descriptive,What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?
linguistics,Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?
mid 20th century,When was the phonome's modern concept developed?
speech perception,What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? 
Greek,What language does phonology as a word come from?
lógos,What Greek word is -logy derived from?
Nikolai Trubetzkoy,Who in 1939 defined phonology?
speech,A distinction was drawn between language and what?
1998,When did Lass write about phonology?
Sanskrit,What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?
Ashtadhyayi,What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?
Pāṇini,Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?
4th century BC,During what time period did Panini do his work?
the Shiva Sutras,What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?
1876,When was the phoneme as a concept introduced?
Mikołaj Kruszewski,Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?
Polish,What nationality was de Courtenay?
scholar,What was de Courtenay's profession?
Ferdinand de Saussure,Who was influenced by  Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?
Principles of Phonology,What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?
1939,When was Principles of Phonology published?
morphophonology,What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?
the Prague school.,What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?
Prince,What was Trubetzkoy's title?
1968,When was The Sound Pattern of English published?
Morris Halle,Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English?
emphasis on segments,Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory?
morphophonology,What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists?
David Stampe,Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology?
a set of universal phonological processes,According to Stampe what is phonology based on?
suppressed,Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in?
Patricia Donegan,Who is the number two natural phonologist?  
Wolfgang U. Dressler,Who was the founder of natural morphology?
John Goldsmith,Who founded autosegmental phonology?
1976,When did John Goldsmith share his work?
feature geometry,What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?
the early 1980s,When was Government phonology first seen?
restricted variation,What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?
Government,Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?
1991,When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?
LSA summer institute,Where was optimality theory created?
John McCarthy,Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?
Mark Hale and Charles Reiss,Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?
strict-CV phonology,What followed government phonology?
"the United Kingdom,",Where is government phonology popular?
optimality theory,What theory is seen more in the US?
phonological theory,What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?
synchronic and diachronic accounts,What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?
recent years.,When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?
integrated,What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?
phonemes,What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?
allophones,What is another word for variations?
unaspirated,What is the opposite of aspirated?
phonological,What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes?
sound inventory,Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?
native,What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? 
historical,What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?
contrasts,With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?
the same phoneme,In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?
complicate,How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?
unrecognizable,How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?
speech perception,What does splicing words affect?
sounds,What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?
brain,What part of a human does language processing?
allophones,The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?
early 1960s,When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?
abstract,On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?
morphophonemes,What is a name for the basic morpheme unit?
morphophonology,What is the act of analyzing morphophones called?
theoretical,What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind?
meaning,What do phonemes differentiate? 
how sounds alternate,Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?
phonology,The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?
prosody,Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?
feeding,Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?
Phonology,"Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?"
prosody,Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?
general analytical tools,Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?
sign languages,What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to?
modality,What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from?
sub-lexical units,In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds?
central processing unit,"In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?"
Peripheral devices,What are the devices called that are from an external source?
"(CPU), and some form of memory",What are two things that a computer always has?
astronomical calculations,What were analog computers originally used for?
"World War II,",During what war were computers first used for military applications?
personal computers,"In computer terms, what does PC stand for?"
World War II,During what war were the first digital computers invented?
integrated circuits,Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?
millions to billions of times,How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?
1613,"When was the first known use of the word ""computer""?"
The Yong Mans Gleanings,"In which book, was the term ""computer"" first used?"
Richard Braithwait,"Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?"
19th century,"From the end of what century, did the word ""computer"" take its well known meaning of today?"
a form of tally stick,The earliest device to help count was what?
"(clay spheres, cones, etc.)",Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what?
arithmetic tasks,What was the abacus first used for?
2400 BC,When was the Roman abacus first used?
Babylonia,Where was the Roman abacus first used?
a checkered cloth,In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?
sums of money,A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?
The Antikythera mechanism,What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer?
1901,When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered?
Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera,Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901?
Kythera and Crete,Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between?
Derek J. de Solla Price.,The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī,Who invented the planisphere?
Hipparchus,Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?
the planisphere and dioptra,The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?
1235,The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?
Persia,The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?
16th century,"The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century?"
1620–1630,When was the slide rule first invented?
doing multiplication and division.,What is the slide rule used for?
Aviation,What industry are slide rules still used today?
a Swiss watchmaker,What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz?
In the 1770s,When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen?
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire,Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today?
"Neuchâtel, Switzerland",Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located?
1872,When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented?
Sir William Thomson,Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872?
system of pulleys and wires,What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function?
wheel-and-disc,What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use?
Lord Kelvin,In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?
1920s,During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?
Vannevar Bush,"In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?"
Charles Babbage,Who invented the concept of a programmable computer?
Charles Babbage,"Who is considered the ""father of the computer""?"
early 19th century,During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage?
1833,What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible?
Henry Babbage,Who was Charles Babbage's son?
Henry Babbage,Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit?
1888,When was the mill created by Henry Babbage?
1906,When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given?
Sir William Thomson,Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine?
1872,When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created?
James Thomson,Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876?
Lord Kelvin,James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure?
MIT,Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen?
1927,The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year?
H. W. Nieman,The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom?
50s,By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete?
education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).,Analog computers remain in use in what industries?
Alan Turing,"Who wrote the paper ""On Computable Numbers""?"
1936,"When did Alan Turing write the paper, ""On Computable Numbers""?"
Kurt Gödel,Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931?
Universal Turing machine,A Universal Machine is known as what today?
the United States Navy,What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine?
1938,When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine?
trigonometry,What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target?
Konrad Zuse,"Who created the relay computer, the Z2?"
1939,When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?
The Z2,What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?
German,Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?
1941,When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer?
the Z3,"What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse?"
2000,How many relays did the Z3 contain?
about 5–10 Hz,What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency?
64,How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3?
Post Office Research Station,Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?
London,In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?
1942,The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year?
about 300,How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use?
Iowa State University,At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?
Flowers,Who built the first Colossus in 1943?
18 January 1944,When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park?
", the British",Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II?
Bletchley Park,Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II?
Colossus,What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world?
1500 thermionic valves (tubes),How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain?
2400,How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain?
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),The US-buils ENIAC stands for what?
ENIAC,What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States?
5000,How many times could it add or subtract a second?
ENIAC,What was the limit of its high speed memory?
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,ENIAC was constructed by whom?
University of Pennsylvania,Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC?
1945,When was ENIAC fully operational?
Alan Turing,The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?
1936,When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?
1945,When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?
1945.,The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?
University of Pennsylvania,Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?
Baby,What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine,What was the first stored-program computer in the world?
Victoria University of Manchester,Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built?
"Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill",Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?
21 June 1948,When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program?
The Mark 1,What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?
Ferranti Mark 1,What was the first available computer for the public?
1951,When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?
University of Manchester,Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?
April 1951,When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?
1947.,When was the bipolar transistor created?
1955,When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?
Tom Kilburn,"At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves?"
1953,The first transistorised computer was operational in what year?
valves,What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms?
electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell,Who built the Harwell CADET?
1955,In what year was the Harwell CADET built?
Geoffrey W.A. Dummer,The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?
Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence,Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.,Where created the first practical integrated circuits?
Texas Instruments,Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?
12 September 1958.,When was the first functional IC demonstrated?
germanium,What was Kilby's IC made of?
silicon,Noyce's IC was made up of what material?
Intel 4004,What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor?
"Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor",Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor?
Intel.,"Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at?"
smartphones,Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?
237 million devices,How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?
(gigaflops),Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?
the flow of control,When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?
the flow of control,What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?
Harvard Mark I computer,Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?
the Harvard architecture,A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?
basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function,A computer's assembly language is known as what?
an assembler.,Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?
machine language,Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?
a compiler or an assembler,Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?
an interpreter,Programming languages are translated at run time by what?
a PDA or a hand-held videogame,An ARM architecture computer can be found in what?
a compiler,Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer?
SQL,An example of a 4GL is what?
provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer,What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?
"""bugs",Another name for errors in programs are called what?
programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design,Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?
Admiral Grace Hopper,Who was the developer of the first compier?
Admiral Grace Hopper,"Who first coined the term ""bugs""?"
moth,What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?
Harvard Mark II,What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth?
September 1947,When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth?
arithmetic logic,The ALU of a computer stands for what?
I/O,Input and output devices are known as what term?
"the control unit, the memory","Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?"
a bit (binary digit) of information,A circuit in a computer part represents what?
on,"In positive logic representation a ""1"" represents when a circuit is what?"
off,"In positive logic representation a ""0"" represents when a circuit is what?"
a control system or central controller),What are other names for a control unit for a computer?
(decodes,Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?
a register,A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?
which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from,A register of a CPU keeps track of what?
the program counter,What is a component that all CPUs have?
the ALU,In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?
"""jumps""",Instructions that change the program counter are called what?
instructions that are repeated by the computer),Loops are defined as what?
microsequencer,In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what?
CPU,A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?
central processing unit,The CPU is an abbreviation for what?
"The control unit, ALU, and registers",What 3 parts make up the CPU?
a microprocessor,CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?
mid-1970s,Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?
"sine, cosine,",Some trigonometry functions are what?
(integers,The term for whole numbers is what?
"AND, OR, XOR, and NOT",Boolean logic consists of what?
Superscalar,Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?
a single number,How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?
the software's,What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?
a byte,A group of 8 bits is called what?
256 different numbers,How many numbers can a byte represent?
0 to 255 or −128 to +127,What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?
The CPU,What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?
two and one hundred registers,What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?
ROM,What type of memory can a CPU only read from?
RAM,What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?
ROM,What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?
the BIOS,A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?
"firmware,",Software stored in ROM is called what usually?
registers,RAM cache memory is slower than what?
peripherals,Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
input,A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
output,A printer is what type of peripheral device?
input and output,Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
input,A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
multitasking,"In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?"
"""time-sharing""","A method of multitasking that takes a ""slice"" of time in turn is called what?"
"an interrupt,",A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
"more slowly,",Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?
input/output devices,What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?
CPUs,Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
thousands,How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
Supercomputers,What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
SAGE system,What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
the 1950s,When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
ARPA,Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?
DARPA),ARPA is now known as what?
the Internet.,The network spread to be known as what today?
programs,The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?
The Church–Turing thesis,The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?
a computer,All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?
transistors,Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?
photolithographed semiconductors,Transistors are typically made up of what today?
billiard ball computer),A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?
quantum computers,What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?
quantum factoring,By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
artificial intelligence,Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
hardware,Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?
Software,Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
firmware,Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
software,"What type of ""ware"" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?"
the motherboard,A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?
BIOS set up,What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?
CPU,Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?
output devices,Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?
"communities and countries, ""black"" is also perceived as a derogatory,","Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word ""black""?"
racial classification or of ethnicity,"What is ""black people"" a term for?"
the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies,"Do all regions perceive that term ""black people"" the same?"
", ""black"" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,","Do some cultures not use the term ""Black people""?"
"the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.","Can the term ""black people"" have different meanings?"
"Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as ""black""","Do all societies use the term ""black"" the same?"
societal variables,"What factors can affect the classification of ""blackness""?"
"mixed-race people are generally not classified as ""black.""",Are mixed race people classified as black?
"it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.","How is the term ""black"" defined in the United States?"
"European colonists applied the term ""black"" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.","How did European Colonists use the term ""Black""?"
"Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla",What made up Mauretania?
The Romans,Who conquered parts of Mauretania?
the classical period.,During what period did Mauretania exist? 
in Classical literature,Where were the people of the region noted? 
Moors,What is Mauri in English? 
North Africa,Where was the Arab Slave Trade?
the 7th century,When were the Arab Invasions?
North Africa,Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? 
some dating from prehistoric communities.,When did these communities begin?
Trans-Saharan trade in peoples,Who are they descendants of?
(1672–1727),When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?
"150,000",How many black slaves did he own?
Black Guard,What did he call his slave army?
coerced the country into submission.,What did the Black Guard do?
In the 18th century,When did the Black Guard exist?
because they have some distant white ancestry.,Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?
Brazil's University of the State of Bahia,Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?
in ways that resemble multi-racials,How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
Anwar Sadat,Who was the Egyptian President?
Nubian Sudanese,What ethnicity was his mother?
Egyptian,What ethnicity was his father?
reddish,What color did he refer to himself as?
black women,Who was enslaved more often?
sexual relations between a male master and his female slave,What did the Qur'an permit?
domestic service and agriculture,What were female slaves used for?
umm walad,What is the term for a pregnant slave?
"""mother of a child""",What does umm walad mean?
Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur,Who was the ruler in Morocco?
from 1578 to 1608,When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
Fulani,What ethnicity was his mother?
"(Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning ""slave"")",What Arabic term is still used for black people?
sub-Saharan peoples,"Who still had the term ""slave"" used in reference to them?"
early 1991,When did the Arab apartheid intensify? 
non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe,Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
Sudan,Where did these people live?
Sudanese Arabs,Who controlled the government?
"deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity"" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.",What was the government being accused of?
George Ayittey,Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
the Arab government,Who executed the apartheid?
blacks,Who was excluded?
Sudan,Where were they?
economist,What is George Ayittey's profession? 
Irwin Cotler,Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?
"an example of a government that ""actually deserve(s)"" the appellation ""apartheid.""",How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?
Irwin Cotler,Who argeed with Dershowitz?
Canadian,Where did Irwin Cotler live?
many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes,What did the colonization of South Africa result in?
mixed-race children,What was a result of these marriages?
second-class,What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?
"Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent",Who was included in the Coloured group?
a system of legal racial segregation,What does apartheid mean?
the Population Registration Act of 1945,What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
pencil test,What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil,How did the pencil test work?
Minor officials,"Who administered the ""Pencil Test""?"
Sandra Laing,"Who was featured in the movie ""Skin""?"
2008,"What year was the movie ""Skin"" made?"
age 10,At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
South African,What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? 
three,How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
"those classed as ""Coloured""",Who was oppressed and discriminated against?
During the apartheid era,What era did this discrimination take place?
"those classed as ""Black""","Who were ""Coloured"" people above in the class system?"
large townships located away from the cities,"Where were the ""black"" areas?"
affirmative action policies,What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
"""Africans"", ""Coloureds"" and ""Asians""","Who does the term ""black"" people include?"
"a ""Non-racial democracy""",What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?
ANC (African National Congress),"Who makes the ""Coloured"" people feel ""Not black enough""?"
"""Africans",Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? 
the High Court in South Africa,"Who declared Chinese South Africans as ""Black People""?"
2008,What year did this ruling happen?
solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits,Why was this classification made?
Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid,What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?
"they were also ""disadvantaged"" by racial discrimination.",Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits? 
language,"What is another way ""Coloureds"" can be distinguished from ""Blacks""?"
Afrikaans or English,What languages are most common?
Zulu or Xhosa,What are less common languages spoken?
European-sounding names,"What types of names do ""coloureds"" have?"
Bantu names,"What type of names do ""blacks"" have?"
10 to 18 million,How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century,In what time frame were these people enslaved?
Arab slave traders,Who enslaved these people?
for them to serve as concubines,Why were women slaves more popular?
The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners,Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
average of 38%,How many people in Yemen have African lineage? 
16%,How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
10%,How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
African female-mediated gene,Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
African-Iraquis,Who is seeking minority status from the government?
Parliament,Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
as Arab,How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
Distinctive and self-identified black communities,What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
Alamin M. Mazrui et al.,Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
"About 150,000",How many East African and black people live in Israel?
just over 2%,What percent of Israel's population is black?
during the 1980s and 1990s,When did they migrate to Israel?
Ethiopia.,Where did they migrate from?
"the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.",Where are most of the black converts from?
"around 60,000",How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
asylum,What have these immigrants sought?
Sudan and Eritrea,Where are most of them from?
Niger-Congo,What languages do they speak?
southern Nuba Mountains,Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
during the period of the Ottoman Empire,When did the slave trade begin?
Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey,Where were the slaves brought?
İzmir area,Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
1923,What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan,Who are the Siddi?
Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa,Who did the Siddi descend from?
"""Sayyid""","What does the word ""Siddi"" derive from?"
the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area,Where does the term Sayyid come from?
1960s,"When was the ""black power"" movement in Sindh?"
The Negritos,Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
"Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.",Where do the Negritos reside currently?
"""little black people""",What does Negrito mean?
Spanish,What language does the term Negrito come from?
Semang,What term is interchangable with Negrito?
Muslims,"What does the term ""Moors"" refer to?"
Arab or Berber descent,"What descent of Muslims does ""Moors"" refer to?"
"Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans",In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
North Africa or Iberia,"Where did ""Moors"" migrate from?"
derogatory,"What kind of term is ""Moors""?"
Isidore of Seville,Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
"7th century,",When was this claim made?
black,What does mauron mean?
Etymologies,What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
Moors,"What was ""Black by definition""?"
Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent,What are Afro-Spaniards?
"Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal",Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?
Equatorial Guinea,Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?
"an estimated 683,000",How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?
over a million black,In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?
1%,"What percentage of the population was ""Black Caribbean""?"
0.8%,"What percentage of the population was ""Black African""?"
0.2%,"What percentage of the population was ""Black other""?"
after World War II,When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?
1960s,When did African states become independent?
Soviet Union,Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?
"about 400,000",How many students moved from Africa to Russia?
to pursue higher studies,Why did students move to Russia?
Eastern bloc.,Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?
in the Balkans,Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
Ulcinj,What town had it's own black community?
Montenegro,What country is Ulcinj in?
100,How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
"an estimated 30,000",How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
Indigenous Australians,"Who has been referred to as ""black people""?"
skin colour,What was the original term related to?
since the early days of European settlement,Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?
to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry,What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? 
Aboriginal Protection Boards,What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?
"where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.",What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?
Aborigines were not allowed to vote,Were Aborigines allowed to vote?
Sir Baldwin Spencer,Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?
1913,What year was his report from?
mixed-race people,Which race was growing faster after the First World War?
"""half-caste menace""",What did people fear in 1930?
the White Australia ideal,What did this menace undermine?
Dr. Cecil Cook,Who noted this particular fear?
"the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,",Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?
"""half-caste"" individuals",Who did the government want raised as white?
"Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white""",What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
speaking their native language and practising traditional customs,What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
the Stolen Generation,What was this process referred to?
The second half of the 20th century,When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?
1967,What year was constitutional discrimination ended?
to include Aborigines in the national census.,What else was included in the 1967 referendum?
"""black""",What term was embraced during this period?
Activist Bob Maza,Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?
Kevin Gilbert,"Who wrote ""Living Black?"
1978,What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?
a collection of Aboriginal people's stories,What was Living Black about?
the Human Rights Award for Literature,What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?
Inside Black Australia,What was the award in 1998 for?
people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander,What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
"resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,","What has the reappropriation of the word ""black"" done?"
2012,In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
Anthony Mundine,What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
Andrew Bolt,Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
John Rolfe,Who described slaves as negars?
Colonial America,Where was John Rolfe?
Virginia colony,Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
"""Begraafplaats van de Neger""",What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
Cemetery of the Negro,"What does ""Begraafplaats van de Neger"" mean?"
By the 1900s,"When did ""nigger"" become a pejorative word?"
colored,What term replaced negro as mainstream?
"""black""","What term followed ""negro"" and ""colored""?"
the African-American Civil rights movement,What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? 
Reverend Martin Luther King,Who led the Civil Rights movement?
by their specific ethnic group,How did black people identify in early America?
individual ethnic affiliations,What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast,How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
This new identity was based on provenance and slave status,How was the new African American identity defined?
French and Spanish colonists,Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors,"What type of skin pigment does ""Black"" refer to?"
"socially based racial classification related to being African American,","In the United States the term ""black people"" is an indicator for?"
a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.,Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
they fulfill the social criteria,"How are people defined as ""black"" or ""white""?"
the majority of black people in the United States were native-born,"Why did the use of ""African"" become an issue?"
would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.,Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
"1835,",What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
the African Methodist Episcopal Church,"What group decided to keep the ""African"" in their name?"
"""Negro"" or ""colored""",What terms did African Americans use instead?
Jesse Jackson,"Who argued for Americans to use the term ""African American""?"
1988,What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants,Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
African-American,"Who also argued for the term ""African American""?"
"because ""African"" suggests foreignness","Why did some argue that ""black"" was the better term?"
having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa,"How does the U.S. census define ""black"" Americans?"
socio-political constructs,What classification are given?
17–18%,What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
scientific or anthropological,What is the Census definition not based on?
classify as black a person of any known African ancestry,"What did the ""one-drop"" rule do?"
early 20th century.,"When was the ""one-drop"" rule put into place?"
18th and 19th centuries,When was racial definition more flexible?
the American Civil War,What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
1662,When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
"the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.",How is blackness described in the US?
"political orientation, culture and behavior","What defines ""blackness""?"
"""acting white""","What is the opposite of ""blackness""?"
black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans,"How does one ""act white""?"
"with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,","In what regards can one ""act white""?"
Toni Morrison,"Who described Bill Clinton as ""Black""?"
Christopher Hitchens,Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
Nobel Prize-winning novelist,Who is Toni Morrison?
Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain,Why were people offended by this comment?
Rwandan Genocide,What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
John Punch,Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
the first African slave in the Virginia colony,Who is John Punch?
1640,When was Punch indentured?
trying to escape,Why was he indentured for life?
they were born to free English women,Why were his children free?
12 million,How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
11.5 million,How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
5.5 million,How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
2.76 million,How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
"closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,",How is black identified in South America?
by appearance,How are people in Brazil classified?
Brazil,What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
"based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color",How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
like the colors of the spectrum,How are people evaluated in Brazil?
lighter skin,What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
black,What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
white,What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
(black),What does Preto mean?
estimated 3.5 million,How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
more than half,How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
Afro-descendants,"Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?"
segregation laws,What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
intermarriage,What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
6.2%,How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
40%,How much identified as mixed race?
55%,How much identified as white?
29%,How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
the binary polarization of society into black and white,What has Brazil avoided?
civil war,What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.,How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
Elio Ferreira de Araujo,Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality? 
black and indigenous communities.,Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
75%,"In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?"
50%,"In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?"
one-drop rule,What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?
discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.,What does the one drop rule do?
illiteracy and education levels,What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?
blacks,What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?
80%,"How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?"
1965,When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?
1970s,When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?
Hurricane Katrina,What large hurricane hit New Orleans?
limited media visibility,What do critics claim people of color have?
"hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.",What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
northern Europeans,What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
mulatto,"What is another word for ""Light Skinned"""
all African-descended people,"What would scholars like the term ""Negro"" to include?"
"a ""black"" consciousness and identity.",What does this aim to stimulate?
a wide range of multiracial people,"What does the term ""pardo"" include?"
mestizos,What does caboclos mean?
London,The Times is based in what major British city?
1785,What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start?
The Daily Universal Register,What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?
Times Newspapers,The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?
News Corp group,"The Times, owned by News UK, is itself owned by what major corporation?"
Times Newspapers,The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?
1788,What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register?
1785,What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?
1838,What year did The Times of India start?
1845,What year did The Strait Times (Singapore) start?
1851,What year did The New York Times start?
1859,What year did the Irish Times start?
1872,What year did the Cape Times (South Africa) start?
Times Roman,What major typeface font was started by The Times?
Stanley Morison,Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times?
Times Modern,"In November 2006, The Times changed its font to what new font typeface?"
219 years,How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format?
2004,In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size?
moderate,"Traditionally, what political spectrum did The Times support?"
Labour Party,What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections?
"394,448","In March 2014, The Times had an average daily circulation of how many people?"
Gage Cengage,The complete historical file of the digitized paper of The Times is online and published by what publisher?
Conservative Party,What political party has the highest readership of The Times?
John Walter,The Times was founded by what publisher who also was the editor?
The Daily Universal Register,The Times was known as what name before it became The Times?
1785,What year was the very first publication of The Times?
libel,The first publisher and editor of The Times when to prison for what crime when printed in his newspaper?
940,"Before the newspaper changed its name to The Times, how many editions were printed?"
"5,000","In 1815, The Times had a circulation of how many people?"
steam-driven cylinder press,"Beginning in 1814, The Times was printed using what new kind of press?"
reputation,The Times used contributions from significant figures to build what?
Friedrich Koenig,Who developed the new press type in 1814 for The Times?
Thomas Barnes,Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817?
his son,"In 1817, The Times paper's printer James Lawson passed his business to which family member?"
The Thunderer,"Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling, two noted The Times journalists, gained what nickname for themselves?"
steam-driven rotary printing press,What kind of printing press helped increase the circulation and influence of The Times back in 1817?
John Thadeus Delane,Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841?
war,The Times was the first newspaper to send correspondents to what kind of event?
W. H. Russell,Who was The Times first correspondent with an army?
Crimean War,Which war did The Times first cover using correspondents?
Irish Potato Famine,What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?
Great Reform Bill of 1832,The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?
Corn Laws,Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?
wealthy classes,"During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?"
the secessionists,The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?
1847,What year did the founder's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times?
John Walter,What is the name of the The Times founder's grandson who succeeded his father as editor?
the penny press,"In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?"
the Foreign Office,Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence?
19th century,Which century was The Times first often relied upon for continental intelligence?
official sources,Continental intelligence conveyed by The Times was often superior to what?
Arthur Fraser Walter,Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890?
Charles Frederic Moberly Bell,Which energetic editor rescued The Times from financial collapse in 1890?
Britannica,Which encyclopedia was The Times aggressively selling to American markets?
Horace Everett Hooper,Who was the creator of the encyclopedia that The Times was known for selling to America?
Alfred Harmsworth,Who later bought the well-known encyclopedia from The Times in 1908?
Wickham Steed,Who was The Times' Chief Editor in 1914?
World War I,The Chief Editor of The Times in 1914 argued that the British Empire should enter what war?
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,What anti-Semitic fabrication did The Times endorse in 1920?
the world's greatest danger,"After publishing anti-Semitic editorials in 1920, what did The Times refer to Jews as being?"
"The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry",What was the name of the anti-Semitic article that The Time's Chief Editor published in 1914?
The Protocols,A Constantinople correspondent of The Times exposed what anti-Semitic document as a forgery?
Philip Graves,Who was the name of the The Times Constantinople correspondent who exposed the anti-Semitic document as a forgery?
retracted the editorial,How did The Times respond to the exposing of anti-Semitic documents as forgery?
John Jacob Astor,"In 1922, who bought The Times?"
Northcliffe estate,"In 1922, which estate sold The Times?"
German appeasement,The Times gained much notoriety in the 1930s because of its advocacy of what?
Geoffrey Dawson,Which The Times editor was closely allied with the government who practised German appeasement?
Neville Chamberlain,Which notable government official did The Times ally with in the 1930s whom practised German appeasement?
Kim Philby,Who was the name of the Soviet double agent who was the correspondent for The Times in Spain in the late 1930s?
Spanish Civil War,A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s?
MI6,"During World War II, the Soviet double agent who was corresponding for The Times in Spain in the 1930s later joined what agency?"
Soviet Union,"In 1963, a notable double agent providing valuable and high-quality reporting for The Times during a war in the late 1930s eventually defected to which country?"
E.H. Carr,"Between 1941 and 1946, which left-wing British historian was Assistant Editor for The Times?"
pro-Soviet,The Assistant Editor of The Times in 1941-1946 strongly supported what stance?
Communists,Which side did The Times support in the fighting that broke out in Athens in 1944?
Winston Churchill,Which major political figure condemned The Times in 1944 for not supporting the British Army?
the threepenny Daily Worker,"During World War II, The Times was nicknamed what in 1944?"
1966,In what year did The Times resume printing news on the front page instead of small advertisements?
Astor family,"In 1967, what well-known family sold The Times to a Canadian publishing magnate?"
Roy Thomson,"In 1967, which Canadian publishing magnate bought The Times?"
Thomson Corporation,What is the name of the corporation that bought The Times in 1967?
The Sunday Times,Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited?
Thomson Corporation,"In 1979, which corporation was struggling to run The Times?"
1979 Energy Crisis,What crisis in 1979 caused near ruin to The Times?
union demands,What kind of demands were causing ruin to The Times in 1979?
Australian,A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s?
Rupert Murdoch,What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s?
Thomson,Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?
News International,What corporation bought The Times in 1981?
Rupert Murdoch,Who owned the major corporation that bought The Times in 1981?
the unions,"During the acquisition of The Times in 1981, John Collier and Bill O'Neill were part of what group that did three weeks of intensive bargaining?"
William Rees-Mogg,"When The Times was bought in 1982, who resigned as editor?"
14 years,How many years as an editor was editor who resigned from The Times in 1982?
Harold Evans,"In 1982, what is the name of the editor who replaced the previous editor of The Times?"
hot-metal Linotype printing process,What printing process for The Times was replaced by computers in 1982?
half,"In 1982, the allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times was reduced by how much?"
Robert Fisk,Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?
seven,The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?
political censorship,"The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?"
Iran Air Flight 655,What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?
pro-Israel stance,What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?
1990,In what year did The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles for living persons before full names on first reference?
formal style,"What kind of style is now confined to the ""Court and Social"" page of The Times when referring to the use of courtesy titles?"
surnames,"When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first?"
2003,In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?
Northern Ireland,"When The Times began producing its newpaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes, which region did The Times withdraw its broadsheet from sale?"
tabloid format,The Times is printed solely in what format since 2004?
Letters page,"On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned what page of its newspaper?"
full postal addresses,"In 2005, The Times dropped the practice of printing what kind of feature of its correspondents?"
David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire,Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor?
158,The leading author and solicitor of the letters page in The Times had how many articles published?
From Our Own Correspondents,What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005?
2007,In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?
exercising editorial control,"In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?"
House of Lords Select Committee on Communications,What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?
Wapping,"In May 2008, The Times switched from what plant to new plants in Broxbourne, Merseyside, and Glasgow?"
London,"In 2008, The Times switched to a new plant in Broxbourne, which is on the outskirts of what city?"
full colour,"In May 2008, The Times switched to new plants which allowed for what kind of feature to be printed on every page for the first time?"
London 2012 Olympics,What major event took place in London in 2012?
souvenir,What kind of front cover did The Times issue on 26 July 2012?
of London,"In 2012, The Times added what suffix to its masthead?"
news,The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper?
Opinion/Comment section,What section begins after the first half of The Times newspaper?
£1.20,What is The Times current price for the daily edition?
business pages,What feature begins on the centre spread of The Times?
sport section,What section is featured at the end of the main paper of The Times?
times2,What is the name of the lifestyle column of The Times?
Mind Games,The Times features a puzzles section called what?
Killer Sudoku,What is the name of the sudoku game in The Times?
football,What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays?
Scottish Premier League,What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times?
The Game,What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times?
Weekend,What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle?
Saturday Review,"Arts, books, and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times?"
Playlist,An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what?
Giles Coren,What is the name of the notable contributor to The Times Magazine columns that became the Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005?
Nadiya Hussain,What is the name of the winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off who is also a column writer in The Times Magazine section?
2005,"In what year did notable Times Magazine contributor, Gile Coren, become Food and Drink Writer of the Year?"
The Great British Bake Off,"Nadiya Hussain, a Times Magazine column writer, is known for being the winner of what BBC contest?"
The Times Magazine,"What is the name of the section that features columns touching on subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and garden or simply writers' anecdotes?"
1999,Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense?
timesonline.co.uk,What is the URL of online website for The Times?
daily readers,"The website, thetimes.co.uk, is aimed at what kind of reader?"
weekly magazine-like content,"The website, thesundaytimes.co.uk, provides what kind of content?"
£2 per week,How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions?
The Times Digital Archive,What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive?
Gale databases,The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database?
academic,What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times?
87%,Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?
paywall,What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?
"750,000","In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?"
"111,000","As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?"
1981,What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times?
The Daily Telegraph,The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?
The Sun,What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom?
Daily Mail,What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper?
The Sunday Times,"Which newspaper has a significantly higher circulation, The Sunday Times or The Times?"
"399,339","As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of how many people?"
"885,612","As of January 2013, The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people?"
The Times,"In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?"
The Times,"What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the ""quality"" papers?"
25–44,The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?
Times New Roman,The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931?
Victor Lardent,Who is the creator of the serif typeface created in 1931 for The Times newspaper?
Stanley Morison,Who commissioned the change of the typeface of The Times in 1931?
Plantin,What is the name of the typeface that Times New Roman is based on?
40,How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman?
peculiarly detached,"At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?"
Con-Lib coalition,What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?
Tory,"After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?"
Conservatives,"From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?"
Eurosceptic,"After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?"
Labour,"In the 2001 general election, The Times declared support for what political party?"
Tony Blair,What is the name of the political party's leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election?
Tories,"For the 2010 general election, which political party did The Times support?"
Liberal Democrats,What political party did the Tories have to form a coalition with in 2010?
Labour,What political party was re-elected by a landslide in 2001?
The Times,What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?
Conservative Party,"Which political party is The Times columnist, Daniel Finkelstein, associated with?"
Labour Party,"Which political party is The Times columnist, David Aaronovitch, associated with?"
2012,In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?
Barack Obama,Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president?
foreign policy,What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama?
London Film Festival,What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute?
Asia House Festival of Asian Literature,"What festival is featured at Asia House, London?"
The Times,The Cheltenham Literature Festival is supported by what major newspaper?
Times Literary Supplement,What is the name of the supplement that first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times?
weekly literature,"In 1914, a separately paid-for supplement for The Times was a magazine that featured what kind of content?"
"Times House, Pennington Street",The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London?
2012,In what year did The Times Literary Supplement begin publishing online?
Atlases,The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895?
HarperCollins Publishers,What publisher prints The Times atlas?
The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World,What is the name of The Times' atlas?
Sunday Times Travel Magazine,What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?
2003,In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?
164,How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?
Sunday Times Travel Magazine,What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?
Nineteen Eighty-Four,In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?
George Orwell,What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?
dystopian,"What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?"
Nero Wolfe,"The author, Rex Stout, created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times' crossword puzzles that goes by what name?"
New York,"In what part of the world did the fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, live in?"
London Times,"The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, preferred what newspaper to American newspapers?"
crossword,"The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper?"
The Times,"The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?"
James Bond,What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?
"From Russia, with Love",In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?
The Wombles,In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?
Very Behind the Times,"What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?"
Uncle Bulgaria,"In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?"
Delhi,In what territory is New Delhi located?
New Delhi,What municipality serves as the capital of India?
Delhi,For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government?
New Delhi,What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India?
New Delhi,What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi?
George V,Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?
1911,In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?
Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker,Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?
13 February 1931,On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?
Viceroy Lord Irwin,Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?
Delhi and New Delhi,What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?
Delhi,New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory?
NCT of Delhi,Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction?
New Delhi,What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?
Delhi,What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?
hundred,How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city?
Smart Cities Mission,What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities?
PM Narendra Modi,Who is responsible for India's smart city initiative?
New Delhi,What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city?
Calcutta,What city was the capital of India until December 1911?
Kolkata,What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?
Mughal Empire,What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?
Delhi,"In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?"
the centre of northern India,In what part of India is Delhi located?
George V,Who announced that the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi?
12 December 1911,On what date was it announced that the capital of India would be moved to Delhi?
King George V and Queen Mary,Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?
Edwin Lutyens,Who is responsible for designing large parts of New Delhi?
10 February 1931,On what date did inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi begin?
the Viceroy,Who rejected the proposals of Brodie and Lutyens?
the South site,Which site was eventually chosen by the Delhi Town Planning Committee?
Dinapanah citadel,Raisina Hill lay directly opposite what religious site?
King's Way,The Rajpath was also known by what name?
Herbert Baker,Who designed the Parliament House of New Delhi?
1933,The construction of Connaught Place was completed in what year?
Raisina Hill,On what hill did construction of Lutyen's Bungalow Zone begin?
twenty years,The Imperial Delhi Railway was built to transport workers and materials for how many years?
1924,In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating?
1926,In what year did the New Delhi Railway Station open?
1912,A temporary secretariat building was built in New Delhi in what year?
1931,In what year what New Delhi inaugurated as the capital of India?
Gole Market area,Housing for employees was built in what area during the 1920s?
Lodhi colony,What was the name of the last residential area built by the British Raj?
the 1940s,During what decade was the Lodhi colony built?
1947,In what year did India gain independence?
1956,In what year was Delhi converted into a union territory?
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act,What is the name of the act that caused the Union Territory of Delhi to become formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi?
1993,The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year?
a union territory,"In 1956, Delhi was converted into what type of territory?"
the 1950s,In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen's Delhi?
the Central Public Works Department,What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s?
Chanakyapuri,What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department?
southwest,In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi?
residences of ambassadors,What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri?
16.5 sq mi,What is the total area of New Delhi in square miles?
the Indo-Gangetic Plain,On what plain is New Delhi located?
the Lungs of Delhi,The Delhi Ridge is also referred to by what name?
Yamuna River,New Delhi is located on the floodplains of what river?
seismic zone-IV,What seismic zone does New Delhi fall under?
5.4 magnitude,What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi?
25 November 2007,A 4.7 magnitude earthquake that affected New Delhi occurred on what date?
4.2-magnitude,What was the magnitude of the earthquake that affected New Delhi on September 2011?
twelve,"How many earthquakes occurred on March 5, 2012?"
fault lines,What is the geographical feature New Delhi lies on that is responsible for frequent earthquakes?
subtropical climate,In what type of climate is New Delhi located?
April to October,Between which months do New Delhi's long summers last?
the middle of the summer,When does the monsoon season occur in New Delhi?
25 °C (77 °F),What is the annual mean temperature of New Delhi?
49.1 °C (120.4 °F),What is the highest ever recorded temperature in New Delhi?
154,What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?
bad air quality and pollution,What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?
The World Health Organization,New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?
"1,600",How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?
230,How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?
winter,In what season does New Delhi's air pollution worsen?
alternate-day travel,What method was introduced in December 2015 to reduce New Delhi's air pollution?
11 p.m,New Delhi's alternate-day travel scheme allowed trucks to enter the city after what hour?
15 days,How long is the initial trial period for New Delhi's driving restriction scheme?
Sundays,On what day of the week will travel remain unrestricted by New Delhi's alternate day driving scheme?
"December 16, 2015",On what date did the Supreme Court of India enact restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to reduce pollution?
"March 31, 2016",The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date?
compressed natural gas,"All taxis in Delhi were ordered to switch to what type of fuel by March 1, 2016?"
vehicles that are more than 10 years old,Which transportation vehicles were banned from entering New Delhi?
curb pollution,New restrictions on New Delhi's transportation system were enacted by the Supreme Court to accomplish what goal?
Delhi,New Delhi is the capital of what National Capital Territory?
New Delhi,What is the national capital of India?
New Delhi,The local Government of Delhi and the Central Government of India jointly administer what city?
New Delhi,What city is the official capital of the National Capital Territory of Delhi?
the Central Government of India,What is the name of one government body that oversees the capital of New Delhi?
New Delhi's Legislative Assembly,The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes three members from what government body?
the central government,What government body is responsible for nominating five members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?
Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi,What government official is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?
NCT of Delhi,The Chief Minister of what NCT is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council? 
New Delhi Municipal Council,What is the name of the government structure created for New Delhi that is comprised of ten representatives?
Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi,What is the official title of Delhi's head of state?
President of India,Who is responsible for appointing the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi?
the law enacted by the parliament,Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi's Legislative assembly?
the Central government,What government body advises the president on appointing a Lieutenant Governor?
Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi,Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi?
New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC),What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed?
Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD),What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi?
New Delhi,What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi?
New Delhi,The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city?
a municipal government,What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi?
Edwin Lutyens,What British architect was responsible for designing much of New Delhi?
Rajpath and the Janpath,What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured?
the Rajpath,Which of the two promenades is referred to as The King's Way?
The Janpath,Which promenade was formerly known as the Queen's Way?
Shantipath,The largest diplomatic enclave in India which contains 19 foreign embassies is located along which promenade?
Rashtrapati Bhavan,"Formerly known as the Viceroy's House, which large building is located at the heart of New Delhi?"
Viceroy's House,The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known by what name?
the Royal Crescent,Connaught Place in New Delhi is modeled after what area of England?
Twelve,How many roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place?
Indira Gandhi International Airport,What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi?
35 million,Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013?
₹96.8 billion,How much money did Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport cost to construct?
37 million,How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year?
2010,What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished?
1928,The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year?
Safdarjung Airport,"When established in 1928, which airport served as the base of the Delhi Flying Club?"
2002,In what year did the government close Safdarjung Airport due to security concerns?
1929,In what year did the Delhi Flying club begin operations?
de Havilland Moth aircraft,What type of aircraft was first used by the Delhi Flying Club after its founding?
2010,In what year did Indira Gandhi International Airport earn an award for being forth best airport in the world in the 15-25 million category?
Airports Council International,What organization is responsible for awarding Indira Gandhi International Airport as Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region?
2015,What year did Indira Gandhi International Airport win an award for Best airport in the world in the 25-40 million passenger category?
two,How many awards did Indira Gandhi International Airport win at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015?
Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category,"In 2015, the Airports Council International gave what award to Indira Gandhi International Airport?"
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC),What state-owned organization operates New Delhi's bus transport system?
compressed natural gas,Delhi Transport Company owns the world's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel?
New Delhi,What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India?
New Delhi,What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India? 
Buses,What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation?
New Delhi,What Indian city is the headquarters of the Northern Railway?
five,How many main stations of the Northern Railway serve the New Delhi area?
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation,What organization is responsible for building and operating the Delhi Metro system?
189 km,What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?
146,The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations?
189.63 kilometres,What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?
142,How many stations are there on the Delhi Metro?
The Delhi Metro,What is the name of the world's 12 largest metro system by length?
35,How many of the Delhi Metro's stations are located underground?
five,How many of the New Delhi Metro's stations are located at ground level?
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation,What organization operates the Delhi Metro system?
Ministry of Urban Development,The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation operates under the administrative control of what government body?
Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan,The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by what Indian government figure?
"""Metro Man""",Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan was popularly known by what nickname?
Legion of Honour,What major award was given to Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan for his contribution the the Delhi Metro?
"249,998",What is the population of New Delhi?
Hindi and Punjabi,What are the most common languages spoken in New Delhi?
English,What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi?
89.38%,What is the literacy rate of New Delhi according to the 2011 census?
New Delhi,What city in the territory of Delhi has the highest literacy rate?
79.8%,What percentage of New Delhi's population is Hindu?
Hinduism,What is the most commonly practiced religion in New Delhi?
12.9%,What percentage of New Delhi's population is Muslim?
5.4%,What percentage of New Delhi's population is Sikh?
0.9%,What percentage of New Delhi's population is Christian?
Gandhi Jayanti,What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi's Birthday?
15 August,What is the date of India's Independence Day?
the Red Fort,"On Indian Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location?"
freedom,"On Indian Independence Day, kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept?"
Republic Day Parade,What New Delhi celebration showcases India's cultural diversity and military power?
Diwali,What religious festival is also known as the festival of light?
The Qutub Festival,What cultural event showcases dancers and musicians from all over India?
the Qutub Minar,In what location is The Qutub Festival held?
Vasant Panchami,The Spring Festival which is held each year in Delhi is also known by what name?
International Mango Festival,What is the name of the fruit related festival held annually in Delhi?
2007,The Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in new Delhi in what year?
Buddha relics,The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji contained what type of artifacts?
Nipponzan Myohoji,Which Japanese Buddhist organization built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi in 2007?
Dalai Lama,The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji was inaugurated by which prominent figure?
Peace Pagoda,What structure did the Nipponzan Myohoji decide to build in New Delhi in 2007?
British power and supremacy,The New Delhi town plan was chosen primarily to symbolize what?
Hindu and Islamic,The New Delhi town plan was influenced by what type of architecture?
The New Delhi town plan,What town plan was chosen with the chief consideration of displaying British power and superiority?
Hindu,What is one type of architecture that heavily influenced the New Delhi town plan?
20 years,Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi?
British Classical/Palladian,The architecture of New Delhi borrows from indigenous sources but fits into what tradition?
E.B. Havell,What historian is partially responsible for the use of indigenous features in the architecture of New Delhi?
Viceroy Lord Hardinge,Which government official urged that indigenous features be used in the design of New Delhi?
indigenous,Many of the architectural elements of New Delhi borrow from what sources?
15 August 1949,On what date was the National Museum formally inaugurated?
"200,000",How many works of art currently reside in the National Museum?
Indian art,The National Museum began in 1947 with a display of what type of art?
"5,000 years","What length of time do the 200,000 works of art in the National Museum encompass?"
Royal Academy in London,"In the winter of 1947, the National Museum started with a display of Indian art in what location?"
1931,What year was the India Gate built?
Arc de Triomphe,The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument?
"90,000",The India Gate commemorates how many soldiers of past wars?
The India Gate,"Which Indian monument, inspired by the Arc de Triomphe, was built in 1931?"
Indian Army,The India Gate commemorates the lost soldiers of what army?
the Champs-Élysées,The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?
The Rajpath,What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?
The Rajpath,On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?
Republic Day parade,What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?
26 January,On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?
Gandhi Smriti,In which location did Mahatma Gandhi spend the final 144 days of his life?
New Delhi,In which city is the Gandhi Smriti located?
30 January 1948,On which date was Mahatma Gandhi killed?
Rajghat,In what location was Mahatma Gandhi cremated?
Vanu Bhuta,The Raj Ghat was designed by what architect?
Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur,Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?
Connaught Place,In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?
13,The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?
Jantar Mantar,What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?
compile astronomical tables,What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?
Shankar's International Dolls Museum,What is the name of the doll themed museum located in New Delhi?
National Rail Museum,What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi?
New Delhi,The Supreme Court of India Museum is located in what major city?
New Delhi,The National Philatelic Museum is located in which large Indian city?
National Gallery of Modern Art,What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi?
New Delhi,The Buddha Jayanti Park is located in which Indian city?
Jangpura Metro Station,A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station?
spring,The gardens of New Delhi are particularly stunning in which season?
gardens,New Delhi is well known for what type of beautifully landscaped feature?
Buddha Jayanti Park,What is the name of one of the largest gardens in new Delhi?
Commonwealth Games,New Delhi played host to what major athletic competition in 2010?
1951,New Delhi first hosted the Asian Games in what year?
1982,The Asian Games were most recently held in New Delhi in what year?
allegations of corruption,New Delhi's bid for the 2019 Asian Games was turned down by the government for what reason?
Delhi Half Marathon,New Delhi is the annual host of what foot-race?
R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex,What major tennis stadium is located in New Delhi?
Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium,What major sports venue in New Delhi bears the name of the former prime minister Indira Gandhi?
New Delhi,The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is located in which Indian city?
New Delhi,In which Indian city is the Siri Fort Sports Complex located?
New Delhi,The Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located in which major Indian city?
₹1595 billion,What was the estimated net State Domestic Product of New Delhi for 2010?
Goa,The per capita income of New Delhi was second only to what Indian municipality?
Rs 3.88 trillion,What was the 2012-13 current price estimate for GSDP in Delhi?
Rs. 230000,What is the per capita income of Delhi as of 2013?
Rs 3.11 trillion,What was the 2011-12 GSDP estimate for Delhi?
Connaught Place,What is the name of the large commercial and financial district located in the northern part of New Delhi?
English,New Delhi's service sector has expanded largely due to skilled workers that speak what language?
information technology,What is one of the key service industries of New Delhi?
Government,"Prior to the expansion of the service sector, what sector was the largest employer in New Delhi?"
multinational companies,The large skilled English-speaking workforce of New Delhi has been able to attract what type of organizations to the city?
39,"According to the 2011 World Health Report, where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity?"
Beijing,New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city?
World Wealth Report,What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011?
2011,In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report?
economic activity,Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic?
The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi,What government body is responsible for releasing the annual official economic report for Delhi?
16.2%,New Delhi's Per Capita income grew by what percentage in 2009-10?
"$6,860",What was New Delhi's Per Capita GDP in dollars for 2009-10?
"Rs.1,16,886",What was the 2008-09 Per Capita income of New Delhi?
"83,085 crores",What was the 2004-05 State Domestic Product of Delhi?
Rs 3.13 lakh crore,What was the gross state domestic product of Delhi for 2011-12?
18.7,The GSDP of Delhi increased by what percentage over the previous year in 2011-12?
2011-12,In which fiscal year was the GSDP of Delhi estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore?
increase,Did the GSDP of Delhi in 2011-12 increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year?
New Delhi,In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located?
New Delhi,What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India?
UNDP,What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi?
New Delhi,The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city?
New Delhi,"The regional offices of the IMF, UNICEF, and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city?"
Imams,Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad?
Imamah,"What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah?"
their tariqa followers,Who do the Iamas provide guidance to?
divine knowledge and authority,What are Imams possessed of?
Muhammad,Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of?
Imamah,What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?
Imams,Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?
providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran,What is the role of Imams?
Imams,Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?
Shias,Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?
Ghadir Khumm,On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?
4:165,What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?
Allah,Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?
guide the people,What must a prophet do?
they differed over their Imams' successions,Why did different sects come about within Shiism?
Shia - Sunni,What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?
its own particular Imam's dynasty,What does each Shia tariqah follow?
path,What is the literal meaning of tariqah?
The Occultation,What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?
their nobility,What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?
Muslims,What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?
Jesus,Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?
not to be from the family of Muhammad,What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?
his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad,What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?
Imām,What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?
a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque,"For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?"
school of thought,What does the word madhhab mean?
members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible,What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?
Shia,What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?
Occultation,What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?
Shia Nizari Ismailis,Who deny the concept of Occulation?
present and living,What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?
come to an end,What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?
seven,How many great prophets has Allah sent?
Nātıq,What are the seven great prophets known as?
disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam,What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?
Sāmad (Silent) Imām,What is the great prophets assistant called?
"the ""Shia""","In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?"
Ismailis,What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?
Bohras,What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?
The Shia Sevener,Which tariqah no longer exists?
Zaidi Shias,Which tariah is known as the Fivers?
via deputies,How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?
acted as agents between him and his followers,How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?
write their concerns and send them to his deputy,What would believers do when they had a problem?
seal and signature,What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?
zakat and khums,What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?
living imams,How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?
Isma'il ibn Jafar,Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?
Ja'far al-Sadiq,Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?
mantle of the imamate,What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?
Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra,What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?
went into a Dawr-e-Satr,What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?
Dai-al-Mutlaq,Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?
manages the affairs of the Imam,What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?
Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin,Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?
Muhammad,"Who do Muslims believe said ""To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?"
45,How many books can this quote be found?
the word 'Mawla',What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?
beloved,What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?
Lord and Master,What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?
2:124,By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?
no age can be without an Imam,What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?
God,Imamah is a position appointed by who?
divine protection,What is an Imam protected by?
Imam,Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?
Hussayn ibn 'Alī,Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?
son,"Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?"
Genesis 17:19–20,What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?
the northern hemisphere,Where does migration mainly occur?
availability of food,Why do birds primarily migrate?
Many species,Which birds migrate?
"the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds",What is bird migration?
humans,What is a cause of death to birds during migration?
"3,000 years ago",When was migration first recorded?
"Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job",Who recorded the earliest records of migration?
Finland,Where was Johannes Leche from?
"storks, turtle doves, and swallows","Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?"
habitat destruction,What is a major threat to migratory birds?
The Arctic tern,Which birds migrate the furthest?
between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic,Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean,Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
albatrosses,which bird migrates by circling the earth?
altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas,What is an example of a shorter migration?
changes in day length,What causes the timing of migration?
celestial cues from the sun and stars,How do migrating birds navigate?
the earth's magnetic field,How else to migrating birds navigate?
mental maps,What might help migrating birds navigate?
Ancient Greek writers,Who recorded early records of migration?
the Book of Job (39:26),Where in the bible does it mention migration?
hawk,What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?
Aristotle,Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?
Pliny the Elder,Who repeats Aristotle's observations?
in his Historia Naturalis,Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?
cranes,What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?
swallows,Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?
1878,Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?
Elliott Coues,Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?
Gilbert White,"Who wrote ""The Natural History of Selborne""?"
the end of the eighteenth century,When was migration finally accepted?
Thomas Bewick,Who wrote A History of British Birds?
1797,What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?
between the islands of Minorca and Majorca,Where were Swallows seen flying?
northward,Which directions were the Swallows flying?
Bewick,Who describes an experiment with swallows?
Britain,Where did this experiment take place?
they remained warm and dry through the winters,How did the experiment succeed?
several years,How long did the birds stay alive?
"response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather",Why do birds migrate?
resident or sedentary,What are non=migratory birds called?
"10,000",How many species of birds are there?
1800,How many bird species are long distance migrants?
north and south,Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
a flyway,Along where do many birds migrate?
south,What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?
flying north,What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?
to breed,Why do the birds fly north?
food,What is the primary motivation for migration?
hummingbirds,Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?
autumn,When do the birds return to warmer regions?
time for breeding birds to feed their young.,what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?
larger clutches,What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?
Predation,What is hightened during migration?
Mediterranean islands,Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?
southbound passerine migrants,What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?
the greater noctule bat,What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?
higher concentrations of migrating birds,What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?
not all populations may be migratory,What is partial migration?
the southern continents,Where is partial migration most common?
44%,"In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?"
32%,"In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?"
birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes,What is leap frog migration?
Female,Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
Eastern Fennoscandia,Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
autumn,When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?
the birds starting off in a broad front,How do most migrations begin?
mountain ranges or coastlines,What to the migrating birds usually follow?
large stretches of open water,What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?
clockwise,What is a common pattern in North America migration?
flyways,What are the preferred routes for migration called?
in flocks,How do most birds migrate?
12–20%,How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?
3.1 mph,How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?
energy cost,What does flying in flocks reduce?
a V-formation,How do birds conserve energy?
skeletons,What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
Bar-headed geese Anser indicus,Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
Seabirds,What kind of birds fly low over water?
150 to 600 m,What altitude range is most migration recorded?
below 600 m,Where do most in air collisions occur?
by swimming,How do penguins migrate?
"over 1,000 km",How far do penguins travel when they migrate?
mostly by walking,How do Dusky grouse migrate?
on foot,How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?
Australia,Where are Emus from?
from Iceland to Britain,Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?
arctic climates to the contiguous United States,Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?
Asia and Europe,Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?
Africa,Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?
during their first migration with their parents,How do young learn migratory routes?
an hooked or arched line,What route does a migrating bird usually follow?
large water bodies or high mountain ranges,What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?
the lack of stopover or feeding sites,Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?
lack of thermal columns,Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?
a large area of land without bodies of water,What do water birds avoid while migrating?
the Taymyr Peninsula,Where do brent geese migrate from?
the Wadden Sea,Where do brent geese migrate to?
via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea,How do brent geese migrate?
shorebirds,What are waders called in North America?
warmer locations in the same hemisphere,Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?
the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere,Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?
Arctic breeding grounds,Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?
the availability of certain key food resources,What does successful migration depend on for some waders?
stopover points along the migration route,Where do migrants refuel?
the Bay of Fundy,Where is an important stopover location?
Delaware Bay,What is another stopover location?
bar-tailed godwits,Which bird has the longest migration?
"11,000 km",How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?
Alaska,Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from
New Zealand,Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?
55 percent,How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?
The Arctic tern,Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?
The Arctic tern,Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?
three months,How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?
"22,000 km",How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?
the southern hemisphere,Where do tubenosed birds breed?
pelagic,Which species are great wanderers?
8 million km,How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan?
Manx shearwater,Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life?
50 year,How long did the Manx shearwater live?
"14,000 km",How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year?
thermal columns of rising hot air,What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar?
daytime,When do large birds of pray migrate?
Batumi bottleneck,What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels?
10 to 20%,How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?
hundreds of thousands,"How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year?"
usually at night,When do many insectivorous birds migrate?
smaller insectivorous birds,Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?
passage migrants,What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?
a few days,How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?
minimize predation,What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?
loss of sleep,What is a cost of nocturnal migration?
Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep,How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?
avoid overheating,What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?
respond to changing day length,What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do?
response to local weather conditions,How do species that move short distances know when to migrate?
to escape the cold higher ground,Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally?
the coast or towards the south,Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to?
5 km,How far do British chaffinch more in their lives?
two,How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?
the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita,Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?
to stay in the northern hemisphere,Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?
the waxwings Bombycilla,What species has no long-distance migratory relatives?
winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food,What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to?
enhanced breeding opportunities,Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for?
In the tropics,Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year?
to obtain more of their preferred foods,Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds?
fruits,What are tropical birds preferred foods?
In the tropics,Where is it always warm enough for food supply?
a good breeding season followed by a food source failure,For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range?
five,How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century?
18,How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200?
"1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791",What years did Red crossbills invade England?
Northern,In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen?
south,Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to?
food becomes scarce,Why do birds migrate south in winter?
species of the Southern Hemisphere,Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate?
there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere,Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate?
a primitive trait,What controls a birds migration?
endogenous programs as well as learning,How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?
migration,What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?
The ability to navigate,What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?
changes in the day length,What is the primary cue for migration?
higher activity,How do birds act in the period before migration?
migratory restlessness,What does Zugunruhe mean in English?
preferential flight direction,What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?
the same time their wild conspecifics change course,When do caged birds change their preferential direction?
protandry,What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?
males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites,What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?
sexual dimorphism,Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?
a variety of senses,What is navigation based on?
sun,What do many birds use as a compass?
the need for making compensation based on the time,What does using the sun for direction involve?
use visual landmarks,What else is navigation based on?
the ability to detect magnetic fields,What is magnetoception?
as young birds,When do long distance migrants disperse?
potential breeding sites,What do young birds form attachments to?
wintering sites,What else do young birds form attachments to?
they show high site-fidelity,What happens when the site attachment is made?
the same wintering sites year after year,Where do migrating birds visit?
making corrections for wind drift,What are older migrating birds better at?
Satellite,How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked?
recognize habitats and form mental maps,What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration?
ospreys and honey buzzards,What are examples of day migrating raptors?
one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience,What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?
"between the eye and ""Cluster N""",Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?
the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation,What is Cluster N?
a boy scout with a compass but no map,What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?
let it know when it has reached its destination,How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?
flying past their destinations,How can migrating birds lose their way?
spring overshoot,What is flying past their destinations called?
Point Pelee National Park,What location has become famous for bird overshooters?
Spurn in England,What other location is famous for spring overshoot?
further north than intended,Where do bird overshooters end up?
Reverse migration,What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail?
where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly,What is reverse migration?
rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range,What does reverse migration lead to?
thousands of kilometres,How far out of range can rarities get?
abmigration,What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?
waterfowl,What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?
the new population,Who do abmigrating birds return with?
to teach a migration route to a flock of birds,What is a re-introduction scheme?
microlight aircraft,What did they use to teach birds a migration route?
whooping cranes,Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?
Canada geese,Which birds did they use as a trial run?
their metabolism,What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?
usually once a year,How often do birds molt?
through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep,How do birds store energy?
feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear,Why do birds need to molt?
varies with some species,When do birds molt?
independently,How was migration developed?
Migration in birds,What is highly labile?
genetic control,What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?
genetic framework for migratory behavior,What exists in nearly all avian lineages?
20%,What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?
a bird that loads itself with food,What kind of bird flies less efficiently?
Swainson's thrush,What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?
far east across North America,Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?
climatic changes,What is expected to have an effect on migration timing?
timing changes in migration,What have studies shown regarding climate change?
breeding as well as population variations,What else is climate change been shown to change?
ectoparasites such as ticks and lice,What other species does migration help?
import of pet and domestic birds,What is a greater threat of disease transmission?
bird migration,What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission?
Birds,What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton?
West Nile Virus,What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects?
Greater noctule bats,Who takes advantage of migrating birds?
nocturnal migrating passerines,What do greater noctule bats feed on?
migrating waders,What do some birds of prey specialize on?
marking,What is the oldest way to study migration?
a nick on the beak,How have swans been marked?
Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen,Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?
1560,Since when have swans been marked?
radar and satellite tracking,What are other forms of studying migration?
the Emlen funnel,How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?
circular,What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?
The orientation behaviour,What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?
marks,What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage?
on the horizon,Where does the homing pigeon vanish?
Hunting along migration routes,What threatens some bird species?
Siberian cranes,What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?
2002,When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?
migratory birds,"What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?"
"pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction",What are other migration hazards?
Absecon Island,What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?
1854,In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?
Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township,What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?
"Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City",How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?
Atlantic,Which coast is Atlantic City located on?
The Belloe House,What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
1853,In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?
Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue,What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located?
marshlands and islands,What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between?
prime real estate and a potential resort town,What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers? 
Philadelphia,What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?
"500,000","By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?"
Absecon Lighthouse,What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?
Nelson Johnson,"Who is considered to be ""Atlantic City's Godfather?"""
1870,In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies,Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
1944,What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
about 7 miles,What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
Longport,Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?
Pleasantville,The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?
1870,The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?
30-cent,How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?
Albany Avenue,What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?
1878,By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?
Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway,What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?
The United States Hotel,What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?
rooming houses,"Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?"
"Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues",What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?
early part of the 20th century,When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?
large hotels,What replaced many of the modest boarding houses? 
Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel,What were the names of two of the city's most distinctive hotels?
a radical building boom,What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?
the boardwalk,Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels?
1903,In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?
Marlborough House,What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?
Queen Anne,In what style was the Malborough House buit?
1848,In what year was reinforced concrete invented?
Blenheim,What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?
The Traymore Hotel,What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?
1879,What year was The Traymore Hotel begun?
Daniel White,Who was the owner of The Traymore Hotel?
16,How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation?
Price and McLanahan,What was the name of the firm commissioned to build The Traymore Hotel?
1868,What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open?
1869,What year did the Haddon House open?
eight,How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?
"nearly 1,000",How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel?
Skyscraper By The Sea,"What was the name given to the 24 story tall, 400-room Claridge?"
1883,In what year was salt water taffy conceived?
David Bradley,Who was the creator of salt water taffy?
Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm,What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?
a girl,Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?
Atlantic Ocean,Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?
1920s,What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?
1919,What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?
The World's Playground,During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?
"as much as $500,000 annually",During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson's income?
until 1933,How long did Prohibition last?
Edward L. Bader,"During the 1920s, who was the mayor of Atlantic City?"
"construction, athletics and aviation",What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for?
1923,What year did Edward L. Bader lead the initiative to construct the Atlantic City High School?
$1.5 million,How much was the bond for that was to be used to purchase land for a Convention Center?
1924,What year was Boardwalk Hall finished?
organized crime figures from all across America,Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City?
"Charles ""Lucky"" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny ""the Fox"" Torrio",What family was Charles 
1929,In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City?
Masseria family,"For which family was Charles ""Lucky"" Luciano a lieutenant?"
Lucky,What was Charles Luciano's nickname?
"Johnny ""the Fox"" Torrio",Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss?
the Fox,What was Johnny Torrio's nickname?
"the ""Inlet""",Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?
"cheap, fast jet service",What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity?
Miami Beach and the Bahamas,What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City?
automobile,"After the war, what form of transportation became more readily available to many Americans?"
home air conditioning and swimming pools,What two luxuries that people could have at their own homes led to a diminished interest in luxury beach resorts?
Democratic National Convention,What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964?
Hubert Humphrey,Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?
Lyndon Johnson,Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?
Richard J. Hughes,Who was the Governor of New Jersey in 1964?
Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes,Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men?
the late 1960s,By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?
demolished,"Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?"
1970s and 1980s,When were many of the large hotels demolished?
Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City,After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?
Ramada,Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?
1976,In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City?
Resorts International,The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what?
Resorts International,What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?
1978,What year did Resorts International open?
eleven,How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today?
to diversify away from gaming,Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?
Steve Wynn,Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?
to develop a new roadway,Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn?
The Tunnel Project,What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed?
Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector,"""The Tunnel Project"" was later officially named what?"
2001,In what year did the tunnel open?
The Borgata,What was the name of Atlantic City's newest casino?
July 2003,When did The Borgata open?
2002,In what year was Wynn's plans for development scrapped?
Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage,The new roadway prompted a partnership between which two companies?
"November 11, 2006",When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?
"demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion",What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?
$1.5–2 billion casino resort,What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?
economic conditions and the late 2000s recession,Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?
Pinnacle Entertainment,Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?
2006,In what year did Morgan Stanley purchase land for a new casino resort?
20 acres,How much land did Morgan Stanley purchase?
Revel Entertainment Group,Who was named as the developer for Morgan Stanley's casino resort?
90%,What percentage of ownership did Morgan Stanley hold in Revel Entertainment Group?
Governor Chris Christie,Who offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits?
40-year,How long had Atlantic City held a monopoly on casino gambling?
Governor Christie,Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling?
September 2014,When did Governor Christie say that the state would consider a referendum?
$5.2 billion,How much was casino revenue in 2006?
$2.9 billion,How much was casino revenue in 2013?
"October 29, 2012","When did ""Superstorm Sandy"" strike Atlantic City?"
943 mb,"""Superstorm Sandy"" produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what?"
flooding and power-outages,"Although ""Superstorm Sandy"" left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas it did cause what two other things to occur?"
photograph,What was the source of the misinformation concerning damage to the city's boardwalk?
"the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm",Why was there a photo of the Boardwalk if it wasn't actually damaged in the storm?
17.037 square miles,"According to the United States Census Bureau, what is the total area in square miles?"
10.747 square miles,What is the area of land?
6.290 square miles,What is the area of water?
36.92%,What percentage of the city is made up of water?
United States Census Bureau,What organization provided data detailing the size of the city?
Venice Park,"Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?"
Great Island,"Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?"
City Island,"Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?"
Chelsea,"Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?"
Unincorporated communities,"Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?"
75.6 °F,What is the daily average temperature in July?
September,Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?
35.5 °F,What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?
−9 °F,What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?
239 days,How many days long is the growing season?
40 inches,How many inches of precipitation does Atlantic City receive annually?
16.5 inches,What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually?
Atlantic Ocean,Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its location in South Jersey and its proximaty to which body of water?
South Jersey,Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location where?
rain,Atlantic City is different from the northern and western parts of the state in the winter due to its tendency to receive which type of precipitation?
"39,558",How many people were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
"20,013",How many housing units were in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
30.45%,During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was Hispanic or Latino?
26.65%,During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was White?
"8,558",How many families were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
"15,504",How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
27.3%,What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?
44.8%,What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?
37.5%,What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?
3.34,What was the average family size in Atlantic City?
24.6%,What percentage of the population was under the age of 18?
12.7%,What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older?
36.3 years,What was the median age?
96.2,"For every 100 females, how many males were there?"
94.4,"For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?"
"$30,237",How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey?
"$35,488",How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?
"$32,207",How much was the median income for males according to the American Community Survey?
"$20,069",What was the per capita income for the city?
25.3%,What percentage of the population was below the poverty line?
"40,517","According to the 2000 United States Census, how many people were living in Atlantic City?"
"3,569.8 people per square mile","According to the 2000 United States Census, what was the population density?"
"20,219","According to the 2000 United States Census, how many housing units were there in Atlantic City?"
24.95%,"According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino?"
26.68%,"According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were white?"
27.7%,How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?
"15,848",How many households were there in Atlantic City?
37.2%,How many households were made up of individuals?
2.46,What was the average household size in Atlantic City?
3.26,What was the average family size in Atlantic City?
35 years,What was the median age of Atlantic City?
96.1,"For every 100 females, how many males were there?"
93.2,"For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?"
25.7%,What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was under the age of 18?
14.2%,What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older?
"$26,969",What was the median income for a household in the city?
"$31,997",What was the median income for a family in the city?
"$15,402",What was the per capita income for the city?
19.1%,What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line?
23.6%,What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line?
unemployment,"As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what?"
13.8%,"What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area, as of September 2014?"
"141,000","As of September 2014, what was the overall size of the labor force of the greater Atlantic City area?"
13.8%,"Out of a labor force of about 141,000 what was the unemployment rate?"
Governor Chris Christie,"In 2010, who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent?"
antique car,What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to?
Atlantic City Tourism District,"What was the name of the district that would encompass the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field?"
43%,"According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters opposed the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?"
29%,"According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters favored the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?"
2011,What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?
"The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements",What were the three major things that the district would include?
The CRDA,Who would oversee all functions of the new district?
The CRDA,Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions?
would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain,What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction?
10,How many roadways will be included in the district?
Gardner's Basin,What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium?
Gardner's Basin,What place was originally left off of the tourism district?
Chelsea,Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district?
mayor Lorenzo Langford,"Who cast the lone ""no"" vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field's inclusion?"
Gambling Capital of the East Coast,What is Atlantic City known for?
eight,How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?
"33,000",Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011?
28.5 million,Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?
New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement,What two entities regulate New Jersey's casino?
four,How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?
Trump Plaza,What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?
1984,What year did Trump Plaza originally open?
Revel,What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?
Atlantic Club,What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?
selling,What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?
Trump Taj Mahal,What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?
2013,In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?
winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business,Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?
Executives,Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?
three,How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?
"Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's",What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?
Chapter 11,What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?
2015,What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?
casino operating unit,Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?
Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall,What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?
an arena,What is the Boardwalk Hall?
1997,In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?
"500,000 sq ft",How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?
Sheraton hotel,What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?
Monopoly City,What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?
Monopoly,The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?
Ruth Hoskins,Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?
Indianapolis,What location was originally featured in the  Monopoly game? 
a group of local Quakers,Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?
Marvin Gardens,What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?
Marven Gardens,What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?
Charles Darrow,Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?
1995,In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?
Charles Darrow,Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?
immune systems in all organisms,"In general, what does immunology study?"
both health and diseases,Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
"autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection",Name three types of immunological disorders?
"in vitro, in situ, and in vivo",Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
"organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology",What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
exempt,The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?
"thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver",What are the major organs of the immune system?
early physicians,Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive,How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
"thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues",Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
typically cellular in nature,The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
not associated with any specific organ,Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
embedded,What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
circulating,What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
epidemiology and medicine,Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
"the body systems, pathogens, and immunity",Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
430 BCE,When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
Thucydides,Which Greek historian made that notation?
19th and 20th centuries,When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
innate immune system,"What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?"
acquired or adaptive immune system,Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
humoral (or antibody),What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
cell-mediated,Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
molecular and cellular components,The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
antibodies and antigens,Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
specific proteins,What are antibodies comprised of?
B lymphocytes,What cells produce antibodies?
"""anti""body ""gen""erators","The term ""antigen"" is rooted in what two words?"
cellular response,Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
research,"In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?"
non-classical models of immunity,What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
"cells, organs and systems",The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
not previously associated with the immune system,These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
Clinical immunology,The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?
"failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth",What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
cellular elements,Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
diseases of other systems,What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features,Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
hypersensitivities,What is a type of immune system disorder?
asthma and other allergies,What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.,What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
AIDS,What is the most famous immune system disease?
an immunodeficiency,What kind of disease is AIDS?
"CD4+ (""helper"") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages",Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
"person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area",What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas,Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
phagocytic,What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed,Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
activate T cells,Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
Maternal factors,"In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?"
breast milk,Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
up to 18 months,For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
glycoproteins,"At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?"
distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules,The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
hormones,What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?
17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen),What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
testosterone,Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity,Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
detect sex hormones in the system,Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
strongly experimental,The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
"""cellular"" and ""humoral""",What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
phagocytes,Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
soluble components (molecules),Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
the organism’s “humors”,"Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?"
Frank Burnet,What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
self/nonself distinction,What triggers an immune response according to CST?
"""nonself"" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)","In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?"
"the complex ""two-signal"" activation",What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
In the mid-1950s,When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
Bioscience,What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?
bioscience,Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
humans and animals,The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
research,The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
effective yet consistent research,What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
AAI courses,Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?
Icahn School of Medicine,What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?
Introductory Course and an Advance Course,AAI immunology courses include what two components?
gives students an overview of the basics of immunology,What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?
New York University,The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?
an introduction to the basic principles of immunology,Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?
clinically-oriented lecture series,Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?
a background of the principles of immunology,What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?
two years of study,How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?
a doctoral programme,What program requires an additional two years of study?
MP3,What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?
digital,What kind of audio is the coding format for?
consumer audio streaming,"Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?"
lossy data compression,What does MP3 use to format it's data?
digital audio players,Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?
sound like a faithful reproduction,What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?
created,What kind of compression is used?
1/11,"If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?"
"1,411,200",How many total bit/s would a CD have?
"128,000",How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?
accuracy,What does the compression target in the song?
auditory resolution,The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?
perceptual coding,What is this method commonly referred to as?
psychoacoustic,What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?
less audible,These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?
Moving Picture Experts Group,Who designed MP3?
MPEG-1,What was the first standard that this group had?
MPEG-2,The first standard later developed into which standard?
1991,When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?
1995,When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?
perceptual limitation,What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?
auditory masking,What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?
Alfred M. Mayer,Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.
1959,When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?
critical bandwidths,The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?
The psychoacoustic masking codec,What was first proposed in 1979?
United States,Which country were the researchers located in?
Krasner,Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?
linear predictive coding,What does LPC stand for?
audio compression algorithms,What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?
Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain,What does OCF stand for?
Perceptual Transform Coding,What does PXFM stand for?
ASPEC,"What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?"
quality,Which competition did ASPEC win?
Motorola 56000 DSP chips,What was the first practical implementation based on?
doctoral,What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?
early 1980s,When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?
Erlangen-Nuremberg,Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?
Fraunhofer Society,Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?
1993,When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?
Tom's Diner,What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?
Suzanne Vega,Who was the artist of the first song used?
Karlheinz Brandenburg,Who adjusted the song?
scheme,The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?
subtlety,What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?
two,How many proposals were available in 1991?
Musicam,Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?
Netherlands,"The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?"
error robustness,Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?
sub-band coding,What was the Musican format based on?
filter bank,What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?
Professor Musmann,Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?
Leon van de Kerkhof,Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?
Gerhard Stoll,Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?
ASPEC,What was the name given to the proposal?
the highest coding efficiency,What did the joint proposal provide?
AT&T Bell Laboratories,"Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?"
filter bank,What did the working group integrate their ideas with?
Layer 2,Where was the filter bank taken from?
ASPEC,What did the working group take ideas from?
MP3,What did the working group eventually create?
MP2 at 192 kbit/s,What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?
1991,When were the algorithms approved?
1992,When were the approved algorithms finalized?
MPEG-1,What was the first started suite by MPEG?
ISO/IEC 11172-3,What was the official name of the internation standard?
1993,When was the international standard published?
second suite,Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?
MPEG-2,What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?
half,At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?
bitrate,"Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?"
MPEG-2 Part 3,Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?
MPEG-2.5 audio,"As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?"
Fraunhofer IIS,Where was this extension developed?
human speech,The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?
MPEG-2.5,What is not an ISO recognized standard?
proprietary,"As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?"
bit rate,What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?
input,Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?
Compact Disc,What does CD stand for?
Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP,"Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?"
compression ratios,What can CD parameters be used as references for?
CD,What type of recording did Brandenburg use?
the MP3 compression algorithm,What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?
monophonic,What word describes the nature of the song used?
The mother of MP3,"As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?"
EBU V3/SQAM,Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?
the ISO MPEG Audio committee,Who developed the reference simulation software?
C,Which language was the reference simulation software written in?
March 1994,When was the reference software approved?
1998,When did the reference software become an international standard?
real time hardware decoding,What could the reference software demonstrate?
7 July 1994,When was the first software MP3 encoder released?
l3enc,What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?
.mp3,What was the filename extension?
WinPlay3,What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?
1000 MB,What was the average high end hard drive size?
sound scholar,What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?
Australian,Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?
stolen credit card,What did the hacker use to acquire the software?
user interface,The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?
free,How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?
the Internet,Where did MP3s begin to spread?
Winamp,Which audio player was released in 1997?
Nullsoft,Who released the audio player?
MPMan,What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?
South Korea,In which country was the first portable audio player developed?
mp3.com,Which website offered MP3s for free?
thousands,How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?
peer-to-peer,What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?
ripped from CDs,How did people come into possession of MP3s?
Napster,Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?
copyright,What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?
music piracy,What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?
Napster,Who was the target of the record companies?
shut down and later sold,What happened to Napster?
Unauthorized,What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?
authorized,"Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?"
unrestricted,What kind of music is sold by these companies?
MP3,Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?
MP3 frames,A header and data block together make up what?
elementary stream,What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?
dard,What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?
two,How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?
ID3,MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?
MPEG-1,Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?
non-normative,Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?
their own algorithms,What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?
Comparisons are widely available,It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?
lower bit rates,An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?
576,How many domain samples are taken during encoding?
frequency-domain samples,Domain samples are transformed into what?
there is a transient,When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?
temporal spread,"When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?"
quantization noise,What accompanies a transient?
tree,What kind of structure does a filter bank have?
pre-echo problems,"Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?"
time/frequency,What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?
aliasing,Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem?
coding,The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency?
Decoding,What is carefully defined in the standard?
bitstream compliant,What are most decoders?
specified degree of rounding tolerance,The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?
computationally efficient,Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?
CPU time,The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?
gapless playback,What is there no official provision for?
LAME,What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?
seamless playback,Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?
overall delay,"For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?"
sound quality of the result,A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?
creating an MP3 file,What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?
the creator,Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?
how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio,What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?
larger,"If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?"
compression artifacts,"If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?"
compression artifacts,Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?
compress,Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?
ringing,"Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?"
A sample of applause,What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?
quality of the encoder,"Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?"
encoding algorithms,The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?
bit rates,"As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?"
2.22,An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?
5,"To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?"
one,How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?
Constant Bit Rate,What does CBR stand for?
Variable Bit Rate,What does VBR stand for?
music containing only a few instruments,"Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?"
quality setting,What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?
ambient noise,A listening environment is also know by which term?
sound cards,"Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?"
Perceived quality,"Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?"
Music Professor Jonathan Berger,Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?
Stanford University,Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?
risen each year,Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?
sizzle,What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?
The Ghost in the MP3,What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?
sounds lost during MP3 compression,What did the study aim to isolate?
Tom's Diner,"What is the track ""moDernisT"" an anagram of?"
International Computer Music Conference,Where was an account of the study published?
2014,Which year was the study published?
Nyquist–Shannon,What is the name of the sampling theorem?
less than half,"In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?"
4 kHz,Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?
imperfect filters,What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?
48,A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?
44.1 kHz,What sampling rate is used for CD audio?
CD audio,What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?
the Internet,Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?
11:1,The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?
320 kbit/s,"As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?"
Uncompressed audio,"What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?"
11:1,What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?
9:1,What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?
7:1,What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?
Non-standard,The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?
freeformat,"Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?"
640 kbit/s,What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?
320,The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?
Constant Bit Rate,What does the term CBR mean?
Layer III,Which early MPEG layer used CBR?
uniform,The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?
bit reservoir,What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?
the complexity of the sound,What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?
variable bitrate audio,What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?
layer III,Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?
VBR,What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?
final file size,Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?
the user,An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?
bit reservoir,A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?
Layer III,What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?
encoding delay,What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?
temporary,A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?
constant bitrate,A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?
sfb21,What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?
16 kHz,What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?
less efficient storage,The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?
wasted bitrate,What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?
tag,What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?
album,"What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?"
tag formats for MP3 files,What do MP3 standards not define?
a standard container format,What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?
ID3v2,"Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?"
APEv2,What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?
end,"What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?"
separate from the actual MP3 frame data,What is important to note about where the tags are stored?
"treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data","If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?"
ReplayGain,What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?
audio normalization,What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?
the overall playback volume,What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?
MP3Gain,What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?
ReplayGain capability,MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?
European Union,Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?
expired,What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?
31 December 2017,When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?
2007 and 2015,Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?
legal threats,What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?
which patents must be licensed,Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?
patent infringement,What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?
early stages,At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?
MPEG-1 standard,What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?
after prior art has been made public,When can patents not be filed in most countries?
20 years,How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?
12 months,How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?
December 2012,When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?
17 years after the publication date,How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?
submarine patents,A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?
2017,What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft,Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?
Technicolor,Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?
Thomson Consumer Electronics,What was Technicolor's previous name?
Layer 3,What patent does Technicolor claim to control?
actively enforcing these patents,What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?
September 1998,When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?
a license,What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?
infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson,What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing?
the [MPEG Layer-3] standard,What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?
Thomson,Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?
Sisvel S.p.A.,Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?
a license to their patents,What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?
2015,When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?
9. April 2017,When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?
MP3 players,What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?
IFA,At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?
Sisvel,Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?
The injunction was later reversed,What happened after the injunction was successful?
bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany,The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?
Texas MP3 Technologies,"Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?"
eastern Texas federal court,Which court did the lawsuit take place in?
all settled the claims against them,What action did the three companies being sued take?
2009,What year did the lawsuits end?
infringement of a portable MP3 player patent,What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?
Alcatel-Lucent,Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?
MP3 coding and compression,What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?
seven,How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on?
The court subsequently tossed the award,What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages?
US $1.52 billion,How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury?
MP3,"AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?"
psychoacoustic,What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft,Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats?
open,Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?
any known patent restrictions,Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?
free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format,What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?
available free of charge,How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?
lossless formats,What is a significant alternative to MP3?
unaltered audio content,What can lossless formats provide?
increased file size,What is the downside of using a lossless format?
FLAC,What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?
Free Lossless Audio Codec,What does FLAC stand for?
Chicago,What city did House music originate from?
1980s,What decade did House music first develop?
1984,What year was House music first popularized?
electronic dance music,What genre does House music fall into?
"""Pump Up The Volume""",What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987?
4/4 beats,House music is characterized by what type of beats?
"euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house",What are some subgenres of House music?
drum machines,What are rhythms provided by in House music?
it was more electronic and minimalistic,What are some differences between House and Disco music?
dance-based music,What type of music is House based on?
1999–2001,When was the second wave of progressive house?
"G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House",What are some popular subgenres of House?
both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene,where is house music extremely popular?
a more mainstream pop-based variation,What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?
synthesizers and drum machines,What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music?
Giorgio Moroder,"who produced Donna Summer's hit single ""I Feel Love""?"
1980s disco-pop,what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce?
1977,"What year did Cerrone's ""Supernature"" get released?"
1979,What year was solid state survivor released?
Soul and disco,What influenced House music?
Early house producers,What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles?
"samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines",what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions?
Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat,What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1982 album?
Indian ragas performed in a disco style,What did Singh's album contain?
1982,What year was synthesizing: ten ragas to a disco beat released?
minimal arrangement,What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1982 album?
co-founder of an influential Trax Records,Who is Rachel Cain?
two influential pioneers of house music,Who were Frankie Knuckles and ron hardy?
"""the Godfather of House,""",what was the nickname of frankie knuckles?
Ron Hardy's,marshall jefferson got involved in house music after hearing whose music?
Muzic Box,what was ron hardy's music released in?
The Hot Mix 5,who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?
B-Boy hip hop music,what style of music did man parrish play?
electro funk,what style of music did afrika bambaataa play?
electronic pop music,what style of music did kraftwerk play?
reel-to-reel tape,how did producers sometimes make edits of house music?
Jesse Saunders,"who produced the song ""on and on"" in 1984?"
Chicago,where was jesse saunders from?
Vince Lawrence,"who co-wrote the hit song ""on and on"" in 1984?"
Roland TB-303,what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?
1979,"when was player one's ""space invaders"" released?"
1984,"when was jesse saunders' ""on and on"" a hit?"
African-American and gay audiences,what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to?
1985,what year was house music first used as a genre?
deep house and acid house,what were two big subgenres of house music?
Chicago-area radio,what area radio was house music generally played on?
Mr Fingers,what producer was the first to produce deep house? 
Chicago,where was producer mr. fingers' from?
1985,"when was mr. fingers' ""mystery of love"" released? "
1986,"when was mr. fingers' ""can you feel it?"" released?"
1987,"When was Phuture's ""Acid Tracks"" released?"
"Nathan ""DJ Pierre"" Jones, Earl ""Spanky"" Smith Jr., and Herbert ""Herb J"" Jackson",Who founded the group Phuture?
TB-303,what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music?
12-minute,"how long was phuture's ""acid tracks""?"
Roland TR-707,"what type of drum machine did ""acid tracks"" use?"
WBMX-FM,what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show?
Trax Records and DJ International Records,what record labels helped popularize house music?
"""Move Your Body""",what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?
UK,"what european country were big house music hits being released in, in 1987?"
clubs,where was house music from chicago-based labels considered a must-play?
The Warehouse,what club did the term 'house music' originate from?
Chicago,what city was the club The Warehouse located in?
1977 to 1983,what years was the club The warehouse open?
primarily black and gay,what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract?
Frankie Knuckles,who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago?
"""It's House""",what is the name of Chip E's 1985 house hit?
1985,"when was Chip E's hit ""It's House"" released?"
Importes Etc,the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what store?
Rocky Jones,who ran the D.J. International record label?
"dance music,",House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?
older disco music,what was 'house music' once synonymous with?
Mr. Fingers,What was the stage name of Larry Heard?
early DJs creating music in their own homes,Why did the term house become popular? 
synthesizers and drum machines,"what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?"
acid house,synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre?
Larry Heard,what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?
Detroit techno music,What is Juan Atkins an originator of?
the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs,What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?
differentiate the clubs and DJs,Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?
outcasts of society,Who did House relay political messages to? 
church for people who have fallen from grace,Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for? 
Marshall Jefferson,Who was a famous house producer?
Chicago,where was the warehouse club located?
the black community,what community was deep house popular with?
"""Big Fun"" by Inner City",what was one of the earliest Detroit techno hits?
The Electrifying Mojo,who started the Detroit techno development?
"the ""godfathers"" of Detroit Techno","what was the nickname of juan atkins, derrick may, and devin saunderson?"
"Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force",who were the early b-boy hip-hop artists that inspired detroit techno?
"Kraftwerk, Art of Noise",who were the european electronica artists that inspired detroit techno?
"""Nude Photo""",Mayday and Thomas Barnett released what hit in 1987?
Transmat Records,what was the name of Mayday's record label?
Derrick May,What was the real name of the artist Mayday?
1988,"what year was the hit song ""wiggin"" released?"
Kool Kat Records,what label did Derrick May have successful releases on after his own?
Kevin Saunderson,who founded KMS Records?
"""When we Used to Play / Work your Body""",what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1986 hit recording?
"""Bounce Your Body to the Box""",what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1987 hit recording?
Inner City,"what group released ""Big Fun"" and ""Good Life"" in 1988?"
"""Rock to the Beat""",what was the 1989 hit theme released by KMS?
"Farley ""Jackmaster"" Funk's ""Love Can't Turn Around""",what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?
#10,"what did ""Love Can't Turn Around"" peak at in the UK charts?"
1986,what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?
"Steve ""Silk"" Hurley's ""Jack Your Body""",What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?
1987,"What year did ""Jack Your Body"" hit #1 in the UK?"
Raze,"Who had a hit single with ""jack the groove""?"
Stock Aitken Waterman,what group's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound?
Respectable,what was the name of mel and kim's number-one hit single in the UK?
"Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour",what tour boosted house in the UK in the late 80s?
March 1987,when did the DJ International Tour take place?
"""Pump Up The Volume""",what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987?
humor,what was frequently an important element of UK house music?
the original Chicago house sound,Sample montages were a key difference between british house music and what?
Joe Smooth,"who released the hit single ""promised land""?"
Style Council,"who covered and charted the single ""promised land""?"
Justin Berkmann,who was the resident of the Ministry of Sound?
Larry Levan,who did Justin Berkmann bring into the club to play?
"Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London",what cities in the UK had major house scenes?
underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs,what helped to bolster house music in the uk?
Warp Records and Network Records,what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?
Kool Kat records,what was network records also known as?
Italian dance music,what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music?
Ibiza,what tiny island was house music also being devloped on?
Amnesia,what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music?
DJ Alfredo,who was the DJ at Amnesia in the mid 80s?
"Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling",who were some of the DJs that brought the ibiza sound to uk clubs in late 1987?
Haçienda,what was the name of the big dance club in Manchester UK in the late 80s?
"Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from ""intensity"")",what group did Marshall Jefferson form?
proto-techno music sound,what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?
New York,where were mateo & matos based?
Chicago,where was marshall jefferson based?
drum loops and short samples,what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s?
Cybotron,atkins was a former member of what music group?
"""No UFOs""",what hit single did atkins release in 1985?
"""Strings of Life""","what unusual single did derrick may release, featuring a darker strain of house?"
Techno-Scratch,what did knights of the turntable release in 1984?
Tony Wilson,who was the manager of the factory nightclub and co-owner of the hacienda?
Paradise Garage,what was a top club for house music in new york city?
Todd Terry,who was a pioneer of the genre in america?
Weekend,what hit house song did todd terry cover? 
hip-hop influences,what new influences led to a new house sound?
more rugged,what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?
Nu Groove Records,what label launched the careers of burrell?
"""New York Underground""",what sound are the burrell's responsible for? 
$100,how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?
Virgin America,what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?
Jewel's Catch One,what is the oldest dance club in america?
Los Angeles,where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful?
One Voice Records,what label did robert ozn start in 1989?
Haunted House,one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?
Ozn,dada nada was the moniker for what artist's solo act?
Vogue,what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?
1990,"when was madonna's hit single ""vogue"" released?"
1990s,what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?
Madonna,"who sang the hit single ""vogue""?"
topped the US charts,"how well did madonna's single ""vogue"" do in the us? "
Aly-us,"What gospel/R&B-influenced group released ""Time Passes On"" in 1993?"
Cajmere,"who released the hit single ""time for the perculator"" in the us?"
Green Velvet,what was cajmere's alternate name?
Dance Mania,what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?
"""Time for the Perculator"" by Cajmere",what was the prototype of ghetto house?
Britain,"where did the ""chilling out"" concept develop?"
Aphex Twin,who released the album analogue bubblebath?
New York,where was the band deee-lite based?
Orb,"who released the track ""little fluffy clouds""?"
Vince Clarke,"who transformed happy mondays' ""wrote for luck"" into a dance hit?"
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994,what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?
The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten,what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?
November 1994,when did the bill become a law? 
"""Release the Pressure""",what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?
Leftfield,"who recorded the hit single ""release the pressure""?"
Liverpool,where was a new type of club called Cream located?
Chicago hard house,"what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?"
Los Angeles,"george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?"
gabber,what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?
Major record companies,"who began opening ""superclubs""?"
Paris,Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?
end of the 1990s and into the 2000s,When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?
Paris's house scene,"Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, and DJ Falcon all came from what scene?"
"August 10, 2005",When was House Unity Day in Chicago?
Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley,Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?
"""21st anniversary of house music""","In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?"
Chicago,what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005?
Summer Dance Series,What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?
vocal house,Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?
vocal house,Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?
electro house and fidget house,Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?
mid-2000s,in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?
Miami,Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? 
house music,The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? 
Dubai & Abu Dhabi,where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?
Creamfields,what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?
Shambhala Music Festival,what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?
snare-less,What was different about swedish progressive house music?
Swedish House Mafia,"Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?"
Dirty Dutch,What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?
Lady Gaga,"Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song ""Marry the Night"" by what popular artist?"
2010,Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?
its roots,There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?
to add a mass appeal to the music they produce,Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?
hip hop and R&B,What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?
shallow,The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?
hyphen,"Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?"
located above,"In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?"
taller,Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.
sentences,What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?
sentence-style,What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?
sentence case,What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?
International Organization for Standardization,Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?
publication titles,"Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?"
7th,Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?
8th,Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?
uncial,Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?
835,Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?
Uspenski Gospels,In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?
letter case,"In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case"
smaller lower,Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?
larger upper,Capital letters refer to which case of letter?
written,Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?
formal,Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?
capital,In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?
beginning of a line of verse,What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?
capitalised,How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?
oh,"The interjection ""O"" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?"
majuscule,Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?
pen,Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?
Alcuin,Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?
Europe,Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?
faster readability,What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?
Letter case,What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?
special,Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?
lowercase,Which is the most common variant of case in text?
upper-case,Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?
easier to distinguish than lowercase,Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?
generally have the same height,Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?
ascenders,"In Time New Roman the letter ""b"" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?"
lower than the average,Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?
8,"Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?"
letter cases,What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?
unicameral script,What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?
Georgian,Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?
bicameral,What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?
old Roman cursive,Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?
Knut Kleve,Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?
Europe,Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?
stylistic,What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? 
handwritten,Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?
headings,What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?
title case,Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?
R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style,"Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?"
not universally standardized,The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?
make casing operations an unholy mess,"Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?"
shapes,"What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?"
single codepoint,What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?
sets of symbols,"What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?"
letter case,Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?
Jornado,What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?
Rio Grande,Along which river did they hunt bison?
"hunting, gathering, and farming",How did the Chichimeca survive?
Tepehuan,The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?
rock,The Jornado painted onto what surface?
Dolores,What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
Grito de Dolores,What was the name of the Proclamation?
priest,What was Hidalgo's occupation?
Ignacio Elizondo,What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
United States,Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
Mendarozqueta,Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?
José Urrea,What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?
Gutierrez,Who had actually won the original vote?
P. J. Escalante,Who was his deputy?
Escalante,Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
1848,In which year was the treaty signed?
Texas,Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?
three months,How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?
General Price,Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?
"Spain, England, and France",Which countries owned Mexican debt?
Manuel Doblado,Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?
President Juárez,Who was the President of Mexico at the time?
General Juan Prim of Spain,Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?
France,Which country refused to accept?
Maximilian,Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
500,How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
four,"At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?"
"Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California",Which four states opposed the French?
1865,In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
1872,In which year did Benito Juarez die?
Battle of Puebla,The two candidates were heroes of what battle?
The Plan of Tuxtepec,"Which plan defended the ""No Re-election"" principle?"
Lerdista party,Which party rebelled against the administration?
El Paso del Norte,Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?
1912,Which year did Orozco revolt?
Villa,Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?
Raúl Madero,Who saved Villa's life?
Huerta,With whom did Orozco side?
Durango,Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?
Desert,The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?
Grand Canyon,The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?
Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley,Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?
Rocky Mountains,The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?
"Columbus, New Mexico",Which city did Villa raid?
President Wilson,Which American president pursued Villa?
nearly a year,How long did the American troops pursue Villa?
Parral,In which city was Villa killed?
1923,In which year was Villa assassinated?
Sierra Madre,Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?
Paquime,Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?
Sierra Madre Occidental,Where did the Paquime seek refuge?
"Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara",Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?
silver,Which precious metal did Biezma discover?
300 years,How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?
1692,In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?
Chihuahua City,Which new state capital was founded in 1709?
El Paso Del Norte,In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?
Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado,In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
"12,000 BC to 7000 BC",What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
corn,Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
2000 BC,Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
"49,722",How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?
Ciudad Juárez,In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?
lowest,Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?
Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua,Which are the largest two cities in the state?
Chirrines and Cuchas,Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?
The military,Which was the third party?
1826,In which year was the body installed?
liberals,Which party had gained control?
Santiago Baca Ortiz,Who was the Durango governor?
Cibola and Quivira,Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
Chihuahua,Through which present-day state did he travel?
Paquime,Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
Santa Barbara,Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
epidemic,What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
95.6%,What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?
97.3%,What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?
93.5%,What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?
12.8%,What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?
12th-largest,The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico
396 billion pesos,What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?
service sector,Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?
the manufacturing and industrial sector,Which sector was the second largest?
884 million dollars,The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?
Simón Elías Gonzalez,Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?
Sonora,Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?
1829,In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?
Bustamante,For whom was the revolution named?
secret societies,Stringed laws were issued against what group?
northern,In which region of the state did culture develop?
Big Houses,To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?
Mogollon,Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?
Paquime,What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?
Forty Houses,To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?
1841,Until what year did the state remain calm?
1843,In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?
"160,603 pesos per year",What was the price of the small force along the border?
"6,000",The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?
Ángel Trías,Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?
Santa Bárbara,Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?
1598,In which year was El Paso del Norte found?
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro,The path was important for the expansion of which road?
New Mexico,Which U.S. state benefited from this road?
Hidalgo,Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?
Agustin de Iturbide,Who actually achieved independence for the nation?
"September 16, 1810",Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?
Diego Rivera,Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?
Mexico City.,In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?
1847,In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?
924,How many men did he have?
Sacramento Pass,What was the pass into the capital known as?
The Battle of Sacramento,Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?
Almost 300,How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?
Durango,Who supported the reaction against the government?
José Urrea,Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?
Chihuahua,Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?
J.J.Calvo,Who threatened to retaliate?
Governor Terrazas,Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?
Jesús José Casavantes,Who was established as the new governor?
José María Patoni,Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?
President Benito Juárez,Which president was forced to flee?
1867,Until which year did his extended term last?
1855,In which year was the new constitution ratified?
Reform War,The state was able to survive through which war?
1858,The conservative movement occurred during which year?
Chihuahua and Parral,1000 men occupied which cities?
Cajen,Who established himself as governor?
Chihuahua,Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?
Coahuila and Durango,In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?
President Juárez,"Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?"
General Villagran,Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?
General Villagran,The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?
Parral,Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?
Colonel Cottret,Who had been leading the French forces?
1866,During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?
President Juárez,Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?
Maximilian,"Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?"
The United States,Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?
"12,000",How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?
battle of El Bracito,Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?
The United States,Who won the battle?
General Doniphan,Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?
1875,The elections of which year caused new hostilities?
Ángel Trías,Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?
Donato Guerra,Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?
Chihuahua City,Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?
Ángel Trías,With whom was he said to have conspired?
Miguel Ahumada,Under which governor was the education system unified?
metric system,Which system of measurement was standardized?
Civilian Hospital,"What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?"
Chuviscar River,The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?
paz porfiriana,The internal stability was known as what?
1876 to 1910,During what years did the economic growth occur?
Díaz,"Who committed to a strict ""No Re-election"" policy when running for office?"
working class,Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?
Madero,Orozco responded to whose letter to action?
Governor Abraham González,Which governor teamed up with Orozco?
Ciudad Juárez,Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?
United States,Madero received support from which country?
Orozquistas,Orozco's army was called by what name?
United States,War with what country seemed imminent?
President Wilson,Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?
Carranza’s,Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?
Secretary William Jennings Bryan,To which Secretary did Carothers write?
Chihuahua,Which state is the largest in the country by land?
12.6%,What percentage of the country does it make up?
Sonora,Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?
Texas,Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?
elevation of the terrain,Climate in the state depends mainly on what?
The Sierra Madre Occidental,Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?
west,"Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?"
west,Which side of the state has more precipitation?
southern,"Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?"
mammals,The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?
rattlesnake,Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?
skunk,Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?
Carranza,Villa became an enemy of whom?
Carranza,Who took control in 1914?
Convention of Aguascalientes,Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?
Eulalio Gutiérrez,The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?
Battle of Celaya,At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?
"July, August, and September",Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?
100 °F,The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?
canals,The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?
western,The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?
microclimates,The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?
flora,What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?
Pinus,The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?
Juniperus,Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?
Ciudad Juárez,Which city in the state exceeds one million?
eighth,Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?
2.4 million,El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?
98%,What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?
76.5%,What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?
Saltillo,French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?
José María Patoni and Jesús González,"Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?"
President Juárez,The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?
"Chihuahua, Chihuahua",Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?
Ángel Trías,Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?
1867,Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?
Chihuahua,Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?
Luis Terrazas,Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?
General Canto,Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?
1871,Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?
monopolies,The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?
17,Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?
Chihuahua,This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.
telephone lines,What were installed throughout the state in 1883?
"restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.",Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?
1910,The Porfiriato ended in which year?
Mexican Revolution,The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?
Díaz,Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?
Madero,Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?
Toribio Ortega,Who took up arms in support of Madero?
"Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata",The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?
"August 15, 1914",The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?
Teoloyucan,In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?
Carranza,"Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?"
Sierra Madre Occidental,Which is the main mountain range in the state?
"10,826 ft (3,300 m)",What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?
Chihuahua,Which state has more forests than any other?
elevation,Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?
tropical,What type of plants can be found in some canyons?
Samalayuca,Which city is known for its sand dunes?
the Steppe,The transition zone between east and west is called what?
Desert,Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?
Desert,What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?
migratory species,The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?
hummingbird,Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?
golden eagle,Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?
Trogon mexicanus,Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?
Álvaro Obregón,Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
42%,"Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?"
German,Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? 
cheese,Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
half,Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
climate,Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?
apples,Which fruit does the state rank first in production?
milk,The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?
oak,The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?
zinc,"The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?"
Nueva Vizcaya,What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?
Chihuahua,"Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?"
one century,The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?
mining center,The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?
Conchos tribe,Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?
"Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares",Hidalgo was turned over by whom?
1811,In which year was Hidalgo turned over?
firing squad,How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?
blindfold,Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?
Chihuahua,In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?
1828,During which year was the federal government unstable?
Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz,Who dissolved the government eventually?
Yorkino,With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?
F. Elorriaga,Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?
J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa,Who now headed the civil and military authorities?
Colonel J.J. Calvo,Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?
Apaches,The state was in a war with what group?
Simón Elías González,Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?
1837,In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?
indigenous tribes,What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?
18,How many military colonies were established by the state?
presidios,The military colonies replaced what as population centers?
six men,How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?
liberal,Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?
Chihuahua,The intervention had serious consequences for which state?
President Juárez,Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?
Governor Luis Terrazas,Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?
Puebla,To where was the battalion first deployed?
Chihuahua,Juarez again based his government in which state?
the French invasion,The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?
Plaza de Armas,"On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?"
General Terrazas,Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?
The bell,Which structure in the church became a historical monument?
corn,The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?
G. Casavantes,Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?
Governor Trías,Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?
water,Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?
Díaz,Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?
ranching and mining,The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.
working class,Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?
haciendas,What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?
proletariat,This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.
Venustiano Carranza,Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?
Huerta,The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?
Carranza,Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?
Ciudad Juárez,Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?
United States,Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?
about a third,The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?
Coahuila,The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?
flat,The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?
north,"Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?"
Rio Grande,Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?
coyote,Canis latrans is what animal?
American black bear,Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?
grazing,The main cause of degradation has been what?
rattlesnake,What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?
1921,The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?
50.09%,"According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?"
whites,The second largest group of people were whom?
NAFTA,What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?
maquiladoras,Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?
"294,026",How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?
Small business,What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?
"electronics, automobile, and aerospace components",Most maquiladoras today produce what?
auditory,What type of sensation is pitch?
frequency,What is pitch closely related to?
Pitch,Each persons perception of sound is called?
12,Octaves in linear pitch are what size?
1,Semitones in linear pitch are what size?
69,A440 in linear pitch are what size?
100,An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?
60.5,The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?
twelve-note chromatic scale,What is the most common method of organization?
the twelfth root of two,The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?
the octave,All these different methods have what in common?
sound,Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?
frequency,Pitch is a close proxy for what?
rapid,High pitch is what type of oscillation?
slower,Low pitch is what type of oscillation?
sound generated,This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?
numerous,A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?
overtones,Harmonics are an important class of what?
the partials,Integer multiples are collectively called? 
ambiguous,The pitch of complex tones can be?
two,A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
the missing fundamental, The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
divisor of the frequencies present,"the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?"
the tone's frequency content,"The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?"
playing two tones in quick succession,The jnd is typically tested by?
"1,400",What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?
snare drum,Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?
the addition of a true repetition of the original sound,Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?
indefinite pitch,It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?
spelling,The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?
A4,"The description ""G4 double sharp"" refers to the same pitch as what?"
logarithmic,Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?
numerical,Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?
autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve,The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?
unnecessary,Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?
ambiguities,Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?
1189,When did King Richard I begin his reign?
lions,Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?
a crown,What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?
1949,In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?
1966,"Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?"
blue,What color were England's first away kits?
red,What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?
grey,"Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?"
navy blue,"In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?"
home matches,"When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?"
2014,In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?
Uruguay,"In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?"
"1974, 1978 and 1994",In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?
sixteen,"After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?"
4–1,"What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?"
1949,In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?
7–1,What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?
1954,In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?
Syd Owen,"To whom is the quote ""it was like playing men from outer space"" attributed?"
Uruguay,"After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?"
2012,In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?
John Terry,Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?
Roy Hodgson,Who became the new manager of England's football team in May of 2012?
the quarter-finals,In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated?
Italy,A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012?
The Football Association,Which governing body controls the England national football team?
Scotland,"Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?"
1872,In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?
Wembley Stadium,What is the name of England's home field in London?
Roy Hodgson,Who is the current team manager of England's football team?
1906,In which year did England join FIFA?
1908,England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?
1946,England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?
1950,What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?
1923,In what year did Wembley Stadium open?
third place,In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?
eight,In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?
tied for ninth-best,Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?
"1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000",In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?
"1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008",In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?
West Germany,A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
3–2,What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
1974,In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?
Mexico,Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?
Spain,Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?
Sven-Göran Eriksson,Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?
five,How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?
No.4,What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson?
2006,In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated?
2001,In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?
BBC Radio 5 Live,Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?
2008–09,What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?
STV,What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?
2009,In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?
"500,000",Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?
14,In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?
Spain,"Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?"
1966,In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?
fourth,In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
Italy,Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
New York,Where were Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen from?
"6,642",How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1836?
founding a city,What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836?
Sam Houston,Who did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after?
1836,In what year was Sam Houston elected President of Texas?
Allen brothers,Who bought land along Buffalo Bayou to build a city?
"6,642 acres",How much land did the Allen brothers buy?
Sam Houston,After which famous general was the city named?
forty-nine percent,In 1860 what percentage of the city's population was slaves?
tripled,How much did the slave population of Houston increase from 1850 to 1860?
World War II,What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?
petroleum and synthetic rubber products,Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war?
during World War I,When was Ellington Field built?
1942,When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded?
non-discrimination for defense contractors,What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs?
Petrochemical,What kind of refineries were built along the Houston ship channel?
petroleum and synthetic rubber,To fill what type of demand were refineries built?
World War II,What world event caused this increased need for petrochemicals?
defense jobs,Why did thousands of new workers flock to Houston?
President Roosevelt,Which president created a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors?
1986,In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch?
the nationwide recession,Why did Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?
reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry,"In the 1990's, what is something Houston did to try to diversify it's economy?"
the increase of oil prices in the 2000s,The petroleum industry has become a larger part of Houston's economy again for what reason?
oil prices fell,What caused population growth to decline  in the 1980s?
2000s,When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?
aerospace and health care,What did Houston focus on after the 1990s recession to improve its economy?
late 1980s,When did Houston suffer an economic decline?
Space Shuttle Challenger,Which shuttle disintegrated in 1986 to cause a decline in the space industry?
"unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands",What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?
Rocky Mountains,Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?
oil and natural gas,The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?
a rock salt,What is halite?
rice farming,What type of farming is Houston's surface soil good for?
clays,"Besides sands, what are the foundations of Houston's land?"
several miles,How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston?
erosion of the Rocky Mountains,What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston?
rice,What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston?
oil and natural gas,What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form?
mid-rise office structures,Downtown Houston consisted of what type of building in the 1960's?
throughout the 1970s,When were skyscrapers first built in Houston?
JPMorgan Chase Tower,What is the tallest building in Texas?
"1,002-foot",How tall is the JP Morgan Chase Tower?
Wells Fargo Plaza,What is the second tallest building in Houston?
Gerald D. Hines,In the 1970 s what developer built high rises in downtown Houston?
JPMorgan Chase Tower,What was the highest building in Houston completed in 1982?
Texas Commerce Tower,What was the original name of the JP Morgan Chase Tower?
tallest structure in Texas,What is the Chase Tower rated as in height in Texas?
43 million square feet,By 2007 how many square feet of office space did Houston have?
Best Places for Business and Careers,Houston ranked 3rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006?
92,How many offices have been established in Houston by foreign governments?
Forty,How many foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices in Houston?
Twenty-five,How many foreign banks operate in Houston?
13,How many nations do the 25 foreign banks operating in Houston represent?
2006,When did the Houston area rank first in Texas for business?
third in the U.S,How did Houston rank in the U.S. for business?
92,How many consular offices does Houston have?
Forty,How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston?
13,How many nations do the twenty-five foreign banks represent?
Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo,What is the largest annual event held in Houston?
20 days,How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?
the end of June,When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?
"Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival",What is some other annual events held in Houston?
the Bayou City Art Festival,What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?
Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo,What event is the longest running in Houston?
March,When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?
end of June,When is the Houston Pride Parade held?
Art Car Parade,What form of car parade is held in Houston?
one of the top five,Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?
parks and green space,What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities?
"19,600",How many acres of land does Houston's green spaces cover?
the city,Who manages Houston's green spaces?
The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark,What is one of the largest skate parks in Texas?
Walk Score,Who ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US?
"56,405 acres",How many acres of parks does Houston have?
Joe Jamail,After whom is the Houston skate park named?
city of Houston,Who owns and runs the skate park in Houston?
Gerald D. Hines,For whom was the Uptown District water park in Houston named?
23rd,How does Houston rank as a walkable city?
Sylvester Turner,Who is the current mayor of Houston?
strong mayoral form of municipal government,What form of government does Houston have?
"the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council",Who are Houston's elected officials?
"the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative",What does Houston's mayor also serve as?
seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced,"Besides the general management of the city, Houston's mayor is also responsible for what?"
strong mayoral,What is the form of city  government in Houston?
nonpartisan,What type of municipal elections are held in Texas?
16,"Besides the mayor and controller, how many members are there on the city council?"
Sylvester Turner,Who is the mayor of Houston since the last election?
Democrat,To what political party is Mayor Turner aligned? 
KUHT (HoustonPBS),What was the first public television station in the US?
listener-funded,How is Houston Public Radio funded?
two NPR member stations,Houston Public Radio us comprised of how many stations?
KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7),What stations comprise Houston Public Radio?
The University of Houston,"Who owns the KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA stations?"
KUHT,Which of Houston's television stations was the first public television station in the U.S.?
news/talk radio,What kind of radio station is KUHF?
classical music,What type of radio station is KUHA?
University of Houston,Where is the Melcher Center located?
Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting,From what building do the two public radio stations broadcast?
in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico,Where is Houston located?
fourth,Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?
2.239 million people,What was the population of Houston in 2014?
Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land,What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US?
Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land,What is Houston the principle city of?
Houston,What is the most populous city in Texas?
fourth,How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S.?
2.239 million,"According to the 2014 census, how many people live in Houston?"
Harris County,Houston is located in which Texas county?
599.6 square miles,What is the land are of the City of Houston?
cotton,What commodity was Houston known for in 1860? 
rail lines,What type of roads converged in Houston?
General John Bankhead Magruder,Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?
Battle of Galveston,For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?
railroad center of Texas,What was Houston known for by 1890?
Hurricane Rita,What event caused 2.5 million people to evacuate through Houston?
largest urban evacuation,The evacuation of the Gulf coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation?
"150,000",How many people evacuated to Houston after Hurricane Katrina?
forty percent,"Fearing traffic problems, how many people refused to leave Galveston before Hurricane Ike?"
September 2008,When did Hurricane Ike hit the Houston area?
Houston,What is the largest city in the U.S. without formal zoning?
mandatory lot size,"Besides parking requirements, what land use regulations does Houston have?"
affordable housing,What is Houston's land use policies credited with producing?
real estate crisis,What serious situation of 2008 was Houston spared?
"42,697",How many building permits were issued in 2008 in Houston?
oilfield equipment,Of what is Houston a center?
petrochemical complex,What has the Houston ship channel served to promote into success?
first,Where does the Port of Houston rank in international commerce?
tenth,Where does Houston rate in the size ranking of world ports?
pipelines,What lines begin or end in Houston?
Houston Theater District,What area of Houston hosts performing arts?
theater seats,Of what is Houston second in performing arts?
Hobby Center for the Performing Arts,"Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Theater District?"
major performing arts,To what type of arts is Houston home?
Houston Symphony Orchestra,To what group is Jones Hall home?
17-block area,How much area of downtown Houston does the Theater District cover?
Bayou Music Center,"What place produces live concerts, plays and comedy?"
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center,Where is Space Center Houston?
interactive exhibits,What tourist offerings does the Space Center have?
shopping mall,What is the Galleria the largest of in Texas?
BBVA Compass Stadium,Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston?
downtown,Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located?
NRG Astrodome,What was the first indoor stadium in the world?
NRG Stadium,What is the home of the Texans named?
Minute Maid Park,What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros?
The University of St. Thomas,What is Houston's one Catholic university?
Rice University,What famous research university is located in Houston?
"6,000",What is the student enrollment of Rice University?
1960,When was Houston Baptist University founded?
Sharpstown,What area in Houston is the home of the Houston Baptist University?
Texas Medical Center,Where in Houston is the world's largest grouping of healthcare institutions?
49,How many non profit organizations are members of the Medical Center?
"73,600",How many people are employed in the Texas Medical Center?
13,How many hospitals belong to the Medical Center group of organizations?
Life Flight,What is the name of the first air emergency service?
Continental Airlines,"Until 2010, which airline made Houston its headquarters?"
Bush Intercontinental,Where is United Airlines' largest air hub?
United Airlines,With which airline did Continental Airlines merge?
700,How many daily flights did United Airlines offer from Houston?
2007,In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs?
New York City,What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?
Port of Houston,What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage?
Space City,What is Houston's nickname? 
ethnic and religious backgrounds,What is varied about Houston's population?
Houston,What city is the most diverse in Texas?
mild winters,What kind of winter weather does Houston have?
53.1 °F,What is the usual mean temperature in Houston?
Snowfall,What type of weather is a rarity in Houston?
"January 18, 1940",When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston?
49.8 in,How much rain does Houston usually get per year?
$1.1 billion,How much money does the University of Houston attract to Houston a year?
"24,000",How many local jobs are produced by the University of Houston?
"12,500",How many student graduate from the University of Houston per year?
in Houston,Where do most university graduates stay after acquiring a degree?
80.5%,"Even after five years, how many graduates remain in Houston?"
1836,When was Houston founded?
Buffalo Bayou,Where is Allen's Landing?
"June 5, 1837",When was the City of Houston incorporated?
Sam Houston,For whom was Houston named?
Battle of San Jacinto,For what battle was Sam Houston known as commander?
South,In what part of the United States is Houston located?
international community,What part of the Houston population is growing?
1.1 million,How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born?
two-thirds,What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border?
one in five,How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia?
hurricane,What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?
Spindletop,Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?
Beaumont,Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?
1910,"In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?"
President Theodore Roosevelt,Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?
656.3 square miles,What is the square mile area of Houston?
22.3 square miles,How much of Houston's total area is water?
gulf coastal plain,In what topography is Houston located?
temperate grassland and forest,How is the vegetation of the area classified?
flooding,What kind of weather event is a recurring problem for Houston?
106.5,How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?
4.6,How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?
humidity,What weather factor produces a higher heat index?
Winds,What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston?
109 °F,What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston?
divided,What is the political climate of Houston?
wealthier areas,Who in Houston tends to vote Republican?
Democratic,How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston?
62 percent,What percent of Hispanics vote Democrat?
68 percent,What percent of non-Hispanic whites vote Republican?
51%,How much of Houston's population is white?
25%,What percentage of Houston's population is African-American?
Asians,What group makes up 6 % of Houston's population?
"1,953,631","According to the 2000 census, what is the population of Houston?"
62.4%,What was the percentage of whites in 1970?
$489 billion,What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2012?
fourth-largest,Where in the rankings does Houston's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?
26,How many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's?
26.3%,How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Houston's gross product?
mining,Under what category does oil and gas exploration fall?
Baylor College of Medicine,What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten U.S. medical schools?
one of the top two,How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in US hospitals dealing with cancer care?
psychiatric,What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic offer?
Triumph Healthcare,What is the third largest acute care center in the U.S.?
Houston,Where is the Triumph Healthcare hospital headquartered?
#1,Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013?
two,How many jobs did Houston add for every one lost?
more than 100,How many foreign companies relocated to Houston?
Best Places for Business and Careers,On what Forbes list did Houston appear in 2013?
jobs lost,What was Houston the first city to do regain after the recession caused job loss?
Three,How many community colleges serve Houston?
within the 10 largest,How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?
Houston Community College System,What college system serves most of Houston?
Lone Star College System,Which community college system serves the northwestern and northeastern areas?
southeastern,What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve?
"January 1, 2004",When did Houston start using light rail lines?
about 8 miles,How long was the first light rail line in Houston?
NRG Park,Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?
five,How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?
"20,327",How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston?
William P. Hobby Airport,What is the second airport that serves Houston?
Houston International Airport,What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport?
1967,When was Houston International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport?
Southwest Airlines,Which airline now offers international flights from Hobby Airport?
customer service,For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top five performing airports?
300,How many estimated active faults does Houston have?
310 miles,What is the total length of the Houston faults?
water,What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston?
Long Point–Eureka Heights,Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Houston?
fault creep,What is a slow smooth rate of movement of faults called?
ward system,What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?
Houston City Council districts,What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?
Interstate 610 Loop,What highway is used to designate locations in Houston?
central business district,"Beside older pre-World War II residences, what is found inside the Loop? "
Beltway 8,What highway circles the outer areas of Houston?
Uptown District,What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?
1970s and early 1980s,When did the Uptown district expand?
Williams Tower,What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?
23 million,How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?
Transco Tower,Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?
biomedical research and aeronautics,"Besides oil and gas, what is Houston known for?"
Houston Ship Channel,What other industry is a large part of Houston's economy?
global city,What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston?
market for exports,In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013?
$110.3 billion,How much in dollars did the Houston area export in 2012?
top ranking,How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?
2008,When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?
fourth,Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation?
second,Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies?
2010,When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping?
National Hockey League,For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?
1971,Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team?
1962,When were the Houston Astros formed?
Colt .45s,Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called?
2005,When were the Houston Astros in the World Series?
14,How many members did the original Houston city council have?
five,How many at-large positions were there originally?
entire city,What areas do at-large council members represent?
2.1 million,What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?
two,How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?
"40,000",How many students does the University of Houston have?
southeast,Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?
Four,How many separate universities does Houston have?
Texas Southern University,What university is located in Houston'd third ward?
largest historically black,What kind of college is Texas Southern University?
Houston Chronicle,What is Houston's major newspaper?
Hearst Corporation,Who owns the Houston Chronicle?
1995,"When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations?"
Bill Hobby,Whose family owned the Houston Post?
Houston Press,What is the other newspaper that serves Houston?
hub-and-spoke,What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston?
Interstate 610,What encircles the downtown area of Houston?
8-mile,What is the diameter of the downtown area?
middle loop,What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8?
23 miles,What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8?
tenth-busiest,How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?
182,How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?
2006,When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?
George Bush Intercontinental Airport,Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?
George Bush Intercontinental Airport,What is Houston's primary airport?
Cyprus,Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?
сuprum,What term does the name copper originate from?
copper(II) salts,What componds are common in copper?
blue,What is one color common in copper salts?
green verdigris,What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.
9000 BC,When was copper first known to have been used?
Middle East,In what area is the first recorded use of copper?
2800 BC,When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?
iron smelting,Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?
5500 BC,When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?
Corinthian bronze,What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?
depletion gilding,How is Corinthian bronze made?
Alexandria,Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? 
copper,What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?
Baghdad Battery,What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?
copper,What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?
Electrical wiring,What is the most important market for copper today?
Roughly half,How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?
aluminium,What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?
high electrical conductivity,What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?
biostatic,What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?
Muntz metal,What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?
ships,Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?
netting materials,In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?
corrosion-resistant,Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?
group 11,What group of the periodic table is copper in?
one s-orbital electron,"Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common."
filled d-electron shell,What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?
fine-grained polycrystalline form,How is copper normally supplied?
monocrystalline forms,What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?
50 parts per million,What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.
420 tonnes,How large was the biggest find of copper?
1857,What year was the largest find of copper discovered?
4.4×3.2×3.2 cm,How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?
"Michigan, US",Where was the largest mass of copper found?
chalkos,What was copper called in Greece?
Cyprus,In what area was copper first mined?
Aphrodite,What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?
Venus,What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?
lustrous beauty,What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?
organocopper compounds,What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?
copper(I) oxide,What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?
Gilman reagent,What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?
alkyl halides,Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?
Copper(I) acetylide,Which form of copper is shock sensitive?
Renaissance sculptors,Who used copper to produce art?
daguerreotype,What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?
Statue of Liberty,What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?
Christopher Columbus,What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?
1830,When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?
conductivity,What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?
43%-46%,What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?
69%,What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?
National Electrical Manufacturers Association,What does the acronym NEMA stand for?
efficiency standards,By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?
Chromobacterium violaceum,Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?
ericoid mycorrhizal fungi,What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?
Suillus luteus,What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? 
Aspergillus niger,What fungus grows from gold mining solution?
fungus Aspergillus,What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?
antimicrobial,What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?
99.9%,355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?
Environmental Protection Agency,What does the acronym EPA stand for?
355,How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?
Legionnaires' disease,What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?
wood preservative,What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?
moss,What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?
antimicrobial protective fabrics,What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?
as a base,How is copper used with nickel?
Copper compounds,What is used to treat structures for dry rot?
"at least 10,000 years",How long has copper been in use?
95%,What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?
more than half,How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?
1014 tons,How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?
Recycling,What is a major source of cooper in modern times?
copper lumps,What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?
the shape and look,What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?
Julius Caesar,Who had his own coins produced out of brass?
"15,000 t",During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?
Cu-Pb-Sn alloys,Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?
60%,What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?
20%,What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?
15%,What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?
hardness,What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?
brass,What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?
The softness,What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?
silver,What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?
3.1×106 A/m2,What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?
corrosion,What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?
it begins to heat excessively,What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?
copper sulfides,In what form is copper extracted?
open pit mines,From what types of mines is copper extracted?
0.4 to 1.0% copper,What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?
Chile,What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?
in-situ leach process,What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?
100%,What percent of copper is recyclable?
80%,What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?
aluminium,What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?
aluminium,Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?
35–55 kg,"What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?"
green,What pigment color is natural to copper?
highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion,What property does the final patina on cooper have?
carbonate and sulfate,What mixture of compounds is the final patina?
environmental,What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?
finished,What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?
suicide attempts,What are copper salts sometimes used for?
copper toxicity,When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?
3 ppm,What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?
growth rates,What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?
30 mg/kg,What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?
3rd–2nd century BC,When did Britain first use brass?
Native Americans,Who were the first copper miners in North America?
Isle Royale,Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?
Peru,What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD
early 20th century,When did commercial production of copper begin?
29,How many isotopes are there of copper?
63Cu and 65Cu,What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?
63Cu,Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?
3.8 minutes,What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?
61.83 hours,What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?
cupronickel,What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?
low-denomination coins,what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?
75% copper and 25% nickel,What is the metal composition of a US nickel?
resistance to corrosion,What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?
golden,What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?
Polyols,What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?
reducing sugars,What are copper salts used to test?
color change,How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?
reddish,What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?
cellulose,What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?
Alloying copper with tin to make bronze,What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?
4500 BC,What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?
3700–3300 BC,When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?
Chalcolithic,What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?
Brass,What is an alloy of copper and zinc?
1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass,What is the level of copper in the human body?
in the gut,How is copper absorbed in humans?
albumin,What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?
Ceruloplasmin,What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?
via bile,How can the body get rid of excess copper?
0.6%,What is the average concentration of copper in ores?
sulfides,What are most commercial ores?
floats on top,What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?
iron,What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?
oxides,What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?
four,How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?
orange-red,What color is pure copper?
reddish tarnish,What does copper aquire when exposed to air?
orange light,The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?
yellow,What color is the metal caesium?
architectural material,What has copper been used for since ancient times?
antimicrobial indoor products,In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?
low thermal movement,What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?
hundreds or thousands of years,How long has copper been used in building construction?
antimicrobial,What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?
A psychological identity,"Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?"
ethnic identity,What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?
identity,What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?
one's self-construal,A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?
individual and group identity,"The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?"
Weinreich,Who developed the ISA?
Identity Structure Analysis,ISA stands for what?
Weinreich's identity variant,"Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?"
diffused,Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?
foreclosed or defensive,Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?
the identity variant,An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?
an optimal level,What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?
Anthropologists,What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?
an appropriate analytical tool,What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?
Barth,What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?
the framework,"If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?"
identity,Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?
one's total identity,"What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?"
age and accumulated experiences,How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?
the life cycle,"The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?"
the height of one's powers,The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?
identity,What is distinct from the self?
how identity is maintained,What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?
self-esteem,What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?
self-psychology,The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?
the social environment,Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?
mental events and states,What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?
identity,What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?
identity,What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?
anthropologists,Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?
the Eriksonian approach,"Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?"
inclusive or exclusive,What are the two types of group boundaries?
exclusive,A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?
inclusive,A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?
language,What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?
Neo-Eriksonian,What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?
exploration and commitment,The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?
any individual's sense of identity,"In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?"
a sense of positive self-esteem,What do many people gain from their identity groups?
discrimination,"People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?"
the social identity tradition,Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?
social identity theory,Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?
a primordialist approach,What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?
social constructionist theory,The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?
political and historical contexts,Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?
the lens of identity,Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?
glorified maids,What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?
occupational settings,The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?
an identity they can live with,What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?
workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life,What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?
benign,What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?
malign,What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?
defensive contra-identification,Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?
significant others,The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?
relative weakness or relative strength,What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?
identity diffusion,What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?
identity foreclosure,What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?
identity moratorium,What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?
identity achievement,What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?
category of analysis,Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?
their own preconceptions of identity,What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?
the idea of identification,The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? 
human social self-expression,Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?
define it empirically,What is it impossible to do with identity?
Gender identity,What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?
identity,"What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?"
cognitive psychology,Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?
Erik Erikson,Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?
ego identity,What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?
the personal identity,The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?
the social identity or the cultural identity,What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?
the psychodynamic tradition,In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?
Laing's,Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?
metaperspective of self,One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?
self/identity,"The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?"
Kenneth Gergen,"Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?"
The strategic manipulator,In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?
The pastiche personality,In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?
the relational self,In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?
postmodern culture,"The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?"
the concept of boundaries,What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?
identity,"What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?"
other social beings,"Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?"
boundaries,What do markers help create?
influence,Markers can be used to exert what on other people?
Himachal Pradesh,What is the third fastest growing economy in India?
fourth,What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?
Abundance of perennial rivers,What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?
"hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture",What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?
"Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan",What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?
15 April 1948,When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
18 December 1970,When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?
25 January 1971,When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?
1 November 1956,When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?
as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states,Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
In the assembly elections held in November 2012,When did Congress secure an absolute majority?
36 of the 68 seats,How many seats did Congress win?
Virbhadra Singh,Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?
Governor Urmila Singh,Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?
historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla,Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?
hydro electric resources,Himachal is extremely rich in?
Himachal,Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?
"20,300MW",How much hydroelectric power can be generated?
"Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut",What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?
₹ 254 billion,What is current GDP estimated at?
handicrafts,What is the state well known for?
pit-loom,The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?
Wool,What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?
shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours,What is Kullu famous for?
Kangra miniature paintings,What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?
"Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats",What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?
between 2250 and 1750 BCE,What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?
Mahmud Ghaznavi,Who conquered Kangara?
10th century,When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?
Timur and Sikander Lodi,Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?
handicrafts,What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?
increased,Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?
woolen and pashmina shawls,What handcrafts do they include?
aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts,What declined under competition?
within and outside the country,Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?
Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate,Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
Superintendent of Police,Who maintains law and order?
the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.,Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
1948,When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
₹ 52.7 million,How much was allocated?
five-year plan,What kind of plan was it?
fourth,Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
road construction,What was more than 50% used on?
21st,Where did the state place on population chart?
Tripura,Who was 22nd of chart?
Kangra district,Who was top ranked in population strength?
Lahaul Spiti,Who was last in population strength?
Buddhism and Sikhism,What other religions form a small percentage?
Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti,Who are mainly Buddhists?
slightly 2.18%,What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?
towns and cities,Where do Sikhs mostly live?
1.16%,HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?
1768,When did the Gurkhas come into power?
Nepal,Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
Amar Singh Thapa,Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
"Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,",In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
"rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami",Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
great variation,What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
varies from hot and subhumid tropical,What is the climate like?
"summer, winter, and rainy season",What three seasons does Himachal experience?
mid-April till the end of June,How long does summer last?
late November till mid March.,How long does winter last?
elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members,What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence,Who presides over meetings?
Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.,Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
The Governor,Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
"5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term",How long are the terms of office?
its narrow gauge tracks railways,What is Railway Himachal famous for?
UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar,What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
"Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.",What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
survey,What is being conducted to extend the railway?
259 kilometres (161 mi),What is the total length of the railways?
Himachal Pradesh,Who is famous for natural beauty?
1814–1816,What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
snow,What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
In the lap of Himalayas,What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma,Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
Himachal Pradesh,Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?
"published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states",What are the newspapers famous for?
All major English daily newspapers,What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
"Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal",What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
Radio and TV,What has grown significantly?
Virbhadra Singh,Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
41 of the 68 seats,How many seats did the BJP win?
Prem Kumar Dhumal,Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
December 2007,When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
30 December 2007,When was he sworn in?
"seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig",What type of agriculture is in the state?
Solan,Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
"Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas",Where is seed potato mostly grown?
"growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state",What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
food grains,What is the state deficient in?
Himachal,Who was largely untouched by external customs?
technological advancements,What has made the state change very rapidly?
"Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri",What are the common languages spoken?
"Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis",Who makes up the tribal populations?
"multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states",Himachal is?
2006 at Sundernagar,When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur,What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
"The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)",What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
"unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines",What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
state-owned television broadcaster,What is Doordarshan?
Dial-up access,What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?
Private FM stations,What is available in few cities?
"BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel",Who are the cellular phone operators available?
public radio station,What is All India Radio?
villages and towns,Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?
a toilet,No single house is without?
"roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband",What are the villages well connected to?
second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala,What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?
The hill stations,What are the most visited places in the country?
conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages,What is nonverbal communication?
body language,What is one example of nonverbal communication?
shaking a hand,What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
sweating,What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
55%,What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
to coordinate and organize their growth and development,Why do fungi communicate?
through biochemicals of biotic origin,How do fungi communicate with insects?
five,How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
interpretation processes,What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
similar molecules without biotic content,"What is an example of ""noise"" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?"
"confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions",What acts are included in communication between parties?
abilities of the group communicating,The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?
channel (through which medium),What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?
another person or being,What is one target of communication?
Wilbur Schram,Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?
a system of symbols,What is human communication defined as?
during human childhood,When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
thousands,How many human languages are there?
patterns of sound or gesture for symbols,What do human languages use to communicate with others?
programming languages,What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
"family rules, family roles or family dialectics",What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
"marriage, parenthood or divorce",What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
a well constructed family,What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal,How is animal communication defined?
zoo semiotics,What is the study of animal communication called?
anthroposemiotics,What is the study of human communication called?
"animal emotions, animal culture and learning",What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?
vibrational communication,What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver,Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?
"sender, channel, and receiver",What did the first model for communication consist of?
the part of a telephone a person spoke into,What was the sender in the initial model?
the telephone itself,What was the channel in the initial model?
the part of the phone where one could hear the other person,What was the receiver in the initial model?
transmission model,A simple model is also referred to as what?
a message in natural language,What kind of message is sent in a simple model?
spoken language,In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?
from an emisor/ sender/ encoder,How is information sent through a simple model?
"simplicity, generality, and quantifiability",What are the strengths of the simple model?
reciprocally,How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?
constitutive model or constructionist view,What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?
a conduit,What is communication viewed as?
different regional traditions,What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?
communication noise,What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?
between plant cells,What is a form of communication observed within plants?
roots,"What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?"
vegetable fiber,What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?
via volatiles,How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?
"the decentralized ""nervous system"" of plants","How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?"
Theories of coregulation,What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?
Egypt,What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?
Harold Innis,Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?
Space Binding,What did Harold Innis call papyrus?
"transmission of written orders across space, empires",What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?
it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills,Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?
communications,Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?
Companies with limited resources,What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?
excellent writing ability,What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?
green,What color are white grapes?
anthocyanins,What gene makes grapes purple?
prolate spheroid,What shape do grapes usually resemble?
fruit,What type of food are grapes?
15 to 300,How many grapes are generally in a cluster?
"6,000–8,000 years ago",How long ago were grapes first cultivated?
Yeast,What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?
Armenia,Where is the oldest know winery located?
Shiraz,What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?
hieroglyphics,How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?
animal fat,What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?
red wine,What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?
the French paradox,"What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?"
vasodilation,What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?
Grape juice,What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?
fermented,What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?
Concord grapes,What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?
Thompson Seedless,What are Sultana grapes known as in California?
Niagara grapes,What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?
red wine,What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?
white wine,What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?
resveratrol,What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?
Red wine,What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?
table grapes,What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?
wine grapes,What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?
Vitis vinifera,What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?
Table grape,What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?
approximately 24%,What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?
Genesis 9:20–21,When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?
Dionysus,Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?
Christ,Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?
Deuteronomy,Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?
Noah,Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?
three,How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? 
more than a dozen,How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? 
Vitis vinifera,What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? 
cold,What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? 
Vitis vinifera,What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
Anthocyanins,What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
Total phenolic content,What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 
Phenolic content,"What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? "
anthocyanins,Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
flavan-3-ols,What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
The Catholic Church,What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?
the Last Supper,When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? 
Canon 924,Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?
grape juice,What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?
transubstantiation,What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?
secure procedures,What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?
cybersecurity or IT security,What is computer security also known as?
Computer security,What is the protection of information systems?
"intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked",What are the ways an operator can malpractice?
Computer security,What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?
Denial of service attacks,What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?
the victim account to be locked,What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?
reflection and amplification attacks,What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?
Distributed denial of service,What does DDoS stand for?
by adding a new firewall rule,How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?
a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system,What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?
eavesdropping,"In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?"
a potential entry point for malware or an attacker,"Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?"
disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel,"Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?"
the cell phone network,What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?
relatively few,How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?
packet capture appliances,What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?
"firewalls and other automated ""detection"" systems",The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?
Reuters,What is the source of the quote?
physical stealing of assets,Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? 
computer security,Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?
Evaluation Assurance Levels,What does EAL stand for?
"Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed",What is the standard of EAL4?
Semiformally Verified Design and Tested,What is the standard for EAL6?
Integrity-178B,What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?
"February 27, 2014",When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?
enhanced national security capabilities.,What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?
China,What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??
Eavesdropping,What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?
hosts on a network,Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?
the FBI and NSA,Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?
TEMPEST,Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?
a closed system,What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?
malware,What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?
malware,Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?
Quantified Self devices,Activity trackers are an example of what?
attack vectors,"What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?"
sensors,What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?
access control lists,What does ACL stand for?
enforcing privilege separation,ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
the confused deputy problem,A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws,What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
capabilities,The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
1994,In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?
Using trojan horses,How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?
by posing as a trusted Rome center user,How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?
the US Air Force's main command and research facility,What is the Rome Laboratory?
National Aeronautics and Space Administration,Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?
July of 2015,When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?
Avid Life Media,What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?
After the second data dump,When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?
emails from the company's CEO,What was in the first data dump?
Established Men,"What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?"
a crucial need for regulation,"According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?"
San Francisco,Where was the RSA Security Conference held?
executives from the private sector,Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?
R. Clarke,"Who said ""industry only responds when you threaten regulation""?"
cyberspace,What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?
"October 3, 2010",When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?
The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy,What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?
The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada,What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?
The Internet,What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?
the Stuxnet worm,What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?
2014,When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?
the Department of Homeland Security,What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?
via removable media,How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?
"""preventive"" measures",Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?
A firewall,What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?
a separate machine filtering network traffic,What does a physical firewall consist of?
permanently connected to the Internet,What type of machines normall have a firewall?
computer security,What compromises mainly preventative measures?
security breaches,What has caused serious financial damage?
the organizations involved,Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?
$13 billion,What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?
Several computer security consulting firms,Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?
basically anecdotal,What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?
during the manufacturing process,Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?
hardware-based or assisted computer security,What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?
insecurity,What can hardware be a source of?
physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access),What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?
Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre,What does CCIRC stand for?
CCIRC,Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?
on the Public Safety Canada website,Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?
Canada's Cyber Security Strategy,What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?
Jay Cross,"Who said ""Connectedness begets vulnerability?"""
the Internet Time Group,What organization does Jay Cross belong to?
increasing efficiency,What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
exposes new vulnerabilities,What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
"September 27, 2010",When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?
"February 4, 2014",When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?
Public Safety Canada,Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?
October,What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?
$1.5 million,How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?
compromise security,Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?
standard security measures,Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?
attacks,Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?
directly download data from it,An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?
Clickjacking,UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?
Clickjacking,What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?
some other irrelevant page,Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?
into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker,Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?
using multiple transparent or opaque layers,How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?
"60,000",How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?
"November 2, 1988",When was the first computer worm released?
"Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.",Who was the first computer worm traced back to?
computer worm,What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?
he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet,Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?
a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring,Who are Rescator?
40 million credit cards,What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?
between 53 and 56 million,How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?
self checkout machines,What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?
director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee,Who is Jim Walter?
Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum,What does NCAZ stand for?
national security aspects,What does NCAZ take care of?
"June 16, 2011",When was NCAZ opened?
"February 23, 2011",Whan was NCAZ founded?
to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure,What is the purpose of NCAZ?
Orthodox,What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?
Torah,What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?
Talmudic,what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?
Haredi Judaism,What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?
pre-modern Judaism,Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?
JTA,What is the global Jewish news service known as?
"""ultra-Orthodox",What term do media entities refrain from using?
the Star-Ledger,What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?
Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer,Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?
Cliffside Park,Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?
Modern Orthodoxy,What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
People of Israel,Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
halakha,What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
Divine work,What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
Torah,What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
covered,How do orthodox women dress mosly?
hair,what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?
kipa,What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?
tzitzit,What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?
Haredi,What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?
Pentateuch,What is the written law of the Torah known as?
God,Who dictated the oral law to Moses?
Oral Law,What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?
Sinaitic law,What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?
Divine,What is the origin of Jewish Law?
Berlin,Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?
Jacob Ettlinger,what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?
Shlomei Emunei Yisrael,What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?
177,How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?
Berlin,Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?
third birthday,When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?
burned,What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?
kitniyot,What are grains and legumes known as?
Ashkenazi,What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?
Talmud,What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?
Haredi Judaism,What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?
modern society,What should individuals participate as little as possible in?
Haredi,Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?
yeshiva,What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?
kollel,What is a Torah study institute for married men called?
Mount Sinai,Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?
God,Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?
Mitzvot,What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?
House of Study of Rabbi Akiva,Where is Moses miraculously transported to?
Oral law,What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?
Orthodox Judaism,What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?
patrilineal descent,What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
rejection of Judaism,What is intermarriage typically seen as?
intermarriage,What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
cut off,What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
Halakha,What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
"God's Law,",what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
"""Kavod Habriyot""",Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
"""Pikuach Nefesh""",The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
structure of daily life,What does halakha guide?
Torah,What is jewish law today based on?
will of God,what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?
Mount Sinai,Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?
13,How many rules are jewish law derived from?
Oral Law,What law is considered to be no less the word of god?
Haredi Judaism,What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?
Chasidic Judaism,What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?
Israel ben Eliezer,Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?
Ba'al Shem Tov,What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?
Yiddish,What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?
1.9 children,What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
4.1 children,What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
2%,What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
71%,What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
half,how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
right-wing,Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
conservative,half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
Republican,What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
Israel,Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
Zionism,Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
Modern Orthodoxy,What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
"""outreach (Kiruv)""",What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
secular studies,What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
support oneself,what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
Haskalah,what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
Talmud,what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
dietary laws,previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
halachic practices,What are dietary laws known as?
19th century,When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
early 19th century,When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
education,what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
absolute divine authorship,what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
Zionism,What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?
Zionist,What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
nationalism,What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
militarism,What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
destructive,what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
yeshivot,Tamudic schools are known as what?
Talmudical colleges,what are the colleges married men study in called?
interact,Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
doctrines,Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
Orthodox Judaism,What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?
unacceptable,What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
heretical,What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
Halakhic,Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
American Orthodox Jews,"Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?"
New Jersey,Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?
Rockland County,Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?
New York State,Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?
Western European Jewry,Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?
traditional,What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
Hirsch's,the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
Shulchan Aruch,What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?
uniformity,there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?
minhag,What is the differences among regions in practices known as?
philosophical differences,Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?
Hirsch,Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?
Torah im Derech Eretz,What was Hirsch's approach called?
neo-Orthodoxy,What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?
modern world,The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?
Latin animalis,Where does the word animal come from?
"having breath, having soul or living being",What does the Latin word animalis mean?
non-human members of the kingdom Animalia,The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?
Animalia,The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?
"sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans",What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?
eukaryotic,What type of cells do all animals have?
collagen and elastic glycoproteins,What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
"shells, bones, and spicules",What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? 
"tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes",What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
cell walls,How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
Predation,What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?
death,The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?
detritivory,What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?
their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse,Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?
various antipredator adaptations,The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?
"anemones, corals, and jellyfish",Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?
both the mouth and the anus,The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?
ectoderm and endoderm,What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?
diploblastic,What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?
they do not have a permanent digestive chamber,What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?
Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular,What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?
heterotrophic,What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?
lacking rigid cell walls,What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?
animals,The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?
blastula,What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?
swim to a new location,"In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?"
an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm,What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?
mesoderm,What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?
tissues and organs,What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?
1 billion years,How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?
triploblastic worms,Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?
earthworms,Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?
around 1 billion years ago,When was the beginning of the Tonian period?
Gromia sphaerica,What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?
a flagellated eukaryote,It is believed that animals evolved from what?
choanoflagellates,What are the closest known living relatives of animals?
opisthokonts,What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?
"choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists",The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?
the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells,Where does the name opisthokonts come from?
Bilateria,What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?
two,How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?
mouth and an anus,What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?
coelom or pseudocoelom,What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?
"Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa",What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?
bilaterian,What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?
bilaterian,Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?
Ecdysozoa,What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?
"insects, spiders, crabs",What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?
repeating segments,Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?
Onychophora and Tardigrada,What groups are relatives of the arthropods?
Nematoda,What is another name for roundworms?
the great diversity found in animals,Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?
fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?
they are easy to keep and breed,Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?
starlet sea anemone,"Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?"
Mollusca and Annelida,What are two of the most successful animal phyla?
"snails, clams, and squids",What are some of the animals in Mollusca?
earthworms and leeches,What are some of the animals in Annelida?
common presence of trochophore larvae,Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?
lophophore,What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?
other animals early in evolution,Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?
sponges,Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?
drawing in water through pores,How do sponges typically feed?
2008-2015,During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?
both groups possess a complete digestive tract,What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?
deuterostomes,"In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?"
schizocoelous development,What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?
enterocoelic pouching,What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?
radial cleavage,What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?
Platyhelminthes,What is another name for flatworm?
flukes and tapeworms,What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?
lacking a body cavity,What does acoelomates mean?
Gastrotricha,What are the flatworms closest relative?
in aqueous environments,Where are the rotifera most prominent?
eating plants or plant-eating animals,How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?
light,"What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?"
chemical energy,What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?
become a source of energy and building materials for the animal,"When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?"
giving the animal the energy required for motion,What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?
brewing,What is the process of making beer called?
a brewery,What is a building called that is used for making beer?
a brewing company,What is company that makes beer typically known as? 
homebrewing,What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? 
1963,In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
a hopback,"In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?"
fermentation,In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? 
yeast,What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments? 
a week to months,How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer? 
yeast,What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? 
barley malt,What is the main source of starch and most beer?
After malting,At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?
sorghum,What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?
during lautering,When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?
wheat,"Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?"
microbrewery,What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?
brewpub,What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?
"around 15,000 barrels","In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?"
Freising,What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?
1040,What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?
sugars,What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?
fermentation,What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?
above 12%,At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?
Low temperatures,What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?
to increase alcohol content,Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?
stillage,What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?
52–55 °F,What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?
Cask-conditioned ales,What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?
from several hours to several days,How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?
a hand pump,What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?
ethyl alcohol,What type of alcohol is found in beer?
blood alcohol concentration,How is alcohol measured in the human body?
ethyl alcohol,What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?
pulmonary aspiration,What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?
fatal alcohol poisoning,What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?
bottles and cans,What types of containers is beer generally sold in?
draught,"In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?"
around 4% to 6%,"In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?"
"beer festivals,",What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?
bar billiards,What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?
water,What is the main ingredient in beer?
hard water,"What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?"
soft water,What type of water is best for making pale lager?
Burtonisation,What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?
pale ale,What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?
1516,In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?
Duke of Bavaria,What was the title of William IV in 1516?
Reinheitsgebot,"What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?"
barley-malt,"Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?"
William IV,Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?
Hops,What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?
malt,What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?
the International Bitterness Units scale,How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?
hops,The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?
head retention,What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?
mashing,What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?
liquor,How is hot water referred to by brewers?
1 to 2 hours,How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?
sugars,"In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?"
wort separation,What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?
yeast,What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?
hops,Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?
potato,What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?
agave,What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?
the grain bill,"In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?"
822 AD,In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?
Adalard of Corbie,What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?
the thirteenth century,In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?
the sixteenth century,In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?
gruit,What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?
1721,In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?
1677,In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?
Stout and porter,What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?
slow fermenting yeast,What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?
London,In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?
63.9%,What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?
Crown Holdings,What company first created the full aperture can for beer?
2010,In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?
"""skunked"" beer",What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?
quality,What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?
"57,5%",How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?
55%,How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?
BrewDog,What company made The End of History beer in 2010?
fractional freezing,"What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?"
41%,How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?
Glass bottles,What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?
yeast,What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?
yeast,What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?
slowly,What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?
wheat beers,What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?
overeating,"In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?"
beer belly,What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?
110,What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?
110,What is the glycemic index in maltose?
sorghum or millet,What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?
Namibia,In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?
Ethiopia,In what country is the beer Tella produced? 
Bozo,What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?
Choujiu,What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?
circa 3500–3100 BC,When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?
Iran,In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?
Iran,What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?
1974,What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?
mould,What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?
copper,What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?
about one hour,How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?
enzymes,What does boiling sweet wort destroy?
bitterness,What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?
malted grain,What is generally used as starch in most beer?
by soaking it in water,How does grain become malted?
a kiln,What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?
germination,What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?
fermentable sugars,What does a grains starch become after an is malted?
More than 133 billion,How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?
$294.5 billion,How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?
2002,What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?
InBev,What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?
AB InBev,What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?
alcohol by volume,What does abv stand for?
freeze-distilling,What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?
5%,What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?
table beer,What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?
around 20%,What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?
zythology,What is the term used for the study of beer?
beer sommelier,What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?
beer pong,What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?
beer,What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?
Beer,What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?
Beer,What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?
brewing,What is the term used to describe the making beer?
fermentation,What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?
The Hymn to Ninkasi,What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?
822,What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?
Europe,On what continent were hops first added to beer?
hops,What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?
Abbess Hildegard,Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?
Bingen,Where did Abbess Hildegard live?
Old English ealu,What is the origin of the word ale?
Old English bēor,What is the origin of the word beer?
bibere,What word means to drink in Latin?
Alvíssmál,"What 12th century poet once wrote ""Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.""?"
10.5%,How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?
Vetter 33,What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?
Samuel Adams,What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?
2011,What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?
champagne yeasts,What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?
Draught beer's,What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?
6.6,How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?
a refillable jug,"What type of container can be used to transport draft beer, and is better for the environment that a bottle?"
2.5 square meters,How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew?
26,How many square feet is 2.5 square meters?
artificial refrigeration,What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?
below 15.5 °C,At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?
unchilled,When is a beer at its most flavorful?
UK,What country is the organisation Cask Marque located?
the 1870s,In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular?
alcohol,What is beers primary active ingredient?
alcoholic liver disease,What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?
around ten,How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life expectancy?
Alcohol,What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US?
3.3 million,How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol?
dopamine,What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?
2013,What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?
beer,What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?
49,How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?
Mulatto,What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?
Negro,What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? 
Neg,How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census? 
one-drop rule,"What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?"
their father,Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census? 
2000,In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? 
nearly seven million,How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?
one or more,How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?
1990,What year was the last census before the Census 2000?
the American Anthropological Association,What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census?
1997,In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census?
OMB directive no. 15,"Prior to 1997, where were racial categories declared for the U.S. Census?"
race/ethnicity,How did racial categories appear in the US 2000 census?
OMB,Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?
national-origin,What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?
ancestry,"In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?"
two,How many ethnic categories are there in the US census?
Not Hispanic or Latino,"In addition to Hispanic and Latino, what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census?"
the American Anthropological Association,What association criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the UScensus?
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,Members of what commission criticized the separation of race and ethnic city on the US Census?
Hispanic or Latino,"In ethnic classification for the U.S. Census, What option do respondents have other than not Hispanic or Latino?"
Mexico,What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship?
1935,In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because of their race?
Roosevelt,What US President wanted to treat Hispanic people as white by the federal government?
Mexican,People of what descent were classified as white by the federal government at the suggestion of President Roosevelt?
white,"In 1935, what race was a person required to be to become a United States citizen?"
OMB,Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?
1997,In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?
consistent data,What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?
one or more,How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?
one,How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997?
1850,In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?
by head of household,How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?
B,"In the 1850 US census, what was put into the color column for black persons?"
mulatto,"If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census, How were they classified?"
by owner,How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census?
Some other race,What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?
2010,In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?
Some other race,There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?
the American Community Survey,"In addition to the Census, where else is the ""some other race"" selection an option?"
the Voting Rights Act,What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election? 
the Community Reinvestment Act,What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?
the Civil Rights Act,What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?
1890,In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census?
for each family,How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census?
individually,How were residents listed in the census in 1890?
increased immigration,Why were different East Asian races divided in 1890 Census?
a minimum of two,How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?
Hispanic or Latino,How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?
Not Hispanic or Latino,"Aside from Hispanic or Latino, what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use?"
Hispanic or Latino,In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?
Hispanic or Latino,In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census?
a decimal system of values,What is the US dollar based upon?
one-tenth of a dollar,How much monetary value does a dime hold?
one hundred dollars,How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?
$20,What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?
Coinage Act of 1792,"In what legislation was the term ""eagle"" used?"
$,Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?
ps,What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?
peso,What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?
19th,Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?
Spanish America,In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?
green,What color was predominantly used?
American Council of the Blind,Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?
$1,"Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?"
visually impaired,Who are currency readers meant to assist?
Bureau of Engraving and Printing,The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?
United States Congress,"Who has the power ""to coin money""?"
5112,Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?
payment of debts,Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction?
Sacagawea dollar,What is an example of a copper alloy dollar?
American Silver Eagle,What is the pure silver dollar referred to as?
Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia,Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?
Jáchymov,What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?
silver,What were the Joachimstalers composed of?
tallero,"How did the word ""taler"" translate into Italian?"
Guldengroschen,"Other than ""taler"", what is the other name of the German coin?"
deceased,What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?
European monarchs,Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?
20th century,When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?
composite Native Americans,"Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the ""heads"" side of past coins?"
Dollar,What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?
1777,Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?
Civil War,What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?
War of 1812,Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?
"""not worth a continental""",The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?
article 1,The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?
2007,In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?
Statue of Liberty,What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?
E Pluribus Unum,"What is the official version of ""In God We Trust"" printed on the coins? "
"""Liberty""",Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?
Grover Cleveland,Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?
Federal Reserve,"Who can create ""new high-powered money""?"
U.S. Treasury Department,Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?
Bureau of the Mint,Which organization stamps coins?
Engraving and Printing,Which Bureau prints new dollars?
Commercial banks,Who can freely withdraw from  their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve?
wartime,During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?
1913,When was the Federal Reserve established?
"an ""elastic"" currency",What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?
gold standard,What had previously kept prices stable?
30%,How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?
constant value,What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?
"low, stable inflation",What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?
some economists,Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?
central bank,A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?
stimulate the economy,"With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?"
the Spanish milled dollar,"What is ""dollars"" a reference to?"
8 Spanish units,How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?
four hundred and sixteen,How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?
a Spanish milled dollar,How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?
three hundred and seventy-one,How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?
"""G""","What is a ""grand"" sometimes shortened to?"
"""stack""","What is another term other than ""large"" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?"
the Roman numeral for 100,"What is a ""C-note"" a reference to?"
$50,"Which note is occasionally called a ""yardstick""?"
Monopoly money,"What is another term for ""bigface"" notes?"
Coinage Act of 1792,What defined the US dollar?
the Spanish milled dollar,What was the dollar based on?
17,How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?
Alexander Hamilton,Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?
377,What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?
Proof Sets,What is specifically produced for collectors?
90%,What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?
1983,When did the Mint being producing proof sets?
Presidential Dollar Proof Set,"Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?"
"December 13, 2011",When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?
The Constitution,What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?
Section 331,Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?
U.S. dollars,"Which currency are the sums of money in the ""Statements"" displayed in?"
U.S. dollar,What is the unit of account of the United States?
$100,What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?
1946,In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?
1969,When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?
organized crime,What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?
an executive order,What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?
quid,"What is the British equivalent of a ""buck""?"
18th,"In which century can the term ""buck"" be traced back to?"
colonial leather trade,"What kind of trade may have been the origin of the ""buck""?"
Greenback,What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?
black,What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?
gold,What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?
Federal Reserve,Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?
increase the money supply,What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?
the Phillips curve,What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?
two thirds,How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?
Spanish dollar,What was the look of the dollar based on?
16th,In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?
1792,When was the United States Mint founded?
Peru,"Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?"
1857,When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?
Gold Standard Act,What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?
1.505,How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?
$20.67,How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?
1964,Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?
Franklin Roosevelt,Which President confiscated gold coins?
Tennessee,"Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?"
Philadelphia mint,Where did error coins originate?
profit,How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?
"""upside down lettering error"" coins",What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?
$1 bills,What do vending machines commonly only accept?
borrow money on the credit of the United States,What power was Congress given by the Constitution?
issue Federal Reserve Notes,What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?
obligations of the United States,What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?
"Washington, District of Columbia","Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?"
Federal Reserve Note,"Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?"
achieve a specific short-term interest rate target,What is the short term goal of open market operations?
federal funds rate,What does the Federal Reserve target?
the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight,What is the federal funds rate?
Moral suasion,What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?
talking monetary policy with the market,"What does ""open mouth operations"" mean?"
after World War II,When was the Bretton Woods system established?
$35 per ounce,What was the fixed value of gold?
the value of gold,What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?
convert dollars to gold,What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?
1971,In which year was gold convertability terminated?
fiat money,What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?
de facto currency,"Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?"
Turks and Caicos islands,"Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?"
mints its own coins,"For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?"
Susan B. Anthony dollar,What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
cotton fiber paper,What are dollar notes made from now adays?
wood fiber,What is most common paper made of?
Federal Reserve,"Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?"
6.14 inches,How long do the current notes measure?
Philippine,What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?
1792,When was the Mint Act passed?
371.25,How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?
Alexander Hamilton,Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?
Congressional standard of the silver dollar,What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?
1834,In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
their precious metal value,What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?
their numismatic value,What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?
Kennedy half dollar,What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?
cupronickel,What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?
$4.00,How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
1794,When were silver dollars first minted?
President Dwight D. Eisenhower,Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?
Susan B. Anthony dollar,Which coin was introduced in 1979?
Sacagawea,What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?
19th,In which century were gold dollars minted?
The monetary base,"What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?"
400 billion dollars,What was the monetary base value in 1994?
over 3000 billion,How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?
securities,What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?
Eight,How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?
price inflation,What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?
price inflation,The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?
consumer price index,What does CPI stand for?
Bureau of Labor Statistics,Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?
average price of consumer goods and services in the United States,What does the CPI estimate?
1845,When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
"Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel",Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?
August Wilhelm von Hofmann,Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?
in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany,Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?
Prince Albert,Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?
1845,When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
practical aspects of the experimental sciences,What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?
Germany,Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?
Prince Albert,Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?
August Wilhelm von Hofmann,Who was the first professor of the college?
1876,When was the City and Guilds College founded?
"improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers",What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?
to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects,What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?
"GBP 342,500",How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?
CGLI Central Technical College,What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?
City and Guilds College,Which college was founded in 1876?
16,How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?
Advancement of Technical Education,What does CGLI stand for?
to create a Central Institution in London,"Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?"
eighty-seven,How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?
December 2005,When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?
September 2006,When did Imperial abandon their science park program?
September 2009,When was the Wye College campus closed?
the Wye campus,Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?
Wye campus,Where was Imperial's science park programme located?
September 2006,When was the science park programme abandoned?
£110m,How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?
the public,Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?
Wye College campus,What was closed on September 2009?
£512.4 million,"What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?"
"a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term","What is a ""Unitised Scheme""?"
£78 million,How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?
18%,How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?
three,How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?
Unitised Scheme,What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?
Non-Core Property,The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?
Strategic Asset Investments,The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?
£78 million,How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?
"1,257",How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?
2nd,"In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?"
14,How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?
8th,"How highly was Imperial ranked in ""research power"" in 2014?"
"1,257",How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?
Research Excellence Framework,What does REF stand for?
44%,What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?
3.36,What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?
2nd,What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
September 2014,When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?
4 December 2014,When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?
"more than 100,000",How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?
bullying,What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?
internal inquiry,What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?
Professor Stefan Grimm,Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?
Department of Medicine,To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?
dismissal,What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?
"£200,000",How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?
"more than 100,000",How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?
12 December 1919,Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?
3,How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
Martin McElroy,What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
Henley Royal Regatta,Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?
The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event,Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
The Royal School of Mines,What school was established in 1851?
Sir Henry de la Beche,Who established the Royal School of Mines?
the Museum of Economic Geology,"A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?"
Prince Albert,Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?
South Kensington,Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?
Privy Council,Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?
2003,In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?
Imperial College London,The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?
Tanaka Business School,What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?
Faculty of Natural Sciences,The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?
South Kensington,In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?
Albertopolis,What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?
1950s,In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?
Thomas Collcutt,Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?
Queen's Tower,Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?
Centre For Co-Curricular Studies,Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?
credit,"Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?"
Science Communication Unit,Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees?
Science Media Production,Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?
average starting salary,What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?
Computing graduates,Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?
Sunday Times,Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?
New York Times,Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?
2014,In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?
Student Television of Imperial College,What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?
Imperial College TV,What is STOIC's modern name?
1969,When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?
Exhibition Road,Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?
start of the 2014/15 academic year,When was the station renamed to it's modern name?
Nicholas Tombazis,Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?
H. G. Wells,Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?
Singapore Airlines,Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?
Head Physician to the Queen,Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?
Alan Howard,Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?
"Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce",Which society organized The Great Exhibition?
"£186,000",How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?
Albert,Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all?
to find practical solutions to today's social challenges,What was Prince Albert's commitment?
Imperial College London,What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged?
Board of Education,Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?
greater capacity for higher technical education was needed,What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?
The Imperial College of Science and Technology,"When the merger was passed, what constituent college was created?"
University of London,Who did the constituent college belong to?
Imperial's Royal Charter,"Which document, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907?"
£822.0 million,What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?
£754.9 million,What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?
£329.5 million,How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013?
Funding Council,Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants?
£124 million,What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?
1988,In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary's Hospital Medical School?
"The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine",Which school resulted from Imperial's merger with St Mary's?
World Scientific,Who did Imperial partner with to launch the Imperial College Press?
1997,What year was the Imperial College School of Medicine formally established?
Sir Alexander Fleming Building,What is the name of the building that was opened by Queen Elizabeth II?
26%,What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?
47%,What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?
Research Assessment Exercise,Which group assessed Imperial's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world?
five,How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality?
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust,What was formed on the 1st October 2007?
five,How many hospitals does it manage?
an academic health science centre,What is it considered to be?
£800 million,What is the annual turnover for the trust?
more than a million,How many patients a year does the trust treat?
one third,What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers?
2003,In which year were these allegations raised?
2007,"After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised?"
Faculty of Medicine,In which faculty were the methods used to fire people being questioned?
Alice Gast,Who is the new President for Imperial College?
Imperial College Union,What is the official name of the student's union?
five,How many full time officers run the union?
one year,How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?
around 300,"How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?"
educational development,What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?
public research university,What kind of University is Imperial College London?
Prince Albert,Who founded the Imperial College London?
Queen Victoria,Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?
Royal Charter,Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?
science and technology,What was the focus of the Imperial College London?
William Henry Perkin,Who discovered the first synthetic dye?
resigned his position,What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?
mauveine,What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?
second chemical revolution,The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?
Perkin Medal,Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?
Silwood Park,What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?
Felix,What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?
"£350,000",How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?
Wolfson Foundation,Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?
25 meters,What is the maximum length of the runway gymnasts sprint down before hurdling onto a spring board?
punching,What is blocking using only a shoulder movement called?
the length of the hurdle,What is one thing a successful vault depends on?
multiple twists and somersaults,What may be added to a vault before landing in advanced gymnastics?
25 meters,What is the maximum length of a runway?
The gymnast,Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway?
a standing position,What position is the gymnast when in the air?
multiple twists and somersaults,What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?
"the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation",What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run?
FIG,Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules?
rhythmic gymnastics,"What combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation?"
"ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope",What 5 items are used in rhythmic gymnastic routines?
the acrobatic,Rhythmic gymnastics places greater emphaises on aesthetics rather than what?
30,What is the maximum number of points possible for a rhythmic gymnastic routine?
FIG,What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics?
"ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation",What does rhythmic gymastics combine together?
"ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope",What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines?
aesthetic,"Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics?"
30 points,How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines?
Aesthetic Group Gymnastics,What does AGG stand for?
body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger',Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? 
do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions,Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?
"flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm",What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? 
2003,What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?
hemp or a synthetic material,What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?
Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast,How long is the rope?
One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine.,What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?
"The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center",What other requirement is there for the rope?
2011,When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?
Liege,Where was the FIG founded?
1881,What year was FIG founded?
1896,When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?
1928,When were the first women's Olympic competitions held?
in Amsterdam,Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held?
25 metres (82 ft),How long is the run way in vaulting?
a two footed landing,How man feet do vaulters land on?
their height and strength,What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?
Yurchenko,What is a round-off entry vault called?
yurchenko,What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?
from deductions taken from their start value,How are gymnasts scored?
e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements,How is the start vaule determined?
D score,What is this score called?
10.0,Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?
adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score,What were added to scoring in 2007?
1970s,When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?
only four types,How many apparatuses are used?
"the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs",What are the types of apparatuses used?
Groups do not use any apparatus,What apparatuses do groups use?
"November 27–29, 2003",When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?
"γυμνός (gymnos) meaning ""naked""",What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?
"to train naked"", ""train in gymnastic exercise"", generally ""to train, to exercise""",What does the  verb gymnazo mean?
because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing,Why was this verb used?
1570s,When did the word come into use?
1954,What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?
a point system from 1 to 15,What is the grading structure?
Soviet gymnasts,Who set the first precedent that continues this day?
Nadia Comăneci,Who recieved the first perfect score?
"1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada",What year and where was the first perfect score given?
both single leg and double leg work,What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?
"form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels",Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?
Double leg work,What is the main staple of this event?
when the gymnast performs a dismount,When does the routine end?
"by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand",What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts?
landing,What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?
"the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures",Where do most injuries happen?
proper technique must be used by the gymnast,How do you avoid injuries?
"soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion",What is a successful landing?
build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height,Individual routines start with what phases?
a sequence of aerial skills,What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.
10 points,What is the maximum scroe for routines?
depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills,How can additional points be earned?
two preliminary routines,In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?
two horizontal bars set at different heights,What are the uneven bars?
fiberglass covered in wood laminate,What are these bars made out of?
"the bars were prone to breaking,",Why are the bars not made of wood anymore?
They've been moved increasingly further apart,How have the bars changed over the years?
"using a springboard, or a small mat",How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?
a higher vertical ground reaction force,What does a higher flight phase result in?
s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum,What is vertical ground reaction force?
time the landing takes Gymnasts,What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?
Sport Aerobics,What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?
"the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness",What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?
"individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people",How many people can be in a routine?
7x7m,What is the size of the mat?
Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category,How long do the routines last?
"synchronized, choreographed routines",What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?
of both genders and are not separated into age divisions,What do the troupes consist of?
1939,When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?
Gymnastics for All,What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?
30 million,How many participants are there?
"Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control",What is gymnastics?
Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG),Who governs all events in gymnastics?
Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG,What does each country have?
Competitive artistic gymnastics,What are the best known gymnastic events?
"vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise.",What events does this normally consist of for women?
Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852),What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?
to what is considered modern gymnastics,What did the exercises lead to?
Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano,Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?
"parallel bars, rings and high bar",What did Jahn promote the use of?
2006,When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points?
an execution score and a difficulty score,What are the two different scores?
difficulty score,What score was added?
1.00 deduction,How much is a fall deduction?
what elements they perform,What is a gymnast's difficulty score based on?
"a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood",What is the floor exercise events performed on now?
the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats,What was the floor exercise even on before?
"springs or foam blocks generally called a ""spring"" floor",Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?
up to 90 seconds,What is the maximum for floor events?
an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track,What do athletes perform for tumbling?
1932,When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?
only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets,Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?
1999,What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?
both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts,What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?
stick gymnastics,Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?
improving physical strength and health,What is the aim of stick gymnastics?
"tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus",What are the main focus?
1000,How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?
Hanover,Where did the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg move his residence to?
Holy Roman Emperor,Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg?
Imperial Diet,Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1708?
Great Britain,Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?
George I Louis,Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?
production center,"Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?"
Oil Campaign,Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?
United light metal works,What does VLW stand for?
"more than 6,000",How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II?
88,How many bombing raids were there during World War II?
Hanover Zoo,Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?
Park Scout Award,What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?
seabirds,Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?
2010,When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open?
1.6 million,How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010?
GOP Variety theatre,What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?
Kleines Fest im Großen Garten,What is the most important Cabaret-Event?
around the world,Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten come from?
Wintervariety,What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival?
most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany,What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten?
a double n,What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?
German,Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?
first,Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress?
second,Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress?
traditional English spelling,Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts?
Nazi party,What does the NSDAP stand for?
1937,After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?
484,How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?
Herschel Grynszpan,Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?
Paris,Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?
European baroque garden,What kind of garden is The Great Garden?
Allied bombing,What destroyed the palace?
Remy de la Fosse,Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace?
Great Ground,"Other than the Nouveau Jardin, what is the other popular part of The Great Garden?"
Europe's highest garden fountain,What is at the centre of the Nouveau Jardin?
Frank O. Gehry,Who designed the Gehry Tower?
one of the largest of its kind in Europe,What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?
American,What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower?
40,How many parks are there approximately in Hanover?
two,How many rivers run through Hanover?
marksmen,What is Hanover a German capital for?
Schützenfest Hannover,What is the name of the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world?
more than 260,How many rides and inns does the fair have?
12.000,How many participants are int he Parade of the Marksmen?
1529,What year can the festival be traced back to?
expressway,What is a Schnellweg?
a large ring road,What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?
Seelhorster Kreuz,When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?
B6,What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?
B65,What road does the Südschnellweg start out as?
the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover,What ended in the year 1837?
Queen Victoria,What was the name of William IV's heir?
Ernest Augustus,Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?
annexed by Prussia,What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?
Battle of Langensalza,In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?
Action Lauterbacher,What plan was implemented in September 1941?
Hanoverian Jewish families,Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation?
Wannsee Conference,What occured on the 15th of December 1941?
"4,800",How many Jews approximately lived in Hanover in 1938?
seven,How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover?
east bank of the River Leine,Where was Hanover originally founded?
"""high (river)bank""",What did Hanover possibly originally mean?
13th century,When did Hanover become a comparitvely large town?
Hanseatic League city of Bremen,Which city was Hanover connected to by the Leine?
mule trains,What is one example of traffic that passed through Hanover?
Napoleon,Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?
"30,000",How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?
Great Britain,Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?
King's German Legion,What did the soldiers who emigrated form?
The Congress of Vienna,Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?
European botanical garden,What is the Berggarten?
Orchid House,What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?
Library Pavillon,What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?
Sea Life Centre Hanover,What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?
butterflies,"Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?"
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter,What does VWN stand for?
northern edge of town,What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?
Continental AG,Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?
Hanover,Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?
Hannover Re,Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?
40,How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?
Play House,What is the Schauspielhaus in English?
Lower Saxony State Theatre,Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?
Theater am Aegi,"Which theatre is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances?"
Theater für Niedersachsen,Which theater has it's own musical company?
Hannover 96,"Who does the nicname ""Die Roten"" belong to?"
Bundesliga,What is another name for the top football division?
HDI-Arena,What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?
Eilenriedestadium,Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?
fourth league,Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?
"518,000",What is Hanover's population?
thirteenth largest,What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?
Oktoberfest of Blumenau,What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?
2000,In which year did Hanover host the Expo?
Autobahnen,"What is ""highways"" in German?"
Old Town,Where are the large Martkirche located?
Ballhof theatre,What is the old royal sports hall now called?
Aegidien Church,What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?
Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle,What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?
Trammplatz,Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?
A cabinet of coins,What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?
Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen,What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?
Oriental Carpet Museum,Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?
Berlin,"Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?"
Modern art,What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?
nervous,What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?
Extroverted,What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?
introverted,What type of people hide their emotions?
motivation,What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?
psychological,"Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?"
wheel of emotions,What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?
eight,How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
surprise,"In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?"
contempt,What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?
trust,What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?
communication,"Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?"
natural selection,Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?
19th,In what century did Darwin write?
stimulus,"In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?"
physiological,What sort of response does the stimulus cause?
as a particular emotion,How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?
bodily states,"In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?"
Richard Lazarus,Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?
judgments,"Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?"
unconscious,"In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?"
Gut Reactions,What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?
Feelings,What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?
psychologist,What is Laird's job title?
philosopher,What is Jesse Prinz's profession?
the perceptual theory,What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
sociology,What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?
anthropology,What discipline makes use of ethnography?
communication sciences,What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?
Arlie Russell Hochschild,Who developed the concept of emotional labor?
700,Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?
fear,"Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?"
changes in pulse rate,"Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?"
baring teeth,"Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?"
Jonathan Turner,Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
four,How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?
Carl Lange,"Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?"
American,What was William James' nationality?
Danish,What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
the James–Lange theory,What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
1900,In what year did Lange die?
computer science,"Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?"
GABA,"Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?"
neurobiology,"Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?"
emotional dispositions,What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?
character traits,What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?
affective states,"What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?"
psychological construction,What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?
at the moment of its occurrence,At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?
fear,"What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?"
Walter Bradford Cannon,Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?
a conscious experience of an emotion,"Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?"
too slow and often imperceptible,Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?
Paul E. Griffiths,Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?
external,What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?
situationism,The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?
phobias,"Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?"
1878,When did Broca publish his pioneering work?
Papez,Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?
hypothalamus,"Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?"
ethics,"Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?"
romance,"Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?"
zoology,Of what discipline is ethology a branch?
field science,"Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?"
ecology,"Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?"
Emilé Durkheim,Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?
Australian aborigine society,What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?
totemic rituals,Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?
emotional energy,What is another term for collective effervescence?
the appraisal theory of emotions,What theory was developed by Arnold?
2002,When did Richard Lazarus die?
Robert C. Solomon,Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?
Oxford,Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?
Dutch,What is Nico Frijda's nationality?
1579,When did the word emotion enter the English language?
émouvoir,From what French word is emotion derived?
to stir up,What does émouvoir mean in English?
passion,"Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?"
depression,"Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?"
the diencephalon,What is the thalamus a part of?
Cannon,Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?
animals,What creatures did Bard experiment on?
physiological,"Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?"
Robert C. Solomon,"Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?"
1993,"In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?"
judgments,What does Solomon believe emotions to be?
Nico Frijda,Whose theory discussed action tendencies?
cognitivism,The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?
Kurt Kortschal,Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?
their parental germ cells,From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?
1.2%,What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?
five,How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?
"200,000 years",About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?
personality,"Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?"
cognition,What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?
rapid heartbeat and breathing,"Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?"
nervous,Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?
Michael C. Graham,Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?
Psychotherapist,What is Michael Graham's profession?
terror,What is an example of an extreme form of fear?
embarrassment,What would be an example of mild shame?
Moods,What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?
Paul Ekman,Who has argued that emotions are discrete?
six,How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?
surprise,"Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?"
stoic,What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?
Aristotle,What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?
passions,What did the Aristotelians call emotions?
Thomas Aquinas,Who was a notable scholastic thinker?
Baruch Spinoza,"Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?"
William James,Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?
the autonomic nervous system,What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
the perception of bodily changes,What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?
Carl Lange,Who developed a theory similar to that of James?
psychologist,What was the profession of Lange?
constructivist,What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?
Schadenfreude,"According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?"
Sweden,"Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?"
gender,"Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?"
Gregorio Marañón,Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
epinephrine,What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?
Spanish,What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
Jerome Singer,Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?
2004,In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?
1990s,In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?
pride and shame,What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?
Retzinger,Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?
Scheff,Who developed the social bond theory?
Goffman,"Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?"
Emotion regulation,What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?
behavioral,What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?
Cognitively oriented schools,Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?
Gestalt therapy,What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?
limbic,What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
neurochemicals,"What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?"
pheromones,What chemicals may mediate emotions?
reptiles,Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?
mammalian,The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?
Human sciences,What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?
psychiatry,What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?
Nursing,What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?
neuroscience,What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?
education,What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?
Randall Collins,Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?
totemic rituals,From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?
Goffman,"In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?"
Emotional energy,What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?
collective effervescence,"What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?"
computer science,Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?
Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper,What is the foundational document of affective computing?
passive sensors,"In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?"
analyzing speech patterns,How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?
instrumental behavior,"Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?"
subjective experience,With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?
instrumental behavior,What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?
psychophysiologists,What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?
Peggy Thoits,Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?
components processing model,What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?
five,How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?
appraisal,What processes drive the other components processing model processes?
multidimensional scaling,What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?
arousal,"Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?"
arousal,What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?
valence,What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?
core affect,What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?
neuroimaging,What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?
António Damásio,"Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?"
Paul D. MacLean,Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?
1990s,In what decade did Damásio and LeDoux do notable work?
Howard M. Weiss,"Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?"
1996,When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?
work,What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?
Howard M. Weiss,"Who did Beal write ""Reflections on Affective Events Theory"" with?"
Research on Emotion in Organizations,"Where was ""Reflections on Affective Events Theory"" published?"
motor centers,What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?
smell,What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?
reptiles slept,Why were early mammals active at night?
limbic brain,What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?
larger,How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?
Direction Model,What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?
Movement Model,What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?
passive yielding,"According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?"
shyness,"Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?"
microeconomics,In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?
the analysis of voter decision-making,What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?
tort law,"Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?"
psychology,"Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?"
purchase decision-making,"Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?"
anger,What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?
fear,Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?
disgust,The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?
marriage,What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?
fear,What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?
27,How many Copa del Rey trophies has Barcelona won?
five,How many UEFA Champions League titles has Barcelona won?
"1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015",Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?
three,How many Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies has Barcelona won?
second,What position is Barcelona ranked on the UEFA club rankings?
five,How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?
four,How many UEFA  Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?
three,How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?
Real Madrid,What club is Barcelona's long time rival?
five,How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?
14 June 1925,On what day did the stadium crowd jeer the Royal March in protest against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?
1926,In what year did the directors of Barcelona first claim to operate a professional football club?
3 July 1927,On what date did the FC Barca hold a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara against the Spanish national team?
Rafael Alberti,"Who wrote the poem titled ""Oda a Platko""?"
30 July 1930,When did Gamper commit suicide?
jeered the Royal March,In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium?
six months,How long was the stadium closed?
1926,What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club?
23 June 1929,When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?
Gamper,What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930?
The 1973–74 season,When did Johan Cruyff join Barcelona?
he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco,What did Johan Cruyff say to the European press that won over Barelona fans?
Catalan Saint George,Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after?
1973,When was Johan Cruyff first crowned footballer of the year while playing for Barcelona?
1974,When was Johan Cruyff crowned footballer of the year for the third time?
"£920,000",How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?
Real Madrid, For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?
Francisco Franco,What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?
European Footballer of the Year,What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?
1974,When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?
1998,In what year did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?
1999,In what year did Barcelona win the Primera División title?
2000,In what year did van Gaal and Núñez resign from Barcelona?
Rivaldo,Who was the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year?
short time,How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona?
1998,When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?
1999,When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated?
Primera División,What title did Barcelona win in 1999?
Rivaldo,Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year?
77,How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?
Copa del Rey final,What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?
28,How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?
Valencia,With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?
Aleix Vidal,"Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?"
Barcelona,What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?
Espanyol,What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?
Barcelona,What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?
Espanyol,Which team has the largest margin win?
1951,When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?
Athletic Bilbao,"Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?"
continental treble,What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?
five,How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?
June 2015,When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?
five,How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?
four,What is the  number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?
five,How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?
three,What is the number of FIFA Club World  Cup trophies Barcelona has?
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup,What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?
Josep Sunyol,"Who was murdered on 6 August, 1936?"
pro-independence political party,"Besides being club president, what was Sunyol involved in to have caused his murder?"
martyr,What was Sunyol called after his death?
Second Spanish Republic,What was club Barcelona considered to represent when on tour in 1937?
Mexico and France,Where did half of the Barcelona team seek asylum in 1937?
four,How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94?
Cruyff,By 1992 who was Barcelona's most successful manager?
eight,For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona?
passing style,What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona?
win any trophies,What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona?
Gaspart,Under whose direction was there disappointment?
Frank Rijkaard,"After Gaspart, who was manager of team Barcelona?"
international,"At this time, what type of players were added to Barcelona?"
2004–05,What season did Barcelona win La Liga and Supercopa de Espana?
Ronaldinho,Which player won FIFA World Player of the Year?
25,How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?
Real Madrid,What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?
Manchester United,What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?
Athletic Bilbao,Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?
sextuple,"When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?"
2012,When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona?
Pep Guardiola,Who did Vilanova replace as manager?
100,How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season?
Lionel Messi,Who was Barcelona's top scorer?
11 May 2013,When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?
Court of Arbitration for Sport,To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad?
2015,During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use  their transfer windows?
5 January 2015,When was Zubizareta fired by the board?
director of football,What position did Zubizareta have?
Football Area Technical Commission,"After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?"
"1,335",How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?
penyes,What are the fan clubs called?
over 90 million,How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?
Pope John Paul II,What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?
Borussia Dortmund,What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona? 
Espanyol,What team is Barcelona's local rival?
Blanc-i-blaus,What club was granted royal patronage?
Spanish football fans,What type of group founded Espanyol?
multinational nature,Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?
foreigners,Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?
Crown of Aragon,What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?
laurel,"Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?"
1910,When was a competition held to produce a team crest?
Carles Comamala,Who was the winner of the crest competition? 
Catalan,What flag is on the team crest?
"20,000",What was the number of team Barcelona supporters by 1922?
Camp de Les Corts,What did Barcelona build in 1922?
"20,000",How many people could Camp de Les Corts hold?
"60,000",After several expansions how many people could the stadium hold?
1950,When was the last expansion of Les Corts?
16 March 1938,When did the Italians bomb Barcelona?
"""undisciplined"" Catalanism",Why was club Barcelona placed under restrictions during the occupation?
regional nationalism,What kind of signs were removed form club Barcelona?
Catalan,What flag was removed from the club's crest?
Club de Fútbol Barcelona,What new named was the Barcelona club forced to adopt?
£5 million,How much was the signing payment for Diego Maradona?
June 1982,When was Diego Maradona signed by Barcelona?
Real Madrid,Who did Barcelona defeat the season following the signing of Maradona?
Terry Venables,Who was hired as manager in 1984?
penalties,What caused the loss to Steaua Bucuresti in Seville?
1899,When was Barcelona founded?
Joan Gamper,Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club?
Més que un club,What is the Barcelona motto?
$3.16 billion,How much is club Barcelona worth?
"""Cant del Barça""",What is the title of the Barcelona club song?
1902,In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy? 
Copa Macaya,What was the first cup Barcelona won?
1908,When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?
five,How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?
stable income,Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?
Barcelona,What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo?
11–1,What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid?
police,Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid?
Paco Aguilar,What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid's win?
nothing,What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game?
Real Madrid,What team was dominate in the 1960s in La Liga?
Copa del Generalísimo,"Due to the emergence of Fuste and Rexach, what competition did Barcelona win in 1963?"
Fairs Cup,What competition did Barcelona win in 1966?
Franco,Who was present when Barcelona beat Real Madrid in 1968?
Futbol Club Barcelona,"With Franco's dictatorship over, to what did Barcelona change their name ?"
Boixos Nois,What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency?
left-wing separatism, To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging?
skinheads,What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois?
Núñez's presidency,What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support?
large-scale arrests,What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce?
without trophies,How did Barcelona finish the 2006-07 season?
US tour,What event was blamed for the injuries to Barcelona stars?
Real Madrid,What team beat Barcelona in La Liga in the 2006-07 season?
Diego Maradona,To whom was Messi's goal in the first leg of the Copa del Rey compared?
Liverpool,What team pushed Barcelona out of the Champions League play?
UEFA Super Cup,What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?
Porto,Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?
74, How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?
Real Madrid,What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?
Josep Guardiola,Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?
April 2014,When FIFA ban Barcelona from buying players?
footballers aged under 18,What was the FIFA  charge that Barcelona violated?
"CHF 450,000",What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation?
August,When did FIFA reject an appeal of the rules violation ruling?
sign players,What did the pending appeal allow Barcelona to do anyway?
Sevilla FC,Who did Barcelona beat to win the 2015 UEFA Super Cup?
River Plate,What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final?
Al Ahly SC,What was the only team to match Barcelona's record of trophy wins by 2015?
180,How many goals did Barcelona score to break the record for most goals in a year?
Real Madrid,What teams previous record was 178 goals in a year?
Santiago Bernabéu Stadium,Where did Barcelona defeat Real Madrid for a trophy win in 2005-06?
3–0,What was the winning score for the game with Real Madrid at Bernabeu stadium?
second victory,How many wins did Frank Rijkaard have at Bernabeu Stadium?
standing ovation,What recognition did Ronaldinho's second goal receive at Bernabeu?
Arsenal,What team did Barcelona defeat to win the Champions League trophy?
dictatorships,What caused the suppression of regional cultures?
Spanish (Castilian),"Of the languages of the are, what was the only approved language?"
joining Barça,How did the Catalans show their identity during the dictatorships?
blaugrana,What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship?
'More than a club',What motto of the team Barcelona appealed to the Catalans?
Sandro Rosell,Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010?
61.35%,What percentage of the votes for president did Rosell get?
"57,088",What was Rosell's record number of votes he received for president?
€40 million,How much did Barcelona pay to sign  David Villa?
Real Madrid,What team did Barcelona beat in El Clasico in 2010?
1918,When did Espanyol  offer a counter-petition against autonomy?
Falangists,Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join?
derbi,What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans?
Spanish,From what language did Espanyol translate their name?
less political,How has the rivalry between Espanyol and Barcelona  changed?
474,What is Lionel Messi's goal total in all competitions?
Four,How many players on the Barelona team have scored over 100 goals?
445,What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions?
305,How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions?
César Rodríguez,Who is the next highest goal scorer after Mess?
Barcelona,What team has won the treble competitions  twice?
La Liga,What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?
Atlético Madrid,What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?
MSN,"What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?"
122,How many total goals have the trio MSN  scored in the 2014-15 season?
UNICEF,What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006? 
€1.5 million,How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?
UN International Aid Target,What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?
Jaime Gil-Aluja,Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?
financial sponsorships,What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract? 
El Clásico,What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called?
rival regions,What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid?
Catalonia and Castile,What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent?
political and cultural,What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?
two cities,"Besides the areas of Spain, what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid?"
meet UEFA criteria,Why did the stadium need to be redesigned in 1980?
inscribe their name,What were people allowed to do to bricks for a fee to support the stadium redesign?
popular,How did supporters of the team view the inscriptions on bricks idea?
Santiago Bernabéu,What name inscription was a center of controversy?
"99,354",What is the capacity of the Barcelona stadium?
compliance,How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona?
Catalonia's new arrivals,What type of supporters did Barcelona  attract?
close to the regime,From where did Espanyol draw their supporters?
1960s and 1970s,When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan?
revolutionary,What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage?
1900,When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona?
Hispania,"When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?"
flag of Catalonia,What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize?
yellow and orange,What are Barcelona's most often used change colors?
Joan Gamper,From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated?
196,How many goals did Laszlo Kubala score in 256 matches?
La Liga,What titles did Barcelona win in 1948 and 1949?
June 1950,When did Barcelona sign Kubala?
1954,In what year did Barcelona begin the construction of a new stadium?
Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego,Who blessed the first stone of the new stadium?
Barcelona,Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?
11,How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?
7,How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?
three,How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?
youth academy,"Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?"
four,How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?
Marca Hispanica,From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?
1910,When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?
Jack Greenwell,Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?
1914,When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?
Josep Lluís Núñez,Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club?
1978,When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona?
members of Barcelona,What group elects the club president?
22 years,How long was Nunez president of Barcelona?
wages and discipline,What was Nunez known to be strict about?
Real Madrid,What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join?
hostile,What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona?
decline,After Figo's departure what happened the next three years?
15th,What rank was club Barcelona in 2003?
Joan Gaspart,"After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?"
Luis Enrique,Who returned to Barcelona as head coach?
two-year,How long did Enrique 's deal as coach run?
between €81 to €94 million,How much did Barcelona pay for Luis Saurez?
ban from all football,Why was Saurez not playing for four months?
FIFA Disciplinary Committee,Who banned Saurez for four months after he bit another player?
culé,What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter?
25%,How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters?
32%,How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid?
"100,000",What was the club membership in 2003-04?
"170,000",What did the club membership grow to by 2009?
Alfredo di Stéfano,In 1950 what player was successful for Real Madrid?
1960s,When did Barcelona meet Real Madrid twice in Europe?
Match of The Century,What was a match between Real Madrid and Barcelona called in 2002?
500 million,How many people watched the Match of the Century?
Madrid,Which team won the 2002 match between Real Madrid and Barcelona?
€752 million,What did Forbes say Barcelona was worth in 2010?
fourth,In what place does the Forbes ranking put Barcelona?
Manchester United,"Besides Real Madrid and Arsenal,what other team is ahead of Barcelona in worth ranking?"
€366 million,What was Barcelona's revenue in 2010?
second,Where  in 2014 did Forbes rank Barcelona as to how valuable a sports team they are?
2009,When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?
single year,In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time?
Barcelona,What European football team has won the treble twice?
2014–15,During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble?
Barcelona,What team has played continental football every season since 1955?
1992,When was Everton admitted as a member of the Premier League?
1990,What year did Howard Kendall return to manage Everton?
Mike Walker,Who replaced Howard Kendall as Everton's manager?
2–0,What was the score in the first Everton game managed by Joe Royle?
1994,What year did former Everton player Joe Royle take over managing the club?
1787,When was the Tower constructed?
bridewell,For what purpose was the Tower first used?
Netherfield,On what road is the Tower located on?
Nil Satis Nisi Optimum,What is the Everton club motto?
Nothing but the best is good enough,"What does the Everton club motto, ""Nil Satis Nisi Optimum,"" mean in English?"
Johnny Todd,What is the name of the theme song that players walk out to on Everton matchdays?
Liverpool,"Where did ""Johnny Todd""--the theme song for Everton matchdays--originate?"
1994,"What year did the Everton players walk out to a song other than ""Johnny Todd""?"
disapproval,What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994?
Get Ready For This,What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994?
111,How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England's top tier?
seven,How many other teams have played all 22 seasons in the Premier League since its inception?
1992,When was the Premier League established?
Everton against Aston Villa,What match has been played the most since the inception of the Premier League?
196,How many games has Everton played against Aston Villa?
1878,When was the Everton club founded?
1960s,In what decade did Everton experience a revival?
1995,When was Everton's most recent trophy awarded?
two,How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s?
Evertonians,What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?
1931–32,In what season did Everton win their fourth League title?
1933,In what year did Everton win their second FA Cup?
3–0,What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City?
1938–39,In what season did Everton win its fifth League title?
2002,When did the Everton club board fire Smith?
David Moyes,Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002?
seventh,In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season?
runners-up,Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final?
2013,When did Everton FC launch their new crest?
Nike,What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest?
poorly,How was the Everton FC's crest redesign received by fans?
91,What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?
"over 22,000",How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?
Stanley,In which park did Everton FC originally play?
Stanley Park,Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?
J. Cruitt,Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?
John Houlding,Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?
Anfield,Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?
"55,000",How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000?
£30 million,How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000?
2003,In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC's new stadium proposal?
2005,In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium?
Liverpool,What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000?
eighth,What place did Everton FC rank in highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008-09 season?
North West of England,Where does the majority of Everton's matchday support hail from?
FOREVERTON,What is the name of Everton's official supporters club?
Goodison Park,Where can you find fanzines sold on Everton match days?
Roberto Martínez,Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club?
four,How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC's history?
Harry Catterick,Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?
1961–73,When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club?
Howard Kendall,Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?
1961,In what year did Everton's second successful era begin?
Harry Catterick,Who was the manager when Everton's second successful era began in 1961?
1966,In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield?
Wembley,In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?
Liverpool,Where did a group of fans demand that Everton remain within the city boundaries of?
2006,"In what year was it revealed that Everton had entered talks to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?"
Knowsley Council and Tesco,"Who did Everton enter talks with to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?"
59,What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006?
"7,000",How many travelling fans did Everton bring with them to Benefica in 2009?
loyalty points,How does the Everton FC promote fans to purchase away tickets?
2009,"In what year did Everton take 7,000 travelling fans with them to an away game?"
1985,"Aside from 2009, in what year did Everton FC bring the most fans with them to an away game?"
the board of directors,Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC?
Basic Award Fund,What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against?
competing in the Premier League,"What is the Premier League's ""Basic Award Fund"" for?"
£30 million,How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002?
25 years,How long does Everton FC have to pay back £30 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential? 
Liverpool,Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals?
Merseyside,What derby does Everton FC contest against Liverpool?
1892,In what year was the Liverpool Football Club established?
Goodison Park,Where did Everton FC move to that began their rivalry with Liverpool?
"the ""friendly derby""",The Merseyside derby is also known as?
Neville Southall,What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances?
Tim Howard,Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?
Brian Labone,Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club?
Ted Sagar,Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC?
23,How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club?
"78,299","How many fans were in attendance during Everton's match against Liverpool on September 18, 1948?"
1,How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had?
Tom Fleetwood,Who was injured during Everton's record attendance match against Liverpool in 1948?
"under 40,000",How many people does Goodison Park stadium hold?
£28m,How much did Everton FC pay to transfer Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku?
Tigers,What was the name of Everton's professional basketball team?
British Basketball League,In which league do the Everton Tigers compete?
2007,When was the Everton Tigers team launched?
Greenbank Sports Academy,Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games?
2009,When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?
Everton de Viña del Mar,What is the name of the Chilean team that has ties to the Everton FC?
2010,When did the two Everton Football Clubs (English and Chilean) face off against one another?
The Ruleteros Society,Who organized the friendly match between the English and Chilean Everton football clubs in 2010?
Elk Grove,What US city also has an Everton football team?
1984,"What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song ""The Boys in Blue""?"
14,"What position did the song ""Here We Go"" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?"
Everybody's Cheering The Blues,What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?
The Farm,"Who originally sang the song ""All Together Now"" that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995?"
four,How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts?
Dave Watson,Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned?
1997,In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time?
Walter Smith,Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful?
three,How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?
seventeenth,What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league?
1901,"What year did the Everton Football Club ""go blue""?"
scientific,How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?
The People's Club,What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?
The Black Watch,What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?
The Dogs of War,What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?
Old English,What is the name of the English language's earliest form?
southern and eastern,In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken?
the early Middle Ages,in what historical period was Old English spoken?
Anglo-Saxon settlers,What people brought Old English to Britain?
Middle English,What language developed from Old English?
Kentish,"Along with West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian, what was one of the four main dialects of Old English?"
Anglian,What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian?
Humber,"Geographically, what river was Northumbria north of?"
Humber,What river was the Mercian region south of?
Kentish,Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region?
Latin,From what language did Old English borrow some words?
Irish Christian missionaries,What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English?
Old French,"After the Norman Conquest, Latin words entered English via what language?"
runic system,"Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet, how was Old English written?"
1066,In what year did the Norman Conquest occur?
grammatical,What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?
natural,What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?
sunne,What was a feminine word in Old English?
neuter,What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?
mōna,What was a masculine word in Old English?
u,"When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?"
q,"Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?"
thorn,What is the term for the letter þ?
ƿ,What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?
wynn,What was the term for the letter ƿ?
Beowulf,What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?
"3,000",About how many lines was Beowulf?
Scyld,Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?
a noble family,Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?
West Germanic,To what language group does Old English belong?
Old Frisian,"Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?"
German,To what modern language is Old English similar?
9th,In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?
Ælfric of Eynsham,"Who was known by the nickname ""the Grammarian""?"
Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester,What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?
10th,In what century did the Winchester standard arise?
Late West Saxon,What is another term for the Winchester standard?
the Norman Conquest,What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?
700,For about how many years was Old English used?
5th,In what century was Old English first used?
11th,In what century did Old English cease to be used?
450 to 1150,"According to Albert Baugh, what was the period in which Old English was used?"
85,About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English?
Mercian,From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?
Northumbrian,From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?
the Viking invasions,"Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?"
Somerset,What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?
Danish,What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?
Old Norse,What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?
inflectional,"Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?"
morphological diversity,What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?
accusative,"Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?"
-es,The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?
their case,"In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?"
Old Norse,What language had the greatest influence on English?
the Danelaw,What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?
Simeon Potter,"Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?"
word-endings,What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?
past,"Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?"
"indicative, subjunctive and imperative",What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?
third,"Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?"
-de,What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?
altering the root vowel,How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?
West Germanic,What language family does Old English belong to?
North Sea Germanic,What is another name for Ingvaeonic?
5th,In what century did Old English first develop?
Northumbria,What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland?
Medieval Cornish,What language was spoken in Cornwall?
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,What is an important Old English historical record?
Cædmon's Hymn,What is an important Old English religious poem?
an epic poem,What type of literary work is Beowulf?
Cædmon,Who is the earliest English poet known by name?
Whitby,Where did Cædmon live?
North Sea Germanic,What is another name for Anglo-Frisian?
Celtic,What language family did Common Brittonic belong to?
Roman invasion,How was the Latin language brought to Britain?
9th,In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?
Jutes,"Along with the Angles and Saxons, what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian?"
Pastoral Care,What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?
West Saxon,What dialect did Alfred's government use?
9th,In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?
871,When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?
Alfred the Great,What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?
Mercia,"Along with Northumbria, what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings?"
Kent,"Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings, what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred?"
Early West Saxon,What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred's time?
Latin,From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon?
Tyne,North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings?
11th,During what century did Cnut rule?
Danish,What was Cnut's nationality?
9th,During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England?
Old Norse,What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today?
northern,"Along with eastern England, what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin?"
palatal,"What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?"
w,What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?
g,What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?
s,What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?
thorn,"When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?"
Neo-Paganism,What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?
Historical re-enactment,What hobby champions the use of Old English?
Alistair Campbell,"Along with Tolkien, what modern scholar notably made use of Old English?"
the Old English Wikipedia,What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language?
Neo-Old English,What is a term for modern texts written in Old English?
fleet carrier,What type of carrier is the largest?
offensive,What capability does a fleet carrier offer?
to provide defense for convoys of ships,What purpose were excort carriers developed for?
mercantile hulls,What were most escort carriers built from?
heavy aviation cruisers,What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?
Escort,What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?
light,What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?
speed,What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?
3 years,What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?
Royal Navy,Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
2016,When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?
2023,What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
Russian newspaper,What was Izvestiya?
Murmansk,Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Vladivostok,Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
aircraft carriers,"What are typically regarded as ""runways at sea""?"
flat-top flight deck,What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?
The flight deck,Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain,What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?
accelerate more quickly to gain lift,What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?
early 1950s,When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?
hitting aircraft parked forward,What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?
one or two,"How many ""waist"" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?"
two,How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?
An angled deck,What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?
the forward end of the flight deck,Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
take off at far higher weights,What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
the Royal Navy,Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?
some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity,What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?
either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea,What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
full-length,What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?
"carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering",What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?
An aircraft carrier,"Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?"
nuclear-powered warships,What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?
project air power worldwide without depending on local bases,What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?
1903,In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?
1910,In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?
1911,In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?
the Tondern Raid in July 1918,What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?
the world's first successful ship-launched air raid,What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
the battleship,Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?
World War II,When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?
Supercarriers,"What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?"
Amphibious assault ships,Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?
helicopters,What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?
The Royal Australian Navy,Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
the largest in Australian naval history,How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?
"1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles",How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?
"to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force",What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?
multiple helicopters at one time,How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?
"two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class",What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales,What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?
2020,When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?
"70,600",How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?
the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy,How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
"they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched",Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?
heavy aircraft,What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?
deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts,What does CATOBAR allow for?
it is cheaper to operate,Why is STOVL used by other navies?
conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own,Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?
to recover their aircraft,What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?
extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck,What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?
bolt,What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?
crashing into aircraft on the forward deck,"What can a ""bolt"" prevent an aircraft from doing?"
"the shooters, the handler, and the air boss",What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?
launching aircraft,What are shooters responsible for?
the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery,What is the handler responsible for?
on the Navigation Bridge,Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?
the embarked admiral and his staff,Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?
"the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load",What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?
heavily laden aircraft,What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?
a catapult or JATO rocket,What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas,Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
with a minimal armament and fuel load,How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
on the pretext of use as a floating casino,Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?
a training ship,What is Liaoning classifed as?
carrier usage,What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?
it is a training ship,Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?
this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession,Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?
India,"Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?"
four gas-turbine engines,What will power the Indian-made ship?
"8,000 nautical miles","What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?"
Cochin Shipyard,Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?
August 2013,When was the Indian-made ship launched?
to deploy balloons,What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?
thirty-seven,"As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?"
supercarriers,What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?
up to 90,How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?
The United States Navy,Who owns the largest carriers in the world?
There is no single definition,"What is the definition of an ""aircraft carrier""?"
according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments,How may aircraft carriers be classified?
former head of the Royal Navy,Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?
Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope,"Who said, ""countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers""?"
The aircraft carrier,What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?
"the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness",What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
They had higher range and precision,Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes,What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships,What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
flattop vessels,What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?
HMS Argus,What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?
the construction of new heavy surface combat ships,What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?
Washington Naval Treaty of 1922,"What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?"
Lexington-class,What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?
Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System,What does EMALS stand for?
General Atomics,Who developed EMALS?
varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV),What do EMALS enable the launching of?
Indian Navy officers,Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?
three,How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
Japan's largest military ship since World War II,What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?
five,How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?
820-foot-long (250 m),How long is Japan's largest military ship?
400,How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?
"19,500-ton",How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?
the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class,What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS),Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?
2016,When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?
"100,000 ton",How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
"45,000 ton",How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?
VTOL-capable or helicopters,What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
the launch area,What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing,What does V/STOL refer to?
hover,What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?
arresting gear,What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?
an island,What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?
The superstructure of a carrier,What is concentrated in the small area called an island?
starboard,"Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?"
management of the exhaust from the power plant,What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
Fumes coming across the deck,What was a major issue in the USS Langley?
Charles de Gaulle,"What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?"
the French Navy,What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?
Aster,What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
Marine Nationale,What is another name for the French Navy?
CATOBAR,What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?
one every four years,How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
America-class amphibious assault ships,What class does the USS America belong to?
10,How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
F-35Bs,What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
USS Tripoli,Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size,Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?
nearly four times,How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?
Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive,Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
World War II,Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?
landing signal officer,What does LSO stand for?
a landing signal officer,Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
colored paddles,What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
Optical Landing System,Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio,What are LSO's still being used to do?
using the ramp and a running start,What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
STOVL,What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
vertical,What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
a ski-jump ramp,What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft,What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
Clemenceau,What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?
the Brazilian Navy,Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?
the French Navy,Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?
extensive modernization,What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?
another major fire,What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
STOBAR,What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?
in 1985,When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?
Tbilisi,What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?
carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles,What is unique about Tbilisi?
The P-700 systems,What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?
Queen Elizabeth,Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?
"70,600 tonnes",What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?
in 2017,When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?
in about 2020,When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?
Royal Navy,Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
2007,When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?
46,How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?
$10.2 million,How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?
Jim Oberstar,What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?
117,How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?
"July 22, 2008",When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?
House,who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?
the flying public,What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?
two-year,"how long was the ""cooling off"" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?"
hijacking,What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?
Department of Homeland Security,Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?
1968,When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?
500 feet,What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?
1970,When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?
World War II,When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?
radar,What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?
1946,When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?
civil airports,What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?
mid-1970s,When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?
1978,When was the Airline Deregulation act?
1981,When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?
1994,when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?
computer technology,What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?
"May 20, 1926",When was the Air Commerce Act passed?
Secretary of Commerce,Who was charged with fostering air commerce?
Aeronautics Branch,What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?
Aeronautics Branch,Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?
Secretary of Commerce,Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?
1956,When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?
1958,when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?
Federal Aviation Agency,What agency would now act like the CAA?
CAB,Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?
Elwood R. Quesada,Who was the FAA's first administrator?
"October 31, 2013",When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?
airplane mode,What mode must mobile phones be put into?
all phases,What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?
seat-back pocket,Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?
can also be used.,Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?
1967,When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?
Federal Aviation Administration,What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?
Secretary of Transportation,Who would the FAA administrator report to?
DOT,Who approves new programs and budget requests?
president,Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?
Bureau of Air Commerce,What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?
1934,When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?
1936,When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?
air traffic controllers,"What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?"
2014,When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?
personality test,What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?
anyone,Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?
biographical questionnaire,What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?
Joseph Gutheinz,What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?
"$25,000",How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation?
impact their ability to continue operating,A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what?
$10.2 million,What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines?
1998,In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?
1994,In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire
Warrington and Widnes,Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?
Merseyside,"Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?"
Simonswood,Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?
1970s,When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?
one of two royal duchies in England,What is the Duchy of Lancaster?
a property company,What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as?
High Sheriffs,Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater?
The Duchy of Lancaster,Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster?
four,How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?
77,How many state schools are in Lancashire?
24,How many independant schools are in Lancashire?
South Ribble,Who has the largest school population?
Fylde,Who has the smallest school population?
1895 to 1970,What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?
Lancashire,Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?
1993,Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?
1895,What year did Rugby League start?
Manchester,Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?
1853,What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?
Blackpool,Where was David Atherton born?
the London Sinfonietta,What did David Atherton co-found?
Leslie Stuart,Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?
Manchester and Liverpool,What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?
85%,"By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?"
Blackpool,Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?
wakes week,What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?
during the Industrial Revolution,When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?
1974,When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?
709,How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?
Cumbria,What is to the north of Lancashire today?
West Yorkshire,What is to the east of Lancashire today?
Duke of Lancaster,Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?
1889,When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?
ceremonial county,What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?
the western part of Todmorden,Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?
reform of local government,Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?
the administrative county and the county boroughs,What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?
20th century,When did the county become more urbanised?
the southern part,Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?
1900,When was Warrington added to Lancashire?
1905,When was Southport added?
1904,When was Blackpool added to the county?
dairy farming and cheesemaking,What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?
sheep,What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?
uncultivated moorland,What is in the highest ground?
modern-day Greater Manchester,Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?
North of the Ribble,where is Beacon Fell County Park located?
bona vacantia,What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?
Lancaster,What serves as the county town of the county palatine?
many centuries ago,When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown?
the Queen,Who is the Duchy administered by?
the M6 motorway,What does the Lancashire economy rely on?
north to south,Which direction does the M6 motorway run?
The M55,What road connects Preston to Blackpool?
M58,Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?
Fylde coast,Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?
Blackpool Urban Area,Where is the Fylde coast?
north,Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?
"100,000",How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe?
6%,What percentage of Lancashire is Asian?
Liverpool,Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?
350,How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?
Freddie and the Dreamers,"What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?"
Manchester,Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?
Manchester,Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?
Richard Sheale,"Who was ""The Ballad of Chevy Chase"" composed by?"
Lancashire,Where was Richard Sheale from?
balladry,What did the county share with it's national traditions?
music making,What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?
The Ballad of Chevy Chase,What is the finest border ballad?
1182,When was Lancashire established?
Roman times,When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?
410AD,In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?
a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe,What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?
mid-8th century,When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?
"5,129,416",How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?
Lancashire,What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?
1 April 1974,When was the administrative county abolished?
Cumbria,What incorporated the Furness exclave?
Merseyside and Greater Manchester,What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?
James Orchard Halliwell,Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?
Harry Boardman,Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?
The Spinners,Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?
Irish and Scottish folk music,Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?
Fylde Folk Festival,What is one of the regular folk festivals called?
The Red Rose of Lancaster,What is the county flower of Lancaster?
on the county's heraldic badge and flag,Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?
a red rose on a white field,What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?
red rose on a gold field,What is on the official Lancashire flag?
Montrose in Scotland,Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?
1932,In what year was Hugh Wood born?
Salford,Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?
1893,When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?
1972,When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?
the Northern College of Music,What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?
Early Triassic,What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?
deserts,What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?
Pangaea,What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?
95%,What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??
Temnospondyli,What species had evolved after  the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?
climatic changes,What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
Jurassic,When was the top of archosaur diversity?
Angiosperms,What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?
angiosperms,What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?
cycad and ferns,What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?
Permian–Triassic extinction,What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?
70%,How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?
Great Dying,What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?
90% to 96%,What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?
K–Pg) extinction,What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?
100 million to 65 million years,What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?
cooling,What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?
tropics,What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?
extreme seasonal changes,What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?
K-T Extinction,What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?
climate,What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?
carbon dioxide,What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?
deserts,During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?
black shale,What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?
temperatures,What was about equal across the planet?
237 million to 200 million years,What was the span of the Late Triassic?
heat spells,"Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?"
Triassic,When did the first dinosaurs evolve?
Triassic-Jurassic extinction,"According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?"
crocodiles,What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?
145 million to 100 million years,What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?
expansion of seaways,What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?
Ichthyosaurs,What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?
Mosasaurs,What species dominated the seas?
Iguanodon,What dinosaur spread to every continent?
increase in seafloor,What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
flooded coastal areas,Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?
Tethys Sea,Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
Temperatures,What weather condition increased?
deserts,As humidity increased what land area decreased?
200 million years to 175 million,What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?
Plesiosaurs,"Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?"
Dilophosaurus,What was the highest order of species n land?
true mammals,What other order evolved during the Jurassic?
more humid,What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?
Mesozoic,At what time was tectonic formation mild?
Arctic,Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?
Pangaea,What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?
Laurasia,What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?
Gondwana,What was Pangaea's southern continent called?
specialized animals,What type of animals took longer to reestablish?
30M years,How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?
mid-Triassic,When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?
reptiles,What dominated animal life in the Triassic?
4M to 6M,How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?
Permian–Triassic extinction,At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction,When did the Mesozoic end?
tectonic,What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
evolutionary,"Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?"
Cenozoic,When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
247 million to 237 million,What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?
breakup of Pangaea,What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?
the Great Dying,From what had the ecosystem had to recover?
Tethys Sea,"During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?"
reptiles,What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
163 million to 145 million,How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
sauropods and Ichthyosaurs,What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction,What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
Sea levels rose,What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
Atlantic sea,What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? 
dry,What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?
Low sea levels,What could have made temperatures more extreme?
desert,"Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?"
increased rainfall,What were there periods of during the Triassic?
increased rainfall,What was the Carnian Pluvial event?
gymnosperms,What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
conifers,What is an example of a gymnosperm?
angiosperms,What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
Mesozoic,When did the Ginkgo evolve?
Sequoia,What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
the 1980s,In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?
128 kilobits/s,What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?
the Media space,What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?
ISDN networks,In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?
PictureTel Corp.,What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?
The MC,What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?
endpoint signaling,What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?
the signaling plane,Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?
the media plane,On what plane does the MC operate?
The MP,What generates output streams from each endpoint?
High speed Internet connectivity,What technology has become more widely available and affordable?
webcam,What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?
The availability of freeware,What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?
chat programs,Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?
"serve individuals, not groups",Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
Skype,What is an example of a videophone call program?
videoconferencing,What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
a video link,What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
video chat,What is another name for videophone calls?
the 2010s,In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?
Mobile collaboration systems,What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?
still image streaming,What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
mobile,What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?
hand-held mobile devices,What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?
participating in two-way communication forums,What can videoconferencing offer students?
students,Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
language,What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
virtual field trips,What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
visit museums,What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
AT&T,What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?
Picturephone,What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?
1964,"In what year was AT&T's ""Picturephone"" device introduced?"
1964 New York World's Fair,"Where was AT&T's ""Picturephone"" device unveiled?"
1990s,In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?
film,In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
Frozen,On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
2013,What year was the movie Frozen released?
New York City,In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
14,How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
videoteleconference,What is a video-conference also known as?
a multipoint control unit,What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?
call management system,What is a multi-point control unit?
web-based applications,How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
two or more,How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?
telemedicine,What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?
AT&T Corporation,Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?
the 1950s,When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?
6 Mbit/s,What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
1 MHz,What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?
1992,What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
IBM,What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
PCS/1,What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
Diversified Information and Assistance Network,What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
15,How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
Multipoint Control Unit (MCU),What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?
IP,What is one type of MCU bridge?
the number of simultaneous calls it can handle,In what way can an MCU be characterized?
Continuous Presence,What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?
dedicated videoconferencing units,Where can an MCU be embedded?
money savings,In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
VoIP,What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
telecommuting,What is another use of VoIP?
work from home,What is telecommuting?
54%,What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
1990s,In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?
desktop,In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?
1992,"In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?"
1995,In what year did the first public video-conference take place?
Cape Town,What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?
a codec (coder/decoder),What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?
1:500,How high can compression rates go?
IP,What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?
Plain Old Telephone System,What does POTS stand for?
convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves,What do POTS do?
deaf Video Relay Service,What is a common use of conferencing technology?
teachers,What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?
personal videocalls to inmates,What is one way that videocalling can be used?
tele-medical,What is a common use of conferencing technology?
real-time telemedicine,What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
Rural,What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 
Ohio,In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 
70 miles,How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
"$10,000 per transfer",How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
Sweden,In what European country has VRS services become well developed?
financing,What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?
Germany,What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?
United States,What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?
2005,What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
LifeSize Communications,Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?
"Las Vegas, Nevada",Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
Polycom,What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?
1280 by 720,What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?
a standards-based H.323 technique,What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?
higher quality,What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?
increased network bandwidth,What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?
decentralized multipoint,What is the H.323 technique also known as?
they don't have to be relayed through a central point,Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?
U.S.,Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?
Social Security Administration (SSA),What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?
2009,In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?
August 2010,When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?
"St. Louis, Missouri",Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?
two consecutive years,What does duel dating use to show the date?
Julian calendar,What is the Old Style date mean?
New Style,What is N.S. stand for?
Gregorian,What are New Style dates?
starting date of the year,Why use two consecutive year dates?
Pope Gregory XIII,Who revised the Julian calendar?
1582,When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?
Julian calendar,What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?
Easter,What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?
on the same day,When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?
Philip II of Spain,What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?
Spain and Portugal,"Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?"
"Friday, 15 October 1582",What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?
"Thursday, 4 October 1582",What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?
delay in communication,Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?
1923,When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?
1582,At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?
in both,How which calendar did some countries notate the date?
Woolley,Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?
different beginnings of the year,What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?
0.002%,What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?
length of the year,What was the correction due to?
celebration of Easter,What change in date motivated the change in calendars?
spring equinox,To what astrological date was Easter tied?
slightly too long,What was wrong in the Julian calendar?
solar,What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar?
365,How many days are in the Gregorian calendar?
every 4 years,How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year?
every 400 years,When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days?
24 February,On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day?
15th day,When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?
compromise,What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference? 
10th century,By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?
eastern border,On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?
vernal equinox,What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?
length of the year,What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?
11 minutes,By how much is the Julian calendar too long?
three days,How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?
21 March,On what date was the original vernal equinox set?
10 or 11 March,By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?
1 January,On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year?
1600,When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year?
1752,When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1?
Calendar (New Style) Act 1750,What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar?
1800,When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April?
caution,Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?
25 October 1415,When was the Battle of Agincourt?
prior to 15 October 1582,When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?
Saint Crispin's Day,"What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?"
1 January,In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?
language-independent,Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?
31,A knuckle count is a month of how many days?
short month,The space between knuckles is what kind of month?
one's two fists,What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?
two parts,How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have?
Julian calendar,What was the first reform concerning the calendar?
lunar cycle,What was the second reform of the calendar?
date of Easter,What was calculated using the lunar calendar?
number of leap years,What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years?
lunar Islamic,What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?
Julian,What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?
1 March,Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?
1 March 1917,When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?
1 January 1926,When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?
subtract one day,How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?
February 29 is discounted,What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?
-4,"If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?"
10 minutes 48 seconds,What is the difference in time between the calendars?
accumulated difference,With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself?
20 March or 21 March,When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century?
22 March,"In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox, when was the equinox set?"
removing ten days,How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?
1563,When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?
325,To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?
motions of the sun and moon,What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?
tabular method,What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?
Aloysius Lilius,Whose modified proposal was adopted?
3 April 1582,When were the rights to publish the calendar granted?
the pope,Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar?
demand for copies,What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn?
20 September 1582,When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn?
Rome,Where were the first calendars printed?
consular year,What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?
consuls first entered office,What event started the consular year?
1 May,What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?
15 March,What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?
45 BC,When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?
system of weeks,What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?
irregularities,Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?
uninterrupted,After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?
"Thursday, 4 October 1582",What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?
"Friday, 15 October 1582",What was the date of adoption for the calendar?
Roman Catholic Church,Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?
spring equinox,What even is tired to the date for Easter?
Metonic cycle,What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?
21 March,Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?
25 March,Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?
Christopher Clavius,Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?
discrepancies,What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?
Petrus Pitatus,Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?
1560,When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?
Gregorian leap year rule,What is the theory about leap year called?
"""Old Style"" (OS) and ""New Style""",What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? 
1750,When was the Calendar act enacted?
Gregorian calendar,With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?
confusion,What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?
Calendar Act of 1750,What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?
Julian,The Gregorian calendar is an improvement over what other calendar?
three Julian leap days,How many days must be skipped to align the calendar with mean solar days in a year?
one day,"What is the approximate error for every 3,300 years?"
1 day,"What is the error rate of the vernal equinox per every 7,700 years?"
1 day in 128 years,What was the error rate in the Julian calendar?
J Allard,What Microsoft executive was in charge of 360 development?
ATI,What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360's graphics processor?
Sega of America,Where did Peter Moor work before being recruited to help on the 360?
Apple's Power Mac G5,Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system's hardware?
IBM's Xenon processor,What CPU did the 360 use?
20 GB,The Xbox 360 Pro included what size hard drive storage?
Xbox 360 Core,What was the official name of the lower-priced 360 SKU at launch?
US$479,The Xbox 360 Elite eventually launched at what price point?
60 GB,The 360 Pro's original storage was replaced by a hard drive of what size in 2008?
Xbox 360 Arcade,What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core?
14 games,How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America?
Call of Duty 2,What title was the console's best seller in 2005?
8 million copies,How many copies did Halo 3 sell?
2007,Halo 3 was released in what year?
Five,"Other than Call of Duty 2, how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360?"
"Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4",What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch?
MPEG-4 ASP,Support for what video format was added in 2007?
the Xbox 360 Guide button,How are music player controls accessed by 360 users?
transition effects,What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows?
Xbox Live Silver,What was the name of the non-subscription Xbox online gaming service?
Gold,"What was the ""color"" name given to the premium version of Xbox Live?"
multiplayer gaming,What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?
EA Sports games,Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live?
Xbox Live Vision,Voice support came online with what feature addition?
Xbox Live,What is the name of the 360's online service?
Xbox Live Arcade,What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?
stream media,What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?
the Kinect,What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?
a hub for living-room computing entertainment,The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?
7.5 games per console in the US,What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008?
the Halo franchise and Gears of War,What are two prominent 360 exclusive franchises?
the difficulties of programming for the PS3,Why were early multi-platform games considered superior on the 360?
Game Critics Awards,The 360 earned 38 nominations and 12 wins from what organization in 2007?
"over 1,000",Microsoft hoped to have how many titles available for the 360 by the end of 2008?
"""General Hardware Failure"" error",What hardware defect code plagued the 360?
Red Ring of Death,What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as?
Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years,How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems?
E74 error code,What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension?
the ring around the power button,Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s?
IGN,What online source called the 360 the 6th greatest console of all time in 2009?
most influential,TechRadar honored the 360 by calling it what?
Kinect,What 360 peripheral was the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history?
online gaming,"According to PC Magazine, the 360 created the prototype for what?"
Edge,What magazine ranked the 360 as the second best console of the 1993-2013 period?
collapse of third-party software support in its later years,What problem hurt Nintendo's Wii console?
due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles,The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons?
it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market,Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft?
Xbox One,What is the successor to the 360 called?
Nintendo Wii,Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era?
Xbox 360 Dashboard,What was the original user interface for the 360 called?
AKQA and Audiobrain,Who designed this user interface?
the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad,The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button?
five,How many tabs were on the 360 dashboard interface?
Blades,The tabs on the user interface were called what?
Ms. Pac-Man,What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade?
Assault Heroes,"What was a new, original title originally available from Arcade?"
"November 3, 2004",What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on?
"November 22, 2005",When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support?
Game Room,What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010?
Consumer Electronics Shows,At what conventions did Microsoft announce IPTV support through the 360?
Bill Gates,"Which Microsoft executive announced IPTV as ""soon"" in 2007?"
Robbie Bach,Who was Microsoft's president of Entertainment & Devices in 2008?
BT,What UK company did Microsoft partner with to bring IPTV to the 360?
Steve Ballmer,What Microsoft executive announced the launch of version 2.0 of Mediaroom?
Xbox Live Marketplace,What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content?
Free and Gold members,Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace?
A hard drive or memory unit,What hardware is required to use the Marketplace?
Microsoft Points,What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases?
"1,600 and 4,000",Prepaid cards for Microsoft Points are available in what denominations?
2005–2006,What was the initial launch window of the 360 console?
high failure rate,What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console?
"Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013",What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out?
84 million,"As of June 2014, how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide?"
"November 22, 2013",When did the Xbox One launch?
10 million,What sales figure was the 360 the first console of its generation to surpass?
June 2008,When did the 360 surrender its lead in total sales?
the Wii,What console eventually passed the 360 in total sales?
January 2011 and October 2013,During what 32-month later period was the 360 the best selling console?
May 2008,When did the Xbox achieve 10 million units sold?
game achievement feature,"Besides online gaming and media distribution, what other feature made the 360 influential, according to TechRadar?"
Five years,How many years after initial launch of the console was Kinect released?
extended the life of the console,"Besides it's features, what did Kinect do for the 360 in terms of sales?"
motion capture camera,What is Kinect?
"a ""controller-free gaming and entertainment experience""",How did Microsoft describe Kinect?
"June 1, 2009",When was Kinect first announced?
Electronic Entertainment Expo,At what event was Kinect announced?
Project Natal,What was the secret code name for Kinect while in development?
"by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images",How can users utilize the Kinect to interact with their 360 consoles?
"a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components",How did Microsoft modify the architecture of the 360 to reduce failure rates?
heat,What was the root cause of hardware failures with the 360?
system overheating,"When the newer 360 S models have their power buttons flash red, it means?"
imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled,How does the 360 S then react to an overheating situation?
dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges,How did Microsoft attempt to deal with potential heat-related expansion with GPU and CPU components?
Xbox Video Marketplace,What was the name of the 360's video store service?
"November 22, 2006",When was this video service launched?
14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing,When do movies rented through this marketplace expire?
720p,What resolution are videos sold through this service?
5.1 surround audio,What sound standard is supported for the marketplace videos?
sold poorly,How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?
2 million units,How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?
1.5 million units,"Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?"
Sony and Nintendo,What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?
scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales,Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?
Two,How many major hardware revisions has the 360 had?
"""Slim""",By what other name is the 360 S model known?
"the original ""Elite"" and ""Arcade"" models",Which SKUs did the 360 S replace?
a redesigned motherboard,What component of the 360 S prevents overheating issues prevalent in prior versions?
S/PDIF,What video input format is not supported by the 360 E?
Six,How many launch titles did the 360 have in Japan?
Mistwalker,What was the name of the Japanese developer that strongly supported the 360?
Blue Dragon,What was Mistwalker's first title for the 360?
"200,000 units",Blue Dragon surpassed this sales figure in Japan?
Lost Odyssey,What was Mistwalker's second 360 title to be released?
Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher,What PC operating system is required to stream content to a 360?
UPnP,What modified AV protocol does the 360 utilize?
"MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV",What codecs are supported for 360 streaming from uShare?
"WMV, MOV, TS",What video formats are supported for UPnP streaming?
integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions,What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?
"profile information, friends list, and games history",What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?
users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com,What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?
$59.99,What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?
30 million,How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?
the Zune,What hardware device was merged with the video marketplace?
E3 2009,Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced?
Xbox Live Video Store,The Zune video marketplace was merged with what Live feature?
Zune Marketplace,What was the new name of this Live video store?
7,How many countries were slated for the Zune Marketplace launch?
1689,When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?
Queen Anne's War,What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?
Acadia,What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?
1754–63,When was the final French and Indian War fought?
George Washington,What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?
the War of 1812,What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?
a major war with Napoleon's France,What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?
Indian insurrection,What uprising did Britain support in North America?
the United Kingdom,What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?
"invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip",What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?
Elihu Root,Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the US military at the beginning of the 20th century?
West Point,Which military academy did Root help grow?
General Staff,What military advisement committee was established by Root?
the principle of rotating officers from staff to line,What officer rotation doctrine was developed under Root's guidance?
the Philippines,What then-US protectorate did Root write a government charter for?
neutral,"When World War I started, what was the official US position?"
August 1914,When did World War I commence?
submarine attacks,What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWI?
1917,What year did the US enter World War I?
peacetime draft,The United States built its army prior to joining the war in what way?
Containment,The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?
Indonesia,Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?
"a ""quagmire""",What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?
1973,When did the draft end?
1973,Which president ended the draft?
34,How many nations were against Iraq in the US-led coalition?
the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait,What precipitated the Persian Gulf War?
August 1990,When did this precipitating event take place?
January 1991,When did hostilities in the Persian Gulf War begin?
"180,000",How many US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled?
Somalia,In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?
Mohamed Farrah Aidid,What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?
Mogadishu,In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?
Eighteen,How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?
Black Hawk Down,What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?
January 2002,When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?
al-Qaida,Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?
the Sulu Archipelago,Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?
"1,200",How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?
Abu Sayyaf,What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? 
Saratoga,What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War?
1777,When was the battle of Saratoga fought?
General von Steuben,What Prussian expatriate helped train the Continental army?
France and Spain,What two European countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain?
its naval advantage,What advantage did Britain lose when the European countries entered the war?
to remain neutral,What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793?
the Jay Treaty,What treaty with England conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?
the Caribbean,Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?
John Adams,What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea?
1778,When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed? 
Treaty of Paris,What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?
"Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw",What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?
1791,When was the Battle of Wabash fought?
the Battle of Fallen Timbers,What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?
1794,When was this deciding battle fought?
the Mason–Dixon line,What dividing line separated slave states from free states?
1860,When was Lincoln elected?
states in the South seceded from the United States,How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?
"April 12, 1861",When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter?
South Carolina,What was the first state to formally secede?
Cuba,Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War?
volunteers and state militia,The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units?
"Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines",What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war?
Hawaii,What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898?
Guantánamo Bay Naval Base,What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba?
1899–1902,When was the Philippine-American War fought?
Manila,Where did the US defeat occupying Spanish forces prior to the Philippine American War?
General Elwell Otis,Who led American forces in this war?
"100,000",How many troops did the US send to the Philippines?
Emilio Aguinaldo,Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war?
eight,How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?
"2,403",How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?
island hopping,What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII?
1942,When did the Allies invade North Africa?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki,Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs?
the People's Republic of China,What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War?
the Soviet Union,"What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to North Korea?"
the United States,What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war?
United Nations,What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?
North and South Korea,Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War?
1950,When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?
Pusan,What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?
amphibious invasion,What type of attack was used on Inchon?
the Yalu River,Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? 
Douglas MacArthur,What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?
RVN,What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?
NVA,What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?
Viet Cong,By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?
South Vietnam,The VC operated in what geographic area?
Soviet Union and China,The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?
Hanoi and Haiphong,What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?
the Ho Chi Minh Trail,What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?
William Westmoreland,What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US?
the White House,Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?
1972,When did the US start bombing Hanoi?
1983,When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese begin?
1982,When did US marines land in Lebanon?
"October 23, 1983",When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in Lebanon?
241,How many marines were killed in the attack?
February 1984,When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon?
US technological superiority,What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?
on 17 January 1991,US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?
poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale,What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?
24 February,When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?
100 hours,How long did ground combat operations last in the Persian Gulf War?
US President George H. W. Bush,Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively ended hostilities?
pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power,What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces should have been allowed to have done?
refused to participate,Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Northern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?
it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region,Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Hussein from power?
The War on Terrorism,What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?
Islamic Extremist,What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?
al-Qaeda,"What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?"
"the September 11, 2001 attacks",The War On Terrorism was caused by what event?
Arkansas and Texas,"Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?"
that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq,What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?
"250,000",How many US troops participated in the invasion?
Turkey,What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?
approximately three weeks,How long did the first phase of fighting last?
9 years,How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973,What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?
Muammar Gaddafi,What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?
Operation Unified Protector,What was the name of the military action against Libya?
to protect civilians,What was the goal of this operation?
Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him,The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?
logistics,What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?
Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781),Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?
20%,What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?
he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.,What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?
he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did,What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?
modern day Libya,Where was the Barbary Coast?
The Berbers,Who sent pirates to capture merchant ships?
The U.S. paid protection money until 1801,How did the United States initially deal with this problem?
Stephen Decatur,What American naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured American ship?
Derna,What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War?
getting Britain and France to intervene,What was the Confederate overall strategy to win the Civil War?
"capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia",What was the Union's original war aim?
Robert E. Lee,Who led the Confederate forces defending Richmond throughout the war?
"the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered",How did the war effect both sides?
the 1880s,When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized?
modern steel battleships,What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy?
the Great White Fleet,By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century?
President Theodore Roosevelt,Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world?
to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater,What was the purpose of this order?
The Mexican Revolution,What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?
Veracruz,US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?
Pancho Villa,What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico?
The German Secret Service,What foreign organization encouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?
General John J. Pershing,What US General led troops against Villa?
isolationism,What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War I?
the League of Nations,Congress refused to allow the US to join what organization?
Neutrality Acts,What legislation was passed to discourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war?
Franklin D. Roosevelt,Which US President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain?
the Lend-Lease Act,What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Britain?
Over 16 million,How many Americans served in the military in World War II?
"400,000",How many American service personnel died in World War II?
the Soviet Union,What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?
the Greatest Generation,What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?
Britain,"Both during and after the conclusion of  World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?"
Communism,The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?
The Tet Offensive,What was the psychological turning point of the war?
1968,When did this offensive take place? 
1973,When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?
"""Vietnamization,""",The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?
1774,When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?
Massachusetts,What colony was placed under martial law?
Lexington and Concord,What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?
The Continental Congress,Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?
"July 4, 1776",When did the colonies declare independence?
having only a modest army,What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?
A traditional distrust of standing armies,Why was the US military so small initially?
local militia,The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?
foreign wars,What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?
a domestic tyrant to seize power,Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?
the Sioux and Comanche,What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?
"population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds",What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?
William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan,Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?
1876,When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?
Col. George Armstrong Custer,What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?
Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske,What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?
torpedo plane,What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?
Franklin D. Roosevelt,What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?
1913–15,When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?
doughboys,What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?
American Expeditionary Forces,What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?
John J. Pershing,Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?
"November 11, 1918",When did fighting on the western front end?
the Armistice,What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?
air power,What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?
8 December 1941,When did the US officially enter World War II?
"the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii",What event led to America entering the war?
"seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia","At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?"
Australia,What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?
between 1959 and 1975,When was the Vietnam War fought?
Cambodia and Laos,"Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?"
Operation Rolling Thunder,What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?
1964,When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?
the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?
8 years of war with Iran,What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?
North Africa during World War II,Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?
late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters,What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?
Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier,"Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?"
the antiaircraft weapons were crippled,What problem did the Iraqi forces have?
ISIL,What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?
Sharia law,What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?
kidnapping and decapitation,What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?
airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories,How did the US intervene against ISIL?
degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory,What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?
San Francisco,Where was the band Blue Cheer from?
"""Summertime Blues""",What classic song did Blue Cheer cover?
"""Born to Be Wild""",What was the hit off Steppenwolf's self-titled debut lp?
Easy Rider,What movie featured that Steppenwolf single?
heavy metal,"The lyrics to ""Born To Be Wild"" contain the first reference to what hard rock style?"
Canadian,The band Rush is what nationality?
"Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel",What are the first three Rush albums?
Irish,What nationality was Thin Lizzy?
"""The Boys Are Back in Town""",What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?
Germany,The Scorpions hailed from what country?
Slippery When Wet,What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?
12 million,How many copies did this record sell?
The Final Countdown,What was the band Europe's international hit?
5150,What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?
Sammy Hagar,Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?
"""I Don't Want to Miss a Thing""",What Aerosmith ballad debuted at number one on the charts?
Ballbreaker,What was the title of AC/DC's 1995 double lp?
These Days,Bon Jovi's 1995 album was called what?
post-grunge,What commercially successful sub-genre emerged from the grunge movement?
1993,When did Aerosmith's album Get A Grip come out?
Bon Jovi and Def Leppard,What are two examples of glam metal bands?
grunge and later Britpop,What two genres cut into hard rock's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s?
"Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen",What were some hard rock bands of the 1970s?
pop rock,What style did some hard rock bands embrace in the 1980s?
electric blues,What genre laid the roots for hard rock?
Link Wray,"Who recorded ""Rumble""?"
1958,"When was ""Rumble"" released?"
"""Let's Go Trippin'"" (1961) and ""Misirlou"" (1962)",What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?
Memphis,What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?
Exile on Main St.,What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?
Led Zeppelin IV,"Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit ""Stairway to Heaven""?"
"""Highway Star"" and ""Smoke on the Water""",What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple's Machine Head album?
Ritchie Blackmore,Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?
Keith Moon,Who was the drummer for The Who?
Bon Scott,Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died?
John Bonham,Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?
Ronnie James Dio,What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath?
Blizzard of Ozz,What was Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album?
"Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer",What are some thrash metal bands?
1991,Guns N Roses released both Use Your Illusion albums in what year?
The Black Crowes,What band's debut was titled Shake Your Money Maker?
Adrenalize,What was the title of Def Leppard's 1992 album?
Hysteria,Adrenalize followed what 1987 Def Leppard record?
five weeks,Adrenalize topped US album charts for how long?
2006,When did the band The Darkness break up?
retro-metal,"The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?"
Runnin' Wild,What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?
Los Angeles,Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?
"Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet",What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?
"Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf",Who were three Chicago blues players who influenced hard rock?
The Kinks,"Who recorded ""You Really Got Me""?"
The Yardbirds,"""Shapes of Things"" was a 1966 single by what band?"
"""Louie Louie""",What garage rock classic was recorded by The Kingsmen?
1965,"When did the Rolling Stones release ""(I Can't Get No"" Satisfaction""?"
1973,When did Free break up?
Bad Company,What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?
1974,Bad Company's self titled debut album was released in what year?
Scottish,What nationality was the band Nazareth?
"""Bohemian Rhapsody""",What was Queen's massive 1975 hit single called?
the New Wave of British Heavy Metal,What sub-genre of hard rock does Def Leppard belong to?
High 'n' Dry,What was Def Leppard's second album called?
"""Photograph"", ""Rock of Ages"" and ""Foolin'""",What were the three Top 40 singles from Def Leppard's Pyromania album?
Quiet Riot,What band had the first glam metal album to hit number one on the Billboard charts?
1983,When did Motley Crue's album Shout At The Devil come out?
Nevermind,What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?
grunge,What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?
"Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden",What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?
Stone Temple Pilots,What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?
a hard rock sound,What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?
2005,When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out?
Canada,Three Days Grace is from what country?
Australia,The band Jet is from what country?
Them Crooked Vultures,"What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin?"
"""Sorry""",What was the title of Buckcherry's 2007 hit single?
The electric guitar,What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound?
repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity,Rhythm guitar in hard rock usually plays what?
a solo lead instrument,"In hard rock, an electric guitar can also be used for what?"
snare,What carries the backbeat in hard rock drumming?
The bass guitar,What instrument works in tandem with the drums to provide hard rock rhythms?
Eric Clapton,Who was the guitarist for the band Cream?
Dave Davies,Who was the guitarist in the Kinks?
Pete Townshend,Who played guitar in The Who?
1968,When did The White Album come out?
The Rolling Stones,Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band?
Alice Cooper,Who recorded the album School's Out?
ZZ Top,Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?
Sammy Hagar,Who was the lead singer of Montrose?
1975,Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?
Blue Öyster Cult,"Who had a hit single with ""(Don't Fear) The Reaper""?"
Perfect Strangers,What was the title of Deep Purple's 1980s reunion album?
1984,What album was Van Halen's commercial high point?
1983,In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator?
REO Speedwagon,"What band recorded ""Keep On Loving You""?"
Boston,"The hit single ""Amanda"" was recorded by what band?"
Balance,What was Van Halen's last album with Sammy Hagar?
Steven Adler,Who was the Guns N Roses drummer who was fired by the band?
Gary Cherone,What former member of Extreme briefly served as the lead singer for Van Halen?
Axl Rose,Who was the only original member left in Guns N Roses?
1996,Slash left Guns N Roses in what year?
heavy metal,"By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?"
Black Sabbath,What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?
hardcore punk,What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?
bluesy,Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?
stand-alone melodies,"In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?"
1969,Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?
In Rock,What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?
occult and elements of Gothic horror,Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?
Paranoid,What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?
Judas Priest,What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?
disco in the US and punk rock in the UK,What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?
The Ramones,What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?
"Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx",What were three midwestern hard rock bands?
Los Angeles,What city was Van Halen originally from?
"""Eruption""",Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?
17 million,How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?
Permanent Vacation,What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?
seven,Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?
Appetite for Destruction,What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?
"""Sweet Child O' Mine""",What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?
Audioslave,What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?
"""It's My Life""",What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?
AC/DC,What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?
Scott Weiland,Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?
Chinese Democracy,What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?
"""Great Plains",what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?
Nevin Fenneman's,who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?
1916,what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?
the High Plains,"what was theregion called before ""the great plans""? "
open range,what type of land is much of the great plans?
spring and fall,when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up?
branded,"in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves?"
10 million,from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd?
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado,who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?
Hernando de Soto,who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?
the De Soto Trail,what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?
The Spanish,who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?
gold,what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?
The 100th meridian,what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?
20 inches,about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?
dust storms,what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?
humid subtropical climate,what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?
1870,after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?
bison,what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?
European farmers,what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?
packages of land and transportation,what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?
a third,how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? 
Frederick Jackson Turner,"who declated the American frontier ""closed"" in 1893?"
"more than 6,000",how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?
"139,000 square miles","how much prarie land does the ""Buffalo Commons"" want to return?"
Women,who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?
1950s,around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing
Ogallala Aquifer,what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?
Center pivot irrigation,what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?
broad expanse of flat land,what is the great plains?
west of the Mississippi River,where does the great plains lie?
extensive cattle ranching,what is the region known for?
Commission for Environmental Cooperation,who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?
"Mexican, American, and Canadian governments",what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?
railroads,what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?
ship wheat and other crops,what did the railroads make it easy to do?
immigrants,who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?
sewing and washing machines,who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?
about 25 million years ago,about how long ago did the climate become favorable?
mammals,what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?
grazing diets,what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?
development of grazers,the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?
1862,when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?
up to 160 acres,how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?
five years,how long did the person have to live on the land?
1904,when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? 
1871,the dominion act was passed in what year
active near-infrared illumination,What technology is used by night-vision devices?
Infrared astronomy,What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?
red,What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?
Infrared thermal-imaging cameras,What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?
scientific,"Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?"
700 nm,At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?
near-IR,What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?
780 nm,Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?
1050 nm,Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?
Leaves,What objects are notably bright in near IR?
emissivity,What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?
hotter,How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?
infrared cameras,"Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?"
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy,What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?
it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency,What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?
the frequencies of infrared light,What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?
the mid-infrared,What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?
infrared filters,What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
Digital cameras,What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?
'T-ray' imaging,What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?
far-infrared,What is another name for terahertz radiation?
terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?
Infrared reflectography,What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?
carbon black,What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?
pentimenti,What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?
William Herschel,Who discovered infrared radiation?
the Royal Society of London,To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?
1800,In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?
a prism,What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?
Calorific Rays,What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?
heat radiation,What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
49%,What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
8 to 25,"What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? "
visible,"Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?"
Infrared tracking,What is another term for infrared homing?
Missiles,What devices make use of infrared homing?
heat-seekers,What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?
vehicle engines,"Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?"
infrared,What does IR stand for?
Cumulonimbus,"Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?"
white,What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?
Stratocumulus,"Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?"
grey,What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?
1.58–1.64,What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?
water vapor in the atmosphere,What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?
at a high altitude,"To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?"
balloon,"Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?"
Space telescopes,What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?
Near-infrared,What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?
water absorption,"Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?"
"1,050","In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?"
950,"What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?"
Heat,What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?
thermal radiation,What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?
the solar corona,What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?
infrared,"The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?"
0.9–14,What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?
"900–14,000","In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?"
the black body radiation law,What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?
increases,What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?
Thermographic,What type of cameras see infrared radiation?
imbedded stars,What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?
protostars,What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?
Stars,What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?
night vision,What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?
electrons,What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?
electrical,"Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?"
the Infrared Data Association,What is the IrDA?
light-emitting diodes,What does the acronym LEDs stand for?
modulated,What is a term for when something is switched on and off?
silicon photodiode,What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current?
IR does not penetrate walls,Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms?
n,What letter represents the index of refraction?
k,What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?
Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion,What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?
sidewall angle,"Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?"
light,What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?
Infrared cleaning,What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?
green,"Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?"
scaling,"Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?"
infrared,"Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?"
clouds,"Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?"
infrared,"After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?"
cloud droplets,"Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?"
greenhouse,What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?
Biodiversity,What term refers to  the variety and variability of life on Earth?
"genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation",What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?
Terrestrial biodiversity,What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?
It is richest in the tropics.,Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?
along coasts in the Western Pacific,Where is sea surface temperature the highest?
Bruce A. Wilcox,Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN),Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?
1982 World National Parks Conference,At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?
1992,"What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define ""biological diversity""?"
the Phanerozoic,What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?
hyperbolic model,What model is widely used in macrosociology?
exponential and logistic models,What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?
Hyperbolic model,What model implies a second-order positive feedback?
The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth,What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?
Interspecific crop diversity,What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?
Interspecific crop diversity,What is the variety of alleles within a single species?
If a crop fails in a monoculture,When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?
a pest,What can destroy a wheat crop?
agricultural society,What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?
52%,What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970
2014,What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?
39%,What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?
39%,What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?
76%,What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?
2007,In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?
National Science Foundation,Who conducted the 2007 study?
If any one type is removed from the system,What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?
in fresh water,Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?
an introduced species,What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?
In Belgium,Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?
leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive,What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?
endemic and other local species,What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?
"The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites",What types of new species can be introduced?
The forests,What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?
5150,How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?
1837,How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?
endemic species,What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?
hunting and grazing,What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?
the Convention on Biological Diversity,What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?
the Convention on Biological Diversity,What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?
the Convention on Biological Diversity,What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?
bioprospecting,What is the process of collecting natural products?
Rapid environmental changes,What can typically cause mass extinctions?
More than 99 percent,What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?
over five billion species,How many species have ever lived on earth?
"Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,",How many species currently live on earth?
50 billion tonnes,What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?
the Cambrian explosion,Which era included a rapid growth period?
the last 540 million years,The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?
the Cambrian explosion,"In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?"
vertebrate diversity,What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?
the Permian-Triassic extinction event,In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?
Jared Diamond,"Who describes the ""Evil Quartet""?"
Evil Quartet,"What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?"
HIPPO,"What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?"
IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats,What is the most authoritative classification in use today?
the World Wildlife Fund,What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?
genetic pollution,What can threaten endemic species with extinction?
"uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping",What are another names for genetic pollution?
either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species,What causes genetic pollution?
Hybridization and introgression,What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?
The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species,What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?
about 4.54 billion years old,What is the estimate age of the Earth?
the Eoarchean Era,What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?
Hadean Eon,What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?
Western Australia,Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?
Western Greenland,Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?
The fossil record,What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?
how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.,Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?
from 2 million to 100 million,What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?
Diversity,What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?
‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity,What are two types of Agricultural diversity?
Planned diversity,"What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?"
associated diversity,What type of diversity arrives uninvited?
associated diversity,What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?
Biodiversity's relevance to human health,What is becoming an international political issue?
climate change,What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?
"changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources",What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?
those that buffer against infectious disease transmission,What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?
five major mass extinctions,How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?
the Cambrian explosion,When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?
rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life.,What happened in the Carboniferous?
251 million years ago,When was the Permian–Triassic extinction event?
30 million years,How long did vertebrate recovery take?
1900s,What century started the increase of species invasions?
humans,Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?
zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer,What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?
lion fish,What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?
"20,000 plant species",How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
"1,350 vertebrates",How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
Colombia,Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?
Colombia,Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?
Madagascar,What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?
global carrying capacity,What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?
life in the sea,What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?
life on land,What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?
64 per cent,What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?
world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion,What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?
From 1950,What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?
more than 9 billion,What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?
Sir David King,Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?
monoculture farms,What farms use biologically destructive pesticides
The control of associated biodiversity,What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?
polyculture farmers,What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?
polyculture farmers,"What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?"
National park and nature reserve,What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?
governments or private organizations,Who selects National parks?
with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation,What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?
national or state governments,Who usually owns and manages National parks?
"Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals",What activities are prohibited in national parks?
Sigmar Gabriel,Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?
2050,What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?
about one eighth,How many plant species are close to extinction?
25%,2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?
Habitat size,What is systematically related to the numbers of species?
Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans,What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?
monoculture following deforestation,How is a standardized ecosystem formed?
lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement,What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?
the zebra mussel,What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?
mongooses,What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?
nocturnal rats,What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?
"Indonesia and Malaysia,",What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?
Contemporary biodiversity physics,What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?
microbial life,What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?
microbial life,What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?
Insect extinction rates,What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?
biodiversity,"What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?"
biodiversity,"What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?"
the climatic conditions and area of the region,What influences richness of biodiversity?
flora,What term describes all the species of plants in existence?
Raymond F. Dasmann,Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?
A Different Kind of Country,What book first contained the term biological diversity?
the 1980s,What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?
Thomas Lovejoy,Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?
"""natural diversity""",What term was common before biological diversity?
Biodiversity,What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?
at least 50%,"What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?"
bionics,What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?
about 80%,What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?
the Green Revolution,What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?
local climate and diseases,What did the high yield strains become resistant to?
Local governments and industry,Who has been pushing for hybridization?
Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion,What caused the loss of biodiversity?
English alphabet,What is the ASCII based on?
128 specified characters,How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?
33 are non-printing control characters,How many are non-printing control characters?
95 printable characters,How many characters are printable characters? 
invisible graphic:223,What is the space also known as what?
for ease of identification,Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?
32 positions,How many positions are in the first two columns?
to support uppercase 64-character alphabets,What did the committee decide was important?
41hex,Where was the letter A places in position?
Unicode,ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?
128 symbols,How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?
UTF-8,What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?
a Control-S,What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?
Control-Q,What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?
handshaking,What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?
Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4),What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?
CRTs or terminals,What are glass TTYs also known as?
RT-11,What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?
1981,When was the introduction of PC DOS?
EBCDIC,What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?
MS-DOS,What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?
C trigraphs,What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?
their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers,Why was their use limited?
US-ASCII,What did many programmers keep their computers on?
"contained ""{, }"" and similar variants in the middle of words",What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?
teleprinter encoding systems,What was ASCII based on?
digital bit patterns and character symbols,ASCII specifies correspondence between what? 
"communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information",What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?
11 to 25 special graphic symbols,How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?
more than 64 codes,How many codes were required for ASCII?
1963,When was ASCII first commercially used?
a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network,What was it used for?
five-bit ITA2,What did TWX use before ASCII?
Bob Bemer,Who is the father of ASCII?
Bemer-Ross Code,What was the code first called in Europe?
causes a printer to advance its paper,"What does the ""line feed"" function do?"
character 10,"What character represents the ""line feed"" function?"
backspace,What does character 8 represent? 
"control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters",What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?
assigned special meanings,What did some software do to the ASCII characters?
"interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning ""remove previously-typed input character""",What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?
remove the character at the cursor,What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?
BS,"What did other systmes us for ""remove previously-typed input character""?"
CR-LF,What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?
by transmitting a standard text format over the network,How were the connections supported? 
The File Transfer Protocol,Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?
so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported,Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?
LF,What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?
1972,When was ISO/IEC 646 published?
one of several national variants of an international character code standard,What was ASCII inteded to be?
1967,When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?
ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world,What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?
their own 8-bit character sets,What did most early home computers develop?
"the ""upper"" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet",What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?
graphic symbols such as smiley faces,What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?
Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS),What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?
typographic punctuation marks,What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? 
UTF-8,Who surpassed ASCII?
December 2007,ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?
is a character-encoding scheme,What is the definition of ASCII?
"text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text",What does ASCII code represent?
American Standard Code for Information Interchange,What does ASCII stand for?
ASCII required at least a seven-bit code,What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code,Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes,What is different in a shifted code?
less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable,Why did they decide against shifting code?
to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning,"What was the ""escape"" character originally intended for?"
most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation,What does modern ESC code do?
an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether,What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?
end-of-file,What does EOF stand for?
"to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard",What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?
Control-Z (SUB),What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?
Control-C,What else is the end-of-text code known as?
telegraphic codes,What was ASCII developed from? 
a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services,What was the first commercial use of ASCII?
"October 6, 1960",When did work on the ASCII standard begin? 
1963,When was the first edition of the standard published?
1967,When was the first major revision of the code done?
eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal,Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?
minimize costs associated with data transmission,Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?
perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position,What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?
ASA X3.4-1963,What was ASCII published as and when?
28 code positions,How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?
May 1963,When was the change to ASCII made official?
simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers,"The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?"
ISO/IEC 646,What is a retified versionof ASCII?
extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States,What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?
ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries,Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?
true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard,Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?
Teletype Model 33 ASR,What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?
a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option,What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?
until the 1980s,When was paper tape popular?
less costly and in some ways less fragile,Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?
"code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)",What code eventually became neglected?
"The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage",Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
"""Carriage Return"" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and ""Line Feed"" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)","Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?"
on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary,"Where does the name ""Carriage Return"" come from?"
right,What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?
1878,When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead,What were used instead of 0 and 1? 
which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII,What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
do not correspond as closely,Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
delete,What is the official name of code 127?
rubout,What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?
to make it an ignored character,"Why did Teletype have the code for ""rubout""?"
introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone,Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? 
line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator,What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?
"Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS",What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?
"Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems",Who adopted this practice from Multics?
since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system,When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?
the action of mastication (chewing),What is the first step in the human digestive system?
a liquid secreted by the salivary glands,What is saliva?
salivary amylase,What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?
"a small, round slurry mass",What is the definition of bolus?
peristalsis,What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?
eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food,What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?
extract more nutrition,Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?
excreted and generally consumed immediately,What happens with these soft feacal pellets?
not eaten,Are normal droppings also eaten? 
internal and external digestion,What are the two types of digestion?
earlier in evolutionary history,When did external digestion develop?
most fungi,What still uses the external digestion system?
gastrointestinal tract,What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?
"more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled",Why is internal digection better than external?
Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids,What elements can transfer to plant cells?
the plant cell nucleus,Where do transferred genes enter?
opines,What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?
end,What happens to infected plant cells?
The Ti and Ri plasmids,What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?
in the jaws (or mouths),Where are teeth found?
"to tear, scrape, milk and chew food",What are teeth used for?
"enamel, dentine and cementum",What are teeth made out of?
a blood and nerve supply,What in human teeth enables proprioception?
"our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.",What happens when you bite something you cant chew?
The abomasum,What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?
a monogastric stomach,What is the abomasums close equivalent?
"a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.",What does this site serve primarily as?
the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs,What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?
Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine,What is also digested in the small intestine?
"a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine.",What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?
"dead grass, leaves, and weeds",What does an earthworm eat?
The mouth is surrounded by strong lips,What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?
mucus,What is the food coated with for easier passage?
The powerful muscles of the gizzard,What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?
in the mouth,Where does the digestions of some fats start?
the small intestine,Where are fats mainly digested?
produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver,What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?
helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids,What does bile from the liver help do?
a triglyceride,What is one molecule of fat?
the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma,What is digestion?
these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream,"In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?"
mechanical and chemical digestion,What are the two ways that food is broken down?
the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes,What is mechanical digestion?
enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use,What is chemical digestion?
"the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase",What are three digestions phases?
"at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex",Where does the cephalic phase occur?
the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata,Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?
3 to 4 hours,How long does the gastric phase take?
"by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH",How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?
several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria,What happens in a chennel transupport system? 
"the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]",What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?
"various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes",What does this secretion system transport?
the formation of outer membrane vesicles,What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?
", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials",What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?
response to stress conditions,What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?
"some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells",What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?
swallowing and peristalsis,What muscle movements are used for digestion?
energy,What does every stpe of digestion require?
"an ""overhead charge""",What does needing energy to digest impose?
"lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures",Over head charges influence what?
in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes,Where does digestion begin?
a bolus,What is food formed into before it is swallowed?
the stomach,Where does food go after the esophagus?
peristalsis,What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?
hydrochloric acid and pepsin,What does gastric juice consist of?
an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts,What is lactase?
glucose and galactose,What are lactoses component parts?
small intestine,Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?
Approximately 65 percent,What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
lactose intolerance,What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
chyme,What is the resulting thick liquid called?
digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver,What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?
the small intestine,Where does hyme go after the duodenum?
blood,Where is chyme absorbed into?
the small intestine,Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?
the cephalic phase,What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?
saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach,What is the cephalic phase?
Mechanical and chemical digestion,What digestions begin in the mouth?
The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes,What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?
in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract,Where does absorption occur?
in the stomach and duodenum,Where does protein digestion occur?
pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin,What are the three main enzymes that break down food?
"inactive precursors, the zymogens",What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?
amino acids,What are dipeptidases broken down into?
the pancreas,What organ secretes chymotrypsin?
wiretapping,What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?
Olmstead v. United States,In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?
Communications Act of 1934,What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?
Nardone v. United States,In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?
a warrant,What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?
Hoover,Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?
Olmstead v. United States,What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?
Communications Act of 1934,What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?
a warrant,What is now required to wire tap a citizen?
beforehand,Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?
Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI,"Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?"
Numerous files were taken,Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?
COINTELPRO program,What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?
investigations into lives of ordinary citizens,What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?
"The country was ""jolted""",How did the US react to these discoveries?
the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime,Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?
sixth national priority,"What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?"
With reduced cuts to other well-established departments,Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?
terrorism was no longer considered a threat,Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?
The FBI,What agency pioneered DNA testing?
FBI and Central Intelligence Agency,What agencies were to blame for 9/11?
"acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight",Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?
resisting any meaningful changes,Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?
not been well served,Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?
"Clarksburg, West Virginia",Where is the CJIS located?
1991,When was the CJIS created?
main repository for information,What purpose does the CJIS serve?
Under the roof of the CJIS,Where is the data for the NCIC located?
Many state and local agencies use these data,Do states have access to CJIS?
The FBI director,Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations?
his deputies,Who assists the FBI director?
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act,What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11?
FBI director,Who used to brief the President?
Director of National Intelligence,Who now reports to the President?
The Uniform Crime Reports,"What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?"
"violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes",What does UCR focus on?
1920s,Where was the UCR created?
85%,What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?
"including Martin Luther King, Jr.",Did the FBI target MLK?
15%,What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?
Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party,What were the key white hate groups targeted?
New Left,What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?
British MI5 and the Russian FSB,What is the FBI comparable to?
FBI is primarily a domestic agency,What kind of agency is the FBI?
56,How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?
400,Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?
senior-level FBI officer,Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?
visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution,What was the bureau's first task?
White Slave Traffic Act,What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?
White Slave Traffic Act,What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?
"June 25, 1910",When was the Mann Act passed?
"In 1932,",When was the bureau renamed?
1950s and 1960s,When did the FBI become concerned about Civil Rights?
communist ties,What ties did the FBI believe civil rights leaders had?
Dr. T.R.M. Howard,Who did Hoover send an open letter denouncing?
FBI,What agency had Dr. T.R.M. Howard criticized?
COINTELPRO,What was the controversial domestic surveillance operation in this era?
1940s,When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?
Eight,How many Nazis were arrested?
the Venona project,What project broke Soviet codes?
CIA,What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?
In 2003,When did a committee oppose the FBI's organized crime informant program?
four,How many innocent men did the FBI allow to be convicted?
life in prison,What was the death sentence reduced to?
Two,How many of the men died in prison?
$100 million,How much was the US government ordered to pay in damages?
Between 1993 and 1996,When did the FBI increase it's counter-terrorism role?
World Trade Center bombing,What prompted the FBI increase in counter-terrorism?
"New York City, New York",Where was the World Trade Center?
1995,When was Oklahoma city bombed?
obstructed,What did agents within the FBI do to investigations of the agency?
Leonard W. Hatton Jr,What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?
South Tower,What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?
re-engineering,What did the FBI's new director want?
countering every federal crime,What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?
structure and operations,What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?
"July 8, 2007",When did the Washington Post publish excerpts from the book Spying Blind?
23,How many chances to disrupt the 9/11 attacks did the FBI dismiss?
"FBI, CIA",What two agencies had a lack of co-operation?
FBI's decentralized structure,What was to blame for the FBI's failure?
effective communication,What did the FBI's decentralized structure prevent?
USA PATRIOT Act,What increased the powers of the FBI?
sneak and peek provision,What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act?
search a house while the residents are away,What new residential powers did the FBI now have?
FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records,Could the FBI inquire into library records?
those who are suspected of terrorism,Who's library records did the FBI look into?
1974,When did the FBI lab first appear?
J. Edgar Hoover Building,Where was the FBI lab?
"state, local, and international agencies",Who uses the FBI lab services?
free,How much does the FBI charges for lab services?
FBI Academy,Where is the second FBI lab?
2000,When did the FBI begin the Trilogy project?
Trilogy project,What project centered on upgrading FBI Information Technology Infrastructure?
far over budget,Did the Trilogy project go over budget?
January 2005,When did the FBI abandon the VCF project?
Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber,What gun are FBI special agents issued?
Glock 17 or Glock 19,What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?
Glock .40 S&W pistol,What did the FBI adopt in May 1997
general agent use,What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for?
New Agent Class 98-1,What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol?
preference-eligible veterans,What group of people may apply to join the FBI after age 37?
23,What is the minimum age to join the FBI?
must also hold American citizenship,Is American citizenship required to be an FBI agent?
Single Scope Background Investigations,What is a SSBI?
Office of Personnel Management,Who conducts SSBIs?
including celebrities such as Elvis Presley,Did the FBI keep files on Elvis Presley?
antiwar activities,What activities was the FBI concerned with during the Vietnam war?
threats or extortion attempts,What kinds of treats were celebrities receiving?
Communist party,What party was the FBI concerned with?
his former FBI handler,Who tipped of Bulger?
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act,What act was the indictment under?
16,How long did Bulger remain at large?
prominently listed,Was Bulger on the 10 Most Wanted Fugitives List?
great embarrassment,What did the revelations about Bulger cause?
computation and neural-systems,What was Virgil Griffith focused on?
United States Congress,What part of the government was editing its own wikipedia page?
conflict of interest edits,What was Griffith's tool designed to detect?
transparency,What did Griffith's tool help increase?
positively,How as Griffith's wikipedia scanner viewed by wikipedia?
20 February 2001,When did the FBI announce Robert Hanssen's arrest?
spying for the Soviet Union,What was Hanssen arrested for?
1979 to 2001,When was Hanssen a spy for Russia/the SU?
15,How many life time sentences is Hanssen serving?
$1.4 million,What much money did Hanssen receive in cash?
FBI,What agency is the domestic intelligence and security service for the US?
U.S. Department of Justice,What organization is the FBI a subset of?
Director of National Intelligence,What Director does the FBI report to?
200,How many categories of federal crimes does the FBI have jurisdiction over?
J. Edgar Hoover,Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?
48,How many years was Hoover the FBI director?
Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory,What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?
FBI Laboratory,What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?
1932,When did the FBI laboratory open?
domestic,What kind of work was the FBI focused on?
60,How many LEGAT offices does the FBI operate?
coordination with foreign security services,Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices?
not usually,Do LEGAT offices conduct unilateral operations in host countries?
coordination,What do oversea operations require?
1939,When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list?
in the event of war with Axis,When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested?
Issei community leaders,Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list?
"December 7, 1941",When was Pearl Harbor bombed?
Japanese Americans,What group did the FBI continue surveillance on?
organized crime,What was the Top Hoodlum Program a response to?
mobsters,What did the Top Hoodlum Program gather information on?
former Prohibition-organized groups,After the RICO Act took effect what did the FBI start investigating?
National Crime Syndicate,What groups did Hoover deny the existence of?
The RICO Act is still used,Is the RICO Act still used today?
CALEA,What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?
CART,What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?
Internet-related problems,What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?
US operations,What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?
FBI increased its electronic surveillance,Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?
single box of bullets,What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures?
18-month,How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review?
deeply flawed,What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model?
National Research Council,Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis?
RICO,What is the FBI's main tool against organized crime?
Civil Rights Act of 1964,What act is the FBI required to enforce?
DOJ,What organization does the FBI prosecute violations of the United States Civil Rights Act with?
DEA,What organization does the FBI share jurisdiction with?
Controlled Substances Act of 1970,What Substance act does the FBI enforce?
seaport and airport security,When does the FBI work with the US Coast Guard and US Customs and Board Protection?
investigating airplane crashes,When does the FBI work with the National Transportation Safety Board?
ICE-HSI,What organization in the US government investigates the largest array of crimes?
FBI,What organization did General Ashcroft assign to lead organization in terrorism investigations?
Joint Terrorism Task Force,What are the FBI and ICE-HSI both members of?
The FBI Academy,Where are agents sent to become FBI Special Agents?
"Quantico, Virginia",Where is the FBI Academy?
21-week,How long is the course required for all special agents?
state and local law enforcement agencies,What other groups does the FBI Academy train?
frequently,Did the FBI investigate Martin Luther King Jr.?
the Bureau,Who did MLK begin criticizing in the mid-1960s?
white supremacists,What group did MLK believe needed more attention from the FBI?
notorious liar,What did Hoover call MLK?
anonymous,What kind of letter did the FBI send to MLK?
address limitations inherent in UCR data,What is the goal of the NIBRS?
the United States,Who uses the NIBRS?
collecting and reporting data,What is the NIBRS used for?
crimes,What does the NIBRS collect information on?
NIBRS,Does the NIBRS system or UCR system have more detailed data?
Pedro Albizu Campos,What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on?
Nationalist,What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of?
three,How many times was Pedro Albizu Campos convicted of attacks on US officials?
Luis Gutierrez,Who released the Campos operation to the public?
1980s,When was the Abizu Campos operation made public?
Office of the Director,What office contains the FBI's administrative offices?
An executive assistant director,Who manages each FBI branch?
offices and divisions,What is a FBI branch divided into?
an assistant director,Who heads an office or division?
deputy assistant directors,Who leaders the sub-divisions of offices or divisions?
"J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.,",Where is the FBI located?
"Quantico, Virginia",Where are specialized FBI functions located?
"Clarksburg, West Virginia",Where is the FBI's data campus?
FOIA,What act is the FBI required to process requests for?
96 million,How many sets of fingerprints does the FBI have?
Carnivore,What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency?
email and electronic communications,What did Carnivore monitor?
DCS1000,What was Carnivore renamed to?
2001,When did the FBI abandon Carnivore?
commercially available,What kind of software replaced Carnivore?
President of the United States,Who appoints FBI directors?
United States Senate,What legislative body confirms FBI directors?
five years,How long is the term of a FBI director?
his death,What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?
James B. Comey,Who is the current FBI director?
1930s,When did the FBI first appear in popular media?
X-Files,What notable TV show was concerned with FBI investigations of the paranormal?
FBI Counterterrorism Division,What is the TV drama 24 designed on?
undercover FBI agent,Who is the movie Point Break Based on?
Joseph D. Pistone,Who is the movie Donnie Brasco based on?
289,How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?
5 cases,How many times were FBI shots not justified?
none,How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?
suspiciously low,How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?
the man's actions,On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?
2005,When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda Ríos die?
FBI agents,Who killed Filiberto Ojeda Ríos?
assassination,How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's death?
The FBI refused,How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release?
Supreme Court,What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's killing?
a transitional period between childhood and adulthood,Adolescene is viewed as what?
"information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology.",A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on what?
preparation of children for adult roles.,What is the purpose of adolescence?
preparation of children for adult roles,What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?
adolescence,What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?
multiple transitions,Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?
"education, training, employment and unemployment",What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?
a deeper voice and larger adam's apple,Puberty causes what to happen in boys?
The testes,What releases testosterone?
the ovaries,What releases estrogen?
obesity.,What causes gynecomastia?
a surge in hormone production,What causes puberty? 
Puberty,A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?
pituitary,Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?
testes,Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?
ovaries,Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?
gynecomastia,"An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?"
increase in both size and capacity,How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?
increased strength and tolerance for exercise,Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?
males,Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?
males,Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?
respiratory,Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?
not,Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?
cognitive and emotional,The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?
six,The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?
creases,What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?
90%,The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?
Serotonin,Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?
not,Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?
mood and behavior,Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?
limbic,"Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?"
dopamine and serotonin,Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?
hypothetical,Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?
children,Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?
hypothetical,What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?
probability,Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?
early,Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?
hormones,Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?
Early,Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?
poor body image,What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?
capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience,How is wisdom defined?
twenty-five,Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?
not,Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?
not,Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?
Wisdom,What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?
the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth,How is adolescence defined biologically?
changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally,How is adolescence defined cognitively?
a period of preparation for adult roles,How is adolescence defined socially?
biological,"Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?"
Cognitive,Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?
Jean Macfarlane,"Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?"
1927,"What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?"
Institute of Child Welfare,"What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?"
1931,What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?
1981,What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?
first ejaculation,What is a male's major landmark of puberty?
13,At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur?
menstruation,What is a female's major landmark of puberty?
diet and lifestyle,"Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins?"
later,Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?
who the adolescent wishes to be,How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?
who the adolescent does not want to be,How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?
ideal,Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?
Menarche,What term is the beginning of menstruation given?
two years,How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?
"uterus, vagina",What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?
females,Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?
masturbation,What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?
those directly related to the sex organs,What are primary sex characteristics?
growth of the testes and scrotum,What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?
penis,"After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?"
"seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland",Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?
early adolescence,At what stage do parents see their children as equals?
puberty,During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond?
same,"During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents?"
prefrontal cortex,Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?
orbitofrontal cortex,Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?
those involving primary functions,Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?
primary,Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?
academic motivation and performance,What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual?
"experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing",What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence?
14,At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak?
"empathy, sharing, and leadership",What are some social skills that peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop?
constructivist,What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?
sudden and drastic,Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?
"quantitative, state-theory","Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?"
artificial intelligence,The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?
hookups,Casual sexual encounters are often referred to as what?
within,Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships?
social media,"Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships, try out dating and indentity exploration?"
genital stimulation,"What seperates ""heavy"" sexual activity from other forms of affection?"
lower,"For older adolescents, is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior?"
metacognition,What is the term used to describe thinking about thinking itself?
Adolescents,Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts?
fifteen,The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age?
fifteen,At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?
teen timetable,What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?
White,Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?
differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy,What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?
withdrawal,What is an example of a poor birth control method?
lower,Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior?
similar,Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity?
increase,"Does having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk?"
favor,Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?
impress potential mates,A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?
baseline sensation seeking,What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?
adolescent years,When does the search for identity begin for most individuals?
"family life, environment, and social status",What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?
self-clarity and self-esteem,What are two main aspects of identity development?
"self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem",What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?
more difficult,Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?
18,Identity achievement rarely occurs before what age?
no,Is there a final endpoint in identity development?
Erikson,Evidence has supported which theorist's idea concerning stages of development?
early,Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence?
Erik Erikson,Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?
crowd membership,How do adolescents initially define themselves?
process of exploration,How is Moratorium defined?
James Marcia,Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual's process along the stages of identity?
three,James Marcia divides questions into how many categories?
Self-esteem,Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?
no,Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?
Barometric self-esteem,Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?
baseline self-esteem,Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?
having someone who can provide social and moral support,What is the most important function of friendship?
10,At what age does awareness of one's sexual orientation occur on average?
16,At what age does coming out to one's peers occur on average?
17,At what age does coming out to adults occur on average?
four,How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers?
bullying and rejection from peers or family members,What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents?
more,Are adolescents with authoritative parents more or less likely to complete secondary education by age 22?
less likely,"Are adolescents that have a good relationship with their parents more or less likely to smoke, drink, fight, or engage in unprotected sex?"
Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal,"Which researchers conducted a 2009 study that concerned adolescents, their parents, and secondary education completion?"
more,Are modern day teenagers exposed to more or less media than other generations?
1500,How many hours of television does the average teenager watch per year?
body dissatisfaction,"Teenagers' views on body mass, loe self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns results in what?"
The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance,"How is ""body dissatisfaction"" defined?"
about 50%,What is the current divorce rate?
less,Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent?
epistemological trauma theory,What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects?
negative,Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood?
"Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quinceañeras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and débutante balls",What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies?
tattoos and scarification,What are some physical ways that some cultures mark the transition into adulthood?
vary,"Do cultural transitions into adulthood vary, or are they the same?"
increase,Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?
53%,How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?
17.0,At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?
17.3,At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?
increases,Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?
symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued,How is culture defined?
all,"Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?"
not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs,What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?
not,Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?
experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups,How do adolescents use online technology?
form of communication,"To what does ""channel"" refer in terms if adolescent communication?"
cyberbullying,What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?
One in four,What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?
gonorrhea,Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?
One-quarter,What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?
eighty-one percent,"According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?"
15,What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?
1989,In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?
U.S. and South Sudan,What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?
legal emancipation,A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?
regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions,What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?
fewer,"In developing countries, is it common for children to attend fewer or greater years of formal schooling?"
"so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working","Why, in developting countries, do children often attend fewer years of formal schooling?"
saving and spending money,"According to family economic and financial education specialists, how do adolescents develop sound money management skills?"
semenarche,What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?
menarche,What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?
Restrictive,What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?
permissive,What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?
discrepancies,Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?
Openness,Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives?
negative,Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism?
enjoyment,"Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression?"
high neuroticism and low agreeableness,Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities?
negative,"According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?"
easier to interact socially online,How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?
time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities,Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?
cyberbullying,Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?
alcohol,What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S.?
ecstasy,The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture?
marijuana,"Aside from alcohol, what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years?"
decline,"From the late 1990s to mid 2000s, was drug use in teens on the rise or decline?"
14–15,During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge?
boys,Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light?
girls,Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism?
greater,Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping?
Latin,"From which language does the word ""adolescence"" originate?"
to grow up,"What is the Latin meaning of the word ""adolescere""?"
age of majority,What is another term for legal adulthood?
early twenties,Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age?
greatly increased,"In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?"
68%,What percentage of teens say they text every day?
73%,What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?
51%,What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?
One in four (23%),"What ratio of teens are ""heavy"" social media users, using two types of media daily?"
more likely,Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers?
lose weight,Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet?
early maturing,Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse?
early maturing,Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies?
inexperienced,Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?
different,Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?
girls,Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?
boys,Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?
three to one,What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?
five to four,What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?
every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction,What is a secondary sex characteristic change?
five,How many Tanner stages are there?
pediatrician,What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?
Changes in secondary sex characteristics,"Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?"
secondary,Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?
adolescents,Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?
common sense,Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
culturally-relative,Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
G. Stanley Hall,Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?
describing,"From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?"
Adolescence in 1904,What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?
Darwin,Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?
adolescents,"Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?"
self-concept,"Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?"
by physical traits,How do children tend to define themselves?
cognitive,"Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?"
white,Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied?
middle class,What social class of adolescents is most often studied?
youth,The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?
more likely,Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?
exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general,Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?
relationships,What has the largest affect over one's social development?
large,Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?
heavily emotionally invested in friends,Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?
increases,Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?
Adolescents,Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?
a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision,How is adolescence defined socially?
social events,Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?
focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents,Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?
romantic,Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?
"emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy",What are the three main types of autonomy?
"encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern",How is behavioral autonomy defined?
Behavioral,Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?
the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation,How is cognitive autonomy defined?
match closely,Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?
less,Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires?
more,Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries?
varies greatly,Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant?
"cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors",What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities?
low,Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low?
marijuana,Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?
male,Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?
recent changing social and political views towards marijuana,What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?
uniform,Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?
Social engagement and personal enjoyment,What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
7%,What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
pleasure and recreation,"What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?"
males,"In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?"
adolescence,The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?
nearly a decade,How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?
varies drastically by culture,Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?
adolescence,"Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?"
independence,Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?
different ages,"Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?"
varies by country,Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
between 14 to 17 years of age,When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?
2–4 years after puberty,"For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?"
corners of the upper lip,Where does facial hair first present during puberty?
females,Do males or females experience growth spurts first?
two years later,How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?
4 inches (10.3 cm) a year,What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?
3.5 inches (9 cm),What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?
toddler,Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?
increases,Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?
inverted-U pattern,Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?
synaptic pruning,During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?
more efficient,Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?
Piaget,Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?
executive functions,What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?
prefrontal cortex,Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?
decrease,Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?
adolescents,"Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?"
nine,Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?
higher-order,"Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?"
cognitive,"The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?"
risky behavior,Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what?
both,"Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?"
adolescents,Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?
behavioral decision-making theory,Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
by mid-adolescence,When does differentiation appear fully developed?
distress,Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?
differentiation,"When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?"
1989,In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?
sensitization,What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?
childhood,When does sensitization usually start?
identity confusion,In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?
identity confusion,Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?
increases,Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence?
increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth,"When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible?"
middle adolescence,At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy?
small,"Do adolescents associate with ""cliques"" on a large or small scale?"
help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity,What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?
"exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close",How are cliques defined?
larger,"Do adolescents associate with ""crowds"" on a large or small scale?"
10-45%,What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?
a quarter to a third,What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?
Physical,"Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?"
no,"In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?"
decline,"Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?"
positive,"Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?"
self-care tasks and family-care tasks,How are household chores frequently divided?
The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities,What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?
"interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments",Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?
Adolescence,The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?
"themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in",What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?
cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood,"Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?"
more than three-quarters,What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?
90%,What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?
greatly increased,"In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?"
(65%),What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?
video games,What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?
a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences,What is DIS?
"drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities",What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?
risky and inappropriate behaviors,What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?
the substance use of friends and other classmates,What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?
addictive nature of cigarettes,What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?
significantly greater,Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?
12 to 20 years,What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?
No,Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?
"enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels",What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?
desert,What type of land is Antarctica considered to be?
200 mm (8 in),What is Antarctica's annual precipitation along the coast?
−63 °C (−81 °F),What is Antarctica's average temperature during the coldest part of the year?
"anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000",Approximately how many people live throughout the year at research stations across Antarctica?
"mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades",What are some animals native to Antarctica?
Antarctica,Which continent is the highest in elevation?
200 mm,What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?
−63 °C,What is the average coldest temperature?
−89.2 °C,What is the coldest recorded temperature?
tundra,Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? 
the Andes mountain range of South America,What does West Antarctica most resemble geologically?
by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments,How was the Antarctic Peninsula formed?
late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic,During what eras was the Antarctic Peninsula formed?
andesite and rhyolite volcanics,What are the most common rocks found in West Antarctica?
Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island,Where has evidence of volcanic activity been discovered in Antarctica?
Andes,To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?
sea bed sediments,An uplift of what formed Antarctica?
early Mesozoic,"Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?"
andesite and rhyolite,What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?
volcanic,What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?
Australia,What country was given the name Terra Australis instead of Antarctica?
Explorer Matthew Flinders,Who was credited with popularizing the use of name Terra Australis to Australia?
1814,In what year did Matthew Flinders write his book A Voyage to Terra Australis?
significant landmass,What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?
Matthew Flinders,What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?
A Voyage to Terra Australis,What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?
1814,When did Flinders write his book of discovery?
mistake,What event caused people to misname Antarctica?
Census of Marine Life,Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?
International Polar Year,When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?
235,How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?
cetaceans,"Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?"
5 °C,What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?
Ernest Shackleton,What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?
Edgeworth David,Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?
Douglas Mawson,Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?
1931,When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?
14 December 1911,When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?
1978,When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?
criminal,What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?
"32,000",How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?
1980,When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?
krill,Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?
1957,Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?
Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol,What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?
95%,How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?
small or medium ship,What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?
"37,506",How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?
coal,What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?
Beardmore Glacier,Where was coal first found on Antarctica?
Nimrod Expedition,What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?
Prince Charles Mountains,Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?
Ross Sea,Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?
climate change,What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?
$16.3 million,How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?
zero-emissions,What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?
Belgium,From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?
Johan Berte,Who is the leader of the station design team?
floating ice shelves,What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?
collapses,What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?
Antarctic Peninsula,Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?
glacial outflow,What could the displacement of ice cause?
snow falling,What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?
vegetation,What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?
plant growth,What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?
diversity of plant life,hat is low and limited in Antarctica?
100,How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?
1959,Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?
Antarctic Treaty System,What document regulates Antarctica's status?
south of 60° S,What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?
twelve,How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?
scientific preserve,What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?
17 January 1773,When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?
field ice,What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?
three,How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?
32 km,How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?
1895,When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?
ozone layer,What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?
1985,When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?
Brunt Ice Shelf,Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?
chlorofluorocarbons,What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?
Montreal Protocol,What agreement banned the use of CFC s?
mild,What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?
Northern,In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?
equator,Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?
cooler,What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?
South Pole,Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?
Antarctica,What is the Earth's most southern continent?
South Pole,Which pole is located in Antarctica?
Southern Ocean,What ocean surrounds Antarctica?
"14,000,000 square kilometres",What is the size of Antarctica?
98%,How much of Antarctica is ice covered?
Antarctica,Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?
−89.2 °C,What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?
21 July 1983,On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?
frozen desert,What is Antarctica topographically ?
Sunburn,What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?
Aristotle,Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?
polus antarcticus,What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?
Marinus of Tyre,What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?
pol antartik,What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?
pole antartike,What was the old French words for the Antarctic?
climatic change,In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?
6 °C,How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?
ultraviolet radiation,What light does ozone absorb?
accelerated melting,What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?
enhanced polar vortex,What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?
Several governments,Who has research stations in Antarctica?
between 70 and 350,What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?
one-year,About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?
Bellingshausen Station,What station has an Orthodox church representative?
2004,When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?
Antarctica,What is the southern most continent?
"5,400,000",What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?
fifth-largest,What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?
"11,165",How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?
phytoplankton,What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?
winter,During what season does the emperor penguin breed?
emperor penguin,What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?
feathers,What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?
Adélie,Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?
Vinson Massif,What is the highest peak in Antarctica?
"4,892 m",How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?
Ellsworth Mountains,In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?
underwater,What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?
Mount Erebus,What is the Earth's most southern volcano?
1983,When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?
1988,When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?
"Greenpeace International,",What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?
Australia and France,Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?
Madrid Protocol,What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?
desert,What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?
pteridosperms,What plants were abundant during this time?
Synapsids,What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?
Jurassic period,When did the Antarctic peninsula form?
Cretaceous,During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?
Meteorites,What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?
asteroids,What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?
1912,When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?
Japanese,What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?
well-preserved.,What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?
South Pole,What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?
ice,In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?
snow,What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?
giant ice sheet,What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?
glaciers,What are ice streams otherwise called?
South Georgia,Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?
1786,In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?
sealers,What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?
Norwegian,What was the nationality of most whalers?
1910,When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?
Antarctic Peninsula,Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?
carbon dioxide emissions,What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?
0.1 °C,How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?
inflow of warm water,What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?
atmospheric warming,What is the thinking of the cause  of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.
Antarctic fur seal,What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?
British sealing expeditions,What did  Sir James Weddell command?
Sir James Weddell,For whom is the Weddell seal named ?
Antarctic krill,What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?
important food,Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?
1998,When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?
conservation,What is the main concern of the Protocol?
non-native species,What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?
Committee for Environmental Protection,What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?
biodiversity,"Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?"
resources,What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?
1998,In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?
2048,When will the mining ban be reviewed?
trading of fish,What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?
"112,934 tonnes",How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?
better understanding,How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?
Moon,From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?
New types,"Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?"
Mars,About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?
cosmic radiation,What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?
2002,When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?
Wilkins Ice Shelf,What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?
California,How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?
2005,When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?
5 °C,How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?
19th century,When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?
balance,What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?
symmetry,What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? 
Antarctica,Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?
larger,Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?
98%,How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?
90%,How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?
1.6 km,How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?
70%,How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?
20 mm,What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?
Lake Vostok,What lake is thought to contain microbial life?
Europa,To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?
Jupiter's moon,With what is Europa associated??
7 February 2008,When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?
extremophiles,For what was NASA searching?
Jurassic,In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?
end of the Cretaceous,When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?
subtropical,What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?
Eocene epoch,When did Australia separate from Antarctica?
ice,"After the division from Australia, what began to appear?"
Antarctica,Which of the the poles is colder?
"3,000 m",How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?
warmth is transferred,How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?
orbital distance,What contributes to the Antarctic cold?
decreases,What does temperature do with elevation?
Emilio Marcos Palma,Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?
60th parallel south,Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?
1978,When was Palma born?
suitable for family life,What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?
1150,How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?
cryptoendoliths,What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?
400,How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?
adaptations,What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?
similar to Antarctic,How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?
Queen Elizabeth Land,What did the British claim in 2012?
Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee,To what was the claim of land in tribute?
protest,What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?
18 December 2012,When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?
Falklands War,Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?
visitors,The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?
stricter regulations,What do environmentalists want enacted?
tourism quota,What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?
site use guidelines,What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?
1979,When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?
Geologists,What group of scientists study tectonics?
Biologists,Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?
Glaciologists,Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?
astronomical,What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?
Amundsen–Scott station.,Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?
Saint Joachim and Saint Anne,Who were Mary's parents?
three years old,How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?
Joseph,Who was Mary betrothed to?
12–14 years old,"When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?"
the Temple in Jerusalem,Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?
Gabriel,Which angel appeared to Mary?
assumed directly into Heaven,What happened to Mary's body at death?
her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus,What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?
mother of Jesus,How was Mary related to Jesus?
Gospel of Luke,Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?
1950,When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?
Munificentissimus Deus,In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?
Pope Pius XII,Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?
Eastern Orthodox Church,"Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?"
Dormition,What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?
40 days,"How long in total was the ""blood of her purifying"" for Mary?"
the Temple in Jerusalem,Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?
Jesus,Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?
Simeon and the prophetess Anna in,Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?
Nazareth,To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?
priest,What was Zechariah's occupation?
Levi,Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?
Elisheba,Who was Aaron's wife?
Judah,Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?
Nathan,Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?
Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?
pietà,"In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?"
Salome,"In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?"
pity,What does pieta mean?
a Stabat Mater,What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?
Isis,Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?
Egyptian,What type of goddess is Isis?
iconographic,What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?
Turkey,In which country is Ephesus?
Anne Catherine Emmerich,Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?
John the Evangelist,"Which disciple is known as ""the Disciple whom Jesus loved?"""
John,With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?
19th,In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?
787,In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?
842,In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?
icon of the Virgin Theotokos,Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?
Marian art,What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?
"flat, two-dimensional icons","In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?"
Ephesus,Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?
Artemis,Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?
William E. Phipps,"Who was the author of the book, ""Survivals of Roman Religion?"""
Queen Theodora,Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?
Ephesus,Where was Mary rumored to have died?
King David,"Jesus was known as the ""King of Kings"" because of his lieage from who?"
Our Lady of Ransom,Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?
Mary,Who was the mother of Jesus?
Luke,Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary?
Martin Luther,Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary?
1854,In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized?
Pope Pius IX,Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception?
Mother of God,What does Theotokos mean?
Wittenberg,Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?
August 15,On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?
Dormition of the Theotokos,What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?
August 28,On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?
12,How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?
do not,Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?
blue,Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?
lapis lazuli,What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?
Afghanistan,From which country was lapis lazuli imported?
gold,Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?
Byzantine Empire,Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?
biological mother,"According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?"
Emanuel Swedenborg,Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?
Nontrinitarians,"Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?"
Marian,"""Mother of God"" is an example of what kind of title?"
Maryam,By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?
19,Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?
two,In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?
Luke,Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? 
Zakariya,Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?
Ever-Virgin,What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?
Jerome,Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?
Orthodox Churches,Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?
Protoevangelium of James,What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?
The Perpetual Virginity of Mary,"Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?"
Angels,"In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?"
The Theotokia,What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?
the Theotokos,"In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?"
"""Lady of the Angels""",What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?
a virgin,What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?
the Church of England,What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?
the Episcopal Church,Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?
veneration of Mary,What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?
Protestant,What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?
venerating Mary,For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?
16th,In which century did the Council of Trent occur?
Anglicans and Lutherans,Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?
Age of the Enlightenment,During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?
Catholics,Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?
the Immaculate Conception,Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?
John Wesley,Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?
Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds,What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?
the Church of England,The Methodist movement began in which church?
the perpetual virginity of Mary,Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?
Allah,To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?
Zakariya,Which prophet cared for Mary?
Al-Mihrab,What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?
the Temple,Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?
"heavenly ""provisions""",What did God provide for Mary?
Celsus,Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?
Panthera,What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?
Alexandria,Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?
2nd,In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?
to challenge the divinity of Jesus,For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?
Giver of birth to God,What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?
Protestants,Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?
Maryam,What is Mary called in Islam?
brevity of biblical references,What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?
"Anglican, and Lutheran","Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?"
betrothal,What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?
Gabriel,Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?
divorce her,What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?
in Nazareth in Galilee,Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?
an angel of the Lord,"In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?"
Matthew,Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?
alma,What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?
19th,Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?
1:34,"Which verse in Luke states that Mary had ""no relations with man"" before Jesus' birth?"
the Apostles' Creed,"Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?"
Blessed,What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?
beatus,What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?
four,How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?
Perpetual virginity of Mary,"Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?"
standing hymns,What are Akathists?
Five,How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?
the Akathist Hymn,What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?
Sunday of Orthodoxy,Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?
Annunciation of our Lady,What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?
31 May,On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?
the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary,What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?
February 2,On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?
New Year's Day,On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?
Karl Barth,"Which theologian described Mariology as ""the heresy of the Catholic Church?"""
mother,Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?
veneration and invocation,Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?
God,Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?
Virgin Mary,Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?
1:23,Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?
Luke,Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
virgin,"What is the English tranlation of the Greek word ""parthenos?"""
until,"What is the meaning of the Greek word ""heos?"""
Whoever does the will of God,"Who did Jesus say were his ""brother, and sister, and mother?"""
A prophet,"According to Jesus, who is ""without honor except in his own town?"""
rejected,What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?
hyperdulia,What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?
787,"In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?"
other saints and angels,Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?
Sergei Bulgakov,"Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be ""superior to all created beings,"" but is not to be the object of worhip?"
latria,What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?
431,In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?
Nestorius,Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?
Mother of God,"What does the phrase ""Mater Dei"" mean?"
"""Deipara"" and ""Dei genetrix""","What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term ""Theokotos?"""
Godbearer,What is the literal translation of Theokotos?
December 8,On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?
Pope Pius IX,Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
1854,In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
in her mother's womb,"According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?"
ancestral sin,"What is the Greek term that means the same thing as ""original sin?"""
The Protoevangelium of James,What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?
three,At what age was Mary consecrated?
Zachariah,Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?
an angel,"While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?"
Islamic,Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?
a Messenger of God,"According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?"
Allah,"Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?"
People of the Book,What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?
the Toledot Yeshu,Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?
warding off conversions to Christianity,"According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?"
virgin,"What is the meaning of the term ""parthenos?"""
medieval,During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?
the birth of Jesus,What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?
Melbourne Airport,What is the second busiest airport in Australia?
Tullamarine Airport,What is another name Melbourne Airport is called?
Flinders Street Station,What is Melbourne's main metropolitan train terminus called?
Southern Cross Station,What is Melbourne's main regional train and coach terminus called?
the Port of Melbourne,What is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?
Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport),What airport serves Melbourne?
Flinders Street Station,What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?
Southern Cross Station,What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne?
Melbourne,What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network?
Australia,What country has the world's largest urban tram network?
Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport),What passenger airport serves Melbourne?
Port of Melbourne,What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne?
Flinders Street Station,What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?
Australia,Who has the most extensive freeway network?
Southern Cross Station,What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne?
Tullamarine Airport,What is another name for Melborne Airport?
Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport),Which airport is the second busiest in Australia?
Port of Melbourne,Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?
Flinders Street Station,What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?
Melbourne,Where is the world's largest urban tram network located?
Between 1836 and 1842,Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?
675,In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?
The British Colonial Office,Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839?
240 wealthy Europeans,Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?
675,How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844?
five,How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839?
1845,By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses?
Between 1836 and 1842,During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?
1860,When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?
gold mining,How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?
wool,What was protected by high tarriffs?
"diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.","In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?"
1860,By what year was the gold rush largely over?
wool,What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?
"introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands",What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?
smallpox,Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?
80%,The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?
Melbourne,What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?
Oceania,What is the second most populas city in Australia?
large natural bay of Port Phillip,Where is the Metropolis?
"4,347,955 as of 2013",What is the population of Melbourne?
Melburnians,What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?
Melbourne,Which city is the capital of Victoria?
Melbourne,Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?
31,Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?
"4,347,955",What was Melbourne's population in 2013?
Melburnians,What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?
1890s,When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?
"16 small ""land banks"" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies",What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?
late 1890s,When did new construction start in Melbourne?
1893.,When did Australia have a banking crisis?
early 1890s,During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?
133,How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
16,"How many ""land banks"" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?"
Australian,The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?
late 1890s,When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?
tent city,What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?
1851,In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?
"Irish, German and Chinese",Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?
Melbourne Chinatown,Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?
second half of the nineteenth century,During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?
1880,In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?
1881,When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?
1885,In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built?
Exhibition Building,In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held?
four seasons in one day,What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?
−2.8 °C (27.0 °F),What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?
21 July 1869,On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?
46.4 °C (115.5 °F),What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
7 February 2009,On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
closed,Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?
Southbank,On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?
The Rialto,Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?
The Rialto tower,What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?
Eureka Tower,What is the tallest tower in Australia?
industries and property market,To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?
"Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf",In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?
Australian Bureau of Statistics,Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?
three,How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?
increased,What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?
high population growth,What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?
middle and outer-ring,Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?
medium-density and high-density,What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?
"the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke",Who was Melbourne named by?
1847,What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?
"the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne",Who was Melbourne named in honor of?
1927,What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?
Victoria,Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?
2002,In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?
City of Glen Eira,Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?
2020,By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?
largest,Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?
EPA Victoria and several local councils,Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?
William Pitt,Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? 
Eureka Tower,Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?
Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight,Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?
2006,In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?
second largest,How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?
Van Diemen's Land,Tasmania was formerly known as what?
"600,000",How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?
John Batman,Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?
eight,How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?
2 September 1835,On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?
quarter acre home and garden,What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?
high-density,"Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?"
1945,Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?
low density,Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?
public buildings,"When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?"
1850s and 1860s,"During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?"
gold rush,Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?
Melbourne Writers Festival,Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?
novels,"What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?"
set in Melbourne,"What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?"
Melbourne,"Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?"
writers and poets,"What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?"
Marvellous Melbourne,Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?
1888,In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?
1887,In what year was a hydraulic facility established?
1889,In what year was the APA Building completed?
elevators,What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?
Economist Intelligence Unit,Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?
fifth year in a row,For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?
Melbourne,Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?
Melbourne Shuffle,What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?
six,How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?
fourth,"According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008?"
seven,How many public universities are located in Melbourne?
public,Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution?
rapid increase,Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne?
1958,In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?
Chadstone Shopping Centre,Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?
demolished or subdivided,What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?
CBD and St Kilda Road,Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?
1956,In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?
"2006, 2008 and 2010","In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the ""World's Ultimate Sports City""?"
Europe and the United States,"Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?"
Olympic Stand,Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?
Melbourne,Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?
1837,In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?
13 April 1837,On what date did the official general post office open?
the Hoddle Grid,What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?
Batmania,What was the settlement originally named?
less affected,Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?
property market,Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases?
Brisbane and Perth,"After Melbourne, which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009?"
Melbourne @ Five Million strategy,What is the name given to Melbourne's population strategy that was revised in 2008? 
Two,How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
NAB and ANZ,Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
Melbourne,Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?
Scoresby,Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?
Ford Australia,Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?
1850s and 1860s,In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?
1855,"In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?"
1859,"Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and ""regattas"" become popular?"
1861,In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?
the Burke and Wills statue,What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?
68.1%,What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?
Chinese,What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?
"70,000",The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?
more affordable housing and cost of living,What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?
spring and summer,During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?
cold fronts,"Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?"
changeable,Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?
Cfb,What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?
Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean,What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?
the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project,Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?
fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected,Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations?
"350,000",Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?
The Transition Decade,What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability?
"septic systems, as well as litter",What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries?
freeway and highway developments,Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?
Bolte,Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?
Hoddle Street,The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?
car-dominated,Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?
declining,Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?
16,How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have?
Flinders Street Station,Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?
Flinders Street Station,Which Melbourne rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926?
2013–2014,During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips?
twice a day,How often does the XPT to Sydney depart?
Deakin University,Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?
'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education,What is the role of the DEECD?
Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD),Who oversees education in Melbourne?
Melbourne,Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?
Victoria,Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?
addressing and postal purposes,Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?
48.6,Approximately how many sunny days does Melbourne receive annually?
9.5 °C (49.1 °F) to 11.7 °C (53.1 °F),What is the range of Melbourne's dewpoint temperatures in the summer?
eastern suburbs,Which suburbs usually are affected by relatively narrow streams of heavy showers?
warmer,Is Port Phillip generally warmer or colder than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass?
Local Government Act 1989,Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management?
Parliament House in Spring Street,From where does the Victorian state government operate?
state government,"Contrary to other countires, are public transport, traffic control, policing, and education the responsibility of local or state government?"
1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km),What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?
Royal Arcade,What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?
southern,Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?
Flinders Street Station,Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s?
Collins Street,On which street is the A.C. Goode House located?
1909,In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed?
"Wright, Reed & Beaver",Who designed the A.C. Goode House?
Neo Gothic,What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House?
Australian rules football and cricket,What are the two most popular sports in Melbourne?
March 1877,When was the first official Test cricket match played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground?
Docklands Stadium,Where is the Australian Football League headquartered?
Nine,How many of the Australian Football League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area?
five,Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne?
The Port of Melbourne,Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?
South Yarra,How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?
two million,"How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?"
The Port of Melbourne,Which is Australia's busiest port?
Port Phillip Bay,Where is Station Pier located?
"60,000",How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?
one third,What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?
Sydney,"In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?"
$15.8 billion,Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?
1.88 million,How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?
larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney,Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?
two,In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?
2037 or 2039,"According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?"
Pavilion,Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?
East End Theatre District,"The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?"
1841,In what year did the Pavilion open?
Southbank,Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?
1955,From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?
Three,How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne?
Six,How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong?
transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra,From where is C31 broadcast?
Hybrid digital/print media,What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand?
June 2014,When did Melbourne Heart become known as Melbourne City FC?
Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs,What are Melbourne's two ice hockey teams named?
Yarra,In which river was the annual Race to Prince's Bridge held?
Etihad Stadium,Where does the soccer club Melbourne Victory play home games?
Melbourne United,Which basketball club in Melbourne plays in the NBL?
high,Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile?
CityLink,Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge?
3.6 million,"How many private vehicles travel Melbourne's 13,870 miles of road?"
Hume Freeway,Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney?
curtail urban sprawl,What have Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 aimed to do?
"9,000",How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?
"7,900",How many people did Fitzroy have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?
"12,400","According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had a population density of how many people per km2?"
Melbourne,Where are Million Dollar Minute and Family Feud based?
in and around Melbourne,"Where are Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, and The Block filmed?"
Television shows,"Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Winners and Losers, Offspring, and Underbelly are examples of what kind of media produced in Melbourne?"
"The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast",Which national news-based programs are based in Melbourne?
Melbourne,Which city is known as the game show capital of Australia?
four,How many airports does Melbourne have?
Melbourne Airport,Which airport is the city's main international and domestic gateway?
Melbourne Airport,Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia?
Buses and taxis,What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports?
Flinders Street Station,Which rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927?
25%,"In the 1940s, what percentage of travellers used public transport?"
7.6%,"In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?"
1999,In what year was the public transport system privatised?
20%,What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006?
Melbourne Water,Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?
the Victorian Government,Who owns Melbourne Water?
Thomson River Dam,Which is Melbourne's largest dam?
Victorian Alps,Where is the Thomson River Dam located?
60%,How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?
gold,Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what?
Ballarat and Geelong,Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era?
"three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants",How much did Melbourne's population increase within months of the gold rush?
1865,By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city?
Royal Exhibition Building,Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901?
1930,The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year?
Canberra,Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927?
9 May 1901,On what date was the first federal parliament convened?
1989 to 1992,During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn?
Adelaide,The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?
Melbourne,"Which city is the center of Australia's ""rust belt""?"
Kennett,Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy?
Little River,Which body of water and township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and Geelong?
Geelong,Little River marks the boundary between Melbourne and which city?
Melbourne,Little River marks the boundary between Geelong and which other city?
improved significantly,Has Melbourne's air quality improved or declined since the 1980s?
"Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures",What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies?
Bracks Government,Which government announced a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant in June 2007?
150 billion litres,How many litres of water will the Wonthaggi desalination plant be capbale of treating per year?
"The climate, waterfront location and nightlife",Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?
five,For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?
just under two million,How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
57.7 million,How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
Moomba,What is Australia's largest free community festival?
The Story of the Kelly Gang,What was the world's first feature film?
Melbourne,In what city was the world's first feature film shot in 1906?
perceived promotion of crime,Why were films banned by Victorian politicans in 1912?
1912,What year were bushranger films banned by Victorian politicians?
1959,"In what ""lull"" year was On the Beach filmed?"
Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens,What are the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne?
single architectural style,Is residential architecture in Melbourne defined by a single architectural style or an eclectic mix of buildings?
metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl),"Are townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings found more prevalent in the metropolitan area or outside the city?"
"finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism",In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?
Melbourne,Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?
BHP Billiton,Which company is the world's largest mining company?
Melbourne,Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?
$75 billion,How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?
Melbourne,Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?
Smith,What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
Thessaloniki,Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?
Nguyen,What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
Swinburne University,Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia?
The University of Melbourne,Which university is the second oldest in Australia?
Monash,"Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato, Italy?"
a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education,What is the Group of Eight?
ABC Triple J and youth run SYN,What are examples of Youth radio stations?
"Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R",Which music stations strive to play under represented music?
JOY 94.9,"Which radio station caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender audiences?"
SEN 1116,Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts?
classical,3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music?
the city's 1880s land boom,What are the origins of Melbourne's tram network?
176.9 million,How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?
"1,763",How many tram stops are on Melbourne's tram network?
almost 300,How many routes does Melbourne's bus network consist of?
127.6 million,How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013-2014
24 December 1166,When was John born?
Eleanor of Aquitaine,Who did Henry marry?
Holy Roman Emperor,Who was Henry's ally?
Eleanor,Who backed John's elder brothers?
Paris,Where did Henry travel to?
Geoffrey,Who returned to Brittany?
Eleanor,Who was imprisoned?
6 April 1199,When did Richard die?
John,Who was the sole surviving son?
Westminster,Where was John crowned?
Arthur,Whose army pressed up the Loire valley?
1202,When did Philip summon John to attend court?
Count of Poitou,What was John summoned as?
vis et voluntas,What principle did John's predecessors use?
divine majesty,What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?
12th century,What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?
royal schizophrenia,What did John suffer from?
sudden change in prices,What happened at the start of John's reign?
13th century,How long did the inflationary pressure continue?
1204 and 1205,When did John address problems with the English currency?
carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage,How did he address the problems with the English currency?
John,Who was Henry's favorite child?
1177,When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland?
1189,When did Richard I become king?
John,Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators?
Isabella of Angoulême,Who was John's second wife?
downright mean, Nicholas Vincent was described as what?
1207 and 1215,When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella?
five children,How many children did John and Isabella have?
1202,When did war with France break out?
1209,When was John excommunicated?
1215,When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?
Henry III,Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?
Baronial unrest in England,What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?
1206,When did Poitou depart?
to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile,Why did John divert south?
to meet John,Why did Philip move south?
1170,When was Henry crowned King of England?
Normandy and Anjou,What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance?
Geoffrey,Who became the Duke of Brittany?
Lackland,What was John's nickname?
5 ft 5 in,How tall was John?
travelling library of books,What did John build up?
John,Who became a connoisseur of jewels?
biting and gnawing his fingers,What did John do in fits of rage?
13 July 1205,When did Hubert Walter die?
a dispute with Pope Innocent III,What lead to the king's excommunication?
historian Ralph Turner,Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader?
1185,When did John make his first visit to Ireland?
300,How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?
making fun of their unfashionable long beards,How did John offend the local Irish rulers?
Richard,Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?
dysentery,How did Henry the Young King die?
John,Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?
1184,When did the war end?
May 1213,When were the papal terms for submission accepted?
"1,000",How many marks did John surrender?
Bulla Aurea,Where was the agreement formalised?
French king Philip II,Who did John explore an alliance with?
assert that his brother was dead,What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?
Duke of Austria,Who captured Richard?
1194,When did the king return to England?
Longchamp,Who refused to work with Puiset?
October 1191,When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?
England,Where did Walter of Coutances return to?
Northampton,Where did the rebel barons congregate?
Robert fitz Walter,Who was the rebel baron leader?
organise peace talks with the rebel barons,What did John instruct Langton to do?
two years,How long did the new peace last?
August 1200,When was John's decision to marry Isabella?
Gascony,John acquired key land between Poitou and where?
France,John moved south into where?
Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne,Who renewed the anti-French alliances?
May 1200,When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?
John Softsword,What nickname did John's policy earn him?
French prince Louis,The rebel barons invited who to lead them?
Blanche of Castile,Who was Henry II's granddaughter?
he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion,What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?
Pope Innocent III,Who did John attempt to convince?
Falaise,Where was Arthur imprisoned?
Eleanor,Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?
Mirebeau,What victory strengthened John's position?
William de Roches,Who deserted John in favor of Philip?
tenuous,How was John's financial situation?
William Marshal,Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?
Louis,Who gave up their claim to the English throne?
Magna Carta,What agreement failed?
1259,Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?
acquiring the large sums of money needed,What was one of John's principal challenges?
1189,When did Richard sell many royal properties?
"fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges",Where did John derive income from?
administration of justice,What was of particular importance to John?
1194,When was the system of coroners first introduced?
potential of the royal legal process to raise fees,Why was John motivated?
1940s,When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?
Vivian Galbraith,"Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a ""new approach?"""
Lewis Warren,Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed?
the barons,John was deeply suspicious of who?
William Marshal,What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia?
"40,000",How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay?
1211,When did De Braose die?
Thomas Becket,Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?
the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons,What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?
cripple his vassals,John had to additional ability to do what?
securing England,John spent much of 1205 doing what?
1181,When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms?
one,How many knights out of ten would be mobilised?
Normandy,John focused on trying to retake what?
Capetian power,John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?
use Poitou as a base of operations,What was John's preferred plan?
Lord of Ireland,John remained what throughout his reign?
1210,When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?
increased the size of his lands in Ireland,"During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?"
late 12th and early 13th centuries,When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?
Henry II,Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?
Treaty of Norham,What did John force William to sign?
the equivalent of a papal declaration of war,John treated the interdict as what?
those clergy unwilling to conduct services,John seized the lands of who?
November 1209,When did Innocent excommunicate the king?
"100,000",How many marks did the church lose?
the Capetian court in Paris,John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?
England,Who was barred Langton from entering England?
March 1208,when did Innocent place an interdict on England?
Roche-au-Moine,John besieged what castle?
The local Angevin nobles,Who refused to advance with the king?
Philip,Who won the battle of Bouvines?
six years,How long was the truce intended to last for?
1214,When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?
"Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders",Who did John build alliances with?
February 1214,When did John leave for Poitou?
rebels,Who made the first move in the war?
Rochester Castle,What did the rebels seize?
Llywelyn the Great,Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?
isolate the rebel barons in London,What was John's strategy?
rebel barons,Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?
Innocent,John appealed to who for help?
First Barons' War,The failure of the agreement lead to what?
significant part of his baggage,What did the king lose on his way to the west?
October 1216,When did John face a stalemate?
as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries,When were the Crown Jewels lost?
September 1216,"When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?"
Cotswolds,Where did John march from?
King's Lynn,Where did John contract dysentery?
Alexander II,Who invaded northern England?
Tudor historians,Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?
John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine,"What praised John's ""great renown"" as a king?"
16th century,When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?
Ivanhoe,What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?
Claude Rains,Who played John in 1938?
Robin Hood,Who was John depicted alongside?
"Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto",Which historians wrote early in John's life?
unsympathetic,How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?
Islam,John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?
Tudor period,When did popular representations of John begin to emerge?
The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington,What was Anthony Munday's play?
proto-Protestant martyr,"In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what?"
Contemporary chroniclers,Who was critical of John's performance as king?
Jim Bradbury,What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?
Western,John remains a recurring character within what culture?
Aquitaine,Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?
the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy,Who was Alais?
"Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau",What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?
malevolentia,Richard withdrew what towards John?
John,Who was the Count of Mortain?
1195,When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle?
Hugh of Lusignan,Who was Isabella engaged to?
a key Poitou noble family,Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what?
contempt,John treated Hugh with what?
Château Gaillard,What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203?
Philip's forces,Who blocked John's relief operation?
March 1204,When did Gaillard fall?
Duchy of Aquitaine,What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent?
eleven,How many times did John levi scutage payments?
1194,When did John initiate a new round of appointments?
The Jews,Who were subject to huge taxes?
1207,When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods?
married noblewomen,Many of John's mistresses were what?
five,How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage?
None,How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried?
50,How many galleys were available by the end of 1204?
1209 and 1212,54 vessels were built between what years?
William of Wrotham,"Who was appointed ""keeper of the galleys?"""
Wales,Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?
Llywelyn the Great,Who did John marry Joan to?
marcher lords and the native Welsh,What did John use to increase his own territory and power?
1211,When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?
1209,Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?
1212,When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?
French invasion,What threat was John worried about?
London,Where did John hold a council in January 1215?
Poitou,Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?
a crusader,John announced his intent to become what?
November,When did John retake Rochester Castle?
Alexander II of Scotland,John marched against who in January 1216?
north side of London and East Anglia,John sent William Longespee to retake what?
18 October,When did John die?
1232,When was a new sarcophagus made for him?
Worcester Cathedral,Where was John buried?
James Ramsay,Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?
Domesday Book and Magna Carta,What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?
Victorian,What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?
King Philip II of France,John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?
baronial revolt,What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?
Capetian,The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?
Poitiers,Where did Eleanor leave to?
Ranulph Glanville,John was taught by who?
magister,John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?
his father,John spent the conflict traveling alongside who?
1175,When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?
Henry,Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland?
Longchamp,Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?
Eleanor,Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?
September 1189,When did Richard become king?
defensive potential of castles,Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what?
Brabançons,What were mercenary forces called?
Château Gaillard,What castle was built at a strategic point?
William de Roches,Who accompanied John?
southern flank weakening,Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?
Arthur,Who was caught by surprised?
sophisticated system of administration,What did John inherit in England?
the Treasury and the Exchequer,Who dealt with income and expenditure?
Henry I and Henry II,John followed in the tradition of who?
several groups of followers,John's royal household was based around what?
senior officials and agents of the king,Who were the curia regis?
their uncivilised behaviour,The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?
impious,Historians suspected that John was at best what?
Hugh of Lincoln,Who was later declared a saint?
John's offerings to the poor,Many records showed what?
focused on building up his financial and military resources,What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?
Otto IV,"By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?"
the harbour of Damme,John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?
John de Gray,Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?
Reginald and John de Gray,Who did Innocent disavow?
Canterbury chapter,Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?
north of England,Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?
Peter des Roches,Who was appointed justiciar?
The failure of John's French military campaign,What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?
15 June 1215,When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?
twenty-five,A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?
Magna Carta,The peace agreement was renamed what?
May 1216,When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?
due to the risks of open battle,Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?
end of the summer,When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?
1214,When was Isabel released from imprisonment?
Alexander II of Scotland,Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?
five,How many legitimate children did John have?
Henry III,Who was John's eldest son?
Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren,What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?
John's numerous faults,Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?
a less effective general,John Gillingham considers John what?
expensive,What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?
education and desktop publishing,Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?
Wintel,"Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?"
performance,What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?
Compaq,"Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?"
64 kilobytes (kB),How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?
"Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team",Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?
Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor,What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?
fewer RAM chips than the Lisa,Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?
memory slots,What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?
$2.5 million,How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek?
"""Test Drive a Macintosh""",What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek?
a Macintosh,What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours?
a bad condition,How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable?
John Sculley,Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion?
The Mac Plus,What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?
just over four years and ten months,"How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?"
Macintosh Programmer's Workshop,"In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?"
cooperative multitasking,What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?
HyperCard and MultiFinder,"After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?"
the Macintosh IIx,What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?
the Macintosh IIci,"What was the first Mac to be ""32-bit clean""?"
"US$9,900",What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?
two,How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?
40 MHz,How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?
"Mac OS, System 7",Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?
Frogdesign,Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?
the Apple Industrial Design Group,What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?
Apple Industrial Design Group,Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?
co-operative multitasking,How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?
Steve Jobs,Who returned to Apple in 1997?
Mac OS 8,What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?
the clone line,What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?
significant financial losses,What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?
USD$36 million,How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?
replacement,What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?
Pascal,What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?
C++,What language replaced Pascal for System 7?
Mac OS X,What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?
Aqua,"Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?"
Macintosh,What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?
8 GB,What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?
Thunderbolt,Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?
October 2005,When was the iMac G5 released?
Front Row,Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?
8 GB,What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?
Intel x86-64,What processors are used by the current Mac product family?
two,How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?
up to 10 gigabits per second.,"According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?"
boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application,Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?
Open Firmware-based PCI Macs,What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?
bugs in the firmware implementation,What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?
EFI,Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?
Open Firmware,Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?
Regis McKenna,Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?
primary authors,What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?
John Sculley,"Who introduced the ""multiple exclusive"" event marketing concept to Apple?"
Pepsi,"Which company first used the ""multiple exclusive"" event marketing concept?"
a mystique,"What did the ""multiple exclusive"" event marketing concept create around a product?"
Compaq,Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?
IBM,Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?
struggled,What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?
Windows 95,What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?
Windows 95,What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?
2.06,What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?
research firms,Who are IDC and Gartner?
6.1 percent,What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?
30,What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?
16%,What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?
the Macintosh II,When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?
The Macintosh SE,What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?
$2900,What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?
high voltage,What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?
an authorized Apple dealer,Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?
the success of the iPod and the iPhone,What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?
iCloud cloud service,What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?
smartphones and tablet computers,What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?
Apple's own iPhone,Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?
iPhone and iPad,What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?
relatively inexpensive Macs,What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?
The Macintosh Classic,What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?
LC,"Which Macintosh had a distinctive ""pizza box"" case?"
only one,How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?
considerably lower,How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?
2006,When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?
MacBook Pro,Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?
Glass,Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?
environmentally friendly,Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?
replaceable batteries,What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?
Jef Raskin,Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?
an Apple employee,What was Jef Raskin's profession?
"easy-to-use, low-cost",What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?
for legal reasons,Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?
audio equipment,"What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?"
John Dvorak,"Who discussed rumors of a mysterious ""MacIntosh"" project in 1983?"
"Apple factory in Fremont, California",Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?
US$1.5 million,"How much did the television commercial ""1984"" cost?"
Macintosh 128K,"What did the television commercial ""1984"" introduce?"
"""more successful than the Mac itself.""","What did Regis McKenna call the ""1984"" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?"
1997,When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?
Apple Inc.,"Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?"
original Macintosh computer,"What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?"
integral graphical user,What interface type did the original Macintosh include?
Since 1998,"When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of ""Mac""?"
1985,When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?
Macintosh,What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?
"Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher",What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?
"design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics",What did desktop publishing enable users to do?
"Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator",What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?
September 1979,What year was Raskin hired by Apple?
"his long-time colleague, Brian Howard",Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?
"Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble",Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?
Steve Jobs,Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?
3.36 million,How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?
7.3%,What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010?
9.3%,What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011?
about 6%,What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014?
"Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer",Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?
Claris,"In 1987, what did Apple spin off its software business as?"
"""Pro"" series",Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing?
Claris Resolve,What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?
AppleWorks,What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0?
1998,When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple?
MacWrite and MacPaint,"What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after ""1984"" was aired?"
This was a time-consuming task,Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?
1984,What year did Microsoft's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?
1985,What year was Apple's Macintosh Office suite introduced?
insulting its own potential customers,"What did Apple's ""Lemmings"" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?"
Apple,"According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?"
third,"What was Macintosh ranked on the ""list of intended brands for desktop purchases"" for the 2011 holiday season?"
Hewlett Packard,"Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season ""list of intended brands for desktop purchases""?"
Dell,"Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season ""list of intended brands for desktop purchases""?"
MacBooks,Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?
memory,What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?
a hard disk drive,What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?
larger-capacity chips,What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?
quadruple,"How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?"
the logic board,What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?
they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI,On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?
against Apple,How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?
seven years,How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?
"the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows",What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?
GUIs in general,What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?
confused potential buyers,What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?
Macintosh clones,What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?
cheaper hardware,What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?
market share,What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?
Apple,Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?
early 2001,When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?
Steve Jobs,Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?
DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives,What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?
"""Rip, Mix, Burn""",Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?
Power Mac G4 Cube,What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?
Macintosh Portable,What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?
1989,When was the Macintosh Portable first released?
the PowerBook line,What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?
a color screen,What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?
second,Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?
Darwin and NEXTSTEP,What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?
everyone running Snow Leopard or later,Who did Apple make Maverick free to?
most Macs from 2007 and later,What computers is Maverick compatible with?
Mavericks,What brought better multi display support to Mac?
2013,When was Mavericks introduced?
Power Mac G4 Cube,What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?
too expensive,Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?
earlier perception,What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?
July 2001,When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?
one third of expectations,How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?
malware and spyware,"Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?"
early 2011,When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?
an increasing problem,How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?
"100,000",How many users were affected by the increase in malware?
the removal,What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?
slightly over 14%,What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?
a budget PC,"Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?"
Steve Jobs' return,Apple has remained profitable since what time?
a higher-income demographic,"According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?"
Steve Jobs,Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?
Jean-Louis Gassée,Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?
a component shortage,What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?
cut prices,What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?
Apple USA head,Who was Allan Loren?
May 1990,When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?
CRT displays,What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?
higher cost of the LCD technology,Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?
the education market,Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?
relatively bulky and somewhat outdated,What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?
the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service,"After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?"
seven out of ten,"In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?"
The use of Intel microprocessors,What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?
Intel's latest CPUs,"In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?"
MacBooks,What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?
Mac Mini,What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?
its multiple consumer-level desktop models,What did Apple consolidate in 1998?
iMac G3,What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?
revitalized the brand,What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?
2011,When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?
Mac Mini and Mac Pro,What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?
over a personality conflict with Jobs,Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?
Jobs,"According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?"
Apple stock options,What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?
Xerox PARC,Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?
an internal power struggle,What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?
the third industry standard,What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?
Only about ten,How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?
79,How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?
"280,000",How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?
two,How many databases did Apple have available the first year?
Motorola,Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?
a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor,What powered the Macintosh II?
$5500,How much did the Macintosh II sell for?
The Macintosh II,What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?
the IBM PC,What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?
Macintosh,"When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?"
the average user,Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?
a component shortage,What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?
Apple USA head Allan Loren,Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?
Macintosh platform,What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?
Intel chips,What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?
Motorola 68040,Which platform did Apple choose to use?
Intel,Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?
a generation,How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?
1994,When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?
Bondi blue,"What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?"
two USB ports,What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?
a CD-ROM drive,What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?
external third-party hardware,What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?
"800,000",How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?
2006,When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?
a group of hackers,Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?
for download on their website,How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?
"April 5, 2006",When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?
Boot Camp,What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?
Apple,Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?
Mighty Mouse,What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?
four,How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?
multi-touch gesture recognition,What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?
Magic Mouse,What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?
third-party platform virtualization,What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?
at near native speed,At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?
the Linux operating system,"What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?"
the A20 gate,What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?
MacBook Air,What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?
MacBook Air,What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?
Intel's latest CPUs,What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?
56,"Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?"
when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks,When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?
counter-air defence,What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?
the effectiveness of hostile air action,NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?
passive measures,Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?
homeland defence,What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?
anti-aircraft warfare,What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?
Protivovozdushnaya oborona,What is the Russian term for air defence?
zenitnye,What are the AA systems called in Russian?
PVO,How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
DCA,What is air defence called in French?
aéronef,What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
during the First World War,When were sensors initially developed?
optronics,Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?
Britain,What country created an integrated system for ADGB?
the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command,What did the integrated system for ADGB link?
NATO,What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?
Soviet Union,Which country had the most severe case?
Voyska PVO,This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?
fighter aircraft and ground-based systems,What two systems did Voyska PVO have?
1954,What year did the PVO Strany become independent?
PVO SV,What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?
30 September 1915,When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? 
45,How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?
Radoje Ljutovac,Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?
both pilots died,What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?
First Balkan War in 1912,Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?
successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position,What was the problem with AA gunnery?
predicted trajectory,Different things could affect what with the shell?
'off-set' angles for range and elevation,What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?
the target's future position,Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?
Range and height of the target,What two things figured the fuse length?
World War I,What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?
Gotha G.V bombers,"In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?"
an independent air force,The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?
their range and weapon load,The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?
Europe,Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?
eight,How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?
Britain,Where was the Observer Corps based?
1925,When was the Observer Corps formed?
hostile aircraft flying over Britain,What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?
radar,What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?
RAF,Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?
.50-inch,The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?
an impact fused 2 lb HE shell,What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?
The air-cooled Bofors,What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?
The Predictor AA No 3,What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?
solid fuel rockets,What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?
for anti-aircraft fire,Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?
unrotated projectiles,What were rockets called at this time?
2-inch,How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?
3-inch,What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?
the Bofors 40 mm,What did the British get a license to build?
aircraft of any size,"While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?"
a movie,What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?
The Gun,What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?
Americans,Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?
The interceptor aircraft,What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?
bombers,What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?
after the end of World War II,When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?
the late 1960s,When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?
ICBMs,The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?
the laser,What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?
the late 1960s,When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?
Tactical High Energy Laser,What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?
experimental usefulness,The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?
in the next ten years,When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?
Area air defence,What is the air defence of a certain area called?
Air Forces,Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?
CIM-10 Bomarc,What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?
medium to long range,What range do area defence systems have?
to cover populated areas,What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?
Britain,Which country probably coined the term air defence?
Air Defence of Great Britain,What does ADGB stand for?
1925,What year was the ADGB created?
Amyas Borton,Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?
"""Archibald, certainly not!""",What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?
detect hostile aircraft,What is the first purpose of air defence?
destroy them,What is the second purpose of air defence?
to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space,What is the critical issue in air defence?
at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it,Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?
speed and direction,What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?
Passive air defence,"What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?"
ground forces,Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?
concealment,Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?
important buildings,What was camouflaged during World War II?
the Cold War,Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?
2 to 12,How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?
fire control elements,"In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?"
in a small area,Where do batteries typically get deployed?
SHORAD,Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?
MANPADS,Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?
in the air,It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?
shrapnel,"In addition to high explosive, what else was used?"
igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork),Airburst fuses could be which two things?
Zeppelins,What were hydrogen filled balloons called?
Smoke shells,What was used as targets in training practices?
aimed fire,What was the primary method for HAA fire?
its height,"Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?"
speed and height,Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?
"24,000 feet",Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?
Mechanical,What kind of fuses were needed?
throughout the inter-war period,When were improvements developed for these guns?
1940,What year was the M1 version approved?
90 mm AA gun,Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?
1924,When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?
two 3-inch AA guns,What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?
Soviet Union,Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?
NATO's Allied Command Europe,What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?
forces in the field,Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?
A surface-based air defence capability,What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?
a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon,What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?
John M. Browning,Who designed this cannon?
125,How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?
Bofors 40 mm,What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?
US Navy,What other US group was interested in the Bofors?
a 75 mm gun from Krupp,High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?
Bofors,Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?
"a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36","Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?"
Spain,Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?
Spanish Civil War,What war was the FlaK first used in?
1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system,What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?
Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems,What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?
four,How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?
the Flakvierling,This system was a direct answer to what?
many kilometers,The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?
barrage balloons,What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?
bomber aircraft over cities,What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?
steel cable,How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?
fly at a higher altitude,What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?
minimal,What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?
The maximum distance,What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?
only the ascending part of the trajectory,What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?
maximum ceiling,What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?
vertically,Few AA guns are able to fire which way?
guns,The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?
armored cars and tank chassis,Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?
in the 1960s,When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?
MANPADs,What are man-portable missiles better known as?
the 1960s,When were MANPADs introduced?
ability to quickly follow the target,Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?
Bofors of Sweden,Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?
1950s,When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?
in Nazi Germany,Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?
from fixed installations or mobile launchers,How can land-based SAMs be deployed?
machine-guns or fast cannons,What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?
a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence,These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?
Carrier battle groups,What type of ships are particularly well defended?
fighter jets,Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?
Rocket-propelled grenades,What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?
a steel plate,What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?
US helicopters,What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?
the backblast,An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?
the user,"When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?"
"""effective ceiling""",What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?
The British,"Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?"
for 20 seconds,"Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?"
non-ballistic factors,What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?
guns firing ballistic munitions,What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?
guided missiles,"After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?"
the very shortest ranges,Which range did not use guided missiles?
permanently,Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?
at least 150 mm,What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?
8 July 1914,When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?
the coasts of the British Isles,Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?
complete circle of towers,What was built around naval installations?
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR),Who manned AA guns and searchlights?
Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA),Who used motorised two-gun sections?
Royal Navy,Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI
RAF Regiment,Who protected airfields in WWII?
Cold War,The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?
2004,What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?
British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command,What was disbanded in 1955?
range measurement,What helped with better fuse setting?
Barr & Stroud UB2,What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?
elevation angle,The HRF measured target distance and what else?
Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI),What was the HRF used with to set fuses?
HRF operator,The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?
"balloon, or airship, guns",What kind of guns started attracting attention?
The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail,"In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?"
Fuzing options,The impact and time types of what were analyzed?
"Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider","As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?"
French balloon gun,What gun made the scene in 1910?
French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm,What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?
13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III,What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?
18-pdr guns,What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?
get their fuse setting correct,What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?
well below their targets,Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?
Treaty of Versailles,What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?
in the late 1920s,When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?
In the late 1930s,When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?
1938,When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?
220v 24 kW generators,What did the FlaK 39 have?
track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles,What did the tachymetric devices do?
French Brocq,Which system had electrical tracking?
75 mm,What gun was the French Brocq system used with?
British Wilson-Dalby gun director,Which system used a pair of trackers?
aim-off,Deflection settings were also called what?
German attack,Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?
Battle of Britain,What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?
Army's Anti-aircraft command,What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?
3,The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?
RAF regiment,What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?
1918,When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?
1928,When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?
4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret,What gun did the Royal Navy start using?
30-second running time,How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?
Machine Fuse Setter,What was introduced in 1939?
ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets,What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?
by watching the tracers,How was target lead watched at short range?
short range,Target area is relatively large at what range?
slide rules,"At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?"
small errors in distance,What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?
Rheinmetall,"In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?"
Oerlikon,Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?
Mauser-Werke,Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?
a 3.7 cm,What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?
1935,When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?
"Hochbunker ""High Bunkers""",What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?
"""Flaktürme"" flak towers",Another name for the High Bunkers was what?
anti-aircraft artillery,What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?
Berlin,What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?
Maunsell Forts,What structure did the British build in the North Sea?
the U.S. Army,Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?
the 75 mm Skysweeper system,What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?
the 40 mm Bofors,"The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?"
NATO Air Defence Ground Environment,What does NADGE stand for?
the NATO Integrated Air Defence System,What did NADGE become?
the Kerrison Predictor,What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?
the proper aim point automatically,What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?
as a pointer mounted on the gun,How did the Predictor display the information needed?
followed the pointer and loaded the shells,What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?
Germany,What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?
infantry positions,What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?
altitude,"Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?"
most anti-aircraft gunnery,Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?
World War II,Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?
the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch,What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?
1943,When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
American Lark,What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?
Germans missile research,Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?
guided missile,Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?
Germany,Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?
the Nike Ajax missile,What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?
the larger anti-aircraft guns,The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?
SA-2 Guideline systems,The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?
the railgun,Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?
a Tomahawk,Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?
February 2008,When did the United States Navy test a railgun?
"5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour",How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?
2020 to 2025,When is the railgun expected to be ready?
"barometric, time-delay, or proximity",What are two types of fuses used for shells?
a higher rate of fire,At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber,What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
smallest mounts,Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
a system of concentric layers,Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?
AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP,What protects the outer layer?
the carrier's escorts,The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?
100,What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?
several thousand rounds per minute,What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?
missiles,What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?
Guns,What is being lead to specialty roles?
GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun,What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile,What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?
Kashtan CIWS,What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?
mobile,Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?
trailers,What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?
a fleet of vehicles,"Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?"
places where it is not expected,A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
Soviet,What systems are really geared toward mobility?
Western and Commonwealth militaries,What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?
artillery arm,Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?
1990,Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?
largely communist or ex-communist,What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?
USSR,Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?
air defence,What do armies tend to have in depth?
army-level missile defence systems,Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?
smaller force levels,Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?
self-propelled anti-aircraft guns,What does SPAAG stand for?
all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms,What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?
Israel,"In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?"
Dedicated weapons,The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?
SAM systems with ECCM capabilities,"As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?"
All-Arms Air Defence,What does AAAD stand for?
Ground Based AD,What does GBAD stand for?
Short Range AD,What does SHORAD stand for?
Man Portable AD Systems,What does MANPADS stand for?
Surface to Air Guided Weapon,What does SAGW stand for?
air defence,What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?
aircraft,The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?
guided missiles,"In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?"
command and control,"In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?"
into battalions,How are batteries typically grouped?
light gun or SHORAD,What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?
Homeland air defence,Which military section could have a full military structure?
a full British Army general,Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
three AA corps,How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
the British Isles,Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?
"Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott",Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?
searchlights,What was used because of night attacks?
183,How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?
74,How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?
AA guns,What was many times unpopular with other troops?
machine-gun based weapons,What was mounted on poles by forces?
anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun,What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?
increasing capabilities of aircraft,What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?
lighter weapons,Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?
1925,What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?
Predictor AA No 1,What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?
M3A3,What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?
Predictor AA No 2,What did the British designate the Sperry device as?
UB 7,What replaced the UB 2?
1943,When year did the Dambusters raid happen?
knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit,What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?
a new 55 mm gun,What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?
a centralised control system,What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?
hydraulics,What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?
AAA battalions,What was also utilized to control ground targets?
90 mm M3 gun,"Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?"
120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun,What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?
"60,000 ft",What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?
1950s,What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?
German V-1 cruise missiles,What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?
Folkestone-Dover coast,Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?
Belgium,Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?
Antwerp,What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?
SCR-584 radar,What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?
1982 Falklands War,In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?
British artillery and RAF regiment,What two units used the Rapier missile system?
Sea Slug longer range systems,What older system did the British naval use?
Sea Wolf,What new short range systems did the British naval use?
Machine guns,What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?
Larger SAMs,What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?
MANPADS,What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?
Man-Portable Air Defence Systems,What does MANPADS mean?
air-search radar,How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?
autocannons,Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?
anti-stealth technology,What continues to grow along with stealth technology?
Multiple transmitter radars,What can detect stealth aircraft?
Advanced forms of thermographic cameras,What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?
the S-400,What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?
90 km away,How far away can the S-400 detect a target?
Hinduism,Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?
22,How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?
Uttarakhand,Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?
Sikhism,"Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?"
Old Indo-Aryan,Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?
Sanskrit,What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?
lingua franca,"Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?"
India,Where is Sanskrit usually found?
Old Indo-Aryan,From what is Sanskrit an adaption?
Vedic Sanskrit,From what language did Sanskrit originate?
1970,In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?
Gujarat,Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?
1974,In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?
Over 90,"Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?"
6:55 AM IST,What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?
daily newspaper,"What is the publication, Sudharma?"
"Mysore, India",Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?
Sanskrit,What language are many periodicals published in in India?
1974,Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?
AIR's website,Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?
Prakrits,"In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?"
Pāṇini and Patanjali,The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?
social class and educational attainment,The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?
Middle Indo-Aryan,What type of language were Prakrits?
Madhav Deshpande,"Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a ""particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?"""
perfected manner,What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?
social class,Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?
ritual,How was Sanskrit originally used?
Ancient India,Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?
vernacular Prakrits,With what did Sanskrit exist beside?
between the fourth and eighth centuries,Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?
Kharosthi,What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?
Śāradā,Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?
11th or 12th century,In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?
Devanagari,Which script replaced the Gupta script?
Brahmic scripts,What were used to write Sanskrit?
Gupta,"Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?"
Kharosthi,What script was used in the northwest of India?
Brahmi,From what was Gupta derived?
Śāradā,What script evolved from the Gupta script?
Philippine,Tagalog is what kind of language?
Spanish,From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?
bhāṣā,What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?
spoken language,"What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword ""bhāṣā?"""
Malay,What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?
Austronesian languages,Where were many Sanskrit words found?
Javanese,In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?
bhāṣā,What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?
spoken language,What is the meaning of bhasa?
Sanskrit,Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?
the Ramayana and Mahabharata,What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?
borrowings from common speech,What are prakritisms?
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit,Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?
2000 years,How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?
Ramayana and Mahabharata,What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?
Indian epic poetry,Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?
Prakrits,Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?
prakritisms,What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?
fourth century BCE,When was the time of Panini?
Vedic texts,What type of text is the Samaveda?
sacred purposes,What was Sanskrit used for?
conservative,How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?
change,To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?
Sheldon Pollock,Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?
literary cultures,"According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?"
the modern age,What is Sanskrit not  able to express?
restatements,How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?
hymns,To what is Sanskrit restricted?
alternative option,To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? 
second or third,Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?
5 to 8,What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?
Hindi,In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?
gurukulas,In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?
St James Junior School,What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study?
September 2009,Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.?
Foreign Language,What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.?
Samskrita Bharati.,Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language?
Sydney Grammar School,What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study?
oral tradition,Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?
Prakrits,After what language evolved was writing introduced?
native script,What does Sanskrit not have of its own?
regional scripts,What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?
all,Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?
late 18th century,From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?
IAST,What transliteration system is most common today?
since 1888,How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?
ASCII,What is used in transliteration for computer systems? 
ITRANS,What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?
Buddhist texts,What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?
Buddhism,What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?
Ashoka,Who sent missionaries to China?
Many terms,What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?
Tibetan collections,Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?
Sanskrit,What language has influenced the languages of India?
Khariboli,From what dialect is Hindi descended?
Sanskritised register,Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?
fifty percent,What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?
Telugu,What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?
first century BCE,From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?
Brahmi,In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?
Prakrit,In what language was Brahmi first used?
Prakrit,What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?
orally,How were early sacred texts offered?
Vyākaraṇa,What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?
late Vedic,In what period did Vyakarana begin?
3990 sutras,How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?
Kātyāyana,Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?
Pratyāhara,What is the abbreviated alphabet called? 
earlier Vedic,"According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?"
second millennium BCE,To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?
separate dialects,As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?
the Vedas,What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?
Rigveda Samhita,What hymns are thought to be the earliest?
early second millennium BCE,When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?
close,What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?
north-west,From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?
India and Pakistan,Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?
Indo-Aryan migration theory,What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?
Sanskrit dramas,What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?
multilingual,What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?
scholarly communication,For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?
British times,Until what period was high Sanskrit used?
thin layer,How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?
Samskrita Bharati,What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?
composition contests,What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?
"49,736",How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?
Mattur village,Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?
king Krishnadevaraya,Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?
18th century,When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?
early 19th century,In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?
neglect,How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?
assimilated to Britain,What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?
inferior,"Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?"
Philip Glass,Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?
Bhagavad Gita,On what was the Philip Glass opera based?
Madonna,Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?
John Williams,Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?
Rigveda,What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?
Spain,What country is Valencia in?
1.5 million,What is the population of Valencia's urban area?
third,Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?
the Mediterranean Sea,What body of water is Valencia located on?
the autonomous community of Valencia,What is the city of Valencia the capital of?
service sector occupations,What is the main type of employment in Valencia?
5.5,What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?
1.9,What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?
3973 hectares,How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?
orchards and citrus groves,What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?
Valencia Airport,What airport is closest to Valencia?
Alicante Airport,What airport is south of Valencia?
Estació del Nord,What is the main train station in Valencia?
Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana,What group runs Valencia's public transit?
Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla,What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?
The Paseo Marítimo,What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?
4 km (2 mi),How long is the Paseo Maritimo?
San Miguel de los Reyes monastery,What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?
the mid-1990s,When did Valencia's rapid development begin?
the Carmen Quarter,What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?
16 months,How long did the English occupy Valencia?
Battle of Almansa,At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?
Philip V,Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?
Nueva Planta decrees,What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?
Cardinal Luis de Belluga,Who resigned in protest against Philip?
1102,In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?
Alfonso VI of León and Castile,Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?
Ibn Khafaja,Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?
1145,When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?
Ibn Mardanis,Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?
15th century,When was the Valencian Golden Age?
Crown of Aragon,Of what area was Valencia the largest city?
Silk Exchange,What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?
Queen Isabella I of Castile,Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?
textile production,What was Valencia's leading industry?
Germaine of Foix,Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?
1520–1522,When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?
comuneros,What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?
800,Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?
Charles,Whom did the comuneros rebel against?
wine and citrus,What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?
1909,When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?
Art Nouveau,What architectural style was particularly successful?
North Station (Gare du Nord),What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?
Central and Columbus,What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?
18.4 °C,What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?
August,Which month is the hottest in Valencia?
January,Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?
May and September,"In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?"
28–34 °C,What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?
18th century,When was the age of Enlightenment?
Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer,Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment's ideas?
1776,When was the Economic Society of Friends created?
woven silk and ceramic tiles,What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve?
Charles III,Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule?
Franco,Whose regime prohibited political parties?
eighty-one,"According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?"
Turia,What river flooded in 1957?
Garden of the Turia,What park is located in the previous river bed?
motorway,What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?
20,What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?
Mediterranean western coast,Valencia has the largest port on which coast?
second,Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?
oranges,What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?
Elío,Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?
1822,When was Elio killed?
by garroting,How was Elio executed?
Ominous Decade,What are the years from 1823-1833 called?
Gaietà Ripoli,Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?
Santo Caliz,What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?
Benedict XVI,Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?
1st,What century is the Santo Caliz from?
9 July 2006,When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?
St. Peter,"According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?"
1873,In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?
General Martinez-Campos,Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?
Alfonso XII,Who became king in 1874?
11 January 1875,When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?
Vicente Blasco Ibáñez,Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?
Santiago Calatrava,Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?
centre of the city,Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?
modern,What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?
City of Arts and Sciences,Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?
two,How many official languages does Valencia have?
Catalan,What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?
Spanish,What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?
more than 70,How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?
1978,When did Valencian regain its offical status?
the last thirty years,During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?
Santiago Calatrava,Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?
Félix Candela,Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?
Old City,What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?
Saints John,What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?
Palonino,Who decorated the Saints John's dome?
the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front,Who destroyed the Jesuit college?
Capital General,What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?
Colegio de San Juan,What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?
554,When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?
625,When were the Byzantines expelled?
Toledo,What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?
the church,Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?
Visigothic military contingents,"After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?"
15th century,When was the dome built?
Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros,Who started the construction of the main chapel?
beginning of the 18th century,When was the main entrance constructed?
Gothic,In what style is the door of the Apostles?
Francisco Goya,Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?
King James I of Aragon,What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?
28 September,When did Valencia surrender?
the Muslim population,Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?
Furs of Valencia,What were Valencia's new charters called?
Order of Calatrava,What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?
the 32nd and the 33rd,Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?
Global Champions Tour,What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?
Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament,What tennis event has Valencia hosted?
2009,When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?
Falles,What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?
Abd al-Rahman I,Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?
the Russafa,What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?
Medina al-Turab,What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?
by 714 AD,When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?
El Micalet,What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?
1392,When were the Serranos Towers constructed?
Tirant lo Blanch,What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?
Ausiàs March,Who was an early poet to use Valencian?
between 1499 and 1502,When was the University of Valencia founded?
Estudio General,What was the University of Valencia's original name?
War of Spanish Succession,What war took place from 1702-1709?
Charles of Austria,With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?
24 January 1706,When did English cavalry enter Valencia?
"Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth",Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?
fortress at Sagunt,What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?
Moncey,Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
8 January 1812,When did Valencia surrender to the French?
Suchet,Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
Battle of Vitoria,What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
Valencia,What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
Moriscos,What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?
1609,When were the Jews expelled?
North Africa,Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?
a third,What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?
1613,When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?
land-owners,Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?
Philip V,Who had suppressed the Valencian language?
Lo Rat Penat,What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?
Teodor Llorente,What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?
Constantine Llombart,Who founded Lo Rat Penat?
Espartero,Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?
16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841,When did Espartero rule?
progressive,What type of government did Espartero have?
local bourgeoisie,Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?
General Cabrera,Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?
43,How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?
3 July 2006,When did the Valencia metro derail?
Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá,Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?
1,On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?
more than ten,How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?
"739,014",What was Valencia's population in 2000?
third,Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
third,Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?
1921,When was the Gare du Nord station finished?
1909,When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?
Manuel Azana,Who was prime minister in 1936?
Palau de Benicarló,What building did the government move to in 1936?
over two hundred,How many bomb shelters were built?
13 January 1937,When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?
Barcelona,Where did the government relocate to in 1937?
Salvados,What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?
visit of the pope to Valencia,"What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?"
book of train breakdowns,What evidence related to the crash remains missing?
El Mundo,Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?
March 2012,When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?
Santa María de los Inocentes,Who was the hospital's patroness?
Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados,What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?
Archbishop Pedro de Urbina,Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?
a grain market,What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?
Conde de Oropesa,Who insisted on building the new chapel?
2004,When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?
six,How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?
Estadi Ciutat de València,What is Levante UD's stadium?
Segunda División B,In which division does Huracan Valencia play?
Municipal de Manises,Where does Huracan Valencia play?
138 BC,When was Valencia's founding?
Turia,On what river is Valencia located?
169 hectares,How big is Valencia's historic centre?
Institut Valencià d'Art Modern,What Valencian museum has a photography collection?
Museu de Belles Arts de València,What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?
11 km,How far from Valencia is the Albufera?
Parc Natural de l'Albufera,In what park is the Albufera located?
6.4 km,How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?
Romans,Who founded Valencia?
Crown of Spain,From what entity was the Albufera bought?
"809,267",How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?
14%,How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?
24th,Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?
134.6 km2,How much land is within Valencia's limits?
"Bolivia, Romania and Italy",From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?
Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico,Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?
two thousand,How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?
Via Augusta,What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?
Plaza de la Virgen,What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?
Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus,"In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?"
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar,What was El Cid's real name?
July 1099,When did El Cid die?
Ximena Díaz,Who took El Cid's position after his death?
15 June 1094 to July 1099,When did El Cid rule?
Abd al-Aziz,Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?
1348,When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?
"Christian, Jewish and Muslim",Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?
Mosen Sorel,The Muslims lived near what current market?
1391,When was the Jewish section attacked?
1456,When was the Muslim section attacked?
Charles I,Whose government did the guilds rebel against?
1519–1523,When did the guilds' rebellion take place?
plague,What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?
Italian republics,From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?
the Germanies,What were the artisan guilds called?
foreign aristocrats,What type of people often held Valencia's offices?
Madrid,From where were Valencia's officials chosen?
Santo Domingo,What convent was close to the area where troops lived?
1762,Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?
Valencia,Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?
six years,How long did absolutist rule last?
1820–1823,When was the Trieno Liberal?
1812,When was the Constitution abolished?
General Elio,Who offered troops to the King?
1858,When were plans for city expansion drawn?
public water supply network,What was finished in 1850?
1882,When did Valencia get electricity?
city walls,What was knocked down in 1866?
"140,416",What was Valencia's population in 1860?
the Valencian Community,"When democracy began in Spain, what did the kingdom of Valencia become?"
Jaime Milans del Bosch,Who led a coup in Valencia?
King Juan Carlos I,Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal?
24 February,When did Milans del Bosch surrender?
Statute of Autonomy,What law made Valencia the capital of its region?
Plaza del Ayuntamiento,Where is Valencia's City Hall located?
the central post office,What is on the eastern side of Valencia's largest plaza?
triangular,What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento?
a large fountain,What is in the north part of the plaza?
during the Les Falles,When are firewords heard every day?
Basilica Metropolitana,What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?
Diana,What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?
58 m,How tall is the cathedral's tower?
El Miguelete,What is the tower called?
Iglesia Mayor,What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista? 
Fernando Alonso,Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?
Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix,What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?
2008–2012,In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?
Circuit de Valencia,What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?
1950s,During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers?
Appliance Park,What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?
1970,In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?
GXS,What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?
GE,What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?
Edison Lamp Company,What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in?
"Schenectady, New York",Where was Edison Machine Works located?
J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family,Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company?
1889,"In what year did Drexel, Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison's research and form Edison General Electric Company?"
Edison Electric Light Company,What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison's research?
financial services,What is the business source of the majority of GE's revenues?
"Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco","Besides ITT Corporation, which two companies tried to emulate GE, but failed by the mid-1980's?"
over half,How much of GE's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides?
Japan,In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services?
David Lucas,"Who composed GE's slogan ""Imagination at work?""?"
We Bring Good Things to Life,"What was GE's slogan prior to ""Imagination at work?"""
1979,"In what year was the slogan ""We Bring Good Things to Life"" first used?"
Wolff Olins,Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?
GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday,What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?
fourth-largest,"Based on year 2000 data, where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US?"
"2,000",How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year?
EPA,According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites?
"Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation",Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE?
Political Economy Research Institute,Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US?
1892,In what year was General Electric formed?
New York,In which US state was GE incorporated?
Schenectady,Which city was the home of GE's first headquarters?
Charles Coffin,Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed?
"Lynn, Massachusetts",Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based?
Housatonic River,"Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?"
"11,000",How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?
110 mg/kg,How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?
Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260,What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?
Monsanto,Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?
2002,In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry?
more than $850 million,How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization?
2008,In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd.?
"more than 4,900","As of 2009, how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives?"
May 2010,When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland?
May 2005,When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program?
Jeff Immelt,Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program?
water purification technology,What type of technology related to water was to be developed under the Ecoimagination program?
The New York Times,Which newspaper printed an op-ed piece that questioned Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on environmental policy?
hybrid,What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program?
Sanford Alexander Moss,Who led GE's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I?
Whittle W.1,Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941?
ninth,What was GE's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II?
Allison Engine Company,To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle's jet engines?
Rolls-Royce plc,Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world?
1947-77,In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?
Pete Seeger,Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?
polychlorinated biphenyls,What does PCB stand for?
superfund,What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution
mercury contamination and sewage dumping,What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?
$1.4 billion,How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D?
70,How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008?
biogas,What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project?
halogen,What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?
$25 billion,What was GE's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010?
"Short Films, Big Ideas",What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?
cinelan,"Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?"
water vapor distillation,What type of system is Sligshot?
"US$100,000",What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?
14 million,"How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?"
April 2014,When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom?
$17 billion,What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom?
20%,How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal?
June 2014,When was GE's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom's board?
Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal?
"Fairfield, Connecticut",Where is GE's headquarters located?
Lexington Avenue,On what street in New York was GE headquartered before moving to Fairfield?
1974,In what year did GE move its headquarters to Fairfield?
NBC,Which television broadcast company is located in the same building as GE's main offices in New York City?
30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center,"What was the former name of the Comcast Building, location of GE's main offices?"
Robert Abrams,"Which New York State Attorney General filed suit in US District Court to force GE to pay for the cleanup of chemicals dumped by their plant in Waterford, NY?"
$250 million,How much did GE agree to pay in claims for the pollution it caused in the Housatonic River and other sites?
"more than 100,000",How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit?
1999,In which year was a settlement reached regarding GE's pollution of the Housatonic River?
"Pittsfield, Massachusetts",What was the location of the pollution caused by GE in the Housatonic River?
14 June 1775,When was the Continental Army created?
George Washington,Who was the commander of the Continental Army?
Europe,From what country did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?
Prussian tactics and organizational skills,What did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach the Continental Army?
1959,What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam?
Gulf of Tonkin Incident,What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965?
communist,What political structure did Vietnam have?
"the ""National Army""",What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?
end of World War I,When was the National Army demobilized?
"""Enlisted Reserve Corps"" and ""Officer Reserve Corps""",Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army?
The Chief of Staff,Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?
Secretary of the Army,Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?
four,How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?
1986,In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?
The United States Army,What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest?
seven,How many uniformed services are there in the US?
1775–83,What years did the American Revolutionary War span?
3 June 1784,What date was the U.S. Army created?
Continental Army,What did the U.S Army replace?
United Kingdom,The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?
1813,In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?
Tecumseh,Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?
Andrew Jackson,"In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?"
republican,What political party did not have trust in standing armies?
General St. Clair,Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?
Native Americans,Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?
1791,In what year was the Legion of the United States established?
1796,In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?
"Fort Irwin, California",Where is the National Training Center located?
"Fort Polk, Louisiana",Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?
"Hohenfels, Germany",Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?
2006,In what year was ARFORGEN approved?
New Mexico and Texas,In what states is Fort Bliss located?
1862,In what year did the Union Forces capture New Orleans?
Ulysses Grant,Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63?
William T. Sherman,Who captured Atlanta?
Appomattox Court House,Where did Lee surrender his army?
Cold War,What war occurred after the end of World War II?
1950,In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?
four,How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?
December 1941,What month and year did the U.S. join World War II?
Japanese,Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor?
"June 6, 1944","What is the month, day and year of ""D-Day""?"
Pacific War,What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S.?
Harry S. Truman,Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army?
General Creighton Abrams,Who adopted the Total Force Policy?
Vietnam War,What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?
three,How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?
Afghanistan,Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?
2003,The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?
"more than 4,000",About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?
"23,813",How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?
state soldiers,What were National Guard members considered before 1903?
1903,In what year did the Milita Act take place?
the Army,The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?
the governor,National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?
10,How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army?
32,How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?
Raymond Odierno,Who is the Army Chief of Staff?
"450,000","By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?"
"195,000",How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?
individual and collective,What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?
10 weeks,How long does basic training last?
14–20 weeks,How long does military occupation specialties training last?
One Station Unit Training,What does OSUT stand for?
"Fort Benning, Georgia",Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?
Squad Automatic Weapon,What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?
suppressive fire,What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?
door breaching and close-quarters combat,What is the Mossberg 590 used for?
M14EBR,What gun do designated marksmen use?
M110,What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?
"25,000",How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?
"1,073",How many of the vehicles will be used for training?
"7,456","How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?"
Oshkosh M-ATV,"The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?"
Maxxpro,What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?
black beret,What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?
General Martin Dempsey,Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?
June 2011,What month and year was the black beret replaced?
maroon,"If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?"
Special Forces,The rifle green beret is worn by whom?
three,How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?
Secretary of the Army,What does SECARMY stand for?
Chief of Staff of the Army,What does CSA stand for?
"475,000","At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?"
"1,015,000",How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?
Seminoles,What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?
1818–58,During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?
Oklahoma,What state were the Seminoles moved to?
winter food supply,What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?
eighteenth,During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?
1950,What year did the Korean War start?
the Soviets,Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?
Korea and Vietnam,In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?
1953,In what year did the Korean war end?
"580,000","In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?"
Kuwait,Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?
Desert Storm,What operation began in January 1991?
"500,000",How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?
one hundred hours,How long did Operation Desert Storm last?
1775,What year was the U.S. army organized?
United States Volunteers,What group combined with the U.S. Army?
various state governments,Who raised the United States Volunteers?
Regular Army,What is the active component of the U.S. Army?
Army National Guard and the Army Reserve,What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?
unit training assemblies,What are UTAs?
10,The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?
the U.S. President,Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?
additional skill identifier,What does ASI stand for?
provide pre-hospital emergency treatment,What is are combat medics duties?
Basic Officer Leaders Course,Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training?
Army Correspondence Course Program,"If the officers want to advance their careers even further, where is that available?"
tents,What does the army use for facilities while they are deployed?
TOC,What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center?
forward operating bases,What does FOB stand for?
DFAC buildings,Where are the dining facilities called?
sleeping quarters,What are the barracks used for?
The American Civil War,Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it?
"the ""Union"" or ""the North""",What were the U.S. forces referred to as?
South Carolina,What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army?
1910,In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?
Pancho Villa,Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?
1917,What year did the U.S. join World War I?
7 February 1917,What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?
Robert McNamara,Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967?
8,How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to?
18,How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to?
125,How many victims were killed in the attack on the Pentagon?
American Airlines Flight 77,What aircraft was hijacked?
west,Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon.
Lieutenant General Timothy Maude,Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack?
brigades,What is the army replacing divisions with?
modular,How will the brigades be structured?
divisional headquarters,Who can command any brigade?
9 mm M9 pistol,What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?
M67,What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?
smoke,The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?
Modular Handgun System,Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?
High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle,What does HMMWV stand for?
Humvee,What is the HMMWV also known as?
battle tank,The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?
Mine Resistant Ambush Protected,What does MRAP stand for?
Wilhelm I,Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?
10 May 1871,What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?
Alsace-Lorraine,The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?
Otto von Bismarck,"Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?"
another Franco-German war,Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?
Ems telegram,What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?
"he felt ""he had just received a slap""","Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?"
Adolphe Thiers,"In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?"
Emile Ollivier,Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?
19 July 1870,On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?
Battle of Königgrätz,In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?
25-year-old design,"At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?"
"600 m (2,000 ft)",What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?
Krupp,What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?
a contact-detonated shell,What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?
4 August 1870,What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?
Bavarian and two Prussian corps,"On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?"
General Douay of I Corps,Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? 
long-range fire of the Chassepots,Douay's initial success was credited by what?
the encirclement of the town by the Prussians,What threatened the French avenue of retreat?
German numerical superiority,What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?
Frossard,Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?
Seriously flawed communications,What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?
effectiveness of the chassepot rifle,What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?
Frossard had abandoned his position,What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?
18 August,On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?
The Battle of Gravelotte,Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?
6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz,Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? 
Count Helmuth von Moltke,Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?
Marshal François-Achille Bazaine,Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?
the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army,What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?
"over 150,000","At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?"
Napoleon III and MacMahon,Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?
the Prussian Third Army,"Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?"
"5,000 men",How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?
the Germans,"At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?"
Florence,In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?
Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace,What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?
Garibaldi,"To whom is the quote, ""Rescue the French Republic by every means"" attributed?"
the Army of the Vosges,What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?
10 October,On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?
the Germans,Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?
9 November,On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?
4 December,On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?
Battle of Amiens,"Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?"
any form of surrender,What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?
25 January,On what date did president Trochu resign?
Favre,Who replaced President Trochu?
Versailles,In which French city was the surrender made official?
Gambetta,Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?
The quick German victory,What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?
French victory,What outcome had most people expected from the war?
the Germans,Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?
their military system,What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? 
highly detailed mobilization systems,What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?
pre-war preparations,The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor?
detailed mobilization plans using the railway system,What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war?
multiple competing companies,What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system?
frequent changes between trains,What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine?
nobody,Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons?
General Adalbert von Bredow,Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade?
a French artillery battery,What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour?
von Bredow's Death Ride,What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as?
Use of traditional cavalry,What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields?
favorable terrain that masked his approach,What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield?
Posen,In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?
the French,What was there strong support of in Posen?
to desert from the Prussian Army,What calls were made for the Polish recruits?
16 August 1870,On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?
prolonged period of repressive measures,What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?
the unification of Germany,What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?
North German Confederation,"In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?"
new power destabilized,What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?
the Congress of Vienna,What established the European balance of power in 1815?
strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states,"As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?"
"400,000","In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?"
the Franco-Austrian War,Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?
Prussia and Austria,"The ""Seven Weeks War"" was between which two countries?"
Marshal Adolphe Niel,Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?
the Garde Mobile,"If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?"
the General Staff,What entity controlled the Prussian army?
Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke,Who commanded the General Staff?
to prepare the overall war strategy,What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?
Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy),The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?
the railroad and telegraph,What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?
2 August,On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?
The Chassepot rifle,What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?
the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division,Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?
86 casualties,How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?
83 casualties,How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?
King William,A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?
to make it appear that the French had been insulted,What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?
16 July 1870,On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?
succession to the Spanish throne,What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? 
northeastern France,Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?
Wissembourg,Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?
westward,In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?
"1,000 dead",How many dead troops leave behind?
"1,000 prisoners",How many prisoners did the French leave behind?
French Chassepot,What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?
Franco-German War,What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as?
the War of 1870,What was the war often referred to in France as?
the Kingdom of Prussia,"In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation?"
Prussian ambitions,Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict?
Otto von Bismarck,Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?
Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?
encirclement,What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?
Otto von Bismarck,Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?
Ems Dispatch,What was the name of the famous telelgram?
inflamed public opinion,What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?
The Battle of Wörth,What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?
6 August,On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?
"140,000 troops",What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?
"35,000",What number of troops did France have to contend with?
Alsace,"Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?"
Prussia,In which country was a war against France condsidered desirable?
unification of a great German empire,What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France?
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck,Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary?
France,Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict?
Germans numerical superiority,"In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia, what tactical outcome was achieved?"
18 August,On what date did the battle begin?
Moltke,Who order the First and Second armies to advance against the French?
General Manstein,Which general opened the battle with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division?
the French,Who did the battle first appear to favor?
General Steinmetz,Who was the commander of the First Army?
Chassepot rifle,"What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?"
"1,500 metres (4,900 ft)",What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?
trench-warfare,In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?
the mitrailleuse,What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?
on an artillery gun carriage,On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?
1 September 1870,On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions?
General De Wimpffen,Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve?
more Prussian troops,"As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery, what continued to show up to the battlefield?"
General Marguerite,Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing?
"over 17,000 men",How many casualties did the French suffer?
Marshal Niel,"Pre-war, who planned for a strong French offensive?"
the Prussian Rhineland,"From Thionville towards Trier, what was the final destination of the offensive?"
Bartélemy Lebrun,Niel's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general??
Army of the Rhine,The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border?
the disaster at Wissembourg,Which disaster made French planning supremely essential?
General Le Bœuf,Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar?
the reality of unfolding events,Planning for the next battle was less based on emotion and more focused on what?
General Wolff,Who told LeBoeuf that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible?
a defensive position,What did the French armies decide on to protect against every possible attack point?
Army of the Loire's,What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?
General Faidherbe,Who led the Army of the North?
belt of fortresses,Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?
northern France,The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?
Faidherbe's,This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?
four to one,What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps?
Vionville,What town were the III Corps able to capture?
escape attempts,"In capturing Vionville, what was further blocked in the west?"
incessant cavalry charges,"With battle at Metz, what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps?"
"15,780",The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle?
Prince Frederick Charles,Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?
"defeat of the First Army,",Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?
Roncourt,"As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?"
ruins of St. Privat,The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?
French Army of the Rhine,Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?
North German coasts,A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?
only five,The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?
SMS Arminius,What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?
470,How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?
coal reserves,"In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?"
Battle of Spicheren,Which battle was the second of three key French losses?
5 August,On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?
the Saar River,Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?
General von Steinmetz,Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?
Spicheren,Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?
extremely effective,The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?
previous Prussian operations,What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?
learn to avoid mistakes,What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?
significant distances,The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?
The Chief of the General Staff,Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?
an end to the war,What did the Germans expect to negotiate?
20 September,On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?
18 September,Bismarck and Favre met on what date?
the Château de Ferrières,What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?
Toul,Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?
breaking up,"By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?"
General Canrobert,Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?
lethal French gunfire,What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?
Rezonville,By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?
a brief victory parade,What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?
the terms of the armistice,Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?
food,"To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?"
five billion franc,France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?
"200,000",An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?
Napoleon III,Whose surrender hit Paris as big news?
the Second Empire,Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?
Provisional Government and a Third Republic,The uprising forced a proclamation of what?
Government of National Defence,How did the new government refer to itself?
a legitimate French authority,Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?
eastern France,A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?
Siege of Metz,What seige did these victories lead to?
Battle of Sedan,What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?
the army of the Second Empire,Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?
4 September,On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?
war,Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?
Prussia,Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?
domestic political problems,It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?
a national plebiscite,"Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?"
Milza,Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?
invasion of northern Germany,What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?
Denmark,What country were the French hoping to be allied with?
the Royal Danish Navy,What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?
defences,What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?
heavy guns,What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?
conscripts,"What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?"
of military age,Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?
"1,000,000","Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?"
Cannae,What is an example of a German encirclement battle?
encirclement battles,German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?
military education,What Prussian system was superior to the French example?
independent thinking,Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?
Moltke,What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?
intellectual development,What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?
Dallas Irvine,Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?
longer range,What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?
the mitrailleuse,What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? 
thirty-seven barrels,How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?
"1,200 yd (1,100 m)",What was the range of the mitrailleuse?
artillery,Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective
French Army of Châlons,The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?
at Sedan,The French navy fell captive where?
Napoleon III,Who also was captured at Sedan?
the North Sea,The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?
September 1870,On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?
Marshal MacMahon,Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?
four divisions,How many divisions did MacMahon command?
20 miles,Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?
General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot,Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?
the 1st Division,What group did General Ducrot command?
Paris National Guard,What became highly politicised during the war?
working-class neighbourhoods,In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?
uniforms,What did the National Guard refuse to wear?
commands from the national government,What did the National Guard refuse to obey?
21–28 May,On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?
General MacMahon,Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?
German 3rd Army,Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?
Steinmetz,Who commanded the German 1st Army?
decoy fires,What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?
Moltke's,Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?
the attacking Prussian forces,Who were the casualties especially terrible for?
"20,163",What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?
"7,855",What were the number of French killed and wounded?
"4,420",What was the number of French prisoners?
French Chassepot rifles,What did most Prussians fall under?
war reparations,What was the republican government amenable to?
Favre,"Who declared that France would not yield ""an inch of its territory?"""
Government of National Defense,Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
6 September,When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
declaration of war,What did this cause the Republic to renew?
Albrecht von Roon,Who was the Prussian Minister of War?
1859 to 1873,What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?
reforms,He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?
a reorganization of the army,What was the first step in the reforms?
the conscription of every male,What was the second reform?
"bronze, rifled muzzle-loading",What type of artillery were the French equipped with?
steel breech-loading guns,What newer artillery were Prussians using?
ammunition,What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?
30% more,The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?
2–3 kilometres,What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?
28 January 1871,On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?
the Prussians,With whom did the French government negotiate?
starving,What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?
Favre,Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?
24 January,What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?
500 people,How many were killed by the Communards?
Archbishop of Paris,Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?
government buildings,What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?
Tuileries Palace,What famous palace was also burned down?
"between 6,000 and 10,000",What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?
"462,000","At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?"
"270,000",How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?
"literally ""circle""","What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word ""Kreis?"""
"having lost 100,000 stragglers",What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?
military thinking,The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?
general staff system,Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?
European armies,Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?
advancing infantry,What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?
Russo-Japanese War,Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?
Congress of Vienna,A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?
the main power,"At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?"
Great Britain,Who remained the dominant world power at this time?
very limited,British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?
the daughter of Queen Victoria,The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?
Buya,Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?
over 1 million years,How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?
section of the Danakil Depression,What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?
hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans,What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?
it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind,What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?
Scottish traveler,Who was James Bruce?
James Bruce,"In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?"
"""Kings of the Sea""",How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?
geopolitical circumstances,What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?
16th,Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?
annexation,What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?
1947,"When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?"
Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia,What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?
Eritrean independence,What was the result of the War of Independence?
modern-day Eritrea,What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?
the Gash Group,What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?
an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization,What is the Gash Group?
central Eritrea,Where is Agordat located?
linguistic,What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?
between 2500–1500 BC,When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?
religious,What purpose did stelae serve?
The Aksumites,Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?
the obelisk of Aksum,"Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?"
Aksum,Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?
Aksum,Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?
ACABQ,What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?
International Criminal Police Organization,What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?
Arab League,Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?
Zoskales,Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?
by minting their own Aksumite currency,How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?
on the Arabian peninsula,Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?
Himyarite Kingdom,Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?
throughout the ancient world,Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?
1888,When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?
1911,When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?
The Asmara–Massawa Cableway,What was the longest line in the world during its time?
the British,Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?
police and public works departments,In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?
United States,Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?
390A(V),Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?
"foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation",What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??
independence,Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?
democratic rights and a measure of autonomy,What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?
a number of new factories,What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?
"around 2,198",How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?
Eritrean citizens,Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?
Italians,"Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?"
"from 4,600 to 75,000",How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?
Lions,What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?
about 30,"In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?"
olive baboons,What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?
elephant,Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?
three,How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?
Emba Soira,What is the highest point in Eritrea?
in the center of Eritrea,Where is Emba Soira located?
"3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level",How high is Emba Soira?
The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression,What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?
around 100,How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?
deadly,What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?
widespread,Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?
coastal areas,"Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?"
African wild dog (Lycaon pictus),"Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?"
among the worst,"According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?"
"sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude","According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?"
a one-party state,What type of state government exists in Eritrea?
for their political activism,"According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?"
2015,In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?
In an attempt at reform,Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?
female genital mutilation,What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?
Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea,What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?
some people close to the government,"Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?"
health concerns and individual freedom,What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?
Reporters Without Borders,"In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?"
just below,How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?
Independent,What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?
Eritrea,"According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?"
Asmara,"According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?"
Warsay Yika'alo,Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?
more than 500 km,How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?
Steam,What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?
Asmara,What is the capital of Eritrea?
Eritrean,Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?
The nation has no official language,What is the official language of Eritrea?
Tigrinya,What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?
equality,What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?
Modern Standard Arabic and English,What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?
English,What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?
child health,Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?
39.1,What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?
59.5,What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?
female genital mutilation,Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?
85%,How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?
its colonial history,Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?
honey,What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?
pasta,What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?
"""Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere"" (spice)",How does 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' translate in English?
pasta,"What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?"
Red Sea coast,What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?
three,How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?
the coffee ceremony,What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?
most likely tea,What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?
awel,What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?
Sudan,What country borders Eritrea in the west?
Ethiopia,What country borders Eritrea in the south?
Djibouti,What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?
Red Sea,What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?
"117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)",What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?
guaila,What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?
a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin,"What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?"
Helen Meles,Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?
her powerful voice and wide singing range,What is Helen Meles noted for?
ethnic groups,"Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and  accompanying dance?"
Medri Bahri,What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?
sea-land,What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?
1953,When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?
1960,When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?
following the 1993 referendum,When did Eritrea gain independence?
genetic,"In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?"
modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia,Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?
oxygen isotope analysis,What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?
Punt,Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?
region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea,Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?
Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus,What  domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?
Medri Bahri,What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?
Debarwa,What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?
"Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai",What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?
Sea land,What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?
Benito Mussolini's,Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?
After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire,When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?
May 1936,When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?
industrial center of Italian East Africa,What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?
Italian East Africa,What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?
Emperor Haile Selassie,Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?
ELF,Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?
Eritrean Liberation Front,What does the acroynm ELF stand for?
30 years,How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?
EPLF,What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?
stalemate,What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?
take action on Ethiopia,What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?
Ethiopia,Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?
a UN report,What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?
denied the claims,What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?
0.5,"In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?"
exceeds 2%,How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?
5 births per woman,What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?
28.3%,"As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?"
severe infection,What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?
Western casual,How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?
suits,How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?
bright white gowns,"What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?"
in brightly colored clothes,How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?
Rashaida women,"Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?"
Football and cycling,What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?
half marathon distance running,What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?
Tour of Eritrea,What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?
Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus,Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?
Daniel Teklehaimanot,Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?
early anatomically modern humans,Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?
"over 125,000 years old",How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?
near the Bay of Zula,Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?
Eritrean Research Project Team,"What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?"
to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters,What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?
end of the 16th century,When was the Aussa Sultanate established?
Denkel lowlands of Eritrea,Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?
"Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan",Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?
Mudaito Dynasty,What did Kedafu establish in 1734?
Mudaito Dynasty,What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?
1889,When did Emperor Yohannes II die?
the Kingdom of Italy,What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?
the new colony of Italian Eritrea,What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?
1889,When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?
1889–1913,What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?
Eritrea and Italian Somaliland,What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?
as a reward for their support during World War II,Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?
Emperor Haile Selassie,Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?
The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties,Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?
The British and Americans,Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?
according to the road classification,How is the Eritrean highway system named?
improved earth roads which are occasionally paved,"What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?"
"primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)",What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?
single-layered asphalt road,"What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?"
fully asphalted (throughout their entire length),"What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?"
50%,What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?
48%,What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?
a registration process,What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?
May 2002,When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?
personal information,What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?
between seven and 13 years of age,What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?
70%,What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?
61%,What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?
45 to 1,What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?
54 to 1,What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?
"beef, kid, lamb or fish",What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?
Ethiopia,Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?
their coastal location,Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?
lighter,How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?
seasoned butter and spices,What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?
Depleted,What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?
radium,What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?
ballast,How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?
high density,What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?
weak,What type of alpha emitter is uranium?
pitchblende,What is another term for uranium ore?
Marie Curie,Who isolated radium in uranium ore?
glow-in-the-dark,In what types of paints was radium first used?
clock and aircraft dials,What devices were painted with radium paint?
mauve,"Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?"
Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile,What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?
Tennessee,In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?
the Clinton Pile,"Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?"
Idaho,In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?
20 December 1951,On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?
51st,Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?
in supernovae,Where is uranium naturally formed?
thorium,"Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?"
liquid,In what state is the Earth's outer core?
235,What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?
an explosion,"When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?"
two,How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?
neutron poison,What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?
free neutrons,What does a neutron poison absorb?
carbonate,What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?
carbonate,The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
Sphingomonas sp.,What is BSAR-1 a strain of?
5.5,"How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?"
35,How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?
$10,What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?
US$200 million,"In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?"
$774 million,How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?
1934,When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?
Enrico Fermi,Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?
hesperium,What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?
Dean of the Faculty of Rome,What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?
Lise Meitner,Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?
carbonate containing solution,In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?
uranium,What notable carbonates are often water soluble?
anionic complexes,What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?
molybdenum,"Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?"
antimony,"Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?"
uraninite,What is the most prevalent uranium ore?
lignite,What mineral sometimes contains uranium?
phosphate,What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?
uranium-234,What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?
0.71%,What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?
uranium-239,What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?
uranium-233,When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?
thorium-232,What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?
4.6 billion,About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?
HiCap,What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?
carbonate,The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,Where were ORNL's results verified?
2012,When was HiCap announced?
Uranium-235,What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?
Uranium-238,What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?
uranium-233,What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?
uranium-233,"Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?"
Depleted uranium,What is 238U?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,What is OSHA?
0.25 mg/m3,What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?
recommended exposure limit,What does REL stand for?
0.2 mg/m3,What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?
10 mg/m3,At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?
triuranium octoxide,"Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?"
Triuranium octoxide,What is the stablest uranium compound?
Uranium dioxide,In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?
79 CE,What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?
Italy,In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?
yellow,What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?
1912,In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?
the University of Oxford,What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?
Chicago Pile-1,What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?
2 December 1942,On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?
Manhattan,What project was Fermi working for?
University of Chicago,On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created?
53,How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1?
orange-red,"Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?"
Martin Heinrich Klaproth,Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?
Eugène-Melchior Péligot,Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?
Henri Becquerel,Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?
Little Boy,What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?
0.7204%,What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?
critical mass,What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?
uranium-238,What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?
99.2742%,What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?
pressurised heavy water,"Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?"
high-density penetrators,What is uranium used for most often in the military?
molybdenum,"Along with titanium, what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?"
1–2%,What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?
Persian Gulf,"Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions?"
Gulf War Syndrome,What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?
Martin Heinrich Klaproth,Who discovered uranium?
1789,In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?
Berlin,In what city was uranium discovered?
sodium diuranate,What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?
William Herschel,Who discovered the planet Uranus?
0.01 to 0.25%,What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?
borehole,"Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?"
Canada,In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?
Saskatchewan,In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?
23%,What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?
Little Boy,What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called?
Fat Man,What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?
6 August 1945,On what date was Little Boy detonated?
"12,500","What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in tonnes?"
Hiroshima,Over what city was Little Boy detonated?
Canada,"As of 2005, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?"
2.1%,What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?
Uzbekistan,What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005?
seventeen,How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?
"9,430",How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?
United States,Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?
"40,000",How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?
US $550 million,"What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?"
weapons grade,What is another term for uranium that is enriched?
16,Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?
green,What is the color of U4+?
uranium(VI),What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?
uranyl carbonate,"Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?"
uranyl acetate,What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?
Citrobacter,What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?
glycerol phosphate,What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?
Trapelia involuta,What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?
Geobacter,What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?
Glomus intraradices,What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?
482 to 572,At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?
hydrogen,What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?
250 °C,Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created?
nitride,"Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?"
Two,How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?
diuranium tricarbide,"Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?"
1800 °C,Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?
3% and 5%,Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?
2001,In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?
0.3%,What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?
$5,What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?
$130,How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?
kidney,"Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?"
alpha radiation,What is the main form of 238U decay?
hexavalent,What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?
room,At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?
gas centrifuge,What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?
uranium hexafluoride,What compound is UF6?
gaseous diffusion,What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?
uranium hexafluoride,"In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?"
heavier,How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?
U,What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?
92,What is the atomic number of uranium?
silvery-white,What color is uranium?
6,How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?
actinide,Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?
noble gases,What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?
uranium oxide,What coats uranium metal in air?
Hydrochloric,"Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?"
uranium dioxide,What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?
cold water,What reacts with finely divided uranium?
World War II,During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?
238,From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?
deuterium,What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?
thermonuclear weapon,What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?
unenriched,What does non-fissile mean?
nitrate,What product of uranium was used as toner?
Uranyl acetate,"Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?"
stage,What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?
wood,"Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?"
silk,"In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?"
French,Of what nationality was Perrin?
Gabon,In what county was the Oklo mine located?
1.7 billion years,How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?
3%,"When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?"
Yucca Mountain,Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?
40,How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?
1013,How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?
phosphate fertilizers,Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?
3 parts per billion,What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?
Uranium-238,What isotope of uranium has the most stability?
4.468×109 years,About how old is the Earth?
2.48×105 years,What is the half-life of uranium-234?
one-fifth,What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?
49%,What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?
excreted,What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?
5%,Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?
0.5%,About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?
phosphates,What does uranium have an affinity for?
bone tissue,Where does uranium accumulate in the body?
"nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors",How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?
the monarch,What remained the head of state of the British Empire?
Empire,What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?
established their own Orders,Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?
"Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit",What countries established new orders?
Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry,Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?
1974,What year was it replaced?
"two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge",What was the emblem?
Queen's Gallantry Medal,What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?
lower grade with the oak leaves,They continued to wear what the insignia of what?
Honorary knighthoods,Who are appointed to citizens of nations?
citizens of nations,Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?
Sir or Dame,What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?
Bill Gates or Bob Geldof,Who are examples of Sir of Dame?
Terry Wogan,What is an example of irish broadcaster?
Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher,Who are the six officials of The Order?
ex officio the Dean of the Order,Who was The Dean of St. Paul?
"The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England",Who serves as the Order's Prelate?
The Order's King of Arms,Who is not a member of the College of Arms?
Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod,What is the Usher of the Order?
Appointments to the Order of the British Empire,Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?
"Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit",Who established a national system of honours and awards?
"Canada, Australia, and New Zealand",How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?
Knights and Dames,What were the highest class?
The members of The Beatles,Who were MBE'S?
1965,In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?
John Lennon,Who compared military membership in the Order?
John Lennon,"Who said ""lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war."
25 November 1969,When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?
order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy,Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?
4 June 1917,When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?
"""order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy",Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?
King George V,Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?
"knight if male, or dame if female",Who is the recipient?
Medal of the Order of the British Empire,What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?
British Empire Medal,What was the medal renamed as?
1922,In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?
1993,When was it stopped being rewarded?
293,How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?
1940,"From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?"
below the level required for the George Medal,Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
14 January 1958,When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
"same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry",What grade was determined?
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander,"Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?"
Dames Grand Cross,"Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?"
Wives of Knights,Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?
peers and princes,Such forms are not used by whom?
Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland,Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?
India,Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?
President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain,What is referred to as the Padma Awards?
President of India,Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?
"Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri",What does the Padma Awards consist of?
"Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri",What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?
300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,How many Knights are in The Order?
"8,960",How many commanders are in The Order?
845,How many Knights and Dames Commander?
"858 Officers and 1,464 Members",How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?
Order of the British Empire,Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?
positions in the order of precedence,What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?
"Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law",Who of the male members feature on the order?
relatives of Ladies of the Order,Who are not assigned any special precedence?
fathers or husbands,Who can individuals derive precedence from?
mothers or wives,Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?
1715,What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?
scientific revolution,Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?
the Enlightenment.,A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?
The Philosophes,What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?
1715,In what year did Louis XIV die?
1789,In what year did the French Revolution begin?
1620s,In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
Francis Hutcheson,"Who said that virtue provides ""the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers""? "
David Hume,Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?
Adam Smith,Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?
Francis Hutcheson,"Which moral philosopher said ""the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers""?"
David Hume and Adam Smith,Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?
the scientific method,"The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?"
moral,What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?
skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions,In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?
scientific topics,What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?
James Thomson,"Who penned a poem called ""Poem to the Memory of Newton"" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton? "
Newtonian system,Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?
1727,What year was Newton's death?
James Thomson,"Who wrote ""Poem to the Memory of Newton?"""
1727,In what year did Newton die?
Newton,Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?
Sir Richard Blackmore,"Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?"
1712,"In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?"
Thomas Hobbes,Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?
Leviathan,Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?
social contract theory,What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?
social contract theory,What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?
Thomas Hobbes,Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?
Thomas Hobbes,"Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be ""representative?"""
the artificial character of the political order,Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?
the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights,How does John Locke define mutual security?
"perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property",What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?
because it is morally reprehensible,Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?
enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights,What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?
Second Treatise,In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?
Thomas Jefferson,Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?
Thirty Years' War,"The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?"
a return to simple Scripture,What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?
avoid,Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?
France,In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?
Isaac Newton,Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?
France,"In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?"
varied,Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?
middle,"In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?"
Terror during the French Revolution,"By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?"
Romantic,Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?
materialism and skepticism,What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?
French Revolution,Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?
Louis XV,French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?
Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments),What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?
1637,In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?
1687,In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?
rise of the modern nation state,The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?
Capitalism,"What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?"
1720,In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?
music,"The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?"
Dictionnaire de musique,What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?
1776,In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?
Die Zauberflöte (1791),"What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is ""an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment""?"
Enlightenment and Romantic,Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?
salon,What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?
open,Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?
salonnières,What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?
French Revolution,Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?
"Troyes, France",Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?
largely rural and semi-literate,For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?
The Tatler and The Spectator,Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? 
Bibliothèque Bleue,What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?
French polite society,Who was the target audience of natural history?
erudition,Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?
taste (le goût),The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?
specific discourse of the genre,Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?
John Harris,Who drafted the first technical dictionary?
"Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences",What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?
science and technology,Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?
1704,What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?
English,In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds,What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?
Bernard de Fontenelle,Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?
Sarah Trimmer,Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?
eleven,How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?
Principia,Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?
Middle Ages,The practice of contests dates back to what time period?
generally religious and/or monarchical,"Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?"
"theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice",Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?
public,Were the concours academiques public or private matters?
Oxford,Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?
less,"According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?"
penny universities,What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?
Freemasonry,"Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?"
"powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists",To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?
Europe,Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?
enlightened absolutism,Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?
Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson,Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution,The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?
preceded,Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?
20th,Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?
1724,In what year was Immanuel Kant born?
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791),For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?
1791,In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?
reason,Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?
Hume,The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?
Hume,Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?
Dugald Stewart,Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?
social contract,"What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?"
Rousseau,Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?
Locke,Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?
to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom,For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?
state of war,From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?
enlightened despots,Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?
Joseph II of Austria,Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?
Poland,In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?
Russia,From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?
moral fruits,Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??
organized religion,What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?
politics,Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?
what they found most convincing,"Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?"
Scotland,Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?
agronomist,What was the profession of James Anderson?
James Hutton,Who was the first modern geologist?
physicist and chemist,William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?
1733,In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?
Aufklärung,What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?
19th,In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?
illuminismo,What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?
overlapping,"Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?"
lowered,Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?
increased,Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?
Industrial Revolution,The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?
musicians,"A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?"
middle,Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?
keyboard,"Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?"
"keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble",Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?
mid-18th century,By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?
Grub Street,"What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a ""multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors""?"
not,Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?
very poorly,Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?
the Enlightenment,During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?
the Parisian Journal des Sçavans,What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?
1665,In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?
French and Latin,Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?
Holland,Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?
"The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon",Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?
over five,In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?
technical subjects,Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?
1771,In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?
Germany,The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?
anonymity,What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?
wealthier strata of society,Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?
poetry,Women's education common stressed which literary genre?
49,How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?
poetry,What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?
Paris,Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?
around 400,By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?
The Café Procope,In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?
bruits,Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?
Scotland,Where did Freemasonry originate?
England,Where did Freemasonry first spread?
France,In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?
Freemasonry,What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?
Illuminati,Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?
Locke,"Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to ""Life, Liberty and Property""?"
labor,Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?
French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?
Frederick the Great,Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?
Voltaire,Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?
"Frederick the Great,",Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?
Benjamin Franklin,Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?
both directions,"Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?"
John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733),"As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?"
The Age of Reason,All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?
science and religion,Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?
the Grub Street Hacks,What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?
pamphlets,Libelles were generally written in what form?
the Grub Street hacks,"Which group inherited the ""revolutionary spirit"" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?"
the libelles,"Which works by the Grub Street Hacks ""slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself.""?"
Coffeehouses,Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?
nobles,"Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?"
Monarchs,Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?
Monarchs,What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?
upper,Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?
natural history,"Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?"
René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur,Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?
1730s,In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?
British,The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?
the Parisian lodge,Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?
British,"Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to ""initate the unenlightened""?"
Grand Architect,What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?
Coffeehouses,Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?
the Enlightenment,Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?
1711,In what year was The Spectator published?
The Spectator,Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?
Roman Catholic Church,Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?
"France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico",Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?
downplay,Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?
the Loyalists,Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?
non-political,Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?
Siècle des Lumières,How was the Enlightenment known in French?
The Enlightenment,Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?
individual liberty and religious tolerance,"In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?"
Roman Catholic Church,The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?
Paris,Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?
Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?
reason,"Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?"
Montesquieu,Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?
the United States Constitution,Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?
the Encyclopédie,What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?
thirty-five,The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?
1733,Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?
1754,When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?
1789,What year did the French Revolution begin?
Counter-Enlightenment.,What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?
Spinoza,The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?
Spinoza,"Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?"
"René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others",Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?
John Locke,Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?
"The ""Radical Enlightenment""",Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?
1632,In what year was John Locke born?
the realm of individual conscience,In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?
"the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source","According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?"
Pierre Bayle,Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?
Voltaire,"Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?"
Voltaire,"Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?"
women and the lower classes,Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?
coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges,Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?
"""the opinion of the multitude,""","Marmontel contrasted ""the opinion of men of letters"" with what?"
"""the blind and noisy multitude""","d'Alembert contrasted the ""truly enlightened public"" with whom?"
reading materials,"The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the ""social"" Enlightenment?"
the Industrial Revolution,Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?
demand for information,"In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?"
France,In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?
just one-tenth of the total,The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?
performers' and composers',Whose incomes did public concerts help support?
operas and oratorios,Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?
Haydn and Mozart,Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?
Viennese Classical,What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?
1635,What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?
scientists,"Members of what group were considered to be the ""most useful of all citizens?"""
13 percent,What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?
elite Parisian scholars,The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?
interpreters of the sciences for the people,How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?
northern Europe,Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?
"Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh",Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?
Edinburgh,"Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?"
the medical university at Montpellier,Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?
the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines,How can associationism be defined?
"associationism,",What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?
the Renaissance,Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?
universal encyclopedias,What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?
to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work,What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?
"Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers","Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?"
Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot,In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?
d'Alembert's,Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?
natural history,"Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?"
Rousseau,Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?
scientific societies and academies,Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?
the 18th century,"Which century is considered by some as a ""drab"" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?"
Newtonianism,Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?
the development of free speech and thought,Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?
chemist Joseph Black,Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?
geologist James Hutton,Who created the argument for deep time?
James Watt,Who invented the steam engine?
the Montgolfier Brothers,Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?
Crimes and Punishments (1764),For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?
22,Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?
"Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)",Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?
1783,In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?
transmission of knowledge,What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?
to create knowledge,Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?
1789,By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?
Bernard de Fontenelle,"Who coined the term ""the Age of Academies"" to describe the 18th century?"
1789,The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?
Locke,"Who delineated the ""consent of the governed"" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?"
"""consent of the governed""","The ""divine right of kings"" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?"
governance paradigm shift,"According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?"
An Essay on the History of Civil Society,"In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without ""signing"" a social contract?"
1767,In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?
four,How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?
David Hume,"Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?"
18th century,"What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?"
the individual,What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?
Voltaire,From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?
Bertrand Russell,Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation?
16th-century Protestants,Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from?
Martin Luther,Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment?
the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment,How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution?
men of letters,"Which group was considered ""a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power"" according to Tocqueville?"
"the rise of ""public opinion""",From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?
Moses Mendelssohn,Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?
"""man's release from his self-incurred tutelage""",How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?
Immanuel Kant,"For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?"""
the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance,"According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?"
Thomas Jefferson,"John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?"
the United States Constitution,Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?
Isaac Newton,"Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?"
openness to the public,"From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society?"
all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee,"Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend?"
politics and the role of women,What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion?
social conditions,What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?
"bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state",How did Habermas describe the public sphere?
"the ""bourgeois public sphere""",The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe?
the ideas themselves,What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?
"largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority",What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?
social and economic,Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?
1650 to the end of the 18th century,What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?
"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture",How was the public sphere defined?
late 17th century and 18th century,During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?
common concern,What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?
reason,The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?
secrecy of all sorts,"The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?"
France,"Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially?"
The Encyclopédie,Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes?
France,Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors?
criminals and political corruption,Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself?
general works,What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?
Malesherbes,Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?
The Encyclopédie,The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?
70,"What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?"
1,"What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?"
free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation,What did the Republic of Letters support?
"the ""reading public""",Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?
Diderot and Voltaire,Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?
written communication,What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?
Jonathan Israel,Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?
established authorities,To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?
toleration and intellectual objectivity,What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?
science and reason,The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?
from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words,How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century?
to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite,What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?
"tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology",How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century?
"secular affairs, particularly science and technology","Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology?"
"according to a ""tree of knowledge.""",How was the Encyclopedie arranged?
the arts and sciences,The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects?
philosophy,What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge?
quarto and octavo,Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite?
25 000,How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution?
Royal Society of London,Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?
1662,In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?
Robert Boyle,"Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?"
Oxford professors,Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?
"a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's ""moral constitution""",What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?
"""confessional""","Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?"
"""confessional""","Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?"
second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century,"During what time period did a ""general process of rationalization and secularization set in""?"
"the ""monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority""",The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?
the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges,"According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment?"
Thomas Munck,Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right?
political thought,Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking?
egalitarianism,Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background?
noble women,"The presence of whom in the French ""lodges of adoption"" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society?"
alphabetical,What ordering scheme did readers prefer?
Charles Porset,Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?
the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply,Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?
63,How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?
148,How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?
a high rise in the availability of food,What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?
education,"Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?"
Popularization,Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?
Sir Isaac Newton,Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica,Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?
environmental changes,For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?
resources,What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?
selective advantage,"By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?"
internal metabolic,By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?
fruit flies,What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?
Arctic animals,What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?
sunrises and sunsets,What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?
"autumn, winter and spring","In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?"
78 degrees,At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?
other Arctic animals,What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?
central oscillator,What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?
morning,When do the CCA1  and LHY function?
evening,Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?
negative feedback loop,What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?
Andrew Millar,What researcher showed that the gene  feedback loop serves as a repressor?
sleep disorder FASPS,What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?
period,What is the Drosophila gene also known as?
FASPS,What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?
biological clock,What kind of clock have genetic functions?
time of the day,What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?
airline pilots,Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?
fatigue,What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?
NTSB,What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?
research studies,What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?
combating fatigue,Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?
4th century B.C.E,What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?
Androsthenes,What ship captain described daily leaf movements?
tamarind,What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?
medical,What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?
13th century,When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?
when to flower,What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?
pollinators,What do plants need to attract to their flowering?
light cycle, With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?
Anticipation of changes,What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?
agriculture,Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?
prokaryotic cyanobacteria,What has the simplest known circadian clock?
three proteins,With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?
DNA,What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?
22-hour,How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?
"KaiA, KaiB, KaiC",What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?
light–dark cycle,To what is the circadian rhythm tied?
total darkness,What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?
zeitgebers,What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?
photoreceptors,What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?
Melatonin,What chemical is absent or low during daylight?
9 p.m,When is the melatonin onset?
Melatonin,"At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?"
hormone,The presence of what is a circadian marker?
melatonin phase,What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?
temperatures,What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> 
05:00,At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?
two hours,How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?
04:00,When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?
06:00,What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?
Patrick and Gilbert,Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?
J.S. Szymanski,Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?
bees,What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?
"""period""",What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?
circadian clock,What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?
single cell,Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?
cell-autonomous,"By functioning within a single, what is the system?"
endocrine glands,What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?
biological clock,How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?
synchronise,What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?
Light,What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?
photoreceptors,What do plants use to sense light?
phytochromes and cryptochromes,What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?
phyA,Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?
phyB,What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?
28-hour,What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?
time cues,What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?
month,How long did the suppression of time clues study last?
forced desynchrony,What is this forced type of study called?
24.18 hours,When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?
profound consequences,What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?
body mass,Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?
insulin sensitivity,How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?
higher body mass,"Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?"
Shift-work,"What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?"
abusive drugs,What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?
circadian pacemaker,What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?
disrupted rhythms,What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?
abuse and relapse,What can the disrupted circadian system cause?
susceptibility to addiction,What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?
photosensitive proteins,What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?
replicating DNA,What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?
ultraviolet radiation,From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? 
redox reactions,One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?
Great Oxidation Event,What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?
cellular/metabolic events,What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?
hyperphagic and obese,What do mice without the clock gene become?
glucose metabolism,"Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?"
not clear,How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?
Rev-ErbA alpha clock,What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?
suprachiasmatic nucleus,Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?
hypothalamus,Where are these cell groups found in humans?
complete absence,What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?
eyes,What provides information to the SCN?
ganglion,What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?
25 hours,What did early research show people preferred as a day length?
artificial light,What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?
delayed,What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?
solar day,"To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?"
1999,When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? 
organs and cells,Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?
peripheral oscillators,What is the term for the independent clocks?
master clock,What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?
adrenal gland,In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?
light,To what do oscillators in the skin respond?
Elizabeth,Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?
Queen Victoria,Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?
great-great-grandmother,How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?
2015,In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?
world history,In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?
Elizabeth,Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?
Britain was at war,Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?
Welsh Gorsedd of Bards,What did Elizabeth join in 1946?
heir apparent,Who was the always the Prince of Wales?
Herbert Morrison,Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?
20 November 1947,When were Elizabeth and Philip married?
Westminster Abbey,At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?
2500,How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?
Norman Hartnell,Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?
Duke of Windsor,What former King was not invited to the wedding?
Peter Townsend,Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?
wait for a year,What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?
remarriage after divorce,What act would the Church of England not permit?
Antony Armstrong-Jones,Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?
Earl of Snowdon,What title was Armstrong-Jones given?
Suez crisis,"Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?"
out of touch,What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?
1963,When did Macmillan resign?
Earl of Home,Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?
1965,When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?
Gough Whitlam,"During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?"
Governor-General Sir John Kerr,Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?
Speaker Gordon Scholes,Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?
a majority,What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?
interfere,What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?
1987,When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?
Pierre Trudeau,What politician criticized the proposed changes?
Fijian government,In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?
republic,What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?
private wealth,In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?
Golden Jubilee,What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?
March,When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?
Her sister,What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?
million,How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event? 
journalists,What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?
1976,When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?
2012,When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?
London Olympics,For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?
Daniel Craig,What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?
patronage,For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?
personal fortune,What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?
£2 million,What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?
"""grossly overstated""",What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?
£340 million,What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?
302nd,Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?
1953,When was Elizabeth's coronation?
2012,When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
56,How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?
assassination,"How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?"
1997,In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?
2 June 1953,When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?
televised,How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?
floral emblems,What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?
Tudor rose,What is the emblem of England?
Scots,What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?
1957,When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?
23rd Canadian Parliament,What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? 
her safety,On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?
Elizabeth's assassination,In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?
Silver,What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?
1977,When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?
1978,In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?
Anthony Blunt,"Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?"
Provisional Irish Republican Army,What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?
"""fairytale Queen""",As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?
"""priggish schoolgirl""",Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?
Prince of Wales,What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?
solid-colour overcoats,"In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?"
"""new Elizabethan age""",What was the time after WWII heralded as?
Crown Jewels,What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?
official residences,What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?
Balmoral Castle,What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?
£9.4 billion,How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?
in trust,How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?
Princess Margaret,Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P
1930,When was Princess Margaret born?
governess,Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?
The Little Princesses,What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?
at home,Where were the royal princesses educated?
16,At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?
Grenadier Guards,Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?
Counsellors of State,"In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? "
February 1945,When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?
driver and mechanic,In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?
Royal Navy,Where did Philip serve during WWII?
good enough,What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?
German noblemen,To whom did Philip's sisters marry?
"""The Hun""",What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?
"""an English gentleman""",What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?
health declined,What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?
6 February 1952,"On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?"
Kenya,In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?
1956,When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?
Treaty of Rome,What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?
European Union,To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?
November 1956,When did Britain and France invade Egypt?
European Economic Community,What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
1960s and 1970s,When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?
Over 20 countries,How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?
1973,When did Britain join the European Community?
independence from Britain,What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?
over a decade,"In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?"
Trooping the Colour,During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?
Marcus Sarjeant,Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? 
Prince Andrew,Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?
Michael Fagan,Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?
Grenada,What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?
republicanism,What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?
Charles and Diana's marriage,What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?
high,In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?
monarchy,What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?
December 1995,When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?
2010,When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?
Ban Ki-moon,Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?
"""an anchor for our age""",As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?
British victims,For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?
October 2011,When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?
Tudor rose,"Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?"
Upon her accession,When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?
royal standards,"Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?"
personal,What type of flags are used in foreign countries?
21 April 1944,When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?
London,In what city was Elizabeth born?
Duke and Duchess of York,"At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?"
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth,What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?
two daughters,How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?
abdication of his brother,What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?
third,"When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?"
"Edward, Prince of Wales",Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?
1936,When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?
proposed marriage,What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?
constitutional crisis,What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?
"Mountbatten,",What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?
Winston Churchill,What Prime Minister objected to the name change?
House of Windsor,What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?
Mountbatten-Windsor,What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? 
1960,When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? 
Lord Salisbury,Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?
Lord President of the Council,What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?
Harold Macmillan,Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?
Lord Chancellor,What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?
British Cabinet,Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?
February 1974,When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?
Austronesian Pacific Rim,Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?
fly back to Britain,What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?
resigned,What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?
Harold Wilson,Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?
sensational stories,What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?
Kelvin MacKenzie,Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?
royal soap opera,What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?
Thatcher's political opponents,"Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?"
Brian Mulroney,Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?
car crash,What incident killed Diana in Paris?
1997,When did Diana die?
five days,How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?
fly a flag at half-mast,What failure did the public find dismaying?
live television broadcast,What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?
60 years,How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?
Diamond Jubilee,What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?
2012,What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
United Kingdom,Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?
1781,When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? 
constitutional monarch,What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?
rarely,How often does Elizabeth give interviews?
inter-faith relations,What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?
Supreme Governor,What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?
Church of Scotland,"Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?"
King George V,During whose reign was Elizabeth born?
"Prince Albert, Duke of York",What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?
King George VI,What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?
Cosmo Gordon Lang,Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? 
Lilibet,What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?
September 1939,When did Britain enter WWII?
Lord Hailsham,Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?
Elizabeth's mother,Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?
Windsor Castle,Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?
1940,When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?
Windlesham Moor,Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?
Clarence House,After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?
Royal Navy,In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?
British Crown Colony of Malta,Where was Philip stationed during WWII?
Lord Mountbatten,In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?
Commonwealth of Nations,What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?
1952,In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?
round-the-world tour,What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?
13 countries,How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?
"40,000 miles",How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?
Pierre Trudeau,About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?
Canadian constitution,What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?
British parliament,What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?
monarchy,What was retained in the constitution?
reform,What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?
her accession,"What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?"
annus horribilis,What did Elizabeth call her past year?
March,When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?
Captain Mark Phillips,Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?
Windsor Castle,What great house caught fire in November?
"Prime Minister, Tony Blair","Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?"
peace in Northern Ireland,What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?
20 March 2008,"When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?"
Maundy,What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?
May 2011.,When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?
Queen Victoria,Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?
great-great-grandmother,What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?
9 September 2015,When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?
world's oldest,"In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?"
King Bhumibol Adulyadej,What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?
1977,When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?
public criticism,What increased in the 1980s?
royal family,What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?
popularity,What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?
income tax,What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?
similar formula,What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?
Crown dependencies,What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?
Duke of Normandy,What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?
Lord of Mann,What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?
Ma'am,"Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?"
"genetic, hormonal, and environmental",What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?
biologically-based,What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?
no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role,IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?
exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.,What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation,Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?
"genetic, hormonal, and environmental",What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?
There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation,Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?
exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.,What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation,Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?
biologically-based theories,What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation,Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?
"they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.",What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?
There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.,What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?
"has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.",What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?
"They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors",Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?
individual's conception of themselves,What is sexual identity defined as?
actual sexual acts performed by the individual,What is sexual behavior defined as?
People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity,What does the term closeted mean?
concordance or discordance,"What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?"
"fantasies, attachments and longings",What is sexual orientation defined as?
"sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual",What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? 
Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.,Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?
closeted,What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? 
discordance,"What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?"
concordance,"Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?"
desire for a perceived traditional family,What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
concerns of discrimination,What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
religious ostracism,What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages,What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
hide their respective orientations from their spouses,What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism,What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?
others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages,Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 
"Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children",What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?
some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses,Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?
have adopted policy statements,How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?
cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation,What do these policy statements suggest? 
"American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association",What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
"National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.",What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation,Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?
cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.,What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?
"the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,",What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?
Magnus Hirschfeld,Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?
measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire,What did the published scheme attempt to do?
on two independent 10-point scales,How did the scheme measure desire?
A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual),What were the two scales defined as?
10-point,How many points were on each scale?
From at least the late nineteenth century,When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?
Magnus Hirschfeld,Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?
1896,What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. 
"a homosexual individual may be A5, B0",On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?
"an asexual would be A0, B0",On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?
it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality,What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?
as independent concepts on a separate scale,How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?
"they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa",What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?
"the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual",What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?
inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale,What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?
more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum,What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?
would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.,What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?
"the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,",What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?
scales of assessment,How does research identify sexual population groups?
to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation,What is the understanding of the scales used?
due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation,Why might the scales fail?
three components,How many components are used in assessment?
scales of assessment,What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?
assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.,What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?
ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation,What can cause problems with these scales that are used?
there are three components of sexual orientation,How many components are used in an assessment?
that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population,What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?
averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women,What were the calculations of this myth?
we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere,What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?
influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies,What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?
how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies,What does knowing the sexual population influence?
Bruce Voeller,Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?
"used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that ""we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere"".",What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?
that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women,What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?
men and women have different patterns of arousal,Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?
independent of their sexual orientations,Are the patterns related to orientation?
both human and nonhuman stimuli,What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?
to non-human visual stimuli,What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?
their specific sexual interest,Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?
"confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations",What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?
become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual,Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?
"x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,",Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?
", their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).",Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?
Androphilia and gynephilia,What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?
to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization,These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?
a sex assignment or gender identity,What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?
pansexual and polysexual,What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?
"queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual",What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?
Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia,Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?
homosexual and heterosexual,What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?
identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject,What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?
"queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.",What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?
Translation,What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?
Language,What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?
mass media,Where are the meanings of words negotiated?
New words,What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?
Translation,What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?
"English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.",Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?
can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation,What problems can arise due to translation issues?
Language,What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?
the subject's own sex,Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
"Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,",What theorists agreed with this concept?
gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation,What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
"gender-conforming heterosexual"" and the ""gender-nonconforming homosexual",What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
gender-nonconformity,What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation,What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
"""gender-conforming heterosexual"" and the ""gender-nonconforming homosexual""",What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker,Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
"it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.",What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
during their childhood years.,In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
non-Caucasian LGBT,Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?
Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine,What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?
"neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group",What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?
"Ô-Môi"" for Vietnamese American queer females.",What is an example of a culturally specific support network?
"in a double minority,",Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?
"they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group",What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?
racism,What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?
racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes,Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?
Ô-Môi,What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?
"Some research suggests that ""[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span",Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?
longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.,Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?
. [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'],What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?
choice,What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?
"2012,",When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?
"they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,",Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?
pathological condition,What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?
violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.,What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?
"that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,",What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?
sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.,What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?
such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories,How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?
relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history,What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?
the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response,What positions does the KInsey scale not use?
Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation,What does SASO stand for?
to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid,Why was SASO created?
"measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately",What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?
providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation,What is one of SASO's main goals?
measurements of sexual orientation.,What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?
all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation,How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?
(2006),When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?
"basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population",What issues to Savin address during this talk?
Because of the limited populations that each component captures,Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?
should be cautious in generalizing these findings.,How should consumers of the research approach these findings?
measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal,What have scientists started spending the most time on?
by using brain-scanning techniques,How do scientiest measure brain activity?
positively,How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?
"The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,",What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?
known to be involved in regulating fear.,What does the amygdala region of the brain do?
Perceived sexual orientation,What can affect how a person is treated?
15.6%,What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?
"2003,",When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?
workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation,Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?
"psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component",What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?
focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.,What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?
an individual's self-definition,What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?
typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence,When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?
"sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.",What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?
In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953,Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?
people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.,What where people asked to do in these research studies?
"that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual",What did KInsey find during these studies ?
(5–10%,In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?
"the randomness of his sample population,",Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?
Innate bisexuality,What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?
all humans are born bisexual,What does Sigmunds idea theorize?
"this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality",Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?
both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures,What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?
that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders,Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?
"pansexual or polysexual,",Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?
"a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions",What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?
Androphilia and gynephilia,What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?
sexual attraction to masculinity,What is androphilia used to describe?
the sexual attraction to femininity,What is gynephilia used to describe?
"an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes",What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?
identity labels,What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?
"lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).",What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?
a person’s choice of sexual partners,What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality,What does NARTH stand for?
"a ""professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,",What does NARTH consider itself to be?
the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy,What does NARTH disagree with?
its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality,What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?
that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish,What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?
"confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people",What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?
the affected s,Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?
confusion,What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?
"are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.","What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?"
when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals,What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?
dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.,What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?
because it is still not a true continuum,What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?
seven,How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?
to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale,In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?
a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences,What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?
12,How many questions does the SASO contain?
sexual attraction,What do six of the questions asses?
"four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity",What do the other six questions asses?
heterosexuality,What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?
"into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.",How are the results simplified when using the SASO?
The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established,Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?
that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it,What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?
the result of faulty psychological development,What was once thought to cause homosexuality?
this was based on prejudice and misinformation.,What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?
determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population,What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?
which component of sexual orientation is being assessed,What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?
Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population,"Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?"
chromosome Y,Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?
"androgen hormones,",What is the differentiation process driven by?
"secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain",What results in sexual differences in males and females?
the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life,What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs,Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?
in the 1860s,When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?
meant only to describe males,Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?
"dionings, urnings and uranodionings",What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?
the categories of sexual orientation used today:,What did these three categories correspond with?
lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.,What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?
collapsing the two values into one final score,What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?
A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience,Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?
to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information,How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?
"one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle",Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?
those assessing sexual attraction,What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?
sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation,Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?
"extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither",Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?
the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.,What is a huge concern for SASO?
people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time,What reflects the prevalence rates varying?
such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.,What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?
"over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,",What did Diamond find about the women?
the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour,What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?
individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed,What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?
Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional,Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?
Michel Foucault,Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?
1976,In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?
'Sexuality,What did he state was an invention of the modern state?
Sodomy,What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?
the concept may not apply similarly to men and women,What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?
"female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match",What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?
"men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,",What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?
is independent of cultural and other social influences,What does research show about sexual orientation?
homophobic/hetereosexist settings.,What can being openly gay be hindered by?
"white, middle-class, well-educated",What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?
"religion, language and ethnic traditions",What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?
"individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.",What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?
according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated),What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?
femininity and/or inferiority,When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?
masculinity and/or superiority,When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?
Little,How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?
"a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences",What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?
"a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause",What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?
"not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.",What do they believe about sexual orientation?
statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals,What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?
the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself,What can these results be caused from?
a concept that evolved in the industrialized West,What concept is sexual orientation argued as?
the universality of its application in other societies or cultures,What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?
as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period,What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?
confusing and degrading,What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?
". These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around",What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?
it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.,What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?
sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished,What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?
"sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,",What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?
sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).,What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?
fraternal birth order,What does the FBO effect stand for?
"prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism",What does this theory entail?
"this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,",What does research show about the FBO effect?
maternal immunization hypothesis,What does MIH stand for?
blood/brain barrier,What does BBB stand for?
Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale,What other name does the KInsey scale go by?
1948,When was the KInsey scale first published?
to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual,Why was the KInsey scale developed?
Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior,What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?
"Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin",Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?
Klein sexual orientation grid,What does KSOG stand for?
Fritz Klein,Who invented the KSOG?
response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation,Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?
a 7-point scale,What kind of scale does the KSOG use?
"past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).",What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?
sexual orientation,"What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?"
"diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure",What do individuals typically experience?
the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself,What is there little coherent relationships between?
Ritch Savin-Williams,"Who wrote the paper ""Whos Gay? Does It Matter?"
suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction,What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?
that biological measures should be developed and used.,What did he propose to measure attraction?
researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether,What else does Savin-Williams suggest?
assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated,What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?
that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns,What do these studies suggest?
in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.,How is this reflected in the studies?
"attractions, behavior, identity",What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?
physical component of attractions,What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?
emotional attachment,What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?
"perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people",What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?
gaydar,What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?
that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance,"What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses ""gaydar""?"
using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation,What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?
not an accurate indication of orientation.,What did this research also show about face-shape?
due to differing definitions of bisexuality.,What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?
"if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,",What is one way a study can view bisexuality?
they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons),What is another way studies can view bisexuality?
1%.,What is the percentage of asexuals?
"activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as ""gay"" and ""heterosexual"" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.",What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?
is a sign of homosexuality,What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?
expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends,What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?
51,What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?
2013,When did Dell go private?
PC monitors,Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?
Texas,In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?
third largest,What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?
consumer market,What market did Dell ignore at first?
1996,When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?
going up,What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?
1997,When did Dell create their internal marketing group?
direct,What sales model did Dell use for a long time?
Consumers,Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?
consumer electronics retail stores,Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?
retail,What market presence did Dell lack?
Texas,What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?
PC,What industry was getting smaller?
2011,When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?
Hewlett Packard,What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?
ThinkPad,What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?
Apple Inc.,What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?
manufacturing,"Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?"
in-house,Where did Dell configure their notebooks?
2006,When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?
The Wall Street Journal,Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?
Asian,What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?
advertisements,"What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?"
free,One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?
2006,What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?
half,By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?
Internet,Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?
2008,What year did Dell make an agreement with Officeworks?
Inspiron,What computer model did Dell ask Officeworks to carry?
Australian,In which country did Dell partner with Harris Technology?
Dick Smith Electronics,What company did Dell team with in late 2008?
2010,What year did Dell's Australian program end up shutting down?
accounting,What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on?
$50 million,What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?
2006,What year did Dell's internal investigation begin?
AMD,Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?
$100 million,How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?
1990s,What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?
servers,"IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?"
PowerEdge,What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?
1998,What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?
Compaq,Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?
PC,What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?
price,What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?
manufacturing,What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?
big box stores,Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?
CNET,What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?
2000s,What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?
Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center,What plant did Dell close in Texas?
North Carolina,What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?
Herbalife,What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?
Florida,The plant in what US state still remains in operation?
Elliott Management,What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?
doubled,How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?
The Wall Street Journal,What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?
2013,What year did Dell go private?
Malaysia,In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1995?
95%,What percentage of Dell notebooks are assembled in their asian plants?
$60 million,How much did Dell spend to construct a new plant in India?
"400,000",How many PCs was Dell's Indian plant slated to make in 2007?
Michael Dell,Who is the founder of Dell?
nine,How many board members does Dell have?
five,How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?
Audit Committee,Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?
Antitrust Compliance Committee,Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?
1990s,What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores?
1994,what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers?
Sears,What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003?
2007,What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again?
Best Buy,Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US? 
product-recycling goal,What was Dell the first IT company to establish?
2006,What year did Dell enact its global consumer recycling program?
275 million pounds,How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009?
2006,What year was 78 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled?
12.4%,What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous seven years were recycled?
1990s,What decade did Dell switch to PSUs and boards that had differently wired connectors?
Dell-compatible parts,With what kind of parts were consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with?
2003,What year did Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones?
pin-outs,What part of their motherboards does Dell not reveal the specifications of?
1984,When did Michael Dell found his company?
"$1,000",How much did Dell receive as capital from his family?
University of Texas at Austin,What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?
1985,What year did Dell design its own computer?
$73 million,How much did Dell profit in its first year?
steady growth,What did Dell enjoy from 1997 to 2004?
Compaq,What company did Dell overtake as the largest PC manufacturer?
$35 billion,How much were Dell profiting in 2002?
Hewlett Packard,What company did Compaq merge with in 2002?
Dell,What company was the fastest growing in the early 2000s?
supply chain efficiencies,What did Dell rely on that gave it a reputation?
R&D,What did Dell maintain lower spending on than its competitors?
horizontal,What was Dell's organizational structure considered?
IT solutions,Dell lagged behind Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions?
Dell 2.0,What was the name of Dell's change campaign?
Michael Dell,Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board?
2006,Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?
Donald Carty,Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?
half,How much of Dell's revenue was its PC division?
Hewlett Packard,Who was Dell's main business rival?
$13 billion,How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions?
declines,What happened to Dell's revenue and share price in the post-PC market?
Nashua,What city is Dell's New Hampshire facility in?
Nashville,What city is Dell's Tennessee facility in?
Eden Prairie,What city is Dell's Minnesota facility in?
Miami,What city is Dell's Florida facility in?
Austin,What city is Dell's Texas facility in?
1999,What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?
North Carolina,What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?
Asia,What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?
Alienware,What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?
greenhouse gas,What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?
40%,"By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?"
2011,What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?
Greenpeace,What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are? 
2009,What year did Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?
70%,What percent lower was Dell selling its notebooks in Taiwan?
"19"" LCD",What did dell sell for $19 in Taiwan?
NT$1 million,How much did Taiwan fine Dell for its practices?
supply chain,Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for?
direct-sales,What sales model did Dell follow?
hardware,"For the majority of Dell's existence, what were they a vendor of?"
Perot Systems,What company did Dell acquire in 2009?
IT services,What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2009?
1993,What year did Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers?
Wal-Mart,What was one retailer that were going to sell Dell PCs?
Kevin Rollins,Who convinced Michael Dell to not use retailers to sell PCs?
CEO,What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually attain?
1986,What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?
board of directors,What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?
1990,What year did Walker retire?
CEO,What was Morton Meyerson's position at his former company?
U.S,What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?
32 percent,What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?
2006,What year were Dell's PC profits shrinking?
Microsoft's Windows Vista,What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients?
mobility,Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?
iPad,The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?
Streak,What Dell product was a commercial failure?
XPS,What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?
2012,What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?
customer service,What did Dell have a poor reputation for?
offshore,Where did Dell move its call centers?
Dick Hunter,Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of customer service?
$100 million,How much had Dell spent by 2006 on improving customer service?
2013,What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring Dell?
KKR & Co,What was the first private equity firm to decide not to submit a bid for Dell?
Silver Lake,What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from acquiring Dell?
$25bn,How much was the potential enterprise value of Dell?
2008,What year did Dell close its largest Canadian call center?
1100,How many employees lost jobs when Dell closed their call center?
"3,000",How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Ottawa call center?
10%,What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2008?
private cloud computing,What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address?
FBR Capital Markets,What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell?
10%,How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement?
$67bn,What was the original valuation of the merger?
$24.4 billion,What was the value of Dell's buyout deal?
2013,What year did Dell announce its buyout deal?
$2 billion,What was the value of the loan that Dell received from Microsoft?
$17.5 billion,What was the value of the second largest technology buyout?
"80,000 square feet",How much space did Dell lease in Texas?
100,How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?
2002,What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building?
Round Rock,Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003?
"312,000 square feet",What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2?
Austin,What Texas city was Dell's headquarters previously in?
"1,200",How many employees worked at Dell's Texas headquarters?
1994,What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees out of Texas?
top floor,Where was the board room located at Dells Arboretum building?
"1,100",How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1994?
EMEA,For what market did Dell make computers for in Ireland?
"4,500",How many Irish employees did Dell hire?
€52.7million,What was the value of the aid package given to Dell that the European Union investigated?
2009,What year did Dell announce it was relocating its Irish facility?
2007,"What year did Dell begin production in the Lodz, Poland facility?"
multivendor,What kind of hardware support does Dell provide?
ProSupport,What kind of customers does Dell provide support to for major outages?
on-line support,What kind of support does Dell provide using a computer's service-tag?
Dell on Call,What is the alternate name for the Dell Solution Station?
Dell Business Support,What Dell service offers certified technicians to tackle commercial technical support?
Dell Everdream Desktop Management,What Dell service offers remote desktop management?
Your Tech Team,What is the name of the Dell service that gives home-users a support queue?
2006,What year did Dell lose its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?
15%,What was HP's growth during the third quarter of 2006?
8.9%,What was the rate of decline that Dell experienced in PC shipments?
13.9%,What was Dell's market share at the end of 2006?
polyvinyl chloride,What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?
2011,By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?
Greenpeace,What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals?
2009,What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals?
45%,What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?
$100 million,How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?
$150 million,What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?
external environmental impact,What does Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products?
$3 million,How much does energy efficiency save Dell per year?
PC power management,What is the largest contributor to Dell's energy efficiency savings?
"50,000",How many PCs does Dell employ energy management software on?
direct review,What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
appellate,"In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?"
three,How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
trial,"In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?"
60,What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
1996,In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
one,How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
42 U.S.C. § 1983,What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights,Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
Gary Gilmore,"Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?"
Utah,In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
"May 25, 1979",On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
Nevada,In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
lethal injection,"How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?"
Old Sparky,What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
Yellow,What color was Alabama's electric chair?
Florida,What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
lethal injection,"Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?"
Electrocution,"Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?"
Wisconsin,What state has had only a single execution?
1957,When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?
1984,When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?
1978,"In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?"
Rhode Island,"What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?"
700,"In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?"
325,How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?
32,How many states in the US have the death penalty?
Alabama,What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?
overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty,What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?
Puerto Rico's,"What territory's constitution says ""The death penalty shall not exist""?"
Michigan,What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?
eleven,How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?
federal,Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?
1972,In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?
Furman v. Georgia,What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?
Luis Monge,"Who was executed on June 2, 1967?"
Eighth,What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?
1976,In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?
Connecticut,"What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an ""enclosure""?"
North Carolina,"What state's law requires that capital punishment occur ""within the walls"" of a penitentiary?"
Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220,What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730?
Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4,"Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?"
New Mexico's,"What state's law mandated that executions occur in """"room or place enclosed from public view""?"
1976,In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?
sentencing,"Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?"
first-degree murder,What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?
mitigating,"Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?"
the defendant's guilt,What is decided at the first proceeding?
98,How many executions occurred in 1999?
28,What was the number of people executed in 2015?
1976,In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?
"1,411",How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?
California,Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?
Demarcus Sears,"In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?"
Gloria Ann Wilbur,Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?
Kentucky,In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?
1986,In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?
Georgia,A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?
state collateral review,"When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?"
6,About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?
53,"In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?"
ineffective assistance of counsel,What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?
Hill v. McDonough,In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?
2006,In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?
Eighth,What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?
Baze v. Rees,What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?
habeas corpus,"Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?"
38,How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?
"December 26, 1862",On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?
Minnesota,In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?
African-American,What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?
1723,"In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?"
the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?
Federal habeas corpus,How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?
federal,In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?
truly compelling,"If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?"
Illinois,"Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?"
Maryland,The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?
Martin O'Malley,Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?
Connecticut,In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?
11,How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit,In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided?
United States Supreme Court,What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh?
Eighth,What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?
mitigating,What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider?
1938,In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed?
1963,When was Michigan's fourth Constitution ratified?
Milan,In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?
2004,In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?
4,What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment?
Drug Kingpin Act of 1988,Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994,According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?
June 2001,In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?
"Louis Jones, Jr.","Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?"
Indiana,In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?
1962,In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?
2009,In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code?
systemic fairness for minorities,What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?
1977,In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided?
rape of an adult woman,For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty?
U.S. Federal government,"Along with Georgia, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?"
Kennedy v. Louisiana,What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists?
three,"Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana, how many states criminalized child rape?"
2008,In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?
Massachusetts,What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?
State v. Kleypas,In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?
electrocution,What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?
lethal injection,"After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?"
sodium thiopental,What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?
Hospira,"Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?"
Danish,What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?
low production volume,"Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?"
execution,The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?
1994,In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment?
47,What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966?
29,"In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty?"
47,"In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole?"
aggravated rape,What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana?
Oklahoma,In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?
Mississippi,"Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense?"
Georgia,In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?
"California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska",In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense?
"William J. Brennan, Jr.","Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?"
William O. Douglas,"Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?"
Byron White,"Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?"
156,"Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?"
2.5,What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?
6,How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?
Texas,What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?
four times,How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?
1,What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?
fifty,"Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?"
Congress,What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?
espionage,What is another term for the act of spying for another country?
high-level drug trafficking,"Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?"
Gary Gilmore,"Who was executed on January 17, 1977?"
firing squad,By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?
ten,"Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?"
filing repeated writs of habeas corpus,What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?
September 2011,In what month and year was Troy Davis executed?
Richard Dieter,Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director?
Amnesty International,What organization did Brian Evans work for?
five,How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?
hanging,What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?
South Carolina,In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?
John Marshall,Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?
1888,When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?
41,What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?
34,What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?
47,What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?
2.2%,What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?
17.4%,What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?
four,"In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?"
Governor,"Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?"
309,How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?
44,How many capital sentences were given in 1973?
2014,In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?
"April 2, 1937",On what date was Fred Adams hanged?
Owensboro,Where was Bethea hanged?
Red,What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?
Missouri,In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?
300,How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?
Columbia Law School,What institution does James Liebman work for?
law,What does James Liebman teach?
40,"According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?"
47,"According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?"
1996,In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
James W. Rodgers,"Who was executed on March 30, 1960?"
firing squad,What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?
Utah,In what state was Rodgers executed?
"June 22, 1965",On what date was George York executed?
Oklahoma,Which state executed James French?
364,About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?
1642,In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
Twenty-two,"Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?"
14,How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
gas chamber,What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
Oklahoma,What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
Director of Corrections,"As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?"
African-American,What race was Clayton Lockett?
nitrogen,What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
heart attack,What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
socio-economic,"Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?"
human life,"According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?"
criminals involved in murder,"According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?"
deterring crime,What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
the innocent,Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
Sixteen,"According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?"
1988,In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
March 2005,In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
5,"In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?"
18,"Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?"
1919,In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
hanging,What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
the local sheriff,"In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?"
1890,In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
Toney Anaya,Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
New Mexico,Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
Dick Celeste,Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
four,How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
1979,In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
Kansas,"Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?"
Paul Ezra Rhoades,Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
Donald Moeller,"Who was executed on October 30, 2012?"
12,"Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?"
1992,"Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?"
three,How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
sodium thiopental,What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
2011,When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
Italy,In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
Torture Regulation,What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
Katsuyah Nakawaka,Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?
15-pin expansion port,What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?
cost reasons,Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?
Game & Watch machines,Where were the game pad controllers copied from?
NES,What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?
"October 18, 1985",What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?
New York City,Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?
Consumer Electronics Show,What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?
Peter Main,In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?
30%,"In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?"
It can't be beaten,What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?
Sega's Master System,What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?
Soviet Union,Where was Nintendo not available?
Japanese (Famicom),Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?
72-pin,Which interface did the NES use?
60-pin,Which interface did Famicom use?
develop their own customized chips,Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?
Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation,"With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?"
Electronic Arts,Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?
first-party games,Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?
post-SNES era,Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?
Blockbuster Video,Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?
would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games,According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?
copyrighted instruction booklets,Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?
produced their own short instructions,What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?
Mattel,"Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?"
1990,When did Nintendo take over European distribution?
"UK, Italy and Australia",Which three countries share the PAL A region?
"""Mattel Version"" and ""NES Version""","What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?"
NES Advantage and the NES Max,What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?
shoot much faster during shooter games,What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?
The NES Max,Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?
Power Pad and the Power Glove,Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?
"""Slow"" button",The NES Max also did not feature what?
1986,What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?
kiosks in malls,Where could the disks for the game be obtained?
buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk,How were the disks purchased?
storing the game and saving progress,What were the storage disks used for?
128k,What was the total capacity of a disk?
spring of 1985,When was the system originally supposed to be released?
New York City,Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?
February 1986,When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?
September 1986,When was the nationwide release of the NES?
Europe and Australia,Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?
Italy,One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?
Nintendo,Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?
Mattel,Who handled distribution in the other region?
1990s,When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?
16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis,Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?
late 1993,When did the demand for new NES software dry up?
Wario's Woods,What was the final Famicom game released in North America?
1995,What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?
"October 31, 2007",How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?
Activision,Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?
third-party software developers,Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?
"Sega, Sony, and Microsoft",Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?
voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip,Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?
refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo,Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?
Europe and Australia,Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?
threatened retailers,What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?
NES,What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System?
Family Computer,what was it called in Japan?
"July 15, 1983",When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in Japan?
1987,When was it released in Australia?
Super Nintendo Entertainment System,What succeeded the Famicom?
blinking red power light,What was the console's most common problem?
once per second,The 10NES would reset the system how often?
"Dirty, aging and bent connectors",What disrupted the communication as well?
blowing air onto the cartridge connectors,What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?
1989,When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit?
2.5 million units,How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?
Advanced Video Entertainment System,What was this system to be called in North America?
Electronic Games magazine,What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?
NES 2,Which console featured a top-loading design?
game controllers,The design of what was modified slightly?
brick,the original design of the controller was what shape?
dog bone,What was the new design shape of the controller?
6 feet,How long were standard NES controller cables?
1988,What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?
Compute!,Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?
1989,When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?
Commodore 64s,The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?
FDS games,Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what?
make cartridge titles,What did companies do instead of making FDS games?
dust covers,Many FDS disks lack what?
belt,What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine?
2003,How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks?
Sharp Corporation,Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?
Twin Famicom,What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?
Comboy,Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea?
1998,Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?
licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor,How could Japanese products only enter South Korea?
gold,The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?
gray,What is the standard color of all other cartridges?
yellow,What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?
licensed US cartridges,"What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?"
Life is like a hurricane,What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?
antitrust behavior,What was Nintendo accused of?
strict licensing requirements,Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?
FTC,Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?
United States Department of Justice,Who began probing Nintendo's business?
$5,How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?
Pasofami,What was the first NES emulator?
iNES,What was the first English available emulator?
MS-DOS,What platform was NESticle available for use?
"April 3, 1997",When was NESticle released?
lockout hardware,What did the Famicom sorely lack?
3193,What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada?
3195,"What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe, save the UK and Italy?"
3196,What was the lockout chip number for Asia?
3197,"What was the lockout chip number for UK, Italy, and Australia?"
Masayuki Uemura,Who designed the Famicom system?
16,The plans called for how many bits as a feature?
Hiroshi Yamauchi,Who was the Nintendo president at the time?
October 1982,When was the test model constructed?
NEC PC-8001,Early Famicom games were written on what computer system?
Zapper,What was the light gun controller called?
DA-15,What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?
control ports on the front,How were the special controllers connected to the NES?
1983,What year did the video game market crash?
marketing,The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?
artwork,What specifically was misrepresented on game products?
confidence,Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?
$475,How much was the selling price equivalent to in today's money?
US$199.99,How much did the Deluxe NES sell for?
US$99.99,How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?
Duck Hunt,Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?
US$89.99,The Basic Set sold for how much at release?
unlicensed clone market,What thrived after the NES was discontinued?
color LCD,What feature does the PocketFami have?
chip,The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?
playing card,Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system?
Atari,Nintendo's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer?
licensed approval,Nintendo required what from its software developers?
higher quality,What did licensing lead to regarding games?
Tengen,Atari created NES products under which name?
copyright infringement,What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?
"""Rabbit"" chip",Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?
United States Patent and Trademark Office,Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?
December 1993,What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?
HVC-101,What used composite video output?
HVC-001,What device was RF only?
AV Famicom,What was the newer model called?
3D graphic capable headset,What did Nintendo release in Japan only?
Ricoh,Who developed Nintendo's PPU?
2,How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?
48,The system has how many colors available on it?
6,How many grays could be used as well?
256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels,What is the standard display resolution of the NES?
Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System,Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?
June 1983,When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?
Coleco,Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?
Ray Kassar,What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?
Entertainment System,"What was Nintendo's euphemism for ""video game system?"""
Control Deck,What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?
Game Pak,"What was the term used by Nintendo instead of ""video games?"""
seal of quality,What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?
Official Nintendo Seal of Quality,The seal of quality took on what eventual name?
hardwired,How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?
SELECT,The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?
microphone,What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?
square,What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?
circular,What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?
summer 1988,When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?
Mediagenic,What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?
cartridges,Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?
risk,"As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?"
1988,What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?
zero insertion force,What does ZIF stand for?
VCR,The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?
bent the contact pins slightly,The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?
nickel,What material were the connector springs made of?
copper,What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?
Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers,"To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?"
ensure that the machines were properly repaired,What did the repair centers promise?
paying a fee,What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?
radio frequency (RF),The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?
composite video,The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?
12,The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?
RF modulator,The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?
7,How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?
identical,"Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?"
primary controller,The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?
Famicom microphone,What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?
Dendy,What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?
Soviet Union,Where was the Dendy sold?
Argentina,"Which country marketed a clone called ""Family Game?"""
Pegasus,What was the name of the clone in Poland?
Samurai,"India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?"
11.7,How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?
"typically 11"" to 14""",How large was the typical television recommended for the device?
atop,Where was the Television meant to be placed?
Game Pak slot,What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?
74%,"According to Sergio DellaPergola, what percent of Jews worldwide do Ashkenazi Jews's make up?"
11th century,During what century did Ashkenazi Jews make up around three percent of the Jewish population worldwide?
Holocaust,Prior to which major event were there approximately 16.7 million Jews in the world?
1931,During what year did Ashkenazi Jews account for 92 percent of Jews worldwide?
92 percent,"By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?"
16.7 million,How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?
"three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent","From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?"
Sergio DellaPergola,Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?
10 million and 11.2 million,The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?
Yoma,In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?
cradle of Germanic tribes,"Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?"
Slavic,Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?
Saadia Gaon,Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?
Germanikia in northwestern Syria,"Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?"
King Dagobert I of the Franks,Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?
very few Jews,Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?
traders or artisans,"In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?"
465 CE,In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?
conversion to Christianity,"During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?"
47.5%,What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?
Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews,"When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?"
"the concept of the ""melting pot""",What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?
35–36%,What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?
east European Ashkenazim,"When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?"
Yiddishkeit,"Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?"
a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish,Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?
"""Jewishness""",What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?
liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew,In the past most Jews prayed in what language?
Yiddish,"In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?"
For roughly a thousand years,For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?
University of Huddersfield in England,A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?
Central Europe,"In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?"
"many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths","In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?"
high frequencies,Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?
have not always been warm,In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?
led to protest movements,What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?
as second-class citizens,How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?
Saadia Marciano,Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?
Moroccan Jew,Where was Saadia Marciano from?
35 to 55 percent,What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?
admixture is considerably higher,Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?
a genetically more divergent population,"Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?"
more diverse,In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?
"Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset",Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?
ancient Levantine origins,Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?
they have arrived at diverging conclusions,Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?
researching both their paternal and maternal lineages,"Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?"
the Levant,Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?
Sefarad,The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?
Tsarefat,The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?
1 Kings 17:9,The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?
as Ashkenazim,How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?
medieval Germany and France,"Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?"
a brief period of stability,Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?
north of the Alps,Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?
Roman Empire,Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?
finance and commerce,When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?
Yiddish,Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?
shtetls,The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?
a strong system of education,A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?
increased with every outbreak of antisemitism,In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?
heeded rabbinic leadership,"Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?"
Rabbi Elijah of Chelm,Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?
halakhic questions,Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?
16th-century,Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?
Worms,"In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?"
8.8 million,"At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?"
about 6 million,"Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?"
91%,What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?
nearly 80%,The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?
Yiddish,The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?
customs,"For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?"
Orthodox Jews,What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?
religious law,"For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?"
a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry,"For religious Jews, ""Ashkenazic"" refers to what two things?"
Ashkenazi Jews,Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?
Israel,"Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?"
Hebrew,"For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?"
many Hasidic and Hareidi groups,What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?
"a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup",A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?
ethnic group,"Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?"
Hasidic or Hareidi sects,Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
Haredi Jews often have extremely large families,Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?
2%,What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?
8%,What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
27%,What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? 
a quarter,About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?
half the world's chess champions,About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
the destruction of the First Temple,Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?
"2,500 years ago",The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?
1000,It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?
Central and eventually Eastern Europe,Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?
Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations,A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?
54%–60%,Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?
12.7%,Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation,The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?
shifted steadily eastward,"In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?"
German lands,"In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?"
Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine),"In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?"
a cultural reorientation,"In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?"
Ashkenaz,The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure?
Gomer,Ashkenaz was the first son of whom?
Cimmerians,The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym?
Cimmerians,Assyrian Aškūza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates?
the Levant,Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area?
all major Jewish groups,The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups?
non-Jewish ethnic populations,The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population?
Archaic Era of Greece,The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?
Herodotus,Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?
267 and 396 CE,The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?
"""Palestinian Syrians""",What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?
the invading Persians,The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?
97%,"According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?"
3%,"According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?"
92%,"By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?"
in a manner unrelated to its original meaning,"In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?"
all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic,"In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?"
Jews of mixed background are increasingly common,Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?
Ashkenazi Jews,"By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?"
children inherit a Sephardic identity,When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?
the practice of the beth din that converted him or her,A convert generally follows which practice?
1890s,When did the Dreyfus affair occur?
the 1920s and 1930s,In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?
"antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression",What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?
"a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements","By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?"
prayer book,What is the Siddur?
the nusach Ashkenaz,The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?
"""liturgical tradition"", or rite",The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?
"Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari",Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?
Lubavitch Hasidim,Nusach Ari is used by whom?
three types of genetic origin testing,How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?
the 1990s,When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?
a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line,What does Y-DNA show?
"autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)",What are the three types of origin testing?
a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry,Autosomal DNA is what?
40%,"A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from ""founder lineages""?"
from just four women,"A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? "
founder lineages,The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?
Hebrew/Levantine,The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?
in the later 19th century,When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?
argued for Khazar descent,"Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?"
no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA,What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?
the 2nd and 3rd centuries,Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?
a synagogue,The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?
433,In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?
1095,What year marked the onset of the Crusades?
"Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)","As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?"
1290,What year were the expulsions from England?
1394,What year were the expulsions from France?
Jewish migration pushed eastward,"After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?"
Rabbi Berechiah,What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?
"Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah",What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?
the Talmud,Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?
Genesis Rabbah,What is the name of the Midrash compilation?
a comparatively stable socio-political environment,"After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?"
A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries,What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?
in the 19th and 20th centuries,Massive western emigration occurred around what time?
1750,Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?
the chief Ashkenazi rabbi,Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?
a unicameral legislature with 120 seats,What is the Knesset?
halakhic matters,Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?
"social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of ""post-denominational Judaism""",What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?
Kabbalah,What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?
ecstatic worship,Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?
Syrian Jewish community,"Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?"
Ash,Some people with the surname shorten it to what?
Vladimir Ashkenazy,What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?
Middle Eastern peoples,It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?
uncommon in the general European population,It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?
the Middle East,The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?
80 percent,A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?
8 percent,A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?
while the origin of the remainder is undetermined,A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?
Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews,"In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?"
modern-day Italians,The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?
inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire,Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?
30 geneticists,How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?
found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews,What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?
13 universities and academies,How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?
through what is now Italy,The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?
pre-Christian times,The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?
212 CE,Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?
Emperor Caracalla,Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?
8th and 9th century,Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?
11th century,Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?
often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers,What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?
the first half of the 11th century,When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?
Germany,Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?
both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz,"In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?"
the Middle Ages,When did France expel its original Jewish population?
two distinct Jewish populations,By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?
Fertile Crescent,All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?
2002,"What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?"
five thousand,"In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?"
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria,Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?
Athanasius the Great,What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?
45 years,For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?
17,How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?
2 May 373,When did Saint Athanasius die?
Athanasius the Great,What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?
Alexandria,Of what city was he bishop?
45 years,How long did his episcopate last?
Athanasius the Confessor,What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?
326,In what year was Athanasius consecrated?
about thirty years of age,How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?
He was most unwilling to accept,Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?
people were determined to have him,Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?
five months,How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?
unwilling,Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?
in 326,In what year was he consecrated?
thirty years of age.,How old was he when he was consecrated?
Upper Egypt,Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?
Letter to the Monks,What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?
George of Cappadocia,Who took over after Athanasius?
the Eusebian faction at Constantinople,Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?
the desert of Upper Egypt,To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?
the Eusebian faction at Constantinople,Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?
six years,How long did he spend in the desert?
Apology to Constantius,What is one thing he wrote during this time?
George of Cappadocia,Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?
Julian,Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?
Pistus,Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?
362,In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?
361,In what year did Emperor Constantius die?
murdered,How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?
The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front,Were the Arians united in their oppostion?
"22 February, 362",When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?
Julian,Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?
An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus,Who then succeeded George?
flung into prison and murdered,"What happened to the usurping bishop, George?"
Arian,What party benefited from the accession of Valens?
Constantius,Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?
Athanasius,What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?
Alexandria,Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?
banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius,What did the decree of Valens do?
case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor,"When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? "
"withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October",What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?
issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see,How did Valens get him to return?
Athanasius,Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?
Eastern and Western Christianity,Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?
Athanasius,"The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?"
Augustine's De trinitate,The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?
Anthony the Great,About whom did he write his most widely-read work?
spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity,Why was this work considered to be important?
illiterate and holy,How did he depict Anthony?
Augustine's De trinitate,What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?
Athanasius,Whose life did Anthony's resemble?
27,Athanasius began his leading role at what age?
325,In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?
Athanasius Contra Mundum,Athanasius was also known as what?
Three years,How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?
Constantine,Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?
Conflict with Arius and Arianism,What conflict shaped his career?
"Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father",Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?
Athanasius Against the World,"Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?"
the Arian position,Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?
the baptisms were genuine,Were the pretend baptisms real?
ritual of Christian baptism,"As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?"
clerical careers,What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?
not been properly catechized,Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?
in the East,Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?
Homer,What famous Greek author did Athanasius  quote?
in 311,In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?
Peter of Alexandria,Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?
quoting Plato,What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?
"Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten",What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?
common Christological view,Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?
powerful bishops,What other leaders believed this?
excommunicated by Alexander,What eventually happened to Arius?
Alexander,Who did Athanasius succeed?
five exiles,How many exiles did he endure?
Egypt and Libya,The churches of what countries were in his territory?
disputes against Arians,Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?
Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas,Where is Gaul currently located?
his innocence reaffirmed,What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?
Hosius of Cordoba,With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?
misdemeanours and even murder,About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?
objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops,Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?
352,In what year did Pope Julius die?
Liberius had been favourable,Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?
armed men,Where the men armed who arrested him?
a fourth condemnation of Athanasius,What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?
engaged in services,What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?
the Arians,Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?
a vigil service,What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?
Upper Egypt,Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?
History of the Arians,In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?
Four Orations against the Arians,What did he write during this time?
Rimini in Italy,Where did bishops of the West meet?
Arian,What belief was accepted by Constantius?
"The Son to be ""like the Father""",What was the belief that was approved at this council?
the Nicene,What did the orthodox leaders believe?
a formula of faith,What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?
Prefect of Egypt,What position did Ecdicius hold?
short duration,Did he think he would be gone a long time?
Julian,Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?
expulsion,What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?
urged them to submit,Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?
before the Arian controversy,When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?
Against the Heathen,Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?
in human form,How did he believe Jesus came into the world?
Incarnation of the Word of God,Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?
fled,What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?
"""Give us Athanasius!""",Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?
on his death-bed,When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius? 
The Bishops had nothing better,Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?
many detractors,Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?
defiling an altar,What was he accused of doing to a church?
his own personal gain,He was accused of selling grain for what reason?
Christians who disagreed with his formulation,What did the term Arian mean to him?
Arian,What did he call his detractors?
Pillar of the Church,What was he known as soon after he died?
18 January,What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Father of Orthodoxy,How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?
Father of the Canon,What do the Protestants call him?
2 May,What is his feast day in Western Christianity?
important trade center,What was Alexandria known for?
secular character,Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only?
influential pagans,Did only Christians attend the school?
ethnically diverse,Was Alexandria welcoming to other cultures?
Maximian persecution,What famous event happened in 303?
the Festal Epistles,What writing mentions the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?
canonical age (30),At what age was a man eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?
failed to abide,Did the followers of Meletius obey the guidelines of Nicaea?
cut off essential Egyptian grain,What was Athanasius accused of planning against the Arians?
was found guilty,What was the verdict of the accusation?
anathematized,What was his punishment?
Arians and Meletians,Who was he accused of harming?
knew Greek,Did Athanasius speak Greek?
not knowing Hebrew,Did he understand Hebrew?
limited to the Septuagint,Did he know all of the Old Testament?
Scriptural study and of Greek,What did students learn in the school in Alexandria?
Septuagint Greek,What translation of the Old Testament did he study?
Constans,Who did he have to thank for his ability to come back to Alexandria in 345?
enthusiastic demonstrations,Were the people glad to have him home?
Apology Against the Arians,In what writing did he recount his time in exiles?
civil war,What happened when Constans died?
pro-Arian,Did the new emperor agree or disagree with the Arians?
fled,What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?
Give us Athanasius,Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?
Bishops had nothing better,Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?
called Athanasius,Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?
Constantius,Who tried to bribe Liberius?
three days,How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?
Beroea,Where did Liberius go?
were refused,Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?
comply with the bishops,What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?
When Emperor Constantine I died,At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria?
Constans,Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?
Gregory of Cappadocia,Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away?
Festal Letters,How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter?
Constantius II,Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again?
threats of the Emperor,Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?
sent into exile,What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?
Pope refused to accept,Did the Pope agree with this order?
Constantius consented,Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?
Arian formula of faith,What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?
murder,What happened to Bishop George?
severe penance,What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine?
after the death of Emperor Constantius,When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?
Eusebius of Vercelli,Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?
Arian,What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?
outskirts of Alexandria,Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?
few months,For how long was he exiled this time?
his father's tomb,Where did he hide during this time?
local authorities,Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?
Athanasius,Who standardized the books of the New Testament?
various,What books were used before his decision to standardize?
7 books,How many books are listed that should be included but were not?
27 books,How many books are in the New Testament?
in use today,Have those books changed over time?
not optional but necessary,Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?
the true Faith,Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?
outside of the true Faith,Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?
within you,Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?
his Church in Alexandria,Who was the Festal Letter written for?
thrice repeating his name,How did the people  know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?
thirty years,How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?
bishops of all Egypt,Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?
unanimous in their choice,Did all the people want him as Patriarch?
Five months,How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?
Gospel of John,Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius?
the Divinity of Jesus,What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed?
a result of Athanasius,Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass?
at the altar,Where was this Gospel said?
certain Feast days,When are different Gospels said?
different theological views,Did all Arians believe the same things?
supported the tenets,Were Arians also Origenists?
bishops disagreed,Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?
a real theological ideology,What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?
not monolithic,Did Arians have one set of beliefs?
Klondike Gold Rush,To what golden event was Seattle the portal?
Microsoft,Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle?
Alaska,In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located?
Logging,What was Seattle's first primary money maker?
Boeing,What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability? 
King County,Of which Washington county is Seattle the center?
"662,400",By 2015 what was Seattle's population?
third largest,What is Seattle's ranking in North America in terms of container processing? 
July 2013,By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US?
100 miles,How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle?
Denny Party,What group of settlers established a site at Pioneer Square?
April 1853,When was New York Alki established?
New York,by what name did Charles Terry and John Low first name their settlement?
New York Alki,What was the Chinook enhanced name of Terry and Low's settlement?
New York Alki,What site was eventually abandoned when the settlers moved back in with Denny?
"May 23, 1853",At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers?
Chief Sealth,What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle?
"May 23, 1853",When were the first land allocations made in Seattle?
"January 14, 1865",At what date was Seattle incorporated as a town?
Mayor-council,What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?
lumber,What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?
Skid Road,What name was given to the street Yesler Way?
Skid Row,"After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?"
4.2%,What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?
anti-Chinese riots,What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?
Klondike Gold Rush,"After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?"
depression,What event ended the Gold Rush?
Panic of 1893,What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush?
miners,For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?
American Messenger Company,What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $100?
Boeing aircraft,During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle's economy?
Japanese American internment,What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?
commercial airliner market,In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?
1962 World's Fair,How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?
Boeing,What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?
vaudeville,What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?
1902,When did Pantages open his movie houses?
John Considine,Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?
B. Marcus Priteca,Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?
Paramount Theatre,"Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant,  theaters did Priteca disign?"
2001,When did Boeing move its headquarters to Chicago?
Seattle,"Before 2001, where was Boeing headquartered?"
production facilities,What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities?
Everett,"Besides the Renton plant, where else are airplanes made for Boeing?"
all residents,To whom is the Boeing credit union open?
World War I,When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?
Port of Los Angeles.,What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?
Seattle General Strike,What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?
1919,When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?
Maritime Strike,What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?
Wah Mee massacre,What violent act happened in Seattle's Chinatown in 1983?
gambling club,What type of establishment was Wan Mee?
Microsoft,Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area?
real estate,What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US?
early 2001,About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle?
Goodwill Games,What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?
Nisqually earthquake,What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?
grunge,What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s? 
1999,When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?
police reactions,What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?
Puget Sound,What water mass is located west of Seattle?
Olympic Peninsula,What land area is west of Puget Sound?
Lake Washington,What lake is to the east of Seattle?
Elliott Bay,Where is Seattle's prime harbor?
oceanic port,"Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?"
Amazon.com,What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?
2010,When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?
more than half,How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?
"14,511",How many new people move to Seattle each year?
sixth-worst,Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?
Pacific Ring of Fire,What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?
reclaimed land,What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?
6.8,What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?
"February 28, 2001",On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?
9.0 or greater,What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?
Rome,"What other famous city, besides Seattle, lies on seven hills?"
ridge,"What type of land area does Capital hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill constitute?"
Harbor Island,What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909?
High Point,Where is the highest place in Seattle?
Duwamish Waterway,Where was Harbor Island built?
37.49 inches,What is the average rainfall in Seattle? 
Hoh Rain Forest,Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?
Olympic Mountains,What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?
variations in microclimate,What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?
Olympia,What is the capital of the state of Washington?
November,During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities?
June to September,When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?
Seattle,"In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?"
Thunderstorms,What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?
seven,About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?
Temperature extremes,What does the local water ways regulate in the Seattle area?
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport,At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area?
Olympic Mountains,What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather?
Cascade Range,What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds?
light precipitation,What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience?
Puget Sound Convergence Zone,What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?
streams of air,Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?
Pacific Ocean,From where do the two streams of air come?
Olympic Mountains,What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?
Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm,What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?
heavy snow,What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle?
6.8 inches,What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?
once,How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?
"December 12–25, 2008",When was there a moderate snowfall  of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?
"January 5–9, 1880",On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?
40.6 °F,What is Seattle's average December temperature? 
28 annual days,How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?
August,What month is the warmest in Seattle?
66.1 °F,What is August's usual temperature?
250 days,How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?
half,What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter?
heaviest rainfall,What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?
Pineapple Express,What are atmospheric rivers called  in the Seattle area?
"December 2–4, 2007",When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?
five deaths,How many deaths occurred during the 2007  heavy rains?
"200,000",How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?
height limits,What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?
Greg Nickels,Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?
77%,How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?
"60,000",What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?
40%,How much did Seattle's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000?
self-identified mixed-race,What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US?
Guangdong province,From where in China did most of the first immigrants come?
"55,000",How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle? 
"19,000",What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle?
91.6%,"In 1960, what was the percentage of whites in the Seattle area?"
white,What is the basic race of most people in Seattle?
69.5%,"According to the 2010 census, what was the white population in Seattle?"
78.9%,"In 2006-2008, how many people in Seattle spoke English at home?"
10.2%,What is the percentage of Asian speakers in Seattle?
Four,How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle?
coffee,What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?
Starbucks,What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?
Amazon.com,Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?
Redmond,In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?
Boeing,"Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?"
buying a house,For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?
Everett and Renton,Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?
Mayor Greg Nickels,Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? 
biotech companies,What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?
$231 billion,What was Seattle's gross product in 2010?
11th largest,Where does Seattle rank in size of economy in 2010?
8th largest port,How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US?
2030,When does Seattle want to be rated as a climate neutral city?
start-up businesses,What type of industry thrives in Settle?
12.9%,"By a UCLA study,how many Seattle residents identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual?"
second-highest,How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities?
San Francisco,What city ranked higher in population in the gay community?
2.6,What is Seattle's percentage of same sex households?
highest percentage,What is Seattle's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US?
around 100,How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence?
28,How many equity theaters does Seattle have?
5th Avenue Theatre,What Seattle theater was built in 1926?
fringe theatre,To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?
equity theaters,To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?
century,How old is Seattle's Symphony Orchestra?
PNB School,What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?
Benaroya Hall,In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?
McCaw Hall,Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?
Seattle Opera House,What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?
Emerald City,What is Seattle's present nickname?
The City of Goodwill,What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?
evergreen forests,To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?
Gateway to Alaska,"Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?"
Boeing,From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?
Seattle International Film Festival,What Seattle fair lasts 24 days?
Bite of Seattle,What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?
two,How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?
July and August,When are Seafair events held in Seattle?
art and music,What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?
2001,When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament?
Poetry Circus,What poetry festival was first held in 1997?
biennial,How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?
annually,How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?
performance poets,To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?
grunge,What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden?
Seattle,Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years?
avant-garde jazz,What type of musician is Bill Frisell?
hip hop,What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle?
alternative rock,What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform?
1927,When did the first art gallery open in Washington state?
Henry Art Gallery,What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?
1933,When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?
Olympic Sculpture Park,"Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?"
artist-run,"Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?"
Sakura-Con,What anime convention is held in Seattle?
gaming,What is focus of the Penny Arcade Expo?
"9,000",How many bicyclists attend the Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic?
Seattle Transgender Film Festival,What festival does Seattle have for the transgender community?
Seattle Polish Film Festival,What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community?
PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans,What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup?
1978–79,When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship?
1917,In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?
"Milwaukee, Wisconsin",To where did Seattle's Baseball team relocate in 1969?
Milwaukee Brewers,What was the new name of the Seattle team?
three,How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series?
Denver Broncos,Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl?
New England Patriots,What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?
Seattle Sounders FC,What is the Seattle soccer club named?
Seahawks,With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field?
liberal,What is Seattle thought to be politically?
gay marriage,What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?
use of cannabis,What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?
atheism, What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion?
much lower,How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US? 
over 80%,How many people in Seattle vote Democratic?
Barack Obama,For whom did the residents of Seattle vote in the 2012 presidential election?
Democrats,What party members win most state and national legislative elections?
Bertha Knight Landes,"Who was Seattle's , and the nation's, first female mayor?"
female,What is the sex of the majority of Seattle's city council?
7th congressional district,Of what Congressional district is Seattle a part?
Like most,To which states' election laws are Seattle's law and ballots similar?
Jim McDermott,Who is the representative for Seattle's district?
1988,When was McDermott elected to office?
Ed Murray,Who is the present mayor of Seattle?
53.8%,What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor's degree?
most literate,How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006?
27.4%,What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor's degree?
91.9%,How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas?
84.5%,What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?
Non-commercial,What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?
Internet radio,Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?
NPR affiliates,What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?
UW,With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?
KNHC-FM 89.5,What radio station is operated by the public school system?
The Seattle Times,What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010?
homeless persons,Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?
on-line,In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?
1863,In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer  first publish?
Seattle Gay News,What is the LGBT newspaper called?
King County Metro,What is Seattle's bus line called?
South Lake Union Streetcar,What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center?
Washington State Ferries,What organization runs the largest line of ferries in the US?
third largest,How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world?
Bainbridge and Vashon,To what two islands does the ferry service connect?
pediatric referral center,What kind of hospital is Seattle Children's?
Alaska,"Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?"
University of Washington,What entity operates Harborview?
Eastlake,In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?
Beacon Hill,Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?
automobile,What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?
trolleybus,The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?
1929,When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?
1939,In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?
1889,In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?
streets,What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle?
Alaskan Way Viaduct,What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?
tunnel,What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?
2017,When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?
$4.25 billion,What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?
University of Washington,What educational institution is at home in Seattle?
arts colleges,Where can a student find to study art in Seattle?
continuing education,What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach?
2001,In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year?
private universities,"Beside the public universities, what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle?"
mass transit,On what type of transportation system has Seattle begun to focus?
automobile,From what kind of transportation has Seattle been moving away?
RapidRide,What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006?
2023,By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue?
Michael McGinn,Which former mayor backed the expansion of rail lines from downtown to Ballard?
"process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.",Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?
"the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.",Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?
g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli.,What happens to information during the encoding process?
Storage,What is the second memory stage?
retrieval of information that has been stored,What is the third process that happens during the memory process?
"an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code.",What does short-term memory depend on?
subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar,What did conrad find about test subjects?
. Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically.,What does Conrads finding seem to mean?
encoding of written text;,What was Conrads deal with?
working memory.,What is another name for short-term memory?
recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal,What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?
capacity is also very limited,How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?
chunking.,How can one higher their memory capacity?
because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers,Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?
The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration,Why can't some memories be held onto forever?
sometimes a whole life span),"If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?"
capacity is immeasurable,What is the capacity of long term memory?
in our short-term memory,"If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?"
visual information and acoustic information,What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?
Zlonoga and Gerber,Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?
Atkinson–Shiffrin model.,What did KF disprove during this study?
difficulties regarding short-term memory.,What did KF have trouble doing?
a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.,What did this study seem to conclude?
frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe,Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?
hippocampus,Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?
does not,How much information can the hippocampus store?
may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.,If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?
less than one second,How long does sensory  memory to to store information?
It is out of cognitive control,Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?
George Sperling,Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?
"this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items",What did Spellings' findings reveal?
acoustically,How does short term memory encode information?
recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings,What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?
semantically,How does long term memory encode information?
"""which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'",What is episodic memory?
"episodic memory,","If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?"
do not have the language ability to report on their memories,Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?
", researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory.",Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?
elicited imitation techniques,How can a researcher study a childs memory?
"semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory",What are some catgories of retrospective memory?
Time-based prospective memories,"If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?"
Cues,What is something somebody can use to remember something?
Event-based prospective memories,"If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?"
research showed this to be false,Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?
cortisol or epinephrine,Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?
excitement enhances memory,What relationship does excitement and memory share?
hippocampus,"Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?"
that is crucial,Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?
have gained much knowledge,Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?
might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.,What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?
simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;,What has most of the research on memories revolved around?
"the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation",What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?
term of internal representation,What suggests that memory has two different components?
Moscovitch 2007,What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?
the underpinning physical neural changes,What is an engram trace?
implicit memory,What is another term for procedural memory?
procedural memory,If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?
motor skills,What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?
"no new explicit memories have been formed,","If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?"
working memory model,"Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?"
concept of a central executive,Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?
Working memory,Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?
"memory loss,",What do most elderly people worry about?
memory loss is qualitatively different,Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss?
frontal regions,Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers?
prospective memory,Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books?
can recall information over the short-term,Does a 6 month old have short term memory?
9 months of age,What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?
one step of a two-step sequence,What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?
the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed,What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?
Episodic memories,"When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?"
Semantic memory,Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?
Autobiographical memory,"When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?"
Visual memory,Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?
Stress,What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?
adrenal hormones,Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?
L. Schwabe and O. Wolf,Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?
stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.,What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?
can hamper memorization and retrieval,What trouble can interference cause?
when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information,What is retroactive interference?
where prior learning disrupts recall of new information,What is proactive interference?
positive transfer.,What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?
"Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information.",In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?
. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information,What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?
"Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time",Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?
9-month-olds,Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?
thought to be involved in emotional memory,What role does the amygdala play in memory?
"it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions",Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories. 
"neuronal synapses,",What changes can be linked to learning and memory?
believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning,What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?
"the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus",Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?
levels that have increased drastically,Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events?
"prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.",Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities?
When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties,Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations?
The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus,What neurons are damaged during stressful events?
"the more stressful situations that someone encounters,",What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?
repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind,What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?
high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors,What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?
"There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,",Does sleep hurt a persons memory?
slow-wave sleep,What does SWS stand for?
System consolidation,What take place during SWS?
"reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory",What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?
activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day,In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?
people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency,Can one increase their brain efficency?
"simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction",What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?
"After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance.","In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?"
it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.,Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?
amnesia.,What is a term to describe memory loss?
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,What diseases can have a major imact on memory?
an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.,What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
"There are many sorts of amnesia,",Is amnesia only seen in one form?
that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored,What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged?
has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain.,Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?
The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance,Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?
"increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus",What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?
aerobic exercises,What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?
"when material is linked to the learning context,",What can impact memory performance in a positive way?
"both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.",In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?
strong cue for memory.,What can the scent of vanilla be used for?
memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated.,What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?
were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards –,In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?
repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced,What can cause a person to have fake memories?
Goff and Roediger,Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?
researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children,What did a similar study done by Garry find?
our memories are constructed,What has research shown about our memories?
when they encode them and/or when they recall them.,How does a person build their memories?
"that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.",What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show?
broken glass,"In their study what did people say they say when they really hadn't due to having the word ""smashed"" inserted into the question?"
Rote learning,What is the most widely used way in learing?
states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.,What is the Zeigarnik effect?
a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim,What does memorization mean?
using visual alphabets.,What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?
shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time,What is the spacing effect?
1790,When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
"white or ""other.""",What were the two categories for race in the census?
Only the heads of households,Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
"""Free people of color""",What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
"In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States",When was the first US federal population census taken?
". Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or ""other.""",How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.,Was every resident listed by name?
until the Civil War and end of slavery.,when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
Slaves were counted separately from free persons,Were all residents counted together or separately?
1790,When did the US begin to take census?
1850,At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
visible European ancestry in addition to African,What does mulatto mean?
Native Americans,"Who were considered ""free people of color""?"
Indian reservations,Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
more than a dozen,The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
over 75%,"By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?"
due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s,Why were there more immigrants in the US?
allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity,How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
federal assistance,What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
"By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,",How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity,Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
"According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.",About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
"Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as",Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data,How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
1990,Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
in the 1960s,When did laws allow for more immigrants?
over 75%,How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
assistance to historically underserved groups,What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
black (historically) or African American,Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
hypodescent,What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
European and sub-Saharan African ancestry,Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
for its social and economic advantages,"What did many with European ancetry ""marry white"" and want to be part of the white society?"
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry,Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
slavery became a racial caste,What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
"Many of majority European ancestry and appearance ""married white"" and assimilated into white society",How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
"slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation",What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
"Melungeons,",What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.,What is Melungeon?
assimilated into white society,"What does it mean to have ""marred white""?"
black (historically) or African American,What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
hypodescent,What were slaves and Africans classified by?
more people are openly forming interracial unions,What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
Diverse immigration,What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era,When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
Barack Obama,Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins,Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States,Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
"Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement",When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos,"Who are ""mestizos""?"
the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial,When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States,What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
"try to ""pass"" as white",What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
Loving Day,What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
African American,What does the first multiracial president identify as?
2000,When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
2008,When was an African American president elected?
Anti-miscegenation laws,What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them,Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
In California and the western US,Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
1950s,When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
Latino and Asian residents,What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
"Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries",When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
were prohibited from official relationships with whites.,Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? 
"this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines",Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
"In California and the western US,",Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.,Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
Latino and Asian residents,"In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?"
the 1950s,When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
"white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men",Who were taking slaves as concubines?
After the American Revolutionary War,When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
in programs of gradual emancipation,How were the laws in New York abolished?
more than two decades to be completed,How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
Quaker and Methodist preachers,Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.,When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
After the American Revolutionary War,When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves,Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves,What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.,How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
gradual emancipation,What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
1827,The last slave in New York was freed when?
Second Great Awakening,What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
nearly 10 percent,"In 1810, how many black people were considered free?"
Revolutionary ideals,What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
"defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry",What is the one-drop rule?
"""the traceable amount rule.""",What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group,What is a hypodesecnt rule?
in the early 20th century,When was the one-drop rule in effect?
"black, persons with any known African ancestry.",What is the one-drop rule?
racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.,What is the hypodescent rule?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation,Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.,What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
persons with any known African ancestry,"In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?"
judging a person by appearance and association.,"Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?"
a hypodescent rule,What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
the one-drop rule,What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
the traceable amount rule,What was the rule in the 1800s called?
"In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.",Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities,Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?
"Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.",Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?
"While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it",Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?
"Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of ""two or more races""","What is the accepted definition of ""multicultural"" ancestry?"
"In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.",Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
"Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of ""two or more races"".","What is the accepted definition of ""multicultural"" ancestry?"
"Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities",Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?
", generally that of the culture in which they were raised.",Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?
"While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it",Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?
"mixed ancestry of ""two or more races""",What does it mean to be a mutliracial?
approximately 9 million individuals,How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?
the mid-20th century,When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?
the culture in which they were raised,What are people most likely to identify themselves as?
higher number,Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?
two or more races,What does it mean to be a mutliracial?
approximately 9 million individuals,How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?
the mid-20th century,When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?
The African-American Civil Rights Movement,What occured from 1955 to 1968?
less than 5%,How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
a social construct,What is race sometimes seen as?
The American people,Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
mixed racial ancestry,What does affect recent identification in many cases?
Europeans living among Indigenous Americans,"Who were considered ""white Indians""?"
Some traders,"Who had Indigenous ""Country wives""?"
"""white Indians""","Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?"
for their education,Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
in the city,Where were legal wives usually kept?
In the colonial years,When could white women and black men be in a union?
Virginia in colonial years,Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
scholar,What is Paul Heinegg?
from 1790–1810,What censuses did he study?
slaves,Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
Sally Hemings,Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
paternity,Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
elder family members,Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
traders,Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
the Anglo-Saxon presence,What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
dark skin and ample bodies,What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
Hawaiian squaws,What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
By the last half of the 19th century,When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
white Democrats,Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
1924,When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
to restore white supremacy,Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
eugenics and ideas of racial purity,What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
that many whites had multiracial ancestry.,What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
exceed one-fourth,A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
African blacks and whites,Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
less threatening to whites,What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
Geneticists,Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
the pattern of markers,What are geneticists looking for?
three major migrations into North America,What is there genetic evidence of?
marginalized by U.S. society,How do some mixed raced people feel?
"Typically, about five race choices",How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
only one,How many race choices may someone check?
groups together individuals of many different multiracial types,"What does the ""other"" box do?"
when applying to schools or for a job,When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
social acceptance,What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
frontier areas,Where did people not ask about racial background?
they served in the militia and voted,What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
neighbors,Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
Kenya,The President's father is from what country?
American slave descendant community,What community still has some effects of slavery?
recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds,What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
some black writers,Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
In the 1980s,When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
mostly negative,What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification,What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins,Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
the tribe's kinship system,What determined a child's social identity?
matrilineal,What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
Indian,What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
white,What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
if adopted by a man,How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
Charles Eastman,Who was a doctor?
Sioux woman,Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
Seth Eastman,Who was the doctor related to?
three European-American middle-class female teachers,Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
Sioux,What tribe was Eastman related to?
Sherrel W. Stewart,Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies,Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
Henry Louis Gates,Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
explorers and soldiers,What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
traders and fur trappers,Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
"a continuing, critical labor shortage",Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
the Dutch,Who first imported slaves to New York?
their masters,Who freed some of the early slaves?
Sally Hemings,President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty,What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
nearly 40 years,How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
Madison Hemings,Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
Seven-eighths,How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
traditionally free people of color in Louisiana,"As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?"
people of any portion of African descent,Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
primarily on the West Coast and in western territories,Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
white planters,Who imported Chinese laborers?
the Chinese Exclusion Act,What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
they did not take white spouses,What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
set up groceries in small towns throughout the South,What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB),What office is responsible for the census form changes?
1997,When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
participants to select more than one of the six available categories,What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
2003,When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
born into slavery,What was the result of a child having an African mother?
partus sequitur ventrem,What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
Anita Florence Hemmings,Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
parents were black and white,What makes a person mulatto?
one black great-grandparent and the remainder white,What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
Because he has no slave blood in him,Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
"""black"" or ""white""",What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
recent American immigrant,What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
"to be ""provocative""",Why did Steele say what he did?
"April 5, 1614",When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
considered English or white,What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
male settlers,Who married Indigenous women early on?
present-day Virginia,Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
Thomas Rolfe,Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
"Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies",What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
learn to read and write,What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
oral histories,What replaced written records for black families?
Southern Congressional bloc,Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
1930,When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
Indigenous American tribes,Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
1726,When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
Numerous advertisements,What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
through the institution of slavery,How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases,Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
gave children the social status of their mother,What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
partus sequitur ventrem,What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them,What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
a man gave his status to his children,English common law generally said what?
"mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race",What are many Latin American migrants?
white,What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
the U.S. Hispanic media,Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
blond and blue/green-eyed white,What does the typical latino in media look like?
if having seven-eights or more white ancestry,"Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?"
1920,What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
Southern-dominated Congress,Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
Stanley Crouch,Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
"""Magic Negro"",",What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
assuage white 'guilt',What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
"""What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.""",What was the title of Crouch's article?
cannot be racially categorized,"What does the ""mixture"" heading mean?"
2000,What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
Mixture,Bi-racial would be coded as what?
five enumerated races,How many race options were there?
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans,What is considered to be neglected in American history?
April 1502,When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
Santo Domingo,Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
near the mouth of the Pee Dee River,Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
100 enslaved Africans,How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
Anatole Broyard,Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
autobiography,Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
Colored White Boy,What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
the 1980s,When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
mostly negative,"How did the public react to the categories of ""bi-racial"" and ""multiracial""?"
Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins,Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
a loss in political and economic power,What did they fear would happen?
French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau,Who married Sacagewea?
European men and Indigenous American women,Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
the kinship system of the woman's tribe,What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
Creek and Cherokee,What nations are considered matrilineal?
adopted into the tribe by an adult male,How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
the one-drop rule,What brought African Americans together?
family elders,Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
to learn to read and write,Slaves were not allowed to do what?
"spoke English, nor read or wrote it",What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
"their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification",What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
"""tragic octoroon""",What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
Lydia Maria Child,Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
"""The Quadroons""",What story was written by Child in 1842?
sexual exploitation in slavery,What does the tragic octoroon point out?
abolitionists,Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
John Abel,Who identified the active substance?
Jokichi Takamine,Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?
Parke Davis,Who marketed epinephrine?
Adrenalin,What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
nasal congestion,"As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?"
Jokichi Takamine,Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?
nasal congestion,What could epinephrine treat?
2011,When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?
Adrenalin,What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
1897,In what year was epinephrine discovered?
Adrenalin,What was the trade name of epinephrine?
John Abel,Who first discovered epinephrine?
asthma attacks,What is epinephrine used to treat?
2011,In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
"Smith, Kline and French",Who developed Amphetamine?
Gordon Alles,Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?
sensations of exhilaration and palpitations,What are common side effects of Amphetamine?
1960s,When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?
"narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications",What were some uses for Amphetamine?
asthma,Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?
1929,In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?
Benzedrine Inhaler,What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?
1937,In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?
1960s,In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?
absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas,What is diabetes caused from?
difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity,Why was insulin therapy delayed?
surgical removal of the pancreas,How can diabetes be induced in dogs?
only a few months,"Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?"
Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best,Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?
pancreas,Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?
a few months,"Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?"
pH,What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?
Eli Lilly and Co.,"To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?"
dogs,Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?
epilepsy,What is phenobarbital used for?
Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering,Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?
Veronal,What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?
attention deficit disorder,What is amphetamine used for today?
addictive properties and abuse potential,Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?
diethylbarbituric acid,What compound was discovered to induce sleep?
Veronal,What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?
epilepsy,What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?
1911,In what year was phenobarbital discovered?
sleep aid,What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?
Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim,Who developed Arsphenamine?
Arsphenamine,What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?
"severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death",What complications are associated with Syphilis?
Institute of Experimental Therapy,What is Amphetamine's market name?
Berlin,Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?
arsenic,Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?
arsphenamine,What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?
syphilis,Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?
1911,In what year was arsphenamine discovered?
Salvarsan,What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?
mid 1800s,When was Morphine and Quinine first available?
Morpheus,Who was the compound named after?
Friedrich Sertürner,Who came up with the name Morphine?
opium,Where were was Morphine extracted from?
German dye manufacturers,Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?
Morpheus,Morphine was named after what Greek god?
Glaxo Smith Kline,Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?
Friedrich Sertürner,Who discovered morphine?
opium,What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?
Gerhard Domagk,Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?
antibiotics,Prontosil is in what drug class?
"Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk",Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?
pathogens,What causes Streptococci?
infectious diseases,Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?
Prontosil,What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?
Nobel Prize in Medicine,What award did Domagk receive in 1939?
World War II,Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?
less,Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?
sulfonamides,Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?
Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux,Who created the first rabies vaccine?
"206,000",How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?
formaldehyde,"In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?"
Maurice Hilleman,Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?
"15,520",How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?
1885,The rabies vaccine was created in what year?
1914,In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?
formaldehyde,What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?
Maurice Hilleman,Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? 
Merck,What company did Hilleman later work for?
S.E. Massengill Company,"Who manufactured ""Elixir Sulfanilamide""?"
explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims,"What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?"
1938,"What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?"
Elixir Sulfanilamide,What drug killed 100 people in 1937?
antifreeze,What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?
S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee,What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? 
Elixir Sulfanilamide,What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?
antifreeze,Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?
"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938",What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?
ethanol,"The name ""elixir"" implied a solution in what liquid?"
1943,When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?
cities in developed countries,50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?
Streptomycin,What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?
Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham,Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?
Lederle Laboratories,Where was Tetracyclines discovered?
Streptomycin,What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?
50%,What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?
1943,In what year was streptomycin discovered?
World War II,Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?
Merck,What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?
1954,When was the Polio vaccine created?
United States Cancer Institute,Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?
Maurice Hilleman,Who identified the SV40 virus?
cause tumors,What was a complication of the SV40 virus?
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis,Who funded the Polio vaccine?
1954,In what year was the polio vaccine created?
Jonas Salk,Who created the polio vaccine?
SV40,What virus caused tumors in most mammals?
Maurice Hilleman,Who identified the SV40 virus?
polio,SV40 was present in what vaccine?
$3 billion,How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to?
illegal promotion of prescription drugs,What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case?
2 July 2012,When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty?
"Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex",What drugs were related to a kickback scheme?
"Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran",What drugs were used for off-label uses?
2012,In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement?
$3 billion,How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for?
GlaxoSmithKline,What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors?
become fully transparent.,What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?
Sunshine Act,What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website,Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?
financial relationships with physicians and hospitals.,What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?
starting in 2013,When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?
Sunshine Act,The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?
2013,In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website,"Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?"
relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent,What is expected when the relationships are made public?
tuberculosis,What disease had the biggest decline of deaths?
"use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors",What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases?
1946-1955,What period was the report issued in 1958 cover?
Federal Trade Commission,Who issued the report in 1958?
mortality rates,What were eight diseases examined for?
56%,How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?
75%,How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955?
Federal Trade Commission,Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments?
1958,In what year was the FTC's report issued?
"10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year",How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?
"The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US",Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?
40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies,Who brought litigation to South Africa?
"250,000 signatures",How many signatures were collected by MSF?
March 2001,When was litigation brought to South Africa?
40,How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?
antiretroviral,South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?
"between 10,000 and 15,000 USD",How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?
"250,000",How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?
Pure Food and Drugs Act,What Act forbade misbranded drugs?
contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin,What caused a Tetanus outbreak?
The Biologics Control Act of 1902,What act allowed premarket approval for drugs?
1906,When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?
Supreme Court,Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?
Biologics Control Act of 1902,What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs?
Pure Food and Drugs Act,What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? 
1906,In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed?
World Trade Organization,Who adopted the Doha Declaration?
countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented,What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?
thought to reduce access to existing medicines,Why are patents criticized?
"indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies",What did the Doha Declaration do?
2001,When was the Doha Declaration adopted?
Patents,What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?
compulsory licensing or parallel imports,The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?
2001,When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?
$2.5 billion,How much money was recovered through the False Claims?
"Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs.",What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system?
deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company,What is pharmaceutical fraud?
GlaxoSmithKline,Who had the biggest fraud case settlement?
qui tam,"What provision rewards ""whistle-blowers""?"
Pharmaceutical fraud,What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company?
individuals and public and private insurers,Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud?
$2.5 billion,How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010?
False Claims Act,Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud?
thiazide antihypertensive drugs,What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?
Cochrane,Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?
combination therapy,What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?
reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients,What do ACE inhibitors do?
2009,In what year did Cochrane release the report?
ACE inhibitors,What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?
thiazide antihypertensive drugs,What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?
2009,In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,Who put out a report in 2012?
excessive regulation,What has been argued restricted innovation?
expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes,What was a recommendations brought about from the report?
therapeutic innovation,What is one thing excessive regulations causes?
pilot projects,What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?
therapeutic innovation,What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?
2012,In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?
current cost of regulator-required clinical trials,What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?
researchers at Ciba,Who discovered Hydralazine?
the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension,Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?
"Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co",Who developed Chlorothiazide?
hypertension,What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?
lost its effectiveness over time,What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?
hydralazine,What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?
chlorothiazide,What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?
Public Health Lasker Award,"Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?"
1952,In what year was hydralazine discovered?
hypertension,Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?
FD&C,What act needed provisions?
Senator Estes Kefauver,Who led the congressional hearings?
"advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry",What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?
a new tragedy emerged,What caused a need for more regulation?
1959,When did this push occur?
FD&C,Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?
Senator Estes Kefauver,Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?
greater,Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?
"an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths",What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?
John Franklin Enders,Who originally created the measles vaccine?
>95%,How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?
1969,When did the Rubella vaccine come out?
Maurice Hilleman,Who recreated the measles vaccine?
1962,In what year was the measles vaccine made?
Maurice Hilleman,Who helped refine the measles vaccine?
1967,In what year was the mumps vaccine made?
>95%,"How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?"
52 million,Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?
10 October 1962,When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?
all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective,What did this new law require?
nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective,What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?
ten years later,How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?
The thalidomide tragedy,What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?
10 October 1962,When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?
FDA,What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?
1938 and 1962,Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?
40 percent,What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?
"Over 20,000",How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?
November 1961,When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?
about 17,How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?
under the guise of investigational use,How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?
association with grave congenital abnormalities,Why was this drug pulled off shelves?
1961,In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?
congenital abnormalities,What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?
Kevadon,Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?
"Over 20,000",About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?
17,How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?
Comstock laws,What law prohibited birth control?
1960,When was Enovid first approved?
pre-marital co-habitation,What increased due to the availability of birth control?
E.D. Searle and Co,Who created the first oral birth control?
6.5 million,"In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?"
Comstock laws,Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?
Enovid,What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?
6.5 million,"By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?"
1960,When did the FDA approve Enovid?
second world war,Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?
Endo,Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?
over US$1 billion,How much money did Merk make in 1995?
"4,444",How many patients received Zocor?
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study,What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?
"a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%",What did the study reveal after 5 years?
Zocor,What was the brand name of simvastatin?
35%,Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?
42%,How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?
over US$1 billion,How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?
Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award,Endo received what award in 2008?
the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed,What is a drug discovery?
universities and research institutions,Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?
molecular biology or biochemistry,What is used to manipulate pathways?
isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery,What is involved in drug discovery?
biotechnology,What focuses on metabolic pathways?
Drug discovery,What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?
research institutions,What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?
biotechnology,What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?
active ingredient,Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?
about 1.3 billion,How much does it cost to develop a new drug?
averaged 22.9 approvals,How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?
18 approvals,How many drugs were approved in 2007?
Professors Light and Lexchin,Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?
New Molecular Entities,What does NMEs stand for?
22.9,How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?
1.3 billion USD,"What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?"
15 to 25,What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?
those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient,What drugs are the least expensive to develop?
opportunity cost of investing capital,What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?
increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research,What is the consequence in the value chain?
somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies,What happens when companies outsource?
Line-extensions,What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?
nearly half the total expense,Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?
biotechnology,What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?
major pharmaceutical multinationals,What firms tend to outsource drug development?
"adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death",Why was Mevastatin never marketed?
Akira Endo,Who discovered Mevastatin?
cholesterol,What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?
Penicillium citrinum,Where did Endo discover ML-236B?
too toxic for human use,What was discovered in long term studies?
1971,In what year was mevastatin discovered?
Akira Endo,Who discovered mevastatin?
Penicillium citrinum,What organism produces mevastatin?
HMG-CoA reductase,What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?
$301 million,How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?
"Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra",What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?
Geodon,What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?
"Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson",What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?
False Claims Act,What do illegal marketing cases fall under?
False Claims Act,"Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?"
Eli Lilly,Zyprexa was owned by what company?
Geodon,Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?
$301 million,Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?
"World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration",Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?
May 2015,When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?
bring greater benefits to patients,What was the reason behind these interactions?
moral outrage over industry malfeasance,What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?
New England Journal of Medicine,Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?
New England Journal of Medicine,What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?
May 2015,When was the editorial published?
encouraged greater interactions,Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?
ProPublica,Who conduced an investigation on doctors?
"AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly",Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?
"more than $500,000",How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?
allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses,What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?
at least 21,How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?
"more than $500,000",A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?
psychiatry,Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?
$2 billion,Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?
to explore the potential of new drug substances,Why are collaborative agreements important?
"participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution",How do large corporations show vertical integration?
to manage drug development,What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?
focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations,What are smaller organizations responsible for?
vertical,What type of integration do large corporations often do?
a specific aspect,What type of integration do smaller organizations do?
collaborative agreements,What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?
contract research,What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?
The British National Formulary,Who is the core guide?
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency,Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?
comes later,"After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?"
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE),Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?
European Medicines Agency,Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency,What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?
European Medicines Agency,What UK organization evaluates drugs? 
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?
British National Formulary,What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?
"diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances",What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
"tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents","What is given to companies who develop drugs for ""orphan diseases""?"
Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous,Why are these companies rewarded?
"fewer than 200,000 patients",What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
tax reductions,What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?
seven years,What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?
orphan diseases,What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?
Ben Goldacre,Who argued against regulators?
Ben Goldacre,Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?
regulator and company employees,The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?
regulators,Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?
England and Wales,NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?
Scottish Medicines Consortium,What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?
cost-effectiveness,What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?
$75.6 billion,How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?
Humira,What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?
Lipitor,What was the bestselling drug in history?
$141 billion,How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?
2011,In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?
20 years,How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?
10 to 15 years on average,Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?
Patent protection,What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?
generic,What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?
1990s,"What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's ""golden era""?"
Food and Drug Administration,The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?
Investigational New Drug,What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?
three,How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?
New Drug Application,What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?
positive benefit-risk,What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?
Pharmaceutical companies,"""Drug reps"" are usually hired by what type of firms?"
Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987,What law regulates drug marketing in the US?
directly and personally to physicians,Who do drug reps market to?
'gifts' and biased information,Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?
physicians,Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?
journals and conferences,What publications can drug ads be commonly found?
692,In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?
740–743 CE,During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?
Marwanid,What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?
661,In what year was Ali killed?
Kharijite partisan,Who killed Ali?
Hasan ibn Ali,Who made peace with Muawiyah I?
Damascus,Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?
jizya,What form of tax were Christians required to pay?
Maysum,Who was the mother of Yazid?
Christian,What was Maysum's religion?
four,How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?
Uthman ibn Affan,Who was the third caliph?
Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan,Who founded the Umayyad regime?
5.79,How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?
661,When did Muawiyah become caliph?
656,When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?
Marwan ibn al-Hakam,Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?
Kharijites,What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?
Yazid,Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?
Battle of al-Harrah,In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?
Mecca,Where is the Kaaba located?
Banu Abd-Shams,What is another term for the Umayyads?
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai,"Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?"
Mecca,From what city did the Umayyads originate?
Umayya,What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?
Battle of Siffin,Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?
Abu Musa Ashaari,Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali?
Battle of Nahrawan,In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites?
those who leave,What did the term Kharjites mean?
Umar,Who was the second caliph?
Byzantine Empire,Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?
Persian Sassanid Empire,Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?
three,How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?
Muawiyah I,Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?
Hashimites,Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?
Battle of Uhud,What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?
Hind,Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?
jizyah,What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
mawali,What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?
Zoroastrian,"Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?"
656,When did Uthman die?
Quraysh,What tribe did Ali belong to?
civil war,What does Fitna mean?
son-in-law,"Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?"
Medina,Where was the capital before Ali changed it?
Egyptians,What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?
Muawiyah I,Who was Marwan I related to?
Ali ibn Abi Talib,Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
Ja'far al-Sadiq,Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?
Mecca,Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?
Muslim bin Agail,Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?
Basrah,What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?
Muslim bin Agail,Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?
712,When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?
Sindh,"Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?"
Rajasthan,At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?
Nagabhata,Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?
Pratihara,To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?
Jerusalem,Where was the Dome of the Rock built?
692,In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?
Abd al-Malik,During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?
John of Damascus,Who was the son of Sarjun?
Crete,"Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?"
Mardaites,Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?
Kairouan,What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?
Muawiya II,Who was the son of Yazid?
683,When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
684,In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
Ibn al-Zubayr,Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah,From whom was Marwan descended?
Marwan,Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
685,When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
Kufa,Where was Al-Mukhtar based? 
Ali,Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
692,In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
khalifah,Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?
Damascus,Where was the government of the Umayyads based?
religious officials,"Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?"
Balkh,What was the main city of Tokharistan?
Samarkand,What was the central part of Transoxiana called?
724,In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?
al-Harith ibn Surayj,Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?
Battle of the Defile,What notable battle occurred in 731?
Kaysanites Shia,What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?
Abbasid family,Who led the Hashimiyya movement?
Muhammad ibn Ali,Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?
Hashim,Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?
717,What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?
711,When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?
759,What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?
Marwan ibn Muhammad,What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
Franks,Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
739,In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
Abd al-Malik,Who was the father of Hisham?
northern,In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
724,When did Hisham's reign start?
Resafa,Where did Hisham base his court?
Battle of Akroinon,What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
Maysum,What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
Kalb,What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
Syria,Where was the Kalb tribe based?
Christian,What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
Arab,What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz,What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
converts to Islam,For whom did Umar end the jizya?
720,In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
poisoned,What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
Mawali,What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
Abu Muslim,Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?
black flag,What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?
Egypt,Where did Marwan die?
Nasr ibn Sayyar,Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?
749,When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?
Sunni,"In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?"
Al-Tabri,What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
Arab,What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
cohort,What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?
Marwan II,What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
manjaniq,What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
Greek,What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
cavalry,"Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?"
Mu'awiyah,Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
Khurasan,Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
"4,000,000","In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?"
donkeys,"Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?"
19,"In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?"
Byzantine,What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?
Heraclius,Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
Jerusalem,"Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?"
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb,Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
Hind bint Utbah,"Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?"
dhimmis,What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
Jews,"Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?"
Christians,"Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?"
mawali,What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
G.R. Hawting,Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
old Arab,What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
John of Damascus,What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
Roman,What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam,"In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?"
khalifat Allah,What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
Baghdad,Where was the Abbasid court based?
mulk,What is the Arabic term for kingship?
khalifat rasul Allah,What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
deputy of God,What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
bitumen,What is another term for asphalt?
Utah,"Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?"
most,How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
"142,000 square kilometres",What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
oil refineries,Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
indigenous peoples,What group initially made use of asphalt?
adhesive,For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
petroleum,What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
watertight,What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
canoes,On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
new pavement mixtures,What is used asphalt turned back into?
99%,How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
95%,What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
maintenance,During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
worn or damaged,For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
five,How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?
crude oil,What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?
diesel fuel,"Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?"
"Redwater, Alberta",Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?
half,How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
150 °C,About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
liquidity,To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
bitumen feedstock,What is the liquefied mixture called? 
engine exhaust,What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
environmental,Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
Romans,What ancient group used bitumen extraction?
1868,When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?
Ottoman,What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?
1912,When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?
2001,When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?
late Middle English,What is the last origination of the word asphalt?
Greek,From what language does asphalt initially come?
asphalt/bitumen/pitch,What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?
asphalte,What is the French term for natural asphalt?
wall,To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?
interchangeably,How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
United States,Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
Geologists,What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
tar,What is a naming term for asphalt?
bitumen,What is asphalt called outside of the US?
petroleum,From where does most asphalt come?
once-living things,What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
above 50 °C,How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
pressure,"Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?"
kerogen,What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?
Athabasca oil sands,What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
Northern Alberta,Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
early Cretaceous,What formative period  produced bitumen?
110 million years,How old are the Athabasca deposits?
80%,What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
photographic,In what early technology was bitumen used?
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce,What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
hours of exposure,What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
1850s to the 1920s,During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
light,Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
25 November 1837,When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
1834,When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
France and Belgium,Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
Samuel Ryland Phipson,What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
mastic,What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
1870,Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
City Hall,In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
bituminous rock,What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
Ritchie Mines,From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
waterproofing,For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
1838,In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
pools and baths,In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
damp proofing,For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
1840s and 50s,When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
patents,"Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?"
Sidney Ells,Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
Dr. Karl A. Clark,What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
1915,When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
Robert C. Fitzsimmons,Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
roofs,For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
extremely viscous,What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?
modern oil refineries,What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?
cost is lower,Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?
65%,How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?
emulsion,What does mixing bitumen with water create?
70%,What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?
cationic and anionic,What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?
recycled,What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?
hot-mixed,What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?
"Alberta, Canada",Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?
"140,000 square kilometres",How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?
second-largest,Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?
Athabasca oil sands,What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?
310 billion barrels,What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?
Roofing shingles,"Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?"
Japan black,What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?
weather resistance,Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?
permanence,"Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?"
alkaline batteries,What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?
Sanskrit,What language originated the word bitumen?
pitch creating,What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
pitch,To what English word does the Latin translate?
French, Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
mastix,To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
coal tar,To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?
binder,For what was coal tar used in road paving?
tarmac,What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?
natural gas,What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?
bitumen,"Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?"
Pierre Belon,Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
1553,When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
1838,In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
revolution of 1830,After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
Place de la Concorde,Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? 
1838,In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?
Pyrimont Seysell,From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?
British asphalt industry,What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? 
Whitehall,In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?
two,By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?
canoes,For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?
Henry Kelsey,Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?
Hudson’s Bay Company, For what trading company did Kelsey work?
Alexander MacKenzie,Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?
Canada,What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?
5%,How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?
waterproofing,How is asphalt used in the construction industry?
7–10%,What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?
210 °C,"Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?"
20 millimeters,What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?
diluted,What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?
dilbit,What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?
synbit,What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?
Western Canadian Select,What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?
refining,In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?
meteorites,To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?
living material,What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?
plants and animals,What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?
ocean,What feature originally covered Alberta?
50 to 150 °C,What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?
Selenizza,What component is added to bitumen to improve it?
mastic asphalts,To what other paving material is Selenizza added?
fluid additives,What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?
granular,In what form is Selenizza offered?
bags,How is Selenizza shipped?
mixture,To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?
tarmac,What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?
asphaltum,"When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?"
'asphalt,"With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?"
Bitumen,What is the geological term for asphalt?
Bitumen,What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
solidifies,What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
deterioration,What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
Théodore Géricault's,What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
unstable,What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  
Clarmac,Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?
1915,When did Claridge's company liquidate?
First World War,What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?
Clarmac Roads Ltd,What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?
substantial amount,What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?
road surfaces,What is the biggest use of asphalt?
85%,How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?
5%,How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?
95%,What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?
"4,000",How many concrete plants are in the US?
syncrude,What is synthetic crude oil usually called?
upgrading facility,Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?
Dr. Karl Clark,Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?
1920s,Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?
1 million barrels,How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?
"40,000,000",How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?
500 °C,What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?
Vacuum distillation,What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?
blowing,What is the process used to harden the asphalt?
de-asphalting,"In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?"
"Selenice, in Albania",To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?
still in use,What is it about the mine that is unusual?
rock asphalt,In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? 
83% to 92%,What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?
veins,How is the rock asphalt mainly found?
fumes or skin,By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?
5 mg/m3,What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?
heated or diluted,How must asphalt be treated to be workable?
greater than 199 °C,At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?
temperature,What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?
Prince Albert,Who did Victoria marry?
the grandmother of Europe,What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?
her popularity recovered,"In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?"
1861,What year did Prince Albert die?
nine,How many children did she have?
nine,How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
1861,What was the year of Alberts death?
celebration,Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?
first cousin,What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?
1840,Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?
nine,How many children did Victoria and Albert have?
1861,What year did Prince Albert die?
republicanism,"Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?"
1840,When did Queen Victoria get married?
Prince Albert,What was the name of Victoria's husband?
the grandmother of Europe,What was Queen Victoria's nickname?
After Albert's death in 1861,When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?
nine,How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,Who did Victoria marry?
1840,When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?
nine,How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?
the grandmother of Europe,What was Victoria's unofficial title?
1861,When did Prince Albert die?
mother,Who was extremely protective over Victoria?
Kensington System,What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?
Sir John Conroy,Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?
Dash,What was Victoria's dog's name?
dolls,"During her free time, what did she play with?"
her mother,Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?
"French, German, Italian, and Latin",What languages did Victoria take lessons in?
English,What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?
Sir John Conroy,Who was Victoria's mothers lover?
Kensington System,What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?
Kensington System,What system did Victorias mother raise her under?
Sir John Conroy,Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?
Sir John Conroy,Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?
Sir John Conroy,Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?
Dash,What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?
an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess,What was the Kensington System?
rather melancholy,How did Victoria describe her childhood?
"French, German, Italian, and Latin",What languages did Victoria study? 
Dash,What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?
"French, German, Italian, and Latin",What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?
Kensington System,What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?
Sir John Conroy,Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?
most of her father's family,Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?
Leopold,Who was Victoria's eighth child?
chloroform,What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?
post-natal depression,What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?
thought it dangerous,Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?
"her ""continuance of hysterics"" over a ""miserable trifle""",What did Albert complain about Victoria?
Leopold,What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?
post-natal depression,Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?
chloroform,What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?
1857,What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?
Beatrice,What was the name of Victoria's final child?
1853,When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?
Leopold,What was the name of Victorias eighth child?
chloroform.,What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?
1857,What year was victorias final child born?
Beatrice,What was the name of Victorias final child?
Leopold,Who was Victoria's eighth child? 
1857,"When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? "
chloroform,What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? 
considered it against biblical teaching,Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? 
loss of self-control,What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? 
Leopold,What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?
chloroform,What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?
Beatrice,What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?
considered it against biblical teaching,Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?
post-natal depression,"After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?"
1861,During which year did Victoria's mother die?
Through reading her mother's papers,How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?
chronic stomach trouble,What was Albert ill with?
Prince of Wales's philandering,What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?
army manoeuvres,What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?
1861,What year did Victoria's mother die?
1861,What year did Albert die?
Conroy and Lehzen,Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?
Albert,Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?
chronic stomach trouble,What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?
March 1861,When did Victoria's mother die? 
typhoid fever,What disease was Albert diagnosed with? 
14 December 1861,When did Albert die of his illness? 
widow of Windsor,What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? 
an actress in Ireland,Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? 
1861,When did the Duchess die?
Conroy and Lehzen,Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?
typhoid fever,What caused Prince Albert's death?
"their son, the Prince of Wales",Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?
had slept with an actress in Ireland,What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?
Roderick Maclean,Who shot at the queen?
2 March 1882,When was the shooting?
poet,What was Maclean's occupation?
Eton College,Which college were to two boys attending?
umbrellas,With what did the college boy's hit the shooter with?
Roderick Maclean,Who shot Queen Victoria?
1882,What year was the Queen shot?
Two schoolboys from Eton College,Who stopped Maclean after he shot the Queen?
not guilty by reason of insanity,What did the court determine was the fate for Maclean after shooting the Queen?
struck him with their umbrellas,How did the schoolboys stop Maclean?
Roderick Maclean,"What disgruntled poet shot at Victoria's carriage on March 2, 1882?"
Eton College,What school did the boys who defended the Queen with umbrellas attend? 
he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean's trial? 
offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,What provoked the attack on Queen Victoria as she left Windsor? 
outraged,What was Victoria's reaction to the verdict?
Roderick Maclean,Who attempted to assassinate the Queen?
not guilty by reason of insanity,What was the verdict in Maclean's trial?
"""worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved""",What position did Victoria take on being shot at?
2 March 1882,When did Maclean attempt to shoot Victoria?
refusal to accept one of his poems,Why did Maclean shoot at Victoria?
1892,What year did Gladstone return to power?
82,How old was Gladstone in 1892?
1894,What year did Gladstone retire?
prime minister,What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?
1892,What year did Gadstone return to power?
Lord Salisbury,Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?
82 years old,How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?
1894,What year did Gladstone retire?
Lord Rosebery,Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?
82 years old,How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? 
Henry Labouchere,What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? 
Lord Rosebery,Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?
Lord Salisbury,Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? 
for the remainder of Victoria's reign,How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?
Gladstone,Who was returned to power in 1892?
Lord Rosebery,Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?
His government was weak,How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?
Lord Salisbury,Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?
the remainder of Victoria's reign,How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?
"Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught",Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?
wedding veil,What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?
white,What color was her dress?
Albert's,Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?
his hand,A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?
"St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle",Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?
a white dress and her wedding veil,What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?
1897,What year did Queen Victoria die?
a lock of John Brown's hair,What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?
She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil,What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? 
John Brown,Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? 
1883,When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? 
"Saturday, 2 February",When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? 
Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park,Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? 
Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park,Where was Victoria laid to rest?
2 February,When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?
"a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him",What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?
a white dress and her wedding veil,How was Victoria dressed for burial?
"Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught",Who placed Victoria into her coffin?
uncle Leopold,Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?
Albert,"Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?"
uncle Leopold,Who introduced Albert to Victoria?
Leopold,What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?
17,How old was Victoria when she met Albert?
her uncle Leopold,Who introduced Victoria and Albert?
every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy,What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?
uncle Leopold,"Whom did Queen Victoria consider her ""best and kindest adviser""? "
Albert,Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?
the most pleasing and delightful exterior,What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? 
her uncle Leopold,Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?
He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy,What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?
"sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable",What were Albert's best qualities?
most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance,How did Victoria find Albert's looks?
17,How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?
to form a new ministry,What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?
1839,In what year did Melbourne resign?
Tory,Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?
bedchamber crisis,What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?
1839,What year did Melbourne resign?
Radicals and Tories,Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?
Sir Robert Peel,Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?
Melbourne,Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
the bedchamber crisis,The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?
Melbourne,Who resigned their position in 1839? 
The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.,Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?
Sir Robert Peel,What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? 
resigned his commission,"After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? "
Melbourne,Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? 
voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica,What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?
plantation owners,Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?
wives of Tories,"Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?"
Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen,Why did Peel resign his comission?
Melbourne,Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
France and Britain,Which two countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?
by marriage through the Coburgs,How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related?
King Louis Philippe I,Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy?
1849,What year did Victoria first visit Ireland?
1844,What year did Louis Philippe visit England?
France and Britain,What two countries did Victoria take a large interest in improving relations between?
1849,What year was Victorias first visit to Ireland?
House of Orleans,Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France?
King Louis Philippe I,What was the name of the King of Normandy that Victoria and Albert stayed with in 1843 and 1845?
Louis Philippe,Who was the first French King to visit Queen Victoria?
Louis Philippe,Who was the first French king to visit Queen Victoria? 
fled to exile in England,What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France? 
Osborne House,Where did Victoria and her family retreat to safety during a conflict in 1848? 
Ireland,What nation was visited for the first time by Victoria in 1849?
House of Orleans,What French family did Victoria try to foster relations with? 
improvement of relations between France and Britain,What was one of Victoria's major concerns?
1848,When was Louis Phillipe deposed?
"Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight",Where did Victoria and her family go to for safety during the revolutionary scare of April 1848?
1845,When was Osborne house purchased?
Chartists and Irish nationalists,"Which groups were demonstrating and trying to bring about a revolution before, ultimately, failing?"
Britain,Where was Orsini from?
Napoleon III,Who did Orsini try to assassinate?
Victoria recalled Palmerston to office,What happened in June 1859?
prime minister,What position did Derby hold?
14 January 1858,What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon?
Orsini,What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon?
port of Cherbourg,What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858?
England,Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made?
Palmerston,Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life?
Napoleon III,Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858?
Palmerston,Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini's bomb being made in England? 
Cherbourg,What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858?
the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one,Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III? 
Palmerston,Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859? 
an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini,Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon?
14 January 1858,When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon?
a bomb,How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon?
June 1859,When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?
French military port of Cherbourg,Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?
Palmerston,Who died in 1865?
Derby,Who resigned in 1868?
matter of months,How long was Disraeli in office?
William Ewart Gladstone,Who was Disraeli's rival?
Liberal,What political view did Gladstone hold?
1865,What year did Palmerston die?
Russell,Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston?
Derby,Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry?
1866,"Following Alberts death, what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment?"
Benjamin Disraeli,Who replaced Derby after his resignation?
1865,What year did Pamerston die? 
State Opening of Parliament,What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert's death?
Reform Act 1867,"What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men, but not women? "
Benjamin Disraeli,Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868? 
William Ewart Gladstone,What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office? 
1865,When did Palmerston die?
Derby,Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston's death?
1868,When did Derby resign?
Benjamin Disraeli,Who was Derby's replacement?
only lasted a matter of months,How long did Disralei last in office?
50,How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?
fiftieth anniversary,What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?
Her family and retainers,Who accused Karim of spying?
his parentage,What was Munshi lying about?
1887,What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?
"Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India",Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?
Abdul Karim,What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?
Sir Henry,Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby,Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?
1887,When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? 
Hindustani,What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? 
Muslim Patriotic League,Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? 
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby,Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? 
20 June,What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? 
1887,When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?
the fiftieth anniversary of her accession,What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?
Abdul Karim,Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?
"spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus",Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?
until he returned to India with a pension on her death,How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?
Victoria,Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?
1889,What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?
1900,What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?
Ireland,Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?
1900,What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?
Biarritz,Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889? 
Boer War,What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?
Ireland,What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? 
her second son Alfred,Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year? 
mainland Europe,Where did Victoria often go for holiday?
set foot in Spain,"In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?"
acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war,Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?
the Boer War,Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?
"her second son Alfred (""Affie"") died",What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?
no more than five feet tall,How tall was Queen Victoria?
her diary and letters,The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?
1964,What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?
1972,What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?
five feet,How tall was Queen Victoria? 
Lytton Strachey,Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? 
Elizabeth Longford,What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?
1972,When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria? 
"stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall","What was Victoria like, physically?"
after the release of her diary and letters,When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?
Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith,Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?
1964 and 1972,When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?
"emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking",What kind of person was Victoria?
the centre of England,"In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?"
Malvern Hills,What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?
"1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835",What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?
his rival,Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?
William,Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?
William,Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? 
Ramsgate,Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? 
Conroy,Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? 
private secretary,What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? 
the Duchess of Kent and Conroy,Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?
Conroy,Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?
disliked,How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?
enthusiastically welcomed in each,What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?
concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival,Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?
banned him from her presence,"When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?"
Lord Melbourne,Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession?
Lord Melbourne,What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias ascession?
28 June 1838,When was Queen Victorias coronation held?
Westminster Abbey,Where was Victorias coronation held?
"Over 400,000",How many visitors came to London for Victorias coronation?
28 June 1838,When did Victoria's coronation take place at Westminster Abbey?
Charles Greville,Who thought that Melbourne saw Victoria as if she was his daughter? 
"400,000",How many people visited London for the Coronation of Queen Victoria? 
"£385,000 per year",What was Victoria's allowance upon becoming Queen? 
Lord Melbourne,What Whig was prime minister during Victoria's accession? 
Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne,Who was leading the government at the time of Victoria's accension?
powerful,What kind of influence was Melbourne to Victoria?
28 June 1838,When was Victoria's coronation?
she paid off her father's debts,What major accomplishment did Victoria achieve with her civil list allowance?
Buckingham Palace,Where did Queen Victoria reside?
1845,What year was the potato blight in Ireland?
"£2,000",How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?
four years,How long did the Great Famine last?
over a million,How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?
The Famine Queen,What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?
potato blight,What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?
over a million,How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?
The Famine Queen,What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? 
"that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home",What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? 
"£2,000","How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? "
potato blight,What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?
1845,When did the potato blight begin?
a million,How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?
The Famine Queen,What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?
"£2,000",How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?
the republican movement,"When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?"
in her royal residences,Where did Victoria isolate herself?
Balmoral Castle,What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?
1847,What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?
1864,What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?
Balmoral Castle,What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?
Buckingham Palace,Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?
the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington,Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances? 
republican movement,What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public? 
self-imposed isolation from the public,What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?
the growth of the republican movement,What did Victoria's isolation give way to?
Her uncle Leopold,Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?
Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington,Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?
take a drive through London in an open carriage,What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?
1857,What year was the Indian Rebellion?
British East India Company,What company was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion?
British East India Company,What company ruled much of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?
both sides,Who did the Queen condemn in the Indian Rebellion?
British East India Company,What ruler was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion in 1857?
Albert,Who encouraged Victoria to issue an official statement on the conflict of the civil war in India? 
were formally incorporated into the British Empire,What happened to the British possesions after the Rebellion of 1857? 
"a reference threatening the ""undermining of native religions and customs""",What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? 
British East India Company,"Before 1857, who controlled most of India?"
the Indian Rebellion of 1857,What caused the British East India Company to lose control of India?
formally incorporated into the British Empire,What happened to the assets of the British East India Company after it was removed from power?
"relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides",How did the Queen view the Indian Rebellion?
"""should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration""",What did Victoria believe that an official proclamation transferring control from the company to the monarchy would do?
1883,What year did Victoria fall down the stairs at Windsor?
rheumatism thereafter,"After her fall down the stairs, what health issue was Victoria plaged with thereafter?"
Brown,Who died 10 days after Victorias fall down the stairs?
by telegram,How was Victoria notified of her youngest son leopolds death?
Sir Henry Ponsonby,Who was Victorias private secretary during the years following her accident at Windsor?
17 March 1883,When was Queen Victoria get injured after taking a fall down some stairs? 
John Brown,Who did Queen Victoria write a biography about that was never published? 
Cannes,"Where did Victoria's youngest son, Leopold die? "
Prince Henry of Battenberg,Victoria initially opposed Beatrice's marriage to what man? 
at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse,Where did Beatrice meet and fall in love with Prince Henry? 
she fell down some stairs at Windsor,What caused Victoria's rheumatism?
Brown,Who died 10 days after Victoria's accident?
a eulogistic biography,What did Victoria begin working on after Brown's death?
Sir Henry Ponsonby,Who was opposed to Victoria writing a biography of Brown?
"her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes",What happened in Victoria's life on the day after the one year anniversary of Brown's death?
haemophilia B,What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?
two,How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?
the Duke of Kent,It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?
male,What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?
over 50,How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?
the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B,What disease did Victoria's youngest son have? 
Alice and Beatrice,Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder? 
a haemophiliac,Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?
haemophilia B,What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?
"Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain",Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?
Alice and Beatrice,Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?
older fathers,What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?
about a third of cases,In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III",Who was Queen Victorias father?
1820,What year did Victorias Father die?
18,How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?
1820,What year did King George III die?
German,What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn",What was the name of Victoria's father? 
1820,When did the Duke of Kent die? 
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,What was Victoria's mother's name?
18,"At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?"
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III",Who was Victoria's father?
mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,Who raised Victoria?
aged 18,When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?
"her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children",Why did Victoria inherit the throne?
constitutional monarchy,What kind of government did England have at the time?
fifth,What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she was born?
1820,What year did Victoria's father and grandfather die?
1830,What year did Victorias Uncle George IV die?
within a week of each other,What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather?
1827,What year did the Duke of York die?
fifth,What place was Victoria in the line of succession after her birth? 
Duke of Clarence,"Whose infant daugheters both died, leaving him without an heir to the throne of England? "
1830,When did George IV die? 
made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.,What was the Regency Act of 1830?
King William,Who distrusted the Duchesses capability to reign in Victoria's place until she became of age? 
fifth,Where did Victoria fall in the line of succession?
her father and his three older brothers,Who came in line for the throne before Victoria?
became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle,What happened when Victoria's Uncle George IV died?
William IV,Who was Victoria's last surviving uncle?
Duchess of Kent,Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor?
24 May 1837,On what date did Victoria turn 18?
20 June 1837,On what date did William IV die?
71,How old was William IV when he died?
12 minutes past 2,"What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?"
Alexandrina Victoria,What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?
24 May 1837,When did Victoria turn 18?
20 June 1837,When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death? 
Alexandrina Victoria,What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?
71,"How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death? "
the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham,Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England? 
"20 June 1837, William IV died",What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?
Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham,Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?
Alexandrina Victoria,What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?
71,How old was William IV when he died?
sitting-room,Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?
unmarried,What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?
her mother,Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?
Kensington System,Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?
Conroy,Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?
a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace,Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?
the Kensington System,What did Victoria and her mother disagree on? 
Conroy,"Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure? "
Melbourne,To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence? 
Buckingham Palace,Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen? 
with her mother,Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?
was required by social convention,Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?
marriage,What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?
"a ""schocking  [sic] alternative""",How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?
"close proximity promised ""torment for many years""","How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?"
John Francis,What was the name of the man that tried to shoot Queen Victoria?
the gun did not fire,Why did Francis fail to kill Queen Victoria?
29 May 1842,On what date did John Francis try to shoot Queen Victoria?
"riding in a carriage along The Mall, London",Where was Queen Victoria when Francis tried to shoot her?
he escaped,What happened to Francis after his attempt to shoot Victoria?
John Francis,Who made two unsuccessful attempts on Queen Victoria's life in 1842?
transportation for life,What was John Francis's eventual sentence for the attempt on the Queens life? 
John William Bean,"Who shot at Queen Victoria on July 3, days after John Francis's sentence was commuted? "
William Hamilton,Who fired a shot at Queen Victoria's carriage in 1849?
Robert Pate,What person recieved a seven year transportation sentence for striking Victoria on the head with his cane? 
John Francis,Who escaped Victoria's guards after attempting to fire a shot at her?
death sentence was commuted to transportation for life,What happened to John Francis after his second attempt to fire on the Queen?
paper and tobacco,What did John William Bean try to fire at Queen Victoria?
18 months in jail,What were the consequences of John William Bean's attempt to fire at the Queen?
1849,When did William Hamilton fire a powder charge at Victoria's carriage?
Whig,What political party was Russells ministry?
Emperor Napoleon III,What was president Bonapartes name changed to?
Lord Palmerston,What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?
Russell,To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?
1851,What year was Palmerston removed from office?
Foreign Secretary,What position did Lord Palmerston hold?
he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister,What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?
Emperor Napoleon III,President Bonaparte was declared what in France? 
Lord Derby,Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister? 
Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge,What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton? 
Lord Palmerston,Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?
Whig,To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?
a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby,What replaced Russell's administration?
declared Emperor Napoleon III,What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?
Prime Minister,Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup? 
Prince Frederick William of Prussia,Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?
London,Where did Victoria's oldest daughter get married?
14,How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince?
17,How old was Princess Victoria when she was married?
Germany,Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married?
Prince Frederick William of Prussia,Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17? 
14,How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick? 
Germany,Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage? 
Wilhelm,What was the name of Queen Victoria's first grandchild? 
last German Kaiser,What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany? 
Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt,When was Victoria's oldest daughter married?
17,How old was Victoria's oldest daughter when she was amrried?
liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state,What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William?
Wilhelm,Who was the Queen's first grandchild?
the last German Kaiser,What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria?
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn",Who was Queen Victorias father?
Princess Charlotte of Wales,Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?
George III,Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?
1817,What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn",Who was Queen Victorias father?
Princess Charlotte of Wales,Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?
Prince of Leiningen,Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?
4.15 a.m,"What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?"
Leopold,Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death? 
The Duke and Duchess of Kent,Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?
4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819,When was Queen Victoria born?
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III",What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?
Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872),Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?
the Belgians,The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?
1831,What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,Who was the nephew of leopold?
"Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha",Who was Alberts father?
very plain,How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?
William IV,Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?
Prince Alexander of the Netherlands,Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead? 
Prince of Orange,Prince Alexander was the second son of whom? 
very plain,"What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange? "
enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning,How did Victoria feel about Albert?
"the Duchess's brother, Leopold",Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?
William IV,"Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?"
Prince Alexander of the Netherlands,Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?
an abdominal growth,What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?
one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?
an out-of-wedlock pregnancy,What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?
Sir John Conroy,"Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings ""pregnancy""?"
1839,What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?
Lady Flora Hastings,What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?
large tumour on her liver,What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July? 
Conroy and the Duchess of Kent,With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria? 
Mrs. Melbourne,What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?
"one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings","Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?"
Sir John Conroy,"Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's ""baby""?"
despised,What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?
the Kensington System,Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?
large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen,"What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's ""pregnancy""?"
1870,What year was the Third French Republic established?
Trafalgar Square,Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?
Radical MPs,Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?
arm,"In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?"
Joseph Lister,Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?
boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic,How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?
Trafalgar Square,Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? 
new antiseptic carbolic acid spray,What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?
typhoid fever,What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? 
acid spray,WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
establishment of the Third French Republic,What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?
1870,When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?
carbolic acid spray,WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
typhoid fever,What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?
Radical MPs,Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?
the tenth anniversary of her husband's death,After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?
1840,What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy?
Edward Oxford,Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage?
18,How old was Edward Oxford?
Prince Albert,Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her?
twice,How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?
Edward Oxford,Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child?
eight,Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth? 
21 November 1840,When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born? 
1841,"What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born? "
first pregnancy,What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt?
1840,When was Victoria's first assassination attempt?
popularity soared,What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign?
high treason,What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt?
acquitted on the grounds of insanity,What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason?
Russia,Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?
no impact,What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?
expansionist foreign policy,What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse?
Disraeli,Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880?
Gladstone,Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880?
Russo-Turkish War,What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times? 
Congress of Berlin,What ended the Russo-Turkish War?
protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers,Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries? 
Gladstone,Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880?
Disraeli,To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? 
"be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY",What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power?
Gladstone,Who won the 1880 general election?
Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War,What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli's stance on foreign policy?
a memorial tablet,What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli?
Napoleon III,who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?
April 1855,When did Napoleon iii visit London?
Dunkirk,Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?
Paris,Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?
the Palace of Versailles,Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?
Napoleon III,Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?
Exposition Universelle,What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit? 
1840,When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides? 
"1,200",How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?
Dunkirk,"Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?"
1840,When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?
Napoleon III,Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?
Palace of Versailles,Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?
April 1855,When did Napoleon III visit London?
John Brown,What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?
Scotland,"Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?"
a romantic connection,What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?
Mrs. Brown,What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?
Mrs. Brown,What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?
Scotland,What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?
Mrs. Brown,What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?
Sir Edwin Henry Landseer,What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?
Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands,In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?
John Brown,Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?
Mrs. Brown,Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?
Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands,Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?
John Brown,Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?
Osborne House,Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?
on the Isle of Wight,Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?
Rheumatism in her legs,What had caused Victoria to be lame?
cataracts,Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?
22 January 1901,What was the date of Queen Victorias death?
Isle of Wight,Where was Osborne House located?
"Tuesday, 22 January 1901",When did Queen Victoria die? 
81,How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? 
King Edward VII,Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? 
"pet Pomeranian, Turri","Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? "
Osborne House on the Isle of Wight,Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?
Rheumatism,What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?
"Tuesday, 22 January 1901",Whaen did Queen Victoria die?
81,How old was Victoria when she died?
King Edward VII,Who was Queen Victoria's successor?
Royal Titles Act 1876,What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?
Empress of India,In 1876 Victoria held what title?
1874,What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?
presbyterian Church of Scotland,What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?
1874,In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?
Public Worship Regulation Act 1874,What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? 
presbyterian Church of Scotland,Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? 
Disraeli,Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?
1 May 1876,When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? 
Delhi Durbar,Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? 
1874,When was Disraeli returned to office?
removed Catholic rituals,"What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?"
presbyterian Church of Scotland,Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?
Royal Titles Act 1876,What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?
Public Worship Regulation Act 1874,"Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?"
modern constitutional monarchy,What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?
the voting system,Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?
morality and family values,"As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?"
family monarchy,What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?
increased the power,How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? 
emphasis on morality and family values,What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? 
family monarchy,What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?
modern constitutional monarchy,What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? 
modern constitutional monarchy,What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?
Reforms of the voting system,What increased the power in the House of Commons?
House of Lords and the monarch,Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?
symbolic,"Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?"
family,What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?
1885,What year did Gladstone resign?
his budget,Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?
General Gordon at Khartoum.,Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?
Lord Salisbury,Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?
a few months,How long did Lord Salisburys government last?
General Gordon,What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?
Lord Salisbury,Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? 
granting Ireland home rule,"What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? "
Salisbury,Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?
his budget was defeated,Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? 
1885,When did Gladstone resign?
his budget was defeated,Why did Gladstone resign?
pleased,How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?
General Gordon,Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?
Lord Salisbury,Who replaced Gladstone?
"average of 2,500",How many words a day did Victoria write?
1832,What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?
122,How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?
Princess Beatrice,Who was Victorias youngest daughter?
transcribed and edited,What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?
122,How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?
burned the originals,What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? 
Princess Beatrice,Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? 
Lord Esher,Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? 
Giles St Aubyn,What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?
"Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day",How avid of a writer was the Queen?
122 volumes,How many volumes did her journal span?
transcribed and edited,What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?
"her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice",Who was Victoria's literary executer?
burned,What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?
Recognition,What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?
amity,"What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?"
Masonic communication,"What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? "
Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity,What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?
brethren,What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?
amity,Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?
Recognition,What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?
a list,What does each Grand Lodge maintain?
inter-visitation,What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? 
Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity,What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?
The fifteenth century,When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?
middle of the 19th century,How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?
fidelity,What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?
Regius Poem,What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?
1425,When was the Regius Poem written?
middle of the 19th century,When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?
Old Charges,What are the old Masonic document referred as?
about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century,The Old Charges are dated from when to when?
ceremonial regalia.,The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?
Old Charges,The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?
Freemasonry was not a religion,Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?
existence of God and the immortality of the soul,What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?
United Grand Lodge of England,Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?
political tension between France and Britain,What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?
Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity,How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?
1875,What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?
Grand Orient of France,What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?
political tension between France and Britain,What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?
Grand Orient de France,Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
during the 1720s,When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?
James Anderson,Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?
women,Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?
Lodges of Adoption,What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?
early 19th century,When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?
during the 1720s,When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?
James Anderson,Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?
women,Who is excluded from Freemasonry?
Lodges of Adoption,What were lodges called that included women?
The French,Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?
"mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism",What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?
rationalism and naturalism,What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?
No one voice,Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?
Albert Pike,"Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?"
late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA,What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?
Protestant,What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?
Catholic,What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? 
Albert Pike,Who was controversial among Freemasons?
No one,Who has spoke for all Freemasons?
late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA,Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?
Parliamentary proclamation,What put English Freemasonry at risk?
meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation,What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?
1799,When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?
a list of the members of his lodge,What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?
Prime Minister William Pitt,Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?
1799,English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?
Parliamentary proclamation,Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?
the Unlawful Societies Act 1799,What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?
Prime Minister William Pitt,Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?
1967,What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?
antisemitism and anti-Zionism,What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?
1980,What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?
Professor Andrew Prescott,Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?
Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion,"According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?"
antisemitism and anti-Zionism,"In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?"
Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party,Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?
Professor Andrew Prescott,Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?
degree ceremonies,What do most masonic rituals consist of?
Entered Apprentice,What is the first degree of Masonry?
Fellowcraft,What is the second degree of Masonry?
Master Mason,What is the final degree of Masonry?
"passwords, signs and grips",What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?
degree ceremonies,The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?
the degree of Fellowcraft,What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?
the degree of Entered Apprentice,What is the first of degree ceremonies?
the degree of Master Mason,What is the final degree in the Freemasons?
the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge,What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?
the 1720s,When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?
lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites,Who were the first English Freemasons in France?
18th century,When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?
Duke of Clermont,Who formed the Grand Loge de France?
Duke of Orléans,Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?
the 1720s,When did English Freemasonry spread to France?
the 18th century,When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?
the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont,The Grand Loge de France formed under who?
the Duke of Orléans,Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?
1773,When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?
provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide,Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?
1961,When was CLIPSAS set up?
Anglo-American and Continental,What are two major sections of Freemasonry?
Irregular,What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?
the Liberal (Continental) strand,What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?
1961,The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?
70,How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?
does not communicate,Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?
the Roman Catholic Church,Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?
teaches a naturalistic deistic religion,Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?
Pope Clement XII,Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?
28 April 1738,When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?
"Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890",What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?
the Roman Catholic Church,Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?
The 1917 Code of Canon Law,What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?
Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion,The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?
Pope Clement XII,What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
Pope Leo XIII,What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
cannot partake of the Eucharist,What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?
cannot be at all compatible with Christianity,What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?
constitutes an act of apostasy,What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?
1933,When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?
Roman Catholic and Protestant,"Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?"
1933,In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?
Christianity,Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?
the Eucharist,Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?
belief in a Supreme Being,What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?
few cases,Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?
Continental Freemasonry,Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?
"""Liberal"" or Continental",Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?
Swedish Rite,Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?
a Supreme Being,Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?
Christians,Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?
the Grand Orient de France,What Freemason group accept atheists?
"Liberal"" or Continental Freemasonry",The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?
only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area,What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?
the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them,What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?
Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived,What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?
recognise both,"If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?"
choose between them,What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?
Exclusive Jurisdiction,What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?
1849,In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?
when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction,When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?
17th–18th,From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?
Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland,What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?
accepted or speculative Masons,What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?
show continuity,"When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?"
the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1,What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?
1598,When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?
in the later 18th century,When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?
refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans,Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?
1775,When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?
U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls,What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?
"African Lodge, Number 1","What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?"
"became a de facto ""Grand Lodge""","What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?"
Prince Hall Freemasonry,What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?
1775,In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?
1784,"When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?"
1813,When was the UGLE formed?
"the African Lodge, Number 1",The African Lodge re-titled itself what?
1882,When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?
allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge,Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?
Disagreements over ritual,What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?
Georges Martin,"Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?"
Annie Besant,"Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?"
Maria Deraismes,Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?
Georges Martin,Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?
1882,What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?
1901,What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?
1935,What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?
al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah,What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to?
rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem,Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?
Rotary,What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism?
antisemitism and Anti-Zionism,What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on? 
Jews,Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting?
linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah),What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry?
the interests of the Jews,Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what?
article 28,What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism?
"between 80,000 and 200,000",How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?
political prisoners,What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?
inverted red triangle,What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?
Professor Franz Six,Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?
The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office),Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?
Reichssicherheitshauptamt,What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?
Professor Franz Six,Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?
"between 80,000 and 200,000",How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?
an inverted red triangle.,What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?
local fraternities of stonemasons,Where are the origins of Freemasonry?
regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients,What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?
the three grades of medieval craft guilds,Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?
"Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason",What are the degrees of Freemasonry?
the local fraternities of stonemasons,Freemasons trace their origins to what?
three grades,How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?
Blue Lodge,Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?
Freemasons or Masons,Members of Craft Masonry are called what?
they are never invited,How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?
The onus is on candidates to ask to join,How does one become a Freemason?
depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction,Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?
track down a local Lodge through the Internet,How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?
will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining,Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated? 
a friend,Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?
the Internet,"Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?"
never invited,Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?
an interview,What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?
around six million worldwide,How large is the membership of Freemasonry?
United Grand Lodge of England,What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?
around a quarter million,How many members does the UGLE have?
just under two million,What are the membership numbers of the United States?
"150,000","How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?"
around six million worldwide,How many members are in Freemasonry?
the United Grand Lodge of England,What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?
around a quarter million,How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?
"approximately 150,000 members",The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?
just under two million,The United States has how many Freemason members?
Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret,Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?
on a Volume of Sacred Law,How are oaths taken?
Progressive continental Freemasonry,"In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?"
whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother,What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?
have broken the law,Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?
Volume of Sacred Law,Most lodges have the oath taken on what?
keep the contents of that degree secret,Mason swear at each degree to do what?
Pennsylvania,Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?
1715,What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?
1731,When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?
"Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland",Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?
after they were confident of their own survival,When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?
Pennsylvania,Where were the earliest lodges in America?
John Moore,Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?
1731,A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?
Pennsylvania,The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?
as early as 1917,How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?
Nine,How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?
the death penalty,What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?
1965,When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?
1923,When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?
1917,When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?
the United Grand Lodge of England,Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?
1923,When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?
1965,All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?
Saddam Hussein,Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?
1813,When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?
the 1860s and 1870s,The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?
1868,What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?
1983,In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger,Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?
Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity,Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?
from 1999 to 2009,Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?
Justice Secretary Jack Straw,Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?
the rule was considered disproportionate,Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?
The Masonic Lodge,What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?
"pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members",Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.
a formal dinner,What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?
During the ceremony of initiation,When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?
usually on a volume of sacred text,What does a candidate swear on?
three degrees,How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?
Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying,Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?
Regularity,"What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?"
Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition,Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?
If the differences are significant,When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?
"Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry","All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?"
lecture,The initiations are part allegory and part what?
Master Mason,What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?
Hiram Abiff,Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?
at least two,How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?
GLE,The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?
24 June 1717,When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?
17 July 1751,The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?
27 December 1813,The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?
the Moderns,Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?
By the 1980s,When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?
Prince Hall is open to all men,Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?
The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges,Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?
the 1890s,When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?
1999,When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?
the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite,What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?
most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons,Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?
Geoffrey Fisher,What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?
Dr Rowan Williams,What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?
2003,What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?
Bishop of Monmouth,Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?
Propaganda Due lodge,Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?
Grande Oriente d'Italia,The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?
1877,When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?
P2,The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?
1976,When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?
29 November 1947,When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?
midnight on 14 May 1948,When was the end of the British Mandate set?
David Ben-Gurion,Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?
Israel,What is the official State of Israel?
Middle East,Where is Israel located?
Tel Aviv,What's Israel's financial and technology center?
"8,476,600",What was the population of Israel in 2016?
"6,345,400",How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?
"1,760,400",How many citizens in Israel are Arab?
Jewish and democratic state,Israel defines itself as what?
35th,Where is Israel's economy ranked?
fourth,Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia?
a great-great grandson of Jacob,Who was Moses?
Moses,"Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the ""Exodus?"""
Jacob,"What does the word ""Israel"" refer to?"
Eretz Yisrael,"What is the ""Land of Israel"" known as in Hebrew?"
three,"According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?"
early 2nd millennium BCE,When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?
Merneptah stele,When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?
Semites,Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?
intermarriage,What did Canaanites prohibit?
930 BCE,When did the kingdom split?
Samaria,What was the name of the destroyed capital?
Assyrian king Sargon II,Who captured Samaria?
King Nebuchadnezzar II,Who conquered Judah?
"50,000",How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah?
"5,000",How many Judeans did Ezra lead?
167 BCE,When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?
Hasmonean Kingdom,What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?
Judeans,Who dominated the society?
132 CE,When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?
Byzantine Empire,Who conquered the country in 628?
Christianity,What was evolving over Roman paganism?
Fatimid garrison,Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?
"60,000",How many people were massacred when the city fell?
"6,000",How many Jews were seeking refuge?
1165,When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?
Yehuda Halevi,Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?
Sultan Saladin,Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?
1211,When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?
Nachmanides,Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?
"""If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms",What did Nachmanides write?
1260,When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?
Cairo and Damascus,What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?
1266,When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?
Zion,Many Jews have aspired to return to where?
Palestine,Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain?
"1,500",Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?
First Aliyah,What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as?
1881,When did the First Aliyah begin?
Theodor Herzl,Who is credited as founding political Zionism?
after the Kishinev pogrom,When did the Second Aliyah begin?
"40,000",How many Jews settled into Palestine?
Orthodox Jews,The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who?
a group primarily of Zionist volunteers,What is the Jewish Legion?
1922,When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?
The Defense,What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?
"100,000",How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine?
"July 22, 1946",When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters?
33%,What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II?
Britain,What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II?
1946,When was the King David Hotel bombing?
1947,When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine?
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine,What is the UNSCOP?
15 May 1947,When was the UNSCOP formed?
City of Jerusalem,What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System?
"Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq",What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine?
1948,When was the Arab-Israeli War launched?
slaughter the Jews,What were the invading Arab armies aim?
Israeli Immigration Department,Who aided the immigration to Israel?
One Million Plan,The immigration was in accordance to what?
1953,When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?
two million,"The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?"
Zionist,What ideology did some immigrants believe in?
"1,150,000","Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?"
ma'abarot,What were temporary camps known as?
"over 200,000",How many immigrants lived in these tent cities?
Ben-Gurion,Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany?
1950,When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?
Palestinian fedayeen,Who was Israel frequently attacked by?
significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration,What did the war result in?
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser,Who refused toe recognize Israel?
1967,When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel?
Green Line,What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories?
1972 Summer Olympics in Munich,Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes?
three nos,What was the resolution of the Arab league?
armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland,What did the ELO commit itself on?
6 October 1973,When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces?
"10–35,000",How many lives were lost?
Prime Minister Golda Meir,Who was forced to resign?
Israel,Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to?
Camp David Accords,What did Sadat and Begin sign?
Sinai Peninsula,Israel withdrew from where?
11 March 1978,When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur?
Israel,Who secured southern Lebanon?
south of the Litani River,Where were the PLO bases located?
1981,When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?
Jerusalem,What is the Capital of Israel?
Begin's government,Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?
7 June 1981,When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor?
impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program,Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor?
Kahan Commission,What government inquiry held Begin?
1987,When did the First Intifada break out?
More than a thousand people,How many people were killed in the violence?
Saddam Hussein,PLO supported who during the Gulf War?
Yitzhak Rabin,Who became the Prime Minister in 1992?
1994,When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed?
November 1995,When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?
Benjamin Netanyahu,Who led Israel in the 1990s?
Wye River Memorandum,What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?
Ehud Barak,Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?
Ariel Sharon,Who visited the Temple Mount?
2001,When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister?
"4,745",How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008?
6 September 2007,When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria?
Hamas,Who announced its own ceasefire? 
eight days,How long did the operation in Gaza in November last?
East of the central highlands,Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?
Israeli Coastal Plain,What's home to 57% of the nation's population?
"20,770 square kilometers",How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?
Jordan River,What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?
Ramon Crater,What is the largest makhtesh in the world?
plant species,Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin?
Jordan Rift Valley,What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform?
high seismic activity in the region,What does the tectonic disposition lead to?
Mw~7.4.,The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur?
"31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE",When did the most catastrophic earthquakes occur?
"50,000",How many residential buildings did not meet construction standards?
every 80 years,How often do earthquakes that lead to serious loss of life occur?
Mediterranean,What kind of climate does Tel Aviv have?
desert,What kind of climate does Arava have?
54.0 °C,What was the highest recorded temperature in Tirat Zvi?
various water-saving technologies,Israel developed what?
sunlight,What does Israelis take advantage of?
Israel,Who leads the nation in solar energy use?
"8,476,600",What was Israel's population in 2016?
"60,000",How many African migrants entered Israel by June 2012?
92%,How many Israelis live in urban areas?
"over 300,000",How many Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements?
"20,000",How many Israelis lived in Golan Heights settlements?
2005,When were Israelis evacuated from Gaza Strip?
Israel,What's the homeland for Jewish people?
75%,Approximately how many Israeli Jews are born in Israel?
35%,What percent are Jewish intermarriage rates at?
Hebrew and Arabic,What are the two official languages of Israel?
"700,000",How many Israelis speak French?
one million,How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel?
16%,Muslims make up how much of the Israel's population?
1.5%,Druze makes up what percent?
Christian,2% of the population in Israel are what?
Old City,What incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount?
Bethlehem,Where is Rachel's Tomb?
Bahá'í staff,Who do not teach their faith to Israelis?
second,What was Israel ranked among OECD countries?
third,What did it rank in the number of academic degrees per capita?
Bill Gates,Who praised Israel for its high quality education?
15.5 years,What is the school expectancy in Israel?
97.1%,What is the literacy rate in Israel?
Biblical scripture and civics,What is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate?
Israel,How many public universities does Israel have?
49,How many private colleges does Israel have?
Technion,What is the oldest university in Israel?
parliamentary,Israel operates under what kind of system?
120,How many members are in the Knesset?
proportional representation of political parties,Knesset member is based on what?
three-tier,What kind of court system does Israel have?
Jerusalem,Where is the Supreme Court located?
Supreme Court,What is the highest tier?
"English common law, civil law, and Jewish law",What legal traditions does Israel combine?
stare decisis,What principle is it based on?
Human Dignity,What is Israel's Basic Law?
six,The State of Israel is divided into how many administrative districts?
mehozot,What are these districts known as?
fifteen,How many sub-districts are there?
three,How many metropolitan areas are there?
Tel Aviv,What metropolitan area has the largest population?
"559,700",What is the population of Beer Sheva?
UN Security Council,Who declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem?
Israeli West Bank,What was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War?
Gaza Strip,Where did Israel withdraw and disband its military forces?
sovereign territory,Israel views East Jerusalem as what?
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242,What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war?
Land for peace,What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states?
1950,When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan?
Palestinians,What was the majority of the population in the West Bank?
13%,What percentage of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line?
Egypt,The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967?
Israel,Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?
June 2007,When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?
158,How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations?
107,How many diplomatic missions do they have?
three,How many Arab League members have relations with Israel?
United States and the Soviet Union,Who were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel?
The United States,Who regards Israel as it's most reliable partner in the Middle East?
$68 billion,How much did the United States provide in military assistance?
25 billion euros,How much did Germany pay in reparations to the Israeli state?
Tony Blair,What prime minister helped relations?
European Neighbourhood Policy,What aims at bringing EU and its neighbours closer?
1991,When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations?
IHH,Who organized the flotilla?
after the 2008–09 Gaza War,When did Israel and Turkey's relations take a downturn?
1992,When did India establish full diplomatic ties with Israel?
India,Who's the most pro-Israel country in the world?
Russian Federation,Israel is the second-largest military trading partner of India after who?
less than 0.1%,How much does Israel spend on foreign aid?
1958,When was MASHAV established?
emergency aid,Israel has a history of providing what?
24,How many delegations of IDF search and rescue units between 1985 and 2015?
over 200,How many doctors did Israel send to Haiti?
200,How many patients did Israeli doctors treat in Japan?
Israel Defense Forces,What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?
Ramatkal,Who is the head of the IDF?
1948,When was the IDF founded?
18,What age are most Israelis drafted into the military?
two years,How long do women serve in the military?
Arab citizens,What citizens are exempt from military service?
high-tech weapons systems,The military relies on what?
Python air-to-air missile series,What is one of the most crucial weapons in Israel's military history?
Ofeq,The success of what program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching satellites?
nuclear weapons,Israel is widely believed to possess what?
Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines,What is armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles?
Merkhav Mugan,All homes in Israel are required to have a room called what?
Oman and Saudi Arabia,What two countries have a higher defense spending to GDP ratio than Israel?
24%,What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984?
148th,What was Israel's Global Peace Index rank in 2015?
Israel,Who is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia?
2010,When did Israel join the OECD?
second,Where does Israel rank in number of startup companies in the world?
$77.59 billion,Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012?
$64.74 billion,Israeli exports reached what in 2012?
"electronics, software, computerized systems",What are the leading exports in Israel?
solar energy,Israel is a leading country of what development?
expenditure on Research and Development,Israel is ranked 1st in the world in what?
Intel and Microsoft,What companies built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel?
Warren Buffett,What investor bought Iscar?
1970s,When did United States begin to provide foreign aid to Israel?
US$118 billion,What was Israel's debt surplus in December 2015?
Sunday through Thursday,What are the days of working in Israel?
short day,Friday is considered what?
make Sunday a non-working day,Several proposals have been raised to do what?
100,Israeli universities rank where in mathematics?
six,How many Nobel Prize-winning scientists has Israel produced?
stem-cell research,Israel leads the world in what research papers per capita?
$2 billion a year,How much is Israel's water technology industry worth?
The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis,What's the largest desalination plant in the world?
35%,How much drinking water is produced by Israel's desalination programs?
Over 90%,How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water?
8%,How much electricity does the country save per year?
2013,When did Better Place shut down?
Israeli Space Agency,What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs?
ninth in the world,Futron's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012?
1988,When did Israel launch it's first satellite?
"18,096",How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have?
"5,715",How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?
6.8 million tons,How much cargo do railways transport per year?
Ben Gurion International Airport,What is the country's main hub for international air travel?
Haifa Port,What is the country's oldest and largest port?
two,How many international airports are in Israel?
Tourism,What is an important industry in Israel?
3.54 million,How many tourists visited Israel in 2013?
Western Wall,What is the most popular tourist attraction in Israel?
diversity of its population,Where does Israel's diverse culture stem from?
Hebrew calendar,Life revolves around what in Israel?
Jewish holidays,Work and school holidays are determined by what?
Hebrew,Israeli literature is primarily written in what?
June,When is the Hebrew Book Week held?
the Sapir Prize,What is Israel's top literary reward?
Nelly Sachs,Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize with who in 1966?
Sayed Kashua,What Israel-Arab satirist is internationally known?
Emile Habibi,Who wrote the novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist?
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra,What Israeli orchestra has been in operation for more than seventy years?
"Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza",What three internationally acclaimed musicians were born in Israel?
Eilat,Who hosts its own international music festival every summer?
Songs of the Land of Israel,What the nation's canonical folk songs known as?
Hora circle dance,What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction?
Modern dance,What's a flourishing field in Israel?
Taiseer Elias,What internationally acclaimed violin virtuoso is from Israel?
Darwish Darwish,Who was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003?
Taiseer Elias,Who is the head of the advanced degree program in Arabic music?
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem,What is one of Israel's most important culturural institutions?
Beth Hatefutsoth,What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University?
Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad,What is the largest art museum in the north of the country?
1948,When was Israeli fusion cuisine first developed?
25%,Kosher restaurants make up what percent of total restaurants?
white meat,What is pork often called in Israel?
"Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi",What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted?
"falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar",What common ingredients are in Israeli cuisine?
Israel,"Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common where?"
association football and basketball,What are the most popular spectator sports in Israel?
Israeli Premier League,What is the country's premier football league?
Israeli Basketball Super League,What is the premier basketball league?
1964,When did Israel host and win the Asian Nations Cup?
1970,When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup?
1974 Asian Games,What were the last Asian Games that Israel participated in?
Chess,What's a leading sport in Israel?
Beersheba,What city has become a national chess center?
Boris Gelfand,Who won the Chess Cup in 2009?
Greek Science,What mathematician advance Greek Science?
Hellenistic,What period saw the rise of New Comedy?
31 BC,When was the Battle of Actium?
323 BC,When did Alexander the Great die?
Hellenistic,What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?
yptian Se,dd
Buddh,dd
m and E,dd
Buddhism,dd
the Gre,d
Alexander the Great,What ruler's death in 323 BC marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period?
31 BC,In what year did the Battle of Actium take place?
Ptolemaic Egypt,What kingdom did the Romans take over the year after the Battle of Actium?
Alexandrian poetry,What type of poetry debuted in the Hellenistic period?
Buddhism,What ancient religion did Greece embrace during the Hellenistic period?
Battle of Actium,What signified the emergence of the Roman Empire?
death of Alexander the Great,What event is the recognized beginning of the Hellenistic Period?
the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes,Who advanced Greek Science?
Koine Greek,What is a common Attic-based dialect?
north-east Africa,Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
South Asia,Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?
South Asia,Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?
south-west Asia,Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?
north-east Africa,Where was the Ptolemaic Kingdom located?
Persian Empire,Alexander the Great was the emperor of what?
Asia and Africa,The Hellenistic Period expanded the Greek Empire into what 2 continents?
Koine Greek,"What was the new, Attic-based dialect called?"
31 BC,When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Constantine the Great,Who was the Roman emporer?
Constantinople,Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?
Hellenistic,What term defines the influence of Greek culture?
330 AD,When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?
Hellenic,Which era refers primarily to just Greece?
Constantine,Who moved the Roman Empire capital in 330 AD?
Achean War,Rome's final conquest of Greek lands followed which war?
Hellenistic,What is the period called that comprises all Greek influence?
J. G. Droysen,Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?
History of Hellenism,What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?
Matthew Arnold,Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?
19th,What century did Hellenistic become a concept?
Hellenism,"In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?"
19th-century,"The word ""Hellenistic"" was derived in what time period?"
J. G. Droysen,"Who coined the term ""Hellenistic?"""
Geschichte des Hellenismus,What was Droysen's work called that explained the era?
Matthew Arnold,Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?
Hebraism,Hellenism contrasts with what other similar concept of era?
Some,How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?
not always,How often did Greek population and natives mix?
Hellenistic,What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?
moved,I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
Polybius,"What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?"
Megalopolis,Where was Polybius from?
Rome,Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?
220 to 167 BCE,What years do Polybius books cover?
Achaean,What League was Polybius a statesman?
60 and 30 BCE,When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?
battle of Ipsus,What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?
Plutarch,Who wrote Parallel Lives?
Alexandria,Where was Apprian from?
Plutarch,Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?
431–404 BC,When was the Peloponnesian War?
Theban,What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?
371 BC,When was the Battle of Leuctra?
362 BC,When was the Battle of Mantinea?
Philip II,Which king lend the rise of Macedon?
352 BC,When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
Philip II,Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
338 BC,When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
Philip,Who formed the League of Corinth?
Achaemenid Empire of Persia,Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
Alexander,Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
Perdiccas,Who was the leading calvary commander?
Perdiccas,Who order the death of Meleager?
Babylon,What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
Arrian,Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? 
Cleopatra,Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
Cleopatra,Who was Alexander's sister?
Antigonus I Monophthalmus,Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
Anatolia,"Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?"
Perdiccas,"Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?"
319 BC,When did Antipater die?
Polyperchon,Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
317,When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
Antigonus,Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
Cassander,Who sentenced Olympias to death?
"25,000","How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?"
Ptolemy,Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
312 BC,When was the Battle of Gaza?
Cassander,Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
310,What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
Demetrius,Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
307,When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
Antigonus,Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
Battle of Salamis,What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
Cyprus,What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
Seleucus,Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
Antigonus,Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
301 BCE,When was the Battle of Ipsus?
Cilicia,"After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?"
Cyprus,"After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?"
298 BCE,When did Cassander die?
294,When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
Seleucus,Who captured Demetrius?
281 BCE,What year was Seleucus killed?
Battle of Corupedium,At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
Alexandria,What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
Antioch,What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
Hellenistic,Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
Alexander,What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
young and ambitious,What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
323-322,When was the Lamian war?
307,When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
Antigonus,Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
Ptolemaic Egypt,Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
267-61,When was the Chremonidean War?
235–222 BCE,What years did Cleomenes III rule?
Battle of Sellasia,"In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?"
Sparta,Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
independent,What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
refor,I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
370 BCE,When was the Aetolian League formed?
280 BCE,When was the Achaean League formed?
Northern League,"Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?"
sympoliteia,What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
Achean,What league freed Corinth?
Colossus of Rhodes,What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
Hellenistic,What period did Rhodes prosper?
navy,What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
304-305 BCE,What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
tes (3,I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
Chremonidean War,What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
Pangaeum,What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
"25,000 men",How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
Zeno of Citium,Who taught Antigonus II?
Epirus,Who did Antigonus II defend against?
221 BC,When did Doson die?
Philip V,Who took control when Doson died?
Philip V,"Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?"
the darling of Hellas,What was Philip V known as?
217 BC,When was the Peace of Naupactus?
215 BC,When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
212 BC,When did the First Macedonian War begin?
205 BC,When did the First Macedonian War end?
inconclusively,How did the First Macedonian War end?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus,Who defeated Philip?
231 BC to 227 BCE,What years did Queen Teutra reign?
Ancient Greeks,From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?
Ancient Macedon,What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?
Illyrian,What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?
Agrianes,What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?
Thrace,What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
Alexander,Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
one fifth,What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
Greek,What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
Thracian,Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
Magna Graecia,What was Southern Italy refered to as?
8th,Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?
Carthaginian,In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?
Agathocles of Syracuse,Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?
300 BCE,"In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?"
Massalia,What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?
"6,000",How many inhabitants were in Massalia?
Massalia,Who controlled Nice and Agde?
Strabo,Massalia was the center of education according to whom?
49 BCE,When did Massalia side with Pompey?
Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors,Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
military and paramilitary forces,Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?
the monarch,Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?
royal estates,What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?
Greco-Macedonian settlers,Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
Ptolemy,Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?
323 BC,When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?
305 BC,When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?
Soter,What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?
Faiyum,Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?
Egyptian Pharaohs,Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?
Serapis,What god did Ptolemy I create?
strategoi,Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?
Ancient Egyptian,"By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?"
Serapis,Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?
the Seleucids,The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?
Coele-Syria,What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?
Ptolemy IV,Who won the great battle of Raphia?
217 BCE,When was the great battle of Raphia?
Seleucids,Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?
30 BC,Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?
Ptolemy,All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
Ptolemaic queens,"Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?"
Cleopatra VII,Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?
suicide,How did Cleoptra die?
Babylonia,"After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?"
Eumenes I,Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?
Antiochus I,"Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?"
Antiochus Hierax,"What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?"
Attalus I,Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?
Greco-Macedonian political elite,The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?
choria,What are Seleucid garrisons called?
katoikiai,What are Seleucid military colonies called?
Ptolemy IV,Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?
204,What year did Ptolemy IV die?
Philetaerus,Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?
Seleucus I,Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?
Philip V of Macedon,Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?
Pergamon,Where was the library of Pergamum located?
Pergamum Altar,What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?
Thrace,Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?
battle of the Elephants,What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?
Dying Gaul,What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?
2nd century BC,What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?
Rome,Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?
The Bithynians,Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?
Calas,King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?
Zipoetes I,Who assumed the title of king from Bas?
297 BCE,When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?
Nicomedes I,Who founded Nicomedia?
Ariarathes III,Who married Stratonice?
255 B.C.,When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?
Antiochus II,Who was Stratonice's father?
Ariarathes IV,Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?
130 BCE,What year was Ariarathes V defeated?
Pontus,What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?
Mithridates I,Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?
291 BC,When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?
63 BC,When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?
Greek,What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?
Mithridates VI,Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?
Mithridates VI,Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?
anastole,What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
Herakles,Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?
Mithridatic,Pontus was defeated in what wars?
Persia,Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?
Mithranes,Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?
Seleucid,Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?
212 BC,What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?
Antiochus III the Great,Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?
190 BC,When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia?
Artaxias,Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia?
Philhellenes,Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what?
95–55 BC,What years did Tigranes the Great reign?
Artavasdes II,Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies?
247 BC,When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?
238 BCE,When did Andragoras' reign end?
Arsaces,Who killed Andragoras?
Parni,What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?
209 BC,When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?
Antiochus VII Sidetes,The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?
Parthian,Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?
66 BC – 217 AD,What years were the Roman–Parthian Wars?
Greek drachmas,What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?
Iranian,The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?
Nabatean Kingdom,What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?
Petra,What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?
Hasmoneans,Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?
Aretas III Philhellene,Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?
1st,What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?
Judea,What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?
Judaism,What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?
Antioch,Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?
High Priest of Israel,Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?
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the Tobiads,What was the Jewish elite class called?
Antiochus III,Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?
198,When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?
Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus,What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?
174–135 BCE,What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
Hasmonaean Dynasty,What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
165 BCE to 63 BCE,What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?
Antigonus II Mattathias,Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?
Herod,Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?
37 BCE,When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?
Diodotus,Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?
230 BC,When was Diodotus II overthrown?
Euthydemus,What leader overthrew Diodotus II?
Antiochus III,The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?
Euthydemus,Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?
Strabo,Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?
180 BC,"When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?"
Demetrius,Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?
Heliocles,Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?
Apollodotus I,Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?
Antimachus II,Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?
Menander I,Who succeeded Antimachus II?
Buddhism,What religion did Menander I convert to?
Milinda,What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?
130 BC,When did Menander die?
Indo-Scythian,What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?
Paropamisadae,"Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?"
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the all-knowing Yavanas,"What does ""sarvajnaa yavanaa"" mean?"
The Mahabharata,"Who said ""The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so.""?"
Varahamihira,Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?
The Mahabharata,"Who said ""The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy."""
Varahamihira,"Who said ""The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...."""
Hellenistic,What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?
Hellenistic,"Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?"
Hellenistic,Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?
Crimean,"Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?"
Bosporan,"What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?"
Pontic-Caspian steppe,Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
Greeks of Bactria,From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
young Scythians,Hellenized Scythians were known as?
Tylos,What did the Greeks call Bahrain?
Bahrain,Where was the central point of pearl trading?
Nearchus,Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?
Greek,Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?
Shams,Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?
Tunisia,Carthage was on the coast of what country?
military,What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?
Mago I of Carthage,Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?
phalanx,What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?
Xanthippus of Carthage,What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?
Italian,Rome dominated what peninsula?
Roman,Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
First Punic War,Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
Romans,Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
Roman,Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
Philip V,What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
the Romans,Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
216 BC,When was the Battle of Cannae?
Second Punic War,In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
the Balkans,In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?
Philip,Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?
200 BC,What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?
Battle of Cynoscephalae,What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?
Roman,What empire won the Second Macedonian War?
Philip V,Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?
Antiochus,Who defeated Ptolemy?
Fifth Syrian War,In what war was Ptolemy defeated?
Roman-Syrian War,What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?
192–188 BC,What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?
Perseus,What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?
Third Macedonian War,Perseus fought the Romans in what war?
146 BC,When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?
Lucius Mummius,Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?
146 BC,When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?
Attalus III,Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?
133 BC,When did Attalus III die?
Attalus III,Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?
88 BC,In what year was the final Greek resistance?
Mithridates of Pontus,Who led the final Greek resistance?
Antiochus IV Epiphanes,Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?
Pompey the Great,Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?
Cleopatra VII,Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?
Battle of Actium,At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?
Egypt,What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?
Hellenistic Greeks,Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?
Alexandria,What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?
Alexandria,Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?
Athens,Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?
Library of Alexandria,"What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes?"
Pergamon,Which city became a major center of book production?
Rhodes,What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics?
Seleucia,What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris?
Attic Greek,Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?
Koine,Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?
trade,Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?
Interpretatio graeca,The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?
Plutarch,Who wrote the story of Crassus?
The Bacchae,Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?
Ai-Khanoum,A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?
Alexander,Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?
Persian,Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?
the Macedonians,Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?
megalomania,Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?
Greek,Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples?
Greeks,Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom?
highly localized,What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates?
2.5,What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites?
Buddhism,Menander converted to what religion?
2nd,Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?
customs,Greeks adopted what from local cultures?
adopt local ways,A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?
Greek,Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?
non-Greeks,Who did Greeks look down upon?
Cleopatra VII,Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?
Isis,What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?
Ammon,Zeus was paired with which local god?
Hagne,Aphrodite was paired with which local god?
Demeter,Isis was paired with what local god?
Pharaonic,What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?
isotheism,What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?
Alexander,A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?
Alexandria,Where was Alexander's tomb located?
traditional,The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?
Sophists,Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?
Euhemerism,"What is the view ""that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes"" called?"
Epicurus,Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?
down to earth,Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?
charms,How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?
astrology,"What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?"
Tyche,Astrology was associated with which cult?
luck,What does Tyche mean?
grew,What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?
New Comedy,Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?
Dyskolos,What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?
The Supplementum Hellenisticum,What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?
342/1 BCE,What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?
kings,Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?
Callimachus,Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?
Callimachus,"Who said ""Big book, big evil""?"
Pinakes,What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?
Apollonius of Rhodes,Who wrote Argonautica?
Athens,What city remained the center of philosophical thought?
un-disturbedness,What does ataraxia mean?
self-sufficiency,What does autarky mean?
freedom from suffering,What does apatheia mean?
Epicurus,Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?
Diogenes of Sinope,Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?
Cyrenaics,Which group embraced hedonism?
Zeno of Citium,Who founded Stoicism?
Antiochus of Ascalon,Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?
Hellenistic,The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?
Alexandria,What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?
3rd,What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?
212 BC,When did Archimedes die?
325,When was Euclid born?
Euclid,Who worked on the five Platonic solids?
Eratosthenes,Who measured the circumference of the Earth?
Eratosthenes,Who was the Father of Geomtery?
190,When was Hipparchus born?
Earth,Hipparchus measured the precession of what?
Pliny,Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?
Farnese Atlas,Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?
Aristarchos of Samos,Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?
Antikythera mechanism,What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?
10th,Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?
Al-Biruni,What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?
150–100 BC,What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?
Praxagoras of Kos,Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?
Herophilos,Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?
Empiric,Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?
Herophilos,Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?
Macedonian Phalanx,Philip II used a dense military formation called what?
larger,Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?
Thureos,The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?
Mauryan empire,From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?
African elephant,What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?
Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres,What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?
Dionysios of Alexandria,Who invented the Polybolos?
ballista,What type of weapon is the Polybolos?
160 ton,Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?
12-month,How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?
pathos,Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?
ethos,Character is called what in Hellenistic art?
Zeuxis,"Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?"
passion,The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?
Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles,What painting epitomized the female nude?
Peiraikos,Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?
Galatians,Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?
Alexander the Great,All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?
Hellenistic,Venus de Milo belongs to which period?
Zeuxis,Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?
larger,Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?
Seleucus,Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?
basileion,What is a Greek royal palace called?
villa of Cassander at Vergina,What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?
Pliny the Elder,"Who said ""then art dissapeared""?"
Vergina,The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?
Golden Age of Classical Athens,Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?
18th,What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?
19th,What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?
a mirror,How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?
unfair,The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?
William Woodthorpe Tarn,Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?
Russian Revolution,Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?
Arnaldo Momigliano,Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?
class,Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?
C. Préaux,Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?
the French,Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people?
1815,When did Napoleon's empire collapse?
military schools,Where are Napoleon's campaigns still studied today?
liberal reforms,What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories?
the Napoleonic Code,"What is Napoleon's legal achievement, still reaching a quarter of the world's legal systems?"
15 August 1769,When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
5 May 1821,When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
French,What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?
the French Revolution,During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
1815,When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?
5 May 1821,When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
the French Revolution,During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
Tuscan,Of what ancestry was Napoleon?
by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons,How did Napoleon save the French government in 1795?
26,How old was Napoleon when he was given command of the Army of Italy?
Egypt,Where did Napoleon lead his troops in 1798?
the Austrians,Against whom was Napoleon's first military campaign waged?
Corsica,Where was Napoleon born?
1793,When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?
26,At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?
the Austrians and their Italian allies,Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?
1798,When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?
November 1799,When did Napoleon engineer a coup?
Battle of Marengo,What victory in 1800 secured Napoleon's political power?
Concordat of 1801,What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church?
1804,When was Napoleon named Emperor of the French?
Holy Roman Empire,What did Napoleon eliminate in October 1805?
the Battle of Marengo,Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?
the Catholic Church,"At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity? "
1804,When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?
the Battle of Austerlitz,Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?
the Battle of Trafalgar,The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?
Iberia,What country did Napoleon invade to extend the Continental System?
six years,How long did the Peninsular War last?
Battle of Wagram,With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France?
over 70 million,How many people did Napoleon rule by 1811?
the Roman Empire,"When, before Napoleon, had Europe last seen the same level of political consolidation?"
Iberia,What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?
his brother Joseph,Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?
six years,How long did the Peninsular War last?
the Battle of Wagram,Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?
over 70 million people,"By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?"
Russia,What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?
the Grand Army,The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?
1813,In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?
Prussia and Austria,"In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?"
1814,In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?
Carlo Maria di Buonaparte,Who was Napoleon's father?
Maria Letizia Ramolino,Who was Napoleon's mother?
Corsica,On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?
Casa Buonaparte,What was the name of Napoleon's family home?
an uncle,Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
January 1779,When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?
Brienne-le-Château,Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?
Corsican,What was Napoleon's first language?
his accent,Why did other students often tease Napoleon?
mathematics,"According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?"
September 1785,When did Napoleon graduate?
second lieutenant,What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?
La Fère artillery regiment,What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?
Pasquale Paoli,What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?
1789,When did the Revolution begin?
Nice,Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?
the Thermidorian Reaction,What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?
July 1794,When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?
the Army of Italy,"At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?"
Salicetti,"After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?"
Désirée Clary,Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?
the Army of the West,"In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?"
the War in the Vendée,"At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?"
Joseph,Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?
poor health,What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?
Constantinople,"After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?"
Clisson et Eugénie,"Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?"
15 September,On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?
the Bureau of Topography,In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?
Désirée,"Napoleon's novella ""Clisson et Eugénie"" was based on his relationship with whom?"
the Army of Italy,"After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?"
the Montenotte Campaign,In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?
January 1797,When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?
"14,000",Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?
"5,000",Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?
1796,In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?
Vienna,"After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?"
the Battle of Tarvis,What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?
March 1797,When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?
100 km,Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?
envelopment,What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?
"150,000",How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
540,How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
artillery,In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?
170,How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
looting,For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?
$45 million,About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?
three-hundred,Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?
Pierre Augereau,What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?
the Treaty of Campo Formio,Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?
the Royal Navy,"Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?"
1 July,On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?
the Battle of Shubra Khit,What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?
the Mamluks,What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?
"2,000",Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
the Battle of the Nile,In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?
Horatio Nelson,Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?
1799,In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?
Jaffa,"During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?"
"13,000",Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?
"13,000",How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?
"1,200",How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?
"1,500",How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?
bubonic plague,What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?
opium,"To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?"
the Council of Five Hundred,Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?
9 November 1799,On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?
the council of five hundred,Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?
"""first consul""","After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?"
"3,000,000","What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the ""Constitution of the Year VIII""?"
"""dictatorship by plebiscite.""",What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?
the Constitution of the Year VIII, What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?
the Tuileries.,"  After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?"
99.94, What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?
1.5 million, What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
1800,In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
André Masséna,Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?
June 14, What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?
General Melas,Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?
"24,000",How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
the north,From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?
the west, What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?
a year,Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?
a month,How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?
the conquest of North Italy,"According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?"
Marengo,Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?
Lunéville,Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?
Moreau,What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?
the Treaty of Lunéville,What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?
Hohenlinden,Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
the Treaty of Amiens,What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?
1802,What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?
1802,In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?
over 99%,What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?
First Consul for Life,What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?
the French colonies abroad,"During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?"
Saint-Domingue,"During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?"
Toussaint Louverture, Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?
1794,In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?
Leclerc,What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?
the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise,What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?
October 1800, When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?
the Bourbon family,What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?
Dagger plot, What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?
Baden,The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?
the Roman,The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?
assassination plots,What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?
Bourbon,Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?
99%,Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?
3.6 million,About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?
"December 2, 1804",On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?
Two,How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?
Italy,"Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?"
"May 26, 1805",When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
at the Cathedral of Milan,Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
the Armée d'Angleterre,What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?
Boulogne,Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?
England,What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?
La Grande Armée.,What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?
"350,000",How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
the Royal Navy,Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
the West Indies., Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
the Western Approaches, Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
the Battle of Cape Finisterre, Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
July 1805,When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
the Rhine,"By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?"
25 September, On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?
"200,000",How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?
Karl Mack,Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?
2000,How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?
Vienna,"In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?"
"100,000", How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?
500,How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?
2 December,When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
Moravia,In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
Austerlitz,The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?
the Treaty of Pressburg,What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?
26 December,On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?
Austria,The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?
40 million francs,How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?
the Middle East,Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?
Selim III,"In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?"
1806,In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?
Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar,Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?
1807,In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?
the Confederation of the Rhine,What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?
1806,When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?
the Holy Roman Empire,The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?
Frederick William III, Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?
Queen Louise,What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?
"180,000",How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?
the Saale, What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?
Marshal Soult,To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?
14 October, On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?
"140,000",How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?
the Berlin Decree,In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?
The Continental System, What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?
November 1806,When was the Berlin Decree issued?
1807,In what year was the Battle of Eylau?
the Battle of Friedland,In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?
Constantine,What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?
the Ionian Islands, Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?
Westphalia,What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?
Jérôme,What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?
the Treaties of Tilsit, What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?
Tilsit,Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?
the British,One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?
the Kingdom of Portugal,Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?
1801,In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?
Britain,"After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?"
17 October 1807,When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?
"24,000",How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?
General Junot,Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?
the Peninsular War,The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?
"120,000",How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?
the Congress of Erfurt,At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?
1808,In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?
France,The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?
Finland,The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?
January 1809,When was the Battle of Corunna fought?
the Austrians,Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?
"300,000",Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?
Spain,"During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?"
1814,By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?
1812, In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?
Frederick William,"Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?"
1809,"The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?"
Charles, Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?
8 February 1809,On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?
10 April,On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?
Paris, Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?
75 miles (121 km)," When Napoleon reached Donauwörth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Armée separated by?"
Landshut Maneuver,What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?
Battle of Eckmühl,What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?
17 May,On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?
Charles, Who led the main Austrian army?
21 May,On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?
"110,000",How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
"23,000",Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
six weeks,Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?
30 June,On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?
"180,000", Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?
"150,000",How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?
two days,How long did the Battle of Wagram last?
the Walcheren Campaign,What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?
the Austrians,The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?
30 July, On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?
"""Walcheren Fever.""",What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?
December 1809,When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?
October 1809,When was the Treaty of Schönbrunn signed?
the Habsburg Empire,The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?
Galicia,"In the Treaty of Schönbrunn, what territory was given to the Poles?"
the Bavarians,"In the Treaty of Schönbrunn, who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol?"
three million,Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Schönbrunn?
domestic affairs,"After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?"
January 1810, When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
Archduchess Marie Louise,"After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?"
18,How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?
20 March 1811, When did Marie Louise give birth?
the Congress of Erfurt,What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?
1808,In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?
Tilsit, Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
1807,In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
the Continental System,Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?
the Second Polish War,What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?
the First Polish War,What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?
the Duchy of Warsaw,Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?
Austria,Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?
serfs,"During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?"
Russia,"To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?"
Smolensk,Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?
August,In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?
scorched earth tactics,What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?
Moscow,Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?
7 September,On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?
"44,000","Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?"
"35,000"," Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?"
the French,Who won the Battle of Borodino?
Alexander,"When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?"
Feodor Rostopchin,What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?
five weeks,How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?
the Malet coup,What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?
"10,000",Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?
the Frankfurt proposals,The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?
November 1813,When were the Frankfurt proposals made?
Emperor,The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?
"its ""natural frontiers.""",The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?
Metternich, Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?
December,The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?
1814,In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?
the Frankfurt proposals,Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?
1791,The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?
Belgium,"In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?"
1 April,On what date did Alexander speak to the Sénat conservateur?
Talleyrand's, The Sénat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?
the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur,What was the act passed by the Sénat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?
Fontainebleau,Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?
mutinied,What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?
the Treaty of Fontainebleau,In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?
Elba,What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?
the Mediterranean,In what sea is Elba located?
Emperor,The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?
Austria,"When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?"
The 5th Regiment,What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?
"March 7, 1815",On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?
"""Vive L'Empereur!"""," When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?"
an iron cage, Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?
Belgium," After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?"
Paris,Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
22 June, On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
three days, How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
29 June, On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
Josephine," When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?"
1840,In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
15 December 1840, On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
the Arc de Triomphe,At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
St Jérôme's Chapel, In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
1861,In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
1955,When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
Louis Marchand,What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
arsenic poisoning, What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
Sten Forshufvud,"In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?"
well preserved,What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
potassium tartrate,What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?
his thirst,What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?
that he was murdered,"According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?"
2007,In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?
arsenic poisoning,Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?
peptic ulcer and gastric cancer,Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?
hair, A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?
100 times,"The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?"
civil,What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?
religion,What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?
Pope Pius VI,General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?
Juan Cole,Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?
religious,Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?
2 December 1804,When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
Notre Dame de Paris, Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
Pope Pius VII,Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
1 April 1810,When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
the Spanish Inquisition,"What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?"
the Concordat of 1801,What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?
Pope Pius VII,"Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?"
the Roman Catholic Church,The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?
15 July 1801, What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?
the Concordat,What were the Organic Articles a part of?
the papacy,The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
Napoleon's,"Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?"
the pope,"Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?"
Napoleon, The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
1801,In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
5 ft 6 in,"How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?"
168 cm,How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?
an innovator,"How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?"
George F. E. Rudé,"What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's ""rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?"""
hypnotic,How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?
luck,"According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?"
1805-06, When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
1812, In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
Dwyer,Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
cheated,"What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?"
France,What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?
"40,000",How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?
Wellington,"Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?"
1806,In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?
King Frederick William III,Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?
the British press,Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
Boney,What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
Tory,Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
5 feet 2 inches,What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
5 ft 6 in,"What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?"
colonel,"After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?"
the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
blue,What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
white,What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
white, What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
the Banque de France,"What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?"
the Concordat of 1801,What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
the Organic Articles,What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
public worship,What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
the Holy Roman Empire,What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
the Code Civil,What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
the Napoleonic Code,What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès,What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
Code of Criminal Instruction,What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
His opponents,Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
1807, Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
McConachy,Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
artillery,"What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?"
September 1799,When was the metric system officially introduced?
the metric system,"What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?"
1812,What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
500, How many grams were in the livre metrique?
489.5,How many grams were in the livre du roi?
Napoleon's educational reforms,What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
French,What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
public support,What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
lycées,What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
the sciences,"Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?"
grandiose,How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?
1808,As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?
historians,"Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?"
his empire,Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?
Napoleon,Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
slavery,Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
his opponents,Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
the Haitian Revolution,Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
His critics,Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
plunder,What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
the Musée du Louvre,Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
Pieter Geyl,Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
Claude Ribbe,Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
David G. Chandler,"In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?"
Victor Davis Hanson,"Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?"
McLynn,Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
Vincent Cronin,"Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?"
17,How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
six million,Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
propaganda,"Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?"
censorship,"Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?"
France,Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
civilian,Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
St. Helena,Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
royal celebrations,Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
the Bourbon regime,Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
rosettes,"Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?"
the late 1880s,When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?
1893,What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?
1897,What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?
1900,In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?
1913,In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?
Napoleonic Code,"After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?"
law,"Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?"
favorable,How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?
Russia,Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?
serfdom,One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?
Germany,Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
the Holy Roman Empire,What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
300,How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
less than 50,How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
15 million dollars,How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
Joséphine de Beauharnais,Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
1796,In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
26,How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
32,How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
Rose,What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
Charles Léon,What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne,Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski,"Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?"
Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype, DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld,Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world",What is the largest private foundation in the world?
"The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington",Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? 
"Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)",What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 
pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares,How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation 
"In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion",In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much 
"In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data",What did the foundation announce in November 2014
"open access (OA) policy for publications and data, ""to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation",What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?
"As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.",What does the OA policy cover ?
trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust,What two entities was the foundation divided into 
"The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, ""focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty",What does the foundation entity focus on
"The trust section manages ""the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals",What does the Trust entity focus on 
"it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett",What is held in the trust entity 
The foundation trust invests undistributed assets,What does the Trust invest
exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment,What is the goal of the Trust investments 
its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries,What are some of the negatives of the investments 
These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world,What type of company's are  critiscized
the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review,As a result of the critics what did the company announce 
"n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)",What did the foundation announce in March 2006 
"a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.",What is the International Justice Mission
"the grant would allow the IJM to ""create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery",What would the grant allow the IJM to do 
"conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability"".",What did the office that ijm opened do specifically 
"The IJM used the grant money to found ""Project Lantern",What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 
"""Project Lantern"" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.",Where did project lantern open an office 
"IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to ""an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases",What did project lantern announce in 2010
"increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors""",What services were also increased by project lantern
the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.,What was project Lantern exploring 
"The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005",What was the WSH program launched in 2005
and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010,When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
"since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation",What efforts have the WSH taken 
"In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services",What did the foundation decide in 2009 
This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments,WHy did the foundation make the switch 
"Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (""transformative technologies"")",What has been the focus since 2011
"delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications",What models have been delivered
"funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions",What is the purpose of the new overview
"In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new ""Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview""",What did the foundation announce in 2011
Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need,What is need in the developing world 
"Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected",What does data collected by unicef and Who show
"About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies",How many people have no sanatation facilities
India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people,What country is the worst violator
"""Reinvent the Toilet Fair"" in Delhi, India in March 2014.",India is host to what activity
"In 2011, the foundation launched a program called ""Reinvent the Toilet Challenge",When was reinvent the toilet launched 
to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation,What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 
"It was complemented by a program called ""Grand Challenges Explorations"" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)",WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 
Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts,What was excluded by the funding schemes 
"universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions",What countries have received grants 
"The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase",How much were the grants for 
many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.,What did many investigate 
"The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet",What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying,What compliments the challenge 
"The aim of the ""Omni Processor"" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients",What does the Omni processor do
"The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria",The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 
protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases,How many children were protected from death 
"Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care"" in sub-Saharan Africa",What are some consequences of the investments 
"""the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation",What has the focus on a few diseases caused 
"discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent"".",Vaccinations programs encouraged what 
"has decided not to fund abortion""",What did the foundation decide not to fund
the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning,WHy did they decide not to fund abortion
"Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood",Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood
"U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of ""ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet",what is the US libraries initiative 
Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet,How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
"The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide",what have the grants provided public libraries
this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.,What has the grant enabled 
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels,what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs,What do these efforts include
It spent $373 million on education in 2009.,how much did it spend in 2009
The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.,It was an early backer of what 
One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States,What is 1 foundation goal 
One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster,One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is 
"Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery"" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations",how did they work on college financing 
"As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments",What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education,what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do 
critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage,Critics don't like the foundations use of media why 
the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly,Where does the foundation list grants 
"Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs",who founded teach plus 
they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences,Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
"Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes",What are several of the gates backed policies 
but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm,Have the policies been criticized 
Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance,What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 
"the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation",What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths,When must the trust resources be spent
the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years,What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death 
John Evans,Who founded Northwestern University?
1851,What year was Northwestern founded?
1855,In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?
1869,What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?
"Education City, Doha, Qatar",Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?
to serve the Northwest Territory,What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?
1855,When did instruction begin at Northwestern?
1869,When were women first admitted to Northwestern?
240,How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?
journalism and communication,What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?
Lake Michigan,Which great lake is Northwestern located along?
Chicago,What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?
nine,How many founders did Northwestern University have?
Methodist Episcopal Church,What type of church is Northwestern University associated with?
"May 31, 1850",What was the date that lay down the foundation for Northwestern University?
three,How many ministers founded Northwestern University?
Methodists,What denomination did the all of the founders associated with?
a meeting,"In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?"
the Illinois General Assembly,Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?
Methodists,What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?
three,How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?
Methodist Episcopal,Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?
Old College,What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?
"$100 ""perpetual scholarships""",What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?
the purchaser and his heirs,Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?
Evanston College for Ladies,Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?
Frances Willard,Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?
intercollegiate football,What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?
"schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago",Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?
Northwestern University School of Law,What is the oldest law school in Chicago?
The Association of American Universities,What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?
a founding member,What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?
integrated,What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?
Dyche Stadium,What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?
Northwestern with the University of Chicago,What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?
a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC),What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?
NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship,What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?
World War II,"Which war transformed many colleges, including Northwestern?"
"nearly 50,000","Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?"
G.I. Bill,Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war?
Program of African Studies at Northwestern,What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948?
first and second Unabomber,"In 1978, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?"
Northwestern student journalists,"In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?"
the Innocence Project,What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?
Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall,"In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?"
stabilize,What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?
Purple,What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?
too many other universities had used these colors,Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?
Whatsoever things are true,What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?
The Word full of grace and truth,What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?
white,What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?
by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan,How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?
Evanston,"Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?"
atmospheres,What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?
North Campus,Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?
South Campus,Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?
the Purple Line,What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train through Evanston?
Northwestern's school color,What was Chicago's Purple Line train route named after?
Foster and Davis,Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus?
Noyes,Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?
Ryan Field,What is the name of Northwestern's football stadium?
8.5,"In 1920, how many acres were purchased for $8 million for a new central Chicago campus?"
collegiate gothic,What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus?
Mrs. Montgomery Ward,Who donated $8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?
medical and dental,What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?
Montgomery Ward Memorial Building,Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?
NU-Q,"What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, Qatar?"
journalism,What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism?
"The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development",Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q?
through the 2027-2028 academic year,How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016?
journalism,What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication?
Green Power Partnership,"In 2009, who named Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing renewable energy?"
30 percent,How much of the university's total annual electric bill is represented by the green power commitment?
B-,What grade was given to Northwestern on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card  by The Sustainable Endowments Institute?
Green Power Leadership Club,Which EPA club is Northwestern University included in?
the EPA,Who sponsored the Green Power Partnership?
LEED,What is the required certification for all Northwestern buildings?
at least a 20%,What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations?
"1,500",How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly?
composted,How is all university landscape waste used?
future development of the Evanston Campus,What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline?
an appointed Board of Trustees,Who governs Northwestern?
70,How many members are on Northwestern's Board of Trustees?
an elected president,Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it's power to?
sixteen,"How many presidents, excluding interrims, has Northwestern had?"
the president,"Who has a staff of vice-presidents, directors, and other administrative assistants?"
124,How many undergraduate programs are offered by Northwestern?
145,How many graduate and professional programs are offered by Northwestern?
"3,272",How many master's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
565,How many doctoral degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
"2,190",How many bachelor's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
full-time undergraduate,Which 4-year program comprises the majority of enrollments at Northwestern?
the faculty of each school,Who sets individual degree requirements at Northwestern?
at least twelve,How many quarters are undergraduates required to complete on campus to graduate?
four,How many courses do undergrads typically take each quarter?
approximately 10,How many weeks is one academic quarter at Northwestern?
"$61,240",What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year?
need,On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid?
Approximately 44,What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans?
"$17,200",What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates?
in excess of $472 million,How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year?
Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences,"In the fall of 2014, which school did 40.6% of undergraduates enroll in?"
McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science,"In the fall of 2014, which school did 21.3% of undergraduates enroll in?"
School of Communication,"In the fall of 2014, which school did 14.3% of undergraduates enroll in?"
Medill School of Journalism,"In the fall of 2014, which school did 11.7% of undergraduates enroll in?"
Bienen School of Music,"In the fall of 2014, which school did 5.7% of undergraduates enroll in?"
most selective,How selective are admissions at Northwestern characterized by U.S. News & World Report?
10.7%,What percentage of applications were admitted for the undergraduate class entering in 2016?
91%,What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10% of their high school class?
690–760,"For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for critical reading?"
710-800,"For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for math?"
the Chicago Star Partnership,What City College initiative did Northwestern announce signing on with in 2016?
Mayor Rahm Emanuel,Who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school districts?
scholarships,"Through the Chicago Star Partnership, what is provided to students from Chicago public schools that meet further educational criteria?"
Rahm Emanuel,Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership?
four,How many libraries are on the Evanston campus?
over 4.9 million,How many volumes does the University Library contain?
the 30th-largest,How does the University Library rank among North American university libraries?
digitizing its collections,What does the Google Book Search project help libraries with?
Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies,What is the largest African collection in the world that is part of the Northwesern library system?
1917,When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities?
"management, engineering, and communication",Which of Northwestern's schools are among the most academically productive in the nation?
$550 million,"In 2014, how much research funding did Northwestern receive?"
chemistry professor Richard Silverman,Who discovered the drug that was ultimately marketed as Lyrica?
12,How many companies were started through Northwestern's Innovations and New Ventures Office?
Northwestern,Where is the home of the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science?
Northwestern,Where is the home of the International Institute for Nanotechnology?
Northwestern,Where is the home of the Materials Research Center?
Northwestern,Where is the home for the Institute for Policy Research?
Northwestern,Where is the home of the Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies?
more than 13 million dollars,How much money has the traditional Northwestern Dance Marathon raised for children's charities?
scream,What do students do during the traditional Primal Scream event held before finals week every quarter?
Dillo Day,What is the popular name for Northwestern's traditional Armadillo Day?
on the weekend after Memorial Day,When is Armadillo Day held every year?
Wildcat Welcome,What name is freshman orientation known as?
jingle keys,What do students traditionally do at the beginning of each football game kickoff?
students would throw marshmallows during games,What football game tradition has since been discontinued?
purple,What color does the Clock Tower glow after a winning football game?
growl,What noise do students make when the opposing team has control of the football?
until a loss or until the end of the sports season,How long does the Clock Tower remain purple after a winning game?
"the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show",What are the two most notable productions each year at Northwestern?
students,Who is the Waa-Muu show primarily written and produced by?
Student Theatre Coalition,What does StuCo stand for?
nine,How many student theatre companies does StuCo organize?
Chicago's Lookingglass,Which theater company was founded by several Northwestern alumni in 1988?
Dance Marathon,What 30 hour event raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011?
Project Pumpkin,What is the name of the Halloween celebration to which over 800 local children are invited?
Freshman Urban Program,What is the name of the Northwestern program for students interested in community service?
Global Engagement Summer Institute,"What is the name of the university's group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa or Latin America?"
Northwestern Community Development Corps,What does NCDC stand for?
39%,What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013?
21,How many fraternities does Northwestern recognize?
18,How many sororities does Northwestern recognize?
Slivka,What is the name of the Residential College that houses students with an interest in science and engineering?
Foster-Walker complex,Which dorms are commonly referred to as Plex?
The Daily Northwestern,What is the name of Northwestern's main student newspaper?
undergraduates,Who is The Daily Northwestern entirely directed by?
Syllabus,What is the name of Northwestern's undergraduate yearbook?
the Students Publishing Company,Who owns The Daily Northwestern?
Northwestern Flipside,What undergraduate satirical magazine was founded in 2009?
The Northwestern University Law Review,What is the name of the scholarly legal publication at Northwestern School of Law?
a journal of broad legal scholarship,What type of journal does the Law Review strive to publish?
four,How many issues does the Law Review publish each year?
an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law,Who publishes the Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property?
Student editors,Who makes the editorial decisions for The Northwestern University Law Review?
The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review,What journal was founded in 2008 that features articles by professors and law students?
Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost,Who funds The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review?
annually,How often is The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review published?
an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates,Who publishes The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review?
Sherman Ave,What is the name Northwestern's humor website formed in 2011?
pseudonyms,What do many of the writers staffed by Sherman Ave write under?
Sherman Ave,"Which website publishes the well known ""Freshman Guide""?"
Politics & Policy,What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy?
250,How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide?
undergraduates,Who completely runs Politics and Policy?
the Buffett Center,Who partially funds Politics and Policy?
several times a week,How often is Politics & Policy published?
8,How many men's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?
11,How many women's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?
five,How many consecutive NCAA championships did the women's larcrosse team win between 2005 and 2009?
Helms Athletic Foundation,Who recognized the men's basketball team as the 1931 National Champion?
12,How many of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances?
Welsh-Ryan Arena,"Where do Northwestern's basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play?"
Wildcats,What is the nickname given to Northwestern's athletic teams?
The Purple,What was the official nickname of Northwestern's athletic teams prior to 1924?
The Fighting Methodists,What was the unofficial nickname of the Northwestern athletic teams prior to 1924?
Purple Haze,What name did the student body unsuccessfully try to rename the Wildcats in 1972?
Willie the Wildcat,Who is the mascot of Northwestern Athletics?
"a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo",What was the first mascot of Northwestern Athletics?
Furpaw,What was the name of Northwestern Athletics's bear cub mascot?
Furpaw,Who did the athletic team blame for it's first losing season?
banished him from campus forever,What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the first season?
73,How many appearances has Northwestern's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936?
34,How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982?
1996 Rose Bowl,What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949?
2013 Gator Bowl,What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl?
Pat Fitzgerald,"In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?"
sports bribery,What were 2 former Northwestern basketball players charged and convicted for in 1998?
perjury related to betting on their own games,What did federal prosecutors indict four former players for in a separate betting scandal?
ephedrine,What did an autopsy reveal was in Rashidi Wheeler's system after he died during a practice?
the release of images of alleged hazing,"In 2006, what prompted the women's soccer team coach, Jenny Haigh,  to resign?"
all,"After the death of Rashidi Wheeler in 2001, which athletic programs were investigated for stimulants and other banned substances?"
"3,401",How many full-time faculty members does Northwestern employ?
Arthur Butz,Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for being a Holocaust denier?
historian Garry Wills,Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning a Pulitzer Prize?
Mary Zimmerman,Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for becoming a Tony Award-winning director?
chemist John Pople,Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning the Nobel Prize?
George McGovern,Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate?
Ali Babacan,Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey?
Abraham Vereide,Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?
Adlai Stevenson,Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate?
Rod Blagojevich,Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon?
Northwestern alumni,Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?
Northwestern's School of Communication,Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?
Northwestern's School of Communication,Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?
Northwestern's School of Communication,Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?
Lee Phillip Bell,"Which alumni was a co-creator of ""The Young and the Restless"", and ""The Bold and the Beautiful""?"
38,How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?
The Medill School of Journalism,Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?
The Medill School of Journalism,Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?
13,How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?
Richard Threlkeld,Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?
Mary Harris Thompson,Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after?
Daniel Hale Williams,Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery?
Charles Horace Mayo,Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?
Allen B. Kanavel,Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons?
Joseph P. Kerwin,Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space?
southern Fujian.,Where did Hokkien originate?
Teochew,What dialect is Hokkien closely related to?
"a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese.",What is Hokkien?
Southeast Asia,Where is Hokkien spoken?
southern Fujian,Where did Hokkien originate?
Teochew,What language is Hokkien closely related to?
Hainanese,What language is Hokkien distantly related to?
Fujian province,Min and Hakka dialects are found where?
Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.,What at the main Hokkioen urban centers?
Min-nan dialects.,What dialects does Hokkien refer to?
South East Asia,Where is the term Hokkien mainly used?
Fujian province,What does Hokkien mean?
Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan,What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?
Hokkien,"In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?"
Hokkien,Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?
98.5%,What percentage of Chinese Filipino are reportedly native Hokkien speakers?
"Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē (""Our people’s language"").",What is Hokkien known as locally in the Phillippines?
Hokkien speakers,Who form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore?
Hokkien speakers,Who form the largest group of Chinese in Malaysia?
Hokkien speakers,Who form the largest group of Chinese in Indonesia?
Han Chinese emigrants,Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?
Burma,What is the current name for Myanmar?
Dutch East Indies,What is the former name for Indonesia?
98.5%,What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?
Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē,What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?
China,The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?
the Central Plain of China,Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?
the Disaster of Yongjia,What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?
old Chinese,What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?
north to the south,What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?
Emperor Gaozong,Who was the ruler of China in 677?
Chen Zheng,Who led the military expedition in Fujian?
Chen Yuanguang,What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?
Emperor Xizong of Tang,Who was the ruler of China in 885?
two waves of migrations from the north,What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?
Amoy,What is another name for Xiamen dialect?
Xiamen dialect,What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?
late Ming dynasty,During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?
Xiamen,What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?
in search of job opportunities,Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?
Hokkien,What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?
similar,How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?
many pronunciations,What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?
phoneme inventories,"Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?"
5 to 7,How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?
tone classes,What is another name for phonemic tones?
minor,What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?
Amoy or Quanzhou,What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?
the area of Taiwan,What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?
Quanzhou and Zhangzhou,The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?
Taiwanese,"Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?"
Quanzhou,What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?
Zhangzhou speech,What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?
Malay,"In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?"
meaning,"In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?"
subject–verb–object,What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?
subject–verb–object,"Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?"
"time, gender and plural","Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?"
Different particles,What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?
tha̍k-im,What are literary and colloquial readings called?
vernacular),What is another name for colloquial?
formal phrases and written language,Literary readings are usually used where?
spoken language and vulgar phrases,colloquial reading are usually used where?
Min,Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?
Han dynasty,The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?
206 BCE - 220 CE,When was the Han Dynasty?
420 - 589 CE,When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?
618–907 CE,When was the Tang Dynasty?
in the state of Wu,Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?
the state of Chu,Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?
Mandarin Chinese,Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?
Quanzhou,Where did Hokkein originate?
1842,What year was the Opium war?
Amoy,What is another name for Xiamen?
Xiamen,What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?
Amoy Hokkien,What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?
In the 1990s,When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?
1993,What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?
2001,What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?
Tai-lo,What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?
2007,What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?
Chinese,Hokkien is usually written using what characters?
classical Chinese,Written Hokkein is based on what?
Mandarin,What is another name for standard written chinese?
20 to 25%,Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?
standard designated,Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?
a particular morpheme,"In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?"
etymological or phono-semantic,Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
"Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters",What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?
Latin,Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?
Pe̍h-ōe-jī,What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?
Pe̍h-ōe-jī,What is another name for POJ?
Presbyterian missionaries in China,Who developed POJ?
19th,POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?
the 16th century,When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?
Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china,What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?
after 1587,What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?
Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines,Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?
Romance of the Lychee Mirror,What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?
the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set,What is another name for unicode?
diacritics,Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?
Unicode,All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?
This proposal encountered strong opposition,How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?
the proposal did not pass,What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?
2002,What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?
ethnic,Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?
Taiwan Solidarity Union,What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?
a Beta World City,What is Montevideo classified as?
8th,What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?
Uruguay,Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?
Uruguay,Montevideo is the chief port of what area?
around 2 million,What is the population of Montevideo?
Bruno Mauricio de Zabala,Who organized the Spanish expedition?
22 January 1724,What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?
Jorge Burgues,Who was one significant early italian resident? 
Montevideo,What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?
maritime commerce,What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?
Buenos Aires,The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?
3 February 1807,When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?
2 September,When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?
John Whitelocke,Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental? 
Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros,Who replaced Liniers?
Rio de la Plata,After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? 
Montevideo,Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?
José Gervasio Artigas,Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?
1814,What year was the Spanish governor expelled?
1816,What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?
Treinta y Tres Orientales,What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled? 
1828,What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?
Empire of Brazil,Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?
Lavalleja,Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?
National Party,Who represented Oribe's Blancos?
Colorado Party,Who represented Rivera's Colorados?
a siege,What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?
by sea,How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??
1851,What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?
1853,What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?
1854 to 1861,Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?
1856,What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated? 
1866,What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?
1868,What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?
1868,What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? 
1869,What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? 
1878,What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? 
1882,When were the first telephone lines installed?
1886,When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?
1888,When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?
1897,When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? 
early 20th century,What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?
30%,In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?
urban development,The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?
Admiral Graf Spee,Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?
Punta del Este,Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?
13 December 1939,When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?
the Río de la Plata,Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?
Santa Lucía River,What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?
a natural harbour,What does the Bay of Montevideo form?
43 metres,The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?
90 kilometres,How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?
46 kilometres,How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?
18 December 1908,The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?
Daniel Muñoz,Who was the municipality's first mayor?
Uruguayan Constitution of 1918,Municipalities were abolished by what?
8,How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?
an alcalde,What is the head of each Municipio called?
the citizens registered in the constituency,Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities? 
geographically separate settlements,What had many of the city's barrios previously been?
Ciudad Vieja,What is a neighborhood of great significance? 
a protective wall,What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?
"57,913",How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?
the great European immigration,The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?
had quadrupled,What happened to the population by the year 1880?
"309,331 inhabitants",What had the population grown to in 1908?
"1,325,968 persons","According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?"
"3,241,003","According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?"
"707,697","According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?"
"618,271","According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?"
Montevideo,What is the economic and political centre of the country?
1998,What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?
(2000,What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?
Energy,What kind of company does ANCAP run?
telecommunications,What kind of company does ANTEL run?
Banking,What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?
the Switzerland of America,Uruguay was once dubbed as what?
Banco Republica,What is the largest bank in Uruguay? 
Montevideo,Where is Banco Republica based in?
Tourism,What accounts for much of Uruguay's economy?
Ciudad Vieja area,Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in?
18 de Julio Avenue,Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what?
207,How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?
10,How many suites does the Sheraton have?
232,How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?
Montevideo,What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?
Montevideo,What city has become the centre of business and real estate? 
1985,What year was Montevideo Shopping  built?
Neoclassical,What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral? 
Postmodern,What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo? 
ANTEL Telecommunication Tower,What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?
Pocitos,What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?
1920 and 1940,Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district? 
Raul Sichero,Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?
modern apartment buildings,What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?
1998,When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open?
World Trade Center 1,What was the first building to be inaugurated? 
2002,When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated?
2009,When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?
The Towers Square,What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities?
Pablo Atchugarry,The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor? 
"53,500 square metres",How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have?
The Solís Theatre,What is Uruguay's oldest theater? 
1856,When was The Solis Theater built?
the government of Montevideo,Who owns The Solis Theater?
1998,What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis  Theater?
2004,What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?
Mario Palanti,Who designed the Palacio Salvo?
1925,What year was the Palacio Salvo completed? 
100 metres (330 ft) high,How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?
Plaza de la Constitución,What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja?
the seat of colonial government,What is the Cabildo?
Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral,What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera?
Plaza Zabala,Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? 
Parque Batlle,What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? 
four,How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include? 
Villa Dolores,What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius?
José Batlle y Ordóñez,Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?
Uruguay,Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? 
1911 to 1915,Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay? 
an Act of March 1907,Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what?
Punta Carretas,Parque Rodo belongs to who?
José Enrique Rodó,"What does the name ""Rodo"" commemorate? "
José Enrique Rodó,Who was an important Uruguayan writer that is commemorated by Parque Rodo? 
a French-style city park,Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what?
the National Museum of Visual Arts,What is on the east side of the park?
a very popular street market,What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?
north side,What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?
a municipal library,What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?
Portuguese,Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?
1701,When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?
frequent insurrections by the Spaniards,the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?
Buenos Aires,Where were the Spaniards emanating from?
Fortaleza del Cerro,What overlooks the bay of Montevideo?
a beacon,What replaced the observation post in 1802?
1809,When did construction of the fortress begin?
1839,When did construction of the fortress finish?
The Rambla,What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?
rambla,Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?
"""coastal avenue""",In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?
Cementerio del Norte,What is the largest cemetery?
Barrio Sur,Where is the Central Cemetery located?
1835,What year was the Central Cemetery founded?
Buceo neighborhood,Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?
Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood,Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?
1828,When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo? 
1884,When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?
Uruguayan tango,What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo?
music,"Tango, candombe and murga are three main styles of what?"
two,How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo?
The Solís Theatre,What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay?
Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano,Who gave the initial donation of the private library?
1815,When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?
Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga,"Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?"
Rio de Plata region,"Tango, milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region?"
1935,When was Fun Fun Bar established?
the old part of the city,Where is El Farolito located?
art,What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?
artists,Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?
Rimer Cardillo,Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?
The Montevideo Cabildo,What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata?
front of Constitution Square,Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located?
between 1804 and 1869,Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built?
Neoclassical style,What style was the Montevideo Cabildo?
1975.,When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?
the heart of Ciudad Vieja,Where is the Palacio Taranco located?
early 20th century,When was the Palacio Taranco erected?
Ortiz Taranco brothers,The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?
French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León,Who designed the Palacio Taranco?
the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera,The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where?
Antonio Montero,What houses the Museo Romantico?
eight,How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed?
the Old Town,The Museo Torres Garcia is located where?
Joaquín Torres García,The Museo Torres Garcia exhibits whose unusual portraits? 
Manolita Piña Torres,Who established The Museo Torres Garcia?
Torres Garcia,Manolita Pina Torres was the widow of who?
Parque Rodó,Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located?
paintings,What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay?
1930,When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded?
Juan Manuel Blanes,Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?
the Palacio Municipal,Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located?
the Centro,Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located?
(drinking straws,What are bombillas?
the eastern waterfront in Buceo,Where is the Museo Naval located?
Carrasco,Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located?
the Mercado del Puerto,What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo?
a pan-fried cake,What is a torta frita?
atop the Plaza Victoria,Where is Arcadia located?
the eastern part of the Old District,Where is Shannon Irish pub located?
the annual Montevideo Carnaval,What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?
the national festival of Carnival Week,What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?
popular scenes,What does Tablados mean?
Parade of the Calls,What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?
1916,Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?
Roman Catholicism,What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?
1830,When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?
Our Lady of the Sacred Heart,What does Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon mean?
Punta Carretas Church,What does Iglesia Punta Carretas mean?
between 1917 and 1927,Between what years was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built?
Romanesque Revival style,What stle was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built in?
The University of the Republic,What is the country's largest university? 
"81,774",In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people?
18 July 1849,When was the University of the Republic founded?
Dr. Rodrigo Arocena,Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic?
11 June 1833,When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?
Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga,Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?
1836,When was the House of General Studies formed?
27 May 1838,When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?
ORT Uruguay,What is the largest private university in Uruguay?
1942,When was ORT Uruguay established?
September 1996,When was ORT Uruguay officially certified as a private university?
"about 8,000",How many students does the ORT Uruguay university have?
The Montevideo Crandon Institute,What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay?
1879,When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded?
The Montevideo Crandon Institute,What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught?
Carrasco,Where is the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College located?
1955,When was the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College established?
The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College,What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country?
professor Juan Pedro Toni,Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College?
Carrasco,Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located?
1908,When was the British Schools of Montevideo established?
to give Uruguayan children a complete education,What was the British Schools of Montevideo original purpose?
Cordon,Where is St. Brendan's school located?
St.Catherine´s,What was St. Brendan's school previously named?
St.Brendan´s school,What is the only school in the country implementing three international Baccalaureate Programmes?
Estadio Centenario,What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle?
1930,When was Estadio Centenario opened? 
"70,000",How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have? 
Montevideo,Where is the Uruguayan Basketball League headquartered?
1894,When was the Golf Club of Punta Carretas founded?
the Maroñas Racecourse reopened,Equestrianism regained importance in Montevideo after what?
Dirección Nacional de Transporte,What does DNT stand for?
Dirección Nacional de Transporte,Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure?
the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center,Where is the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal located?
The State Railways Administration of Uruguay,What does the AFE stand for?
Aguada,What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located?
1 March 2003,When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned?
The port on Montevideo Bay,What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?
1870 and 1930,Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?
A major storm,What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?
Hospital Maciel,What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?
Francisco Antonio Maciel,Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?
between 1781 and 1788,When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?
Hospital Vilardebó,What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo?
Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche,Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after?
21 May 1880,When did the Hospital Vilardebo open?
"1,500 inpatients",How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915?
"kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.",What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?
but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.,Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?
"chickens, quails and turkeys",What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?
"from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.",Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?
domestic ducks and domestic geese.,Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?
domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago,How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?
cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs,What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?
"Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place",Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? 
modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.,Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?
Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally,How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?
guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons),What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?
R. D. Crawford,Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?
frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.,What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?
"peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams",Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?
"many languages do not distinguish between ""poultry"" and ""fowl",Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?
cocks,What are male chickens called ?
"cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).",How are male chickens able to be identified ?
"in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.",What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?
"They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.",Do chickens fly like other birds?
Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia,From what birds are chickens decended from ?
"By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry",When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?
can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling,How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?
"light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption",How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?
"with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.",Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?
A bantam,What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?
"A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a ""true bantam"" with no larger counterpart",How are bantams different from other chickens?
Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs,Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?
"kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.",Where are bantams kept?
"Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.",How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?
Cockfighting,What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?
"fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.",Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?
Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour,Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?
large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.,Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?
"medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.",How can you identify a duck from other poultry?
drakes,What do you call a male duck?
larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds,How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?
"aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.",What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?
Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly,Do all ducks fly south for the winter?
Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture,How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?
domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West,How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?
"collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,",How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?
ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD,When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?
"mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.",Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?
mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck,What breed of duck is considered the first?
"various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.",What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?
Pekin duck,What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.
can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days,Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?
Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in,Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??
The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago,When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?
Chinese goose,What other name is the swan goose know by ?
Siberia,Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?
"Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.",Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?
"Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends",do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?
The greylag-derived birds,What types of geese are used for human consumption?
Chinese geese,What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?
use in pillows and padded garments,What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?
"they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids",Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?
descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey,How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?
Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC,When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?
"feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes",What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?
Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.,When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?
Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions,What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?
"The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly",What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?
Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19,At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?
Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts,How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?
60 million birds in the United States,What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?
"They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.",Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?
"it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.",Where can quails typically be found in the wild?
"seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.",What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?
modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica),From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?
Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.,Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?
"By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,",When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?
"the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production",What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?
Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year,How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?
"Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies",Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?
Africa,What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?
ancient Greeks and Romans.,Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?
They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.,Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.
roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.,What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?
A squab,What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?
rock pigeon (Columba livia),From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?
"When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on ""pigeon's milk"", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop",Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?
a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months,How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?
"Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry",What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?
50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.,How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?
High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production,How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?
"birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.",Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?
the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry,What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?
the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours,What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?
birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate,What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?
"battery cages, often set in multiple tiers",What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?
The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection,How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?
carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb)),What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment? 
six weeks or less,How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?
Mortality rates at 1%,What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?
their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles.,Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?
18 weeks to reach similar weights,How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?
"cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common",What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?
some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure,What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?
the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.,What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?
"In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.",How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?
Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.,What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?
"In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds",Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?
birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards,In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?
"Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity",Are there breed standards used for the competitions?
"the annual ""National Championship Show"" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.",What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?
"The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry",From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?
"Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide",Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?
Sixteen billion birds are raised annually,How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?
"more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units",What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?
There are two distinct models of production;,How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?
the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin,What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?
"China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds",How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?
"Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)",What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?
"France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,",Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?
94% share,What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat
"The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called ""breast"" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the ""thigh"" and ""drumstick""",What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?
"wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,",Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?
"fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.",Is poultry available in various forms?
"The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells",Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?
"White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying",What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?
the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours,What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?
"birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout",Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?
Translational Genomics Research,When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?
47%,What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?
"Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,",Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?
a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present,What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??
people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus,Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?
"areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected",What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?
The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.,What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?
the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.,Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?
Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.,What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?
egg allergies are unable to be immunised,What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?
process that takes about six months,How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?
viruses need living cells in which to replicate,"In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?"
. Cell-based culture,What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?
protein of high quality,What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?
4 g of fat and 31 g of protein,What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?
two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat,How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?
low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids,Does chicken contain fat?
1893,In what year did Arsenal join The Football League?
five,"During the 1930s, Arsenal won how many League Championships?"
1970–71,When did Arsenal win their first Double Cup?
five,"Over a 17 year period which began in the late 80s, stretching five years into the new millenia, how many FA Cups did Arsenal win?"
Arsenal,What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League?
1893,When did Arsenal join the Football League?
1904,In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division?
five,How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s?
highest average,What was Arsenal's league position ranking at the end of the last century?
Dial Square,What was the original name of the Arsenal team?
1886,When was Arsenal originally formed?
1913,When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?
2006,In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?
$1.3 billion,How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?
workers,What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club?
1893,By what year had Arsenal become a limited company?
1913,When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury?
second division,In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI?
First Division,By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division?
Herbert Chapman,What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925?
revolutionary,What was Chapman's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club's success?
1930s,In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football?
Chapman,What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal?
1930 FA Cup Final,What was one of Arsenal's first major wins?
1966,When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?
physiotherapist,What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?
1969–70,In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?
decade,For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?
1970–71,In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?
9 July 1976,On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal?
Terry Neill,What Arsenal manager replaced Mee?
new signings,What action brought prosperity to Arsenal?
trio,What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in
"1978, 1979 and 1980",In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals?
George Graham,What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?
League Cup,"Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?"
Liverpool,What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?
1994,In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?
kickbacks,What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?
Arsène Wenger,What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?
foreign players,"Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?"
1997–98,In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?
penalties,What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?
Premier League,What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?
five,"Including Arsenal, how many  teams  had won the Premier League up to 2013?"
1992,In what year was the Premier League created?
Barcelona,What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?
Emirates Stadium,To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?
93,For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?
Chelsea,What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007?
Birmingham City,Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup>
12,How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history?
Chelsea,What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015?
14,How Community Shield titles does Arsenal have?
1888,In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?
three cannon,What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?
Highbury,After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?
The Gunners,What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?
1925,In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?
Victoria Concordia Crescit,What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?
rendered in colour,In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?
trademark,What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?
2002,In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?
fans, Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?
Art Deco,What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?
corporate logo,Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?
Highbury Stadium,Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?
The Gunners,What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?
1990s,When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?
125th year anniversary,What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?
founding members,What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?
1886 and 2011,What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?
Forward,What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?
on their jerseys,Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?
bright red,What has the color of the Arsenal  home shirts been?
charitable donation,In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?
Dial Square,What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?
Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates,Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?
white,What was the color  of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?
Herbert Chapman,What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?
pillar box red,What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?
white sleeves,What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?
red and white,For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?
first season,What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?
Sparta Prague,What early team copied the Arsenal's red current color in 1909?
Hibernian,"What team in 1938 used the same style of kit, but in green?"
Os Arsenalistas,"By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly, what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga?"
to this day,For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms?
green,What was Sporting Clube de Braga's original color?
1969–70 season,During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?
1969–70 season,When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?
1971 FA Cup Final,For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?
lucky,What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?
darker shade,What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?
Nike,What manufacturer became Arsenal's uniform provider in 1994?
Adidas,Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?
replica kit market,To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly?
yellow and blue,What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits?
2009,Since what year has the away kit been changed every year?
May 2006,When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?
September 1913,When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?
Archibald Leitch,What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?
1930s,In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?
Second World War,When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?
"60,000",What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?
1993–94 season,When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury?
Wembley,Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity?
1998 to 2000,During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley?
"70,000",What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there?
2000,When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?
Emirates Stadium,By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?
£100 million,What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?
corporate sponsorship,Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?
sponsorship deal,What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?
Gooners,What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?
The Gunners,From what name does Gooners come?
variety of social classes,From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?
second-highest average,Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?
location,What aspect of the fan base is one of the  reasons for large game attendance?
domestic supporters' clubs,What type of clubs does Arsenal have?
Arsenal Football Supporters' Club,Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club?
Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association,What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal?
Arsenal Supporters' Trust,What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club?
One-Nil to the Arsenal,What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters?
satellite television,What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?
49,How many supporter clubs outside Britain  were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?
113 million,In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?
fifth highest,What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?
geography,"In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?"
Tottenham Hotspur,What football club is Arsenal's greatest rival?
North London derbies,"Since the Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspurs are geographically so close , what is the contest between them called?"
Manchester United,What club has Arsenal have an increased rivalry since the 1980s?
Premier League title,What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester?
2008,What year's poll of supporters said that the Tottenham rivalry was greatest?
Stan Kroenke,What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board?
62.89%,What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011?
Ivan Gazidis,Who is Arsenal's Chief Executive?
Red & White Securities,Who is Kroenke's chief competitor for Arsenal stock?
April 2011,In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock?
non-quoted public limited,By what means does Arsenal operate as a company?
"62,217",How many shares of Arsenal stock are there?
"£15,670","On March 10,2016 what was the value of a share of Arsenal stock?"
$1.3 billion,What value did Forbes place on Arsenal in 2015?
second highest,At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal?
seventh,Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs?
£331.3m,What value does Deloitte place on Arsenal?
£100.4m,What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium?
more,How does Arsenal match day revenue compare with other stadium in the world?
£24.7m,What does Arsenal report a before tax profit for 2014-15?
broadcast live on radio,Why was Arsenal's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first?
Sheffield United,What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927?
16 September 1937,When was Arsenal's match the first to be televised live?
BBC's Match of the Day,To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights?
3D television,In what form was Arsenal's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United?
The Arsenal Stadium Mystery,In what film was Arsenal FC shown?
George Allison,What Arsenal manager had a speaking part in the 1939 film?
Fever Pitch,What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film?
1992,When was Hornby's book published?
1990s,In what decade did film and literature help revive football in Britain?
"defensive and ""boring""",How have Arsenal players portrayed in media?
1970s and 1980s,In what decades were Arsenal players stereotyped in a negative way?
The Full Monty,What film featured a Arsenal play in  derogatory way?
Eric Morecambe,Which comic made numerous jokes about Arsenal players?
Plunkett & Macleane,What film uses characters named after Arsenal full backs?
13,How many League Championships has Arsenal won?
third highest,Where does Arsenal's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams?
FA Cup trophies,Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most?
UEFA Champions League,In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals?
Barcelona,What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League?
Boreham Wood.,At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play?
UEFA Women's Cup,By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won?
2002,When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional?
most successful,How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women's football teams?
Arsenal Ladies,What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal?
Suriname,"In what place with the word ""name"" in it do most people speak Dutch?"
Aruba,"Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?"
half a million,"It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?"
Afrikaans,"In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?"
16 million,What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?
German and English,Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?
umlaut,Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?
three,"Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?"
subjunctive,Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?
more,Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?
Flemish,What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?
Nederlands,What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?
Vlaams,What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?
Hollands,"What is the Dutch name for the ""Hollandish"" dialect of the language?"
Western Flemish,"If ""Vlaams"" is ""Flemish,"" what would English speakers call ""West-Vlaams""?"
theudisk,What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?
Latin,"What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language ""of the people""?"
784,"The word ""theudisk"" was first found in a text from what year?"
842,What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?
teudisca,What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?
16th,In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?
Pennsylvania Dutch,What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?
Deitsch,What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?
1950s,In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?
19th,"Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the ""Dutch"" language until what century?"
Nederduits,"What word meaning ""Low Dutch"" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?"
Hoogduits,"Instead of ""German,"" what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?"
High Dutch,"What does ""Hoogduits"" translate to in English?"
Duits,"Now that ""Nederlands"" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?"
Nederduits,What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?
low,"What does the word ""Neder"" translate to in English?"
Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta,"The Netherlands are ""low"" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?"
Latin,"What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as ""Germania Inferior""?"
north,"""Nederduits"" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? "
Three,How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?
Saxon,Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?
Franconian,"Which dialects are referred to as ""Old Dutch""?"
gradual,"Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?"
Frisian,Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? 
Indo-European,Which language tree groups Dutch with English?
Germanic,What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?
Iron Age,In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?
Verner's law,"Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?"
common ancestor,What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?
three,Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?
the Migration Period,In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?
West Germanic,"What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?"
Ingvaeonic,What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?
Istvaeonic,Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?
Franconian,"What's another term for ""Frankish""?"
Tiel,What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?
5th,To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?
vadam,"What word found in Roman writings became ""wad"" in modern Dutch?"
mudflat,"What does the Dutch word ""wad"" mean in English?"
Anglo-Frisian,What's another name for Old Frisian?
Anglo-Saxon,What's another name for Old English?
Old Dutch,What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?
Old Frankish,What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?
Old Low Franconian,What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?
rare,Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?
the Salic law,What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?
fish,"What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase ""Visc flot aftar themo uuatare""?"
"Rochester, England",Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?
the Utrecht baptismal vow,"What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase ""Forsachistu diobolae""?"
Old Dutch,What language did Middle Dutch come from?
1150,What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?
closely related dialects,"Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term ""Middle Dutch"" refer to?"
readable,Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?
Burgundian Ducal Court,What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?
Flanders and Brabant,Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?
16th,Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?
1585,What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?
Statenvertaling,What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?
Southern Netherlands,What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?
French,What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?
1980,What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?
Language Union Treaty,What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
American English,The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?
Limburgish,"What's the ""cheesy"" name for East Low Franconian?"
Afrikaans,What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?
Frisian,"Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?"
Low German,Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?
German,"As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?"
Dutch Low Saxon,What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?
IJssel,What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?
Dutch,"Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?"
Gelderland,Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?
14th to 15th century,When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?
Geert Driessen,What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?
27,What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?
4 percent,How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?
Limburgish,What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?
44%,"In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?"
geld,"What's the Dutch word for ""money""?"
"""h""","West Flemings pronounce the Dutch ""g"" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?"
French,"What other European language has a mute ""h"" like the West Flemings do?"
held,"What word that means ""hero"" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as ""geld""?"
g-sound,"If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent ""h,"" they might over-correct into what sound?"
nee,"What's the West Flemish word for ""no""?"
ja,"How would you tell a West Flemish speaker ""yes""?"
subject,"What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a ""yes"" or ""no"" to?"
easy,Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?
sound shifts,Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?
West Flemish,What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?
political boundaries,"What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?"
Zeeland,What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?
French Flanders,What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?
Brabantian,"Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?"
West Frisian,What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?
Afrikaans,Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?
17th,Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?
South Africa,The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?
mutually intelligible,What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?
59%,What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?
the Netherlands,What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?
French Flanders,What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?
Dutch Language Union,What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?
28,How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?
Kleve,What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?
"20,000","About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?"
19th,It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?
the Catholic Church,Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?
Northeastern France,In what area of France is Calais located?
Prussia,In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?
German or French,"In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?"
younger generations,In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?
Germany,"Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?"
Dutch,What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?
"300,000",About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?
"4,550",How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?
Germany,What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?
20,How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?
Lower Saxony,"Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?"
almost 350 years,For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?
the legal profession,In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?
Erasmus Language Centre,What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?
"35,000",About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?
history,"In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?"
19th,Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?
local elite,What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?
destabilising the colony,What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?
power,Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?
Malay,What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?
kantor,"What's the Indonesian word for ""office""? "
calques,What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?
kebun binatang,"What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as ""animal garden""?"
ziekenhuis,"What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian ""rumah sakit""?"
60,About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?
Dutch,What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?
1975,When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?
2004,What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?
Sranan Tongo,What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?
1921,"What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?"
Mohawk Dutch,"What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?"
Pennsylvania German,What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?
Negerhollands,Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?
Guyana,In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?
1920s,In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?
95%,"At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?"
constitution,What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?
137,What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?
Afrikaner nationalism,What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?
Afrikaans speakers,Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?
less complex,Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?
vogel,"What's the Dutch word for ""bird""?"
reën,"What is the Afrikaans word for ""rain""?"
difficult,Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?
13.5%,Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?
Namibia,Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?
40 percent,How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?
6.8 million,About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?
5 million,Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?
velar fricatives,What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?
the second consonant shift,"Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?"
voiceless,How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?
goede,"How would you say ""good"" in Dutch?"
German,What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?
German,Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?
Dutch,Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?
seven,What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?
sieben,"What's the German word for ""seven""?"
zeven,"Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for ""seven"" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?"
length,What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?
true,Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?
zonen,"How would you say ""sons"" in Dutch?"
length,"Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?"
mug,"What does the Dutch word ""kroes"" mean in English?"
y,"What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with ""ij"" or ""ei"" in them?"
three,How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?
diphthong,"What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch ""goud"" or ""zout""?"
ol + dental,What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?
English Great Vowel Shift,What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?
1970s,In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?
women,The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?
Stroop,"What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is ""natural""?"
English,"Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs ""should"" have lowered?"
"""intermediate""",What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?
educated classes,What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?
Estuary English,What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?
standardisation,What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?
lowered diphthongs,What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?
three,How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?
the common gender,What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?
neuter,"Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?"
Continental Scandinavian languages,The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?
English,"In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?"
mijn,"What's the Dutch word for ""my""?"
100 years,Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?
pronouns,What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?
Nouns and adjectives,Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?
15th,In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?
genitive,"What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like ""Der Herr des Hauses""?"
de heer des huizes,"How would you say ""the man of the house"" in Dutch?"
lexicalized,What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?
Heren,"Which word in the phrase ""het jaar des Heren"" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?"
interrogative main clause,In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?
a wh-question,"What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?"
declarative clause,What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?
word order,What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?
"""Can you your pen not find?""","What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, ""Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"""
moetje,"What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a ""shotgun marriage""?"
noun,"In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?"
adverb,"When the diminutive ending ""-tjes"" is added to the adverb ""even,"" as what part of speech does it function?"
groen,"What's the Dutch word for ""green""?"
rookie,"With the diminutive ending ""-tje"" added to the Dutch word for ""green,"" what does the new formation translate to in English?"
bloemetje,"Which diminutive of ""bloem"" means a ""bouquet""?"
zeepaardje,"What's the Dutch word for ""seahorse"" that has no non-diminutive form?"
meid,"What Dutch word did their word for ""girl"" come from that has a totally different meaning?"
kleertjes,What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?
a single portion,"Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?"
English,What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?
hen,"In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?"
17th century,When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?
hun,"Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?"
ze,"When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?"
hondenhok,"How would a Dutch speaker say ""doghouse""?"
Unlike,Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?
boomhuis,"""Tree house,"" which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?"
German,What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?
spaces,"In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?"
20%,What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?
French,What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?
Latin,What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?
2.7%,"Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?"
Dutch,"In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?"
one,How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?
digraph,What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?
doubled letters,"Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?"
voorraaddoos,What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?
acute accent,"What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for ""a"" or ""an"" and the word for ""one""?"
Buckingham House,What was Buckingham Palace orginally known as?
Duke of Buckingham,Who was Buckingham Palace was originally built for?
King George III,Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1761?
"""The Queen's House""",What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte resided there?
John Nash and Edward Blore,Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 19th century?
Duke of Buckingham,For whom was Buckingham house originally built?
King George III,Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?
John Nash and Edward Blore,Who enlarged the house in the 19th century?
1837,When did the palace become the London residence for the monarchs?
Belle Époque cream and gold,What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?
brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis,What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?
775 rooms,How many rooms does the palace have?
Chinese regency style,In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?
Carlton House,What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?
Sir Charles Long,Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?
King Edward VII,Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme?
Chinese regency style,Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?
Carlton House,Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?
river Tyburn,Which river runs underneath the palace?
Edith of Wessex,The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?
Geoffrey de Mandeville,Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?
Westminster Abbey,The site was passed to monks from which abbey?
Manor of Ebury,The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?
Eye Cross,What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?
Geoffrey de Mandeville,Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?
Manor of Ebury,What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?
Sir Hugh Audley,Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?
Eye Cross,Which village had fallen into decay?
James I,Who established a mulberry garden on the property?
silk,What product did the mulberry garden produce?
Clement Walker,Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?
the freehold,What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?
Eye Cross,Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?
James I,Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?
mulberry,What type of garden did James I create?
silk.,What did the mulberry garden produce?
Sir William Blake,Who built the first house on the site?
Lord Goring,Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?
Goring Great Garden,What was Lord Goring's garden known as?
King George III,Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property? 
King Charles I,Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?
Sir William Blake,Who owned the first house built on the site?
Lord Goring,Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?
Goring Great Garden,What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?
King Charles I,Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?
1703,In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?
Sir Charles Sheffield,Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?
"£21,000",How much did George III pay for the house?
1774,In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?
two,How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?
Duke of Buckingham and Normanby,The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?
William Winde,Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?
two,How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?
George III,Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?
"£21,000",How much did George III pay for Buckingham House? 
"a small, comfortable home",What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?
new Houses of Parliament,King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?
John Nash,Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?
1829,In what year was Nash removed as architect?
Edward Blore,Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?
1762,What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?
"a small, comfortable home",What was George IV's original plan for the house? 
1826,What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?
John Nash,Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?
Edward Blore,Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?
Queen Victoria,Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?
William IV,Who died before the palace was completed?
1837,Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?
the chimneys smoked,What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?
1840,At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?
1837,When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?
Queen Victoria,Who was the first monarch to reside there?
William IV,Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?
the chimneys smoked,What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?
Prince Albert,Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?
Edward Blore,Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?
Thomas Cubitt,The new wing was built by whom?
"""public face"" of Buckingham Palace",What is the East front of the palace known as?
the balcony,The East Front contains what famous feature?
Sir James Pennethorne.,Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?
Edward Blore,Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?
Thomas Cubitt,Who built the new wing?
The large East Front,What is considered the public face of the palace?
The ballroom wing,What other wing was built during this time?
Sir James Pennethorne,Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?
musical entertainments,The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?
Felix Mendelssohn,Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?
Alice Polka,Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?
lavish costume balls,Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?
musical entertainments,Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?
Felix Mendelssohn,Which composer played there on three occasions?
Johann Strauss II,Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?
lavish costume balls,What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?
1861,When year did Prince Albert die?
public opinion,What forced the Queen to return to London?
"the palace was seldom used, even neglected.",What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?
Windsor Castle,Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?
1861,When did Prince Albert die?
left Buckingham Palace,What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?
Osborne House,Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?
"palace was seldom used, even neglected",What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?
Windsor Castle,Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?
52,How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?
78,How many bathrooms are there?
the Music Room,A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?
55 yards,How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?
The Guard Room,Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?
"77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)",What is the floor space of the palace?
19 state rooms,How many staterooms does the palace have?
78 bathrooms,How many bathrooms does the palace have?
92 offices,How many offices does the palace have?
Emperor Napoleon III of France,The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?
1844 Room,Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?
Bow Room,Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?
the north wing,Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?
the semi-state apartments,Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?
semi-state apartments,What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?
less formal entertaining,What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?
Tsar Nicholas I of Russia,Who is the 1844 Room named after?
Emperor Napoleon III of France,Who is the 1855 Room named after?
the north wing,Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?
Brighton Pavilion,Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from?
Between 1847 and 1850,When was the new east wing built?
oriental,What is the theme for the new east wing?
large oriental chimney piece,The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature?
Robert Jones,Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?
the new east wing,What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850?
oriental,Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style?
The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room,Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room?
Centre Room,Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?
Chinese,What is the main theme of the Centre Room?
Queen Mary,Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?
1873,The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?
mirrored doors,The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?
Centre Room,Which room feature the famous balcony?
Sir Charles Allom,Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?
mirrored doors,The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?
1873,What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?
the Belgian Suite,Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?
ground floor,What floor are the Belgian Suites located?
the Minister's Staircase,The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?
by narrow corridors,How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?
the style of Soane,What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?
the Belgian Suite,Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?
Minister's Staircase,The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?
the ground floor,On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?
by narrow corridors,How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?
the style of Soane,The saucer domes are in whose style?
art gallery,"Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?"
Bromsgrove Guild,Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?
more than 800,How many people work at Buckingham Palace?
Duke of York,Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?
the British monarchy,Who is Buckingham palace home to?
Bromsgrove Guild,Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?
1911,In what year were the railings and gates completed?
800 people,How many people work at Buckingham Palace?
Crown Estate,Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?
Queen's Gallery,Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?
chapel,What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?
The palace's state rooms,What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?
Crown Estate,Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?
at the Queen's Gallery,Where can the public view the Royal Collection?
since 1993,Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?
"476,000 people",How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?
there is no official dress code,What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace?
Queen Mary,Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI?
King George V,Which King was horrified to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?
1936,The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year?
18th-century design,The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era's design?
18th-century design,From what century were men's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in?
tiaras or feathers,What were women obliged to wear in their hair?
Queen Mary,Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt's hemline?
George V,Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen?
there is no official dress code,What is the dress code today at Buckingham?
Edward VII,Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?
coming out,What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?
ostrich feathers,Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?
less formal afternoon receptions,"After WWII ""coming out"" ceremonies were replaces with what event?"
Edward VII,Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?
ostrich feathers,What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?
"""coming out""",What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?
less formal afternoon receptions,After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?
in the palace's Ballroom,Where do Investitures take place?
1854,What year was The Ballroom built?
the throne room,Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance?
the palace's Ballroom,What is the largest room in the palace?
the throne dais,What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?
a sword,Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?
Ballroom,What is the largest room in the palace?
the throne room,The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use?
the Ballroom,Where do State Banquets take place?
November,In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?
the Grand Service,What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?
1811,When was the Grand Service made?
the Prince of Wales,For whom was the Grand Service made?
in the Ballroom,Where do state banquets take place?
the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state,When are state banquets held?
the Grand Service,What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?
Prince of Wales,Who was the Grand Service originally made for?
Nash,Who designed the Royal Mews?
the Royal Mews,Where is the Gold State Coach housed?
Sir William Chambers,Who designed the Gold State Coach?
1762,When was the Gold State Coach first used?
horses,The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?
Nash,Who designed the Royal Mews?
the Royal Mews,Where is the Gold State Coach kept?
Sir William Chambers,Who designed the Gold State Coach?
1762,In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?
horses,What animals are kept in the mews?
1901,In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?
"""the Marlborough House Set""",Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?
Nash's,Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?
King Edward,Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?
the Marlborough House Set,What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?
King Edward's heavy redecorations,What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?
1901,When did King Edward VII take the throne?
Belle époque cream and gold,What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?
King George V,Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?
Portland stone,The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?
George V,Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?
Queen Mary,Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?
Queen Mary,Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?
Sir Aston Webb,Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?
Portland stone,The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?
George V,Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?
Royal Collection of furniture and art,What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?
Queen Mary,Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?
King George V and Queen Mary,Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?
Windsor,Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?
alcohol,The king refrained from doing what during the war?
1938,In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?
David Lloyd George,Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?
World War I,Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?
Windsor,Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?
alcohol,What did the King give up during the war?
David Lloyd George,Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?
swimming pool,What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?
nine times,How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?
the palace chapel,What was destroyed in 1940?
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth,Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?
the common suffering of rich and poor,The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?
the chapel,What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?
inspecting their bombed home,The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?
their subjects' hardship,The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?
15 September 1940,What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?
the Palace,What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?
Dornier Do 17 bomber,What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?
King's Messenger,After the war what did Holmes become?
2005,What year did Ray Holmes die?
the Battle of Britain Day,"What is September 15, 1940 known as?"
the Palace,What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?
ram it,What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?
Dornier Do 17 bomber,What type of aircraft was the German Plane?
2005,When did Holmes die?
electric current,What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?
wire filament,Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?
feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass,What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?
a socket,What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?
incandescent light bulb,Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?
less efficient,Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?
2.2%,What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?
LED,Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?
"1,000 hours",How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?
The remaining energy is converted into heat.,What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?
prohibited them already,What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?
phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs,How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?
cold cathode fluorescent lamps,What does the acronym CCFL refer to?
compact fluorescent lamps,What does the acronym CFL refer to?
light-emitting diode,What does the acronym LED refer to?
Alexander Lodygin,Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?
two carbon rods,What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?
1900,In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?
Alexander de Lodyguine,What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?
1872,When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?
at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society,Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?
Charles Stearn,Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?
'parchmentised thread',Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?
1880,When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?
"the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London",What was the first public building to install electric lighting?
1878,When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?
carbon,With what material did Edison make his first filament?
13.5 hours,How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?
bamboo,What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?
Columbia,What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?
Albon Man,Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?
Hiram S. Maxim,Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?
Mercantile Safe Deposit Company,Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
fall of 1880,When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
Electro-Dynamic Light Company,"Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?"
Lewis Latimer,Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?
17 January 1882,"When did Latimer patent his ""Process of Manufacturing Carbons""?"
United States Electric Light Company,Which company purchased Latimer's patent?
Edison,Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?
Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman,Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?
13 December 1904,When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?
Tungsram,Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?
argon or nitrogen,What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?
Tungsram-bulbs,What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?
radiant luminous efficacy,What does the acronym LER refer to?
683 lm/W,What is the maximum LER possible?
two ways,In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?
the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths,What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?
source luminous efficacy,What does the acronym LES refer to?
"6,300 °C",At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?
52 lumens per watt,What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?
infrared radiation,What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?
"the light emitted does not appear white,",What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?
52 lumens per watt,What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?
"to avoid too ""warm"" or ""cool"" colors",What is the purpose of white-balancing?
incandescent lights,"Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?"
100,What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?
the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament,Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?
100,What is the highest possible color rendering index score?
higher,Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?
"By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution",How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?
Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum,Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?
a building's air conditioning system,What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?
shorter,Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?
"illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used",What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?
less,"Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?"
heat from the heating system,"What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?"
more,Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?
5 to 10 billion euros,How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?
40 TWh of electricity,How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?
15 million tonnes,How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?
by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps,How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?
better,Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?
LED lamps,Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?
higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps,What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?
mercury,What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?
much less,"Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?"
Philips,Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?
30 percent,How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?
Duro-Test,What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?
270 lm/W,What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?
45 lm/W,What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?
the envelope,What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?
tungsten wire,What is the filament made of?
two (or more),How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?
a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base,What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?
Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires,What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?
kaolin,What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?
blown in and electrostatically deposited,How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?
a more gentle and evenly distributed light,What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?
by coloring the glass with a dopant,How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?
It diffuses the light emitted from the filament,How does kaolin create a more gentle light?
screw base,What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?
bayonet base,What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?
allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament,What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?
"0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts",What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?
automotive and special purpose lamps,Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?
introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss),What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?
chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight,What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?
"to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses",What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?
The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament,How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?
ribbon machine,What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.
"50,000",How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?
"assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb",How is the filament attached to the bulb?
by a flame,How is the evacuation tube sealed?
precisely aligned air nozzles,What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?
carbon,What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?
"as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased",What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?
improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency,What were the positive effects of the flashing process?
further strengthened and smoothed the filament,What properties of graphite improved the filament?
"helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage",What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?
Siemens,What company invented the tantalum light filament?
1902,In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?
These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.,What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?
General Electric,Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?
1913,When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?
Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires.,What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?
William D. Coolidge,Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?
1910,When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?
1906,When was the tungsten filament introduced?
"potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides",What other materials were combined with tungsten?
22.8 inches,How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?
The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly,What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?
more efficient light source,What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?
0.0018 inches,What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?
a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life,"What is the negative effect of ""hot spots"" forming on the filament?"
Irving Langmuir,Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?
"argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton",Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?
alloys of tungsten and rhenium,"Which type of alloys can decrease ""stairstep"" irregularities in light bulb filaments?"
"conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament",Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?
molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules,What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?
Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity,How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?
"more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps",Why is xenon gas not more widely used?
reduces filament evaporation,What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?
"hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster",What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?
"several hundred to 2,000 hours",What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?
"Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps",Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?
efficiency and longevity,What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?
the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope,What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?
An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory,What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?
Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening,What are the primary causes of light loss?
on the uppermost part of the envelope,Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?
across the entire surface of the envelope,Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?
significantly increase darkening,How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?
"The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp.",Why does water increase lamp darkening?
zirconium,What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?
"The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps",How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?
reduces,"Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation?"
by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament,How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?
higher,Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent?
bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs,How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?
where intense illumination is needed in a limited space,What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used?
an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode,What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?
scientific instruments such as microscopes,What was a common application for this type of bulb?
1915,When was this style of lamp developed?
mercury and xenon arc lamps,What displaced this style of lamp?
the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal,What does a power factor of 1 mean?
the resistance of the filament,What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?
"the filament's length, thickness, and material",What determines the resistance of the filament?
Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads,How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?
the higher-powered bulb gives more light,"All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?"
temperature,What determines the resistance of a filament?
they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps,"What does a ""T"" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?"
0.13 seconds,How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?
The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance,How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?
144 ohms,What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?
the shape of the bulb,What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?
the maximum diameter,What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?
The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions,Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?
"1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters",What units are the bulb sizes measured in?
General Electric,Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?
1909,In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?
ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1,What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?
Bayonet base lamps,What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?
bipin base,What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?
a 5% reduction in operating voltage,What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?
1924,When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?
1953,When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?
1000 hours,What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?
"difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)",What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?
1901,"When did the ""Centennial Light"" begin burning?"
the equivalent light of a four watt bulb,How much light does the bulb emit?
21 September 1908,When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?
an opera house,Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?
50 °C (122 °F),At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?
Tungsten,Which metal has the highest melting point?
as short as two hours,What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?
higher color temperature,How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?
17.1 lumens per watt,"How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?"
as much as 19.8 lumens per watt,How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?
Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament,How does filament size relate to voltage level?
They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.,What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?
high resistance,What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?
22,How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?
by use of the Sprengel pump,How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?
Robert Friedel and Paul Israel,Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?
safety,What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?
rough,What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?
body,What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?
Clothes,What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?
UV,What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?
when clothing was first developed,What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?
lice,What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?
clothing,What habitat is the body louse specific to?
primates,What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?
650,How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?
comfort,What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer?
hot,In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage?
thermal insulation,What property of clothing is important in cold climates?
clothing,What has seasonal and regional aspects?
thinner,What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?
very wide,What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?
purses,What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?
adornment,Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?
accessories,What are footwear and hats both considered?
eyeglasses,What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?
the uncovered human body,What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?
elements,"Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?"
protection,Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?
environmental,What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?
medical scrubs,What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?
Humans,What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?
environmental hazards,What are space suits an example of a solution to? 
social,What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?
protective,What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?
social norms,Why are some parts of the body covered?
19th,What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?
1930,What year was J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes published?
Newburgh's,Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?
little,How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?
the main concepts,What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?
Trousers,What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?
Male,What gender's clothing is often more practical?
their chests,What can males typically bare in more places?
male clothing,What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?
unusual,What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?
senators,Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?
high-ranking chiefs,Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?
the right to cover their upper body,What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?
China,What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?
clothing choice,What can peer pressure influence?
tied around,How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?
deteriorate,What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?
Archeologists,"Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?"
a prehistoric cave,Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?
Dyed flax fibers,"What dates back to 36,000 BP?"
Scientists,What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?
genetic,What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?
survive,What do lice require human clothing to do?
northward migration,What may have the invention of clothing happened with?
the date,What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?
cloth,Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?
rectangles,Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?
Scottish,What nationality wears kilts?
garments,Pins or belts hold what in place?
cloth,What precious material may remain uncut?
western clothing styles,What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?
centuries,Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?
markets throughout the world,What have Western corporations penetrated?
Western media corporations,Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?
charity organizations,Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?
special,Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.
sportswear,Leotards are an example of what type of garment?
sweat,What does spandex soak up?
Spandex,What's an example of a form fitting garment?
active,What type of sport is wrestling considered?
technological,Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.
prototypes,What have researchers in science labs been making?
electricity,What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?
bullets,What can garments made with kevlar resist?
absorption of liquids,Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?
challenging,What type of conditions do many garment works endure?
Mass-produced,What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?
long work hours,What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?
industrialized,Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?
undocumented,What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?
Outsourcing production to low wage countries,The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?
textiles imports,What did the MFA put quotas on?
Globalization,What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?
the International Labor Organization,What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?
India,What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?
animal fur,What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?
arctic,Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?
uncontroversial,Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?
campaigners,Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?
PETA,What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?
to remove wrinkles,What's the point of ironing clothing?
Ironed,"What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?"
knit,What material doesn't easily wrinkle?
a coating,Permanent press materials have been treated with what?
wrinkles,What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?
A resin,What releases formaldehyde?
formaldehyde,What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?
Accountability,What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?
75,How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?
6,How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?
mending,"What used to be considered an art, back in the day?"
tear,What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?
worth more than labor,Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?
a consumable item,What is clothing considered today?
thrifty,What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?
The Chicago Cubs,"What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago, IL?  "
the National League,What league are the Chicago Cubs in?
Wrigley Field,Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games?
Joe Ricketts,Who currently owns the  Chicago Cubs?
1876,When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?
1903 season,What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? 
Atlanta Braves,What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?
1906,What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins?
.763,What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today?
The Cubs,Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics?
seven,How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?
the Chicago White Stockings,Who did the Cubs began play as?
William Hulbert,"When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?"
West Side Grounds,Where did the White Stockings play their home games?
Spalding,Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died?
1882,What year did the White Stockings capture their third consecutive pennant?
six,While Anson led the Chicago cubs how many National League pennants did they win?
Chicago Colts,What did the Chicago Cubs become know as by 1890?
Anson,"Who was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits?"
Jim Hart,Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?
Chicago Daily News,Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?
the Cubs,Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?
Franklin P. Adams,Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?
Albert Lasker,Who obtained a large block of the Cub's shares in 1914?
Albert Lasker,Who assumed majority ownership of the Cubs franchise by the 1916 season?
Charles Weeghman,Who did Albert Lasker bring in to be his partner of the Chicago Cubs?
Weeghman Park,Where did the Cubs move to after leaving the West Side Grounds?
1930,What year did Hack Wilson have one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history?
21,How many games in a row did the Cubs win in a row during 1935?
1929,What year did the Cubs win the NL pennant?
wartime travel restrictions,Why were the first three games of the 1945 World Series played in Detroit?
Wrigley,Where were the final four games of the 1945 World Series played?
Game 4 of the Series,In what game was the Curse of the Billy Goat allegedly laid upon the Cubs?
goat,What was ejected from Wrigley park because of it's bad odor?
Phil Cavarretta,Who had been a key player in the 1945 season?
the '45 season,What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs?
Phil Cavarretta,Who was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the Cubs were unlikely to finish above fifth place?
Leo Durocher,Who managed the Cubs in 1969?
National League Eastern Division,The Cubs built a substantial lead in what league under management of Leo Durocher?
August 19,When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter?
Dick Selma,Who threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo?
the 70s,"During what decade did the Cubs become known as ""The Loveable Losers""?"
unusually high number of day games,What is often pointed to as the one reason for the Cubs' inconsistent late season play?
1977,What year did the Cubs experience one of their biggest collapses?
1981,What year did the Cubs hire GM Dallas Green?
Philadelphia,Where was GM Dallas Green from?
Phillies,What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980?
Green,Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions?
"December, 1983",When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?
March 26,When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs?
June 15,When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?
due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5–5) and Sanderson,Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?
Rick Sutcliffe,Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher?
the Cleveland Indians,Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs?
NBC Saturday Game of the Week,What contest shift the Cubs' Fortunes? 
The Sandberg Game,What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as?
two,How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game?
1984,In what year did the league have two divisions? 
best-of-5 series,The division winners met in what kind of series to advance to the World Series?
Wrigley Field,Where were the first two games of the 1984 division winners held?
Wrigley Field did not yet have lights,Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site?
Comiskey Park,Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games?
Chicago White Sox,Comiskey Park was the home to what team?
Baltimore Orioles,Who had the home field advantage in 1983?
", the Cubs",Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS?
Wrigley Field,Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS?
San Diego Padres,Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS?
1989,What year was the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field?
Jerome Walton,Who was rookie of the year in 1989?
Dwight Smith,Who was rookie of the year Runner-Up in 1989?
San Francisco Giants,Who did the Cubs meet in the NLCS during 1989?
Harry Caray,What legendary broadcaster died in the '98 season?
Henry Rodríguez,"Who was affectionately known as ""H-Rod""?"
31,How many round-trippers did Rodriguez slug in his first season in Chicago?
Don Baylor,Who put together a good season for the Cubs in 2001?
Mack Newton,"Who was brought in to preach ""positive thinking""?"
Preston Wilson,"Who hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom ""Flash"" Gordon?"
"July 5, 2002",When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry?
the General Manager position,What was Jim Hendry promoted to?
Dusty Baker,Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry's promotion?
Game 5,In what game did Florida shut the Cubs out?
Mark Prior,What pitcher led the Cubs in Game 6?
Luis Castillo,Who hit the foul ball that several spectators attempted to catch?
2004,What year did most media outlets pick the Cubs to win the World Series?
Derek Lee,Who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi?
Nomar Garciaparra,Who was the mid-season deal for?
Sammy Sosa,Who did the Cubs trade after leaving the final game early and lieing about it?
Sammy Sosa,Who was a controversial figure due to a corked-bat incident?
Steve Stone,What popular commentator left during the '04 season?
Kent Mercker,Who verbally attacked Steve Stone?
66,How many wins did the Cubs finish the NL Central with in 2006?
Alfonso Soriano,Who was signed to a contract at 8 years for $136 million?
Lou Piniella,Who replaced Dusty Baker as the Cubs manager?
Kosuke Fukudome,What  Chunichi Dragons  start was signed to the Cubs in 2008?
Rich Harden,Who was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July?
Geovany Soto,Who was named Rookie of the Year in 2008?
Zambrano,Who pitched a no-hitter against the Astros on Spetember 14th?
2009,When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs?
St. Louis,Who did Chicago engage in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009?
injuries,What plagued the Cubs in 2009?
Starlin Castro,Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?
early May (2010),When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?
Lou Piniella,Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely? 
take care of his sick mother,Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?
20,How many games under .500 did the Cubs finish the 2011 season with?
Tom Ricketts,Who was the new owner of the Cubs?
Theo Epstein,Who did the new owner of the Cubs sign from the Boston Red Sox?
$18 million,How much was the contract given to Theo Epstein worth?
Matt Garza,"Who did the Cubs trade to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt, C.J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, and Justin Grimm?"
Alfonso Soriano,Who did the Cubs send to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black?
"September 30, 2013",When did Theo Epstein made the decision to fire Dale Sveum?
two seasons,How many seasons did Dale Sveum spend with the Cubs before getting fired?
"November 2, 2014",When did the Cubs announce that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager?
Jon Lester,"Who did the team sign on December 10, 2014 as a free agent?"
$155 million,How much was Jon Lester's contract worth?
97–65,What was the record the Cubs finished with during the 2015 season?
"September 23, 1908",When were the Cubs and New York Giants involved in a tight pennant race?
New York Giants,"Who were the Cubs involved with for a tight pennant race on September 23, 1908?"
Fred Merkle,Who was the runner on first base?
"October 1, 1932",When was game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees?
Babe Ruth,Who allegedly hit a home run to the Center?
1935,When did Babe Ruth retire?
1930,When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in?
Hack Wilson,Who Broke Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI?
1999,When did Manny Ramirez get his 165 RBI?
"""Most Useful"" player",What was Wilson named by the Baseball Writer's Association of America? 
"April 25, 1976",When did protesters run into the outfield and try to set fire to the U.S. flag?
Dodger Stadium,What stadium did protesters try to burn the U.S.  flag?
Rick Monday,Who grabbed the flag before protesters could light it on fire?
1998,When did Sammy Sosa explode into pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record? 
Sammy Sosa,Who was in pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record?
Roger Maris,Sammy Sosa was in pursuit of beating whose home run record?
the NL MVP Award,What award did Sammy Sosa win?
"April 23, 2008","When did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season win?"
Colorado Rockies,"Who did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season against?"
1876,When was the beginning of the National League?
20,How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?
"May 6, 1998",When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?
Houston,Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?
107 seasons,What is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues?
The Lovable Losers,The championship drought has led to the Chicago Cubs being know as what?
1945,When was the last time the Chicago Cubs appeared in the Fall Classic?
1908,When was the last time the Chicago Cubs win a World Series championship?
Glenallen Hill,Who was the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?
"May 11, 2000",When did the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?
Bill Nicholson,Who barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue?
2012,When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?
Peoria Chiefs,The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?
"September 16, 2014",When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?
Chicago White Stockings,"Who began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886?"
Albert Spalding,Who is the founder of Spalding Sporting Goods?
"Hot Springs, Arkansas","Whittington Park, Majestic Park, and Fogel Field were all built where?"
Sloan Park,Where is the Cubs' current spring  training facility located?
"15,000",How many seats are in the Cubs' Sloan Park training facility?
2014,When did Sloan Park open?
Mesa,Where is Rendezvous Park?
"Long Beach, California",Where is Blair Field?
(1967–1978),"Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?"
William Wrigley Jr,Who had a majority interest in Cataline island  in 1919?
a ballpark,What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training?
1951,When did the Cubs choose to leave Catalina Island?
the second HoHoKam Park,Where was the former location in Mesa?
"25,000 square feet",How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?
1976,When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?
Jack Brickhouse,Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?
Hey Hey!,What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?
he personally recommended his successor,What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?
17-year,How long was Harry Caray's tenure  with the Cubs?
by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade,How did Caray become a well-known Chicago figure?
25 years,How long had Caray been a St Louis Cardinals icon?
Steve Stone,Who did Harry hand-pick himself?
Stone,Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with?
over Stone's cigar,Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone?
Take me out to the ballgame,What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?
Tribune Company,What company purchased the  Cubs in 1981?
"$20,500,000",How much did Tribune Company purchase the Cubs for?
6 decades,How long were the Cubs ran under the Wrigley family?
"""Tinker to Evers to Chance""","What was ""Baseball's Sad Lexicon"" also known as?"
Franklin Pierce Adams,"Who wrote ""Baseball's Sad Lexicon""?"
"""Baseball's Sad Lexicon,",What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? 
a young bear cub,What is the official Cubs team mascot?
Clark,What is the official Cubs team mascot's name?
"January 13, 2014",When did Clark make his debut?
'polar bear' looking outfit,"What did ""The Bear-man"" wear as an outfit?"
2013 season,"During what season were ""cubbie-bear"" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day?"
John Paul Weier,Who played Billy Cub?
"Ronnie ""Woo Woo"" Wickers",What is another unofficial well-known mascot?
idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games,What is Ronnie known for to Wrigley Field visitors?
"""Leather Lungs",What did Harry Caray dub Wickers?
Chicago's Lake View neighborhood,Where is Wrigley Field located?
Wrigleyville,What is the area surrounding the ballpark typically referred to?
bleachers,What have many apartment buildings  surrounding Wrigley Field built on their rooftops?
2013,When did Tom Ricketts and Crane Kenney unveil plans for a five-year funded renovation of Wrigley Field?
$575 million,How much money has been funded to the renovation of Wrigley Field?
"6,000-square foot",How big is the jumbotron going to be?
Bleacher Bums,What nickname has been given to the fans who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field?
Derek Schaul,Who heads the current group?
the Bud Light Bleachers,What did Bud Light dub the bleacher section?
1975,What year did a group of Chicago Cubs fans form the Emil Verban Society?
"Washington, D.C",Where were the Emil Verban Society founders based in?
Illinois Senator Dick Durbin,Who currently heads the Emil Verban Society?
1969,"What year was the single ""Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)"" produced? "
Cub Power,What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?
the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers,What did The Cubs Song incorporate?
2008,When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released? 
17 songs,How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album?
"September 21, 1997","When was Harry Caray's final performance of ""Take Me Out to the Ball Game""?"
Back to the Future Part II,What film depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series?
Miami Marlins,What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015?
October 21,What day were the Cubs swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS?
sixteen,How many federal states does Germany have?
Stadtstaaten (city-states),What are Hamburg and Berlin called?
Bremen and Bremerhaven,The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which two cities?
sixteen federal states,How many federal states does Germany have?
measure of sovereignty,What do constituent states still have?
Berlin and Hamburg,What are the two major city-states?
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen,What is the name of the city-state that contains Bremen and Bremerhaven?
Flächenländer,What do Germans call the other 13 states?
sixteen,How many states are in Germany?
Berlin and Hamburg,"Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?"
"Bundesland, or Land",What is the German terms for states?
13,"How many states are called ""Flächenländer""?"
Bremen and Bremerhaven,The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?
1949,What year was the Federal Republic of Germany created?
World War II,The Federal Republic of Germany was founded after which world war?
West Berlin,What area was initially not apart of the Federal Republic of Germany?
1949,When was the Federal Republic of Germany formed?
the aftermath of World War II,How did this republic come to be?
"American, British, and French administration",How was the republic controlled at the end World War II?
West Berlin,Which state was NOT a part of the Federal Republic in 1949?
1949,When was the Federal Republic of Germany created
"American, British, and French",Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?
West Berlin,Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?
World War II,What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?
following a referendum,How did Baden-Württemberg form?
German reunification,When did the  the Saar Protectorate rejoin the republic?
German reunification,What was it called when East Germany joined the republic?
West and East Berlin,What states formed Berlin in 1990?
Brandenburg,Who did Berlin fail to merge with in 1996?
Baden-Württemberg,"Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?"
1952,"In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?"
Saarland," In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?"
1990,When did the German reunification take place?
failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg,Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?
Federalism,What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?
the federation,"In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? "
culture,What is an example of what states retain authority over?
the Bundesrat,The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?
the federal government,Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?
the Weimar Constitution of 1919,What does the term Länder date back to?
Staaten,Before 1919 what were the German states called?
Freistaaten,What does Bavaria refer to itself as?
three,How many free states are there in Germany?
Hamburg and Bremen,What are the two city-states in Germany?
delimitation of the federal territory,What keeps being debated in Germany?
pay for it from own source revenues,What does Gunlick remark that the German System of  dual federalism requires strong Länder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation?
several,How many proposals have failed so far?
more than 300,The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? 
the Napoleonic Wars,The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?
the German Confederation,A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?
62%,How much of the population did Prussia control?
65%,How much of the land did Prussia control?
Allied military governments,Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?
30%,No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?
seven,After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?
Polish or Soviet administration,Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?
no attempts,How many made to establish new states in the territories  lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?
eleven,How many states did West Germany have at its founding?
Western Allies,What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?
neither a Western German state nor part of one,Which state was West Berlin apart of?
1957,When did the Saarland form?
1952,How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952
had successfully achieved the unity of Germany,What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?
"""any other parts of Germany"" to join","Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?"
Saar Protectorate,Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? 
the 16 German states,The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?
new delimitation of the federal territory,What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949?
a reduction of the number of states,What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation?
Territorial reform,What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers?
1919,When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?
Hugo Preuss,Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?
14,How many states was the German Reich to divided into?
four,Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? 
1922,When did Pyrmont join Prussia?
January 1933,When did the Nazi Party seize power?
They became administrative regions,What happened to the Länder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime?
Mecklenburg-Strelitz,"on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state?"
"April 1, 1937",When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur?
Schleswig-Holstein,Which Prussian province did Lübeck become a part of?
the Federal Territory must be revised,"In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?"
one tenth,How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?
a referendum,What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? 
paragraph 6,Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?
Paris Agreements,In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?
67.7%,"In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?"
96.5%,What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer,Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?
join the Federal Republic of Germany.,The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?
three,"Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?"
filed a constitutional complaint,"What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?"
July 1961,When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?
exclusively federal matter,On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed
Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order,What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his  28 October 1969 address?
Bonn,Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his  28 October 1969 address?
Werner Ernst,An expert commission was established under which chairman?
the district of Germersheim,When did the expert commission deliver its report?
Baden-Württemberg,Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?
Article 28,"Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must ""conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law""?"
Ministerpräsident,Most states are governed by what figure?
Landtag,What are most state legislatures called?
a majority vote among the Landtag's members,How is the Minister President chosen?
a cabinet,Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies?
Senate,"What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?"
the State Government," What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?"
a bicameral parliament,What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?
eight,How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?
Abgeordnetenhaus,The parliament in Berlin is called what?
administrative districts,What are the districts of Germany considered?
"""rural districts""","Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what?"
two,How many urban districts are in Bremen?
urban districts,Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time?
one or more Kreisfreie Städte,Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?
administrative entities at the district level,What do local associations replace?
simplification of administration,What are local associations  intended to implement?
Kommunalverband besonderer Art,What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?
the issuing of special laws,What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?
municipalities,Every rural district is subdivided into what?
municipality,Every urban district is what in its own right?
"12,141",How many municipalities are there?
a municipality,What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?
Stadtrechte,What are town rights called?
local governments can justify,Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?
Article 28(2),"What article grants the municipalities ""the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law."
a wide range of activities,Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?
development,What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?
1950,In what year did the Korean War begin?
North Korea invaded South Korea,What caused the start of the Korean War?
Korea,What country was divided at the end of World War II?
United States,Which country aided South Korea during the war?
27 July 1953,When did the Korean War end?
Japan,What nation ruled Korea in 1910?
north of the 38th parallel,What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?
U.S. forces,Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?
United Nations Security Council,What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?
Twenty-one,How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?
Pusan Perimeter,"At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?"
China,"In 1950, what country got involved in the war?"
four,How many times did the control of Seoul change?
close to the 38th parallel,"On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?"
air-to-air combat,What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?
War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea,"In, China what is the war officially called?"
Korean Conflict,What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?
unofficial contexts,When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?
Empire of Japan,"Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?"
General Jirō Minami,Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?
Japanese,What language were the Korean people forced to learn?
Sōshi-kaimei policy,What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?
Conscription,"In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?"
"300,000",How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?
overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan,"Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?"
Korean police force,Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?
32%,"By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?"
Imperial Japanese Army,What army were Korean men conscripted into?
dividing the Korean Peninsula,What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?
General Order No. 1,What order was the division of Korea included in?
Soviet and U.S. occupation zones,What two areas was Korea divided into?
the capital of Korea,What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?
Stalin,Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?
Gen. John R. Hodge,Who accepted Japan's surrender?
United States Army Military Government in Korea,What was General Hodge appointed the head of?
People's Republic of Korea,What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?
it was communist,Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?
Japanese colonial administrators,"Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?"
the Autumn uprising,What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?
1946,When was the Daegu Uprising?
"10,000",How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?
23 September 1946,When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?
declared martial law,How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?
hold an election,What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?
it would not be fair,Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?
10 May 1948,When was the South Korean general election held?
terrorism and sabotage,What problems did the elections face?
North Korea,"Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?"
1948,When was South Korea's constitution created?
Syngman Rhee,"Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?"
1948,What year was the Republic of Korea established?
Kim Il-sung,Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?
communists and leftists,What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?
North Korean government,Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?
Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists,What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?
supremacy in Manchuria,What did the Chinese Communists want?
Chinese People's Liberation Army,What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?
"2,000 railway cars worth",How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?
China,What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?
1949,When was the People's Republic of China created?
Chinese support,What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?
Pak Il-yu,Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?
the North Koreans,Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?
Western nations,What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?
China,Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?
promoted Communist revolutions,"To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?"
the Nationalists,Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?
1949,When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?
"Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty",What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?
US,What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?
Stalin,Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?
Asia,Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?
Mao,Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?
the Americans,Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?
the Americans would intervene,What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?
China,Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?
preparations for war,What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?
Soviet generals,Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?
Ongjin Peninsula,Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?
the Soviet Advisory Group,What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?
May,When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?
Kim Il-sung,Who called for Korean elections in 1950?
Rhee,Who rejected the peace gesture?
revised his war plan,What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected?
South Korean agents had learned about the plans,Why did Kim's war plan need revising?
1950,When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference?
the South,Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?
U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group,What group trained the Republic of Korea army?
General William Lynn Roberts,What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?
Syngman Rhee,Who wanted to take over North Korea?
John Foster Dulles,Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?
Korean People's Army,Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?
Ongjin peninsula,Where did the fighting begin?
the South Koreans,Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju?
scholars,Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA?
Syngman Rhee,Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?
Rhee,"Who, along with members of the South Korean government, fled South Korea?"
Han River,What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army?
forty-eight,How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?
blew up the highway bridge,What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River?
28 June,What day was the city of Seoul captured?
Japan,What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?
President Truman,Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?
US policy toward Japan,Why was South Korea important to the US?
US policy toward Japan,What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?
Soviet reaction,What was the Truman administration concerned about that was preventing them from getting involved in the Korean conflict?
The UN Security Council,What agency approved the use of force in South Korea?
advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power,Why did the US not send in ground troops after the United Nations approved the use of force?
Truman,Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread?
air and naval forces,What resources did the US devote to South Korea after the Security Council approved engaging in an armed conflict?
United Nations Security Council,Who condemned the actions of North Korea?
Soviet Union,Which permanent member of the UN Security Council boycotted council meetings in protest of Taiwan's seat in the United Nations?
Resolution 83,What resolution encouraged Security Council Members to send military assistance to the Republic of Korea?
the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister,Who accused the United States of beginning an armed intervention in South Korea?
condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea,What did UN Security Council Resolution 82 accomplish?
Soviet Union,What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War?
U.S. Intelligence,Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from?
unanimous vote,What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea.
five,How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have?
UN Charter Article 32,What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict?
10,How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?
"200,000",What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?
"30,000",How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?
small warships,What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?
Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped,What was the problem with the ROK Army?
U.S. military,Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?
Japan,In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?
R.E. Appleman,Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?
Dean Acheson,Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?
the mistake of appeasement,What did the US not want to see repeated?
the global containment of communism,The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?
National Security Council Report 68,What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?
Adolf Hitler's aggressions,The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?
U.S. Navy no longer had the warships,Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?
defense budget cutbacks,Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?
General Omar Bradley,Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?
American troops,Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?
Major General Floyd L. Parks,Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?
General MacArthur,What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?
President Truman,Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?
US Seventh Fleet,What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?
Republic of China,"Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?"
Zhou Enlai,Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?
Battle of Osan,What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?
24th Infantry Division,Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan?
Taejeon,Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location?
Battle of Taejon,At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses?
Japan,In what country is the US's Task Force Smith located?
by killing civil servants and intellectuals,How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?
Kim Il-sung,Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?
southeast Korea,Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?
Nakdong River,What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?
10%,How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?
To counter a possible U.S. deployment,Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?
Incheon,Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?
Chai Chengwen,Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?
the Korean border,Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?
Chinese leaders,"Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?"
KPA,Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?
to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night,What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?
aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory,Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?
Sweden,"Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?"
the Soviets vetoed the US proposal,Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?
San Francisco,Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?
the port of Pusan,What is Korea's largest port?
Japan,"Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?"
KPA,Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?
UN forces,Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?
To relieve the Pusan Perimeter,Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?
Major General Hobart R. Gay,Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?
"Yokohama, Japan",Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?
the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied,Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?
the Pentagon,Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?
The X Corps,"What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?"
General Edward Almond,"Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?"
Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch,Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?
"the ""Pusan Perimeter Breakout""",What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?
the KPA,"Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?"
General H. M. Zakharov,Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?
to defend Seoul,Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?
Chinese commanders,Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?
"if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men",When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?
Politburo,What emergency session was called by Stalin?
"25,000 to 30,000",How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?
Soviet military advisers,Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?
South Korean forces.,Who reclaimed the Seoul?
Pyongyang,What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?
National Security Council Memorandum 81/1,What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?
Syngman Rhee,Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?
Defense Secretary George Marshall,Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?
ROK police,Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?
1951,What year did the executions stop?
China,Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?
Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns,The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?
Bruce Cumings,Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?
launch guerrilla raids,What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?
Chiang Kai-shek,Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?
MacArthur,Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?
the UN,Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?
cut the road north going to China,How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?
"135,000",How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?
dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait,What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?
1950,What year did China decide to enter the war?
American aggression in the guise of the UN,What provoked China to join the war?
the Politburo,Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?
whether to send Chinese troops into Korea,What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?
Mao,Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?
Peng Dehuai,Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?
Peng,Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?
People's Volunteer Army,What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?
the Black Sea,Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?
two or three months,How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
Chinese airspace,Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?
March 1951,When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?
the south side of the Yalu,Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?
their march and bivouac discipline,What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?
remain motionless,What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?
19,How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?
shoot security violators,What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?
19:00–03:00,When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?
KPA,Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?
Pyongyang,What was the capital city in the North?
Sinuiju,Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?
UNC forces approached,What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?
October 1950,When was Pyongyang captured?
Wake Island,"Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?"
General MacArthur,Who refused to meet on continental United States?
little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea,What was President Truman told at this meeting?
General MacArthur,Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea?
the greatest slaughter,What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?
PVA 13th Army Group,Who initiated the First Phase offensive?
Soviet Union,Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?
1 November 1950,When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?
Ch'ongch'on River,Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?
Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts,"What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?"
U.S. Eighth Army's,Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?
Turkish Brigade,Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?
"12,000–15,000",How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?
PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics,What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?
the U.S. Eighth Army,Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?
General Walton Walker,Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?
to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army,Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?
UN morale hit rock bottom,What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?
SS Meredith Victory,What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?
declared a national emergency,"What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?"
1978,What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?
Kim Il-sung,Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?
China,What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?
Chinese New Year's Offensive,What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?
facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy,Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?
"some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south",How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?
Seoul,What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive
Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway,Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?
The PVA had outrun its logistics capability,Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?
PVA had abandoned their battle lines,What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?
UN Command's air superiority,What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?
Wonju,What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?
on foot and bicycle,How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?
destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea,What to be achieved by the Sancheong-Hamyang and Geochang massacres in South Korea?
the PVA,Who's attack resulted in victory at Hoengseong?
the Fourth Phase Offensive,What is considered to be the the Korean War's equivalent to Gettysburg?
broke the attack's momentum,What did the French Battalion's efforts do to the PVA forces?
"more than 25,000",How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost?
Operation Killer,What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?
to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible,What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?
capturing Hoengseong,What signified the end of Operation Killer?
This was the city's fourth conquest,How many times was Seoul captured in a year?
severe food shortages,"Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?"
the Chinese war effort,Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?
logistical problems,What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?
they had nothing to eat,What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?
increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply,What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?
the Chinese Air Force,What did China introduce to the war in 1951?
General MacArthur,Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?
Truman,Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?
the Chinese would not enter the war,What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?
a truce and orderly withdrawal,What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?
. MacArthur,Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
General Ridgway,Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?
get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north,What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?
The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance,Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?
depleted the PVA and KPA forces,"Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?"
Chinese Spring Offensive,What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?
Line Kansas,What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?
the stalemate,What ended with the armistice of 1953?
three field armies,How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?
just north of the 38th parallel,Where was Line Kansas located?
Kaesong,Where did armistice negotiations occur?
recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory,What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?
military and psychological operations,What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?
Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued,Was there a cease fire during the talks?
Zhou Enlai,Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?
6–15 October 1952,When was the Battle of White Horse?
1951,What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?
the Battle of the Hook,What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?
Chinese troops,Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?
called a conference in Shenyang,What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?
discuss the PVA's logistical problems,What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?
These commitments did little to directly address the problems,Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?
Peng Dehuai,Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?
"the Military Commission,",What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?
PVA would be divided into three groups,What actions were taken to help the PVA?
the central government,Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?
two years,How long did the armistice talks last?
prisoner of war (POW) repatriation,What issues stalled the armistice talks?
many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north,What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?
27 July 1953,When was the armistice agreement finally signed?
"Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,",What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?
Dwight D. Eisenhower,Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?
the United Nations,Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?
Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ),What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?
United States,"Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?"
went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War,What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?
North Korea,Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located?
The Demilitarized Zone,What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?
27 July 1953,When was the Armistice Agreement signed?
there was no peace treaty,Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?
North Korea,Who believes that they were victorious in the war?
to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead,What was the point of Operation Glory?
"4,167",How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?
National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific,Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?
220,How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?
new wave of UN sanctions,Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?
13 March 2013,When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?
South Korea,"In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?"
a nuclear weapon,What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?
credible and realistic nuclear threat,How does the United States view North Korea's threats? 
ground attack aircraft,What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?
Soviet T-34-85 tanks,What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?
the North Koreans suffered major tank losses,What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?
the UN forces brought heavier equipment,What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?
120,How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?
neither Korea had a significant navy,Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?
the UN nations,Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?
the UN Command,Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?
Inchon,Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?
supply and ammunition ships,What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?
magnetic mines,What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?
87,How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?
the west and east coasts of North Korea,Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?
the Soviet Union,Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War?
UN Command,Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?
atomic warfare,What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union?
dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian,What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War?
Soviet Union,Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States?
F-86 Sabre,What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?
switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing,"To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?"
bomber interceptor,What was the MiG designed to be?
February 1907,When was Royal Shell Group Created?
1890,When was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
1897,"When WAS the ""Shell"" Transport and Trading Company founded?"
"the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the ""Shell"" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom",The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?
the need to compete globally with Standard Oil,What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?
1907,In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?
1890,In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
to develop an oilfield in Sumatra,Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?
wind,Aside from biofuels what other renewable energy activities is Shell involved with?
over 90,How many countries does Shell operate in?
3.1 million barrels,How much oil per day does Shell produce?
"44,000 service stations",How many services stations does Shell have?
over 90,In how many countries does Shell have operations?
3.1 million,How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?
"44,000",Shell has how many service stations worldwide?
Shell Oil Company,What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?
biofuels and wind,Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?
60,What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch?
National patriotic sensibilities,What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?
to direct the transport and storage of the products,What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?
a dual-listed company,The new firm operated as what type of company?
40,What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?
2004,In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Royal Dutch Shell plc,What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?
the London Stock Exchange,On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?
"The Hague, Netherlands",Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?
the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves,What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
2010,In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?
Raízen,What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?
to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme,Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?
$2–3bn,How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?
East Resources,Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?
US shale gas,Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?
US$20 billion,What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?
the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012,The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?
2014,In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?
US$15 billion,What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?
The presence of companies like Shell,What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?
old and corroded,Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?
new,Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?
responsibility for environmental causes,"In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?"
boycott Shell,Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?
"The ""Shell"" Transport and Trading Company",The name Shell is connected to what company?
to sell seashells to London collectors,"What was the purpose of the created of The ""Shell"" Transport and Trading Company?"
there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region,"What did the younger founder of The ""Shell"" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?"
1907,By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?
Thames,The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?
the management of a vertically integrated oil company,What is Shell's primary business?
technical and commercial,The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?
natural gas,One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?
self-supporting,Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?
vertically integrated,The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?
heavily decentralised,Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?
over 100,Shell operated companies in how many countries?
the central offices in The Hague,A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?
"""exploration and production""",What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?
chemicals,Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?
a third,Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?
"more than 40,000",How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?
local,"Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?"
the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced,In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?
"its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and ""Helios""",What did Shell announce in April 2010?
protests and strikes broke out,What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?
Nigeria,"In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?"
finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.,"In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?"
assets could be divested,What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?
Reitan Group,What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?
2007,In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?
some 269,How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?
trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland,Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?
"gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden","In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?"
substantially independent,Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?
the NYSE,On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?
the group's central offices,Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?
1984,In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?
a court case,What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?
the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility,The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?
off Australia's northwestern coast,The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?
liquefied natural gas (LNG),On what developments was FLNG technology based?
3 trillion,The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?
the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas,FLNG technology faciliates what?
9.5%,What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?
2001,Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?
then federal Treasurer Peter Costello,Who blocked the takeover attempt?
72,What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?
75,What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?
an offshore lease,Shell purchased what in 2005?
its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program,What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?
Pete Slaiby,What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?
"the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits",What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?
Greenpeace,Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?
difficult weather,What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?
"the ""Kulluk"" incident",What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?
nearly US$5 billion,What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?
2012,In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?
to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season,Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?
a winter storm,What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?
Sitkalidak,"On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?"
Fortune,"Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?"
wipe out the entire drilling season,Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?
"the ""Kulluk"" incident",Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?
its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast,"In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?"
the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic,Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?
van Beurden,Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?
"the project is ""under review"" due to both market and internal issues.",What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?
the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea,For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?
the UK government,What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?
an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development,"Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?"
alleged human rights violations in Nigeria,"In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?"
Ken Saro-Wiwa,Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?
2009,In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?
$15.5m,For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?
accepted any liability over the allegations against it,"In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?"
staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government,A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?
"""everything that was being done in those ministries""",The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?
the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration,About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?
the Nigerian military,Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?
to prevent protests,For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?
52,How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?
five,How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?
multipurpose icebreakers,What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?
to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska,Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?
an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture,What was the main concern of Edward Itta?
to seek injunctions from possible protests,Why did Shell file lawsuits?
"""trampling American's rights.""",Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?
video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix,Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?
"""SaveTheArctic.org""",What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?
the use of four radio car antennas,"At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?"
routinely invoke legal and technological measures,How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?
"right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works",What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?
"The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned",Who is protected by copyright laws?
to make derivative works,"You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?"
Copyright infringement,What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?
copyright law,How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?
work's creator,Who is protected by copyright laws?
copyright infringement,What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?
derivative works,"You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?"
"direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court",How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?
"Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet",Why has copyright infringement increased recently?
"expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as ""indirect"" infringers – the service providers and software distributors",What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?
sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system,What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?
service providers and software distributors,What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?
expanding copyright law,What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?
prosecuted via the criminal justice system,What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?
service providers and software distributors,What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?
piracy and theft,What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?
piracy,What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?
intellectual property,What kind of property is copyright used for?
related only to tangible property,What is the difference between robbery and piracy?
theft,"In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?"
monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter,What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?
in relation to copyright infringement,How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?
seized on importation,What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?
1994,When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?
peer-to-peer file sharing networks,Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?
authorization,"When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?"
copyright infringement and theft,What have courts said there is a difference between?
"theft, conversion, or fraud","In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?"
The Copyright Act,What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?
certain exclusive rights,What did the court say was invaded?
partial compliance,What is a possible cause of copyright infringement?
US Army,Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?
500 users,How many users were paid for in 2004?
US$50 million,How much was the lawsuit settled for?
the BSA,Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?
immediacy,What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?
used the Internet to present its content,What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?
work exclusively online,It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?
downloading,What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?
Matt Deaner,Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?
Distributors,Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?
immediate access to online,What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?
tax support that a film can receive,What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?
University of Portsmouth,What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?
"6,000",How many people were part of the study?
seven to 84,What was the age range of people studied?
artists,Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?
main access to media goods,"Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?"
current neglected law enforcements,What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?
China,In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?
cheap and affordable goods,What is in high demand in this country?
connections,What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?
the spread of copied videos and DVDs,What happens when a country bans a movie?
New York Times,Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?
a narrator for state TV,What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?
bootlegged copies of American movies,What did a visitor give to Nistor?
"3,000",How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?
civil court,"In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?"
Grokster and Streamcast,Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?
MGM,"In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?"
venues for acquiring copyrighted movies,What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?
Sony,What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?
third party,Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?
to identify and exact settlements,What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?
copyright troll,What do critics usually call these lawyers?
mixed results,What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?
1897,When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?
misdemeanor,What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?
for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain,What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?
that defendant willfully infringed,What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?
very low threshold,What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?
1994,When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?
non-commercial motives,"At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?"
LaMacchia Loophole,What loophole did the ruling give rise to?
dismissed,"If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?"
No Electronic Theft Act,"What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?"
five years in prison,What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?
"$250,000",What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?
50%,How much were statutory damages raised by?
Copyright Act,What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?
EU Copyright Directive of 2001,What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?
legitimize file-sharing,What was the directive NOT intended for?
a tax on the content itself,Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?
Canada,What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?
"computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones",What are examples of general purpose storage devices?
was obtained legitimately,What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?
Netherlands,What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?
April 2014,When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?
Netherlands,In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?
DMCA,What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?
"""circumvent[ing] a technological measure",What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?
inefficient,Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?
website,What are child safety and public library software used to filter?
intermediaries,"What includes Internet portals, software and games?"
interactive forums and comment facilities,What examples provide virtual information?
aggregators,"News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?"
hyperlinks,What is an important element of the World Wide Web?
Internet service providers,Who did early court cases focus on?
"libel, defamation, or pornography",What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?
varied widely from country to country,What was the result of early law on online liability?
mid-1990s,When were the first laws of liability passed?
Digital Millennium Copyright Act,What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?
safe harbor,How is this law characterized in the U.S.?
mere conduit,"In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?"
no obligation to monitor,What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?
European Telecoms Package,What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?
host or transmit infringing content,What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?
BitTorrent,What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?
copyrighted content,What do Torrent files NOT contain?
The Pirate Bay,What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?
subject of ongoing litigation,What is the legal status of secondary liability?
decentralised structure,What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?
distribute large files effectively,What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?
to avoid liability as intermediaries,What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?
fair practice,What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?
journalism and education,Where are minimal quotations commonly used?
fair use or fair dealing,What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?
principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents,What do these statutes represent?
freedom of speech,What are these statutes essential to?
compulsory licensing,What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
compilations and live performances of music,What are two examples of this licensing?
no infringement occurs,What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?
Canada,What country has fair dealing laws?
Europe,Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
news generators,Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
June 2014,When was the second part of the case decided?
temporary web cache of consumers,What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
in a fixed medium,"If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?"
The idea itself,What is NOT protected?
"it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea",What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
what qualifies as original,"What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?"
U.S.,Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test,What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
doesn't affect copyright protection,"What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?"
Corporations and legislatures,Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?
preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement,What is the major focus of these steps?
civil & criminal,What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?
limit the amount of control consumers have,What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing,How have governments lowered infringement rates?
enacted compulsory licensing laws,"Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?"
DMCA,What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
safe harbor,What else does this law provide to service providers?
providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement,Who does this law target?
"employing relatively permissive, ""open"" licensing",What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
adhere to certain conditions,What must a user do under a prepared license?
reducing infringement,"Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?"
GNU General Public License,What is an example of a free software license?
visual and literary works,What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
approximately 16 and a half weeks,How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
by couriers,"During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?"
encrypted,What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
Anti-Piracy marks can be added,What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
"""cams"" made by video recordings of the movie screens",What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
U.S. GAO,What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
three,How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
estimate,What did the FBI use as a source?
GAO report,What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
BSA and International Data Corporation,Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
U.S.,Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
Asia-Pacific,Which region had the highest loss?
"$12,383,000",How much did the EU lose?
Middle East/Africa region,Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs,Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
57 percent,What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
US$63.4 billion,What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
Zimbabwe,What nation had the higest piracy rate?
19%,What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
Institute for Policy Innovation,Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
over a billion dollars,How much money have retailers lost?
"46,000",How many production-level jobs were lost?
U.S. government,Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
The Piracy Crusade,What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
tenuous,What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
artificial expansion,What was the industry going through?
perfect bubble,"What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?"
$59 billion,What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
emerging markets,Who accounted for over half the total?
less PC shipments than emerging economies, What did the established markets receive for the first time?
China,What country has the highest retail value of software?
83 percent,What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
Balkan peninsula,On what peninsula is Greece located?
nine,How many geographic regions make up Greece?
"8,498 mi",How long is the coastline of Greece?
227,How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?
Mount Olympus,What is the tallest mountain in Greece?
Philip of Macedon,Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?
Alexander the Great,Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?
Rome,Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?
first century AD,When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?
1830,What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?
United Nations,Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?
democratic,Which political philosophy does Greece follow?
2001,When did Greece join the Eurozone?
Balkans,Greece has the biggest economic power where?
Hellas,What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?
Hellenic Republic,What is the official name of Greece?
Graecia,From what word is Greece derived?
the land of the Greeks,What does the work Graecia mean?
Romans,Who called Greece Graecia?
"270,000 BC",Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
Petralona cave,Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
"Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic",The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
7th millennium BC,Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
farming,What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
Western civilization,Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?
Mycenaean,What was the last civilization to rule Greece?
1200 BC,The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? 
Bronze Age collapse,"Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?"
Greek Dark Ages,What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.
776 BC,When did the Olympic Game begin?
Homer,"The literary work ""The Odyssey:, was written by whom?"
776 BC,What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?
Greater Greece,Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?
508 BC,In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?
Persian Empire,"In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?"
Battle of Marathon,What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?
Thermopylae,The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?
Greco-Persian Wars,The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?
Golden Age of Athens,"After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?"
Peloponnesian War,The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? 
Lack of political unity,What often caused strife between Greek states?
Sparta,Who won the Peloponnesian war?
Macedon,Who eventually brought the Greeks together?
Phillip II,Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?
the Antigonid dynasty,Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?
200 BC,The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?
Battle of Pydna,Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?
146 BC,In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?
168 BC,The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?
Augustus,What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?
"""Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive""",What saying by Horace became famous?
Nero,What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?
Homer,What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?
Scipio Africanus,What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?
Greek,In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?
paganism,What religion did early Greece practice?
393,The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? 
Theodosius I,Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?
Justinian,Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?
7th century,When did the Slavs invade Greece?
Barbarian,What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.
islands and coastal areas,"After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?"
8th,The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?
9th,The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?
Asia Minor,Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?
strong economic growth,A stable Greece allowed it to have what?
1204,Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?
1261,Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?
Genoese and Venetian,The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?
Byzantine,In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?
Byzantine Empire,A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?
Thessaloniki,"At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?"
the Ottomans,Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?
1460,The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?
Byzantine Greek scholars,Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? 
Cyprus and Crete,The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
1797,In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
United Kingdom,Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
Aegean islands,The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
Cyprus and Crete,The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
Islam,"Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?"
Greek Orthodox Church,What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?
Ottoman Empire,Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?
1571,The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?
1684–1699,The Morean War took place during which years?
1770,The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?
Russian,The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?
Ottoman Empire,"During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?"
16th and 17th centuries,Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?
18th,Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?
Rigas Feraios,Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?
1798,Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? 
1814,In which year did the Society of Friends begin?
liberating Greece,The Society of Friends goal was what?
Filiki Eteria,The Society of Friends was also known by what name?
6 March 1821,The first of several revolutions began when?
17 March 1821,War was started with the Ottomans when?
1821,In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?
Theodoros Kolokotronis,Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?
Aegean Sea,The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?
1822 and 1824,Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?
two,How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?
Ibrahim Pasha,Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?
February 1825,Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?
1826,In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?
Mani,Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?
"Russia, the United Kingdom and France",What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?
the allied fleet,Which navy won the battle of Hydra?
Ottoman–Egyptian,Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?
1830,The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?
London Protocol,What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?
public insolvency,In 1893 Greece announced what?
International Financial Control authority,"To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?"
Demotic,The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?
language,A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?
1877,War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?
Crete,A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?
1881,In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?
the country's foreign policy,What divided Greece into two political groups?
two,How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?
the Triple Entente,"When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?"
1917,Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?
1919–1922,What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?
Asia Minor,"After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?"
Treaty of Lausanne,An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?
1914-1922,In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?
Ottoman and Turkish officials,Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?
1.5 million,How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?
Macedonian mountains,Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?
Greek Isles and cities,Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?
Premier Georgios Kondylis,The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?
Second Hellenic Republic,"In 1924, what was established?"
Premier Georgios Kondylis,Who became the Greek leader in 1935?
1936,In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?
1924,The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?
"Over 100,000",How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?
1941–1942,In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?
The Greek Resistance,What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?
"almost 1,000,000",How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?
Andreas Papandreou,Who founded the PASOK?
Panhellenic Socialist Movement,What does PASOK stand for?
1980,In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?
1999,Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?
1 January 1981,Greece joined what later became the European Union when?
Southern Europe,Greece is where geographically?
11th longest,Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?
"8,498 mi",How long is Greece's coastline?
"9,573 ft",How tall is Mount Olympus?
Mt. Smolikas,The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?
"8,652 ft",How tall is Mt. Smolikas?
the island of Crete,Where does the Pindus mountain range end?
underwater mountains,Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?
Vikos Gorge,What is the deepest gorge in the world?
Athens,The Saronic gulf is near what city?
central part of the Aegean Sea,The Cyclade islands are located where?
west coast of Turkey,The North Aegean islands are located where?
between Crete and Turkey,The Dodecanese islands are located where?
off the coast of northeast Euboea,The Sporades islands are located where?
Mediterranean,Greece's climate is mainly of what type?
Pindus mountain range,Greece's climate is affected by what range?
a rain shadow effect,"East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?"
Alpine climate,The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?
heavy snowfalls,The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?
temperate,Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?
Athens,It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?
the Boreal Kingdom,Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?
six,How many ecoregions occupies Greece?
mixed forests,The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?
Mediterranean forests,The Crete ecoregion is known as what?
deciduous forests,The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?
unitary parliamentary,What type of republic is Greece?
President of the Republic,What is the title of the leader of Greece?
the Parliament,Who elects the president of Greece?
five-year term,How long does the President of Greece serve?
120,Greece's constitution has how many articles?
1986,The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?
Prime Minister,Who has the most political power in Greece?
the Parliament,The Prime Minister is elected by who?
President of the Republic,Who formally names the Prime Minister?
300,How many members are in Greece's parliament? 
every four years,How often are elections help for parliament?
President of the Republic,Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? 
The coalition government,"In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?"
their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures,What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? 
The leftist party of SYRIZA,Who became the second major party after the elections?
No party could form a sustainable government,What caused the second election of 2012? 
"coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.",What was the demographic result of the second election?
Minister for Foreign Affairs,Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?
Nikos Kotzias,Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?
represent Greece before other states and international organizations,The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?
a middle power,Greece is though of as what kind of power?
significant,Greece has how much strategic importance?
universal compulsory,What type of military service does Greece require?
females are exempted from conscription,Can females be drafted into the military?
nine months,What is the length of military service required of men?
18 and 60,At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?
thirteen,How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?
325,How many municipalities exist in Greece? 
Kallikratis programme reform,"What went into effect on January 1, 2011?"
Mount Athos,What is the one autonomous area in Greece?
borders the region of Central Macedonia,Where is Mount Athos located?
the service sector,The largest sector of Greece's economy is what?
85.0%,What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?
3.0%,What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?
14.9 million,How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?
16th,Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?
larger than all the Balkan economies combined,Greece's economy is what size?
number-two,What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?
number-three,What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?
Republic of Macedonia,Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? 
Greek telecommunications company,OTE is known as what?
advanced and high-income,What classification does the Greek economy hold?
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC),Greece help found what economic organizations?
19 June 2000,When was Greece accepted into the European Union?
January 2001,When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?
the Greek drachma,What was Greece's former currency?
swaps,What was used to hide debts?
spend beyond their means,Swaps allow Greece to do what?
Italy,What other country hid its debt through swaps?
The Maastricht rules,What can legally be overcome with swaps?
4th worldwide,Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?
"3,150",How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?
first,Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?
the European continent,Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?
12.7 million,How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?
United Kingdom,What is the single nation with the most visitors?
Central Macedonia,Which part of Greece is the most visited?
6.5 million,Northern Greece gets how many visitors?
"1,600 mi",How long is the Greek railway system?
double lines,A current railway upgrade plans to do what?
Athens and Thessaloniki,A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?
3G/4G mobile internet,"In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?"
340%,How much did internet usage increase in one year?
among the top 30 countries,Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?
European Space Agency (ESA),Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?
1994,Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?
2003,When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?
sixteenth,Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?
16 March 2005,Greece became a full ESA member when?
Georgios Papanikolaou,What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?
Manolis Andronikos,Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?
Joseph Sifakis,What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?
Christos Papadimitriou,What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?
Mihalis Yannakakis,What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?
Muslim,What is the religious minority in Greece?
Thrace,The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?
Muslim,Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?
Turkey,Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?
"50,000",How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?
"200,000",How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?
"30,000",How many Protestants live in Greece? 
120,How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?
"28,874",How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?
During the 19th and 20th centuries,When did the Greek Language dispute take place?
the 19th century,When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?
Dimotiki,Which language was considered the language of the people?
Dimotiki,What language was made the only official variation in 1976?
Byzantine Greek,From which language did Dimotiki evolve?
Greek,What is the language spoken by most Greeks?
Asia Minor,Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?
Cappadocian,Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?
Doric Greek,From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? 
0.95%,Muslims make up how much of the Greek population?
assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority,Minority languages have been reduce due to what?
Christian Roma,"In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?"
Aromanians and Moglenites,What groups are called Vlachs?
northern Greek borders,Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?
"200,000 to 400,000",Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?
Ladino,Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?
Greco-Turkic,The Urums are known to speak what dialect?
"762,191","In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?"
7%,"In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?"
Eastern European countries,From where did most non-citizen residents come? 
"600,000",What is the total Albanian population in Greece?
illegal immigrants,Greece is a major destination for what to enter?
Afghanistan,"In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?"
Syrian civil war,Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?
"856,723",How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?
8%,What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?
education,Paideia is also known as what?
Constantinople,The first European university was created in what city?
1453,When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?
two,Greece's secondary education has how many school types?
unified upper secondary schools,What is one type of Greece's secondary education?
vocational training,What type of institute does secondary education also include?
formal but unclassified,What type of education do vocational institutes provide?
University sector,What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?
2 to 3 years,How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?
third grade,Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?
over twenty-two years old,At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?
The Capodistrian University of Athens,What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? 
universal health care,What kind of health care exists in Greece?
14th,Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?
19th,What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?
138,"In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?"
77,"In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?"
Mycenaean Greece,Where did Greece culture begin?
Greek War of Independence,What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?
thousands of years,The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?
systematic thought,Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?
Modern democracies,What did Greece's political philosophy affect?
Western culture,Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?
early 19th century,Modern Greek theater began when?
Heptanesean theatre and melodrama,Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?
Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù,What was the first theater of modern Greece?
The Parliamentary Candidate,What was the first Greek opera?
Spyridon Xyndas,"Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? "
Aristotle of Stagira,Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?
the supra-sensual,Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?
experience,Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? 
Skepticism and Neoplatonism,What is the name of two schools of philosophy?
Iliad and the Odyssey,What are two works by Homer?
800 BC,During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Sappho and Pindar,Who were two major lyrical poets?
Classical era,When did drama first begin in history?
1896,What year did cinema first appear in Greece?
1907,In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?
Asty Films,In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?
Golfo,What was the first Greek feature film?
Orestis Laskos,Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?
1950s and early 1960s,Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? 
More than sixty,"During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?"
Nikos Koundouros,Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?
Cacoyannis,Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? 
Kampanellis,Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?
Zorba the Greek,What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?
Anthony Quinn,Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?
Eternity and a Day,What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?
Theo Angelopoulos,Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?
Greek cuisine,What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet? 
Crete,The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?
skordalia,What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?
Olive oil,What is added to almost every dish in Greece?
galaktoboureko,What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?
oregano,What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? 
cinnamon,What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?
ancient times,Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?
lyre,What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? 
six,"During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?"
polyphony,The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?
monophonic,Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? 
Byzantine chant,One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?
akritic and klephtic,What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?
9th and 10th,Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?
klephtic,Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?
Heptanesean kantádhes,What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?
1870–1930,Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?
Heptanesean kantádhes,What influenced Greek modern song considerably?
Rebetiko,What music began associated with the lower classes?
laïkó,Rebetiko was the base of what? 
Apostolos Kaldaras,One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?
Ionian,Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks?
1815,When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?
Manolis Kalomiris,Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?
Iannis Xenakis,Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?
Zorba the Greek,What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?
Yanni,Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?
Maria Callas,Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?
35,How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest?
2005,In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest?
My Number One,What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005?
Elena Paparizou,"Who performed the song, My Number One, in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest?"
Athens,Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?
Olympic Games,Greece is the birthplace of what sporting event?
776 BC,The first Olympic games was recorded in what year?
Olympia,Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held?
Greece,"During the Olympic parade of nations, who is always called first?"
32nd,What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count?
12th,What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.
Euro 2004,Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?
nine,How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?
eighteen,How many teams are in the Greek Super League?
Olympiacos,Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?
4th,The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012?
2nd,The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe?
twice,How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship?
Team USA,Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship?
A1 Ethniki,What is the name of Greece's top domestic basketball league?
2011,In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?
silver,Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics?
gold,Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2005 World League?
third,The Greece Men's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005?
Croatia,Who did Greece Men's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships?
two,The Greek Men's national volleyball team has won how many bronze medals?
5th,The Greek Men's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games?
Olympiacos,What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country?
Olympiacos,Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles?
Mount Olympus,Where did the mythical Greek gods live?
Dodekatheon,The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?
Zeus,The most important of the ancient gods was who?
Hera,Zeus was married to which goddess?
Hera,Who was Zeus's sister?
holiday,Greek law says that every Sunday of the year is a what?
four,How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there?
eleven,How many Greek national holidays are there each year?
Labour Day,What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional?
$173 billion,"in 2012, what was the amount of the bailout?"
53%,How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce?
2013,In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus?
€3 billion,How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?
six years,After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy?
Phillip II,Alexander III was the son of whom?
Persian,Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?
334 BC,What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?
330 BC,The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?
323 BC,In which year did Alexander III die?
blue whale,Which specific mammal is the largest today?
bumblebee bat,Which mammal is the smallest?
elephants,Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?
30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in),About how small is the average bumble bee bat?
Carl Linnaeus,"Who coined the name ""mammal"" from the scientific name Mammalia?"
nurse their young with milk,What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?
"5,416",How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?
153 families,How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?
five species,How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?
Rodentia,Which group consist of the most mammals?
Primates,Which group do humans belong too?
Carnivora,Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
Carboniferous period,From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
66 million years ago,When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
sphenacodont pelycosaurs,Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?
Timothy Rowe,Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?
Triassic,"By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?"
therian mammals,Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?
monotremes,Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?
Amphilestes and Amphitherium,Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?
167 million years,How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?
225 Ma,About what year do synapsid date back to?
George Gaylord Simpson,"Who wrote the ""Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?"
20th,Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?
cladistics,Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell,In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?
American Museum of Natural History,Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? 
Simpson,From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?
DNA analysis,"Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?"
"Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria","During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?"
Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria,"Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?"
Carboniferous,From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods,From which group did amniotes descendents of?
the synapsids,"Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?"
"turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds",Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull,What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?
pelycosaurs,From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?
265 million years ago,Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?
probainognathian cynodonts,At which group did Therapsids end with?
Permian–Triassic,What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?
Triassic,During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?
"crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs",Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?
dinosaurs,During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?
shrewlike Juramaia sinensis,What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? 
160 million years ago,How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?
125 million years ago,In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
placental,Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?
100 to 85 million years ago,How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?
Eocene through the Miocene,Which two major time periods did placentals appear?
Paleocene,Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?
55 million years ago,When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?
20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce),How much did the first primate weigh?
164 million years ago,When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?
1950s,When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
Jurassic,Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
monotremes,Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?
Triassic,Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?
maintenance of a high and stable body temperature,Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?
"larynx, trachea and bronchi","When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?"
exercise,Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?
bellows lung,A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?
blacksmith's bellows,Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?
10 to 30 cells thick,What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?
to provide a waterproof layer,What is the main function of the epidermis?
15 to 40 times thicker,How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?
bony structures and blood vessels,What is the dermis mainly consist of?
adipose tissue,What does the Hyperdermis consist of?
pelage,What is another name used for mammalian hair?
Light-dark color,Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
"sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes","Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? "
viviparous,What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?
five species,How many species of mammals lay eggs?
platypus,Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?
chicken,The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?
Theria,Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
marsupial and placental,Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
epipubic bones,What is present in all non-placental mammals?
cerebrum,Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
Rats,Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
prey,Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
nutritious and plentiful diet,"To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?"
eats both prey and plants,What does a omnivore imply?
insects,What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
The size,What determines a mammals diet type?
clines,What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
liger,What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
Beefalo,What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
hybrid,What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
1588,The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
1589,What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?
Queen Elizabeth I,Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?
three,how many ships sailed Torbay?
Edward Bonventure,who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?
1588, in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
three,how many ships sailed  from Torbay?
a Royal Charter,What did the Queen give them for suceeding?
Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies,What was the name of the Royal Charter?
a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan,What did this charter give them?
Sir James Lancaster,Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
General William Keeling,Who led the third voyage?
Sir James Lancaster,Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
Sir Henry Middleton,Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?
General,What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?
Merchants of London,what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?
fifteen,how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?
town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal,Where was the first factory in south India?
indefinite,In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?
charter would cease to be in force,what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?
high profits,why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?
Machilipatnam,Where was the first factory in south India?
high profits,What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?
the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.,While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable
three consecutive years,how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?
1668,when was the bombay trading post established?
factor or master merchant and governor,who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?
Dutch United East India Company,who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
90,how many employees were in the factories in India?
major factories,"what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?"
Dutch,who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
23,by 1647 how many factories did the company have?
commercial trading operations,the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?
Portuguese Estado da Índia,when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?
walled forts,The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?
Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries,Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41,what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?
The company's mainstay business,"How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?"
1717,what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?
English traders,who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?
Bengal,what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?
waived customs duties,in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?
indigo dye,why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?
The Dutch,Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?
Anglo-Dutch Wars,what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?
"£50,000 to £60,000",How much treasure was taken by pirates?
"Ganj-i-Sawai,",waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?
annual,how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?
English pirate,What type of Captain was Henry Every?
Captain Henry Every,What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?
1695,When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet
Mocha,Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every
Ganj-i-Sawai,What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?
"500,000",how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
"£325,000 and £600,000",What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
a relative of the Grand Mughal,who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?
richest ship ever taken by pirates,what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?
"£600,000",What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?
Ganj-i-Sawai,as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?
"500,000 gold and silver pieces",how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
Every,Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?
"£1,000",What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken
manhunt,Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?
Privy Council,What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb,Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai
Acts of Grace,Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?
prohibited by act of parliament,enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?
English Company Trading to the East Indies,what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?
India,The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?
1698,In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?
"£315,000",The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?
15%,in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? 
Parliament,Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company
company lobby,Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company
£1 million,The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money
monetary consequences of a war,What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?
Seven Years' War,What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?
colonies in North America,The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?
1763,in what year did the Seven years' war
Industrial Revolution,what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?
The Microcosm of London,What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?
The company,What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?
Britain,What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?
raw,The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?
saltpetre,Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?
1673,in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?
armed forces,"Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales? "
salt,One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?
"£37,000",how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673
1763,what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?
five,The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?
Bengal,The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?
French Revolutionary Wars,in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?
EIC,what is the acronym for the East india company?
3000,In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have? 
Indian,in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?
1763,"what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ"
three,how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?
Maratha empire,What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?
India,With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?
gradual,Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?
British,what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?
Addiscombe Military Seminary,What was the name of EIC military company?
Subadar-Major,what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army
seniority,While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?
death penalty,in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?
"1,400 tons",in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?
Special Imperial Commissioner,what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?
1839,when did the first Opium war start?
France,Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?
Parliament,EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?
"£40,000",How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)? 
five,The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?
two,How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?
outvote,By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?
British,in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?
The Governor General,The highest ranking persons title in British india is?
Governor General,The highest ranking person's title in British india is?
trade,Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india 
export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain,Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India
Pitt's Act,The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?
humanitarian,after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?
Edmund Burke,what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?
defeated,Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?
fifth,by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?
Penang,To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?
regularised subsidiary,during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??
greater accountability,when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown
Lord Wellesley,"What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?"
the expense of wars,in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances
Sugauli Treaty,what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?
Sindh,"While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?"
Charter Act of 1813,EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?
London,Where were the EIC  headquarters located?
East India House,What was the name of EIC headquartes?
Leadenhall Street,between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on?
Craven House,Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after  1648?
the Lloyd's building,What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?
promoted by the East India Company,in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC? 
East India Dock Company,the 1803 act created what dock program?
aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India,The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?
Brunswick Dock,What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?
West India Dock Company,in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with? 
St George's Cross,in the period of  1600 what Canton cross repesented England
St Andrew's cross,after the act of  1707  what was the second  cross added to the Canton for great britian
1707,IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross?
1800,in wat year did  ireland join with great britian offically?
United Kingdom,What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together?
God Indicates,What does DEUS INDICAT mean?
roses,what type of flowers did Gules use?
sea lions,after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured?
three,in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?
leopard,What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote
lion,The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?
crown,in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws
Two,how many lions were on the EIC arms
1698,what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?
Napoleonic Wars,During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels
"should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy",Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?
cannon,With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?
six,The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?
Battle of Pulo Aura,What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?
General Goddard,what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?
off St Helena,Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?
bluffing,In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?
Captain Charles Lennox,in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?
British Library in London,Where are the records of the EIC housed today?
The National Archives at Kew,Where are the British government's records houseed today?
The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues,Are you able to search most of the records online today?
East Timor,Which state is not a member of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
Papua New Guinea,Which country is considering joining the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
East Indies,What was Southeast Asia commonly known as before?
Sovereignty,What type of issue exist over the territories in the South China sea?
Australia,Which country is Christmas Island governed by?
Papua New Guinea,Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?
Association of Southeast Asian Nations,What does ASEAN mean?
Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands,Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?
East Timor,Which state is not a member of ASEAN?
India,What country is Nicobar Island apart of?
Papua New Guinea,What part of New Guinea is also considered to be apart of Southeast Asia?
Andaman,What island in India is also considered to be geographically a part of Southeast Asia besides Nicobar Island?
Southeast Asia,What is the Seven Sister States of India geographically apart of?
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands,Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?
Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India,Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?
"Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands",Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?
"45,000 years ago",How many years ago did Homo sapiens reached the Southeast Asia region?
Austronesian people,Which type of people might have migrated from Taiwan into Southeast Asia?
Indonesia,What country did the Austronesian people arrived at first?
Homo floresiensis,"Which group became extinct after living in the region for about 12,000 years?"
2000 BC,When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?
coastal areas,Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?
Homo floresiensis,Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?
"12,000 years ago",How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?
Jawa Dwipa Hindu,Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?
Indian,What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?
China,What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?
3rd century BCE,How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?
Buddhism,What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?
Jawa Dwipa,Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?
Indian traders,Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?
abundant forest and maritime products,The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?
Hinduism and Buddhism,Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?
merchants from China,"Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?"
The Majapahit Empire,Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?
Hayam Wuruk,Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?
1293 to around 1500,How long did the Majapahit Empire last?
"parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines",How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?
Srivijaya kingdom,Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?
Sangrama Vijayatungavarman,What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?
Phra Ong Mahawangsa,Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?
Hamka,Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?
Admiral Zheng He,Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?
Malacca Sultanate,"In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?"
"Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia",Where did the traders from Yemen settle?
The Sufi missionaries,Which missionary helped to spread Islam?
Islam,Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?
Imperial Japan,The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?
4 to 10 million,"According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?"
Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour,What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?
The Allied powers,Who defeated Japan during the World War II?
Indonesia,Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.
volcanically active,Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?
tropical–hot and humid,What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?
Southeast Asia,Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?
Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas,Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?
The tropical rain belt,What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?
seasonal shift in winds or monsoon,What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?
Wallace Line,Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?
The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua,What region comprises of the Wallacea?
Indonesia,Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?
Javan rhinoceros,Which species in Java face extinction?
impact of human activity on the region's environment.,What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?
Raja Ampat,Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?
"Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.",Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?
The Coral Triangle,Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?
The whale shark,Name the largest species of fish in the world.
40%,What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?
Sumatra and Borneo,Where has haze been predominant?
"caused by ""slash and burn"" activities",How is a haze formed?
Transboundary Haze Pollution,What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?
1997 and 2006,When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?
"pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg",Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?
Indian and Arab merchants,Who developed the spice trade initially?
Dutch,Which European traders moved into Indonesia?
Chinese,The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?
Communist Revolution,The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?
1949,When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?
the bamboo network,What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?
Oil reserves,What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?
Vietnam,"Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?"
Indonesia,"Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?"
agriculture,Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?
Cambodia,"Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?"
UNESCO,According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?
Singapore,Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?
tourism,"From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?"
"4,000,000 km2",What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?
Indonesia,"Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?"
Java,Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?
the Javanese,name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.
Javanese and Sundanese,Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?
Philippines,"The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?"
Malaysia,The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?
Islam,Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?
Indonesia,"Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?"
Philippines,Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?
40%,What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?
Portuguese,East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?
Philippines,Which is Asia's largest christian nation?
Thailand and Indonesia,Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?
Hinduism,Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?
Indonesia,Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?
Vietnam,What is practiced in Vietnam?
Brunei,Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?
Chinese,Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?
Singapore,The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?
into their court,Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?
Apsara Dance,Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?
Indian Hinduism,The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?
Puppetry and shadow plays,What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia?
Hinduism,Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion?
The wayang kulit,The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Indonesia,"Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?"
the life of the gods,What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?
Tai,Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?
life of the peoples themselves,"According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?"
palm leaf,Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?
abugidas,What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?
copperplate scrolls,What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?
longitudinally,In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?
twine,The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?
pro wrestling,What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?
"classical wrestling, catch wrestling",What are a couple of styles of combat based on?
touring promotions,Who are live events held by?
an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport,What is professional wrestling?
"it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling",What kind of style does wrestling show?
"the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain",How are the actions conducted?
willing suspension of disbelief for the audience,What are the fan encouraged to do?
match outcomes is choreographed,How is the end result of the match planned out?
will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.,What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?
it has greatly declined in Europe,What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe,Where did wrestling originally come from?
later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls,Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?
is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry,What is wrestling now thought to be?
The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet,What did television do for wrestling?
"live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video",Where does the money made from wrestling come from?
"Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums",Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?
"to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content",What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?
"WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade",what wrestling shows occur yearly?
"Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas",In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?
2008 film The Wrestler,What is one popular wrestling film?
several Oscar nominations,What award was The Wrestler nominated for?
"Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows",What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?
in both academia and the media,Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?
the United States-based WWE,What is the biggest wrestling company?
WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW),Which companies are some of WWE's competition?
"Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA)",What are some other major wrestling companies?
Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW),What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?
prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon),Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?
This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community,How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?
many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports,How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?
The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators,How do the wrestlers treat the audience?
This leads to a high level of audience participation,How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?
their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds.,What can the audience do during a show?
"Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between ""babyfaces"" (often shortened to just ""faces"") and ""heels"".",What kind of conflict can arise during a show?
"""heels"" (the ""bad guys"")",Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?
"the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner.",Who wins in a wrestling match?
"Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (""best 2 out of 3"") or 5 falls (""best 3 out of 5"").",How could a wrestler win in the past?
The standard for modern matches is one fall.,How can a wrestler win in modern times?
"if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw.",In what instance will a match be declared a draw?
title matches can go for up to one hour,How long can a title match be?
is forced out of the match,What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?
no holds barred rules,What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?
"to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner.",What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?
does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship.,How can a champion lose a championship?
The most common of these is the ladder match,What is the most common of the special matches?
"In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring.",What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?
the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team.,How does one win a ladder match?
championship belt,What is a common prize in a ladder match?
20-30 wrestlers,How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?
their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect,What determines how the referee acts?
The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification.,What is a common rule about referees? 
"Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.",What are referees called?
distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent.,How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? 
Special guest referees may be used from time to time;,What kind of referees are occasionally used?
often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F,What are famous referees directed to do?
"They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.",What do special referees have the ability to do?
an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.,What material is within a wrestling ring?
"Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,",What is around the ring?
"For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.",What is used for protection in the ring?
Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status.,"What does a ""tag"" entail?"
"""tagging out"" and ""tagging in"".",What are two things that can be done with tagging?
has a 5-second count to leave the ring,How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?
"the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.",How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in? 
"four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time.",What happens in a fatal four-way?
tags can be made between any two wrestlers.,"In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?"
four-corner match,What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? 
this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action,Why are tagging rules made?
"any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler.",At what point can a count be started? 
"a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.",What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? 
wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent,What might a partially conscious wrestler do? 
"one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt",What happens during a pin attempt?
a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head,What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?
broken,"What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?"
"using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,",What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?
Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee,How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?
cheating,What are the illegal pinning methods called?
it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification,Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? 
"results in nullification of the pin attempt,",What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? 
verbally informing the referee,How can a wrestler willingly submit?
Mexican Surfboard,What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated? 
tapping out,What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?
submission,Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?
Tazzmission,What move did Tazz make popular?
mixed martial arts,What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?
an arm or leg,Many holds will leave what body parts free?
"if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,",When must contact stop between wrestlers?
by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes,How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold?
the count of five,How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold?
they are disqualified,What happens if the wrestler doesn't break a hold?
a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face,How does a referee check for a knockout?
"If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw.",What happens if all wrestlers are down?
"usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan","If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise? "
Last Man Standing,What kind of match has to end in a knockout?
referee stoppage,What is another name for a knockout?
when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match,In what case can a referee choose to end the match?
an injury,What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?
due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision,Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? 
Great American Bash,Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?
"""count-out"" or ""count out""",What are a couple other ways to write countout?
when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten,What happens during a countout?
"sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out",What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? 
breaking the count.,What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?
DQ,What else is disqualification called?
"wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically",How can a wrestler be disqualified? 
"must be declared a ""no holds barred"" match, a ""street fight"" or some other term",In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? 
"low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee",What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? 
must see the violation with their own eyes,What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?
Dusty finishes,In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?
ref bump,What is it called when a ref is knocked out?
free to violate rules,What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? 
in a draw,What is one way a match can end?
if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified,What is one reason a draw can result?
may not change hands in the event of a draw,What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?
"""Broadway""",What is another name for a one hour draw?
debilitating,What kind of injury can cause a no contest ruling?
state separate and distinct from a draw,"How is no contest related to a draw, if at all?"
loss of referee's control over the match,How can a referee's action result in a no contest?
to excite and entertain the audience,What is the point of a match?
Heightened interest,Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?
dramatic emphasis,"Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd? "
portray character roles,"What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?"
Doink the Clown,What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character? 
exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality,The Rock's persona is seen as what? 
masks,What is common apparel in lucha libre? 
by their stage names/characters,What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?
the wrestler,"Other than a company, who else can own a character?"
typeset change,How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?
change their legal name,What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?
"babyface, or ""the good guy""",What are other names for a protagonist?
break rules,What will an antagonist usually do?
tweener,What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called?
protagonist,Who is generally the audience favorite? 
turn,What might a character do with their persona?
heel,What did Hulk Hogan become? 
Vince McMahon,Who has the most turns in the WWE?
Ricky Steamboat,Who is a wrestler who never turned? 
heel,What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? 
Rocky Maivia,What was The Rock's original character? 
one of the greatest antiheroes,What did Steve Austin become? 
manager,Who helps out a wrestler with poor speaking abilities?
become major personalities,What sometimes happens with managers?
"""valet",Who else can perform the manager role?
an appealing female,Who might participate in a love triangle story? 
"a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:",What do most matches have?
tragedy,What is it called when the protagonist loses?
triumph,What do they call it when a protagonist wins? 
from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion,What can be wagered in a match? 
feuds,What are rivalries often called?
a few days up to multiple decades,How long might a feud last?
late 1970s into the early 1990s,How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last? 
Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon,What is an example of a popular feud?
"magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery",What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?
anything that can be used as an element of drama,What can be used in a wrestling story? 
love triangles and marriage,What romantic drama might be used in a story? 
"bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,",What happens behind the scenes of a match?
those the bookers believe will generate fan interest,Who else do bookers focus on? 
performers who show potential,Who might they use a lower ranked title on?
ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring,What does it show when a wrestler has many titles?
championship accomplishments,What can be important in a wrestler's career? 
performance ability and drawing power,What do those accomplishments indicate? 
multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades,What has Ric Flair accomplished? 
Último Dragón,Who held 10 records at once? 
accompanied by music,What occurs when a wrestler enters the ring?
the wrestler's personality,What does the music playing indicate? 
victor's theme music is usually also played,What typically happens when a match is won?
have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance,What happens with many wrestlers?
Mildred Burke,Who won the women's title in 1937?
Women's Wrestling Association,What did Mildred Burke form?
1964,What year did June Byers retire? 
1956,What year did Mildred Burke retire? 
joshi puroresu,What is professional female wrestling called in Japan?
joshi puro,What is the short form for joshi puroresu?
Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling,What was the major joshi organization for two decades?
a male and female on each team,What does a mixed tag team consist of?
1980s,When did mixed tag teams start? 
the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well,What happened when a tag was made? 
cheap-shots and male-female attacks,What isn't uncommon in lucha libre?
1990s,When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale? 
Chyna,Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?
478 days,What was the record before it was stripped? 
Brooke Hogan,Who stripped the previous record? 
mini me,A wrestler may have a small person called what?
become valets,What else can a little person do in the match?
Hornswoggle,Who was Dave Finlay often helped by?
occasionally threw him at his opponent(s,What else did Finlay do with his little person?
given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship,What happened to Hornswoggle?
"Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted",Who are the most well-known wrestling bears?
bears,What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time?
declawed and muzzled,What condition are bears usually brought in in?
audience members,Who do the bears fight?
20,How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006?
a story,What does every match have?
characters like faces and heels,Who is usually included in stories? 
"It is a ""triumph"" if the face wins, while it is a ""tragedy"" if the heel wins.",What are the possibly outcomes of a story? 
"melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical",What is Doink the Clown's persona like?
heels may even attack the faces,What might happen during interviews?
they are less emphasized,How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling?
more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers,How are Mexican wrestlers different? 
rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents,What do American wrestlers depend on? 
tag team wrestling matches,What else is lucha libre known for?
"often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S",How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? 
outcome of the matches remains predetermined,How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?
the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport,How does Japanese wrestling differ? 
hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds,What does Japanese wrestling combine?
Fighting Spirit,What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? 
legitimate martial arts,What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? 
"to ""pay their dues"" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions",What is expected of newcomers? 
keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive,What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? 
acting in character,How did wrestlers have to act in public? 
devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health,What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? 
their own subculture,What do the fans have?
overlap,What sometimes happens with fandoms? 
comic book conventions,Where have some wrestlers appeared?
collecting tapes of wrestling shows,What do some fans like to do?
exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling,What has the internet done for wrestling fans? 
1990s,Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?
WCW and ECW,What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? 
fame within mainstream society,What kind of notoriety have wrestlers achieved?
combined wrestling with MTV,What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?
"music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking",What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on?
Rocky series,Name a popular series of boxing films?
Baron von Raschke,Who is the movie The Baron about? 
"""W.T.F.""",What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?
The Wrestler,What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? 
television shows and films,Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? 
academic study and journalistic criticism,What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?
"theatre, sociology, performance, and media",What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?
an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre,What did Heather Levi write?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?
looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class,"What impact did the revelation of wrestling being ""fixed"" have?"
1957,When was Roland Barthes book published?
a theatrical spectacle,What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?
"""The World of Wrestling""",What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?
"""soap opera for males""",What is wrestling sometimes called?
vicarious outlet for aggression,What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?
past forms of literature and theatre;,What role does wrestling fill?
Documentary filmmakers,Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?
1999,When did Beyond the Mat come out? 
Bryant Gumbel,Who hosts Real Sports?
"Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper",Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?
"high chance of injury, and even death",What are the risks of wrestling?
2 by 8 timber planks,What is the ring commonly made of?
"shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries",What are common injuries in wrestling?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries,What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?
double-murder suicide case,Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? 
sensitivity,What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? 
slow film,What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? 
reduction of exposure,What leads to lower quality images?
Highly sensitive films,What types of film are considered fast films?
reduced image quality,What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?
The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer,What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?
The speed of the emulsion,What do degrees Warnerke measure?
an increase of 1/3 in speed,How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?
between 10° and 25° Warnerke,What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? 
'degrees' Warnerke,What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? 
the German astronomer Julius Scheiner,Who created the Scheinergrade system? 
comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography,What is the Scheinergrade system used for?
the speed of a plate,What do degrees Scheiner indicate?
from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch,What is the range of Scheiner speeds?
an increment of 3° Sch,Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? 
Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de),Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?
emulsion speeds,What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?
comparing with competing products,What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?
modified semi-Scheiner-based systems,What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?
modified semi-Scheiner-based systems,What eliminated comparability?
January 1934,When was the DIN system established? 
Deutsches Institut für Normung,Who created the DIN system?
a standardized method of sensitometry,What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?
Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970),Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?
Dresden,Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?
degrees,What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? 
"as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example ""18/10° DIN"")",How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?
with DIN 4512:1961-10,When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?
to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard,Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?
would become doubled,What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?
"ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979",What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?
"in linear and logarithmic form as ""ISO 100/21°""",How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?
ISO standards,What standards did the DIN begin to use?
in the 1980s,When were the ISO standards first adopted?
July 2002,When were the last ISO standards adopted? 
the system of Weston film speed ratings,What system was used previous to the ASA system?
Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936),Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? 
the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation,What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? 
August 1932,When was the Weston model 617 created?
"William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.",Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?
"The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)",Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?
the ASA system,What were updated Weston values based on?
by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop,How were Weston values changed to ASA values?
1956,Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?
1955,Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?
General Electric,Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?
1946,Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?
replaceable hoods with ASA scales,How did older models convert to ASA scale?
"labeled ""Exposure Index""",How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?
they were now aligned to the ASA scale,What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?
Loyd Ancile Jones,Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?
Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values,What standards were the ANSI developed from?
black-and-white negative films,What types of film did the ANSI measure?
1943,When did the ANSI define its new measure?
American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers,What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?
1960,In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?
effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films,What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?
the DIN system,Which other system were these changes applied to?
1963,In what year was the BS system modified?
safety factors against under-exposure,What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?
the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve,What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?
five,How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?
a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film,What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?
"The exposure Hm, in lux-s",What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?
"the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region",What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?
the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter,What is the effective f-number proportional to?
Film speed,What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?
"lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)",What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?
twice as much,A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?
"""stop""","In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?"
the amount of light energy that reaches the film,What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?
between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second,In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?
by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture,How is the exposure of film changed?
because reciprocity holds,How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?
reciprocity failure,What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?
Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200,What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?
ISO 1000,What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?
Kodak and Fuji,"Which two companies produced E6 films meant for ""pushing""?"
ISO 400,What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?
high-speed black-and-white films,What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?
ISO setting,What is another name for an exposure index rating?
by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm,How do some camera designs give some EI choices?
the manufacturer,Who provides the exposure index rating?
digital still cameras,What are digital photo cameras also called?
Digital cameras,What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?
"409,600",What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?
"Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques",What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?
prohibitively time consuming to process,What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?
a higher level of refinement,What does the higher speed do for the images produced?
five,How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?
two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files,What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?
"the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image",What factors affect the exposure index rating?
the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components,What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?
2001,In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?
to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily,What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? 
pattern metering,What is another name for multi-zone metering?
the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space,What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?
2006,When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?
Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique,What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?
2006,What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?
sRGB images—typically JPEG,What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?
the sRGB output from the camera,What is the output level measured in?
multi-zone metering,With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?
ISO 2721,With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?
REI or SOS techniques,Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?
approximately 2007 and later,In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?
cameras that produce images only in JPEG format,With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?
Japanese,What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?
the Exif specification,What does the DC-008 change?
lower limit of the saturation speed,What does the sensor usually determine?
with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter,How can the saturation speed be increased?
there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface,What is indicated by the factor √2?
clipped or bloomed camera output,What can too much exposure lead to?
"the 40:1 (""excellent image quality"") and the 10:1 (""acceptable image quality"") ratio",Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?
the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels,What is the noise-based speed?
subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance,How are the two ratios found?
the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels,What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?
the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter,What factors influence the noise-based speed?
from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed,What is the range for exposure latitude?
SOS-based speed,What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?
the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed,When should the noise-based speed be used?
exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image,Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?
how speed ratings should be reported by the camera,What does the standard specify?
"the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes","What measures might the user ""ISO"" setting correspond to?"
measurement of camera output that had lossy compression,What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?
REI or SOS,What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?
CIPA DC-004,What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?
2006,In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?
"7,350",How man feet above sea level is Mexico City
sixteen,How many municipalities are in Mexico City?
boroughs,What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?
Ciudad de México,What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?
"2,240",How many meters above sea is Mexico City?
US$411 billion,How big is Mexico City's GDP?
five times,How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?
22%,What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?
Peru,Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?
Tenochtitlan,What was the original name of Mexico City?
the Aztecs,Who originally built Mexico City?
1824,When was the Federal District formed?
on an island of Lake Texcoco,Where was the city first built?
1585,When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?
Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution,Why can't Mexico City become a state?
1997,When did people become able to vote for representation?
Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD),What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? 
Federal District,What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?
popular vote,How are officials elected to the legislature? 
the desagüe,What was the labor draft called?
Indians,Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?
flooding,What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?
changed the habitat for fish and birds,What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?
thousands,How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? 
The city of palaces,What is a common nickname for Mexico City?
"building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes",How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?
the last half of the 18th century,When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?
"September 27, 1821",When did Mexico gain independence? 
a decade,How long was the war?
The Battle of Guanajuato,What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? 
Grito,What was the battle cry of the war?
"September 16, 1810",When did the war begin?
Winfield Scott,Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?
Mexican–American War,What war did America and Mexico fight in?
"September 8 to September 15, 1847",When did the battle for Mexico City take place
"U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th",What American divisions got into Mexico City?
John A. Quitman,Who led the 4th division?
Guadalupe Hidalgo,What treaty was signed?
George E. Pickett and James Longstreet,Who were the future confederate generals?
the 4th Division,Who carried the castle?
on September 13,When did the castle fall?
by 1908,When was most of the urbanization completed? 
Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed,The extensive modernization started with what?
"hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works",What was built during the modernization?
Reforma Avenue,What famous street was built during this period of modernization?
the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall,What was turned into a monument after the war? 
Diaz,Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?
the Mexican Revolution,Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? 
Porfirian/French style,What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?
Colonia Roma,What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?
Plutarco Elias Calles,Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?
in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel,Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? 
1928,When was Alvaro Obregon killed? 
Morelos,Where were the Zapatist forces from?
Adolfo de la Huerta,Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?
half,How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?
shantytowns,What did the countryside workers make to live in? 
serious air pollution,What did the shantytowns create?
Thursday,What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?
8.1 on the Richter scale,How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?
September,What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?
paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption,Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?
ordinary citizens,Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?
"2,200",What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?
Valley of Mexico,Where is Mexico City located?
"5,000 metres (16,000 feet)",How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?
no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides,Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?
canals and tunnels,How does the city prevent flooding?
17th century,When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?
none,"How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?"
as much as nine metres (30 feet),How much has the city fallen?
Lake Texcoco,What does Mexico City rest on?
southern boroughs,Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?
820 millimetres (32.3 in),How much rain falls on Mexico City?
March to May,"When is it warm, yet does not rain?"
June to October,When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?
November to February,When is it coldest in Mexico City?
tropical winds,What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?
destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan,What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?
"municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico",Where does the lake still remain?
The Aztecs,Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?
a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes,What made up Lake Texcoco?
Federal District,Where is the lake located in Atenco?
2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits,How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?
1992,Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?
Los Angeles,What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?
1990s,When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? 
WHO,Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?
Metrobús,What is the bus system called in Mexico City?
Ecobici,What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?
two days,How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?
ozone and nitrogen oxides,What pollutants does the city closely monitor?
biannual,How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?
Querétaro,What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?
Section XXVIII of Article 50,What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?
"October 4, 1824",When was the federal constitution signed? 
federal,What type of land is Mexico City?
federal government,Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?
"November 18, 1824",When was Mexico City declared the capital?
"two leagues square (8,800 acres)",How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?
Palace of the Inquisition,Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?
Museum of Mexican Medicine,What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?
Texcoco,Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?
twenty-two,How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?
"1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)",What is the current area of Mexico City?
"1,700 km2",How large was Mexico City at its largest?
1902,When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? 
Antonio López de Santa Anna,Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?
1903,When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?
1928,When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?
13,How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? 
Porfirio Díaz,Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?
an appointed governor,Who led Mexico City?
1941,When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?
four,How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?
sixteen,How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?
"Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez",Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?
32,"If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?"
the 1985 earthquake,What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?
Mayor,What do people call the leader of Mexico City?
the president,"Who declared the ""Mayor"" of Mexico City?"
all,What state does Mexico City belong to?
1987,When did the Federal District receive more power? 
1997,When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?
popular vote,How is the leader of Mexico City now established?
first Statute of Government,What gave the Federal District more autonomy? 
Marcelo Ebrard,Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?
to run in the 2000 presidential elections,Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?
Andrés Manuel López Obrador,Who was the second head of government elected?
Rosario Robles,Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?
Rosario Robles,Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?
The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District,What is the local government of Mexico City called?
parallel voting,How is the local government of Mexico City formed?
plurinominal deputies,What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?
26,How many representatives make up the Federal District?
63,What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?
34,How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?
over-representation,Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? 
December 2009,When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?
1980s,When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?
more liberal than those of the rest of the country,What political leaning does Mexico City take?
first,"Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?"
16,How many boroughs make up Mexico City?
plurality,How are the heads of the boroughs elected?
appointed by the head of government of the Federal District,How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? 
Government of the Federal District,Who provides the city services?
2000,When did election of borough heads begin?
The Historic Center,What is the oldest part of the city?
16th century,How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?
Zona Rosa,What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?
Art Deco architecture,What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?
Condesa,What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? 
West of the Historic Center,Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? 
Centro Histórico,What is the Mexican name for the historic center?
Santa Fe,Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?
along Paseo de la Reforma,Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?
rural,What type of population lives in Tiahuac?
entirely rural,How is Milpa Alta constructed? 
Along Avenida Insurgentes,Where is the World Trade Center?
Colonia del Valle,What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?
nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico,Where is much of the industry now located?
a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.,What is Ciudad Satelite?
North of the Historic Center,Where is Gustavo A. Madero?
three,How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?
12,How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?
Benito Juárez,Which borough had the highest HDI score?
2005,What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?
Miguel Hidalgo,What borough was the second highest HDI score?
Iztapalapa,What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?
Milpa Alta,Which borough had the lowest HDI score?
627th,What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?
top 200,All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?
.7984,What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?
over 6 billion pesos,How large is the budget of the IMSS?
Hospital Ángeles,What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City?
National Health Ministry (SSA),What is an organization that has a large presence in the city?
National Medical Center,What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City?
catalytic converter,What do new cars in Mexico need to have?
1968,When did the underground rail system begin construction?
5 million people,How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day?
355,How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?
reserved a special carriage specifically for women,"What is one way the government helps with the ""Crush"" of the rush hour riding of the subway system?"
15.8,What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?
$390 billion,What is the GDP of Mexico City?
eighth,What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?
25.3,What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?
2020,"By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?"
President Carlos Salinas de Gortari,Who privatized the airlines of Mexico?
President Carlos Salinas de Gortari,Who signed NAFTA for Mexico?
"led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services",What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City?
northern border,Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?
54.78,"in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?"
less than one million,How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?
18.74,What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?
8.7 million,How many people live in the Federal District? 
19.8 million,What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?
negative,What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?
much lower,"Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?"
Argentina and Colombia,What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?
China and South Korea,Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?
since the era of New Spain,When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?
UNESCO,Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?
World Heritage Sites,The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?
1978,When was the Templo Mayor found?
workers were digging to place underground electric cables,How was Templo Mayor discovered? 
golden Angel of Independence,What is the most popular icon of Mexico City?
the order of the Emperor Maximilian,Who made the Angel of Independence?
National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec,The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what?
Avenida de los Insurgentes,What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City?
28.8 km (17.9 mi),How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City?
Chapultepec Park,Chapultepec Castle is located where?
Chapultepec Park,Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?
1934,When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?
Turibus,What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?
interrupted by the Mexican Revolution,Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?
about 160,How many museums are in Mexico City?
over 100,How many art galleries are in Mexico City?
30,How many concert halls are in Mexico City?
Diego Rivera,Who has painted murals all over the city?
Coyoacán,Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?
225.9 km (140 mi),How large is the metro system of Mexico City?
1969,When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?
12,How many lines are in the metro system?
4.5 million,How many people ride the metro system each day?
195,How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?
Metrobús,What is the name of the city's fast bus line?
June 2005,When did Metrobus begin services?
December 2008,When did the second line of Metrobus open?
"850,000",How many people ride the Metrobus every day?
line 4,April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?
ejes viales,What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?
tolls are charged,What is different about the second level roads?
2012,When were these second level roads opened?
The Viaducto Miguel Alemán,What main road leads to the airport?
the Supervía Poniente,What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?
ending digit of their license plates,How do people know which days to not drive their car?
40%,How many cars were still restricted in 2003?
2006,When were new emisson standards enacted?
pass regular emissions tests,How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?
ecoParq,What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?
Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario,Who operates the parking meters?
16 million-peso,How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?
8 AM to 8 PM,What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?
721,How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?
EcoBici,What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?
2010,When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?
"4,000",How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?
Ciclovías,What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?
Denmark,What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?
Mexico City International Airport,What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City?
MEX,What is the short hand code for Mexico City's largest airport?
34 million,About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year?
Adolfo López Mateos International Airport,What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City?
"700,000",How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport?
2007,When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?
21,How many national airlines are there in Mexico?
11,How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?
Pachuca,What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?
"September 2, 2014",When were the new plans of the airport revealed?
2018,When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?
six,How many runways will be in the new airport?
120 million,How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?
$9.15 billion,How much does the new airport cost?
Conquest of Mexico,When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts? 
pre-Classical period,When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?
National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum,What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?
pottery and stone-engraving,What are the main artifacts that have survived? 
codices,What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City?
religious,Most of the art since the Aztecs took what style? 
Juan de Rojas,Whose art is displayed at the large cathedral in Mexico City?
equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain,"""The Little Horse"" is also known as what?"
Manuel Tolsá,"Who created ""The Little Horse?"""
Academia de San Carlos,What is the large art school in Mexico City?
Museo Nacional de San Carlos,Where does most of the artwork produced as the Academia de San Carlos get featured? 
José María Velasco,Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City?
"Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens","The San Carlos Museum has art from who, among others?"
José Luis Cuevas,Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?
20th century,When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City?
Leopoldo Méndez,Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?
help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art,What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission?
Catalan,What nationality was Remedios Varas?
mid-1980s,When was the Museo Tamayo opened?
Rufino Tamayo,Who's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened?
Oaxaca,Where was Rufino Tamayo born?
avant-garde,What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?
University Museum/Contemporary Art,What famous art building was opened in late 2008?
the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim,Who is the Museo Soumaya named after?
Dalí,What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya?
400,How many years worth of art does the Museum in the historic center hold?
Paris,What city houses the only collection of Rodin sculptures that is larger than the one in Mexico City?
2011,When did the new design of the museum open?
2011,When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open?
Holocaust,What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?
September 2011,The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?
discrimination and genocide,What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?
Sala Ollin Yoliztli,Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform?
1976,When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened?
National Symphony Orchestra,What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City?
National Symphony Orchestra,The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony? 
Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico,What does OFUNAM stand for?
"10,000",How many people does the National Auditorium hold?
Spanish and English,What main languages are supported by shows at the National Auditorium?
2007,What year was the National Auditorium voted best in the world?
"giant, high definition screens",How can you see the Grand Opera of New York in Mexico City?
"3,000",How many sets are in the Teatro Metropolitan?
"50,000",The Foro Sol Stadium hols how many people?
Carpa Santa Fe,Where does Cirque du Soleil go in Mexico City?
"3,000",The Pepsi Center World Trade Center holds how many people?
UNAM's main campus,Where is the Centro Cultural Universitario?
National Library,"The CCU holds, in addition to a music theater, what?"
2007,The former Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a cultural center opened in what year?
Tlatelolco,What is the name of the CCU center opened in 2007?
north-central Mexico City,Where is Tlatelolco located?
world's largest dome screen,What makes the Papalote children's museum so famous?
wooded park of Chapultepec,Where is the Papalote Children's Museum located?
Six Flags México,What is the largest amusement park in Latin America?
Tlalpan,What borough is Six Flags Mexico located?
Moscow,What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world?
near the Coyoacán suburb,Where is the Mexican Film Library located?
International Showcase,What large movie festival is hosted at the Mexican Film Library?
Cinépolis and Cinemex,What are the two large movie companies in Mexico?
IMAX,What type of theaters does Mexico City have the most of compared to other cities?
31,How many states does Mexico have?
"Canadian, French, Italian,",What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City?
"kosher, vegetarian and vegan",What other specific types of food does the city offer?
Plácido Domingo,What opera legend also has a famous restaurant in Mexico City?
Alfredo,What famous Italian Restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?
La Mar,What is one of the famous Lima-based restaurants in Mexico City?
Suntory,What Japanese restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?
Azteca Stadium,What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?
"91,653",How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?
Azteca Stadium,What is the largest stadium in Latin America?
1986,What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?
First,What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?
1968,What year did Mexico City host the olympics?
Detroit,Which American city did Mexico City defeat to host the 1968 olympics?
1955,What year did Mexico City first host the Pan America games?
Lucha libre,What famous form of wrestling is native to Mexico?
Arena México and Arena Coliseo,What are the main arenas for Lucha Libre?
The National Autonomous University of Mexico,What university is the largest of the continent?
"300,000",How many students attend UNAM?
50,What percent of scientific research is done at UNAM?
74th,What worldwide ranking does UNAM hold?
Ciudad Universitaria,What is the main campus of UNAM called?
National Polytechnic Institute,What is the second biggest education center in Mexico City?
University of California,What American University has a big campus in Mexico City?
Casa de California,What does the University of California call its campus in Mexico City?
Mexico City,Where is the Universidad Tecnologica located? 
Secretary of Public Education,Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City?
Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal,What is the public high school system called in Mexico City?
government of Mexico City,Who allocates the funding of the school systems?
Miguel Alemán Valdés,Who created El Colegio Nacional?
El Colegio Nacional,Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?
publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events,What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?
College of France,What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?
Dozens,How many newspaper call Mexico City home?
El Universal,What is one of the main papers of Mexico City?
"Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest",What American magazines have a footprint in Mexico City?
dozens,How many entertainment magazines are published in Mexico City?
tianguis,What are mobile markets in Mexico City called?
immense and varied,How is the retail market of Mexico City?
in a street dedicated to a certain type of good,What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?
basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods,What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City?
mercado,What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?
aguas frescas and atole,What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?
mercado,What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets
omnipresent,The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?
plazas comerciales,Similar tianguis might set up shop where?
tarp or cloth laid on the ground,What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?
non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals,Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?
Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo,Where is the Chapultepec Zoo located?
1924,When was the Chapultepec Zoo opened?
species that are in danger of extinction,What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others?
27.68-acre (11.2 ha),How big is the Zoo Los Coyotes?
more than 301 specimens,How many animals inhabit Zoo Los Coyotes?
Andrés López Obrador,"Who termed the slogan ""la Ciudad de la Esperanza?"""
Capital en Movimiento,What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now?
CDMX,How is the city commonly abbreviated?
2013,When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold?
Marcelo Ebrard,Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city?
chilangos,What are locals of Mexico City called?
Chilangolandia,What do Mexicans call Mexico City?
proudly,"How do Mexicans take being called ""chilangos?"""
defeños,What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city?
capitalinos,"What is the ""official"" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?"
average of 478 crimes were reported each day,How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century? 
most people are reluctant to report crime,Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?
Marcelo Ebrard,What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely? 
"installation of 11,000 security cameras",What is one way the city tried to combat crime?
one uniformed officer per 100 citizens,What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City?
100 million,Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? 
80 million,Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?
80 million,How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?
between 100 and more than 150 million,what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?
mainly in the South Region of the country,Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?
100 million,How many native German speakers in the world are there?
80 million,How many native German speakers consider themselves German?
100 and more than 150 million,How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?
Julius Caesar,What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?
12 BC,In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? 
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest,The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? 
Christianity,Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? 
Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried,Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? 
Augustus,Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?
Christianity,What religion did Germans adopt?
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r,What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?
Balts and Slavs,During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?
Celts,During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?
AD 260,The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?
the Huns,Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?
Attila,What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe? 
AD 260,When was the Limes Germanicus breached?
Celts,Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?
Ostrogoths,Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?
East Germanic,What language did the Huns adopt?
"either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans",What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?
five tribes,how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?
German language,In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?
Charlemagne,What king united the tribes in the 9th century? 
Eastern Germany,What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?  
Roman Empire,The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?
"Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii",What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?
Frisians,What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?
king Charlemagne,Who united the 5 tribes?
9th,What century did King Charlemagne reign? 
High Middle Ages,What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?
East Francia,The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?
late 11th century,When was the Title King of the Germans first used?
"chancery of Pope Gregory VII,","Who coined the phrase ""king of the Germans"""
Henry IV,Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?
the Middle Ages,When did a German ethnicity emerge?
the late 11th century,When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?
Pope Gregory VII,Who first used rex teutonicum?
12th century,When is ein diutscher first used?
a German,What does ein diutscher mean?
Ostsiedlung,The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?
Catholic German Teutonic Knights,What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?
Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples,Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?
17th or early 18th century,Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?
Karl von Clausewitz,Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?
17th or early 18th century,When was the Prussian language extinct?
were assimilated into German culture,What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?
the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers,Who led the German expansion?
Karl von Clausewitz,What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?
Massive German settlement,What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?
naval innovations,German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?
Hanseatic trade stations,Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?
Stadtrecht,What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?
multi-ethnic and multi-lingual,the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?
naval innovations,What helped the Germans dominate trade?
Stadtrecht,What is the German work for German town law?
The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German,Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?
"Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish","What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?"
Middle Ages,By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?
Yiddish,The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? 
Crusades,What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?
German,What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? 
Judeo-French,What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?
Yiddish.,"After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?"
during the Crusades,When did Jewish assimilation end?
forcefully expelled from Germany,What happened to the Jews during the crusades?
Napoleonic Wars,What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?
Congress of Vienna,What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?
1856,When was the Crimean War?
1860s,When was Germany's unification? 
Eduard Lasker,What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?
The Napoleonic Wars,What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?
Austria and Prussia,What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?
Austria,Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?
1860s,In what decade was German unification?
a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century,Who was Eduard Lasker?
1866,When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?
(Battle of Königgrätz,in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?
Little Germany,What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?
non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire,What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?
1866,When did Austria and Prussia go to war?
Prussia,Who won the battle of Koniggratz?
Little Germany,What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?
North German Confederation,What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??
1870,When did France attack Prussia? 
Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany,Who won the Franco-Prussian War?
1871,When was the German Empire founded?
effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy,What regions was excluded from the German Empire?
Protestant,What was the primary religion of Germany?
1871,When was the German empire created?
Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein,Who was excluded from the German Nation State?
Protestant,What religion was a majority in Germany?
Integrating the Austrians,What did many people in Germany still want to do?
Adolf Hitler,"What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves ""German"""
The Swiss,Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?
1648,The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?
ethnic Germans,Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?
Adolf Hitler,Who headed the Nazis?
The Swiss,Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?
1648,Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?
1648,When was the Peace of Westphalia?
The Nazis,Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?
expelled the Germans,With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens?
for centuries,How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled? 
"12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens",Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II?
westwards to allied-occupied Germany,After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to?
"Between 12 and 16,5 million",How many Germans were expelled after WWII?
World War II,After what war were Germans expelled from their territories? 
allied-occupied Germany,Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to?
Protestant Reformation,What is credited with the origins of the German identity?
literary and religious figures,How was early German culture developed?
Johann Gottfried Herder,What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?
aftermath of the French Revolution,When did the popularity of the German nation increase?
Protestant Reformation,What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?
Johann Gottfried Herder,Who developed the concept of a German Nation?
in the aftermath of the French Revolution,When did the popularity of a German identity arise?
German philosopher,Who was Johann Herder?
most German,Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?
Aussiedler,What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?
Restdeutsche,What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?
Auswanderer,What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?
most German,"People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?"
Aussiedler,"Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?"
Restdeutsche,"What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?"
Auswanderer,What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?
German,What is the native language of Germans?
English and Dutch,What languages is German related to?
100 million,How many natives speak German?
German,What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?
English,What is the dominant language of science?
50 million,How many German Americans are there?
5 million,How many Germans live in Brazil?
100 million,How many people in the world have German heritage?
one third,America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?
Albertus Magnus,Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?
17th century,When was Leibniz an active philosopher?
Kant,What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?
Engels,"In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?"
1810,When was the University of Berlin founded?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,Who discovered X-Rays?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?
1901,"In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?"
Bavaria,Where is the Walhalla temple located?
David Hilbert and Max Planck,What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?
Germany,"From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?"
Austro-German,In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?
Beethoven,Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?
fourth largest,"In 2008,, where was Germany ranked as a world music market?"
trance,What type of music was pioneered in Germany?
electronic,What type of music does Kraftwerk make?
Rock am Ring,What is the largest music festival in Germany?
"up to 30,000",How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract?
Max Skladanowsky,Who was the original German cinematic?
propaganda,What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?
Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft,Who controls film production in the GDR?
1960s,When did German cinema come back internationally?
1984,In what year was the never ending story made?
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film,What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?
2007,In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?
yearly,How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?
1951,What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?
1517,In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
1618–1648,During what years was the thirty year war?
Roman Catholicism,"Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?"
Germany,Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?
Protestants and Catholics,Who was the thirty year war between?
30.8,What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?
30.3,What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?
Protestant,What religion is the North and East part of Germany?
Hamburg and the East German states,Where is there a non-religious majority?
27 million,How many Germans are members of sports clubs?
Football,What is the most popular sport in Germany?
German Football Federation,What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?
6.3 million,How many members are in the German Football Federation?
2006,What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?
2010,What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?
14%,what percentage have a negative view of Germany?
59,What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?
19th,In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?
Nationalism,What movement came out of the French Revolution?
aristocratic regimes,Who was threatened by Nationalism?
Romanovs and the Habsburgs,Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?
East Prussia,Where was Johann Tillmann from?
Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire,Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?
1871,When was the German Empire created?
head of a union of German-speaking states,Who was Wilhelm I?
influence and territory,What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?
The Austrian Empire,Which empire was a multi ethnic state?
treaty of Versailles,What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI?
Volga Germans,Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union?
German-Austria,What name did Rump-Austria adopt?
Deutschösterreich,What is the German translation for German-Austria?
60,What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?
78,What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?
University of Hohenheim,Where does Eugen Buss work?
Radek Sikorski,Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?
Nazi past,What are Germans trying to forget?
Prussian history,What are Germans trying to focus on?
Germany,Who is Europe's strongest economy?
Bridgeport,What is the largest city in Connecticuty?
"130,741",What was the population of New Haven according to the 2012 Census?
"129,779",What was the population of New Haven according to the 2010 Census?
"862,477",What was the population of Greater New Haven in 2010?
Long Island Sound,New Haven Harbor is located on the northern shore of what waterway? 
Connecticut,In which US state is New Haven located?
New Haven County,In what county is New Haven located?
"129,779",What is the population of New Haven according to the 2010 United States Census?
New York metropolitan area,New Haven County makes up the outer limits of what major metropolitan area?
"129,779",What is the population of New Haven City in 2010?
Bridgeport,What is Connecticut's biggest city?
"New Haven County,",In what county is New Haven located in?
"862,477",The population of the Greater New Haven in 2010?
New York,"What is the metropolitan next to New Haven County, Connecticut? "
five hundred,How many Puritans were in the initial group that settled New Haven?
The Quinnipiacs,What group sold the land to the Puritans?
Pequots,The Quinnipiacs were under attack by what group?
Reverend John Davenport,What is the name of the religious leader who co-led this founding group?
Theophilus Eaton,What is the name of the London merchant who co-led this founding group?
1637,In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor?
Massachusetts Bay Colony,From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?
Reverend John Davenport,Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers?
1638,In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area?
Quinnipiacs,From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection?
1638,What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor?
Massachusetts Bay Colony,Where did the settlers came from?
"Quinnipiacs,",What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?
better theological community,In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor?
Reverend John Davenport,Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor?
New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established,How did New Haven colony differ from Connecticut colony in regard to religion?
Quinnipiac,What was the name of the settlement before it was called New Haven?
Hamden,What was the name of the area north of New Haven changed to in 1678?
Hartford,What was the town center of the Connecticut colony?
theocratic government,What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?
1640,By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven?
1678,In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden?
Connecticut Colony,"What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?"
other churches to be established,What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony?
Hamden,In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?
Hartford,New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where?
an intolerant theocracy,What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut?
Quinnipiac,Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located?
Powder House Day,What is the name given to the celebrated date of 23 April 1775 in New Haven?
Benedict Arnold,"Who was the captain of New Haven's Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard?"
a three-day march,"How long did the march from New Haven to Cambridge, Massachusetts take Arnold and his men?"
General David Wooster,Who was the influential New Haven general that hoped to avoid conflict with the British Parliament as the American Revolution loomed closer?
23 April 1775,What date is still commemorated by Powder House Day in New Haven?
Governor's Foot Guard,What was the name of the Second Company in New Haven that was the first to enter the inaugural struggle with the British?
Captain Benedict Arnold,Under whose leadership did the Governor's Foot Guard break into the powder house to arm themselves?
"Cambridge, Massachusetts",Toward what area did the New Haven militia march for three days following the powder house incident?
23 April,Power House Day is celebrated on what day in New Haven?
Benedict Arnold,What is the name of infamous historical person who played an important role on Power House Day? 
Cambridge,Where was George Washington planning to go after staying in New Haven?
Governor's Foot Guard,What is the name of the New Haven Militia that fought on during Powder House Day?
uniforms.,Although the militia were mainly made of volunteers what item distinguish them from other militia companies?
General William Tryon,"What is the name of the General who led the raid against New Haven on July 5, 1779?"
Ezra Stiles,Who was the president of Yale at the time of the attack?
New Haven was not torched,Why did New Haven fair better than other invaded cities?
"2,600",What was the size  of the invading force?
General William Tryon,Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place?
Yale,The students of what New Haven university formed an ad-hoc militia to confront the Redcoats?
Naphtali Daggett,Who was the professor of Yale Divinity School that led the student militia to confront the Redcoats?
"July 5, 1779",On what date did the loyalists and Redcoats land in New Haven Harbor to commence a raid on New Haven?
Ezra Stiles,Who was the president of Yale that provided diary accounts expressing disbelief over the commencement of the revolution in New Haven?
William Tryon,What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor?
"3,500",At the time what was the population of New Haven Harbor?
Yale,"A group of militia from a very famous modern town in Connecticut came to fought in the Harbor, what was the name of their town?"
Naphtali Daggett,The militia that fought in New Haven was lead by who? 
town's colonial features were preserved.,After the battle were New Haven historical features lost or torched?
Eli Whitney,"Who is the Yale graduate, inventor, and arms manufacturer that had a large positive impact on the New Haven economy in the late 18th century?"
the cotton gin,"What invention, for which he is primarily known, did Eli Whitney develop in New Haven?"
Whitneyville,What is the area near Hamden that was renamed for Eli Whitney?
"""The Arsenal of America""",What was the nickname given to Connecticut due to the large number of arms manufacturers that arose in the state? 
Samuel Colt,"In 1836, who invented the automatic revolver in Eli Whitney's gun manufacturing plant?"
Eli Whitney,What is the name of the inventor that created the cotton gin in New Haven?
Whitney Avenue,What is the name of the main road that connects New Haven to Hamden?
A. C. Gilbert,What was the company that was responsible Connecticut rise as a manufacturing economy? 
The Arsenal of America,The rise of gun factories within Connecticut earn the state what name?
1836,In what year was the first automatic revolver invented?
1839,In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement?
Mende,What tribesman were being transported  as slaves on a ship by the Spanish?
Amistad,What was the name of the Spanish slave ship used to transport the Mende tribesmen?
Joseph Cinqué,Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven?
Abraham Lincoln,"In 1860, what notable U.S. president gave a speech on slavery in New Haven?"
Joseph Cinqué,Who was the leader of slaves during the New Haven anti slavery movement in 1839
Abraham Lincoln,What famous president made a speech in New Haven in 1860?
Mende tribesmen,Exactly who were the slaves upon the Spanish slaveship?
Amistad,What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor?
American Civil War,What major war stimulated the New Haven economy by way of industrial goods purchased through the New Haven Arms Company?
Winchester Repeating Arms Company,What was the New Haven Arms Company later renamed?
Italy,The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?
Italian-American,"What ethnic group currently comprises approximately half the population of East Haven, West Haven and North Haven?"
Westville,What area of New Haven was known for being the center of the Jewish community?
New Haven Arms Company,What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven?
Italian-American,In modern day New Haven who makes up for majority of the demographics in terms of ethnicity?
population grew and doubled,"The Civil War had many effects after the war, what was the main effect for New Haven?"
Richard C. Lee,What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954? 
Interstate 95,What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?
The Oak Street Connector,"What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?"
the city's western suburbs,What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?
a boulevard,What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?
Richard C. Lee,What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?
construction of Interstate 95,What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?
becoming a boulevard,During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?
2000,In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven?
the area surrounding the New Haven Green,What specific area of downtown New Haven enjoyed a notable increase in apartments in condominiums at the beginning of the current century?
retail,What specific service sector has substantially increased in downtown New Haven in recent years?
Elm City Market,"In addition to Stop & Shop, what new supermarket is located one block from the Green and is poised to serve the growing downtown population?"
the opening of new stores,In the 21st Century what has happen to most of Downtown New Haven in terms of retail?
positive press from various periodicals.,How has the media perceive most of these changes to the Downtown area?
experienced an influx of apartments,What has happen in New Haven Green during the 2000s?
Stop & Shop,"Including to the growth, what market chain have expanded nearby Downtown New Haven?"
360 State Street,What multi-use project in New Haven is the largest residential building in Connecticut?
Farmington Canal Trail,What park is anticipated to extend to downtown New Haven?
New Haven Harbor,For what area are a new boathouse and dock being planned?
New Haven Coliseum,What is the city landmark demolished in 2007 that the city ultimately wish to redevelop?
360 State Street.,What is the name of building project is taking place in Gateway Community College downtown?
dock is planned,The New Haven Harbor is receiving what kind of adjustment?
New Haven Coliseum,The city of New Haven wants to redevelop/build what sort of structure?
linear park Farmington Canal Trail,"In terms of infrastructure, what is being develop in the downtown area?"
an extradosed bridge,What type of bridge is replacing the old Q Bridge?
2009,In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?
reverse discrimination,What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court?
Ricci v. DeStefano,What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion? 
2003,In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city?
14,How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?
to ignore the test results,What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case?
firefighters against the city,The Court case was involve between which two parties?
no one would be promoted,What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?
14 of the white firefighters,Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?
Hartford Line,Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?
Union Station,At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate?
Springfield's Union Station,What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line?
Knowledge Corridor,What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield? 
2013,"In what year was the ""Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail"" slated for construction?"
Hartford Line,What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?
New Haven's Union Station,Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven?
Vermont,The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north?
in 2013,When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?
180 km/h,Generally how fast are these trains?
basalt trap rock ridges,"In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?"
West Rock,Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway?
"""Regicides""","What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout, known colloquially as ""The Three Judges?"""
Soldiers and Sailors,What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock?
"""Great/Giant Steps""",What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock?
large deep harbor,What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?
as extensive parks,In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city?
highway tunnel,The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure?
war monument,What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand?
three,By how many rivers is the city of New Haven drained?
West River,Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor?
New Haven Harbor,Into what local body of water do the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge? 
Long Island Sound,Into what larger waterway do the West Haven Harbor and New Haven Harbor recess as embayments?
the West,What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven?
Quinnipiac,"The eastern river bears the name of the Native American Tribes that once live in New Haven, what is the name?"
New Haven Harbor,The two eastern rivers meets in which of New Haven Harbor?
Long Island Sound.,These two harbors are part of what estuary?
Not all of these small streams,Are all of New Haven's smaller stream active through all four seasons?
Dfa,"Though harboring transitive properties, what Koppen climate classification does the New Haven climate more closely characterize?"
Summers,What season is typically characterized as humid and warm in New Haven?
90 °F (32 °C),What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven?
moderate,How heavy is the snowfall typically throughout the winter in New Haven?
New York,New Haven's climate is largely analogous to what major adjoining metropolitan area?
humid continental climate,The New Haven's area closesly resemble which type of climate?
7–8 days per year,Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees?
moderate snowfall,"Due to being a coastal city, how much snow does the city gets?"
differences in temperature between areas,What is the main effects  in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city?
grid plan of nine square blocks,On what type of city plan was New Haven laid out upon the founding of the area?
public tree planting program,"For what environmental initiative is the city of New Haven known, primarily for instituting the first of its kind in America?"
"""Elm City""",What was the nickname given to the city of New Haven due to an indigenous tree which largely perished in the mid-20th century?
Dutch Elm disease,What was the cause of the sudden extinction of many of the elms in New Haven?
New Haven Green,What public area in New Haven was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970?
"Elm City""",What was New Haven's nickname?
New Haven Green,Due to the replanting of trees the center of the city is called what?
1970,In what year did it became recognize as a landmark?
nine square blocks,"In the original plans of the city, how many city block were designed?"
public tree planting program,Because of it's trees New Haven is known for being first to implemented what in the US?
"7,000",Approximately how many residents make up the population of downtown New Haven?
Ibiza,"What downtown New Haven restaurant was cited by the New York Times, Esquire and Wine Spectator for its outstanding Spanish cuisine?"
half,Downtown New Haven contributes approximately what amount of the overall tax base for the area?
about half,Downtown New Haven contributes approximately how many jobs to the city?
"7,000 residents",How many people live in downtown New Haven?
half of the city's jobs,In terms of economy the downtown portion is responsible for what?
new upscale restaurants,Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage?
thousands of apartments and condominium,What has help the most with the continuous growth within the area?
Downtown,What area of New Haven comprises the area centered around the business district and New Haven Green?
City Point,What is the historic water-front neighborhood located in the southern area of New Haven?
Wooster Square,What east-central neighborhood in New Haven is home to a large number of Italian-Americans?
Fair Haven,"What is the name of the neighborhood in New Haven that rests between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers, and is comprised primarily of an immigrant community?"
Long Wharf,What is the name of the district nearing the harbor of the city?
central business district,"Though the Green is the popular center of the city, there is another district, what's the name?"
Newhallville,"If you were to go northern part of New Haven, what district would you find?"
Fair Haven,"Between two of it's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population, the name is?"
Italian-American,Wooster Square is known for what roots?
manufacturing,What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven's economy?
Yale,What entity serves as the largest employer in New Haven?
56%,What percentage of New Haven's economy is based in services grounded in health care and education?
Yale – New Haven Hospital,What is the second largest employer in New Haven?
Alexion,What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven? 
manufacturing,New Haven relied on what in terms of growth and economy?
entire Northeast was affected,Was the city the only one that suffer a decline within the manufacturing sector?
over half (56%),In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs?
Yale,What institution has largest impact on the city's job market?
The Knights of Columbus,"What Fortune 1000 company, also the largest Catholic service organization in the world, is based in New Haven?"
Hubbell,"What prominent producer of electrical equipment, also a Fortune 1000 company, is based in Greater New Haven? "
NewAlliance,"What publicly traded bank, also the second largest in Connecticut, is based in New Haven?"
Russell Trust Association,What is the name of the New Haven-based business faction of the infamous Skull and Bones Society?
1878,"In what year did the Southern New England Telephone Company, formerly the District Telephone Company of New Haven, establish operations in the area? "
Knights of Columbus,"New Haven contains one of largest religious service organization in the world, it's name?"
Hubbell,"Within the New Haven metropolitan area contain a Fortune 1000 company located in Orange, the name of the company?"
NewAlliance Bank,What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut?
1878,"As one of the oldest telephone companies, the SNET started in what year?"
subsidiary of AT&T,In modern day SNET operates as what in New Haven?
"47,094",How many households are located in New Haven according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau report?
42.6%,What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as White?
35.4%,What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as African American?
Latino,What minority sector of the poulation in New Haven is currently experiencing rapid growth?
"129,779",What is the total population of New Haven as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010?
"2,648.6/km²","In terms of population density, what is the average person per square kilometers in New Haven?"
0.5%,"In regards to it resident, what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city? "
postwar,"New Haven has a large immigrant population, what seems to be one of the main cause of it throughout the last century?"
down from 69.6% in 1970,In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s?
Roman Catholic,What is the most prominent religion in New Haven?
Archdiocese of Hartford,Under what immediate jurisdiction of the Catholic Church does New Haven fall?
two,How many yeshivas are located in New Haven?
Pentecostals,With what religious movement do many Puerto Ricans in New Haven associate?
Black Baptists,"In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?"
Roman Catholic,"In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? "
Baptists,"There are several religious group that have seem rise in demographics, one of which is popular among African Americans being?"
working-class,"However Christianity can be found within the city, particularly which neighborhoods?"
George W. Bush,What former U.S. president was born in New Haven?
Yale Law School,What New Haven institution did former U.S. president Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton both attend?
John C. Calhoun,What former U.S. vice president graduated from Yale University?
1968,"Prior to 2008, in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University?"
James Hillhouse,Who was the President pro tempore of the Senate in 1801 that was native to New Haven?
George W. Bush,Which former U.S. president have been born in New Haven?
Yale,"Multiple president have studied at this popular college, you can guess the name of the university?"
John Kerry,"Serving in President Obama's cabinet, this man has also studied at Yale, can you guess who?"
1968,Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year?
Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City,"What is the title of the political science book, written by a Yale professor, that explores New Haven politics and history throughout the 1950's?"
Robert A. Dahl,"Who is the author of ""Who Governs? Democracy an Power in An American City"""
Democracy in America,What penultimate work by Alexis de Tocqueville makes mention of New Haven's original theocratic government?
"William F. Buckley, Jr.","To which prominent conservative, that authored God and Man at Yale, did New Haven provide residence in 1951?"
William Lee Miller,Who is the author of The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society?
Democracy and Power in An American City,What is the name of popular book discussing the politics of New Haven published in the 50s?
Alexis de Tocqueville,What famous french historian mention the city within his book Democracy in America?
"William F. Buckley, Jr.","New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was?"
the Great Society,What is the name of the book published in 1966 that had focus on the city politics in relations with President Johnson's policies?
New Haven Black Panther trials,What New Haven trial is known to be the longest in the history of Connecticut?
1970,In what year did the New Haven Black Panther trials take place in New Haven?
Bobby Seale,Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven?
May Day,"What day marked the beginning of New Haven being overwhelmed by 12,000 individuals protesting the Black Panther trials? "
New Haven Green,In what central New Haven location did protesters of the Black Panther trials congregate?
Black Panther,What political movement group is known in within city among non whites?
"12,000",How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970?
Violent confrontations,The protest of trial result in what specifically?
the Nixon Administration,The protest also initiate the start of criticizing what presidential administration?
Bobby Seale,What was the name of one of the party's leader that also happen to be on trial?
2009,In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven?
reverse discrimination,What was the primary legal issue at the center of the suit filed against New Haven by firefighters?
2003,In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?
Ricci v. DeStefano,What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?
Sonia Sotomayor,Which Supreme Court Justice was a graduate of Yale Law School and was currently undergoing the nomination process at the time of the 2009 lawsuit filed by firefighters against the city of New Haven? 
20 white and Hispanic firefighters,The 2009 Supreme Court Case which had the City of New Haven versus who?
29 June 2009,What was the date of the final ruling?
Ricci v. DeStefano,The actual name for the case was what?
Sonia Sotomayor,The court cast was rather popular due to which person on the case?
because of their race,Upon reaching a verdict the summary statement was that city denied the firefighter a promotion because of what?
Garry Trudeau,Who is the famous comic strip author of Doonesbury that attended Yale University in New Haven?
Charles Pillsbury,For which long-time New Haven resident and former Yale student is Doonesbury named?
"""The Doones""",What was the Charles Pillsbury's nickname during college?
the New Haven Approach,"What is the name of the international law theory, grounded in jurisprudence framed by a sociological normative approach?"
Richard Blumenthal,What sitting Connecticut U.S. senator graduated from Yale University in New Haven?
Joe Lieberman,Which past U.S. senator had lived in New Haven and graduated from Yale?
"A theory of international law,","The term, the New Haven Approach was what exactly?"
Charles Pillsbury,What is the name of the Green party member that also studied at Yale?
"Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc",Analysis by what organization detailed that municipality-based rankings may be inaccurate? 
identical population,What constant in two cities can create disparities in analysis by way of distribution over differing land areas?
standard methodologies,"Neighborhoods and blocks, as opposed to municipalities, are both examples of what?"
"Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc",What research organization did an city analysis on New Haven?
based on municipalities,The organization stated that analysis should be based on comparison of neighborhoods within the city and not what?
cities of identical population,According to the institution what leads to inaccurate analysis of the city?  
Yale University,What private university is located in downtown New Haven?
Gateway Community College,What community college is located in downtown New Haven?
Southern Connecticut State University,What state university is located in New Haven?
Yale University,What school serves as the largest employer of New Haven?
2012,In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus?
heart of downtown,Where is Yale University located.
Southern Connecticut State University,What the name of a state university also located in the city?
Long Wharf district,"Before relocating to downtown area, New Haven has a community college that used to be located where?"
Albertus Magnus College,"Other than Yale, New Haven has another private college in the city, it's name?"
Fall 2012,When was the new Gateway Community College open?
Hopkins School,"What private school, with the notable distinction of being the fifth-oldest educational institution in the U.S., was founded in New Haven?"
1660,In what year was Hopkins School founded in New Haven?
Common Ground,What is the name of the environmental charter school located in New Haven?
Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep,What are the names of the two Achievement First charter schools located in New Haven?
ACES Educational Center for the Arts,What magnet school in New Haven is centered around arts education?
Hopkins School,"As one of the oldest school which was founded in 1660, what is it's name?"
fifth-oldest,In terms of schools how old is it historically compare to others?
two,How many charters schools are available in New Haven?
New Haven Promise,What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria?
3.0,What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?
40 hours,How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?
90-percent,What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship?
2010,In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated? 
New Haven Promise,What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale?
40 hours of service to the city.,In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply?
2010,When did the scholar project begin?
more than 500 Scholars,Currently how many students total have been approve by the program?
Best Foodie City,What distinction was afforded to New Haven in 2014 by Livability.com?
56,How many Zagat-rated restaurants are located in New Haven?
New Haven,What city in Connecticut has the highest number of Zagat-rated restaurants?
More than 120,How many restaurants can be accessed within a two block radius of New Haven Green?
Livability.com,What website gave critical acclaim to New Haven for the city's food?
More than 120 restaurants,How many restaurant are located in the center of New Haven's city?
56,There are about how many Zagat-rated restaurants located in the city?
various foreign foods.,Within the cities there are markets that focus on what sort of cuisines?
New Haven-style pizza,What dish is commonly considered to be penultimate culinary achievement in New Haven?
"""apizza""",What is the colloquial term afforded to New Haven-style pizza?
Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana,"At what New Haven establishment did ""apizza"" make it's inaugural appearance in 1925? "
mozzarella cheese,What ingredient is notably absent from a New Haven-style pizza when ordered plain?
Little Italy,In what section of New Haven would one expect to find an outstanding white clam pie pizza on Wooster Street?
pizza,"New Haven, in terms of food is best known for what?"
Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana,Where did New Haven pizza style originated from?
its thin crust,"In general what are ""apizza"" known for?"
Wooster Street in the Little Italy section,White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven?
1925,In what year was New Haven-style pizza found?
Louis' Lunch,What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?
1895,In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?
Louis Lassen,Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?
Library of Congress,What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?
Luigi Pieragostini,Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?
the hamburger,Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?
1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons,What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?
1895,When was Louis's Lunch found?
Cedar and York streets,"At what cross streets, marking the center of the Hospital Green of Yale - New Haven Hospital, do food carts congregate on weekdays?"
Trumbull College,What college of Yale is located at Elm and York Streets in New Haven? 
Yale School of Management,What school of Yale is located nearest the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets?
CitySeed,What New Haven non-profit manages the farmer's markets that service various neighborhoods weekly throughout the area?
over 150,How many lunch carts are there in Yale's Campus during lunchtime?
"Fair Haven,",Who manages New Haven's farmers' market?
Cedar and York streets,New Haven Hospital is located at where in Hospital Green?
"Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre","In addition to Yale Reparatory Theatre, what are two additional major theatre houses located in New Haven?"
Yale Cabaret,What is the name of the student-run group at Yale University provides theatrical productions in New Haven?
Lyman Center for the Performing Arts,What New Haven performance venue is hosted by Southern Connecticut State University?
Palace Theatre,What was the original name of the College Street Music Hall?
2015,In what year did the newly renovated College Street Music Hall reopen? 
Yale University Theatre,What theater sits on Yale's campus?
Lyman Center,"The Southern Connecticut State University has it own theater as while, it's name?"
The shuttered Palace Theatre,What theater is currently under renovation in the city?
Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School,What school in New Haven is known for it's theater being used by both students and church?
Yale Cabaret.,"Yale also has a theater managed by its' own student, then name?"
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library,At what New Haven museum is an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible housed? 
Yale University Art Gallery,What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum?
Yale Center for British Art,What New Haven museum offers the largest collection of British art available outside of the UK?
Eli Whitney Museum,What museum is located in Hamden on Whitney Street and dedicated to a notable New Haven inventor?
Yale,With what major university are the majority of museums in New Haven associated? 
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript,Which museum feature the original copy of the Gutenberg Bible?
Yale University Art Gallery,"Yale claim to have the oldest college art museum in the United States, what is the name of the place?"
New Haven Museum and Historical Society,"There is a museum on Whitney Avenue that contain a variety of historical treasure, what is its' name?"
the Eli Whitney Museum,What is the name of the museum that specifically focus on a single inventor located the city?
Artspace,What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven?
City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery,What are two contemporary art galleries located in downtown New Haven?
Westville,"In what area of New Haven are Kehler Liddel, Jennider Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye Gallery located? "
Parachute Factory,What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood? 
City-Wide Open Studios,"For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? "
Artspace,What is the name of the art gallery that hosts multiple artist locally and around the world?
Westville galleries,"This gallery contains works of artist such as The Hungry Eye, what is name of the place?"
Fair Haven neighborhood houses,The Erector Square complex is a gallery that is located where?
October,During which month is the complex particularly active? 
New Haven Green,What public area in New Haven is home to free concerts in the summer?
New Haven Jazz Festival,What musical festival was initiated in 1982 in New Haven?
2007,"In what year was the New Haven Jazz Festival cancelled, thereby precluding it from being one of the longest running free outdoor festivals in the U.S.?"
Jazz Haven,Who sponsors the New Haven Jazz Festival?
July Free Concerts,What is the name for the concerts held on New Haven Green throughout the month of July?
free music concerts,What popular events that place in New Haven Green area?
1982,When did the first Jazz Festival made it debut?
"30,000 to 50,000 fans",In general how many people attend these music concerts?
Jazz Haven,"After being cancel in 2007, what organization currently support New Haven Jazz Festival?"
International Festival of Arts and Ideas,To what annual art festival is the city of New Haven home?
1842,What was the inaugural year of the New Haven St. Patrick's Day parade?
Wooster Square,In what historic New Haven neighborhood does the St. Andrew the Apostle Italian festival take place?
Powder House Day,"What annual festival, celebrated on New Haven Green, memorializes the New Haven's passage into the Revolutionary War?"
1995,In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin?
International Festival of Arts and Ideas,What international event celebrating art is hosted in New Haven?
1842,"As one of the oldest and largest traditions, how long have the city been celebrating Saint Patrick's Day?"
St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival,Which event takes place every year in Wooster Square since the beginning of the 20th century?
New Haven Historic Commission,What organization was responsible for the planting of several cherry blossom trees in 1973?
"over 5,000 visitors",In general how many people attend  the yearly Wooster Square Cheery Blossom Festival?
New Haven Register,What is the name of the major daily editorial newspaper for the city of New Haven?
Design New Haven,What is the civic news forum that specifically reports on downtown New Haven? 
PLAY magazine,What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register?
Connecticut Public Television,Channel 65 is New Haven's home to what PBS affiliate? 
Yale Herald,What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University? 
New Haven Register,What is the main newspaper company for New Haven?
Tribune,"The other newspaper, New Haven Advocate is run by which company?"
Grand News Community Newspaper,"There is newspaper company within the city that runs monthly, it's name ?"
Rumpus Magazine,What is the name of the tabloid that is run by mainly college students?
All New York City news and sports,In terms of news and sports does New Haven receive television broadcasting from other cities?
New York Giants,What NFL team played at the Yale Bowl from 1973-1974?
1972,In what year was the New Haven Arena demolished?
"New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972–2002)",At what currently defunct New Haven venues did minor league hockey and baseball teams play throughout the latter half of the 20th century?
1928,In what year was Yale field established in New Haven?
19th century,The city of New Haven has been known for it various sport teams for how long?
New York Giants,What famous NFL team played in New Haven own stadium in the 70s?
New Haven Arena,The city has couple of sport stadium which one of them was torn down in 20th century?
Yale Field,In modern day which of the stadiums have continue to host minor sport leagues?
1928–present,How long has  Yale Field been open and active?
"John DeStefano, Jr.",What 1995 mayor of New Haven sought to reinvent the area into a northeastern hub of art and culture?
New Haven Coliseum,What sports complex was shuttered in New Haven by the DeStefano administration in 2002? 
New Haven County Cutters,What was New Haven's last professional sports team?
New Haven Athletic Center,What indoor sporting complex in New Haven was constructed by the DeStefano administration in 1998?
"over 3,000",What is the approximate seating capacity of the New Haven Athletic Center?
"John DeStefano, Jr",Who was the mayor for the city in the late 90s?
New Haven Coliseum,"Due to the heavy upkeep, DeStefano decided to close what major infrastructure in the city?"
2009,When was the last time New Haven had a professional sport team?
"over 3,000",In terms of capacity how big was the new constructed New Haven Athletic Center?
1995,In what year did New Haven host the Special Olympic Summer World Games?
Pilot Pen International,What major tennis event take place annually every August in New Haven?
Connecticut Tennis Center,"What is the name of the tennis complex, cited as one of the largest worldwide, located in New Haven?"
"""The Game""",What is the nickname of the historic football rivalry between Yale and Harvard hosted annually in New Haven?
1995,What year did New Haven became a host for the Specials Olympics?
every August,"The city also host a large international tennis event, when does it usually take place?"
college football,"""The Game"" is a special event that focus on what sort of rivalry between the colleges?"
USA 20K Championship,What is the name of major road race that places within the city?
Ithiel Town and Henry Austin,New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects?
The Yale School of Architecture,What division of Yale University is credited with nurturing the architectural component of New Havens economy?
Cass Gilbert,Who is the notable artist of the Beaux-Arts school responsible for designing both New Haven's Union Station and New Haven Public Library?
1919,In what year did New Haven commission the City Beautiful plan?
Eero Saarinen,Who is responsible for designing Ingalls Rink at Yale University in New Haven? 
Yale School of Architecture,"New Haven is also known for a very notable architecture institution, it's name?"
Cass Gilbert,Who was the architect that design the New Haven Free Public Library?
Ingalls Rink,What was the name of the building that was feature in America's Favorite Architecture list of 2007?
59,How many properties in New Haven are featured on the National Register of Historic Places? 
Charles Dickens,"In 1868, which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue to be ""the most beautiful street in America?"""
Center Church on-the-Green,"Of the three churches flanking New Haven Green, which is home to a notorious 17th century crypt?"
Benedict Arnold,What famous American traitor has a first wife buried in a 17th century crypt in a New Haven church flanking New Haven Green?
Connecticut Hall,"What structure of Yale University, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, holds the distinction of being the oldest building on campus?"
59,According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven? 
1638,In what year was the famous The New Haven Green founded?
a 17th-century crypt,What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green?
Hillhouse Avenue,"Yale University also contains a historical site within it campus, the name of it?"
Black Rock Fort,What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War?
1779,In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated? 
Nathan Hale,After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807?
bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat,What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War?
1921,In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven?
the American Revolutionary War,Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century?
1807,The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year?
Revolutionary War hero,Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale?
a second Fort Hale was built,"During the Civil War, New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion, what structure did the city built?"
1921,"The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut, what year was this?"
Grove Street,What cemetery in New Haven is situated next to the campus of Yale University and has been designated a National Historic Landmark? 
Egyptian Revival,In what architectural style is the gateway of Grove Street Cemetery notably designed?  
The Union League Club of New Haven building,What Beaux Arts structure on New Haven's Chapel Street was built on the site believed to formerly feature the home of Roger Sherman?
George Washington,What former U.S. president is believed to have stayed in New Haven at the home of Roger Sherman?
Eli Whitney,"Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery?"
Grove Street Cemetery,What is the name of the historical site that site next to Yale's campus?
Egyptian Revival gateway,What is Grove Street Cemetery famously known for?
Union League Club,"Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place?"
1789,"George Washington once paid visit to Sherman's house, what year was this?"
Lighthouse Point Park,"Throughout the Roaring Twenties, what public beach in New Haven was a favored destination for tourists?"
Babe Ruth,Which famed professional baseball player is known to have visited at Lighthouse Point Park in New Haven during the 1920's?
Five Mile Point Lighthouse,What notable New Haven attraction constructed in 1847 was located at Lighthouse Point Park?
1916,In what year was New Haven's Lighthouse Point carousel constructed? 
1877,In what year was Five Mile Point Lighthouse decommissioned upon construction of Southwest Ledge Lighthouse? 
Lighthouse Point Park,What popular tourist site was particularly active during the 20s?
Lighthouse,"In 1847, a new landmark was constructed at the park, what exactly was it?"
Southwest Ledge Light,"After 1877 another lighthouse was build to replace File Mile Point, what was its' name?"
in service to this day,Is Southwest Ledge Light still active today?
four,How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?
Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express,Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?
New Haven–Springfield Line,"Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?"
the Vermonter,Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?
United Airlines,With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?
Union Station,What is the name of the train station within New Haven?
New Haven–Springfield Line,"The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?"
United Airlines,"In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?"
trolley service,What form of public transportation preceded the current New Haven Division bus routes?
the 1860s,What decade ushered in the operation of horse-drawn carriages in New Haven? 
all the lines had become electric,What advancement was made to New Haven trolley lines in the mid 1890's?
bus lines,What mode of public transportation in New Haven phased out the trolley service in the 1920's and 1930's?
1948,In what year was the final trolley route in New Haven converted to a bus line? 
trolley,Buses in New Haven uses what kind of route for their service?
Horse-drawn steetcars,"Before 20th century, what was the form of public transportation in the city?"
streetcar (light-rail) service,What further ideas for public transportation is the city currently considering?
1948,In what year were trolleys finally replaced completely by buses?
The Farmington Canal Trail,"What rail trail is slated to run between downtown New Haven and Northampton, Massachusetts? "
New Haven and Northampton Company,What historic trail does the Farmington Canal Trail follow? 
Farmington Canal,What canal lies adjacent to the Historic New Haven and Northamption company trail?
East Coast Greenway,"What proposed bike path, projected connect every major city on the eastern seaboard, is part of the Farmington Canal Trail?"
Farmington Canal Trail,What is the name of the trail that runs from to New Haven all the way to Eastern Massachusetts?
bicycle,Part of the rail trail is also accessible by what form of transportation? 
East Coast Greenway,Segments of the Farmington Canal is also part of which bicycle trail?
"3,000-mile","In terms of length, how long is the East Coast Greenway trail if it stretches from Maine to Florida?"
2004,In what year did Orange Street receive the first bike lane in New Haven?
East Rock,For which New Haven neighborhood did the Orange Street bike lane provide a connection to downtown? 
Canal Trail,"In addition to Orange Street, what is a bike route recommended for use by the city of New Haven?"
2012,In what year were bike lanes added on Dixwell Avenue and Howard Avenue? 
2004,When was the first bicycle lane created in New Haven? 
downtown,The lane stretch from East Rock park to what part of the city?
end of 2012,What year did New Haven finally integrated bike lanes to most of the city?
bike map of the city,How is it possible to located the direction of bike lanes within the city?
Interstate 95,What major interstate provides access between New Haven and New York City?
Interstate 91,"What major interstate in New Haven provides access northward into Massachusetts, Vermont, and eventually reaches the Canadian border?"
Quinnipiac River,Over which New Haven river does 1-95 cross on the east side?
"""Q Bridge""",What is the nickname given to the Pearl Harbor Memorial? 
I-91,Which New Haven interstate is less congested throughout times designated as peak travel?
Interstate 95,New Haven is adjacent to what part of the national highway?
is relatively less congested,Is I-91 similar to I-95 in terms of bad traffic?
Interstate 91,Which of the nearby highway would take you north to Massachusetts?
traffic jams,Interstate 95 is also infamous for what exactly?
Quinnipiac River,What river crosses path with I-95?
The Oak Street Connector,What downtown New Haven expressway spur intersects at exit 1 of 1-91?
The Wilbur Cross Parkway,"What is another name for Connecticut Route 15, which provides an alternate route from traveling on 1-95/1/91?"
Route 15,What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?
Heroes Tunnel,What is the name of the highway tunnel on Route 15 in New Haven? 
West Rock,Through what neighborhood in New Haven does Route 15 run? 
I-91 at exit 1,Oak Street Connect crosses which interstate highway?
"I-95 west of New Haven,",Connecticut Route 15 is next to which highway?
Route 15,What is the name of the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?
U.S. Route 1,What east-west artery in New Haven serves Union Station? 
Whalley Avenue,What road leading northwest from downtown New Haven comprises both Route 10 and Route 63 at various points?
Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue,What two major thoroughfares lie to the north of New Haven towards Hamden? 
Middletown,What northeast avenue in New Haven is signed as Route 17?
Route 34,What western road provides access from New Haven to the city of Derby?
east-west direction,Where does U.S. Route 1 runs in terms of direction within the city?
Whalley Avenue,What is the name of the route that heads north of downtown?
Derby,What city does the western route 34 leads to?
Ella Grasso Boulevard,What is another surface arteries that is located west of downtown New Haven?
New Haven Harbor,In what harbor is the Port of New Haven located?
200,How many trucks does the Port of New Haven have the daily capacity to load?
loading docks,"In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo?"
"400,000",Approximately how many square feet of interior storage is available at the Port of New Haven?
50,Approximately how many acres of outside storage does the Port of New Haven offer?
Port of New Haven,The name of New Haven harbor?
"400,000 square feet",In terms of scale how big is the harbor?
26,How many forklift are available for use in it everyday production?
200,How many transport vehicle can the harbor actually hold?
two,How many major medical centers are located in downtown New Haven?
Yale – New Haven Hospital,What overarching New Haven medical center is the Smilow Cancer Hospital a part of?
Hospital of Saint Raphael,What hospital in New Haven provides notable cardiac emergency care? 
four,How many pavilions comprise Yale -- New Haven Hospital?
Connecticut Mental Health Center,What is the mental health facility is located in New Haven?
four pavilions,How many pavilion are part of New Haven Hospital?
"Hill Health Center,",What hospital is located nearby a working class district within the city?
MidState Medical Center,What is the hospital located north of New Haven in Meriden?
New Haven Children's Hospital,What is the name of the well known hospital specializes in young children patients?
West Haven,What nearby city would you go to for war related injuries?
medical and biotechnology,Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries?
Science Park,"What large site is run by Yale, in conjunction with New Haven and the state, situated three blocks away from Yale's Science hill campus?"
Winchester's and Olin,To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong?
biotech,"In addition to Yale employees and financial services, companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park?"
Science Park,"What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? "
45 large-scale factory buildings,The area of Science Park was originally filled with what?
parking lots or abandoned structures,"Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups, what remains left over Winchester's and Olin company?"
Frontage,On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?
Route 34 extension,What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?
Pfizer,What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?
lab space,What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?
Frontage Road,Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?
SNET telephone building,What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?
late 2009,When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?
HVDC Cross Sound Cable,What static inverter plant lies near New Haven? 
three,How many PureCell Model 400 fuel cells can be found in New Haven?
$1 million,How much money is each PureCell Model 400 fuel cell projected to save the city of New Haven in energy costs over the course of a decade?
ClearEdge Power,What company provided New Haven with the fuel cells currently in place throughout the city? 
static inverter plant,The Cross Sound Cable company has what sort of structure located near New Haven?
three,How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven?
UTC Power,What was the former name of the company that provided the fuel cells to the city?
$1 million in energy costs,"In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system?"
Taft Hotel,"At what former lodging facility in New Haven were scenes from the 1950's classic, All About Eve, filmed?"
The Band Wagon,"What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as ""tryouts"" for Broadway?"
Amistad,What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven?
The Skulls,What movie produced in 2000 investigated conspiracy theories surrounding the notorious Skull and Bone Society in New Haven? 
Taft Apartments,What is currently located at the site of the old Taft Hotel in New Haven?
All About Eve (1950),What was the name of the movie that once film in the corner of College and Chapel streets?
Steven Spielberg,"The fim Amistad uses references to New Haven in the movie, who was the director of Amistad?"
The Skulls (2000),New Haven was feature in what movie regarding secret society and conspiracy theories? 
Mona Lisa Smile,What 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts was filmed in New Haven?
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull,What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008?
1957,What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull?
500,How many New Haven locals were cast as extras throughout filming of the Crystal Skull?
Union Station,"In what New Haven landmark was the 2009 Robert De Niro movie, Everybody's Fine, filmed?"
Mona Lisa Smile (2003),What was the name of popular movie film in New Haven featuring Julia Roberts?
500,The recent Indiana Jones movie feature how many of the local citizen in film?
Everybody's Fine (2009),"Union Station was as a part of a set on a film, what was the name of the movie?"
The Great Gatsby,In what Fitzgerald classic does the fictional protagonist make repeated references to New Haven?
C. Montgomery Burns,"Who is the fictional Yale University alumnus, and ostensible former resident of New Haven, featured on The Simpsons? "
Alex Welch,"What fictional New Haven resident is featured in the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Iceland Flock?"
Yale,"At what New Haven university is The Gilmore Girls hypothetically set, at least in part? "
The Great Gatsby,The city of New Haven was often referenced several time by a character in a very popular novel which name was?
Montgomery Burns,"The Simpson has a character that was set to graduated from Yale University, can you guess his name?"
is set (but not filmed) in New Haven,What relations does the television show Gilmore Girls have to New Haven city?
Jim Morrison,What infamous Doors frontman was once arrested in New Haven?
New Haven Arena,At what venue was Jim Morrison arrested in New Haven?
"""Peace Frog""",What Morrison song pays homage to his New Haven arrest while mentioning the town by name?
The Doors,What 1991 film depicts the 1979 Morrison arrest in New Haven?
Jim Morrison,"A popular 70s rock band group once played in New Haven, which result in an accident with one of it member, the man name was?"
"""Peace Frog""",What was the song sung that lead to the arrest of Morrison?
The Doors,The event in 1967 later lead to inspiration of what movie in 1991? 
Los Angeles,"The movie The Doors however did not film at New Haven, instead where did they film the reenactment? "
"29,672",How many students attend BYU on campus?
99 percent,How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church?
one-third,What portion of students are native Utah residents?
"Provo, Utah",Where is Brigham Young University?
third,What is BYU's ranking among private universities?
"29,672",How many students currently attend BYU on-campus?
"Provo, Utah",Where is BYU's main campus?
third,What is BYU's ranking among private universities?
one-third,How many of BYU's students are native Utah residents?
one-third,What percentage of BYU students are from Utah?
Approximately 99 percent,What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church?
the third largest,How is BYU's size ranked among all private university's in the U.S.?
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,What does LDS stand for?
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,Who owns and operates Brigham University?
to serve as Mormon missionaries,For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?
the church's tithing funds,What is the source of much of BYU's funding?
33 percent,How many women at BYU do missionary work?
two-years,What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?
LDS teachings,What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?
the church's tithing funds,What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?
88,What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?
33,What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?
less expensive,How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?
drugs and alcohol,What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?
undergraduate education,What is BYU's main focal point?
Jerusalem,What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?
Church Educational System,What institution controls BYU?
Hawaii and Idaho,Where are BYU's sibling schools located?
68,How many master's programs does BYU have?
11,How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?
two,How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?
the Church Educational System (CES),What is BYU's parent organization?
Hawaii and Idaho,Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?
"October 16, 1875",When was the first property for what would become BYU acquired?
Brigham Young,Who was responsible for acquiring BYU's first building?
"Draper, Utah",Where was Brigham  Young's school originally believed to be located?
Warren Dusenberry,Who began the school that previously existed at the site where BYU is now located?
1862,What year can BYU's origin be traced to with a building called Cluff Hall?
Brigham Young,Which president of the LDS church purchased the Lewis Building after hinting at the building of a school?
atheistic,What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU?
1867,What is the commonly held founding year of BYU?
children of the Latter-day Saints,Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU?
University of Deseret,What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity?
"January 3, 1876",When did BYU first open its doors to students?
Warren Dusenberry,Who was the head of the school for its first few months?
"July 18, 1896",When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU?
"Benjamin Cluff, Jr",Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?
University of Deseret,"Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  break off from in 1876?"
Karl Maeser,"Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  principal chosen by Brigham Young?"
a university,What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr's term at the helm?
members of the community,Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church?
"""I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.""",What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University?
1903,In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools?
Temple Hill,What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904?
forty,How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School?
evolution,What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU?
George H. Brimhall,Who was chosen to head BYU?
"Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University","In 1903, which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with?"
BY High School class of 1907,"Who we responsible for the giant ""Y"" that is embedded on a mountain near the campus?"
forty,"At what age did BYU's elected president in 1904, George H. Brimhall, receive his high school education?"
the theory of evolution,What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall's presidency that caused the crises' theory to not be taught for a time?
Temple Hill,What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus?
doctoral degree,What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?
Franklin S. Harris,Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?
an Air Force Base,What was purchased to accommodate more students?
Ernest L. Wilkinson,Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?
nearly five times,How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?
doctoral,"What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?"
Franklin S. Harris,Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?
the Second World War had just ended,What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?
six times,How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?
over 100,How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?
Jeffrey R. Holland,Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?
Rex E. Lee,Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?
Merrill J. Bateman,Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?
Dallin H. Oaks,Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?
its religious nature,What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?
law,Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?
Jerusalem,In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?
cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run,"What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?"
its religious nature,What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?
BYU Jerusalem Center,What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?
the September 11th attacks,What infamous event occurred during Bateman's term as president?
the Western Athletic Conference,What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference?
2000,In what year did the school begin a BYU television network?
Kevin J Worthen,Who replaced Bateman's successor?
satellite,What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman?
led the student body in a prayer for peace,"What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks?"
Harold B. Lee Library,What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding?
the Mountain West Conference,What did BYU's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman?
the Western Athletic Conference,Which did BYU's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference?
49,What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?
3.82,What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?
78,What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?
26th,What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?
88,How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?
Forbes Magazine,Who ranked BYU as the best college in Utah?
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,Who designated BYU as having high research activity?
The Princeton Review,Who ranked BYU the vest value for college in 2007?
"U.S. News and World Report's ""Great Schools, Great Prices"" lineup",Where was BYU  ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt?
No. 10,"In 2008-2009, how was BYU ranked nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs?"
BusinessWeek,Who ranked BYU's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it's undergrad programs in 2009?
The Wall Street Journal,Who ranked BYU's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007?
No. 3,"Using 2010 data, how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research?"
Wall Street Journal,Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article?
No. 92,How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009?
College of Engineering,Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?
the electronic television,What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?
Tracy Hall,Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?
"a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press",What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?
Magnetic Lasso,Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?
Over three quarters,What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language?
45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church,What can be attributed to BYU's high percentage of second language proficient students?
over 60,How many languages are offered as courses at BYU?
largest of their kind in the nation,What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?
United States Department of Education,Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center?
"Nearly 2,000",How manys students take advantage of BYU's study abroad programs?
number one,How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities?
BYU Jerusalem Center,Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns?
Winter 2007 semester,When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it's closure in 2000?
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict,What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007?
BYU's International Cinema,What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?
Foreign Language Student Residence,What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?
only their chosen foreign language,"As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?"
at least one,How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?
International Cinema,Which BYU building features films in several languages?
1992,In what year did BYU draft a new Statement on Academic Freedom?
contradicts or opposes,The new Statement on Academic Freedom allows students to analyze and discuss Church doctrine but does not allow student expressions that do what?
Honor Code,What cannot be violated because the expression is dishonest according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?
several,How many professors have been disciplined according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?
The American Association of University Professors,Who claimed that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly por?
Church Educational System of LDS Church,Which system is BYU part of?
President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson),Who acts as chairman of BYU?
Church Board of Education,What board do the members of the BYU Board of Trustees also belong to?
Prior to 1939,When did BYU have a separate board of trustees?
through the Commissioner of Education,How does the President of BYU report to the Board?
there is no Spring break,Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?
two,How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into?
two,How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer?
Juris,What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU?
Winter semester ends earlier than most universities,What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?
295,How many buildings are on BYU's main campus?
approximately 560,How many acres are included in BYU's main campus?
"Provo, Utah",Where is BYU's main campus located?
98,How many miles of shelving are in BYU's Harold B. Lee Library?
Spencer W. Kimball Tower,"Which BYU building is the tallest in Provost, Utah?"
"50,000",How many photographs are in BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures?
"about 25,000",How many visitors does BYU Museum of Paleontology receive each year?
Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago),From which period does BYU Museum of Paleontology hold many artifacts from?
BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen,Who found many of the fossils displayed in BYU's Museum of Paleontology?
Museum of Art,Which BYU building is one of the most attended art museus in the Mountain West?
1282,How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?
The Pardoe Theatre,What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?
The Margetts Theatre,What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?
one of BYU's first drama teachers,Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?
experimental,What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?
energy efficiency of its buildings,What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?
BYU Recycles,Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?
a year,How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?
zero,What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?
fluorescent,What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?
Ballroom Dance Company,What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world?
NDCA National DanceSport,What dance championships have been held at BYU for several years?
the largest,How is BYU's collegiate ballroom dance program rated worldwide?
"Latin, Native American, and Polynesian",What types of dancing are performed by BYU's The Living Legends?
21,How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?
Cougar Fight Song,What is the name of BYU's fight song?
many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years,Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?
Sunday,When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?
honor code,What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?
"""is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.""",What is the stated mission of BYU?
the Spirit of God,What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?
religious,What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?
religious and secular,What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?
"""The Lord's university""",What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?
some students and faculty,"Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname ""The Lord's University"" in the past?"
always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted,"What perception do some feel that the nickname ""The Lord's University"" gives about university officials?"
more a goal,"What do the leaders of BYU say ""The Lord's University"" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?"
religiously active,What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?
an ecclesiastic leader,Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?
Over 900,How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?
More than 150,How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?
"24,000",Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?
18,"At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?"
19,"At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?"
two years,How long is a full-time mission for males?
18 months,How long is a full-time mission for females?
97,What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?
Domestic Organization,What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student's homes to verify they were following the school's moral rules?
about 1940,When was the BYU Honor Code actually created?
cases of cheating and academic dishonesty,What was BYU's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation?
1957,"In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards, such as rules regarding drug use?"
"all students, faculty, and staff",Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process?
14th in the nation,How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?
marrying early and being very conservative,"What parts of the sometimes ""too nice"" BYU culture is often caricatured?"
amplification of,What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?
"emphasizing a ""marriage culture""",What is one of BYU's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation?
Approximately 51,What percentage of BYU's class of 2005 were married?
11 percent,What is the national marriage average among college graduates?
22,What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study?
marriage within the faith,What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members?
The Princeton Review,Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?
proud,How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?
about 1/10,How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?
Business Insider,Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?
culturally conservative,What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?
three,How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?
two,How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?
two,How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?
BYU Television International,Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese?
BYUtv,Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S.?
Nobel Prize winner,What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?
the hearing aid,What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?
Gymboree,Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?
two time world's most influential business thinker,What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?
Paul D. Boyer,Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?
BYU,Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?
Sharlene Wells Hawkes,Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?
Jane Clayson Johnson,Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?
Sharlene Wells Hawkes,Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?
Art Rascon,Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?
Krešimir Ćosić,Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?
Ty Detmer,Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?
Jim McMahon,Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?
Mike Weir,Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?
Johnny Miller,Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?
Myocardial infarction,What does MI stand for?
30%,WHat percentage of people suffer from atypical symptoms?
chest pain or discomfort,What is the most common symptom of MI?
more than a few minutes,How long can the pain of MI last?
heartburn,What can the discomfort of MI feel like?
ST elevation,What can ECG confirm?
troponin,What type of blood tests are used?
coronary artery disease,How do most MIs come about?
complete blockage of a coronary artery,What is the main mechanism for MI?
"electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography",Name one test used to recognize MI?
Aspirin,What can be used for immediate treatment for MI?
chest pain,Nitroglycerin can be used to help what?
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction,WHat does NSTEMI stand for?
blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes,When is bypass surgery recommended?
Supplemental oxygen,What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath?
Chest pain,What is the most common symptom of MI?
a lack of blood,What does ischemia refer too?
left arm,What does the pain usually stem from with MI?
clenching their fists over their sternum,What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain?
heart limits the output of the left ventricle,When might an individual experience shortness of breath?
excessive form of sweating,What does diaphoresis refer to?
inadequate blood flow to the brain,What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?
"clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods",What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?
discounters,Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's? 
online stores such as Amazon.,What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?
at sales counters within each department.,"Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?"
at the turn of the 19th century.,"When did the idea of a ""consumer society"" begin? "
the affluent middle-class,What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? 
entrepreneurs,Who was Josiah Wedgewood?
urbanized social group,What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?
women,What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? 
women,Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century? 
Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner),What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store? 
House of Fraser,What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005? 
1836,What year did the Manchester institution begin?
Harrods,Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919? 
Harry Gordon Selfridge,Who founded Selfridges in 1909?
the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity,What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time? 
paid advertising,How was the store most often presented to the public? 
shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits,What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?
magasin de nouveautés,What were the origins of the Paris department store? 
1784,What year was the first Paris department store founded? 
César Birotteau,What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?
the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought,What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris? 
newspapers,Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?
Au Bon Marché,"What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products? "
Aristide Boucicaut,Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?
"increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860",What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes? 
Gustave Eiffel,What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872
marketing innovations,What was Boucicaut most widely known for? 
the northern part of Paris,Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? 
exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities,What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different? 
bourgeois stores,What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to? 
transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods,How were these stores different than most during that time?
"Arnold, Constable","What is recognized as the ""first"" department store in America?"
Aaron Arnold,"Who founded Arnold, Constable? "
a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.,Where was the store moved in 1857?
was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis,"What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war? "
1869,"When was the ""Palace of Trade"" built? "
"on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets","Where was the ""Marble Palace"" built in 1846?"
"""free entrance"" to all potential customers.",What policy did the Marble Palace introduce? 
nineteen,"How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?"
cash and not credit,What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?
waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases,What customer services did the Marble Palace offer? 
John Wanamaker,"Who opened the original ""modern"" department store in America?"
fixed prices marked on every article,What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? 
pneumatic tubes,How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? 
1878,When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? 
Pennsylvania,In what state was Wanamakers established? 
1852,In what year was Marshall Field and company established? 
9 September 2006,When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? 
exceptional customer service,What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?
"Manchester, England",Where was Marshall's European buying office located? 
personal shopper,What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? 
merchant,What occupation did David Jones have?
in London,Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? 
Sydney,Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?
Appleton & Jones,What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia? 
1838,When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?
Grace Bros. and Waltons,What were some of the original Australian department stores? 
1899,When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? 
"Bendigo, Victoria",Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? 
up-market chains,What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? 
Venture,What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? 
the fur trade,What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in? 
Zellers,What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?
160,How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart? 
Walmart,"Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada? "
specialist stores,What is one type of competition department stores face? 
superstores,What types of stores have created even more competition? 
residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs,What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?
2003,In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?
opening policy in 1979,What began the influx of Chinese department stores?
Zhejiang province,What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?
Jinying,What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?
by listing in the financial market.,How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? 
1850,What year did Lane Crawford open? 
Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford,Who established Lane Crawford? 
visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families,What was the store's original target customer base?
Ma Ying Piu,Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? 
"Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906).",What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? 
Magasin,"Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? "
Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen,"Where is Magasin's ""flagship"" store located? "
two,How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? 
Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps,What are two main department stores in France?
1852,What year was the first department store open in France? 
LVMH,Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?
La Samaritaine,What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? 
BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville),What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?
"London, Paris and New York.",What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? 
Karstadt,What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?
KaDeWe,What major department store operates in Berlin? 
GALERIA Kaufhof,What store is a part of the Metro AG?
Singapore and Sogo from Japan,Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?
2007,"When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open? "
Pacific Place Mall,"Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia? "
PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.,Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?
Harvey Nichols,What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? 
Centro Department Store,What store did Parkson buy in 2011? 
Medan,Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?
Ciputra Group,Who did Lotte partner with? 
Ciputra World Jakarta complex,"Where is the ""Lotte Shopping Avenue"" located? "
Lotte Mart,What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase? 
mid-nineteenth century.,When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?
Delany's New Mart,What department store was founded in 1853?
Dublin,In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? 
Monster House,What was Delany's originally called? 
1916,In what year was the store destroyed? 
El Palacio de Hierro,What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?
Sanborns,What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? 
Grupo Carso,What company operates Sears Mexico? 
Coppel and Elektra,What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? 
high-end and luxury items,What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? 
Dunedin,What city is Arthur Barnett in? 
Invercargill,Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?
Southland,Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? 
1909,When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? 
as textile retailers,How did Panama's department stores originally begin? 
at the turn of the nineteenth century,When did Panama's Department stores first start? 
Felix B. Maduro,"What department store is often called ""Felix"" by the local population? "
Cocos,What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? 
1877,When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?
Henry Hoskyn,Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? 
Manila,Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  
Battle of Manila in 1945,What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? 
1950s,When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? 
La New York,What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?
March 2015,When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? 
100 tenants,How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?
Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue,What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? 
early 18th century,When was Saint Petersburg established? 
Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor,Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? 
Dostoyevsky,What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?
Komissarzhevskaya Theatre,What historical site still operates within the mall? 
State Department Stores (GUM),What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? 
late 1920s,When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? 
Lenin,"Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? "
1921,When did they first establish the organization?
Moscow,Where is the most notable Russian department store located?
St. Petersburg,In what city is the Passage located?
Behind Store Window,What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?
1956,When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? 
Lotte Department Store,What department store chain operates the most stores? 
South Korea,"Where is the ""field of distribution"" most often associated with?"
Shinsegae department store,What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?
"Centum City, Busan",Where is the largest department store in the world located?
Almacenes el Siglo,What was the name of the first Spanish department store?
October 1881,When was the first Spanish department store opened? 
El Corte Inglés,What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? 
1934,When was El Corte Ingles established? 
Bainbridge,What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle? 
John Lewis Newcastle,What is the world's oldest department store? 
Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge,Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? 
"Market Street, Newcastle",What was the location of the first store? 
1952,When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?
Kendal Milne and Faulkner,"Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?"
Manchester,Where was the store located? 
over 200 years,How long did the store operate for? 
House of Fraser,Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? 
1905,When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? 
1990,In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?
four,How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? 
2015,By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? 
1452,How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?
middle-class audience,What demographic were most stores focusing on?
Sears,What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?
595,How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?
1954,In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?
Northland Center,What was the store called in Southfield? 
1986,In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? 
Federated Department Stores,What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?
Macy's,What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?
George Dayton,Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?
1902,In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? 
1956,When was the Southdale Center opened? 
Mervyn's,What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?
1849,In what year did Horne began doing business?
Pittsburgh,In what city did Horne begin their operations?
Associated Dry Goods,What company purchased Horne's in 1972?
ten,How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?
the North German Confederation,Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?
1883,When was the Paris Convention?
1886,When was the Berne Convention?
1893,When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?
United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property,What name did the merged secretariats adopt?
October 1845,When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?
Massachusetts Circuit Court,Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?
Justice Charles L. Woodbury,"Who wrote that ""only in this way can we protect intellectual property""?"
1791,"What year did the ""discoveries are property"" concept appear in French law?"
1846,When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?
Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment),Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?
in the 16th century,When did Jewish law recognize copyright?
one year,How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?
500 BCE,When did Sybaris offer patents?
the government,Who grants a patent?
an inventor,Who is a patent granted to?
three,How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?
technological,An invention is a solution to what type of problem?
public disclosure of the invention,What is a patent offered in exchange for?
Promote progress.,What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?
create and disclose their work,What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?
absolute protection or full value,"Which view treats intellectual property as another type of ""real"" property?"
America Invents Act,Which recent law stresses international harmonization?
more than US$5 trillion,How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?
18 million,How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?
the UK,Where has IP become a recognised asset class?
millions,How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?
Patent infringement,What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?
in the US,Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?
civil,What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?
criminal,What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?
criminal,What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?
May 2011,When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?
"United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU",Which countries signed ACTA?
fair use and fair dealing,Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?
piracy,What is the common term for copyright infringement?
Trademark infringement,What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?
legal advantages for enforcement,What does registering a trademark provide?
In many countries,Where is a trademark protected without registration?
civil litigation,How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?
criminal law,How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?
trade secrets,Which type of intellectual property is secret?
Uniform Trade Secrets Act,What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?
Economic Espionage Act,What US federal law protects trade secrets?
an equitable right,Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?
a property right,US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?
intellectual property,Which term is criticized as vague?
"specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.",What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?
semantic,Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?
intellectual property,Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?
Richard Stallman,Who founded the Free Software Foundation?
Richard Stallman,Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?
Richard Stallman,"Who said the term 'intellectual property' ""operates as a catch-all""?"
in the singular,"How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?"
copyright,Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?
the printing press,What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?
copyright,What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?
property rights and free speech,What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?
Stallman,"Who pointed out that ""if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time""?"
Lawrence Lessig,Who is one advocate of copyleft?
Stephan Kinsella,"Who has objected to the idea of IP because ""property"" implies scarcity?"
tangible,Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?
indefinitely,How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?
health,What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?
the masses,IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?
the public,Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?
patent,Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?
intellectual,What type of monopolies does IP create?
World Intellectual Property Organization,Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?
2001,"When was a document called ""Human rights and intellectual property"" issued?"
"the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights","Who issued a document called ""Human rights and intellectual property""?"
"the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights",Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?
2004,When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?
socially valuable,For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?
life-saving medicines,What is an example of socially valuable goods?
the marginal cost of production,What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?
anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product,Who might a higher price exclude from the market?
community creativity,What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?
"indigenous cultural ""property""",What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?
Western,Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?
written,The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?
Motion Picture Association of America,What is the American film industry's trade organization?
film,The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?
United States,Which country is the world's largest producer of films?
intellectual-property,The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?
copyright infringement,What does the recording industry call piracy?
file-sharing,What type of company was Napster?
Digital Millennium Copyright Act,What law enforces digital rights management systems?
Article 6 and 7,Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?
1998,When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?
1994,When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?
common law,What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?
trademark,What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?
a trademark,What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?
"Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for ""flowery land"")",What does Florida stand for 
"to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida",What states border Florida 
Tallahassee is the state capital,What is the state capital of Florida 
the 3rd most populous,Where does Florida rank in US population 
Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida,What city has the most people in Florida 
"it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles",What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US 
Much of the state is at or near sea level,What level is most of the land in florida 
The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south,What is the florida climate 
"American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee",Some animals and reptiles native to Florida 
Everglades National Park,Name a National Park in Florida 
Hernando de Soto,What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539 
Both the Spanish and French established settlements,Who established early settlements in Florida 
Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano,Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida 
Native ancestors of the Seminole,What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida 
"Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more",What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida 
"In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba",What did Spain trade Florida for
"Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba",Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba 
the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia,What road did the British construct 
the St. Johns River,What river does the Kings road cross 
British East Florida and British West Florida,What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida 
officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement,Who was given Florida land grants 
"coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda",Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from 
"what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County",The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as 
"the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber",What did the Colonist cultivate 
British governors were directed to call general assemblies,What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida 
Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence,Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence 
Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.,Who did Florida side with during the revolution
"English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government",What legal system is still used by florida 
English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina,Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from 
Florida Crackers,Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as 
Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers,Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements 
Spanish rule,What led to the rebellion in 1810 
the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23,What did the rebellion lead to 
a single white star on a blue field,What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag
Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge,What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion
Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements,Where did Seminole Indians raid 
runaway slaves,Who did the Indians offer haven to
First Seminole War,What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now 
"orida had become ""a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage",Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary
"Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons",Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US 
"Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821",What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US 
"James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance",Which president was given control of Florida 
"On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory",When did East and West Florida Merge 
Indian removal was a significant issue,What was an issue in the early 1800's 
"In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act",What did congress pass in 1830 
"runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles",Who did Seminoles harbor 
Treaty of Payne's Landing,What was the name of the treaty of 1832
the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.,What did Paynes Landing promiss
somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean,What tempers the Florida Climate 
Lake Okeechobee,What divides Florida two climates 
Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s,What are Florida's Mean temperatures in  late July 
mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward,Low temperatures in Florida average 
"With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country",The average daily temperature in Miami
Sunshine State,What is Florida's nickname 
lightning capital of the United States,What is central Florida known as 
"2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually",Hours of annual sunshine in florida 
Hurricanes pose a severe threat,What posses a threat each year to Florida 
"category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas",What percentage of category 4 storms hit Florida 
Florida was struck by 114,How many storms hit Florida from 1851 to 2006 
"Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs",What is found in Florida 
"lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.",What did the last glacial period provide 
"an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula",What are the Everglades 
Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010,How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently 
"The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015",What is the population of Florida 
Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state,Where did florida rank in population growth 
Polk County since the 1960 census,What is the center of the Florida population
surpassing the population of the state of New York,What state did Florida pass in population recently 
Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws.,How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws 
"felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges",What doe s the law require for criminals 
this law has disproportionate effects for minorities,Who does this law effect most 
one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions,How does it effect elections 
"6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry",What percentage of the population considers themselves American 
"largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry",In the 1980 census the largest ancestry group in Florida was 
back to the original thirteen colonies.,How far back did some of the Ancestry go 
those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population,As of 2010 what percentage of Florida was white / non Hispanic 
"In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population",What percentage of florida was white Non Hispanic in 1970 
"long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as ""Florida crackers",What do many white long term floridian families identify with 
"mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers",Most  white  Florida Immigrants descend from 
"Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population",What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic 
"Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban",What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida 
"Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida",What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida 
"the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation",What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida 
"As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population",What percentage of Florida was African american in 2010 
"During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population",what percentage of florida was black in the early 1900's 
"response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities",What did many black migrate from florida 
"African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins",Where does the African population in florida have ancestry roots 
"1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964",Voter demographics of florida in the 1950's 
"Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities",what did the voting rights act provide for 
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965,what president signed the voting right act 
"1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats",What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960 
Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary,Does Florida benefit from taxes
"Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party",What party political party dominates Florida now 
"continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South",How does Florida vote in presidential elections 
the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government,What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge  
William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County,The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida 
"Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states",What is Cramer credited for 
"966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election",Who was Claude R Kirk 
"968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator",Who was Edward j Gurney 
"1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years",What did the Democrat party do in the 1970
"In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals",What did democrat voters do in 1998 
"white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as ""snowbirds",What are snowbirds 
"racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state",What party dominates South Florida and Miami 
"Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida",which party dominates most of the rest of florida 
"Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters",What is the make up politically of florida's fastest growing area 
The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion,The area is viewed as what politically
"the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections",The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what 
Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives,What has reappointment done to florida 
"The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests",What was challenged in 2012 
Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments,How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge 
it accepted a new map in early December 2015.,What hapend to the Florida congressional map in 2015 
"Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates",What hapend in the 2000 election 
Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states,How severe is Florida's Disenfranchisement law 
"if the state’s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida",What did this mean in the 2000 election 
that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering,Why did the 2 districts have to be redrawn in 2014 
"lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn",How many were ruled to be redrawn in 2015 
a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts,What was the court vote on the new congressional map in 2015
There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.,Are there any more changes coming to the map 
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion,What was Florida's GDP in 2010
Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States,Where does Florida's GDP rank 
"were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively",What are some major contributors to states output 
"Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third ""Best State for Business"" in 2011",What was Florida named in 2011
"Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days",What was the mortgage delinquency rate in 2008 
"300,000 vacant homes in 2009",How many vacant homes in Florida in 2009 
Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs,What percentage of  personal income was spent of Housing in florida  
the third highest percentage in the country,Where did housing spending ranking nationally 
the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade,What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do 
that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely,What did Govenor Bush Realize
Medical/Bio-Sciences,What industry was targeted 
The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion,Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida 
"architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style",What architectural styles are in Florida 
"Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination",When did the art deco area of Miami boom 
"the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami",What does Florida have the largest collection of 
"Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.",What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2 
"Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada",What train line connects florida to the North 
"Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C",Where does the Auto train originate 
"Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles",Who does sunset limited service 
"Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami",Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida 
NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February,What is headquartered in Daytona 
Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July,Name another race in florida 
The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races,What is the 24 hours of Daytona 
The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg,What does St Pete feature for a race 
Smile,What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?
Freddie Mercury,What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?
Queen Forever,What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?
News of the World,What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?
1991,In what year did Freddie Mercury die?
1970,Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?
Humpy Bong,What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?
Ealing Art College,What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?
1970,In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?
Freddie,What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?
bass,John Deacon played what instrument?
1971,In what year did John Deacon join Queen?
Mercury,What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?
My Fairy King,What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?
2 July 1971,On what date did Queen play their first show?
Mercury,Who designed Queen's logo?
Virgo,What was Freddie Mercury's zodiac sign?
Leo,Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?
Cancer,What was Brian May's zodiac sign?
United Kingdom,The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?
Norman Sheffield,Who offered Queen a management deal in 1972?
Elton John,Which singer used Trident studios in addition to Queen and the Beatles?
Neptune Productions,What was the name of Trident's subsidiary?
De La Lane Studios,Where was Queen spotted before entering discussions with Trident?
1972,In what year did Queen enter discussions with Trident studios?
1973,In what year was Queen's first album released?
Queen,What was the name of Queen's first album?
Keep Yourself Alive,What was the lead single from Queen's first album?
Keep Yourself Alive,Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article?
Gordon Fletcher,Which critic called Queen's debut superb?
Queen II,What was the name of Queen's second LP?
1974,What year was Queen's second album released?
Mick Rock,Who designed the cover of Queen's second album?
Freddie Mercury,Who wrote the song Seven Seas of Rhye?
six-minute,How long is the song The March of the Black Queen?
hepatitis,What was Brian May diagnosed with after collapsing in 1974?
Sheer Heart Attack,What was the name of Queen's third album?
A Night at the Opera,What Queen album was released after Sheer Heart Attack?
two,Queen's Sheer Heart Attack reached what number on the United Kingdom charts?
New York's Uris Theatre,What was the name of the venue where Brian May collapsed?
Killer Queen,Which song was Queen's first US hit?
eleven,Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts?
Stone Cold Crazy,What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song?
British music hall,What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen?
12,Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100?
Zandra Rhodes,Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour?
Canada,What country did Queen play in for the first time in 1975?
Trident Studios,Queen had a bitter split with what management company in 1975?
Peter Grant,What manager of Led Zeppelin tried to sign Queen?
John Reid,Whom did Queen eventually sign with after rejecting the Swan Song records contract?
A Night at the Opera,Which Queen album was released in 1975?
Marx Brothers,Queen's 1975 album took it's name from a movie from which comedy act?
eight-minute,How long was Queen's The Prophet's Song?
Love of My Life,Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?
Bohemian Rhapsody,Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?
Bohemian Rhapsody,What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?
Bohemian Rhapsody,What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?
1975,In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?
"United States, Japan, and Australia",Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?
A Day at the Races,What Queen album was released in 1976?
Somebody to Love,What was the major hit from Queen's 1976 album?
Tie Your Mother Down,Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows?
Groucho Marx,Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977? 
"Mercury, May, and Taylor",Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love?
"Hyde Park, London",Where did Queen host a free concert in 1976? 
Richard Branson,Who organized a free concert by Queen in 1976?
"150,000",How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record?
Madison Square Garden,Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977? 
Earls Court,Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977?
1977,Queen's sixth album was released in what year?
four,How many times platinum did Queen's News of the World go?
"""We Will Rock You"" and the rock ballad ""We Are the Champions""",Queen's News of the World contained which two rock anthems?
1977,Queen's News of the World Tour took place in what year?
1978,In what year did Queen release the album Jazz?
two,What number did Queen's Jazz reach on UK charts?
six,What number did Queen's Jazz reach on the Billboard 200?
"""Fat Bottomed Girls"" and ""Bicycle Race""",What were the two hit singles off of Queen's album Jazz?
Wimbledon Stadium,Queen rented what venue for a music video in 1978?
Paul McCartney,Who organized the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?
1979,In what year was Queen's Live Killers released?
twice,How many times platinum did Queen's Live Killers go in the US?
Elvis Presley,Queen's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer?
1979,In what year did Queen play the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?
Madison Square Garden,Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue?
Flash Gordon,Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show?
Another One Bites the Dust,What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single?
Michael Jackson,Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?
The Game,Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s?
Queen,What band was the first major band to play in Latin American stadiums?
five,The Game Tour of the band Queen included how many shows in Argentina?
"300,000",How large was Queen's record audience in Argentina?
Save Me,What was the final track on Queen's The Game?
Montreal Forum,What sold out venue did Queen play in Canada?
Hot Space,What album did Queen release in 1982? 
Munich,Where did Queen record their 1982 album? 
Paul Prenter,What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager?
Elektra Records,Queen left what label before signing with EMI?
the eighth season,On which season of Saturday Night Live did Queen perform?
Spike Edney,Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?
keyboardist,Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?
British Musicians' Union,Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?
South Africa,Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?
13 July 1985,What date was Live Aid?
Wembley,Where was Live Aid held?
1.9 billion,How big was Live Aid's TV audience?
"72,000",How long was Live Aid's stadium audience?
Bob Geldof and Midge Ure,Who organized Live Aid?
Radio Ga Ga,The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song?
Brian May,Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid?
(music) video,What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid?
1985,What year was Queen's One Vision released?
four,How many band members wrote Queen's One Vision?
The Complete Works,What was the mid 1980s Queen boxed set called?
Thank God It's Christmas,What was Queen's 1984 Christmas song called?
1986,Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury was in what year?
A Kind of Magic,What was the name of Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury?
"120,000",How many fans saw Queen in Knebworth park?
"80,000",How many fans saw Queen at the Nepstadion in Budapest?
"95,000",How many fans saw Queen at Slane castle?
"Montserrat Caballé, Barcelona",Who did Freddie Mercury collaborate with in 1988?
1989,When did Queen release The Miracle?
The Miracle,Which Queen album had more shared writing credits?
1990,When did Queen end their contract with Capitol?
Disney's Hollywood Records,"After leaving Capitol, who did Queen sign with?"
1990,What year was Freddie Mercury's final public appearance with Queen?
Innuendo,Which Queen album was released in 1991?
The Show Must Go On,What was one single from Queen's Innuendo that charted in the UK?
Greatest Hits II,What was the name of Queen's second greatest hits compilation?
Greatest Hits II,Which Queen album is the eighth best-selling album in the UK of all time?
Mercury,Which band member of Queen was seriously ill in 1991?
16 million,Queen's Greatest Hits II has sold how many copies worldwide?
23 November 1991,When was Freddie Mercury's deathbed confession made?
AIDS,What disease did Freddie Mercury disclose he had?
"bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS",What did Freddie Mercury die of?
"Kensal Green, West London",Where was Freddie Mercury's funeral service held?
These Are the Days of Our Lives,Which music video contains the last footage of Freddie Mercury?
Wayne's World,Which movie featured Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?
1992,What year did Queen get a boost in North American sales due to being featured in a movie?
1992,In what year did Queen win an MTV award?
four,How high did the album Classic Queen chart on the Billboard 200?
three times,How many times platinum did Classic Queen go in the US?
20 April 1992,When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?
London's Wembley Stadium,Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?
"72,000",How many people attended the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert?
Queen,Which band was he largest benefit concert in history about?
1.2 billion viewers worldwide,How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract?
Made in Heaven,What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?
20 million,How many copies worldwide has Queen's 1995 album sold?
1996,In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux?
Montreux,Where was Queen's studio located in Switzerland?
1997,In what year did Queen release No-One but You
Mercury,Who was No-One but You dedicated to?
Queen Rocks,Which compilation did Queen release in 1997?
Elton John and the Béjart Ballet,Who performed live with Queen on The Show Must Go On in 1997?
John Deacon,Which Queen member retired in 1997?
Brian May and Roger Taylor,Which two members of Queen performed together at several charity concerts?
Pavarotti,Who performed with Brian May in 1998 at a benefit concert?
"Modena, Italy",Where did Queen play in 2003 with a famous opera singer?
Robbie Williams,Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight's Tale?
1999,What year was Queen's third greatest hits album released?
Wyclef Jean,Who performed a rap version of Another One Bites The Dust?
George Michael,Alive version of Somebody to Love featured what artist?
Elton John,Which artist guested on a live version of Queen's The Show Must Go On?
the 46664 Concert,In 2003 Queen performed for what Nelson Mandela hosted benefit?
2005,Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?
Free and Bad Company,Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands?
John Deacon,Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion?
2004,In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame?
Between 2005 and 2006,Between what years did Queen and Paul Rodgers first embark on a world tour?
Europe,Where was the first leg of Queen's mid 2000s tour with Paul Rodgers?
Roger Taylor,What is the name of Queen's drummer?
Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas,Where did Queen receive the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors?
Queen + Paul Rodgers,Which band performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday?
2008,When did Queen + Paul Rodgers release their debut album?
The Cosmos Rocks,What was the name of Queen + Paul Rodgers debut album?
"350,000",How many people were at the Queen + Paul Rodgers concert in 2008 in Kharkiv?
HIV/AIDS,In 2008 what disease did Queen perform benefit concerts for?
May and Taylor,On 20 May 2009 which Queen members performed We are the Champions on American Idol?
Absolute Greatest,What was the name of the Greatest Hits compilation Queen released after the split from Paul Rodgers?
winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert,Which two American idol contestants performed a duet with Queen on American Idol?
16 November,What day in 2009 was Queen's Absolute Greatest released?
May,Which member of Queen wrote a letter to fans in 2009 regarding touring for 2010?
15 November 2009,What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor?
Roger,"In 2009, what was the first name of the former Queen member Brian May told fans he had a better understanding with?"
USA,Which country had made an offer to Queen for a one off performance in 2010?
EMI,What record label did May and Taylor leave in 2010?
Universal Music,What label did Queen join in August 2010?
Hardtalk,What program interviewed Queen on 22 September 2010?
Universal Music Group,Island records is a subsidiary of what group?
Katy Perry,Which artist presented the Global Icon Award to Queen in 2011?
Adam Lambert,Which artist performed with Queen at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards?
London,Where were the BMI awards held in 2011?
Jane's Addiction,What band was worried Queen would steal their live performance bassist?
May and Taylor,Which Queen members were appearing on American Idol in the late 2000s?
Knebworth,Where was Queen's final concert with Freddie Mercury held in 1986?
"Hammersmith Apollo, London",Queen and Adam Lambert played two shows where in July 2012?
ANTIAIDS Foundation,Elena Pinchuk has what kind of a foundation?
Moscow's Olympic Stadium,Where did Queen perform with Adam Lambert on 3 July 2012?
20 September 2013,When did Queen + Adam Lambert perform at the iHeartRadio Music Festival?
MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas,Where was the iHeartRadio Music Festival held in 2013?
Good Morning America,On what show did Queen announce they would be touring with Adam Lambert?
Summer 2014,When was the first Queen tour with Adam Lambert scheduled?
Lambert,Who did Queen members say they were open to making a regular member of the band in 2014?
Jimi Hendrix,Which guitarist inspired Queen?
Aretha Franklin,What gospel singer did Freddie Mercury cite as an inspiration?
Yes,Queen's sound has been described as a mix of Led Zeppelin and what other band?
British,What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen?
Led Zeppelin,What band named after a floating vehicle influenced Queen?
Radio Ga Ga,Which Queen song inspired audience clapping?
"""We Will Rock You"" and ""We Are the Champions""",Which two Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind?
heavy metal,What kind of metal has Queen been associated with?
dance/disco,What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with?
Red Special,What was the name of Brian May's signature guitar?
1963,What year was Brian May's signature guitar made?
Roy Thomas Baker,Which producer influenced Queen's feedback heavy sound?
Mike Stone,What engineer helped with Queen's feedback heavy sound?
over 180,How many vocal overdubs are in Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?
Michael Jackson,Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen?
heavy metal,Several groups from which type of metal were influenced by Queen?
Def Leppard,This band named after an animal was inspired by Queen?
Guns N' Roses,This band with a flower in their name was influenced by Queen?
Bohemian Rhapsody,What song was voted the UK's favorite hit of all time in 2002?
Bohemian Rhapsody,What Queen song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2004?
Bohemian Rhapsody,Which Queen video was credited with launching the MTV video age?
Queen,A 2005 poll stated that which band's performance at Live Aid was the best ever?
eighteen,How many number one singles did Queen release?
ten,How many number one DVD's has Queen released?
over 150 million,How many albums has Queen sold worldwide?
2001,When was Queen inducted into the Hall of Fame?
eighteen,How many number one albums has Queen released?
"12,225",How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?
number 52,Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?
17th,In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?
Iran,What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?
"Saturday, 7 October",When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?
Dominion Theatre,Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?
May 2014,When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?
We Will Rock You,What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?
Grease,What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?
1986,Queen's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year?
Milton Keynes,Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert?
2005,When was Queen's A Night at the Opera re-released?
2007,When was the first Queen Bluray released?
May and Taylor,Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen's prior projects?
Guitar Hero,Which music video game featured a plethora of Queen songs?
David Bowie,Who collaborated with Freddie Mercury on the song Under Pressure?
Brian May,Which member of Queen discussed a possible Queen Rock Band video game?
Metallica,What Heavy Metal band had a video game in which Queen was featured?
Flash Gordon,Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen?
Highlander,Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song?
1992,In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US?
two,How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart?
Anne Hathaway,ho sang a version of Queen's Somebody to Love in 2004's Ella Enchanted?
Brittany Murphy,Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006's Happy Feet?
Moulin Rouge!,Which movie featured a cover of Queen's The Show Must Go On?
A Knight's Tale,Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen's We Are the Champions?
11 April,On what date in 2006 did May and Taylor of Queen appear on American Idol?
May 2009,What month and year was the season  finale of American Idol?
Adam Lambert and Kris Allen,Who were the season 8 finalists on American Idol?
15 November 2009,On what date did Queen's May and Taylor appear on UK X-factor?
Somebody to Love,Which Queen song was featured in the autumn of 2009 on Glee
Another One Bites the Dust,What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010?
We Are the Champions,What Queen song was performed on a May 2012 episode of Glee?
We Are the Champions,What Queen song is featured on Glee's The Graduation Album?
Sacha Baron Cohen,Who was originally chosen to play Freddie Mercury in the movie bearing his name?
Ben Whishaw,Who was the replacement to play Freddie Mercury in the film of the same name?
Peter Morgan,Who is writing the Freddie Mercury film?
Robert De Niro,Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film?
1985,In what year did Queen perform at Live Aid?
British Isles,Where can you trace back the origins of Presbyterianism back to?
sovereignty of God,What does the Presbyterian church typically emphasize?
Great Britain,Which act created the kingdom of Great Britain?
Scotland,Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?
16th century,When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?
"Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists",Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?
Christianity,What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian?
John Calvin,Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism?
1560,In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession?
First Book of Discipline,Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?
Book of Order,What term described the method used to regulate common practice and or order?
Westminster Confession of Faith,Which document is an important confessional document second only to the Bible?
Calvinism,What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church?
education and lifelong learning,What do Presbyterians put importance into?
"scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine",What do their studies consist of?
"by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ.",How do Presbyterians exhibit their faith?
councils (known as courts) of elders,What is the Presbyterian government known as?
"teaching, worship, and performing sacraments",What are the responsibilities of the elder pastors?
local presbytery,"When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor, who has to ratify it?"
the congregation,Who elects the ruling elders?
"practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry","In very large congregations, what do the elders delegate?"
deacons,"There's a group of officers in the congregation, what other names are they also known by?"
presbyteries,Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?
area responsibilities,What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?
teaching elders and ruling elders,What are the area of responsibilities made up of?
Synod,"In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?"
Synod,Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?
confessional tradition,"Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition, what is it?"
confessions of faith,"Confessional churches express this form of confession, what is it named?"
theology,What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?
by the community as a whole,How is theology carried out in a confessional church?
Westminster Confession of Faith,What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard?
Westminster Standards,"Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard, what is it?"
Westminster Confession of Faith,The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form?
The Westminster Confession,"To the church of Scotland, what is the sub standard doctrine?"
William Robertson Smith,Who was one person who did not fully believe the struggle of conscience?
conscience clause,"The Free Church in Scotland  has something in place that only a few churches have implemented, what is it called?"
Book of Confessions,Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted?
Westminster Standards,"The Book of Confessions reflects the inclusion of another confession, what is it called?"
"the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed",Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards?
1967,I what year was the The Theological Declaration of Barmen document created?
Directory of Public Worship,The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?
1640s,When was the Directory of Public Worship developed?
Scottish Parliament,Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law?
"hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments",What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? 
"hymns, preaching, and congregational participation","What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the ""lords Day""?"
cappella exclusive psalmody,What do reformed Presbyterians practice?
black Geneva gown,Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?
full length Old English style surplice,A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?
Liturgical Renewal Movement,Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?
the members,"Presbyterians had to distinguished between ""Church"" and ""Meeting house"" What was ""Church"" referring too?"
building,"What did ""Meeting house"" refer to?"
meeting house,What were churches called before the 19th century?
"No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images","Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?"
communion table,What did Presbyterian churches have in them?
communion table,What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?
Chancel,What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?
Celtic cross,What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?
the resurrection,What did the Celtic Cross represent?
1572,What year did John Knox past away?
to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines,What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?
Andrew Melville,"The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?"
1660,In what year was the Government of church reinstated? 
1688,In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?
Associate Presbytery,Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?
1929,What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?
Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland,Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?
1592,In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?
Thomas Cartwright,Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?
1645 and 1648,Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?
1719,"In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?"
18th century,When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?
19th century,When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?
1843,"In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the ""Disruption""?"
1972,In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England  and Waled unite?
"St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford",What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?
United Reformed Church,What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united?
Presbyterianism,What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?
Anglican Church of Ireland,What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?
"100,000",How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?
1642,When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?
1703,When did Presbyterianism arrive in America?
Philadelphia,In what city was the first Presbytery formed?
1789,In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America?
the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.),What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America?
"Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)",What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States?
Korean American Presbyterian Church,What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States?
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church,What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation (ARP)?
1800s,Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?
Catholicism,The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?
Spanish Conquistadors,Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?
Presbyterian Church in Canada,What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada?
1925,In what year was the United Church of Canada formed?
1875,When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed?
National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México),What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?
"2,500,000",How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?
1875,When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?
"1,011,300",How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?
131 000,"As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?"
1940,When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?
The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil,What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?
"social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals",Which  services to most African Presbyterian churches offer?
Malawi and Kenya,The Southminster Presbyterian Church in Pittsburg has partnerships with churches in which two countries?
Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel,Which two missionaries help bring Presbyterian churches in the south eastern states?
17 000–20 000 members,The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?
Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian,Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi?
"education, health ministries as well as worship",The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?
Presbyterian Church of Korea,"Most of the churches in Korea carry the same name, what is it?"
1953,What year did the second schism take place?
whether the PCK should join the WCC,What was the main reason for the latest schism?
1947,What year was the Chosun Seminary founded?
2007,In what year did the Korean church celebrate the 100th class?
United States,Korean Presbyterian missionaries being sent over seas are second in numbers to only which other country?
General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea,What is the name of the largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea?
Saudi Arabia,Which muslim country does Korea have a Presbyterian church in?
The Presbyterian Church,What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Taiwan?
"238,372",How many members make up The Presbyterian Church denomination?
James Laidlaw Maxwell,Who was the first person to bring Presbyterianism into Taiwan?
era of Guomindang,In what era did The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan experience a large growth in members?
1894,What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?
Welsh Presbyterians,"Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of  missionaries that  ventured into east india?"
Sohra,Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?
"600,000",How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?
The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia,Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?
"1859 and 1870, and in 1901",Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?
1977,"In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge?"
1991,In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded?
New South Wales,"The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one, which state did not?"
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu,What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?
Scotland,From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from?
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu,What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu?
Scotland,Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu?
Penama and Torba,"Which two towns have Presbyterian people, but no churches?"
Lutheranism,What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia? 
Today over two thirds of the population,How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?
The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany,Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?
7.8% of the population,How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?
750 Jews,How many Jews live in Thuringia?
the Germanic tribe Thuringii,Where does the name Thuringia come from?
the Migration Period,When did Thuringii emerge?
the Huns,Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians?
around 400,When were the thuringii first mentioned?
until 531 and later,How long did the Thuringian realm exist?
the Landgraviate of Thuringia,Which state was the largest in the region?
"the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west.",Where is Thuringia located?
the Ernestine Wettins,Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig? 
"Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen",Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?
in 1130 AD,When did Thuringia become a landgraviate? 
1247–1264,Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?
1247,When did the western half of the state become Hesse?
Margraviate of Meissen,Where was the Wettin dynasty from?
"the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha",Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?
as early as 1520,When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?
were driven away,What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?
during the German Peasants' War of 1525,When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?
a leader of some non-peaceful groups,Who was Thomas Muntzer?
the Eichsfeld district,Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?
1795 to 1814,When was the German Mediatisation?
The 1815 Congress of Vienna,When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?
the Kingdom of Prussia,Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?
Prussian-led,Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?
Weimar,Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1? 
1930,When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?
Wilhelm Frick,Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?
six delegates,How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?
anyone he suspected of being a republican,Who did Frick remove from the police force?
men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party,Who did Frick replace republican police with?
The far north,Where are the Harz mountains located?
hilly and sometimes forested,What is the landscape of Eichsfeld? 
Großer Beerberg,What is Thuringia's highest mountain?
in the middle,Where is Orlasenke located?
The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east,How many big rivers flow through Thuringia? 
the Saale,Which river in Thuringia is the most important?
There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia,Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?
the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam,What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?
the Main (a tributary of the Rhine),Which tributary is located on the southern border? 
Due to many centuries of intensive settlement,Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?
a mixture of beech and spruce,What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia? 
forest with beech as its predominant species,What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?
increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months,Where do most landscape problems come from?
more natural and tough vegetation,What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?
1990,Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?
modernizing factories,"What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?"
Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated,What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?
the salination of the Werra river,What are today's big environmental problems?
discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach,What is causing the salination of the Werra river?
the border between Germanic and Slavic territories,Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?
the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule,What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?
World War I,When did population growth in Thuringia peak?
1950,In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?
"41,000",How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?
24%,What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?
4%,How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?
Russians,What is the largest group of foreigners?
"Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau",Which towns have the highest immigrant population?
115 to 120 men per 100 women,What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?
emigration of young women,What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?
more than 30%,How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?
there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.,What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?
"+6,700 persons",How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
"+1,400",How many migrants went to Eisenach? 
The international migration is fluctuating heavily,Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? 
850,How many municipalities are in Thuringia? 
126,How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?
ten,"How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?"
the 20th century,What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?
Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.,Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?
Agriculture and forestry,What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?
54%,How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?
the large Thuringian Basin,What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?
greenhouses,Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?
rural regions,Which regions value agriculture most?
the mid-19th-century industrialisation,How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?
the closure of most large-scale factories and companies,What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?
the northern and eastern parts of the Land.,Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?
between 1930 and 1990,When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?
Eisenach,Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?
"Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau",Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?
because the competition from imported metal was too strong,"Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?"
the Südharzrevier,What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?
uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal,What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?
After the reunification,When did the Südharzrevier close?
below the national average,Where is the GDP of Thuringia?
Until 2004,For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?
"The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth",What has helped to improve Thuringia? 
around 2020,When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?
20% in 2005,When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?
it has decreased to 7%,What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? 
The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.,How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?
working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters,What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?
demographic transition,What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?
During the 1930s,When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?
Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990,When were the two motorways expanded?
during the 1990s and 2000s,When were three additional roads built?
The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71,Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?
The upgrading of federal highways,  What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?
lignite,What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?
mined in the bordering Leipzig region,Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?
carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations,How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?
Wind power and Biomass,What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?
big pumped storage stations,What is Hohenwarte Dam?
bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt,Which hospitals are being expanded?
rationalisation processes in the German health care system,Why are there too many hospital beds?
rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.,Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?
four years,How long is Thuringian primary school?
Since the 1950s,For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
At the age of ten,When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
Friedrich Fröbel,Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
eight years,How many years of school do students attend after primary?
The University of Jena,What is the biggest school in Thuringia?
four,How many universities are there in Thuringia?
"5,000",How many students attend The University of Erfurt?
The Bauhaus University Weimar,What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?
1860,When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?
Gotha,Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?
800,How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?
"Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden",How many schools offer polytechnics?
life sciences and optics,"What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?"
Weimar and Gotha,Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?
publicly funded,How is most research in Thuringia funded?
the optics sector at Jena.,  What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?
the 1840s,When was Thuringia's first railway built?
Between 1950 and 2000,When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? 
"In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,",When will the new high speed train be open? 
direct impact on the prey population,What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
herbivory,How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption,A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
parasitic species,A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
detritivory,How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
plants,What does an herbivore eat?
no,"Do detritivores have a direct impact on ""donor"" organisms?"
prey,What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
predation,What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
the predator's direct impact on the prey population,What is the key characteristic of predation?
dead organic material,What do detritivores eat?
predator's direct impact on the prey population,What is the key characteristic of predation?
Two factors,How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? 
true predation,Proximity and the ending of life is called? 
parasitoidism,If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? 
the way in which they eat,"Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?"
parasitoidism,Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?
predation,The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?
large and small prey,What do household animals prey upon? 
Baleen whales,Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.
harm their prey in some way,"To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?"
kills and eats another living thing,What requirement must a true predator fulfill?
"Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them",What is different about a true predator?
harm their prey in some way,All types of predators do what?
sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance,How do ambush predators hunt?
venom,What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?
Grazing organisms,Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
browsing pressure,Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
zooplankton,Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
mosquitos,Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
female mosquitos,What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
Starfish,What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
seldom,Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
regrows at the base,How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
Parasites,Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?
mutualism,Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.
elephant,Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.
mistletoe,What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? 
close association with their host species,How are parasites distiguished from grazers?
one or at most a few in their lifetime,How many hosts do parasites typically have?
a continuum,How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?
living together,What does the term symbiosis mean?
ichneumon wasps,This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.
10%,It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? 
death,During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?
Parasitoids,What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?
10%,How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?
ichneumon,Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?
devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system,How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
opportunistic,Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? 
equilibrium,Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?
scarce,"When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?"
evolution,What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? 
"humans, leopards, dogs and alligators",What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?
evolutionary arms race,What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?
keep the populations of both species in equilibrium,What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?
herbivorous,"If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?"
trophic level,What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?
apex predator,What is the top predator in an environment called? 
trophic pyramid,When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. 
energy,What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? 
Organisms that feed on autotrophs,Which organisms are known as primary consumers?
feed on heterotrophs,What makes an organism a secondary consumer?
apex predator,What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?
five or six levels,How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?
the top,In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?
carrion,Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?
eat from multiple levels of the food chain,Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?
Carnivorous plants,What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? 
omnivores,What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?
Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain,What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?
producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap,Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?
difficult,Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
the same trophic level,Intraguild species consumer other species within?
Richard Dawkins,"Who proposes the concept of the ""survival machine?"""
both the predator and prey,"The argument of the ""survival machines"" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?"
potential competitors,Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?
Richard Dawkins,Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?
the body,"To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the ""survival machine""?"
those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level,What are intraguild predators?
gene centered view,Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?
Intraguild,What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?
keystone species,What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?
biodiversity,What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?
dominant,When a keystone species is lost another species might become?
biodiversity of communities,What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?
keystone species,Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?
"Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density",What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?
beavers,What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?
hydrological features,"Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?"
channel incision,Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?
wolves,The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?
habitat became territory for grazing.,How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?
"Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species",Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?
"wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon",How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?
maximum of four stages,At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? 
Detection of prey,What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?
array of adaptations,How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? 
the individuals preyed upon,Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? 
maximum of four stages,How many stages can predation be divided into?
"Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption",What are the four stages of predation?
obtain food or avoid being eaten,What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?
final,"In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?"
camouflage,Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?
camouflage,What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?
shape and pattern,"Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?"
other organisms,Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?
Mimicry,What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?
drone fly,Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?
Mimicry,A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?
startling the predator and giving it time to escape,What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?
to lure their prey,How can predators use mimicry?
gain of energy,What makes predation successful?
optimal foraging theory,Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?
energy gain per unit time,"In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?"
Social predation,What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?
"humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants",What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?
domestic cats),What is a species that does not perform social predation?
"Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas",What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters,Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?
"warmth, companionship, and even protection",Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?
wild ones outside the area,Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?
"(anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats",What are some predators of the electric eel?
strong kick that can maim or kill,What defense does a zebra have against predators?
formidable teeth and claws,What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?
to kill prey,The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?
species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack,"Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?"
Crows,Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?
On occasion,Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?
hawks or larger mammalian predators,Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
Aposematism,What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?
species as a whole,"Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?"
"Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid",How does aposematism help a species population?
"bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns",What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?
prey,What do predators depend on for survival?
carrying capacity,Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?
survival and fecundity,Predators lower what aspects of their prey?
"speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength",What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?
well over a million years,For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?
other humans,What are humans' primary competitors?
the Donner party,What is one known istance of cannibalism?
domestic dog,With what species do humans hunt in partnership?
humans and dogs,What two apex predators do not have a small population size?
small,Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?
competitive exclusion principle,"Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?"
prey abundance,What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?
coextinction,"When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?"
longer period of time,Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?
boom and bust cycle of economics,"The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?"
"reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides",How can natural predators benefit crops?
controlling pests,How are predators beneficial to agriculture?
keeping its abundance down,"If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?"
introduced species,Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?
Marvel Universe,"Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?"
real-life cities,Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?
New York,Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?
Hulk,What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?
"the Fantastic Four, the Avengers",Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?
Martin Goodman,Who originally founded Marvel Comics?
Timely Publications,What was the original name of Marvel Comics?
1939,When was Marvel founded?
New York City,In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?
publisher,What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?
Oct. 1939,What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1?
Joe Simon,Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor?
Jack Kirby,"Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?"
the Human Torch,What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos?
Marvel Comics #1,"In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced?"
Basil Wolverton,What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?
"""Powerhouse Pepper""",What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?
Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal,What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?
Miss America,What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?
"""big three""",The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?
shell companies,Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?
1961,When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?
"""A Marvel Magazine""",By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?
Marvel Mystery Comics,Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?
Bill Everett,Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner?
Atlas,"What was Marvel's major offshoot with Westerns, war stories, and monster comics called?"
Homer the Happy Ghost,What was Dan DeCarlo's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called?
Archie Andrews,DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?
Homer Hooper,What was the name of DeCarlo's main character in his humorous teen series?
The Fantastic Four,Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?
Nov. 1961,What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?
Stan Lee,What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?
celebrity status,"In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?"
The Amazing Spider-Man,What is Marvel's best-selling comic?
Jack Kirby,Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?
Cold War,What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?
costumes,What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?
secret identities,None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?
"""superheroes in the real world""",The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?
Esquire,What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature?
Spider-Man and the Hulk,What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?
DC Comics,Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?
Pat Boone,Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner?
John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan,What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?
"New York, Los Angeles and Chicago",What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?
Ant-Man,What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?
the Marvel Universe,The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?
Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four,Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?
50 million,How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968?
Independent News,What company was distributing Marvel's titles at that point?
the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation,To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?
Magazine Management Company,What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within?
Curtis Circulation Company,What distributor took over Marvel's titles in 1969?
"United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare",What government agency asked Marvel to do a series of stories to publicize an issue?
drug abuse,What issue was Marvel asked to tackle for this agency?
Spider-Man,What comic book series did stories related to this issue appear in?
Comics Code Authority,What industry censorship and standards organization tried to block publication of this series?
May–July 1971,What were the issue dates of the three-episode series on this public health issue?
the updating of the Comics Code,What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?
"Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja","What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?"
Howard the Duck,What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?
1972,In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?
"larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint",How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?
Seaboard Periodicals,What new venture did Marvel's founder begin after leaving the company in the 1970s?
Atlas Comics,What former Marvel title imprint did Goodman attempt to revive?
comic book stores,What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales?
a year and a half,How long was the 1970s revival of Atlas Comics in business?
the mid-1970s,During what era did newsstand distribution begin to tail off markedly for Marvel?
Marvelcon,What was Marvel's self-hosted comic book convention called?
Jack Kirby,What artist's return to Marvel was announced at this event?
Captain Britain,What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market?
spring 1975,When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?
October 1976,When did Marvel's British-themed superhero first appear?
Jim Shooter,Who took over as head of Marvel in 1978?
repeatedly missed deadlines,What is an example of a bad practice eliminated under Shooter's regime at Marvel?
Frank Miller,What noted artist and writer made brought Daredevil to the forefront during the 1980s?
Chris Claremont and John Byrne,What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s?
crossover story arcs,Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope?
2099 line,"What 1990s comic line featured futuristic, sci-fi stories?"
Razorline,What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel?
1990,In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters?
SkyBox International,What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?
overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe,What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?
Image Comics,What studio helped to relaunch and revamp classic marvel teams The Fantastic Four and the Avengers?
Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld,What two Marvel veterans founded Image?
a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream,How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics?
a one-year run,How long did the Image run of Marvel characters last?
"the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil","What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?"
Heroes World Distribution,What channel did Marvel buy to self-distribute its own comics in the 1990s?
1994,When did Marvel purchase this distribution network?
Diamond Comic Distributors Inc,Exclusive deals for distributing comics during the 1990s left this company as the only unaffiliated one.
1997,What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel?
Marvel's Heroes World,The failure of what high profile business initiative caused Marvel to approach Diamond?
bankruptcy,What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?
2001,When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?
Marvel Rating System,What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?
X-Force #119,What was the first book published under this new ratings system?
MAX,What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?
The Walt Disney Company,What entertainment company purchased Marvel at the end of the 2000s?
"August 31, 2009",When was the sale of Marvel to this entertainment conglomerate announced?
$4 billion or $4.2 billion,What was the sale price of Marvel?
80%,What is the readership market share enjoyed by Marvel and DC comics?
Hachette Distribution Services,"In 2010, Marvel switched to what distributor for bookstore comic book sales?"
March 2012,When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing?
digital comics,Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform?
Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men,What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW! line of comics?
Marvel ReEvolution,"Marvel NOW!, Infinite Comics, and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor?"
augmented reality,What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for?
ABC,What TV network shares a parent with Marvel?
Once Upon a Time,What series on this network was given a Marvel graphic novel?
"""Disney Kingdoms""",What is the Marvel and Disney line of comics called?
"""Seekers of the Weird""",What was the first title published in that joint line of comics?
Star Wars,What movie sci-fi franchise returned to Marvel in 2015?
Bantam Books,What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization?
The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder,What was the first novel published under this deal?
Marvel Press,What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s?
Pocket Books,"In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?"
2011,Marvel Press was relaunched in what year?
Hong Kong Disneyland,What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?
Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney,"Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?"
Universal Studios,The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?
Guardians of the Galaxy,What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?
Big Hero 6,What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?
British,The United Kingdom ruled what empire?
British,"Which empire was the largest in history, at its height?"
1922,When did 458 million people live in the British Empire?
one-fifth,How much of the world's population did the British Empire rule in 1922?
"13,000,000",How many square miles did the British Empire rule in 1922?
15th and 16th centuries,In which centuries was the Age of Discovery?
Portugal and Spain,Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe?
1707,When did England become Great Britain?
"England, France, and the Netherlands",Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain?
Scotland,Which country combined with England to form Great Britain?
1783,When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?
American War of Independence,Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?
the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars,In which wars was France defeated?
British Peace,What did Pax Britannica mean?
1851,"When was Britain called the ""workshop of the world""?"
Germany and the United States,Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?
India,Which country was Britain's most valuable and populous possession?
overseas territories remain under British sovereignty,When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China?
Fourteen,How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty?
Queen Elizabeth II,Who is the Commonwealth's monarch?
1496,When was John Cabot's voyage commissioned?
King Henry VII of England,Who commissioned John Cabot's voyage?
Asia,Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic?
Newfoundland,Where did Cabot make landfall?
Christopher Columbus,Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to?
the Protestant Reformation,What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies?
1562,When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?
off the coast of West Africa,Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?
Elizabeth I,Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports?
John Dee,"Which author was the first to use the term ""British Empire""?"
1578,When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?
1583,When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?
Newfoundland,What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?
Walter Raleigh,Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?
Roanoke,What colony did Walter Raleigh found?
"James VI, King of Scots",What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?
1604,When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?
Spain,Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?
17th,In what century did the English East India Company form?
"the ""First British Empire""",What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?
1604,When did England first establish a colony in Guiana?
1605,When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?
1655,When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?
1666,When did England colonize the Bahamas?
to find gold deposits,What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?
1607,When was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded?
Jamestown,Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?
Captain John Smith,Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?
1615,When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?
New York,What did England rename New Netherland to?
Royal African Company,Which company had monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean?
1807,When was the British slave trade abolished?
3.5 million,How many African slaves did Britain transport to the Americas?
Bristol and Liverpool,"The triangular slave trade was between Africa, the Americas, and which British cities?"
one in seven,What was the death rate during the Middle Passage?
1695,When was the Company of Scotland granted a charter?
1698,When was Panama colonized by Scotland?
two years,How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?
a quarter,How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?
1707,When was the Treaty of Union?
1600,When was the British East India Company chartered?
1602,When was the Dutch East India Company chartered?
1720,When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?
three,How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century?
spice,The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry?
France,Which country became Britain's main rival in the 18th century?
1688,When did England and the Netherlands make peace?
Nine Years' War,In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?
18th,In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?
Treaty of Utrecht,King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?
France,Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?
Spain,Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?
permission to sell slaves in Spanish America,Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?
asiento,What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?
Compagnie française des Indes orientales,What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?
1757,When was the Battle of Plassey?
Robert Clive,Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?
British Indian Army,Where were the Carnatic Wars?
Indian sepoys,What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?
1756–1763,When was the Seven Years' War?
1763,When was the Treaty of Paris?
Britain,Which country acquired New France from France?
Spain,Which country acquired Louisiana from France?
Britain,Which country acquired Florida from Spain?
the Thirteen Colonies,British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s?
"""No taxation without representation""",What was the American colonists' anti-tax slogan?
1776,When did the US declare independence?
1778,When did France enter the American Revolution war?
1783,When did Britain recognize American independence?
Wealth of Nations,What book by Adam Smith was published in 1776?
Smith,The growth of trade between the US and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm whose views?
"Asia, the Pacific and later Africa","In the 'second' British Empire period, Britain refocused on which areas?"
British America,What had been Britain's most populous overseas possession?
Adam Smith,Who argued that colonies were redundant?
"between 40,000 and 100,000",How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada?
Nova Scotia,New Brunswick was split off from which province?
The Constitutional Act of 1791,Which act created the Upper Canada provinces?
English,What language did most of Upper Canada speak?
French,What language did most of Lower Canada speak?
one thousand,How many convicts per year had Britain been sending to the American colonies?
Australia,Where did Britain switch to sending their convicts after the loss of the American colonies?
Willem Jansz,Who discovered Australia in 1606?
New Holland,What had the Dutch East India Company initially named Australia?
1787,When did the first shipment of British convicts leave for Australia?
1642,When was New Zealand discovered by the Dutch?
Abel Tasman,Who discovered New Zealand for the Dutch?
1769,When did Cook visit New Zealand and claim the North Island?
Māori,What is New Zealand's native population called?
Captain William Hobson,Who signed a treaty with the Maori?
French,The British Royal Navy blockaded which ports?
Trafalgar,Where did the British Royal Navy defeat the French and Spanish in 1805?
1810,When were the Netherlands' colonies annexed by Napoleon?
1815,When was Napoleon finally defeated?
Britain,The Napoleonic peace treaty had Ceylon given to which country?
1807,When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?
the Slave Trade Act,What abolished the British slave trade?
Sierra Leone,Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?
The Slavery Abolition Act,What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?
4 to 6 years,How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?
"10,000,000",How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?
400 million,How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?
Russia,Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?
Britain's dominant position in world trade,What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?
Informal Empire,Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?
opium,What illegal trade was the British East India Company involved in?
"20,000",How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839?
Hong Kong,The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island?
Qing,Which dynasty outlawed opium trade?
1729,When did China outlaw opium trade?
1773,When did Britain pass the Regulating Act?
1784,When did Britain pass Pitt's India Act?
1813,When did Britain pass the Charter Act?
Government of India Act,The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?
Queen Victoria,Who was crowned the Empress of India?
Russian,Britain competed with which country to fill the Asian power vacuum in the 19th century?
1839,When did Britain first invade Afghanistan?
"the ""Great Game""",What was the British-Russian rivalry called?
India,Britain feared Russia would invade what country/territory?
Persia and Turkey,Russian victories against which countries increased British fears?
1853,When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans?
Crimean War,What was took place in 1854-1856?
Russia,Who lost the Crimean War?
1876,When did Britain take over Baluchistan?
Russia,Which country took over Kazakhstan?
1652,When was the southern tip of Africa colonized?
The Dutch East India Company,Which entity founded the Cape Colony?
1806,When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?
Boers,What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?
1902,When did the Second Boer War end?
1869,When did the Suez Canal open?
Indian Ocean,Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?
Napoleon III,Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?
£4 million,How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?
Convention of Constantinople,The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?
Fashoda,Where did France try to invade in 1898?
Mahdist,What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?
1885,When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?
"the ""Scramble for Africa""",What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?
Berlin,Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?
1839,When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada?
Province of Canada,The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?
1867,When was the British North America Act passed?
after 1900,When did Australia achieve self-government?
after 1900,When did New Zealand achieve self-government?
William Gladstone,Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland?
Canada,The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?
1916,When was the Easter Rising?
1914,When was a Home Rule bill passed?
the First World War,The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?
Germany,Which country seemed like Britain's most likely threat in the early 20th century?
Japan,Which country did Britain ally with in 1902?
France,Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?
Russia,Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?
1914,When did the First World War begin?
Germany,"When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?"
Australia,Who took over German New Guinea?
Sykes–Picot Agreement,Who took over Samoa?
1916,The Sykes–Picot Agreement was signed in what year?
1915,When was the Gallipoli Campaign?
David Lloyd George,Which British Prime Minister recognized the Dominions' contributions in 1917?
the Ottoman Empire,The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country?
Gallipoli Campaign,The Imperial War Cabinet was created by which British Prime Minister?
Over 2.5 million,How many people were in the Dominions' armies?
1919,When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
"1,800,000",How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?
Germany and the Ottoman Empire,Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?
Namibia,What modern-day country is South-West Africa?
13 million,How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?
1922,When did Britain sign the Washington Naval Treaty?
Japan and Germany,The Great Depression helped which countries' governments become more militaristic?
United States,"When Britain had to choose between its Japanese alliance or the US, which did it choose?"
India and Ireland,British imperialism was being reconsidered in light of which territories' independence movements?
1919,When did Ireland establish their own assembly?
Sinn Féin,What political party established Ireland's assembly?
1921,When did the Anglo-Irish War end?
Anglo-Irish Treaty,What treaty was signed after the Anglo-Irish War?
six,How many counties of Ireland are in Northern Ireland?
1919,When was the Government of India Act passed?
the Ghadar Conspiracy,What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?
Punjab,In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?
Non-Co-Operation,The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?
1922,When did Egypt regain formal independence from Britain?
1954,When did Egypt stop being a British client state?
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty,What treaty was signed in 1936?
1932,When did Iraq gain independence from Britain?
Jewish,Britain became more pro-Arab in the 1930s at the expense of which race?
1923,When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?
Treaty of Lausanne,Which treaty did Canada ignore?
1926,When was the Balfour Declaration issued?
1931,When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?
1937,When did Ireland issue a new constitution?
1940,When was France occupied by Germany?
August 1941,When was the Atlantic Charter signed?
Churchill,Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?
Roosevelt,Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?
Soviet Union,Which country first entered World War 2 after France's defeat?
Japan,Which country attacked British Malaya in 1941?
Japan,Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941?
1951,When was the ANZUS Pact formed?
"Australia, New Zealand and the United States",Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?
Singapore,Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar?
$US 4.33 billion,How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2?
2006,When did Britain finish paying back the US loan?
1946,When did the US make a large loan to Britain?
communism,"Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of?"
700 million,How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945?
Clement Attlee,Who led the British government elected in 1945?
the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League,What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?
Hindu,What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?
Pakistan,"When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?"
1948,When did Burma get its independence?
Arab,What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s?
1947,When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?
The UN General Assembly,Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?
Palestine,Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?
1948,When did the Malayan Emergency begin?
1957,When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?
1965,When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?
Chinese,What race was the majority of Singapore's population?
1984,When did Brunei get its independence?
Conservative Party,What party regained power in Britain in 1951?
Conservative Party,Which party was Winston Churchill in?
Gamal Abdul Nasser,Who ruled Egypt in 1952?
1 January 1956,When did Sudan receive independence?
Middle East,Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?
July 1956,When was the Suez Canal nationalized?
Anthony Eden,Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill?
France,Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt?
Eisenhower,Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse?
Israeli,What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt?
Suez,Where did 'Britain's Waterloo' occur?
Margaret Thatcher,Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?
1982,When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?
Argentina,From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?
Britain,A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?
1967,When did Britain withdraw from Aden?
1971,When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?
1976,When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?
Denis Healey,Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?
Kuwait,Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?
Southern Rhodesia,What was the last British colony remaining in Africa?
1968,When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence?
1965,When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia?
Mau Mau Uprising,What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize?
Kenyan,Where was the Mau Mau Uprising?
Jamaica,Which British territory received independence in 1961?
Trinidad,Which British territory received independence in 1962?
1966,When did Barbados get independence?
Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos,Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence?
British Honduras,What was Britain's last American mainland colony?
1982,When was Canada given full control of its constitution?
1980,When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe?
British Dependent Territories,What were the remaining British territories called in 1981?
British Overseas Territories,What were the remaining British territories called in 2002?
Falklands War,Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again?
Margaret Thatcher,Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982?
Treaty of Nanking,Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?
1997,When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?
1984,When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?
Falkland Islands,Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?
14,How many overseas territories does Britain still have?
2002,When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?
Spain,Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?
Argentina,Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?
Argentina,Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?
53,How many Commonwealth nations are there?
2.2 billion,What is the population of the Commonwealth?
Sixteen,How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?
Elizabeth II,Who is the British Queen?
"the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand",In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?
Malaysia and Fiji,Where did many Indians move to?
Chinese,"Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?"
after the Second World War,When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?
science of plant life,What is botany?
"""to feed"" or ""to graze""",What does the word botany mean?
A botanist,What is  a plant scientist called?
included the study of fungi and algae,Does botany only study plants?
herbalism,What science led to botany?
plants of medical importance,What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?
1540s onwards,When did universities start growing gardens?
facilitated the academic study of plants,Why did universities have these gardens?
to catalogue and describe their collections,Why was plant taxonomy developed?
molecular genetics and epigenetics,What is are the main themes of present-day botany?
providing staple foods,How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?
synthesis of chemicals and raw materials,How can botany be applied to the construction industry?
"a broad, multidisciplinary subject",Is botany a narrow science?
De Materia Medica,What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?
herbal medicine,What was the De Materia Medica written about?
physician and pharmacologist,What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?
medieval Muslim world,"Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?"
five-volume,How long a book is the De Materia Medica?
Padua,What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?
its original location,Where is the Padua garden?
for medical use,Why did monasteries have gardens?
medicine,What science was botany considered to be a part of?
University of Oxford,Where was the first European botany garden at a university?
Physician Valerius Cordus,Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?
John Gerard,What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?
Ulisse Aldrovandi,Who is considered the father of natural history?
Robert Hooke,Who coined the term cells?
cork,In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?
choices between pairs,What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?
diagnostic keys,What is the term for keys used for identification?
newly discovered countries,Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?
Species Plantarum,What book is still used for nomenclature?
number of their male sexual organs,How are the plants classified?
Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy,What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?
1819,In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?
morphological complexity,On what did Candolle base his classification system?
concept of common descent,What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?
Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik,What was the first modern text book?
microscopist,What was Schleiden's profession?
calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion,What do Fick's laws do?
cell theory,What theory did Schleiden co-found?
form communities,What did Warming believe that plants can do?
climax vegetation,What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?
Arthur Tansley,Who created the concept of ecosystems?
Alphonse de Candolle,Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?
history of economic plants,What history did Vavilov write about?
the transport of water within plant tissues,What is transpiration?
temperature,What influences water evaporation on leaves?
rate of photosynthesis,What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?
auxin plant hormones,What enables the regulation of plant growth?
herbicides,What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?
modern techniques of organic chemical analysis,What enables scientists to better study plants now?
all plant cells are totipotent,What opened the door to plant genetic engineering?
Gottlieb Haberlandt,Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro?
phylogenetic,What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover?
DNA sequences,What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?
Molecular analysis of DNA,What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?
the major morphological categories,Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?
oxygen and food,Why are plants important to human life?
photosynthesis,What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?
organic molecules,What is used to rebuild cells?
oxygen,What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
soil erosion,What do plant roots prevent?
gymnosperms,What is the scientific name for seed plants?
phycology,What is the study of algae called?
haploid and diploid,What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?
Paleobotanists,"What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?"
cyanobacteria,What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?
evolutionary history of plants,What can scientists learn from the fossil record?
Cyanobacteria,What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?
energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil,Why do food chains start with plants?
first trophic level,What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?
plant breeding,How can the yield of food plants be increased?
problem in agriculture,Why would botanists study weeds?
chloroplasts,what parts of algae are unique to them?
cyanobacteria,From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?
blue-green,What color is chlorophyll?
chloroplasts,What organelles are unique to algae?
cyanobacteria,From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?
green,What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?
store and transport energy,What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?
first product of photosynthesis,When is the raw form of glucose formed?
starch,What is stored in the chloroplast?
fructose,What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?
for export to the rest of the plant,Why is table sugar produced?
lignin,What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?
water stress,What weakens cell walls?
carbon dioxide,What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?
Sporopollenin,What polymer is found in spores and pollen?
Lignin,What polymer is a major part of wood?
Phytochemistry,What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?
toxins,Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?
from plants,Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?
bark of willow trees,Where did aspirin originally come from?
the opium poppy,Where does morphine come from?
pyrolysis of wood,How is charcoal made?
one of the three ingredients of gunpowder,"Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?"
biodiesel,Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?
cellulose,Rayon comes from what plant product?
environments where they complete their life,What are plant habitats?
to understand,What is the goal of plant ecology?
Plant ecology,What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?
interactions with other species,What do plants do in their environment?
edaphic (soil) and climatic factors,On what do plants depend in their environment?
for resources,How do plants interact with other species in their environment?
vegetation,What is the collection of plants in the environment called?
biomes,What are groupings of similar plants?
plant phenology,How can historical changes in the environment be detected?
fossil pollen deposits in sediments,How can climate changes be determined from soil?
CO2,What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?
Ozone depletion,What causes lower growth in plants?
higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B,What does ozone depletion allow?
same fundamental principles of genetics,Does inheritance work differently in plants?
Pisum sativum (peas),What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?
maize,What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?
distinctive genetic differences,Are plants and animals genetically the same?
hybrids are often possible,Are plants able to mate across species?
wheat,What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?
pollen either fails to reach the stigma,How do some plants avoid cross pollination?
separate individuals,Do all plants have male and female parts?
opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare,Why do plants develop bulbs?
replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction,What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?
genetically identical to the parent,How different are the children produced by asexual parents?
Apomixis,What is the term for asexual cloning?
can also happen in a seed,Does apomixis only occur in the parent?
errors in cytokinesis,What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?
often reproduce normally,"Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?"
unable to cross-breed successfully,Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?
form a new species,What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?
commercial banana,"What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?"
"Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana",What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?
2000,In what year was this genome sequenced?
one of the smallest genomes,Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?
understanding the genetics,Why is sequencing done on plants?
new knowledge about plant function,What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?
small genomes,Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?
photosynthesis,What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?
Corn,What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?
red alga,What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?
can attach to plant cells,How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?
introducing the Nif gene,How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?
in the root nodules,How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?
creation of genetically modified crops,What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?
Schell and Van Montagu,Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?
changes in gene function,What does epigenetics study?
"express themselves"") differently",How do DNA changes affect plants?
prevent that region of the DNA code,"When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?"
differences,What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?
may be temporary,"Are the changes then presented, permanent?"
Epigenetic changes,What process causes changes in plant cells?
the zygote,What is the original cell of the plant?
continues to divide,How are the different cells formed?
activation of some genes and inhibition of others,"How is it determined, which cells will be formed?"
remaining totipotent,Does cell division end in plants?
ability to give rise to a new individual plant,What happens when a plant remains totipotent?
lack nuclei,Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?
information from the environment,Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?
dead at maturity,Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?
some more closely related,Are all algae different from land plants?
Charophyta,What algae is the ancestor of true plants?
many differences,Are all species of algae similar?
Chlorophyta,To what species of algae is Charophyta related?
lack the vascular tissues,What makes mosses different from other land plants?
one or two sheathing layers,What protects the young plant in the seed?
splits to release it,How does the plant escape the seed?
Gymnosperms,What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?
evolution of the seed habit,What event led to the diversification of seed plants?
"Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water",What does the plant use for internal processes?
sunlight,Where do plants get their energy?
in the construction of cells and tissues,How do animals use plants?
opposite of photosynthesis,Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?
internal chemical and physical activities,What is the basis of plant physiology?
from roots,How is water transported into plants?
as soluble ions,IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?
chemical breakdown of soil,From where does the plant get the required minerals?
the leaves,Where is sucrose produced in a plant?
by a variety of processes,How are hormones moved around a plant?
late 19th century,When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?
the brain of one of the lower animals,To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?
movements of plant shoots,Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?
promotes cell growth,What do auxins do?
form roots and shoots,What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?
control of cell division,What are cytokinins responsible for in plants?
in roots,Where are cytokinins produced?
cytokinesis,How is bud development determined?
gibberelins,How is the height of a plant determined?
Abscisic,What acid slows or stops cell division?
Plant anatomy,What is the study of the inside of plants?
plant morphology,What is the study of the outside of plants?
primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose,How are plants different from animals?
in nuclei,Where do plants store their DNA?
larger,Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?
stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves,What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?
generally lack chlorophyll,Do roots contain chlorophyll?
do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots,What makes a plant non-vascular?
most of the plant,How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?
nonphotosynthetic,How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?
interdependent,Do the roots and shoots need each other?
food,What do the roots get from the shoots?
to store food,What are roots used for in beets and carrots?
can often regrow it,What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?
water and minerals,What do the shoots get from the roots?
store water,What are the stems used for in cacti?
gather sunlight,For what are leaves used?
plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds,What are angiosperms?
woody plants,What kind of plants are gymnosperms?
foliage leaves,What kind of leaves are large and flat?
shared physical characteristics,How did Linnaeus group organisms?
by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics,How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?
DNA sequences,How are grouping determined currently?
International Botanical Congress.,Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?
Kingdom,What is the main grouping of a plant know as?
Species,What is the most narrow grouping of a plant?
single world-wide name,Do different countries refer to plants by different names?
the genus,What part of the name is always capitalized?
italicised,How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts?
relationships and heredity,What does the phylogeny of a group represent?
shared inheritance,How are the relationships within the group determined?
spines produced from areoles,What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?
pad-like structures,What are areoles?
convergent evolution,Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?
arisen independently,How can two different plants acquire the same traits?
derived characters,What traits show a shared ancestry?
tree-like diagrams,How are common ancestries represented for plant families?
DNA sequences,What is used now to group plants?
morphological characters,What was previously used to group plants?
genetic code itself is used,How is DNA grouping superior?
closely related to animals,Are fungi more like plants or animals?
1990s,When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?
flowering plants,What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing?
evolution in plants,What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?
greatly increased the level of detail,How has technology improved the study of botany?
which families represent the earliest branches,What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?
Madonna Louise Ciccone,What is Madonna's real name?
"August 16, 1958",When was Madonna born?
Queen of Pop,Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?
MTV,Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?
Madonna,Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?
"Bay City, Michigan",Where was Madonna born?
1977,In which year did Madonna move to New York City?
Sire Records,Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?
Madonna,What was the name of the album she released in 1983?
Ray of Light,Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?
Desperately Seeking Susan,Name a film role that Madonna acted in.
Evita,Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award?
fashion design,Name one of Madonna's other business ventures?
Maverick,What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded?
2007,Which year did Madonna sign a $120 million deal with Live Nation?
more than 300 million,How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?
Guinness World Records,Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?
64.5 million,How many certified albums does Madonna have?
$1.31 billion,"Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?"
Madonna,Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?
Catholic,Madonna was born to which religion?
"Pacentro, Italy",Where were Madonna's paternal grandparents come from?
French-Canadian,Madonna's mother was from which ancestry?
engineer designer,What was Tony's occupation?
Little Nonni,What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?
Veronica,Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?
breast cancer,Which disease did her mother passed away from?
Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township,Where was Madonna raised?
cry,What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?
paternal grandmother,Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother's illness?
rebelled,How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother?
Vanity Fair,"Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl, she was lonely and always searching for something?"
unable to sleep unless she was near him,"Afraid that Tony would be taken from her, what does she do?"
Joan Gustafson,"In 1966, who did Tony married?"
Mario,Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan?
1968,When was Mario born?
West Middle School,What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended?
high grade point average,Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason?
1978,When did Madonna drop out of college?
Dunkin' Donuts,Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?
Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater,Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City?
$35,How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC?
backup dancer,What did she also work as for other established artists?
1979,Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?
Dan Gilroy,Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?
Breakfast Club,What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?
1980 or 1981,When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?
Stephen Bray,"After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?"
Everybody,What was Madonna's debut single called?
October 1982,"When was ""Everybody"" released?"
Burning Up,What was the name of the second single called?
Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros,Who produced Madonna's debut album?
three,"Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the ""Hot Dance Club Songs"" by the Billboard Magazine?"
"John ""Jellybean"" Benitez",Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?
Benitez,Who remixed most of Madonna's album tracks?
Holiday,Which song was Madonna's first global hit?
July 1983,When was Madonna's album released?
eight,Which number did Madonna's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later?
young girls and women,Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?
1980s,When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?
Maripol,Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?
November 1984,When did Madonna achieve global recognition?
six consecutive weeks,"How long did ""Like a Virgin"" stayed on the Billboard 100?"
"""Like a Virgin""",Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA?
a wedding dress,"What was Madonna wearing during the performance of ""Like A Virgin"" at the VMA?"
Marilyn Monroe,"Her video of ""Material Girl"" was an imitation of which singer's song, ""Diamonds are a girl's best friend?"""
on her birthday in 1985,When did Madonna married Sean Penn?
February 1984,"When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show ""A Chorus Line?"" "
February 1985,When did Madonna enter mainstream films?
Vision Quest,What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?
March 1985,When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?
"""Crazy for You"" and ""Gambler""",What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?
"""Into the Groove""",What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?
Beginning in April 1985,When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?
Beastie Boys,Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?
1978,When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?
"up to $100,000",How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?
1985,When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?
June 1986,When was Madonna's third album released?
Sean Penn,Who was the album True Blue dedicated to?
28 countries,Madonna's album topped in how many countries chart worldwide?
Golden Raspberry Award,What award did Madonna receive for her role in the film Shanghai Surprise?
Causing a Commotion,Name a soundtrack in the film Who's That Girl?
January 1989,When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi?
canceled her sponsorship contract,"With Madonna's new video, Like A Prayer, the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences?"
Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray.,"Who co-written and co-produced the song, Like A Prayer?"
15 million copies,How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide?
end of the 1980s,"When was Madonna named ""Artist of the Decade"" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine?"
Breathless Mahoney,"In the film Dick Tracy, who did Madonna starred as?"
Saturn Award,Madonna's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination?
Stephen Sondheim,"Who earned an Academy Award for the song ""Vogue"" and ""Sooner or Later?"" "
end of 1990,When did Madonna and Beatty's relationship end?
Beatty,Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film?
The Immaculate Collection,What is Madonna's compilation album called?
over 30 million copies,How many albums did it sell worldwide?
Justify My Love,What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?
too sexually explicit,Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?
number one,Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?
Mae Mordabito,Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own?
This Used to Be My Playground,What is the film's theme song?
1992,"When did Madonna open her own entertainment company, Maverick?"
20%,How much was the royalties paid to Madonna for the music proceedings?
Body of Evidence,What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage?
September 1993,When was The Girlie Show World Tour?
whip-cracking dominatrix,What was Madonna dressed in for the tour?
Puerto Rico,In which country did Madonna rubbed the country's flag between her thighs that anger the public?
a pair of her panties,What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?
a sexual renegade,What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?
J. Randy Taraborrelli,"Which biographer described her song ""I'll Remember"" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?"
With Honors,"The song ""I'll Remember"" was recorded for which film?"
Bedtime Stories,What was Madonna's sixth album named?
seven weeks,"The single ""Take A Bow"" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?"
Carlos Leon,Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?
Eva Perón,"In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?"
Alan Parker,Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?
During shooting,When was Madonna pregnant?
vocal training,"After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?"
Zach Conner,Who from Times magazine gave an excellent critique of the film Evita?
Golden Globe Award,What award did Madonna win for the film Evita?
"October 14, 1996",When was Madonna's daughter born?
Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon,What is the name of Madonna's daughter?
May 1997,When did Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended?
Ray of Light,What is the name of Madonna's seventh album?
1998,"What year was ""Ray of Light"" released?"
William Orbit,Which electronica producer did Madonna team up with for Ray of Light?
Techno and rave,Which type of music was popular during the 90s?
four,How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?
Rolling Stone,"Who listed Ray of Light as ""The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?"""
16 million copies,How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?
Frozen,Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?
five,The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?
1998,Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna?
Music of the Heart,Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director?
Wes Craven,Who was the director of Music of the Heart?
Beautiful Stranger,Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for?
Grammy Award,"Which award did Madonna win for the single ""Beautiful Stranger?"""
The Next Best Thing,What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?
Time Stood Still,What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?
Music,What was Madonna's eighth album called?
September 2000,"When was ""Music"" released?"
four million,"How many albums did ""Music"" sell in the first 10 days?"
Guy Ritchie,Who is Madonna's second husband?
"December 21, 2000.",When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie?
"August 11, 2000",When was Rocco John Ritchie born?
placenta praevia,What type of birth complications did Madonna suffer at birth?
June 2001,When did Madonna's Drowned World Tour start?
Swept Away,Which film did Madonna starred in that was directed by Ritchie?
May 2002,When did Madonna appear in the play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre?
Die Another Day,What was Madonna's title song for the James Bond movie?
eight,Die Another Day reached which number in the Billboards Hot 100?
X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS,What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called?
American Life,What was Madonna's ninth album called?
2003,When was American Life released?
37,American Life reached which number at the Hot 100?
four million,How many copies did the album sell worldwide?
Spears and Aguilera,Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards?
October 2003,When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single?
children's books,Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?
"The English Roses,",What was the title of the first book Madonna penned?
September 2003,When was the The English Roses published?
Warner Music Group,Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?
Maverick,Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?
Madonna and Ronnie Dashev,Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?
Warner Music,Maverick became a wholly owned  subsidiary of which company?
mid-2004,When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?
around $120 million,HOw much did the tour earn?
I'm Going to Tell You a Secret,What was Madonna's documentary called?
November 2004,When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?
July 2005.,When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?
Confessions on a Dance Floor,What was the name of Madonna's tenth studio album?
November 2005,When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released?
Grammy Award,Which award the the album win?
ABBA,Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!
Sorry,What was the name of the single that was Madonna's twelfth number one hit in the UK?
May 2006,When did the Confessions Tour start?
over $193.7 million,How much did the Confessions Tour make?
used religious symbols,Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?
over 200 million,It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?
Raising Malawi initiative,What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?
October 2006,When did Madonna adopt David Banda?
pneumonia,What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?
Yohane,What was the name of Banda's biological father?
May 2008,When was the adoption finalized?
Hey You,What song did Madonna release for the Live Earth series of concerts?
Live Nation,"Madonna had a new 10 year, $120 million record deal with which company?"
I Am Because We Are,What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis?
Filth and Wisdom,What is the name of the first film Madonna directed?
Madonna,Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?
Hard Candy,What was the name of Madonna's eleventh album?
April 2008,When was Hard Candy released?
thirty seven,Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries?
Hard Candy,"Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album?"
4 Minutes,Which single was released as the album's lead single?
Elvis Presley,Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits?
thirteenth,4 minutes became Madonna's which number one single in the UK?
Sticky & Sweet Tour,What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation?
"$280 million,",How much did Stick and Sweet Tour grossed?
Life with My Sister Madonna,What is the title of the book by Madonna's brother?
The New York Times,The book debuted at number two on which best seller's list?
December 2008,When was the divorce finalized between Madonna and Ritchie?
"June 12, 2009",When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?
"September 13, 2009",When did Madonna appear in MTV for the tribute to Michael Jackson?
June 2009,When was Mercy adopted?
David,Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?
Mercy's grandmother,Who initially protested the adoption?
The men,Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?
Mercy's father,Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??
January 2010,When did Madonna perform at the Hope for Haiti Now?
Sticky & Sweet Tour,What album did Madonna released in April 2010?
Glee,Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music?
"Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna",What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna's songs?
Material Girl,What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter?
Macy's,Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
Hard Candy Fitness,What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?
November 2011,When did Madonna released her second clothing line?
W.E.,What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed?
2012,Which year did Madonna performed at the Super Bowl?
114 million viewers,How many viewers did the half-time show attract?
Interscope Records,Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company?
MDNA,What was the name of Madonna's twelfth album?
March 2012,When was MDNA released?
"Tel Aviv, Israel",Where did the MDNA Tour start?
May 2012,When did MDNA Tour begin?
$305.2 million,How much did the Tour grossed?
88,How many shows were sold out?
Forbes,Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year?
ten schools,"By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built?"
April 2013,When did Madonna visit Malawi's school?
President of Malawi Joyce Banda,"Who criticized Madonna's charity efforts, stating that she exaggerated her contributions?"
secretprojectrevolution,What was the name of the 17 minute film called?
The BitTorrent company,Which company was selected to release the film?
"September 24, 2013",When was secretprojectrevolution released?
Art for Freedom,What initiative did Madonna launched with her film?
"over 3,000",How many submissions does the initiative have?
56th Annual Grammy Awards,What award ceremony did Madonna appeared in?
Open Your Heart,What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony?
Miley Cyrus,Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing?
February 2014,When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line?
Detroit,Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty?
December 2014,When did Madonna's album demo leaked online?
Rebel Heart,What is Madonna's thirteenth album called?
"March 10, 2015",When was Rebel Heart released?
September 2015,When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour?
$169.8 million,How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed?
Madonna's,Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?
Robert M. Grant,Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?
Madonna,Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?
Madonna,Who writes and creates most of her own music?
Mark Kamins,Who was Madonna's first producer?
Madonna's,Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects?
2014 and 2016,Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame?
Rolling Stone,Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time?
rock music,Which genre did Madonna started out in?
12-14,"When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?"
Madonna,Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?
Like a Virgin,What is Madonna's second album?
True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989),Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?
classical,True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?
Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994),Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?
electronic music,Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?
folk and acoustic,What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?
"simple love songs,",Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?
dance songs,What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?
urban direction,What type of songs does Hard Candy have?
electronic dance music,MDNA focuses on which type of music?
mezzo-soprano,Madonna has which vocal range?
Blonde Ambition,What was the title of Madonna's Book?
Tony Sclafani,Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?
filming of Evita,When did Madonna take voice lessons?
drum and guitar,Which instruments can Madonna play?
Dan Gilroy,Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?
guitar,What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?
three months,How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?
Monte Pittman,Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?
"Taraborrelli,",According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?
Keith Ablow,"Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?"
Lucy O'Brien,Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?
Madonna and her sisters,Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?
poet Anne Sexton,Who does Madonna's mum resemble?
Sylvia Plath,Who is Madonna's favorite poet?
Madonna,Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?
These Boots Are Made for Walkin,Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?
Nancy Sinatra;,Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?
Madonna,Whose favorite style is baroque?
Madonna,Who grew up listening to David Bowie?
Karen Carpenter,Name one of Madonna's major influence?
Italian-Catholic,What is Madonna's religious background?
her parents,Like a Prayer reflects Madonna's relationship with who?
"La Isla Bonita""",In which video did Madonna wear a rosary?
Open Your Heart,In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian?
Pope John Paul II.,She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?
Marilyn Monroe,Name one actor that Madonna was inspired by?
Monroe's,Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?
Metropolis,The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film?
Stephanie Zacharek,Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?
Swept Away,Which one of Madonna's movie is a box office bomb?
Frida Kahlo,Whose art influence Madonna?
Bedtime Story,Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?
Tamara de Lempicka,Madonna collects whose painting?
Guy Bourdin,Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?
Kabbalah,Which religion was Madonna dedicated to?
2004,Which year did she adopt the name Esther?
Ray of Light,The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?
Opus Dei center,Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?
Allen Metz and Carol Benson,Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?
MTV,Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?
Madonna,The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?
American and Hispanic mixed street style,What influence did Madonna music video reflects?
American audience,She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?
Spanish look,Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?
boleros and layered skirts,What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?
Academics,Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?
"""Like a Prayer",In which video was it the most obvious?
MTV,Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?
2003,When was Madonna awarded the accolade?
Madonna and Janet Jackson,Who had new standards of showmanship?
Madonna,Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?
highly athletic dancing,What came as an expense of live singing?
hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones,What did Madonna use in her concerts?
"""Madonna mic""",What was the microphone coined as?
Madonna,Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?
Madonna's,Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?
Madonna,Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?
Laura Barcella,"Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?"
William Langley from The Daily Telegraph,Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?
Alan McGee from The Guardian,Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?
Madonna,Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female?
Howard Kramer,Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?
"Madonna,",A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?
Time magazine,Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?
Aretha Franklin,Who is the other woman who earned the title?
sexual imagery,Madonna used what to benefit her career?
Madonna,Who started a revolution in music with women?
Professor Sut Jhally,Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?
Madonna,Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?
Madonna,Who is an acclaim role model business woman?
$1.2 billion in,Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?
London Business School academics,Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?
Morton,"Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?"
300 million records,Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?
Madonna,Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?
Billboard,Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?
$1.31 billion,How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?
20,How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?
Madonna,Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?
45,How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?
Madonna,Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?
38,How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?
Madonna,Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?
London,What city is the capital of England?
the Romans,Who founded the city of London?
"7,375","As of 2011, what was the population of London?"
county of Greater London,What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?
Londinium,"When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?"
"7,375",As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?
River Thames,On what river is London situated?
Londinium,"What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?"
the Mayor of London and the London Assembly,What bodies govern Greater London?
1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2),What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?
fifth-or sixth-largest,Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP?
world's most-visited,"Based on international arrivals, where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities?"
43,How many universities are located in London?
first,Where does London rank in the world's university rankings?
three times,How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics?
fifth-or sixth-largest,Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?
three,How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?
international arrivals,What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?
43,How many universities does London boast?
2012,When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?
300,How many different languages are spoken in London?
"8,538,689",What was the population in London in 2014?
second most,Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU?
"13,879,757",How many people are in London's Metropolitan area?
1831 to 1925,What years was London considered the world's most populous city?
Paris,"From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?"
around 1831 to 1925,"During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?"
more than 300,Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?
12.5,"As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?"
"13,879,757",What is the population of metropolitan London?
Westminster Abbey,What is one of London's World Heritage Sites?
London,Where is the British Museum located?
Tower Bridge,Are there any bridges located in London?
British Library,What is the name of one of the libraries located in London?
The London Underground,What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?
40,How many theaters does London's West End have?
"the Royal Observatory, Greenwich",Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?
Buckingham Palace,What famous palace is located in London?
The London Underground,What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?
four,How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?
Celtic,Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?
'river too wide to ford,What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?
Llundain,What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?
Richard Coates,Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions
1998,In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?
the River Effra,What river flows into the River Thames?
Bronze Age,The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?
not known,The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?
Two,How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?
4500 BC,The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?
Queen Boudica,Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?
"around 60,000",What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?
43 AD,The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?
Colchester,What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?
the Iceni tribe,Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?
St Martin-in-the-Fields,What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?
repeated Viking invasions,What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?
three,How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?
a major port,"By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?"
two,"Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?"
Alfred the Great,"According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?"
London to Chester,"Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area?"
Guthrum,What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?
about 950,"Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?"
political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions,What was Danelaw?
King Edward the Confessor,Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?
the 11th century,By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?
Romanesque,What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?
Frank Stenton,What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?
Winchester,"Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?"
southeastern corner,In what area of London was the Tower of London built?
Westminster Hall,The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?
Christmas Day 1066,On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England?
William II,Who built Westminster Hall?
the Battle of Hastings,In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?
the Corporation of London,What was the administration which governed the City of London called?
Westminster,"In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?"
the Tower,Where was the royal treasury housed?
accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country,"Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?"
the Tudor period,In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?
the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping,What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?
a gradual shift to Protestantism,What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?
Italian or Ragusan,Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?
January 1565,When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?
the Lines of Communication,What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?
under two months,How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
the New Model Army,Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?
"20,000",Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
Buckingham House,What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?
the Bow Street Runners,What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?
before reaching their third birthday,"On average, when did children born in the City of London die? "
more than 200,How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?
Fleet Street,What was the London hub of the British press?
London's overcrowded conditions,What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?
the Germans,Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?
1948,When did London host its first Summer Olympics?
"14,000",How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?
the original Wembley Stadium,Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?
Racial inequality,What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?
1965,In what year was the Greater London Council formed?
the mid-1960s,In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?
the Provisional IRA,"During ""The Troubles"", who waged assaults via bombings on London?"
the growth of the urban area,Why was the Greater London Council established?
around 6.8 million,What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?
the Second World War,What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? 
Felixstowe and Tilbury,The main ports for London were relocated to where?
the 1980s,When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?
to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea,What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?
the start of the 21st century,"What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?"
The Greater London Council,What government entity was abolished in 1986?
awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics,"London was honored with what in July, 2005?"
the Greater London Authority,What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?
1939,The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?
two,London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?
the Greater London Authority (GLA),What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?
Boris Johnson,Who is the current Mayor of London?
32,How many boroughs does London consist of?
the London Assembly,What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?
Teddington Lock to the sea,What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?
The London Fire Brigade,What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?
London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority,Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?
the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust,"The world's largest ""free-at-the-point-of-use"" ambulance service is known as what?"
The London Air Ambulance charity,What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?
10 Downing Street,What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?
John Bright,"Who first dubbed the British Parliament the ""Mother of Parliaments?"""
73,How many Members of Parliament are from London?
the Labour Party,"As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?"
one,"As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?"
the Ministry of Defence Police,Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
"Greater London, with the exception of the City of London",What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?
The British Transport Police,What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?
the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).,What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?
the City of London Police,What is the name of the City of London's police force?
the Metropolitan Green Belt,What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?
Inner London and Outer London,Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?
Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall,Where is the centre of London said to be located?
North and South,In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?
London commuter belt,What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?
London's status as the capital of England,What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?
the City of London and the City of Westminster,What areas within Greater London have city status?
for the purposes of lieutenancies,For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?
five times,"In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?"
"4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)",What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?
the south-west to the east,In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?
"13,709,000",What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?
the Thames,What is the main geographical landmark in London?
15 miles west,How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
24 °C (75.2 °F),What is London's average high temperature in July?
urban heat island effect,What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?
31,Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?
Snowfall,What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?
Hampton Court Palace,What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?
Portland stone,Of what material is London's National Gallery made?
1666,When did the Great Fire of London occur?
white stucco or whitewashed,The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?
their varying ages,"What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?"
in Kensington,Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?
Nelson's Column,What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?
the Great Fire of London,"The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?"
yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety,What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?
at the north and south ends of Park Lane,Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?
the City of London and Canary Wharf,What are the financial districts of London known as?
St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings,High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?
Shard London Bridge,What is the European Union's tallest building?
95-storey,How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?
in the two financial districts,Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?
2000,How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?
two,How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?
more than 40 percent,Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?
120,How many species of fish live in the River Thames?
47,The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?
pink flamingos,What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?
fox,What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?
16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres),What is London's fox population density?
the London-based Mammal Society,"In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?"
"10,000",Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?
Ten,Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?
otter,"What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?"
a hundred years,It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?
eighteen,How many species of bats exist in England?
"melanistic, black fallow deer",What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?
each November and February,When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?
to take advantage of the London's green spaces,Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?
red and fallow deer,Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?
New York City,London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?
36.7%,What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?
parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany,Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?
1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War,When did London see its highest population numbers?
"8,173,941",What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?
Tokyo and Moscow,With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?
19th,Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?
72,About how many billionaires call London home?
about six to four,What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?
"1,624,768",What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?
46.4,The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?
more than 50,A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?
19 per cent,"According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?"
36.7 per cent,What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census?
the Office for National Statistics,What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?
2011,When was the most recent UK census published?
Neasden Temple,What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?
Southall,Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?
Tower Hamlets,Where is the East London Mosque located?
Tower Hamlets and Newham,Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?
42,How many Hindu temples exist in London?
Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue,Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?
Bevis Marks Synagogue,The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?
over 300 years,For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? 
1998,London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?
2006,When was the London Jewish Forum established?
Cockney,What is the best-known London accent known as?
'ethnic' accents,An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?
RP (Received Pronunciation),What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?
the wider South East England region,"Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?"
Lloyd's of London,What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?
finance,What is the largest industry in London?
the Bank of England,What is the UK's central bank known as?
"325,000","Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?"
480,How many banks does London operate overseas?
The Port of London,What is the second largest port in the UK?
£64.2 billion,Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?
45 million tonnes,How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?
media distribution,What is London's second most competitive industry?
The BBC,What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?
65 million,"According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?"
$20.23 billion,How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?
"350,000","As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?"
TripAdvisor,Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?
54%,What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?
the Mayor of London,"Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?"
Transport for London (TfL),London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?
the London Overground network,"Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?"
Eight,How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names?
six,The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?
London Heathrow,"In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest?"
British Airways,A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline?
the Coalition Government,"In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?"
London City Airport,What is the smallest airport in the London area?
business travellers,London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?
Stansted Airport,Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?
cheap short-haul flights,London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?
"Newham, East London",Where is London City Airport located?
Clapham Junction,What is Europe's busiest rail station in terms of train activity?
366,How many railway stations are utilized by London's railway network?
it has fewer Underground lines.,Why does South London have such a high number of railways?
Waterloo,What is Britain's busiest railway station in terms of passengers?
over 184 million,How many travelers pass through Waterloo station yearly?
Paris and Brussels,In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities?
Eurostar,London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service?
1994,In what year did the Channel Tunnel open?
high-speed trains,St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?
June 2009,When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin?
£850 million,How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?
more than 700,How many buses does the London public bus network operate?
audio-visual announcements,What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?
red double-decker,What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?
black,"Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?"
Santander Cycles,What is the name of London' bike-for-hire operation?
June 2012,When did the single cable car operating in London begin service?
the airline Emirates,Who is the current sponsor of London's cable car operation?
£60,What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car?
"3,500",Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London's cable car?
The inner ring road,What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London?
the Ringways Plan,What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s?
The A1 and M1,"London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?"
121.5 mi (195.5 km),How long is the M25 motorway?
the suburbs,Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London?
£10,What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?
In 2003,When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?
35-per-cent,By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?
season pass,Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?
Underground and bus,What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?
PricewaterhouseCoopers,What professional services network named London the world's capital of higher education?
43,London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities?
"110,000",What is the approximate number of international students studying in London?
London School of Economics,"In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?"
5th,"Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?"
The London Business School,The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?
Imperial College London,What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?
the Royal Veterinary College,What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?
University of London,What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools? 
the London Business School,From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?
"120,000",What is the average student population at the University of London?
"34,000",What is the student population of University of Westminster?
three,How many international universities operate in London?
Richmond,In what suburb is the American International University in London located?
University of the Arts London,What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?
five,How many major medical schools does London boast?
King's College London School of Medicine,What is the largest school of medicine in Europe?
Queen Mary,Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network?
three,How many of the United Kingdom's five health academic science centers are located in London?
academic health science centres,UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe?
Cass Business School,City University London is related to what specialized business school?
specialist arts education institutions,The Royal College of Art and the Royal College of Music are examples of what type of schools?
the London boroughs,Who overseas the public primary and secondary school systems in London?
"St Paul's School,",What private boys' school shares in London shares its name with a famous cathedral?
the West End,What is the entertainment center of London known as?
giant electronic advertisements,What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?
Soho,London's Chinatown district is located in what area?
the City of Westminster,Where is London's West End located geographically?
Andrew Lloyd Webber,What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?
Upper Street,What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?
Oxford Street,"What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?"
1 mile (1.6 km),How long is Islington's Upper Street? 
Selfridges flagship store,What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?
Harrods,Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?
November,The Lord Mayor's Show occurs annually in what month?
the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor,What does the Lord Mayor's Show parade commemorate and celebrate?
regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies,Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June?
the London Eye,Fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve from what contemporary London landmark?
the Queen's Official Birthday,"Every June, the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event?"
Samuel Pepys,Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666?
Hampstead,What area has historically been the literary hub of London?
Bloomsbury,"A more current, 20th century center for London's literary set is located where?"
Charles Dickens,Which author's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London?
Virginia Woolf,What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century?
William Shakespeare,What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?
Ben Jonson,What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?
Daniel Defoe,What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?
the Tabard inn,The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?
Sherlock Holmes,Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?
Working Title Films,What major film production company calls London home?
the Royal Opera House,In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented?
EastEnders,What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985?
Charlie Chaplin,What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London?
1964,"In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady, set in turn-of-the-century London, made into a major motion picture?"
1753,When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded?
the National Gallery,Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square?
7 million,How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display?
research,"Besides being popular tourist destinations, London's museums play a vital role in what activity?"
the British national collection of Western paintings,The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items?
depictions of figures from British history,What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?
The Tate Gallery,London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?
Albertopolis,What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?
the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts),What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?
as an annexe of the National Gallery,What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?
The UK's largest pipe organ,What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?
music,London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?
the Barbican Arts Centre,In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?
the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum,What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?
conservatoires,Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?
Hard Rock Cafe,What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?
Abbey Road Studios,In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? 
the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.,"What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?"
Wembley Arena,What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?
the o2 arena,"Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?"
punk,London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre?
the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae,"Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere, such as dubstep, were based on and derived from what?"
BBC Radio 1Xtra,Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music?
Bush,What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London's music scene?
three,How many royal parks are located in the center of London?
Regent's Park,In which park is the London Zoo housed?
Hyde Park,"What royal park shares a border with its neighbor, the park known as Kensington Gardens?"
Primrose Hill,What area of Regent's Park is an excellent spot to see the London skyline?
Madame Tussauds Wax Museum,What popular tourist destination is located near Regent's Park?
Kew Gardens,What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003?
the East End,Victoria Park is located in what London district?
the City of London Corporation,What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest?
Kenwood House,What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer?
Epping Forest,"People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking, biking, and golf, in what forest?"
the River Wandle,What river is a tributary of the River Thames?
"""Loop""",What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?
"the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk",What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?
Access to canals and rivers,What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?
the Thames Path,Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?
football,What is London's most popular athletic sport?
five,How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London?
May 2012,When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?
fourteen,How many professional football clubs call London their home?
none,"Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie?"
Twickenham Stadium,What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London?
"82,000",What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium?
Harlequins and Saracens,"Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London, which ones actually play in the Greater London Area?"
in the RFU Championship club,Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games?
Brazil,London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP?
"€24,252",What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?
three,A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years?
London,What city has the highest prices for property in Europe?
"€3,306",What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014?
United States Constitution,What is the foundation of the United States federal government?
The Constitution,In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?
The United States Code,What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?
law of the United States,What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?
federal judiciary,The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?
the United States Constitution,What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?
The Constitution,What sets out the boundries of federal law?
codified and uncodified,What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?
The United States Code,What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?
codified and uncodified,What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?
the United States Constitution,"What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?"
Senate,What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?
the executive branch,With branch of government deals with new regulations?
the federal judiciary,Who's responsibility is case law?
Federal law and treaties,What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?
the Constitution,Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?
federal constitutional rights,States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?
state law,"Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?"
vary greatly from one state to the next.,Does every state have the same laws?
conflicting state and territorial laws,Federal law overrides what laws?
universal,The scope of federal power is not what?
dual-sovereign system,What type of system is American Federalism?
Indian reservations,American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?
the federal Constitution,States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?
Federal law and treaties,Is there anything that trumps state law?
50,How many state make up the United States?
as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights,Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?
"""living law""","What is day-to-day, operational law considered?"
state law,What is living law mostly made up of?
a subsequent statute,"In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?  "
federal and state statutes,What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional? 
stare decisis,What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue? 
the Supreme Court,Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?
it must be deleted,What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?
a subsequent statute,What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?
decades,Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?
the principle of stare decisis,What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?
the Supreme Court,Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?
deleted by a subsequent statute,"If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?"
no sensible lower court will enforce,What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?
reversed by the Supreme Court,What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?
constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases,What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?
risk reversal by the Supreme Court,What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?
law of warranty,The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?
Greenman v. Yuba Power Products,"In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?"
rule of strict liability for defective products,What was most influential American 20th century tort law?
1963,What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?
rule of strict liability for defective products,What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?
Roger J. Traynor,Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?
1964,When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?
Greenman v. Yuba Power Products,What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?
1985,When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?
Tort law,What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?
because of its immense size and diversity,Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?
Restatement of Torts,"While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?"
Tort law,What covers crimes of human against human?
wrongs also punishable by criminal law,What does tort law overlap with?
Restatement of Torts,What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?
many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections,What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?
immense size and diversity,Why is tort law hard to standardize?
English common law,A lot of American common law diverged from where?
there is no American ruling on point,When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?
by each other's rulings,Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?
English common law,Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?
each other's,Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?
post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings,What rulings do American courts rarely follow?
there is no American ruling on point,What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?
diverged significantly,How close is current American law to English law?
American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings,What differs about American and English law?
no American ruling on point,When would American law be more likely to follow English law?
nearly identical,How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?
the common law of England,Reception statues are generally the same as what law?
contemporary U.S. courts,Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? 
Louisiana,Which US State did not  enact reception statues? 
common law of England,What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?
Louisiana,What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?
a specific cutoff date,Some reception statutes impose what?
pre-Revolution,Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?
the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state,What are reception statutes?
repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions,When are reception statutes invaild?
English law,Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?
Louisiana,Which is the only stste without reception statutes?
pre-Revolution,What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?
contemporary English,early on American courts cited what cases?
19th century,What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?
19th century,When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?
eighteen,How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?
"over 8,000",How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?
mid-19th century,When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
eighteen,How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?
"8,000","By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?"
By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining,What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?
judicial literature,What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?
the Constitution,What does federal law come from?
the Constitution,What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?
The United States Code,What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?
in the Federal Register,Where are regulations published?
Code of Federal Regulations,Where are regulations codified into?
the Constitution,Where does federal law begin?
Congress,Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?
The United States Code,What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?
executive branch agencies,Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?
the Code of Federal Regulations,Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?
Commerce and Spending Clauses,"What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?"
regulating them,"In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?"
intellectual property,What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?
federal law,"What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?"
Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution,"What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?"
start of the 20th century,When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?
McCarran-Ferguson Act,What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?
coexist with each other,What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?
the President,Who signs a bill into a law?
Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA),Where does a bill go after it is signed?
a law number,What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?
a slip law,"After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?"
private laws,What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?
delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA),Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?
assigned a law number,What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?
publication as a slip law,"After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?"
session laws,"Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?"
a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted,What is the United States Statutes at Large?
statutes,What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?
regulations,Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?
law,Regulations normally carry the force of what?
relevant statutes,Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?
broad rulemaking authority,What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?
too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation,Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?
the principle of Chevron,What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?
regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes,What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?
stare decisis,What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?
the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself,What is stare decisis?
an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases,Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?
impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction,Who else does stare decisis affect?
federal judge Alex Kozinski,Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?
reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked,Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?
law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said,What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?
"saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law",Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?
incorrect statement of the law,Why would one judge reject another's opinion?
no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law,How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?
granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent,What did the missing plenary reception do?
the federal Judiciary Acts,Where do the federal courts fall?
Article Three,Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?
implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent,What does Article Three give federal agencies?
nineteenth century,When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?
"creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing",What made binding precedent a possibility?
"hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability",What can invalidate the rule of law?
"in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided",Why was the rule of precedent allowed?
the Judiciary Acts,How is a court hierarchy established?
the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins,What states that there is no general federal common law?
1938,When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?
lack the plenary power possessed by state courts,Why can't federal courts just make up law?
absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law,When are states allowed to use plenary power?
federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue,What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?
federal interpretations of state law,What are states not bound by?
Erie doctrine,What states that deference is one way only?
state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law,What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?
"state constitutions, state governments, and state courts",What does each state posess?
separate sovereigns,What are the 50 states in the Union known as?
judicial branch,"Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?"
legislative branch,What branch of government enacts state statutes?
executive branch,Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?
state courts,Where are cases usually argued?
involve claims and defenses under state laws,What types of cases are argued in the state courts?
103.5 million,How many new cases were filed in 2010?
"282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases",What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?
"272,795",How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?
federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes,What makes up the law of criminal procedure?
inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights,What did the exclusionary rule provide for?
writ of habeas corpus,What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?
Miranda warning,What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/
Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions,What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?
The law of civil procedure,What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?
code pleading,What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?
modern notice pleading,What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?
20th century,When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?
The old English division between common law and equity courts,What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?
"New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant",Which states have not adopted FRCP?
codified statutes enacted by the state legislature,"How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?"
court rules promulgated by the state supreme court,"What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?"
American civil procedure,What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?
summary judgment,What is a pretrial deposition?
the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment,What is an opt-out class action?
class members must join into the class,What is an opt-in class action?
parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees,What is the American Rule?
prosecution by the state of wrongful acts,What is criminal law?
acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace,What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?
Federal criminal law,"Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?"
state level,Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?
crimes,What can result in incarceration?
felonies and misdemeanors,What two levels of crime are there?
minor crimes,What is a misdemeanor?
felony convictions,"What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?"
a year or less in jail and a substantial fine,What usually happens with misdemeanors?
infractions,What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?
obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties,What is contract law?
Uniform Commercial Code,What standardized contract law?
express or implied,What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?
"(1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline",How much a  Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?
51 million people recorded,How many people dwell in  Myanmar ?
"Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size",What is the land mass of  Myanmar ?
largest city is Yangon (Rangoon),Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in  Myanmar ?
capital city is Naypyidaw,What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar?
Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma,What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?
"in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.",When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? 
The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged,What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?
Taungoo Dynasty,Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?
In the 16th century,When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?
the military junta,What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation? 
"Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.",Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?
a nominally civilian government,What type of government is now established in Myanmar?
former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country,Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?
one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars.,What major conflict is Myanmar known for?
names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group,Where did the name Burma originate from ?
"Burma is derived from ""Bamar"", the colloquial form of the group's name",What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?
"Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà])",How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?
The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.,When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?
"Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom",By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?
Burma (Myanmar),How is Burma officially identified in the United States 
United Nations uses Myanmar,What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?
"Burma (Myanmar)"" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names",What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?
Homo erectus,What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?
"400,000 years ago",When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?
Anyathian,What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest. 
"neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered",Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?
discovered in the form of cave paintings,What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?
The Bronze Age,By what name is the era in the 3rd millennium around 1500 BC known?
"people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice",What events of significance to human development occurred during the Bronze Age ?
domesticating poultry and pigs,What event evolving animals are the Myanmar also accredited with being the first to accomplish?
The Iron Age began around 500 BC,When did the Age of Iron begin?
with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay,What events punctuate the beginning of the Iron Age?
Around the second century BC,What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar?
from present-day Yunnan,From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from? 
The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India,Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur?
"Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts",What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance?
Kingdom of Mrauk U,What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? 
250 years,How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?
Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind,Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?
Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom,Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?
states were all multi-ethnic polities,Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar?
This period is considered a golden age,During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow?
Hanthawaddy monarchs,Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?
Mrauk U,Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar
a former vassal state of Ava.,"Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ? "
king Tabinshwehti,"Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?"
Bayinnaung,Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?
1599,In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?
Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam),Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?
The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese,How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?
Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century,Did the country have lasting monarchs?
The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley,Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?
"In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom",In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?
the Chinese threat,What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?
1776.,In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?
Arakan,What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?
King Bodawpaya,Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan 
Burmese language,What language eventually came to power in the Irrawaddy valley ?
half of all males and 5% of females,What was the literacy rate for the Burmese people during the big period of artistic growth?
pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient,Did changes move along at a uniform pace for the Burmese people?
British,What country was Burma a colony of ?
"Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion",What are the kings of the Konbaung monarchy famed for in their rule?
Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.,have the Burmese people ever shown any reservations about the ruling government bodies?
Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions,What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British?
166-day hunger strike,How long was U Wisara on a strike were he refused subsistence ?
died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike,Was U Wisara able to survive  the protest?
to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.,Why was U Wisara involved in a resistance movement of such extremes ?
Burma was devastated during World War II,Was Burma effected by the world wars?
the British administration had collapsed,Did the British protect Burma as its colony during WWII?
"British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders",Where groups from Burma an advantage to the Allies during WWII?
"the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma",How many soldiers were lost by the Japanese in Burma during WWII ?
the end of Japanese rule in July 1945,When did the temporary Japanese rule end in Burma?
Aung San,Who negotiated the agreement that Burma would be free from forgien rule ?
the Panglong Agreement,What is the name of the agreement that guarantee Burma's freedom from foreign rule ?
"Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe",What leaders were present during the negotiations made for freedom of the Burmese people?
Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar,What position did Aung San hold in the Burmese government?
"July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San",When did and how did Aung San pass away ?
8888 Uprising,What are the 1988 demonstrations in Burma called?
General Saw Maung,Who lead the government coup in 1988 ?
declared martial law after widespread protests.,Why was marshal law declared in Burma in 1989?
Union of Myanmar,What was the official name of Burma changed to by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)
The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989,Have elections been held in Burma since the military coup in 1988 ?
an increase in the price of diesel and petrol,What was the cause of the insurrection in the summer of 2007 ?
Saffron Revolution,What was the name of the insurgency lead by Buddhist Monks?
an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.,Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?
The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions,How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007?
Cyclone Nargis,What natural disaster caused detrimental effects to the Irrawaddy section of Burma in May of 2008 ?  
rice,What is the main crop of the delta of the Irrawaddy section of Burma?
"estimated 200,000 people dead or missing",How many people were reported missing or deceased due to the natural disaster of 2007 ?
10 billion US Dollars,How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ?
Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts,Did the government of Myanmar welcome the international efforts of assistance?
the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar,In 2012 what was the the disturbance with the government running smoothly ? Burma? 
Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army a,Were any religious groups involved in the scrimmages ? 
al-Qaeda,Were any terrorist groups involved in the Burmese conflicts ? 
"Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing ""what they can to rescue you"".",Does al-Qaeda believe that Muslims in Burma are in danger?
the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.,Did Muslims in Burma give a repose to statements made by al-Qaeda? 
Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces,What country was Burma involved with in 2015
"The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter",Were there any refuges that resulted from the Burmese conflict in 2015?
China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels.,What was the government of China accused of during the Kokang offensive ?
Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese,Is China an affect on the government in Burma ?
creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia,To what benefit of China has its interest in the Burmese government brought about ?
allegations of polling station irregularities were raised,Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?
the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.,Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations?
Union of Myanmar,What is the name that Burma held before 2010? 
"the creation of a ""discipline-flourishing democracy""",Why was the referendum in 2008 ?
Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway,Is Burma now a democratic nation?
the military's presence continues,Does the military still have a government presence in Burma ?
'disciplined democracy,What type of government does Burma operate under ?
reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests,Does the military presence interfere with the day to day running of the government ?
reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy,In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go?
a mixed economy,What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach?
house arrest,Where was  Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?
granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners,What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?
new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes,Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma?
approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ? 
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?
more than fifty years,How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?
National League for Democracy (NLD) party,What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?
the Freedom House organisation raised concerns,Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?
some other political prisoners have not been released,Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? 
"Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)",Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?
The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar,Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?
43 of the 45 available seats,Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?
Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram,What countries surround the border that is opposite the southwest border of Burma?
"Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.",What sea is an integral part of the Burma landscape ?
"1,200 mi",How many miles of uninterrupted coastline does Burma encompass?
Bay of Bengal,What is the name of the bay along the southwest coast of Burma ?
the Tibet Autonomous Region,What region lays along the north border of Burma and is famed for the presence of monks ?
Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator,Where does the majority of the Burmese country fall on the globe ?
"5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually",How much rain is received in the region where Burma is located ?
"1,000 mm (39.4 in",What is the expected rainfall in the zone considered to be dry in Burma ?
"The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F).",What is the average temperature of the coldest  part of Burma and where is it located ?
Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).,How warm does it get at the height of summer along the in the delta and coastal regions of Burma?
the lumber industry,What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?
Hundreds of species of freshwater fish,What is an important protein source  in the Burmese diet?
"elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals",What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?
The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species,What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?
"Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar",Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ? 
The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party,What was the name of the winning unit in the 2010 elections in Burma ?
Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections.,Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ? 
One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it,What were some of the opinions foreign advisers stated about the Burma 2010 elections ?
the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal,What was the Burmese official decision concerning the legitimacy of National League for Democracy in 2010 ?
relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections.,How have international relations developed due to the recent political changes in Burma ? 
the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations,What did the United States do in response to the reform changes of the 2010 Burma elections ? 
"sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.",What type of activity has the European Union engaged in in response to the reforms made in Burma ?
years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions,How did the United States treat Myanmar prior to the changes made in Burmese government ? 
"Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts",How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma?
the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies,What was the result for internationals companies attempting to conduct business in Burma ? 
British Prime Minister David Cameron,Who called for the sanctions in Burma to be given reprieve ?
the Burmese parliament,What did Aung San Suu Kyi become a part of in Burma ?
Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments,How do Asian countries feel about the European attitude towards Burma ?
natural resource extraction.,What is a popular business for international Asian countries in Burma ?
India and China,What two countries does Burma have Superior relationships with ?
"fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction",What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the  India Look East policy ?
over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta,Why did India stop supporting the military in Myanmar in 2008 ?
it has preserved extensive commercial ties,Did the military sanctions imposed by India affect the business workings of it's relations in Burma ?
Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila,Who helped to improve the relations between India and Burma?
"the capital, Naypyidaw",What city in Burma was visited by the envoy from India 
Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years,Who is the first official Burmese delegate to visit the white house following the 2010 elections in Burma ?
the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966,When was the most prior visit from a Burmese representative to the  United States prior to 2010 ? 
Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar,Was the visit from the Burmese delegate welcome in the United States in 2010?
leaders discussed to release more political prisoners,Did the visit to the United States result in the release of political prisoners in Burma ? 
to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013.,What agreements were made in the visit to the United States by the Burmese in the 21 century ?
Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China,What country has provided Burma with the most military aid ?
Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997,How long has Burma participated in the group ASEAN ?
hosted the summit in 2014,What year was Myanmar the host for the ASEAN conference?
natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal,What event caused tension between Burma and Bangladesh in 2008 ?
Tatmadaw,What is the name of the military in Burma ?
"numbers 488,000",How large is the military of Burma ? 
"Army, the Navy, and the Air Force",Which traditional branches of the military does Burma have?
The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service.,What ranking does Burma hold for the number of troops currently serving on active military duty ?
"Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India.",From where does Burma receive most of its military artillery ?
"Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus.",What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ?
voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights.,What occurred in the United Nations general convening in 2006 ?
vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar,What did China and Russia both do in 2008 ?
South Africa,What other countries were in disagreement with the United Nations decision on Burma ?
military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes,What is the general view of Burma ?
Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights,Who is Samantha Power?
"""Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children",What did Ms Powers write concerning Burma ?
"Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science",What are the names of some of the  human right organizations that have been involved in Burmese relations. 
The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity,In 2011 what did the group Freedom House say concerning the Burma military?
"In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held",How many prisoners are still held in Burma on political crimes?
Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements.,How are children used in the conflicts in Burma?
Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol,How are children obtained for use as solders in Burma ? 
the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers,How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?
The Rohingya people,What section of the Burmese population is routinely discriminated against ?
1982,When was the citizenship laws placed into effect in Burma ?
Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races,How does one become a full citizen in Burma ?
"national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee",What races are considered for full citizenship in Burma?
Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823,What happens if one is not able to prove ancestral claim on full citizenship ?
the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law,When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma?
Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races,How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma?
"national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee.",What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ? 
prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823,How can one prove their race in Burma ?
"expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma,",How many of the  Rohingya people have new changes in citizenship caused to become refugees ? 
suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws,What is believed to be one of the potential religious instigators for the stiff in Burma against a certain race ?
the Japanese,Who occupied Burma during the Second World War ?
the Tatmadaw,What system of militaristic management exists in Burma?
lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation,What may have caused negative feeling to still linger among the different races of the Burmese people ?
British allied themselves with the Rohingya,Who did the British choose to back in Burma during WWII ?
"Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee",Has the violence in Burma decreased over the years as the country has tried made democratic strides ?
"unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence",Are the separate religious factions in Burma able to peacefully coexist ?
BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers,What news company  discovered visual evidence of the disdain exhibited by civil employees and civilians in Burma ?
footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila,Who recorded the visual evidence on the disdainful incident?
used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013.,Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?
many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine,What was believed to be one of the Burma reasons for the unrest in 2012 ?
"It displaced more than 52,000 people",How many are believed to have been uprooted by this unrest ?
Tun Khin,Who is the president of the BROUK's UK division?
"1,200 are missing",How many people where missing after the 2012 Burma civil unrest ?
The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence,What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of  summer of 2012 ?
monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya,How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma?
"On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region",What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location?
The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions,How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?
Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012,Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?
The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication.,If communications restrictions have changed how so?
The Irrawaddy,What is the name of the newspaper that was banished from Burma?
"journalists ""are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes",What is required of commentators before publishing or airing content ?
"wore shirts demanding that the government ""Stop Killing the Press.",What did demonstrators wear during the media rally?
the Crisis Group,What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?
the country's human rights record has been improving,Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar?
"Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom",What is the current rating of for Burma from the  Freedom in the World report and what caused the current standing ?
"improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions.",What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6?
lowest rating of 7,What was the previous rating for Burma?
National Human Rights Commission,What did the government bring together ?
consists of 15 members from various backgrounds,Once the decision was made to bring the group together who was it comprised of ?
invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development.,Has the joining brought about any changes in the region ?
President Thein Sein,Who extended the offer to the activists ?
Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin,Who addressed the United nations on Myanmar's behalf in the fall 2011 ?
"has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive.",Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it's inhabitants ?
"several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked.",Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?
international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs),Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?
ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.,Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?
Thein Sein,What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma?
"Prime Minister David Cameron,",Who did the official from Myanmar meet with ?
Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013,What was the outcome of the meeting ?
at Chatham House,Where did the official make his announcement of the meetings outcome ?
a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces,What would the official like to see happen between the two countries ?
"Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia.","In terms of finance, when being ruled by the English, where did Burma stand ?"
rice,What was Burma's greatest export during that time of English rule ?
"Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world.",What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?
75% of the world's teak,What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?
a highly literate population,What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?
"British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese.",How did world war two affect Burmese business and economy ?
the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed.,How was the Burma framework affected by WWII ?
bombed extensively,What lead to the architectural changes in Myanmar ?
bombed extensively by both sides,Who was credited with changes that occurred to the interior due to the war's effects ?
"1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land.",When was Myanmar given sovereignty to rule it's own nation ?
rice,What is the major farming production crop in Burma? 
60%,What percentage of  the countries's farm-able land is used for the major farming production crop in Burma? 
food grain production,What category does the major farming production crop in Burma fall into ? 
by weight,How is production in the category tallied ?
52 modern rice varieties,How many novel types of this crop did Burma develop as of 1997 ?
"US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based",What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?
reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines.,Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry  ?
Human Rights Watch,Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?
encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based,What did the group advised based on the information's results ?
the ruling junta,Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ? 
Yangon and Mandalay,Name two of the metropolitan areas that are enjoyed most frequently by tourist in Myanmar  ?
"Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An",What are two of the top spiritual destination that Myanmar offers ?
"nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin",Does Myanmar offer any destinations  that might be good for outside enthusiasts ?
"ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui.",Are there any edifice points of interest that may be of note to visitors of Burma?
much of the country is off-limits to tourists,Can visitors travel unrestricted through the country ?
by air,How are most visitors ushered into the city of Myanmar ?
"No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across",Is Myanmar convenient to other countries in South East Asia ? 
It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river.,Are there any cruise travel destinations for Myanmar ?
one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013.,How long have bus tours been available to tourist of Myanmar ?
Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar,"How far are the people from Taiwan ,but not actually citizens of Taiwan, allowed to venture into the Myanmar territory ?"
Flights are available from most countries,Can one travel by plane from any country in Myanmar ?
direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines,Is there anyway to decrease travel time in getting to Myanmar ?
"5 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore.",Has the travel industry considered making changes to fight plans for Myanmar ?
"Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline"".",What airlines travel to Myanmar that currently has development plans towards expanding ? 
"December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange",What occurred in the winter of 2014 of significance for Myanmar ?
Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd,What is the name of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?
Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent,W is set to to be the major stock holder of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?
Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent.,Did other countries actively participate in business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?
"Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016.",What day did the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar open its doors to customers?
"provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420",How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?
"an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted.",Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?
"600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand",How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?
millions more work illegally,How many of the Burmese  people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization 
80% of Thailand's migrant workers,What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?
Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population,What is the largest percentage of  the Burmese populace ?
Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population,What is the smallest percentage of the Burmese populace ?
ethnic nationality,What is the preferential term for those in Burma that are not a part of the racial majority ?
Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population,What percentage of the population is of the  Rakhine descendant line ?
the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.,What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?
"2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer",What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer. 
Anglo-Burmese,Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?
1958 onwards,When did a mass migration of the community that  previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?
principally to Australia and the UK,Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?
"Sino-Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European.",What are the four categories for the most prolific dialects used in Burma ?
"Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English",What are the primary languages of Europe that are used in Burma ?
there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar,How many different types of dictionaries could you potentially need to cover all the languages spoken in Myanmar 
many of them are known only within small tribes around the country,Are the languages of Myanmar widely used by other nations  ?
The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan,What is the preferred lingo for the Tai–Kadai language?
Burmese,What is the matriarchal brogue of Burma that became the countries' standard vernacular ?
Tibetan and Chinese language,Which two vernaculars hold relation to the official language?
It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters,How is the recognized official language of Burma displayed ? 
"the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century",On what is the visual display of the language a subset of  ? 
The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century.,From when are the  first impressions of the visually displayed language ?
Many religions are practised in Myanmar,Does Burma have more than one religion ?
Festivals can be held on a grand scale.,Are public displays allowed for the celebration of religion in Myanmar ?
"Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution",Are all welcomed to practice faith openly in Burma 
"it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army",Can anyone in Burma Join the military forces in Burma ?
"join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country.",What are the best routes for career achievement in Burma ?
7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions,What part of the populace does not  identify with conformists religious  majority?
"international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population.",Are these percentages an accurate estimate of nonconformists religious  groups ?
80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon,How many dwelling are dedicated to the worship of the faith Jehovah's Witnesses ?
16 languages,How many dialects are the publications distributed by the Jehovah Witness available in ?
a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services,What problem presented itself to the Jewish locale in Rangoon ?
the Ministry of Education,Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?
United Kingdom's,What country is Burma to credit for its academic system ?
due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar.,Why is this country so influential to the Burma academics ?
privately funded English language schoo,Are there any alternatives to the public school system in Burma ?
Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school,Are children required to go to school or can they choose to stay at home and work ?
the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.,What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?
Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries,Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?
"The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism",What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?
"Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.",What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?
"In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life.",Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?
A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu,What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ? 
Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time.,What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?
the most important being the pagoda festival,What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?
Many villages have a guardian nat,What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?
Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities,What evidence of previous rule is evident in the buildings in Burma ?
ethnic groups constitute 32%,What part of the Burmese population is considered not a part of the mainstream group?
"exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report).",Do opinions differ on the numbers for that population is considered not a part of the mainstream
The World Factbook,What is the name of the group that reported the information regarding the populace in Burma ?
Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish,What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?
Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities,What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?
landlocked cities,Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?
Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein,What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma?
"fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.",What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?
Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein,What was the first motion picture about someone's life filmed in Myanmar ?
"Tun Shein — a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London.",Why was this film relevant enough to be the first ?
first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920,"Before the advent of talking pictures, what was the name of the first movie in Myanmar and when was it 's debut ?"
"After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes","Following the end of the second World War, what was a still a popular theme among films makers in Burma ?"
Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them.,Where any of the Burmese films ever used as an instrument to influence the people ?
Jews,"Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?"
Israelites,"Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?"
Hebrews,What were incoming nomadic groups known as?
"during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel",When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?
The Merneptah Stele,What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?
43%,What percentage of Jews reside in Israel?
40%,What percentage of Jews reside in the U.S.?
1.4 million,How many Jews live in Europe?
0.4 million,How many Jews live in Canada?
issues with census methodology,What is one reason the world population of Jews difficult to determine?
Jude,What is the origin of the word Yiddish?
Ebreo,What is another word to describe a Jew?
"Еврей, Yevrey",What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew?
Hebrew,Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word?
Abraham,Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to?
Ancient Egypt,Where did Jacob and his family migrate to?
Moses,Who led the Exodus?
Joseph,Who was Jacob's son?
Jacob,Who was Joseph's father?
Israelite,Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature?
Yahweh,What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities?
Iron Age,The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what?
Israelites,What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?
after the 720s BCE,When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?
Israelite tribes of Judah,From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?
twice,How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history? 
"Roman ""Judean",From where did the term Jews originate?
After the fall of the United Monarchy,When was land divided into Israel and Judah?
Jews,Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?
539 BCE,When did the Babylonian exile end?
Fertile Crescent,Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?
"4,000 years",How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?
Middle East,Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?
The Hebrew Bible,What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?
Abrahamic religions,What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?
a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews,What is the Hebrew Bible?
three,In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?
whether a religious or national approach to identity is used,What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? 
Judaism,"Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?"
"halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions",What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?
200 CE,Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?
Jewish sages,What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?
Shaye J. D. Cohen,Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?
Roman law,"What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?"
the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures,What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?
Babylonia,Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?
200 CE – 500 CE,Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?
conversion,Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?
The Fiscus Judaicus,What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?
96 CE,When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?
illegality of male conversion to Judaism,Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth?
"An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another",What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities?
religious interpretations,Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?
culinary preferences,Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?
Ashkenazim,Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to.
Sephardim,Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?
Germany,What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?
Mizrahim,What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?
East,What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?
due to similar styles of liturgy,"In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?"
the 1490s,When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?
Yemen,Where are the Teimanim from?
Ashkenazi Jews,What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?
Ashkenazi Jews,Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?
As a result of their emigration from Europe,Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?
France,In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?
Hebrew,What is the liturgical language of Judaism?
Hebrew,"What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, ""the holy tongue?"""
Hebrew and Aramaic,What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud?
Tanakh,What are the Hebrew scriptures called?
Aramaic,What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew?
Yiddish,What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?
Ladino,What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?
Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries,Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?
Yiddish,What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language?
North Africans,North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue?
"Hebrew, English, and Russian",What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today?
English,South African Jews adopted which language?
English,Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars?
Jewish and Middle Eastern groups,Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?
Middle East,Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?
maternal lineages,Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?
autosomal DNA,What looks at the entire DNA mixture?
autosomal DNA,What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?
Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans,Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?
"descendants of the ""anusim"" forced converts to Catholicism",What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?
Sephardic Bnei Anusim,"Who are descendants of the ""anusim"" forced converts to Catholicism?"
19.8%,What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?
1948 and 1958,"What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million?"
6 million,What is the population of Israel?
"227,258","Between 1974 and 1979, how many immigrants arrived in Israel?"
Diaspora,More than half of the Jews live where?
"315,000",How many Jews live in Canada?
"180,000-300,000",How many Jews live in Argentina?
"196,000-600,000",How many Jews live in Brazil?
France,Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community?
"between 483,000 and 500,000",How many Jews live in France?
"292,000",What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom?
"800,000","Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?"
Yemen and Syria,The only substantial aliyah came from where?
early decades of the 20th century,When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?
18th century,When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?
growing trend of assimilation,What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?
Kaifeng Jews of China,Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?
just under 50%,What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States?
53%,What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom?
30%,What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France?
as low as 10%,What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico?
as low as 10%,What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?
until 1870,When did the Papal States exist?
ghettos,"In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?"
bad antisemitism,What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?
dhimmis,What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?
jizya,What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?
requirement of distinctive clothing,"What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as ""most degrading?"""
Dhimmis,Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?
mellahs,What were walled quarters known as?
Moroccan Jews,Who was forced into confinement in mellahs?
15th century,When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin?
expulsion,What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations?
First Crusade,What resulted in the massacre of Jews?
Tomás de Torquemada,Who led the Spanish Inquisition?
19.8%,"According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?"
approximately 6 million,How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?
15 million,"Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?"
The Holocaust,What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?
more than a third,"In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?"
pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity,What is one method used to prevent intermarriage?
the Baal Teshuva movement,What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?
Orthodox,Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity?
fabric,What is the most frequent use of cotton?
5000 BC,To what date has cotton been dated?
Indus Valley,Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times?
Mexico,In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times?
cotton gin,What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton?
"Mehrgarh, Pakistan",Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?
Neolithic,To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?
3300 and 1300 BCE,When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?
industrialization,Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?
2000 and 1000 BC,During what time did cotton become widely used in India?
Achaemenid era,Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period?
5th century BC,When was the Achaemenid era?
Persian poets' poems,In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran?
Marco Polo,What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia?
John Chardin,What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia?
"1820's,",When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt?
M. Jumel,What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market?
Mohamed Ali Pasha,Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s?
$56 million,How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War?
1.2 million bales a year,How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903?
imported fiber,In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed?
John Mandeville,What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees?
Herodotus,What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree?
16th century,By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia?
similarities to wool,Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?
declined,How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?
late 18th and early 19th,During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?
British East India Company,What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?
raw cotton,What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?
Britain,"If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?"
Industrial Revolution,What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?
1738,When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?
spinning jenny,What device did James Hargreaves invent?
spinning mule,What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?
Manchester,"Whic British city was nicknamed ""Cottonopolis"" because of its cotton production?"
cotton gin,What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain?
Eli Whitney,What American invented the cotton gin?
by hand,"Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?"
commercial chain,What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?
colonial markets,From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold?
"longer, stronger fibers",What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?
India,"In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?"
Caribbean,"Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?"
mid-19th century,By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?
King Cotton,What was cotton called in the 19th century?
Union blockade,What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?
American Civil War,When did the American cotton industry fail?
Egyptian,To what county's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War?
cheap,What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?
bankruptcy,What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?
sharecropping,What was the procedure called which involved workers to work for a share of the profits? 
hand-pick,What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a large labor force?
children,Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in the harvesting of cotton?
split vacations,What function of southern schools was created for children to pick cotton?
landless,What part of the southern population worked as sharecroppers?
"600 to 1,200 mm",What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?
heavy,In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?
control pests,Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?
South Plains,Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?
salt and drought,What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?
pesticides,To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed?
Genetically modified,What form of cotton is GM?
Bacillus thuringiensis,What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?
noninsecticide,What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote?
larvae,What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect?
2006,In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years?
temperature and rainfall,On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent?
pesticides,What did a 2012 study suggest  was halved by the use of GM plants?
"ladybirds, lacewings and spiders",What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton?
69%,How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton?
10.6 million hectares,How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011?
88%,What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2011?
India,Waht country has the largest area of GM cotton on Earth?
second largest,At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world?
95%,What percentage of Australia's cotton crop was GM in 2009?
not genetically modified,What are organic plants understood to be?
synthetic agricultural chemicals,Without what are organic plants meant to be grown ? 
fertilizers or pesticides,What is meant by synthetic chemicals?
National Organic Program,What group in the US determines the allowed practices in organic agriculture?
"265,517 bales",How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007?
boll weevil,What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?
Boll Weevil Eradication Program,What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?
US Department of Agriculture,What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?
Bt cotton,What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?
synthetic insecticides.,On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?
mechanically,How is most cotton harvested?
cotton picker,What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?
cotton stripper,What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?
windy,What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?
perennial,What type of plant is cotton?
rayon,What was the first manufactured fiber?
1890s,When was rayon first made in France?
chemicals industry,What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?
DuPont,What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?
Nylon,What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?
decline in market share,What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?
Cotton Research and Promotion Act,What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?
synthetic competitors,What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?
U.S.,Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?
markets for cotton,What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?
textile products,For what is cotton used to make?
recycled or recovered cotton,"Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?"
synthetic fibers,With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?
knitted or woven,What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?
crochet and knitting,For what can cotton yarn be used?
cottonseed oil,For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?
vegetable oil.,What product is processed cottonseed oil?
ruminant livestock,What is cottonseed meal used for feed?
roughage,For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?
poisonous pigment,As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?
Cotton linters,What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?
"fine, silky fibers",What do cotton linters look like?
cotton wool,What are cotton linters called in the UK?
absorbent cotton,What is cotton wool called in the US?
Sampson Gamgee,What individual first used cotton wool medically?
Cotton lisle,"What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?"
strong and durable,What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?
single thread,What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?
"Lisle, France",Where was the lisle thread originally made?
more brilliant,How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns? 
China and India,In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?
largest exporters,How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?
$12 billion,What is the combined international trade in cotton?
Dunavant Enterprises,What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?
"Memphis, Tennessee",Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?
"25,000",How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?
$2 billion per year,What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?
China,What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?
French,Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?
former British colonies,Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?
heavily subsidized,What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?
Cotton-4,"What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?"
leading protagonist,What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?
reduction,What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?
WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism,What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?
child,What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?
exposure to pesticides,What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing? 
Uzbekistan,What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?
third largest,Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?
fair trade,What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?
tetraploid cotton,What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?
Tetraploid,What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? 
2007,When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?
diploid,What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?
diploid counterparts,"In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?"
Monsanto and Illumina,What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
2010,When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?
donate,What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
public relations,What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
cultivated varieties,What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
data compression,What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?
Compression,What can be either lossy or lossless?
Lossless compression,What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy? 
data compression,What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?
source coding,What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?
Compression,What helps reduce resource usage?
compressed data,What must be decompressed? 
Data compression,What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? 
data compression,What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?
Lossless data compression algorithms,What usually exploits statistical redundancy?
Lossless compression,What represents statistical redundancy?
an image,What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?
Lempel–Ziv (LZ),What compression methods are among the most popular?
DEFLATE,"What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?"
LZR,What serves as the basis of the Zip method?
Brotli,What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?
LZX,What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?
statistical estimates,What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?
Arithmetic coding,What can achieve superior compression?
Huffman algorithm,What uses an internal memory state?
Lossy,What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?
Dropping nonessential detail from the data source,What can save storage space?
JPEG image compression,What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?
audio compression,What is used for CD ripping?
psychoacoustics,What methods are used to remove non-audible components of audio signals?
human speech,What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques?
Voice compression,What is used in internet telephony? 
audio compression,What is encoded by audio players?
compression,What is Machine learning closely related to?
optimal,What type of compressor can be used for prediction?
data compression,"What has been used as a benchmark for ""general intelligence""?"
Data compression,What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? 
Data differencing,What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?
data compression,What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?
Audio data compression,What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data?
Audio compression algorithms,What is inserted in software as audio codecs?
Lossy,What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity?
Lossless audio compression,What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?
Lossless,What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?
Compression ratios,What are around 50-60% of the original size?
Lossy,What compression is used in a lot of applications?
digitally compressed audio streams,What is used in most video DVDs?
Lossy,What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless? 
Equal-loudness contours,What may be used to weight the importance of components?
Models of the human ear-brain,What are often called psychoacoustic models?
temporal masking,What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?
linear predictive coding,What is the coding called that is used with speech?
linear predictive coding,What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?
source-based coders,What uses a model of the sound's generator? 
Latency,What results from methods used to encode and decode data?
codecs,What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?
codecs,"What creates segments called a ""frame""?"
latency,What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?
latency,What has zero samples in a minimum case?
LPC,What often has low latencies?
voltage,What varies with time?
data,What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? 
analog-to-digital,"What does ""A/D"" stand for?"
literature compendium,What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?
"finished, working audio coders",What did the literature compendium document?
MPEG-1 Audio committee,Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?
Oscar Bonello,Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?
Oscar Bonello,Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?
broadcast automation system,What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?
video compression algorithms,What all mostly use lossy compression?
Uncompressed video,What requires a high data rate?
Highly compressed video,What may present visible or distracting artifacts?
video,What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels?
macroblocks,What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?
variable bitrate,What does high-frequency detail lead to?
Video data,What may be represented as a series of still image frames?
Compression algorithms,What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?
color,What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?
longer command,What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?
the system simply issues a short command,What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?
video,What is a sequence that can be edited?
interframe compression,What copies data from one frame to another?
DV,What is a type of video format?
Making 'cuts',What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?
discrete cosine transform,What do all commonly used video compression methods use?
spatial redundancy reduction,What does a DCT do?
fractal compression,What is not used in practical products? 
Genetics,What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? 
MAFE,What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?
DNAZip and GenomeZip,What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?
Daily Mail,Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?
2.2 million copies,What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?
C2DE demographic,What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?
Approximately 41%,What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?
1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster,What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?
News of the World,Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?
2013,In what year was The Sun's look changed?
"1,686,840",What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?
May 2015,When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?
during 2016,When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?
Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University,Who ordered research on the Herald?
demographic changes,What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?
'social radicals',What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?
"£400,000",What was the advertising budget of the new paper?
3.5 million,What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?
fewer redundancies,What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?
"a ""straightforward, honest newspaper""",How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?
Labour,Which party would the newspaper endorse?
"£800,000",What was the price paid for the newspaper?
Maxwell's offer,Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?
editor,What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?
scathing,What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?
its sales,What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?
senior sub-editor,What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?
about 125,How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?
Sex,What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?
17 November 1970,When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?
Stephanie Rahn,Who was the first Page 3 topless model?
"A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire",Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?
1971,When was the library ban reversed?
nominally Labour,What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?
Harold Wilson,Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?
Edward Heath,Who did the Sun support in 1974?
James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins,Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?
any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat,What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?
Bernard Shrimsley,Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?
middle-class uncommitted Conservative.,What was Shrimsley's political background?
Christopher Timothy,Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?
United States,Where did Murdoch begin expanding?
1973,When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?
The Daily Star,What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?
1981,By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?
Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price,What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?
Kelvin MacKenzie,Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?
"changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did""",What impact was Mackenzie said to have?
a British missile,What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?
"""Here It Comes, Senors...""",What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?
Argentinian forces,Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?
it was not well received,How did troops react to the missile?
Tony Snow,What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile?
"""GOTCHA""",What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?
the General Belgrano,Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?
the extent of Argentinian casualties became known,Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?
John Shirley,Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?
HMS Fearless,What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?
HMS Sheffield,Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?
The Daily Mirror and The Guardian,Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?
Ronald Spark,Who was lead writer of The Sun?
Peter Snow,Who was the BBC's defense correspondent?
treason,"What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, and BBC?"
Michael Foot,Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?
Labour Party,Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?
Ronald Reagan,Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?
74,How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?
"""Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?""",What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?
the police and the Thatcher government,Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners' strike?
Arthur Scargill,Who was president of the Miners' union?
giving a Nazi salute,What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing?
strongly supported the April 1986 bombing,How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986?
Clare Short,Who was Labour M.P. in 1986?
"""snobs"" who want to ""impose their tastes on everyone else""",How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper?
"they are ""giving the public what they want""",What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?
John Pilger,Who is one critic of The Sun?
the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia,What was the focus of Pilger's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror?
the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country,What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold?
Clifford and Angela Levin,Who wrote Max Clifford: Read All About It?
Starr,Who was writing a book with McCaffrey?
Max Clifford,Who was previously Starr's public relations agent?
the attention helped to revive his career,How did attention from the story impact Starr's career?
Unwrapped,What was the name of Starr's autobiography?
17,How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?
rent boys,Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?
John Blake,What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?
Rottweiler,What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?
Norway,Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?
the sexuality of male pop stars,What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column?
Daily Mirror and of The Sun,Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of?
EastEnders,Which BBC show's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on?
Colin Russell and Guido Smith,Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?
Bizarre pop column,Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun?
"""STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL.""",What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989?
Lord Kilbracken,Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting?
homosexuals and recreational drug users,Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS?
All Parliamentary Group on AIDS,With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated?
none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism,How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?
The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection,What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken's ideas on AIDS?
Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story,What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun's editorial?
The Press Council,Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV?
The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history,What did David Randall say about the Sun's AIDS story?
The Universal Journalist,In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion?
picked the pockets of crushed victims,What did the paper report that some fans did?
a police constable,Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?
Kelvin MacKenzie,"Who wrote the headline ""The Truth""?"
Harry Arnold,Who wrote the actual story?
"allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said",What was the story based on?
Liverpool,Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page?
"around 12,000",What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?
Alexei Sayle's Liverpool,What documentary aired in 2008?
simply burn or tear it up,What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free?
The Scum',What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun?
Wayne Rooney,Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool? 
Manchester United,What team did Rooney transfer to?
three years old,What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?
Graham Dudman,Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005?
"""the worst mistake in our history""",How did Dudman describe The Sun's Hillsborough coverage?
November 1990,When did Margaret Thatcher leave office?
Poll tax,What is another name for the Community Charge?
John Major,Who took over for Thatcher?
Conservative MPs,Who opposed the poll tax?
was vociferously supported by the newspaper,How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax?
Thatcherite policies,What types of policies did The Sun support?
Royal Mail privatisation,What is an example of a Thatcherite policy?
The paper showed hostility,What was The Sun's stance toward the EU?
promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet,What's another thing the paper showed hostility to?
opposition,What was The Sun's initial stance toward the closures?
Labour party,Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997?
Tony Blair,Who became Prime Minister in 1997?
Minimum Wage and Devolution,Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose?
"""tired, divided and rudderless""",How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?
Blair,Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party?
not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism,What did Blair agree to in order to get the support of Rupert Murdoch?
Peter Mandelson,Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998?
"Peter Mandelson was ""outed"" by Matthew Parris",What happened on BBC's Newsnight in 1998?
David Yelland,Who was editor of The Sun in 1998?
"The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of ""overwhelming public interest""",What did The Sun say its policy about revealing an individual's sexuality would be moving forward?
racism,What allegation did the government level against The Sun in 2003?
Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett,Who specifically leveled the allegations against The Sun?
asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans,What did a 4 July 2003 front page story claim?
immigration,From which issue did claims that The Sun was racist stem?
Prince Harry,Who did The Sun print pictures of in a Nazi outfit in 2005?
Blair and Labour,Who did The Sun endorse in the 2005 general election?
failure to control immigration,What is one of the weaknesses The Sun thought Blair possessed?
Michael Howard,Who was leading the Conservatives at this time?
it would be his last as prime minister,What did Blair state about the 2005 election?
Labour's third successive win,What was the result of the 2005 election?
mental health,What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003?
Frank Bruno,Who was featured in the article on mental health?
Bonkers Bruno Locked Up,What was the original headline on 22 September 2003?
Sad Bruno In Mental Home,What was the headline changed to after public backlash?
had been admitted to hospital,What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him?
French and Germans,Which two nations has The Sun been very antagonistic towards?
"""frogs"", ""krauts"" or ""hun""",What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans?
opposed,What is the paper's stance on the EU?
le Worm,How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun?
Angela Merkel,Which German chancellor was criticized by The Sun?
a British Muslim internet forum,What type of forum was the subject of a January 2009 front page story in The Sun?
"a ""hate hit list"" of British Jews",Who was said to be targeted in The Sun's front page story?
Private Eye,What magazine refuted the claims made by The Sun in its article about the forum?
Glen Jenvey,According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign?
UK's Press Complaints Commission,Complaints to which body led to The Sun removing the story from its website?
Granada Television in Manchester,What was the claimed target of a terrorist attack according to a late 2010 Sun front page story?
Coronation Street,What was the television program that would have been affected by the attack?
"categorically denied having ""been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation.""",What did the Manchester police say about these claimed attacks?
the Press Complaints Commission,Who negotiated an apology from The Sun for its misreporting of this story?
"Anders Behring Breivik,",Who was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks?
January 2008,When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time?
Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire,Where was London printing of The Sun moved to?
12,How many presses were there at the new printing facility?
Knowsley on Merseyside,Where had northern printing been moved to?
£600 million,How much had been invested in the new printing locations?
Gordon Brown,Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?
David Cameron,Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?
News Corporation,What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?
media ownership and the news,What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?
which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe,On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?
James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade,Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent?
Simon Kelner,Who was the editor of the Independent?
its own YouGov poll result,What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election?
Rupert Murdoch,Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election?
2010,What year was the United Kingdom general election?
David Cameron,Who did The Sun advocate for the 2010 election?
disaster,What did The Sun fear would result from election of the Labour Party?
hung parliament,What was the outcome of the general election?
Tories,Which party came to power after the election?
Liberal Democrats,Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister?
as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information,Why were former Sun staff members put in police custody in early 2012?
suspicion of corruption,What was the charge against those arrested?
the News of the World scandal,What greater scandal was this investigation a part of?
"crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman",Which Sun staffers were arrested?
columnist and media writer,What role had Graham Dudman taken after serving as The Sun managing editor?
"David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband",Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?
"Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson",Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?
promoting England's bid to win the World Cup,How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?
Joe Anderson,Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool?
anger,What emotion did many people feel over The Sun's coverage of Hillsborough?
Tulisa Contostavlos,Who was the subject of an early June 2013 front page story?
Mahzer Mahmood,Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos?
that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a £800 deal,What was the main allegation in The Sun's story on Contostavlos?
that she was being considered for a role in an £8 million Bollywood film,What did The Sun reporters make Contostavlos believe?
Tulisa's cocaine deal shame,What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos?
collapsed,How did the case against Tulisa fare?
Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa,What did the judge in the case state?
Class A drugs,What type of drugs was Tulisa accused of supplying?
suspended,What action did The Sun take against Mahmood?
July 2014,When was the case against Tulisa tried?
conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office,What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial?
illegal payments allegedly made to public officials,What was at issue in the 2014 trial?
"the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates",Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about?
Richard Marks,Who was the judge in this particular case?
failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges,What was the outcome of the jury's deliberation in the trial?
Charles Wide,Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?
The Guardian,In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge?
Nigel Rumfitt QC,Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?
why Marks was being replaced by Wide,What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about?
take the decision to judicial review,What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?
Anthony France,Who was found guilty in 2015?
the London Metropolitan Police,Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?
Anthony France,Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?
London Metropolitan Police,Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?
"more than £22,000",How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?
Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs,Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?
"""long-term, corrupt relationship""",How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?
France,Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?
prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time,What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?
Timothy Pontius,Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?
News International,Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?
the London Metropolitan Police Service,Who was News International considering bringing a case against?
featuring topless models on Page 3,What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?
the edition of 16 January,What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?
The Times,Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?
Page 3 returned to its usual format,What happened on 22 January 2015?
"the reputed end of Page 3 had been ""speculation"" only",What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?
Katie Hopkins,Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?
"""cockroaches"" and ""feral humans"" and said they were ""spreading like the norovirus""",What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?
the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights,Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?
Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein,Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?
that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide,What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?
Russell Brand,On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?
Simon Usborne,Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?
previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators,With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?
Zoe Williams,Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?
I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her,What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?
Brexit,What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?
Queen Elizabeth II,Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?
Windsor Castle,Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?
Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg,Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?
Independent Press Standards Organisation,With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?
Shrove Tuesday,When does Fastelavn occur?
1939,The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year? 
Eastern Orthodox,Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?
Fastelavn,What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?
on 11/11,When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?
Catholic,The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
the Philippines,What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
1939,The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
Fastelavn,What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
Maslenitsa,What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
the days before fasting,What does vastenavond mean?
November,What month was the livestock typically slaughtered?
eat well,A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter?
it would soon start to rot and decay,Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting?
food shortage at the end of the winter,Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?
the minimum necessary,What was one limited to during the winter?
it would soon start to rot and decay,"Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?"
the days before fasting),"What does ""vastenavond"" mean?"
spring,When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?
Nerthus or Freyr,Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?
Germanic,What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?
spring,What season did fertility typically return?
a procession of people in animal disguise,What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus? 
the marriage of a man and woman be consummated,What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?
the returning of the daylight,What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
on wheels,How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
to make sure that fertility could return in spring,Why was the winter driven out?
fertility,What is Nerthus the goddess of?
be consummated,How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
Carnival,What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?
February,When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?
public,Who is the Carnival open to?
social unity,What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?
alcohol,What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?
Tacitus,Who wrote the Germania?
walls,What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
human,Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
Afterwards,When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
a secret lake,Where is the divinity herself purified? 
sexual,What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?
Lent,All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?
Carnival,The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?
six weeks,How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?
"meat, dairy, fat and sugar",What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?
corpus christi,What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
European,Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
40,How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
Christmas,What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
outlet for their daily frustrations,Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
743,In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?
February,In what month did the excesses occur?
Confession,What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?
an animal or old woman,What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?
the opposite gender,What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?
Christian,Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
Saturnalia and Bacchanalia,What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
Dionysia,The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
December 17,On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
horribly murdered,What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
evidence,What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
Saturnalia,What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
with their deaths,How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life,What is the gift of King Carnival?
Jews,Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
Italy,Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?
Venice,What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?
New France,What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?
foolish guise,What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?
Pope Gregory XVI,Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?
Portuguese,What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
nine,How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
a painted float,Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
a yearly prize,What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
three,Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
Goa,What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?
swindler,"What does the Indian word ""Intruz"" mean?"
Panjim,The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?
crepes,What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?
Momo,What legendary king eventually takes over the state?
Malmedy,Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?
Latin,"Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?"
4,How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?
in the street,Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?
the crowd,What do disguised people pass through during the festival?
Carnivals,What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?
the Carnival de la Laetare,What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?
Blancs-Moussis,What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?
Laetare Sunday,What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?
Carnival Parade of Maaseik,What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? 
Kvarner,Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?
a man-like doll,What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?
Jure Piškanac,Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?
their areas of origin,What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?
fritule,What is the traditional Carnival food?
centuries,How long has Carnival been celebrated?
Venetian,Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?
Greek,Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? 
twentieth,In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?
Limassol,What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?
Three,How many parades take place during Carnival?
"the ""Carnival King",Who rides through the city on a carriage?
The second,Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?
costume,What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?
anyone who wishes to participate,Who are the last two parades open for participation by?
Paris,Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?
in the old Freemasons lodge,Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?
Johan Svendsens,"Who composed the song ""Karneval in Paris""?"
Tårnseilerne,What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?
an opera performance,When do the processions occur after?
"The ""Rheinische""",Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?
famous,Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?
Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday,What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?
washer-women,Who revolted in 1824?
kiss,What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?
the Apokriés,What is the Greece Carnival also called?
the liturgical book used by the church,What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?
Tsiknopempti,What is one of the festival season's high points?
roast beef,What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?
pranks and revelry,What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?
Tyrnavos,Who holds an annual Phallus festival?
papier maché,"What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?"
a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit,What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?
nature's rebirth,What is the ancient celebration for?
Ntoltso,In what square do the bands all play at once?
southern,In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?
Ash,Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?
traditions,What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?
herring,What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?
boerenbruiloft,"What is dutch for ""Peasant Wedding""?"
since at least 1670,How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?
Turkish,What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?
masked people,"Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?"
Tuesday,What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?
2000,What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?
Slovenian,What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?
fluffy,"Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?"
Ptuj,Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?
the Kurents,Who are magical creatures from another world?
winter,What do the Kurents try to banish?
groups,"The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?"
"politics, new times and household topics",What do the chirigotas sing about?
the whole year,How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?
The Choirs,Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?
The comparsas,Who has the most elaborated polyphony?
Catalonia,Where do people dress in masks and costume?
bed,What are raced as part of the festivities? 
Princep etern de Cornudella,What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?
Marquès,Who has a lovely breast?
the Artist of Honor,Who is upon the bed?
The King,Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?
cercavila,What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?
omelette day,Fat Thursday is also known as what day?
King Carnival,Who is typically burned on a pyre?
a period of misrule,When may conventional social rules be broken?
Vilanova i la Geltrú,What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?
"""thighs and feathers""",What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?
Les Comparses,In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?
current events or public figures,What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?
Merengada,What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?
meringue,What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?
the Xerraire,Who throws insults at the crowd?
sexual,What behavior scandalizes the town?
ritual crew of devils,Who creates sparks and explosions?
Caramel,Who is the children's King?
elaborate mourning costume,What do people dress in for the King's funeral?
cross-dressing men,Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies?
concubines,Who weeps around the body of the King?
satiric,What type of eulogy is provided for the King?
communion,What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism?
Carnaval de Solsona,What is one of the longest free events in the streets?
more than a week,How long can the nightly concerts run for?
the tower bell,What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?
water pump,How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?
donkey killers,"What does ""matarrucs"" mean?"
building of a huge barrel,What do the events of Tarragona start with?
Saturday,On what day does the main parade take place?
elegance,What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?
Tarragona,Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?
"5,000",About how many people are members of the various parade groups?
music,What contagiously throbs during the week of events?
a month,How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?
flamboyant,What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?
Street parades,What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?
On the evening before Lent,When is King Mom symbolically burnt?
Crop Over,What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?
sugar cane plantations,Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?
1688,What year did Crop Over begin?
climbing,What activity is done using a greased pole?
The Grand Kadooment,What is the finale of Crop Over called?
calypso,What type of competition is a major feature of the festival?
Trinidad,Where did Calypso music originate?
musicians,Who perform biting social commentaries?
the Calypso Monarch Award,What do the musical groups compete for?
Kadooment Day,What is the climax of the festival called?
a Carrosa,What's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play?
a given saint or deity,What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration?
notable men from the community,Who are usually included the group comparsa?
flour,What is used in some of the festive fights?
to paint as many people as you can,What is the goal of the Carnival painters?
1804,What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?
declaration of independence,What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?
Kanaval,What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?
kompa,What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?
song,What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?
before dawn,When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?
"current affairs,",What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?
clay,"What is ""Clean Mud""?"
devils,"What are ""jab-jabs""?"
based on their witty political/social messages,How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?
Carnival Tuesday,On what day is full costume worn?
"""Mas Boots""",What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?
theme,What does each band base their costume presentation on?
the Queen's Park Savannah,What do the mas bands eventually converge on?
The singer of the most played song,Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?
225,About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?
level of European influence,What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?
"Huejotzingo, Puebla",Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?
the Battle of Puebla,What is the mock combat roughly based on?
local traditions,"Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?"
Fat Tuesday,What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?
Gulf Coast area,Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?
Customs,What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?
street parades and masked balls,What has been part of the celebrations for many years?
celebrations,"Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?"
Brooklyn,Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?
Labor Day,What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?
Trinidad,What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?
one million,Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?
Crown Heights,What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?
Murga,Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?
Gualeguaychú,What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?
Carnival,What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?
popular musical style.,What is Chamame?
In all major cities and many towns throughout the country,Where is Carnival celebrated? 
La Diablada,Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?
Vírgen de Socavon,Who is the miners' patron saint?
50,Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? 
18,How many hours a day does the parade run?
a Brazilian-type Carnival,What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?
thousands,How many members do Samba Schools have?
$500–950,How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?
Blocos,"What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?"
30,About how many Samba schools are in Rio?
1 billion,How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?
in small/unimportant towns,Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?
six,How many days does the non-stop festival go?
one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?
the government,Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogotá?
Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province,Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?
Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas,What are the festivities known as in Ambato?
Imbabura,Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?
afro-Ecuadorian,What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?
bomba del chota,What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?
touloulous,What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?
in the interest of the sexual health,Why are Touloulous given free condoms?
pay admittance,What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?
refuse,What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?
protect their anonymity,Why do the women drink through a straw? 
violence,What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?
because it is the rainy season,Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?
second half of the 20th century,When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?
sexual assaults on women,What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?
eight,How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?
more than 40,How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?
European,What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?
slaves,What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?
two colorful parades,What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?
candombe,What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?
tablados,What are built in many places through the cities?
opera,What do the different Carnival groups perform together?
the social and political situation,What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to?
candombe,What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril?
sensual,What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades?
pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes,What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?
"Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest",What is the purpose of a pesticide?
The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products,What are pesticides most commonly used for?
"protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects",What can pesticides protect plants from?
sanitizer,"What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?"
"plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks",What are three pests pesticides target?
a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent,Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?
potential toxicity to humans and other species,What are possible cons of pesticides?
"destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors",What are pesticides meant to prevent?
chemical structure,What is one way to group pesticides?
"herbicides, insecticides, fungicides",Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.
microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides,What are the two types of biopesticides?
"Plant-derived pesticides, or ""botanicals",Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?
sodium/potassium,Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?
because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate,Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?
Phenoxy compounds,What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?
photosynthesis,What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?
weakness or paralysis,Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?
application method,What is one way you could group pesticides?
by poisoning pests,What is the main way that peticides perform their function?
movement is usually upward,In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?
pollen and nectar in the flowers,Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?
"West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria",Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?
Herbicides,What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?
Pest Management Regulatory Agency,Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?
an organochlorine,What kind of pesticide is DDT?
persistence in the environment and human toxicity,Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?
DDT use is not always effective,Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?
nineteen,How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?
approximately 2.4,On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?
80%,What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?
"more than 1,055", Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?
"over 20,000",How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?
$40 billion,What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?
$10 billion,What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?
vast quantities of produce available year-round,How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?
agrichemical sector,In which area do pesticides creat jobs?
control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses,How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?
cause acute and delayed health effects,Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?
cancer,What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?
organophosphate insecticide exposures,What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?
"18,000",How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?
"groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators",What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?
as 25 million,"In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?"
inadequate regulation,Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?
Over 98%,What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?
"non-target species, air, water and soil",What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?
Pesticide drift,What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?
water pollution,Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?
potentially contaminating,What is the effect of pesticide drift?
dissolve in fats,Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?
Biological magnification,How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?
Global distillation,The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?
the wind,How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?
that pesticides be degradable,What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?
quickly deactivated in the environment,How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?
presence of halogens,What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?
Adsorption to soil,What may slow pesticide movement?
methods of cultivation,What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?
composted yard waste,What natural product can be used to control pests?
safer than traditional chemical pesticides,Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity?
EPA,What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?
interfering with insect breeding,What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests?
integrated pest management,What does IPM stand for?
behavior-modifying stimuli,How can the location and amount of insects be changed?
food additives,What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?
Push-Pull,What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. 
halved its use,How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?
Indonesia,What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?
carbon to nitrogen,What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields
10% to 212%,What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?
biodegradable,What is one type of pesticide?
months or years,How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?
persistence,What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?
type of pest they control,What is one way to classify pesticides?
weed control,What are sulfonyureas commonly used for?
broad-spectrum herbicides,"Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides?"
acetolactate synthase,The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants?
1960s,The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1%?
traded across international borders,Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization,What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?
1985,When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?
2002,How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?
London,What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?
United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission,What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?
prior informed consent,What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?
initiatives operate on a voluntary basis,Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?
pesticide applicator regulation,What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?
choosing less toxic pesticides,What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?
Australia,What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?
reduce health and environmental risks,Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?
applicators,Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?
material is safe to use and the effectiveness,What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?
humans or the environment,Who is protected by EPA regulations?
before November 1984,Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.
every 15 years,How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?
label,How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?
restricted use pesticides,What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
an exam,What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
Records of sales and use, The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
state or territorial,Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
before 2000 BC,What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?
nicotine sulfate,What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?
1960s,What decade did herbicides become common?
Paul Müller,Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?
tobacco leaves,What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?
1910,When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
pesticide era,What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
1970,When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
Seventy-five percent,Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
USA,Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills,What type of region is somerset
"Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels",What are some areas of Somerset county
"There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods",How far back was the county populated 
"a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion",What Kings rise did the county play part in 
substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,What is the city of Bath famous for 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845,What are the people of somerset mentioned in 
The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878,What archaic name was mentioned in 878 
it went out of fashion in the late 19th century,When did the county stop using Somersetshire 
"As with other counties not ending in ""shire,"" the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town",What was superfluous 
Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples,Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left 
by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset,It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area 
was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot,What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for 
"HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610",What prison does somerset county contain 
Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset,What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 
The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries,What ended Somersets cottage industry 
Farming continued to flourish,What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset,What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale,What did the west somerset mineral way transport 
"Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties",How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
"only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed",How many counties had no casualties in WW1 
for troops preparing for the D-Day landings,The county was base for what in WW2
The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion,What is the Tauton stop line 
"decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night",Why were decoy towns used in WW2
"mimic the geometry of ""blacked out"" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets",What did the decoy towns mimic 
"Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights",Who layed out  Beacon Batch 
"The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941",What decoy city was hit 
are largely unaltered from medieval times,How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant 
"The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum",What river forms the border of Somerset 
"Edward III proclaimed ""that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset",What did king Edward the 3 do 
"in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366",When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town 
"The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns",How many cities and towns in Somerset 
"in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater",The largest populations of the county 
"strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills",What was the strategic purpose to settle this area 
"Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest",Most Southernly town of somerset
the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills,What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels 
Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956,What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty 
The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire,What is the name of the coal field 
"on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.",What area support dairy farming 
"an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole",What's the name of the cave system 
"and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge",Name 2 of the county gorges 
"the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo",Name some of the county rivers 
"King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.",What did King charles levy on river boats 
"are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills",What are the Somerset levels 
"marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors",what do the Somerset levels consist of 
the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue,what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels
"The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)",What is the total area of the levels 
"the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons",who started drainage of the Somerset levels 
"Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead",What are the main coastal towns 
"Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve",what is the name of the natural reserve area 
"the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.",what does the western coastline look like 
a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country,What is the somerset climate like 
"Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours",The annual sunshine rate of somerset 
About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical,How many days of snow on average 
Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in),The average rainfall level of somerset 
Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port,What is the leading port of somerset 
"was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped",what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century
"Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice",The good motor system presently allows for 
"AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems",where are aircraft manufactured 
"Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers",What do many towns encourage 
"A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington",What type of factory was built in Somerset 
"Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster",What other high tech industry is in Somerset 
"The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters",What is yeovilton home to 
Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines,What area is home to royal marines 
defence equipment and technology.,What is Somerset an important supplier of 
"Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people",What area employs 15000 people in the couinty
"Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider",What type of orchids used to be pleantiful 
"Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as ""Sunny Delight"" and ""Ocean Spray",What area is important to the fruit juice industry 
Cheddar cheese—some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).,What area is PDO 
Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels,Where is willow growing still practiced 
"The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem",What is pollarding 
"Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s",What did plastic bags result in 
The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.,The somerset level is the only area left  to commercially grow what 
Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry,What towns grew around the weaving Industry 
"the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia",Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area 
"Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group",What famous shoe brand was made in Somerset 
supplying freestone and building stone,What type of stone was supplied in the county 
"Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century",Who promoted the use of stone from the  Bath area
Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement,What are some uses for Blue Lias
the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates,What has been supplied by the county since the 1920's 
"estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people",Tourism supports how many people in the County 
"the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton",Some of the county attractions are 
"mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur",What does Glastonbury have associations with 
Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton,What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for 
"locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar",What type of cheese is the county famous for 
"Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station",What is Hinkley point C 
"Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site",What was Stop Hinkley 
opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules,What did the European Commission review 
"the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision.",How did the Commission vote turn out 
"Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981",What is the population growth rate of Somerset county 
the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average.,The unemployment rate of the county 
is higher than the regional and national average,What percentage of the population is economically active 
"Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom",What percentage of the population is native 
Chinese is the largest ethnic group,The largest ethnic group in somerset county is 
"Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil",Tauton Bridgewater and Yeovil has what concentration of the population
Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year,How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset
The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county,How many tiers  does somerset county consist of 
"The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor",What are the 5 districts of Somerset 
"North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset",What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996 
"Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire",What police force covers the ceremonial county 
The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service,What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007 
"covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset",What area does South western Ambulance  Service cover 
The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance,What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service 
"takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet",Where does the Glastonbury Music festival take place 
The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county,who holds a literature festival each summer 
The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn,The annual Carnival is held when and where 
Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen,What does Artharian legend claim about Glastonbury
"the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World"" situated ""in the mystical land of Avalon",What is built in Avalon 
"The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey",The Episcopal seat of the Bishop is now where 
"is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford",Where is St Greggorys abbey
"American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths",What some of the Museums in Bath
"Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare",What are some other attractions 
in Taunton,Where is the Museum of Somerset 
the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury,What is the name of the museum in Glastonbury 
"Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings",How many listed buildings in Somerset 
523 scheduled monuments,How many monuments on Somerset 
its medieval church towers,What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset 
Halswell House and Marston Bigot.,Name some historic private houses in the county 
Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath,Where does the rugby team play 
Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions,The county's first football team is 
Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final,When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league 
Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton,Where are the horse races held 
to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce,Why was the Somerset county Canal built 
several tramways,What was in use along the canal 
A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built,What was never built 
in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path,What was laid on the path to Midford 
"In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s",Who purchased the tramway in 1871
"usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation",How long were canals used 
19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset,What was built int the 19th century 
The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies,How many railways served the county 
"None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified.",Were any of the railways  electrified 
"The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe",What railways lines are still in use today 
"the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell",What  did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's 
The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods,What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for 
The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK,What is the shortest pier in the UK 
In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol,What was constructed in the 1970's 
"Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council",What are the  state schools in somerset 
"a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset",What are the 3 tiers of school 
Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools,How many state and independent secondary  schools in Somerset 
"Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton",What schools can trace their origins back 
started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School,What was the original name of the Beechen Cliff School
"In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).",In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole 
"King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later",What school in Bruton was given royal  foundation status 
"such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School",What are some prepatory schools for younger students 
Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain,What is one of the Musical schools 
Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse,What is a roman catholic school 
Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907,Bath school of pharmacy founded in 
achieved university status in 2005,When did Bath Spa Gain University status
"The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School",When did the university of Bath gain royal charter 
The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county,What University are in Bath 
1701,When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?
1718,When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?
recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale,Why was the school named Yale College?
by 1777,When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?
1861,When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?
fourteen,How many schools is Yale composed of?
$25.6 billion,How much is Yale's endowment worth?
15 million,How many books are in the Yale University Library?
Yale Corporation,Who runs Yale College?
downtown New Haven,Where is the main Yale campus?
"October 9, 1701","When was ""An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"" approved?"
General Court of the Colony of Connecticut,"Who voted on ""An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School""?"
The Founders,What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?
to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut,"Why was ""An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"" proposed?"
Harvard,"Where did ""The Founders"" go to school?"
Wales,Where did Elihu Yale grow up?
Boston,Where was Elihu Yale born?
David,What was Elihu Yale's father's name?
Cotton Mather,Who suggested the new name of Yale?
500,How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?
1778 to 1795,When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?
Hebrew,What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?
July 1779,When did the British threaten to take over the college?
Edmund Fanning,Who saved Yale from the British raid?
an honorary degree LL.D,What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?
1872 to 1909,When did William Graham Sumner teach?
economics and sociology,What did William Graham Sumner teach?
the classics would not be abandoned,Why was The Yale Report established?
developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations,What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?
Victorian culture,What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?
Revolutionary War soldier,What was Nathan Hale famous for?
artist,What profession did Frederic Remington hold?
Frank Stover,"What was the name of the protagonist of ""Stover at Yale""?"
winning the big game,What turned into the goal of the student body?
heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West,What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?
1909,"In what year was the first debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?"
1892,When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale?
front pages of college newspapers,How were debates shown to the college students?
the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets,What did members of the debate team get for their service?
scoring is subjective,Why do debates not have a distinct winner?
"the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton",Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?
Intercollegiate Athletic Association,What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?
Arthur Hadley,Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?
A. Lawrence Lowell,Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?
Woodrow Wilson,Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?
1810,When was the Yale School of Medicine established?
1822,When was Yale Divinity School established?
1843,When was Yale Law School created?
(1847,When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?
1847,When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?
1871 to 1886,When was Noah Porter president of Yale?
new research university,What idea did Noah Porter strike down?
"simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition",What did many historians think of Noah Porter?
an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education,What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?
Expansion,What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?
about $7 million,How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?
behavioral science research,What was the $7 million used for?
chimpanzee,What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?
President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes,Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?
improve mankind,What was the goal of the behavioral research?
Harrison's group,Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?
Pickford's and Hutchinson's,Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?
departmental or institutional position or power,What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?
new models for research groups are needed,What information did Hutchinson's model provide?
diverse areas of ecology,What did Hutchinson's group research?
Milton Winternitz,Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?
social medicine,What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
Yale System,What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?
"few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system",What is the Yale System?
graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department,What programs did Milton Winternitz create?
Norman Holmes Pearson,Who was the first professor for the American studies program?
Office of Strategic Studies in London,Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?
fundamentals of American civilization,What did the American studies program hope to instruct?
William Robertson Coe,Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?
to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States,Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?
Vassar College,What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?
Amy Solomon,Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?
St. Anthony Hall,What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?
1973,What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?
Vanderbilt Hall,Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?
Alexander v. Yale,What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?
March 2011,When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?
Broad Recognition,What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?
the university had a hostile sexual climate,What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?
formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct,What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?
exemption from local property taxes,Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?
President Levin,Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?
economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success,What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?
decline in the local economy,What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
"""if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.""",What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?
"Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush",Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?
"Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).",What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?
"John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)",What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?
every,How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004
"Yale’s focus on creating ""a laboratory for future leaders,""",Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
very strong tradition of volunteerism,Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
an ethos of organized activity,Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?
"""son and grandson of alumni"", and for a ""member of a politically influential family.""",Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?
the culture of community and cooperation,What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?
Harvard Yard's boutique,"In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?"
"so diffuse, there isn't a symbol",How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?
liberalism and elitism,How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?
first class to have women in it,Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?
Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara,"Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?"
former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo,"As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?"
Howard Dean,What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?
Understanding Politics and Politicians,What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?
University College London,What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?
Hanna Holborn Gray,Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?
University of Chicago,Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?
1994,In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?
2004,In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?
Alison Richard,Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?
Yale Police Benevolent Association,What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?
"International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America",What union do Yale security guards belong to?
Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO),What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?
Local 34 of UNITE HERE,What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?
Local 35 of the same international,What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?
at least eight,How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?
the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.,What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
Professor David Graeber,What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?
he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.,Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?
Yale's unusually large endowment,What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?
western New Haven,Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?
former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus,What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
laboratory and research space,What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
seven,How many forests does Yale own?
"7,840-acre",How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
Charles Dickens,Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
Travel+Leisure,Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
Collegiate Gothic campus,What is Yale largely known for?
2011,When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
Edward S. Harkness,Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
"a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading",What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
contemporary scenes,What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
splashing the walls with acid,How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages,How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
"Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis",What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?
Silliman College,What is the largest residential college?
Sheffield Scientific School,Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?
neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic,What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?
Alumnus Eero Saarinen,Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal,What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano,What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
fortress-like stone towers,What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
Finnish-American,Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Yale's Office of Sustainability,Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?
10%,By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
Eleven,How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
Yale Sustainable Food Project,What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
B+,What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
tombs,What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?
Benedict Arnold,Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
Dan Kniley,Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
Kenneth M. Murchison,Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
King Lui-Wu,Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
1894,When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
city police officers,Who were the the first campus police composed of?
quell unrest between students and city residents,Why was the campus police established?
"blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.",What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
need-based,What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?
grants and scholarships,How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
"$46,395",What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
15%,What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
"$13,000",What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library,Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
The Lewis Walpole Library,What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
The Elizabethan Club,Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? 
The Beinecke Rare Book Library,What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
The Yale University Art Gallery,What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
"more than 180,000",How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
The Yale Center for British Art,"Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?"
Paul Mellon,Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
Louis Kahn,Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
"Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks",Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
Jacques Derrida,Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
Department of Comparative Literature,Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
David Montgomery,Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
1957,When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
1933,When was Yale's residential college system established?
Edward S. Harkness,Who established Yale's residential college system?
The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean,Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
do not contain programs of study or academic departments,Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
Faculty of Arts and Sciences,Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic,In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges,Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
a courtyard,What are Yale's colleges encircling?
important alumni or significant places in university history,Who are the Yale colleges named after?
2017,In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
John C. Calhoun,Who was Calhoun college named for?
a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century,Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”,What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?
"it would ""obscure"" his ""legacy of slavery rather than addressing it.""",What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?
Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika,Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?
The Yale Record,What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?
1872,What year was The Yale Record first published?
1878,In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
1986,When was the Yale Herald established?
WYBC Yale Radio,What is the name of the campus radio station?
clay pipes,What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
bubble pipes,What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus,What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
the toe,What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
Bladderball,"What game was created, to later be banned by administration?"
Yale Bowl,What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl,What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
Payne Whitney Gymnasium,What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
"October 21, 2000",On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
$7.5 million,How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
$250 million,How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
$70 million,How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
Richard Gilder,Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
"Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo",What royalty has attended Yale?
Mario Monti,What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?
Ernesto Zedillo,What Mexican president attended Yale?
Walter Camp,Who was the father of American football?
Henry Luce,What Time magazine founder attended Yale?
Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell,Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?
The Great Gatsby,What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?
Nick Carraway,What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?
Tom Buchanan,What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
Owen Johnson,Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?
the Western Schism,What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?
the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages,"What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?"
1315–1317,In what years was the Great Famine?
France and England,Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?
Hundred Years' War,What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
Greek and Roman,An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
the Crusades,Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?
Constantinople,"Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?"
Ottoman Turks,Who captured Constantinople?
Greek,What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
printing,Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?
1453,In what year did Constantinople fall?
1498,In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?
1492,In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?
dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning,The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages,"Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?"
1442,"When was Leonardo Bruni's ""History of the Florentine People"" published?"
tripartite periodization,What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
Flavio Biondo,"Who was the author of ""Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire"
"Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period",What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
economic and demographic,"What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?"
Johan Huizinga,Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?
The Autumn of the Middle Ages,What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?
France and the Low Countries,Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?
Belgian,What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
the nation state,What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?
the Alps,Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
"intellectual, cultural, or artistic",The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century,Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
the end of western religious unity,What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?
1397,When was the Kalmar Union formed?
King Christian II,Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
1523,In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?
1814,Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?
1520,In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
1806,In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
1356,In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
financial,The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
the Habsburgs,"In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?"
1382,In what year did Louis die?
Sigismund of Luxemburg,Who did Louis name as his heir?
11,How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
Buda and Visegrád,Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?
internal war,What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
1521,In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
Lazar Hrebljevanovic,Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
1389,In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?
Battle of Velbazhd,What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
Albania,Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
Avignon,What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?
1378,In what year did the papacy return to Rome?
The War of the Sicilian Vespers,What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples,What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?
1442,In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?
1469,In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?
1492,When was modern-day Spain created?
Granada,The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?
Vasco da Gama,Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?
1492,In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?
the Little Ice Age,Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?
sixty percent,What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?
Hundred Years' War,What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?
Around 1300–1350,When did the Medieval Warm Period end?
agricultural crises,What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?
1358,When did the French Jacquerie take place?
Statute of Laborers,What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?
1351,In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?
serfdom,Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?
1381,In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
"Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople","Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?"
the Black Death,What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?
Twenty-two,"How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?"
London,"Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?"
Hundred Years' War,Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?
national or feudal levy,The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
Swiss,Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?
Edward III,Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?
Order of the Garter,What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?
Charles I of Hungary,Who founded the Order of St. George?
1325,In what year was the Order of St. George founded?
chivalry,What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?
1348,In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
Papal Schism,What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?
Avignon,Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
1377,In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
1378–1417,What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?
"France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms",Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?
John Wycliffe,Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?
the Lollards,What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?
the Protestant Reformation,What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
"transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences",Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?
John of Gaunt,Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?
1415,In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?
Anne of Bohemia,Who did Richard II of England marry?
John Wycliffe,Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?
Hussites,What were the followers of Jan Hus called?
Hussite Wars,What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?
German,Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?
95 theses,What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
1517,In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?
he refused,What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
Frederick the Wise,Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?
double-entry bookkeeping,What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
Italy,In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?
reducing the risk of commercial ventures,What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
usury,Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
better oversight and accuracy,What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?
monopolies,What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?
"the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England",Which families financed the wars of kings?
guilds,Which economic associations gained power in the towns?
France,Where was Jacques Couer from?
demographic crisis,What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?
depression of the Renaissance,What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?
statistical,What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?
greater opulence,What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?
Thomistic,Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?
University of Paris,Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?
William of Ockham,Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?
Occam's razor,What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?
heretical,On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?
the theory of impetus,What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?
Aristotelian,What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?
Nicolaus Copernicus,What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?
"Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators",Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?
inertia,Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?
Gutenberg,Who invented the movable printing press?
the Reformation,What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?
eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock,Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?
gunpowder,Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?
shipbuilding,Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?
Donatello,Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?
linear perspective,Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?
Michelangelo and Raphael,"Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?"
Greater realism,What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?
classical models,What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
idealized compositions,What was the focus of paintings in Italy?
the Netherlands,Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?
Jan van Eyck,What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?
great realism and minute detail,Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?
Dante Alighieri,Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
Latin as well as Italian,In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?
Tuscan,Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?
Decameron,What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?
Petrarch,"Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?"
polyphonic,What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?
Provençal,Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?
the quadrivium,What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?
the motet,What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?
John Kukuzelis,Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?
ars nova,What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?
ars antiqua,Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?
"Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini",Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?
Orthodox Church,Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?
Everyman,What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?
Morality plays,Which dramatic form was created around 1400?
Good Deeds,What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?
The Castle of Perseverance,Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?
Death,"In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?"
Richard III and Henry VII,Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?
Mummers,Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?
1545,In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?
House of Revels,What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?
the Great Hall,In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?
religious plays,What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?
1558,In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?
1539,In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?
secular,What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?
Paris,Where were religious plays banned in 1548?
democratized learning,"Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?"
Africa and India,Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?
strengthened the economy and power,What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?
the Renaissance,What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?
new trading routes,What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?
Ottoman,Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?
1444,In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?
Vladislaus I,Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?
count John Hunyadi,Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?
Pope Pius II,Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?
Saint John of Capistrano,Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?
1456,In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?
Matthias,Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?
Italy,Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?
Pannonia,"When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?"
drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape,How did Louis II of Hungary die?
Pál Tomori,Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
1458–1490,In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?
Hussite Protestants,Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?
the forces of the Ottoman Empire,Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?
Italy,Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?
classical antiquity,What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?
the Renaissance,What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?
modern history and early modern Europe,What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?
1824,When was Ann Arbor founded?
University of Michigan,Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?
center for left-wing politics,"During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?"
Bur Oak,Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?
John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey,Who founded Ann Arbor?
land speculators,What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?
Ojibwa,Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?
$800,For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?
Ann,What were the names of the founders wives?
University of Michigan,Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?
Ann Arbor,Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?
British,Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?
1851,In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?
Beth Israel Congregation,"In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?"
1999,When was the Thomas More Law center established?
a religious-conservative advocacy group,What was the Thomas More law group?
Human Rights Party,"During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?"
Forbes,Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?
sharply rising land values,"For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?"
greenbelt plan,What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?
Huron,On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?
hills and valleys,What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?
Ann Arbor Municipal Airport,What is the name of the city's airport?
Tree Town,What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?
157,How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?
Nichols Arboretum,What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?
300 acres,How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?
Kerrytown district,Which district has the farmers market in the city?
commercial districts,Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?
Downtown,Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?
20th century,Which century does the Kit houses belong to?
student renters,Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?
Tower Plaza,Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?
1972,When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?
four,How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?
summer,When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?
58 inches,What is the average snowfall for the city?
"4,270.33 people per square mile",What is the population density of the city?
73.0%,What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?
Oak Park and Ferndale,Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?
2.22,What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?
2.90,What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?
28,What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?
General Motors and Visteon,Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor
"30,000",What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?
"High tech, health services and biotechnology",Nam the major components for the City's growth.
Argus camera company,Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?
Barracuda Networks,"Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?"
AC/DC radio,International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?
Google,Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?
"All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo",Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.
education computer network,What company is Merit network?
Pfizer,Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?
National Sanitation Foundation International,Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?
"2,000",How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?
1971,When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?
Tom and Louis Borders,Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?
Domino's Pizza's,Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?
Flint Ink Corp,Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?
aviation fuels,"Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?"
1879,When was the University Musical Society founded?
over 60,How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?
1954,When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?
Ann Arbor Civic Ballet,Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum,Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?
books,Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library,Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?
juried fairs,What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?
Ann Arbor Film Festival,What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?
"2,500",How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?
medical marijuana dispensaries,What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor?
People's Co-op,What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city?
annual Hash Bash,What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april?
University of Michigan,Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?
Michigan Stadium,Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?
The Big House,What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?
Ann Arborite,What is a person from Ann Arbor called?
gentrified,In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?
Ann Arbor,"Which city is referred to as the ""People's Republic of Ann Arbor""?"
council-manager,What form of government does Ann Arbor have?
11,How many voting members are there in the city- council?
two-year,How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?
mayor,Who is elected every even numbered year?
Two,How many council members are elected for the city's ward?
Debbie Dingell,Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor?
18th district,On a state level the city is part of which district number?
Rebekah Warren,Who represents the city in Michigan senate?
charter,Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?
Left-wing politics,What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?
instant-runoff,Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?
Cleary University,Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.
Tom Monaghan,Who founded Domino's pizza?
Thomas M. Cooley Law School,Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there?
music,Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?
Ann Arbor Open School,What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?
"16,539","In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?"
Booth Newspapers,Who owns Ann Arbor news?
2009,When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?
Ann Arbor,Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?
Ann Arbor Business Review,What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?
Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine,Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?
Michigan Daily student newspaper,"Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?"
WAAM 1600,What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?
WUOM 91.7,What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?
WCBN-FM 88.3,What is the name of the local free community college radio?
ION,WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?
Community Television Network,What is the abbreviation of CTN?
late medieval period,What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?
Romanesque architecture,What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?
Renaissance architecture,What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?
France,Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?
"private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms","Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?"
churches and cathedrals,What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?
faith or from civic pride,"Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from? "
ecclesiastical,A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?
UNESCO,With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?
larger churches are considered priceless works of art,Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?
a pejorative description,"What type of description did the term ""Gothic architecture"" originate as?"
Giorgio Vasari,"Who used the term ""barbarous German style"" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?"
"""the Goths""",Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?
a century,How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?
the Renaissance,In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived? 
Northern France,What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?
the Low Countries,What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?
churches,What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?
England,What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?
Spain,What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?
the end of the 12th century,At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?
the Holy Roman Empire,"What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?"
modern France,What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?
the Hanseatic League,Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?
Angevin kings,What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?
trade,Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?
Germany,What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?
Civic building,What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?
England,What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?
France,What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?
The Catholic Church,What church was widespread across Europe at this time?
"by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)",Who were bishops appointed by?
The early Medieval periods,Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism? 
great abbey churches,What types of church were the Benedictines known for?
Cistercian Orders,What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?
10th to the 13th century,During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?
Croatia,What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?
proximity of some regions,Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?
the Gothic,During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?
Spain,England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?
brick,"Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?"
"Brick Gothic, is called ""Backsteingotik""",What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?
"""Backsteingotik""",What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?
Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble,Why were many buildings covered with marble?
undecorated façade,With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?
Norman architecture,What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?
the 12th century,By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?
the Medieval period,The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?
the cathedral church,What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?
the palace,What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?
the pointed arch,What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque? 
the flying buttresses,What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?
traceried windows,What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?
Durham Cathedral,What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?
Cathedral of Cefalù,What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?
The pointed arch,What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?
Islamic architecture,Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?
Sassanian architecture,What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?
secular structures,The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?
palace and sacred construction,Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?
cultural contacts with the Muslim world,What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?
the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily,What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?
those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control,In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?
Cefalù Cathedrals,"What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?"
Teruel Cathedral,"What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?"
Romanesque,The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?
Romanesque architecture,Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?
ribbed vaults,What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames?
from 1128 to 1133,When was Durham Cathedral constructed?
Durham Cathedral in England,What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults? 
The Basilica of Saint Denis,What is considered the first truly Gothic building?
Noyon Cathedral,Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?
pointed arches,What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?
flying buttresses,What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?
ribbed vaulting,What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?
Abbey Saint-Denis,What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?
in 1175,When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?
Adam Locke,Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?
Wells Cathedral,Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?
Notre Dame de Paris,What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?
Suger,Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?
the West Front,Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?
the Roman Arch of Constantine,The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?
to ease the problem of congestion,Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?
pointed arches of the Gothic style,The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?
in 1140,When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?
the eastern end,What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front? 
the Carolingian nave,What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?
clustered columns,What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?
the flying buttresses,What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?
cathedrals and great churches,What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?
the landmark building,"Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?"
the ogival,What is another name for the pointed arch?
the ribbed vault,What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?
the buttress,What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?
The eastern arm,"In England, which arm would generally show two distinct sections, choir and presbytery?"
the Virgin Mary,Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to?
polygonal,What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France?
chevet,What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?
the sanctuary,"In Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what?"
the diffusionist theory,"The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?"
Durham Cathedral,At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?
Romanesque,In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?
points,"When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?"
The Gothic vault,Which type of vault can be used for rectangular and trapezoidal shaped roofs?
channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle,What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault?
vaults,What can architects raise much higher using the Gothic versus the Romanesque variety?
more vertical visual character,What type of visual character is achieved by using the pointed arch?
towers,What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?
spires,What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?
two towers,How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?
Italy,In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?
just one tower,How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?
the towers and spires,What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction? 
The roofline,What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?
gable ends,What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?
Milan Cathedral,Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?
buttresses,What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?
attached shafts,What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?
the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces,Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?
a strongly unifying feature,What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?
horizontal divisions of the interior structure,What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?
the Abbot Suger,Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?
Pseudo-Dionysius,"Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?"
Expansive interior light,What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?
The Celestial Hierarchy,What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?
Pseudo-Dionysius,Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?
a large window,What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster?
a rose window,What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?
any English Cathedrals,Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals?
The gable,What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture?
Orvieto Cathedral,Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable?
their impression of verticality,What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?
three portals,How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?
two large towers,How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?
The east end is polygonal,What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?
transepts,What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?
their extreme length,What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?
double transepts,What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature? 
very large,What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?
the transept gables,Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?
at the crossing,"On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?"
modular nature,"In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?"
the French formula,"What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?"
follows the French form,What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?
their breadth and openness,What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?
Hallenkirchen,What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?
their spatial complexity,What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula? 
very tall arcades,What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?
Islamic architecture,What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula? 
a French west front,What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?
German style,What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?
the use of polychrome decoration,What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?
the columns may be painted red,What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?
they loved flamboyant arches,What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?
occular or wheel windows,"Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?"
the fresco,What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?
the kings of Navarre,Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for?
the master of the Teutonic order,Who was the Malbork Castle built for?
Brick Gothic architecture,What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of?
the famous Conciergerie,What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris?
built in the 15th century,When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?
Stralsund town halls,What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?
built during the 15th century,When was Brussels Town Hall built?
the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia,What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange?
the Palazzo Pubblico,What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena?
Florence,Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city?
the late Middle Ages,In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?
the Collegio di Spagna,"What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?"
the Collegium Carolinum,What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?
the Escuelas mayores,What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain? 
the Collegium Maius,"What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland?"
Bruges,What is one city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? 
Siena,What is another city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? 
flat-topped with mullions,What style are most windows on secular Gothic structures?
a few focal points,Where are pointed arches and vaulted ceilings found on most secular Gothic structures?
Mont Saint-Michel,What is the name of the surviving monastic building in England? 
Lambeth Palace,What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
In 1663,In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
the late 17th century,In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?
Christopher Wren,"Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?"
during the second quarter of the 19th century,When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures?
Victorian Gothic,"In Britain after 1837, what was the Gothic revival known as?"
1855–1885,During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain?
the Oxford Movement,What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas? 
institutional architecture,"Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture, what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for?"
Sir Charles Barry,Who was the exterior architect of the Houses of Parliament?
Augustus Welby Pugin,Who was the interior architect of the Houses of Parliament?
the Gothic revival style,What style of architecture does the Houses of Parliament exemplify?
George Gilbert Scott,Who designed the Albert Memorial in London?
William Butterfield,"Who designed the chapel at Keble College, Oxford?"
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc,Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France?
the Abbey of Saint-Denis,What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc?
cast iron,What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with?
Carcassonne,In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions?
Notre Dame de Paris,What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?
"Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.",Name the 8 peopl who began the movement
Paul Cézanne,Which person  was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?
1905 and 1906,What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.
"Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism",What were the three offshoots of Cubism formed in France?
"Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl",What were the other offshoots formed in countries other than France?
Futurist,Which offshoot had little in common with Cubism?
Constructivism,Which offshoot of cubism was influenced by Picasso? 
1907 and 1911,Between what years did cubism begin? 
1911,In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear?
Salle 41,What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place?
Gertrude Stein,Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings? 
Paris,In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place?
Analytic Cubism,What was the first phase of Cubism known as? 
Juan Gris,Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim? 
Synthetic Cubism,What was the second phase of Cubism called? 
1909 to 1914,From what years did High Cubism take place? 
1914 to 1921,From what years did Late Cubism take place? 
Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler,Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism? 
early as 1920,In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?
"1950s and 1960s,",When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?
Clement Greenberg.,Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism? 
"Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger",Who's work undermined Douglass  Coopers terms describing Cubism?
"Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso","Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African, Native American, Micro and Polynesian art?"
stark power and simplicity,"What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse, Picasso, and Gauguin?"
"Gertrude Stein,",Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism? 
Protocubism,What were Picasso's 1907 paintings usually characterized by? 
Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne,Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?
The Demoiselles,What does Cooper say is the first  Cubist picture? 
although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.,Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles? 
such deductions are unhistorical,What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism?
"1905 and 1908,","During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Holland?"
Les Nabis and the Symbolists,Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism?
double point of view,Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms?
in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work,Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?
Cézanne,Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom?
"all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time.",Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how? 
in the late 1920s,When did the historical study of Cubism begin?
Guillaume Apollinaire,On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?
Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus,On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?
Braque and Picasso,Understanding who's work was the tradition meaning of Cubism formed on?
Daniel Robbins,Who suggested that the artists other than Braque and Picasso's relgation to a distant role in Cubism was a mistake?
"Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier",What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso?
1911,What year did the term Cubism become used more?
Guillaume Apollinaire,Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism? 
Picabia and the Duchamp brothers,The artists of Passy included which two people?
Montmartre,Where did Picassos work until 1912? 
Montmartre,Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I?
Montparnasse,Where was Leger based around 1912? 
"Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger",Which four people usually met at Fauconnier's studio in 1910?
Boulevard de Montparnasse,Where was Fauconnier's studio located? 
"research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.",What did the group meeting at Fauconnier's studio want to focus on?
"October 8, 1911",In what year did the New York Times review the Salon d'Automne?
Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do,What was the subtitle of the article published in 1911 in New York TImes about Cubism?
"André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka",List the artists who were featured in the Salon d'Automne? 
"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2",Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?
caused a scandal, Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?
La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912,What were one of  Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants? 
Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué,Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation? 
"Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.",Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?
"the use of government owned buildings,",Towards which social topic did the Cubists  at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards? 
public anger,"What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du ""Cubsime""? "
Eugène Figuière,"Who published Du ""Cubisme""?"
1912,"In what year was  Du ""Cubisme"" published? "
Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude,What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne? 
"Simultaneous Windows,",What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912? 
1913–14,During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms? 
Apollinaire,By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist? 
a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool,What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913? 
bottle-drying rack,What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself? 
Over 200,"How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912?"
indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience,What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?
"It is by no means clear, in any case",What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?
large public,Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at? 
Henri Bergson,In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes  relate the sense of time to? 
The Salon Cubists,The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?
relative motion),What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?
Léger,"Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?"
Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing),Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or? 
Armory Show,What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?
New York City,In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? 
Les Arbres,Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
La Femme aux phlox,What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
Head of a Woman,What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?
The first true Cubist sculpture,What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?
Woman Walking,Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?
'crystal' Cubism,What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?
Henri Bergson's,Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? 
1914 and 1916,What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
between 1917 and 1920,What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
1914,Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative? 
Léonce Rosenberg,With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as  a central consideration for artists after World War I?
1918,In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at  Galerie de l’Effort Moderne?
Paris,In which city did Galerie de l’Effort Moderne take place? 
"Gris, Léger and Gleizes",Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
"Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler",Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
conservatism,In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?
art and architecture.,What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?
"faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.",What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?
"France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia",In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?
the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form,In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?
Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare,Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? 
glass,Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti,The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?
Neo-plasticism,The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?
Piet Mondrian,Who developed Neo Plasticism? 
Gino Severini,Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? 
his cousin Jeanneret,Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?
10-by-3-meter,How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? 
Woman with a Fan,Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?
a fully furnished house,What was La Maison Cubiste ?
Cubist architecture is very rare,Is original Cubist architecture rare?
Bohemia (today Czech Republic,Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?
Rondo-Cubism,What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?
dynamism,What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? 
hexagonal,What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? 
dynamism and expressive plasticity,What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?
"Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol",Who were the leading Cubist architects? 
Prague,Where did the leading Cubist architects work?
House of the Black Madonna,What is the best known Cubist architecture building? 
Old Town of Prague,Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? 
Vlastislav Hofman,Who built the House of the Black Madonna?
"The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,",Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?
Gertrude Stein,Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?
Leo,What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?
The Making of Americans,What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?
"Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy",Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?
Kenneth Rexroth,What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
John Ashbery and Ron Padgett,Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? 
Chinese political philosophy,What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?
6th century BC,Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?
the social and political breakdown of the country,Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?
Mohism,"What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?"
ancient Greece,Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?
philosophy of ancient Greece,What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?
city-states,Ancient Greece was dominated by what?
Indian political philosophy,"What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?"
The institutions of state,"What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?"
Mantranga,What was the governing body of the Hindu states?
Chanakya,Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?
The Arthashastra,What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?
the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu,What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?
Plato,Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?
the moderatation of the Stoicism,What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?
Augustine,Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?
City of Man,What does Civitas terrena mean?
City of God,What does Civitas Dei mean?
The rise of Islam,What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region?
Early Islamic philosophy,What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion?
"the ""rationalist"" Mutazilite philosophers",Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy's views?
Hellenic view,"What type of views did the ""rationalist"" Mutaziite philosophers hold?"
political,The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? 
Islam,Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? 
The political conceptions of Islam,What is taken as the basis of an analysis?
Medieval political philosophy in Europe,What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?
Mutazalite Islamic thinking,Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?
St. Thomas Aquinas,Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? 
Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince,What was one of the most influential works during the period? 
1532,When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published? 
Niccolò Machiavelli,Who wrote The  Prince?
Thomas Hobbes,Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?
state,What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? 
government,What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?
the physical world,Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?
free trade,The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?
religion,The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?
Protestant churches,What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?
François Marie Arouet de Voltaire,Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?
Ottoman Empire,In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?
The Iroquois philosophy,Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?
Benjamin Franklin,Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?
John Locke,Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government?
Sir Robert Filmer,Locke refuted whose political theory?
unnecessary,"According to Locke, an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what?"
Friedrich Engels,Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism?
The Marxist critique of capitalism,What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?
The industrial revolution,What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?
World War I,What was a watershed event in human history?
1917,When was The Russian Revolution?
The Russian Revolution of 1917,What brought communism?
a group of central European economists,What did Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek run?
John Rawls,Who published A Theory of Justice? 
A Theory of Justice,What did John Rawls publish?
Europe,What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?
revolutionary ideology,The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what?
Communism,What remained an important focus during the 1950s and 1960s?
pragmatic approach,There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues?
Charles W. Mills,Who wrote The Racial Contract?
Carole Patemen,Who wrote The Sexual Contract?
A Theory of Justice,What did John Rawsl publish?
John Rawls,Who Published A Theory of Justice?
1971,When was A Theory of Justice published?
Robert Nozick,"Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?"
"Frankfurt School,",Herbert Marcuse was from what school?
Freudian,Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?
Guy Debord,Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? 
The liberal-communitarian debate,What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? 
greater local control,What type of control do communitarians tend to support?
policies which encourage the growth of social capital,What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?
the end of the 20th century,When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?
The resurgent republican movement,What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?
The capability approach,Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?
a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element,What is an alloy?
metallic bonding character,What are alloys defined by?
depending on bond types,When are Zintl considered alloys?
a single phase,What is solid solution metal elements classified as?
impure,What kind of substance is an alloy?
"they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture",What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base?
two or more elements,What is an alloy composed of?
wrought iron,What other metal is impure like alloy?
Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron,How is steel produced?
aluminium,What kind of metal is soft like copper?
chromium,What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance?
steel,What is superior to pure iron?
crystallizes,What is another word for when alloys solidify?
If the metals remain soluble when solid,What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?
to reinforce the crystals internally,What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?
intermetallic alloys,What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?
silver and gold,What is electrum made of?
electrum,What alloy is formed naturally? 
bronze,Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?
bronze,What metal is made by combining tin and copper?
1900s,Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?
The primary metal,The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?
The secondary constituents,What is another name for solutes?
quaternary alloy,What is the name of an alloy that has  four constituents?
ternary alloy,A five-part alloy is known as?
very brittle,What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?
unwanted impurities,What makes pure metals impure metals?
remove excess impurities,Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what?
"Lithium, sodium and calcium",What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys?
Steel,What is the name of a common alloy?
automobile wheels,What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?
alloys,Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?
combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals,What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties?
alloys,Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what?
Bronze,"When copper and tin is mixed, what is made?"
prehistoric period,When was the bronze age?
Brass,Copper and zinc combine to make what?
heat treatment,What kind of treatment can be made to alter it's properties?
annealing,Softening metals can be achieved by?
heat treatment,"Aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened by?"
recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects,Annealling softens metals by achieving what?
heterogeneous,What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases?
"carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite",What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous?
very hard and brittle,What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly?
If the steel is cooled slowly,Soft and bendable steel is caused by what?
"1,500 °F (820 °C) and 1,600 °F (870 °C)",Allotrophy happens between what temperatures?
steel,Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?
heat-treatable alloys,Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?
When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly,What makes alloys more softer than normal?
substitutional alloys,Bronze and brass are examples of what?
substitutional alloys,Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?
Steel,What is the name of one interstitial alloy?
interstitial and substitutional,Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?
meteoric iron,What was one of the first alloys used by humans?
nickel and iron,What is meteoric iron composed of?
"tools, weapons, and nails",What can forged meteoric iron make?
iron meteorites,Where does meteoric iron come from?
occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space,How does meteoric iron come to earth?
Greenland,Where is the only iron deposit on earth?
2500 BC,Around what time did bronze start being formed?
brass,What does copper and zinc form to make?
Great Britain,Where is tin mostly found?
Copper,Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?
dissolves,What does mercury make most metals do?
200 BC,Since when have Amalgams been used?
mercury-tin amalgams,What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor?
Mercury,Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using?
purely aesthetic purposes,Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?
copper,Red gold is made by combining gold with?
250 BC, Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?
Archimedes,"Who shouted ""Eureka!"" while checking the purity of a crown?"
less valuable substances,Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?
tin,Pewter is mostly made up of?
too soft,Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?
tin,"During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?"
alloyed with other metals,What was done to tin to make it stronger?
"lead, antimony, bismuth or copper",What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?
Anatolia,Where did smelting of iron begin?
around 1800 BC,When did the smelting of iron first begin?
around 700 AD,When did iron making technology begin in Japan?
carbon,Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?
lower melting point,What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?
1100 BC,Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
Middle Ages,When did iron start to become melted by people?
Benjamin Huntsman,Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
1740,When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron,What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?
steel,"By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?"
1700s,When did puddling start occurring?
1858,When was the Bessemer process developed?
Mangalloy,Steel and manganese combines form to make what?
Alfred Wilm,Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?
1906,When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?
harden over time,What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?
duralumin,"One of the first ""age hardening"" alloys used were called?"
duralumin,What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?
Pacific Ocean,In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?
about 900 kilometres (560 mi),How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?
Kingston,What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?
"1,796",How many people live on Norfolk Island?
"1,412 kilometres (877 mi)",How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?
East Polynesians,Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?
a convict penal settlement,What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
8 June 1856,What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?
Pitcairn Island,Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?
1913,In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?
1786,In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?
John Call,Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?
New South Wales,"In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?"
Empress Catherine II of Russia,What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?
Russia,Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?
1794,When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?
it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain,Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?
February 1805,When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?
200,"By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?"
to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings,"Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?"
the British government,Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?
Its remoteness,What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?
the gallows,What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?
"6,458",How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?
three years,What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?
Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers,Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?
the Pitcairn Islands,Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?
193,"On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?"
Morayshire,What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?
farming and whaling industries,What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?
1901,When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?
World War II,During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?
"Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen",Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?
New Zealand,Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?
February 1944,When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?
Financial problems and a reduction in tourism, What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?
greater welfare benefits,What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?
islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare,What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?
replace self-government with a local council,"An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?"
68%,What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?
South,What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?
east,What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?
29°02′S 167°57′E / 29.033°S 167.950°E / -29.033; 167.950,What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?
Mount Bates,What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?
Phillip Island,What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
cliff faces,What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?
Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay,"Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?"
by ship,How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?
Cascade Bay,Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?
Anson and Ball Bays,Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?
51,How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?
18,How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?
Norfolk Island National Park,Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?
subtropical rain forest,"What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?"
5 km2,How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?
land,What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?
massive clearance of the island's native vegetation,What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
hunting and persecution as agricultural pests,What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
mammals,What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
common blackbirds and crimson rosellas,What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Nepean Island,What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?
The providence petrel,What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?
Phillip Island,Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?
"the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel",What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?
the whale bird,What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?
Cetaceans,What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?
1956,When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?
"humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale",What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?
dolphins,What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?
Southern right whales,"What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?"
Sixty-two percent,Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
Rev G. H. Nobbs,Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
a Methodist church,What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
one of Nobbs' sons,Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? 
30,Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
English and a creole language known as Norfuk,What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?
18th-century English and Tahitian,What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?
descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island,The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?
The Norfuk language,What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?
under three-quarters,What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?
Norfolk Island,What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?
The Norfolk Island Act 1979,What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?
the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015,"What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?"
Gary Hardgrave,Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?
three years,"During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?"
nine,The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?
"a ""weighted first past the post system""",What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?
Executive,"Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?"
Lisle Snell,Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
"Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development",What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?
two,How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?
a local council,What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?
December 2006,When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?
significant disruption,The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?
19 March 2015,When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?
a local council,What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?
New South Wales,From what state did the proposed council come from?
they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare,What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?
Australian income tax,What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?
8 May 2015,When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?
912,"How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?"
68%,What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?
Lisle Snell,Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?
overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island,"According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?"
colony acquired by settlement,Norfolk Island was originally a what?
Australia,Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?
the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth),Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?
High Court of Australia,Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?
Australian citizenship,What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?
immigration,"What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?"
2012,When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?
an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens,What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?
pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme,What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? 
1 July 2016,When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?
automatic right of residence,What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?
a passport,What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
either a passport or a Document of Identity,What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
Australian Migration Zone,"When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?"
the visa will have ceased,What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? 
the Migration Act,"What Act declares Non-Australian residents ""outside of Australia"" while they are on Norfolk Island?"
a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa,What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?
Australia,"As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?"
count as time spent in Australia,"According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?"
Norfolk Island Hospital,What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?
travel insurance,What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?
mainland Australia,Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?
the Royal Australian Air Force,Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?
St John Ambulance Australia volunteers,Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?
health and infrastructure,What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?
fish,What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?
the Box,What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?
oil and gas deposits,What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?
25,What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?
Australian federal taxes,Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?
David Buffett,Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
for a financial bailout from the federal government,What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?
"July 1, 2016",When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?
social,What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?
2532,"How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?"
2500,"How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?"
one,How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? 
Norfolk TV,What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?
.nf,What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?
Kingston and Cascade,Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?
by whaleboats towed by launches,How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? 
the prevailing weather on the day,What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?
on the leeward side of the island,Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?
Visitors,Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?
"Dublin, Ireland",Where was Burke born?
Nagle,What was Burke's mother's maiden name?
1770,When did Burke's mother die?
1761,When did Burke's father die?
1185,When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?
1744,When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?
Catholics,What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?
1747,When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?
TCD's Historical Club,What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?
1748,When did Edmund Burke graduate?
Bishop Warburton,Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
Lord Chesterfield,Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
1757,When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?
in the preface to the second edition,Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?
Richard Hurd,Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?
political reasons,Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?
L. Bol.,Whose principles did Burke imitate?
25 February 1757,When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?
"nearly 400,000",How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?
640 pages,How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?
1812,When was Burke's history of England published?
David Hume,Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?
Annual Register,What publication did Burke found?
political,The Annual Register covered international events of what type?
1766,Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?
1789,Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?
Philip Magnus,Who wrote a biography of Burke?
Single-speech Hamilton,What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?
Burke,Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?
1765,When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?
"Charles, Marquess of Rockingham",Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?
Whig,"What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?"
the king,Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?
political parties,What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?
neo-Tory,"What type of group were the ""king's friends""?"
Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770,What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?
Ireland,What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?
Bristol,What city did Burke represent in parliament?
May 1778,When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?
trading,What was Bristol's most important industry?
America,Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?
four,How many reasons against violence did Burke present?
thousands of miles,How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?
the mountains,What area could the American colonists retreat to?
1775,When did Lord Bathurst die?
1704,When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?
Whiggism,What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?
1684,When was Lord Bathurst born?
the devil,"In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?"
1770,When did Lord North take office?
1782,When did Lord North leave office?
New York and Pennsylvania,Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?
appalled,How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?
1776,When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?
HM Treasury,Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?
the Bank of England,"After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?"
Shelburne,Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?
1782,When was the Paymaster General Act passed?
democratic,What type of government did Burke think would be inept?
three,For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?
demagogues,What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?
authoritarian,What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?
the upper classes,Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?
1786,When was Warren Hastings impeached?
Bengal,Where was Hastings formerly the governor?
two decades,How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?
the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs,What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?
empire,"When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?"
4 April 1786,When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?
Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors,What was the impeachment formally called?
House of Lords,Which house acquitted Hastings?
House of Commons,Which house impeached Hastings?
ravenous vulture,Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?
King Louis XVI,Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?
Richard Burke,What was Burke's son's name?
Charles-Jean-François Depont,Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?
9 February 1790,When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?
4 November 1789,When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?
the Glorious Revolution of 1688,What was the Revolution Society commemorating?
Englishmen,Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?
"universal ""Rights of Men""",What philosophy did Price support?
Reflections on the Revolution in France,Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?
1790,When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?
"17,500",How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?
Pierre-Gaëton Dupont,Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?
June 1791,When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?
kings,Who did Burke say we look up to with awe?
parliaments,Who did Burke say we look to with affection?
priests,Who did Burke say we look to with reverence?
with respect,How did Burke say we look towards nobility?
duty,How did Burke say we look towards magistrates?
Marie-Antoinette,Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?
Philip Francis,Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?
Edward Gibbon,Who adored Burke's chivalry?
she burst into tears,How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?
Louis XVI,Who re-translated the Reflections into French?
Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox,Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?
Whig,What political party was Charles James Fox?
Whigs,What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?
Whig,What political party was Richard Sheridan?
Thomas Paine,Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?
Mary Wollstonecraft,Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?
James Mackintosh,"Who said the Reflections were ""the manifesto of a Counter Revolution""?"
Lord Bacon and Cicero,Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?
political and moral,What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?
François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville,"Who asked Burke for more ""very refreshing mental food""?"
April 1791,When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Which French philosopher did Burke attack?
1766–7,When did Rousseau visit Britain?
David Hume,Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?
Russia,Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?
hereditary,What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?
French,"Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?"
fourteen and fifteen years,Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?
5 June 1791,When did Burke leave the Whig party?
Fitzwilliam,Who did Burke turn down money from?
French constitution,What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?
Fox,Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?
Burke,Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?
the French Revolution,What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?
Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs,"What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?"
the Whig party,Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?
the French Revolution,Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?
Portland and Fitzwilliam,Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?
Francis Basset,Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?
Whig,What was Francis Basset's political party?
galled,How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?
Charles Burney,Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?
William Windham,"Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?"
royalist,Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?
Henry Dundas,Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?
Paris,Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?
revolutionary France,What did Burke support Britain fighting against?
23 October,When did Prince Charles write to Burke?
twenty,How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?
La Vendée,What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?
France,What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?
Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France,In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?
20 June 1794,When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?
August 1794,When did Burke's son die?
Beaconsfield,What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?
"£2,500",How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?
Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale,Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?
Letters on a Regicide Peace,What was Burke's final publication?
October 1796,When was Burke's final publication?
Individuality,What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?
dominion and conquest,What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?
negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government,What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?
"an ""armed doctrine""",What did Burke think the war with France was against?
France,Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?
universal,What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?
the revolutionaries governing her,"Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?"
Pitt,Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?
Samuel Whitbread,Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?
Arthur Young,Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?
Thoughts and Details on Scarcity,Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?
1800,When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?
Protestant,Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?
Indianism,What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?
Europe,Which continent did Jacobinism affect?
March 1796,When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?
Jacobinism,What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?
property,What did Burke think was crucial for human life?
property,What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?
all subjects,Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?
Christopher Hitchens,"Who wrote that Burke ""appealed to property owners""?"
the ancestral and the immemorial,What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?
Philip Francis,Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?
passion,What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?
William Windham,Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?
1801,When did Windham speak against peace with France?
1793,When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?
Liberal,What political party was Gladstone in?
Ireland and America,What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?
Corn Law,What was Cobden an activist against?
Milton,Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?
Francis Hirst,Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?
Piers Brendon,Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?
a plan of freedom,What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?
opium trade,What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?
opium trade,What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?
Anglican,Which church did Burke most defend?
religion,What did Burke think was the foundation of society?
Catholic,What religion was Burke's mother?
Protestant,What religion was Burke's father?
political arrangements,Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?
Western Samoa,What was Samoa's old name?
eleven,How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?
four,How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?
Apia,What's the name of Samoa's capital?
"3,500 years",About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?
2003,In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?
anthropology,"In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?"
Austronesian,One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?
"1,500 BCE",What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?
John Williams,Who was the first missionary in Samoa?
London Missionary Society,What English organization did John Williams belong to?
headhunting,What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?
Robert Louis Stevenson,"What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans ""gentle people""?"
1894,In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?
Britain,What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?
eight,For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?
three,How many contenders were vying for power in the war?
March 1889,When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?
A massive storm,What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?
the Department of External Affairs,What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?
one fifth,About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?
New Zealand,What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?
1918–1919,During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?
Department of Island Territories,What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?
1920s,What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?
Olaf Frederick Nelson,What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?
non-violent philosophy,What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?
High Chief,"What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?"
28 December 1929,On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?
Lewis machine gun,What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?
killed,Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?
"""Peace, Samoa""",What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?
Ten,"Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?"
Black Saturday,What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?
New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961,What act gave Samoa independence?
1 January 1962,What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?
Trusteeship Agreement,What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?
first,Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?
1 June,On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?
Prime Minister,What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?
life,What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?
1963,What year did the first of the two heads of state die?
Malietoa Tanumafili II,Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?
constitutional monarchy,"Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?"
the Fono,What do Samoans call their legislative body?
49,How many Fono members are there?
Forty-seven,How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?
5%,What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?
prime minister,What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?
A'ana,What district is Leulumoega the capital of?
Faleiva,"What is the Samoan word for the ""House of Nine"" in Leulumoega?"
the TuiA'ana,What is A'ana's paramount title?
Malietoa,What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?
Afega,In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?
vulcanism,What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?
Savai'i,Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?
"Mt Silisili,",What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?
1858,"How many meters is 6,096 feet?"
Mt Matavanu,What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?
Central Bank of Samoa,What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?
fishing,"In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?"
noni,What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?
two-thirds,What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?
coconut,What kind of oil does Samoa export?
financial,In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?
the labour market,The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?
hotel infrastructure,What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?
Virgin Samoa,What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?
helped,Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?
copra,What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?
natural rubber,What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?
bananas,What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?
New Zealand,Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?
China,"Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?"
dried coconut meat,What is copra?
"13,000 to 15,000",How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?
rhinoceros beetle,What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?
high quality,Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?
WSTEC,What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?
Christian Congregational Church of Samoa,What's the most popular church in Samoa?
7.6%,What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?
Tiapapata,Where is the Bahá'í place of worship located in Samoa?
His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II,What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bahá'í House of Worship?
Roman Catholic,What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?
Christianity,What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?
vāfealoa'i,What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?
fa'aaloalo,"What word is used in Samoa to mean ""respect""?"
98%,What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?
dance,"What does ""siva"" mean in Samoan?"
sasa,What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?
fa'ataupati,What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?
wooden drums,What are pates?
insects,"The ""slap dance"" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?"
Albert Wendt,What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?
New Zealand,In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?
Sons for the Return Home,Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?
Sia Figiel,"Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book ""Where We Once Belonged""?"
poetry,What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?
The Five Stars,What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?
Sweet Inspiration,What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?
New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award,What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?
Tha Feelstyle,Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?
1999,What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?
MAU,What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?
Hip hop,What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?
Neil Ieremia,What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?
Katerina Martina Teaiwa,"What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?"
youths,Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?
Sima Urale,Who made the film O Tamaiti?
Apron Strings,What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?
The Orator,What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?
Tusi Tamasese,Who wrote and directed The Orator?
2008,In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?
Manu Samoa,What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?
1991,The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?
Samoa Rugby Football Union,What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?
England,What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?
1999,In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?
Rugby League World Cup,In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?
New Zealand,"Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?"
Setima Sa,What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?
10,How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?
St Helens,What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?
26 September 1897,On What date was Pope Paul VI born?
6 August 1978),On what date did Pope Paul VI die?
1965,In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?
21 June 1963,When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?
Giovanni,What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?
Marian,What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?
"""Paul""",What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?
1605,"In what year was the name ""Paul"" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?"
the Second Vatican Council,What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?
encyclical Humanae vitae,What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?
"Brescia, Lombardy",In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?
Concesio,In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?
Italian Parliament,What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?
two,How many brothers did Giovanni have?
rural nobility,What was Giovanni's mother descended from?
1916,In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?
Canon Law,In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?
Milan,In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?
twenty-five,At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?
Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici,Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?
excessive nationalism,What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?
treats foreigners as enemies,How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?
common frontiers,What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?
Peace,What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?
Rome,Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?
organisational skills,What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?
1939,When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?
Pacelli,With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?
Papal Academy for Diplomats,Where did Montini teach history?
Giuseppe Pizzardo,Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?
ordinary affairs,What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?
Vatican's State Department,"What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?"
Private Secretary,What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?
letters,What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?
war years,During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?
1939,In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?
ten million,How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?
politician,What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?
Pope Pius XII,With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?
Mussolini,What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?
Pius XII,Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?
refugees,What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?
"15,000",How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?
Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza,What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?
Church Asylum,What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?
1954,In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?
5 January,On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?
1955,In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?
his sick-bed,Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?
Milan,To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?
Ecumenical Council,What group did Montini oppose reforming?
1961,In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission? 
Vatican,Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?
debates,What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?
cancer,What illness had the Pope contracted?
progressive,What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?
pastoral care,What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?
posters,What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?
"1,000","How many ""voices"" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?"
"7,000",From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?
Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate,To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?
love,According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?
58,How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?
1951,When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?
pope,What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?
"a cardinal,",What had Montini yet to become?
Angelo Roncalli,Who was elected pope in 1958?
15 December 1958,When did Montini finally become a cardinal?
Ss. Silvestro e Martino,What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?
Africa,What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?
1962,In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?
fifteen,How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?
1960,In what year did Montini visit the United States?
Engelberg Abbey,Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?
reformer,What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?
1963,In what year did Pope John XXIII die?
pope,What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?
stomach cancer,What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII
Second Vatican Council,What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?
Papal Tiara,What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?
Archdiocese of Milan,What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?
"Washington, DC",Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?
Paul VI,Who was the last pope to be crowned?
Papal Coronation,What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?
Cardinal Augustin Bea,Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?
Council language,What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?
Pope John XXIII,Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?
Cardinal Augustin Bea,Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?
Vatican II,Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?
a dialogue,What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?
Six,How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?
29 September,On what date was Vatican II re convened?
Vatican II,"Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue? "
Canon Law,What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?
Mystici corporis,What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?
mystical,How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?
simple,What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?
the east,From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?
separation,What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?
Church,What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?
religious freedom,What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?
Mary,What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?
papacy,Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?
1964,In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?
reforms,What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?
faiths,"What does the Catholic church considered ""mixed"" in a ""mixed marriage""?"
the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.,What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December? 
1965,In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?
bishops,With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?
Roman Curia,For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?
1968,In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?
Pontificalis Domus,With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?
bureaucracy,What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?
non-Italians,Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?
eighty,At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?
75,At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?
75,At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?
papal elections,What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?
1966,When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?
Latin,What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?
Easter liturgies,What were revised between 1951 and 1955?
Easter Triduum,What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?
Mass,What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?
three,How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?
vernacular,What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?
400-year,How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?
Gregorian Chant,What type of music was used in traditional mass?
Pope Benedict XVI,Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?
2007,In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? 
Pope John Paul II,Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?
Secretariat for non-Christians,What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?
Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue,What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?
Andrei Gromyko,What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?
peace day,What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?
1976,In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?
Montini,Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?
Roger Peyrefitte,Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?
April 18,On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?
Paolo Carlini,Who was Montini's alleged lover?
six,How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?
the Pilgrim Pope,What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?
1964,In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?
Manila,In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?
Msgr. Paul Marcinkus,Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?
United Nations,What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?
Pope Paul VI,Who was the first pope to visit the United States?
United Nations,To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?
peace,What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?
President Johnson,What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?
foreign embassies,What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?
nations,Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?
Gaudium et spes,What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?
bishops,Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?
Vatican II,What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?
Ecclesiam suam,What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?
Lumen Gentium,What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?
Feast of the Transfiguration,What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?
6 August,On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?
Rome,In what city  is the cathedral of St Peter's  located?
Celibacy,What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?
Celibacy,What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?
Sacerdotalis caelibatus,What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?
Canon,What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?
1983,In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?
Humanae vitae,Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?
artificial birth control,What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?
artificial,What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?
eight,How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?
Of Human Life,What does Humanae Vitae mean?
God,According to Paul VI  to whom are a  man and woman in union with besides each other?
soul,What does God contribute to a married couple's child?
God,Who is considered to be love?
God,From whom is married love generated?
marital,What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?
Robert McNamara,Who was president of the World Bank in 1968?
birth control,What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank?
Bolivia,"In what country did doctors call the World Bank's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies ""insulting""?"
Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque,Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church's stance on birth control?
Colombia,What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent?
Edouard Gagnon,"To whom did Paul VI tell ""not to be afraid"" when the church released its statement on birth control?"
prophet,What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?
Pope John Paul II,To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?
Pope John Paul II,Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?
the encyclical,To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?
Rome,In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?
two,In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?
whole person,In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?
whole,How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?
Christ,"To what historical figure can the words ""Do you love me more"" be attributed?"
Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965,What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?
1965,In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?
Rome,In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?
Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III,Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?
three,How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?
Paul VI,Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?
Michael Ramsey,Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?
three,How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?
Anglican Centre,What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?
Rome,In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?
Christian Unity,What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?
Congregation of Faith,What group condemned mixed faith marriages?
Anglican,To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?
Anglican Church,"Which church did Paul VI call ""our beloved sister church""?"
Paul VI,"Who described the Anglican church as ""our beloved sister Church""?"
1965,In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?
1968,"In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?"
Catholic,What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?
Sweden,In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?
Vatican,Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?
Lutherans,Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?
1965,In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?
1964,In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?
Fredrik A. Schiotz,Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?
God,To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?
Protestant Bible societies,Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?
Cardinal Augustin Bea,Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?
1967,In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?
Protestants,What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?
three,How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?
Joseph Ratzinger,Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?
Karol Wojtyła,"What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?"
1978,In what year did Paul VI die?
John Paul I,What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?
Castel Gandolfo,"Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?"
Castel Gandolfo,What was considered to be the papal summer residence?
Sandro Pertini,Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?
two hours,For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?
horses,"What animals did Paul VI consider to be ""the most beautiful animals God ever created""?"
2014,In what year was Paul VI beautified?
26 September,On what day was Paul VI born?
Paul VI,Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September?
19 October,On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI?
A miracle,"What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9, 2014?"
pontiff,According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?
Pope Francis,Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?
Congregation for the Causes of Saints,What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?
beatification,What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?
Credere,What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?
healing,What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?
The Congregation for the Causes of Saints,What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?
pope,Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?
Pope Francis,Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?
Holocaust,What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?
Pius XII,Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?
reform,What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?
tenth,On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae? 
John XXIII,Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?
opponents,Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?
controversial,What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?
theological freedoms,To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?
taboo,What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?
five,How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?
National Bishop Conferences,What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?
Communism,What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?
Bishops,"The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?"
all,How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?
three hours,How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?
21:41,At what time did Paul VI die?
6 August,On what day did Paul VI die?
bed,From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?
Castel Gandolfo,What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?
five,How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?
Argentina,What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?
Brazil,What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?
Roman Curia,What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?
regal vestments,What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?
army,What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?
Paul VI,Who was the first pope to visit five continents?
world,Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?
bishops,What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?
motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane,What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?
India,For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?
June 1948,In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?
Ireland,In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?
Elizabeth,What Child of George VI ascended the throne?
Commonwealth of Nations,What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?
1945,What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?
1947,When did India and Pakistan gain independence?
Emperor of India,What title did George have in India prior to 1948?
republic,What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?
14 December,What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?
Queen Victoria,Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?
Bertie,What was Prince Albert's nickname?
St. Mary Magdalene's Church,In which church was Prince Albert baptized?
HMS Cumberland,Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?
three months,How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?
First World War,Which war did Albert serve in?
fellow officers,"Who gave Albert the nickname of ""Mr Johnson""?"
duodenal ulcer,What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?
Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service,What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
4,Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
1919,What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
King Albert,Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?
"history, economics and civics",What did Albert study in Trinity College?
Industrial Prince,"What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?"
Edward,Who is Albert's older brother?
tennis,Which sport was Albert proficient at?
Industrial Welfare Society,Which society was Albert the president of?
"Sheila, Lady Loughborough",Who was Albert infatuated with?
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon,Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?
twice,How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?
fellow royals,Who were royals usually expected to marry?
his stammer,Why did Albert fear speaking in public?
Lionel Logue,Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?
doubles tennis,What did Albert play partnered with a black man?
Parliament House,What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? 
Lilibet,What was Elizabeth's nickname?
"Elizabeth (called ""Lilibet"" by the family), and Margaret",Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?
145 Piccadilly,What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?
J. H. Thomas,Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? 
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs,What position did J. H. Thomas hold?
Edward was unmarried and had no children,Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?
divorced woman with two living ex-husbands,What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?
abdication,What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?
Queen Mary,Who is Edward's mother?
broke down and sobbed like a child,How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?
the parliament of the Irish Free State,What is the Oireachtas?
all direct mention of the monarch,What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?
External Relations Act,Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?
day of the abdication,What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?
George VI,What regnal name did Albert adopt?
His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor,What title did Albert give Edward?
the Order of the Garter,What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?
Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House,Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?
12 May 1937,What day did George VI become coronated?
Queen Mary,Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?
Two,How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?
Delhi,In which city are Durbars usually held?
Neville Chamberlain,Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?
Munich Agreement,Which agreement was signed in 1938?
Buckingham Palace,The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?
John Grigg,Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?
Canada and the United States,Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?
William Lyon Mackenzie King,Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?
King and Queen of Canada,What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?
U.S. Ambassador to Canada,What was Roper's position?
gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions,What did the Statute of Westminster do?
isolationist tendencies,What kind of tendencies did North America have?
Edward VIII,Who was George's predecessor?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt,Who was the President of the United States in 1939?
1939 New York World's Fair,Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?
Nazi Germany,Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?
London,Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?
one thousand civilians,How many people died on the first German raid on London?
1942,What year did the King's brother die in service?
Neville Chamberlain,Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?
Prime Minister,What position did Churchill hold?
Tuesday,What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?
Lord Beaverbrook,Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?
Italy,What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?
June 1943,When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?
morale,What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?
the Commonwealth,What is the association of independent states in Britain called?
India and Pakistan,What two dominions did British India become?
Burma,What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?
1949,What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?
Jan Smuts,Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?
the Gestapo,What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? 
South African government,Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?
lung cancer,What kind of cancer did the King develop?
arterial blockage,What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?
right lumbar sympathectomy,What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?
Elizabeth,Who was the King's heir presumptive?
Duke of Edinburgh,Who was Elizabeth's spouse?
Windsor Castle,What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?
2002,What year did Queen Elizabeth die?
2002,What year did Princess Margaret die?
King George VI Memorial Chapel,In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? 
low,How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?
Labour Member of Parliament,What position did George Hardie hold?
Edward,Who was George VI's brother?
100 megawatts,What is the largest rating of an electric motor?
batteries,What is the main example of a DC power source?
alternating current,What does AC stand for?
direct current,What does DC stand for?
electric watches,In what device are small motors commonly found?
Andrew Gordon,Who created the first electrostatic device?
André-Marie Ampère,Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?
1821,In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?
mercury,What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?
1827,In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?
rotor,"Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?"
electromagnetic self-rotors,What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?
commutator,What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?
permanent magnets,What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?
1839/40,When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?
boat,What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?
Moritz von Jacobi,Who created the first real electric motor?
Jacobi himself,Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?
four years,How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?
William Sturgeon,Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?
Thomas Davenport,Which inventor went bankrupt?
the high cost of primary battery power,What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?
electricity distribution,What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?
600 revolutions per minute,How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?
non-fluctuating current,What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?
Zénobe Gramme,Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?
2 km,How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?
generator,"Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?"
Vienna and Philadelphia,In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?
small air gap,What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?
Frank Julian Sprague,Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?
electric trolley system,What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?
South Side Elevated Railway,What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?
Thomas Edison,Who did Sprague work for early in his career?
more than half,How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States?
agriculture,In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals?
hydraulic pressure,"Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for?"
in the home,Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?
Walter Baily,Who built the first induction motor?
AC,What type of power were early motors unable to use?
George Westinghouse,Who bought Tesla's patents?
mining,For what application was Tesla's motor first used?
squirrel-cage,What's another name for the bar-winding-rotor?
brake to a stop,What would a rotor do without current reversal?
commutator,What switches the input of most DC motors?
stationary brushes,From where is current to the motor supplied?
externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet,What two motor types are ascendant today?
reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings,What does the communicator do?
AC,What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?
external,Where do brushes get their power?
rotating,What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?
electromagnet,Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?
force between the two magnetic fields,What rotates the motor shaft?
commutator,What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?
compass,What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?
sparking,How is RFI generated?
commutator,What do brushes need to be in contact with?
friction,What is created by contact between parts of the motor?
maximum speed,What does sparking limit?
Brushes,What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? 
motor output,What are large brushes favorable for?
speed,Whate are small brushes favorable for?
small,What type of brushes are cheapest?
Stiffer brush springs,How can the speed of larger brushes be increased?
lower efficiency,"Besides wear, what is a downside of stiff brush springs?"
speed control,What can a PM motor not be adjusted for?
stators,What is another name for PM fields?
field winding,What design feature does a PM motor lack?
flux,What do field windings provide?
To minimize overall weight and size,Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets?
neodymium-iron-boron alloy,What are high energy magnets typically made of?
steel tube,What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble?
least competitive,How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors?
1000 watts,What is the typical maximum range of universal motors?
universal,What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications?
efficiency losses,What is the result of using AC power on a DC motor?
solid (un-laminated) iron,What were universal motor pole pieces constructed from?
universal,What kind of motor can employ both AC and DC?
commutator,What component of a universal motor is most likely to fail?
starting,When is torque most important in universal motor applications?
forwards and in reverse,Switching the field winding in washing machines causes the drum to agitate how?
Multiple taps on the field coil provide,How is stepped speed control achieved?
"10,000",At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?
"30,000",At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?
SCIMs,What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?
high speed and light weight,What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?
shape of the rotor bars,What determines the properties of speed and torque?
interior of the winding,"At high speed, where is the most current?"
lower,Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed?
variable resistance,Changing the shapes of the bars creates what?
rotor circuit,Where can variable resistance be created?
rotor circuit,Where might a resistor be attached?
motor speed,What can a resistor control?
inverter or separate motor-generator,How might wasted power be salvaged?
rotor circuit,From where may a converter be fed?
speed up,What will a motor do if the load is reduced?
slow down,What will a motor do if the load is increased?
secondary resistors,Where are slip losses dissipated?
very poor,How efficient is such a design?
feedback steering wheels,How are torque motors used in computer gaming?
constant light tension,A torque motor at low voltage provides what?
higher torque,A torque motor at high voltage provides what?
gears or clutches,"In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?"
electrical pulses,What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor?
return spring,What is a governor connected to?
small,What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?
reduce the current being applied to the motor,What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?
zero,How much slip does a synchronous motor have?
slip,How does an induction motor produce torque?
manually,"Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?"
DC field,How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?
Slip rings and brushes,How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?
becomes temporarily magnetized,What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?
stay in place,"When in operation, what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?"
induction motors,What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup?
a smooth cylinder,How can a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?
PMSM,What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?
Doubly fed electric motors,What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets?
"contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process",What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have?
variable speed operation,What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for?
twice the constant torque speed range,Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed?
rapid acceleration,A coreless DC motor is distinguished by what?
iron core,What is absent in a coreless DC motor?
"winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure",What forms can the rotor take?
Overheating,What is a likely problem of coreless DC motors?
lighter,How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?
accelerate much more rapidly,What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?
heat sink,The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?
forced air,How is a coreless motor cooled?
drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives,What was the original purpose for pancake motors?
minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance,What are advantages of pancake motors?
high temperature,For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?
high-performance,What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?
"machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems",What may servo motors be used for?
"speed, torque, and power",What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?
winding inductance and rotor inertia,What factors limit performance of servo motors?
conventional AC or DC motors,"Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?"
As dynamic response requirements increase,When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?
position feedback is continuous,How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?
"a ""home"" switch",How does a stepper system achieve stability?
position sensor,What makes a printer home switch work?
bidirectional,What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?
miss steps,A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?
when precise rotations are required,When are stepper motors most useful?
DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid,What two devices can describe a stepper motor?
magnetic field produced by the energized field winding,What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?
the stepper motor may not rotate continuously,How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?
"forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down",What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?
proportionally control the power to the field windings,What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?
rotate extremely smoothly,What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?
microstepping,What is another name for smooth rotation?
digital servo-controlled system,With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?
precision and speed limitations,Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?
voice coil-based head actuator systems,What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force,In what direction do modern coil actuators move?
the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker,"To what device does the term, ""voice coil"" historically refer?"
linear stepper motors or servomotors,List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.
optical scanning element,"In scanners, what do stepper motors move?"
"print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers","In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?"
back electromotive force,Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?
the running speed of the motor,EMP is proportional to what?
"back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance",Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?
more current is drawn from the supply,"If load increases, what happens to current drawn?"
fields in the air gap,What needs to be known to calculate torque?
FEA,How are the many calculations to determine torque done?
from the vector product of the interacting fields,How is torque determined?
the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector,What is the formulia to determine torque?
"torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density",What are factors that determine shaft torque?
air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth,Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?
magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage,What limits excessive torque?
brushless wound-rotor,What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?
both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port,What is a brushless wound-rotor?
a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set,How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?
eight times operating torque,What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?
size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth,What determines continuous torque density?
"power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation",What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?
method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating,What does continuous torque density refer to?
virtually the same,How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?
electrostatic,What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?
conventional coil-based motors,What are electrostatic motors like two of?
high-voltage,What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?
Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon,What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?
electrostatic motor,Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?
Swiss Confederation,What is the official name of Switzerland?
a federal directorial republic,What type of government does Switzerland have?
26,How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?
"the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura",What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?
approximately 8 million,What is the population of Switzerland?
1 August 1291,What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?
2002,What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?
Switzerland,What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?
1815,In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?
Swiss National Day,What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?
"German, French, Italian and Romansh",Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?
German,What is the predominant language in Switzerland?
Suisse,What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?
Schweiz,What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?
Svizzera,What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?
top or close to the top,How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?
Switzerland,Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?
Zürich and Geneva,Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?
financial and non-financial,What assets are included in nominal wealth?
eighth-highest,What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?
Switzer,What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?
French Suisse,Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?
the Alemannic Schwiizer,Where did the name Switzer originate from?
the Old Swiss Confederacy,What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?
972,In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?
after the Swabian War of 1499,At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?
Schwiiz,What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?
the Confederation,What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?
Hallstatt and La Tène,What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?
La Tène,Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?
the Helvetii,Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?
15 BC,"In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?"
Vindonissa,"What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?"
about 260 AD,In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?
raids by the Alamanni tribes,"In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?"
the linear defence concept,What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?
Germanic,What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?
German tribes,Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?
the Kings of the Burgundians,"From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?"
the Swiss plateau,Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?
valleys of the Alps,"Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?"
Alemannia and Burgundy,"In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?"
Frankish Empire,What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?
the Swiss plateau,"In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?"
extinction of its male line in 1263,"In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?"
the Habsburgs,Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?
King Rudolph I,Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?
Waldstätten,"What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?"
By 1353,"In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the ""Old Confederacy"" of eight states?"
end of the 15th century,Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?
increased power and wealth,What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?
the confederates,"By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?"
Swabian War,Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?
Battle of Marignano,Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?
religious,What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel?
1648,In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?
1529 and 1531,In what two years were the Wars of Kappel?
European countries,"Under the Peace of Westphalia, who finally recognized Switzerland's neutrality?"
the revolutionary French government,Who conquered Switzerland in 1798?
a new unified constitution,"What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?"
the cantons,What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?
Helvetic Republic,What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?
Helvetic,Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?
The Swiss,Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?
Russian and Austrian,"During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?"
Act of Mediation,What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?
Swiss autonomy,What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?
19,How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?
a separate alliance (the Sonderbund),What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?
the Sonderbundskrieg,What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?
major,How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?
friendly fire,What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?
less than a month,How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?
American,What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?
local issues,"Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?"
two,How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?
Council of States,"What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?"
National Council,"What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?"
World War II,"Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?"
General Henri Guisan,Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?
armed forces,What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?
protect the economic heartland,What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?
"strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps",What were the Reduit?
by both the Allies and by the Axis,Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?
a crucial rail link through Vichy France,"What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?"
"over 300,000",How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?
end of the 20th century,When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?
Geneva,Where was the International Red Cross based?
women,Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?
1971,When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?
Elisabeth Kopp,Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?
1999,In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?
Ruth Dreifuss,Who was Switzerland's first female president?
2002,In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?
Schengen treaty,"What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?"
55%,What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?
European Economic Area,"Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?"
the EU,What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?
"41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)",How large is Switzerland?
195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi),What is the average population density of Switzerland?
27 /km² (70 /sq mi),"What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?"
southern,Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?
Alps,Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?
Swiss Alps,Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?
Swiss Plateau,Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?
Jura mountains,Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?
60%,How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?
Lake Geneva,What is the largest lake in Switzerland?
Monte Rosa,What is the highest mountain in Switzerland?
Matterhorn,What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland?
48,How many of Switzerland's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level?
Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais,Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?
mountaintops,Where are Switzerland's glacial conditions located?
warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall,What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months?
sun,"What can the lower lands, suffering from inversion, sometimes lack for weeks?"
Mediterranean,What is the climate on Switzerland's southern tip?
föhn,What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps?
all times,At what time of year can the fohn occur?
crossing the mountains,Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?
wine,What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?
the south,"During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient?"
first among 132 nations,What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?
plants not found at other altitudes,What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?
climate change,What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?
renewable,What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?
1848,When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?
1999,When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?
three,How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?
bicameral parliament,What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?
Federal Council,What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?
200,How many members are on the National Council?
4 years,How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?
Federal Assembly,What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?
referendums,What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?
initiatives,What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?
The Federal Council,What serves as the collective Head of State?
seven,How many members are in the Federal Council?
Federal Assembly,Who elects the members of the Federal Council?
one-year,What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?
the Assembly,Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?
three,How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?
"commune, canton and federal levels",What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?
direct,What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?
a constitutional initiative and a referendum,What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?
Direct democracy and federalism,What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?
"100,000",How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?
18 months,How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?
a counter-proposal,What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?
indicate a preference,What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?
a double majority,How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?
all 26,"According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?"
population and geographical area,What are the two major differences between cantons?
"1,253,500 (Zürich)",What is the population of the largest canton?
"15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)",What is the population of the smallest canton?
37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt),How large is the smallest canton?
Congress of Vienna in 1815,When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?
referendum,What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?
European Union,What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?
since the end of its expansion in 1515,How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?
avoids,How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?
since 2006,How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?
Palace of Nations in Geneva,What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?
Geneva,Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?
Switzerland,Where is the League of Nations located?
Swiss Confederation,"Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?"
International Labour Organization,What does the ILO stand for?
"important issues facing the world, including health and the environment",What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?
Bank for International Settlements,What does BIS stand for?
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,What does UNHCR stand for?
at home,Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?
all male Swiss citizens,Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?
women,Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?
Army XXI,What replaced Army 95 in 2003?
"120,000","In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?"
nineteenth largest,How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?
thirty-sixth largest,How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?
8th in the world,"What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?"
highest European rating,Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?
the most competitive in the world,What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?
"137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity",What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?
"95,824 USD",What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?
Europe's most innovative country,How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?
manufacturing,What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?
chemicals,What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?
machines/electronics,What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
precision instruments/watches,What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
a third,What percentage of exports are exported services?
about 25%,What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?
Around 3.8 million,How many people work in Switzerland?
3.2%,What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?
21.8%,What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?
4.4%,"What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?"
20th,How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?
about 37%,"According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?"
low,How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?
62.8 billion Swiss francs,What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?
value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%),What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?
social welfare and finance & tax,Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?
agriculture and national defense,Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?
from 26.5% in to 12.4%,How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?
Agricultural protectionism,What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?
free,What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?
European Free Trade Association,What is the EFTA?
one of the best,What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?
Product market liberalisation,"According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?"
the cantons,Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?
six,What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?
children's school,What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?
2000,When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?
"until grade four, five or six",How long does primary school continue?
12,How many universities are in Switzerland?
ten,How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?
1460,When was the first university in Switzerland founded?
University of Zurich,What is the biggest university in Switzerland?
"nearly 25,000",How many students attend the University of Zurich?
Albert Einstein,What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?
113,How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?
nine,How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?
CERN,What is the world's largest laboratory?
Geneva,Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?
particle physics,What research is CERN dedicated to?
scanning tunneling microscope,What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?
Auguste Piccard,Who invented the pressurized balloon?
through bilateral agreements,How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?
the EU,"In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?"
international competitiveness,What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?
3%,How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?
SVP party,Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?
seven,How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?
free movement of persons,What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?
2004,When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?
has since been ratified,What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?
Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe,What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?
poorer Southern and Central European countries,"In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?"
secrecy,What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?
raise tax rates to parity with the EU,What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?
immigration,"In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?"
a quota system,What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?
metropolitan,Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?
58.5%,What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?
bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons,What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?
a citizens' initiative,What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?
Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011,What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?
Swiss Federal Office of Energy,What does SFOE stand for?
"Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications",What does DETEC stand for?
the nation's energy use,What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?
2 or 3 decades,"In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?"
to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy,What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
2019,When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
2034,When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
Energy Minister,Who is the Doris Leuthard?
over 350 million,How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy?
"2,258","In 2007, what was the average amount of km's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails?"
Federal Railways,Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system?
north and south,What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between?
the Alps,Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project?
road tolls and vehicle taxes,What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?
40 Swiss francs,How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?
Zürich,Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?
Swiss International Air Lines,What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?
22.8 million,How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?
1998,When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?
2003,When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol
Environmental Integrity Group (EIG),"What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?"
66% to 96%,What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?
among the top 10 green economies in the world,How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?
Rubbish,What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?
from CHF 200–500,What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?
free,What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?
23.3%,"In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?"
Italians,Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?
34.7%,What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?
one fifth,What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?
increase in xenophobia,"In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?"
four,How many official languages does Switzerland have?
German,What is the principal official language in Switzerland?
French,What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?
Italian,What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?
Romansh,What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?
four,How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect?
Swiss German,What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?
have almost disappeared,What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?
family settings and casual conversation,Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?
Helvetisms,What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?
"vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation",Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?
Helvetisms,What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?
private insurance companies,Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from?
every applicant,Who are private insurance companies required to accept?
highest,"In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?"
ageing,What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?
high costs of the services provided,What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?
Between two thirds and three quarters,How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?
higher,"From the beginning of the 21st century, how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside?"
70,How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one?
450 people per km2,What is the population density of the plateau?
Zürich and Geneva,Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?
increase,What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?
Christianity,What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?
Islam,What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? 
Eastern Orthodoxy,What religion has immigration brought by 2%?
12%,"According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?"
38.21%,What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?
21.4%,What percentage of Swiss people claimed no church affiliation in 2012?
0.28%,"According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are pentecostal?"
0.28%,"According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Jehova's Witnesses?"
0.29%,"According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Buddhists?"
1536,When did Geneva convert to Protestantism?
allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants,How is a consociational state defined by the Constitution of 1848?
1980,When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters?
78.9%,What percentage of voters rejected the separation of church and state in 1980?
Romansh,What culture is linguistically isolated from the rest of Switzerland?
in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland,Where is the Romansh culture located?
Three,How many of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland?
Alpine,What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland?
ski resort culture,What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter?
alphorn,What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music?
farmer and herder culture,What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms?
finance and licensing,What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media?
"Geneva, Zürich and Lugano",Where are television programs produced?
SRG SSR,What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to?
"Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering",What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?
St. Moritz,Where was the bobsleigh invented?
1931,When were the first ski championships held in Murren?
St. Moritz,Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?
Nati,What is the nickname for the Swiss national football team?
International Federation of Association Football,What does FIFA stand for?
Switzerland,Where is Europe's highest football pitch located?
Zürich,Where is the FIFA located?
1954,Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host?
IIHF World Championship,What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?
Alinghi,What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?
Claudio Castagnoli,Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?
Alinghi,Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?
Motorsport racecourses and events,What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?
Swiss National Council,Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007?
Swiss Council of States,Who rejected the  2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland?
Alain Menu,Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events?
Thomas Lüthi,Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?
Hornussen,Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf?
"Swiss wrestling or ""Schwingen""","Which old, traditional sport is considered to be the national sport by some Swiss?"
a heavy stone,What is thrown in the Swiss competition Steinstossen?
alpine,Which Swiss population is the only one to have practiced Steinstossen since prehistoric times?
Unspunnenstein,"What was the name of the 83.5 kg stone that symbolized the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805?"
western Switzerland,What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?
Gruyère,What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?
climate and languages,What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?
Emmental,What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?
similar,How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries?
wine,What is the most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland?
Roman era,When were vineyards first cultivated in Switzerland?
white,What type of wine comprises a small majority of wine produced in Switzerland?
Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir,What are the two most widespread varieties of wines in Switzerland?
"specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light",What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown?
Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa,Of Africa what rank in size country is Mali?
Bamako,What is Mali's capital named?
Niger and Senegal rivers,What are two major rivers located inside of Mali?
prominent natural resources include gold,Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce?
(55%) are non-denominational Muslims,More than half of the population is what religion?
France seized control of Mali,In the latter part of the 19th century what country took control of Mali?
1960,What year did Mali gain independence as the Mali Federation?
"Mali as a democratic, multi-party state","Along with a new constitution, Mali became what type of state in 1991?"
three,Mali was once part of how many West African empires?
Mali Empire (for which Mali is named),What was the name of the Empire that the country is now named after?
northern Mali,What area of Mali did conflict arise in January of 2012?
Tuareg rebels,What were the rebels named in the conflict of 2012?
"new state, Azawad",What was the name that the rebels declared as a new state?
French military,What country sent military in response to terrorism in 2013?
Presidential elections,On July 28 2013 what type of elections were held?
Moroccan invasion in 1591,The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?
Saharan trade routes lost significance.,What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?
14th century,What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?
Judar Pasha,Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? 
establishment of sea routes,What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?
Keïta regime,What regime was overthrown in 1968?
Moussa Traoré,Who led the military on what is now celebrated Liberation Day?
president,What position did Moussa Traoré take on as a result of his success?
1968 to 1974,Between what years did famine and drought afflict the country?
three coup attempts,In the 1970's how many attempts were there the overthrow the govenment?
1991,In what year did Mali get a new constitution? 
student protests,In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed?
dictatorial regime,What type of administration did general Mousa Traoré have?
International Monetary Fund,Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund?
growing wealth,It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? 
pro-democracy,What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991?
March Revolution,There was a nationwide strike being held that was called les envenements and also named what?
nightly,"After the president declared a state of emergency, what type of curfew was placed on the country?"
300 lives,How many people died over the course of four days?
nonviolent,After all of the governments efforts what types of protests continued? 
Moussa Traoré,Who was president during the March protests?
three associates,How many people aside from the president received a death sentence? 
26 March,What day is now a National holiday in connection to Moussa Traoré?
death sentence,All four men were convicted and received what as punishment?
their part in the decision-making,Those that received the death sentence had gotten it for their role in what?
Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré,Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested?
pro-democracy,Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts?
refusal of soldiers to fire,The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?
constitution,Opposing groups met to make and create what kind of democratic laws?
a national referendum,What group was to approve the new democratic constitution?
Tuareg rebellion,What rebellion began in January of 2012?
Amadou Sanogo,In March of 2012 whom gained control of Mali?
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad,What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali?
sanctions,The embargo of the Economic Community of West African States imposed what type of punishment? 
MNLA,What group declared independence as Asawad?
torrid,Mali is located in what Zone?
June to early December,What months are have a rainy season in the South?
Niger River,Flooding of what river is typical during these months?
Inner Niger,What is the name of the Delta that these floods cause?
northern desert,What part of the country has the Köppen Climate Classification of (BWh)?
1999,What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992?
"the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government",The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government?
five-year,How many years is one presidential term for?
two terms,How many total terms can a president be elected for?
president,Executive power is given to what person within the government?
president,Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?
The unicameral National Assembly,What group is Mali's sole legislative party?
113,The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?
two regular sessions,How many legislative assemblies are  held each year?
prime minister,Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?
Supreme Court,What is Mali's highest court?
both judicial and administrative powers,What controls do the supreme court have?
judicial review,Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts?
election,Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter?
village chiefs and elders,Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals?
1988,In what year did Mali start economic changes?
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund,Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes?
1988 to 1996,In what years did Mali restructure public enterprises?
sixteen enterprises,How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement?
20,How many companies were completely liquidated?
48,In 2007 what percent of people were 12 and under?
6.4 children,What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?
16.5,In 2007 what was the death rate per 1000 people?
infant,Mali has one of the highest rates of what type of mortality?
53.06,For both men and women average life expectancy is how many years?
"800,000",Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves?
"200,000",What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement?
Arabic population,What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century?
Tamasheq,The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name?
far north,What region of the country is historical slavery well known?
Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs,Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?
Malian government,Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?
radical Islamists,What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?
servitude and bondage,What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?
discrimination,Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?
"poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation",What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?
among the worst in the world,How does Malian Health and development rank globally?
Life expectancy,As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic?
62–65,In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water?
69,In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services?
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,What does ICRISTAT stand for?
improve nutrition,What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?
recipe di-dèguè,The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?
equinut,ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?
"peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour",What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?
cholera and tuberculosis,What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?
Malaria,what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?
85–91,According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?
HIV/AIDS,What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?
immunization,Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?
Keepers of Memories,What is the translation or meaning of a griot?
Dance,Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?
mask,What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?
Ali Farka Touré,What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?
Salif Keita,What is a well known Afro-pop artist?
"A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.",What is the purpose of an NPO?
"In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission",What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?
the distribution constraint,What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?
purposes are other than making a profit,What is the definition of a non-profit organization?
non-business entity,What is an NPO also known as?
furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view,What is the purpose of an NPO?
"further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit","What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?"
distribution constraint,What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
charitable,What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?
member-serving or community-serving,Who does an NPO usually serve?
"providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally",What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
by directly supporting them,What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
a helping service for fellow citizens,What are community serving NPOs focused on?
"they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans",How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
controlling members or a board of directors,Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
"Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation",How do NPOs handle staffing?
to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization,What are token fees used for?
"profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally",How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
a supporting organization,What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
giving value to the groups of people they administer to, What is a major function of a foundation?
membership and board-only,What are the two top types of NPOs?
elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws,How is a membership organization run?
"self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board",How is a board only organization run?
financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned,"What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?"
Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation,What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?
incorporated or unincorporated,How are NPOs classified in Canada?
nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations,How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?
formal approval by the appropriate government,"How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?"
by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association,How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?
Letters Patent,How is incorporation handled in Ontario?
2009,"When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?"
"incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation",What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?
2010,When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?
1 July 2013,When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?
10 October 2011,When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?
Canada Revenue Agency (CRA),Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?
income tax receipts,What are donors to receive from a NPO?
file annual reports,How does an NPO keep their charitable status?
a common law test to its stated objects and activities,How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?
"cash, investments and fixed assets",What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?
a tax certificate,What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?
a tax deduction by the donor,What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?
Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs),Where are South Africian NPOs registered?
Master of the High Court,Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?
"South Africa Revenue Services ""SARS""",Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?
nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances,What is the definition of a charity?
Charity Commission,Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?
Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator,Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?
generally not allowed to pay its Trustees,What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?
"not regarded as ""charities"" in the technical sense",Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?
applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS),How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?
"purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity",What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?
must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose,Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?
losing its tax exempt status,What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?
Internal Revenue Service (IRS),Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?
990 forms,What form must an NPO make available to the public?
generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements,Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?
IRS Form 990,What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?
Project Vote Smart,What is one example of an NPO in the United States?
exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax,What can states or cities offer to NPOs?
board of directors,Who is in control of the organization?
executive director,Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?
self-perpetuating,How is the board of directors most often chosen?
elected by a membership,How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?
"Part VI, section A, question 7a","Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?"
"government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations",What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?
external funding,What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?
"unreliable funding, long hours and low pay",What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?
Nonprofit Capacity Building Program,What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?
2010,When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?
a purpose relating to a public good,What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?
1976,When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?
1985,When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?
incorporated association,What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?
Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act,Who covers incorporated associations or councils?
minimal or nonexistent,What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?
taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations,Why is marketing harder for NPOs?
an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy,What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?
leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public,What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?
employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization,How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?
strict controls,How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?
alter the NPO's functions,What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?
Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization,What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?
Resource mismanagement,What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?
Competition for employees with the public and private sector,What problems with employment do Non Profits face?
management,"What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?"
secondary priority,How important do NPOs consider hiring?
wage and benefits package,What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?
stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away,How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?
"higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work",What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?
mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause,What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?
"do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally",What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?
more stable employment,Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?
will never be able to match the pay,Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?
"benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments",What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?
Pleasurable work conditions,What is better than having high pay at an NPO?
as much as they are able,How much should an NPO pay employees?
generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours,What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?
Howard Hughes Medical Institute,What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?
US$38 billion,How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?
$14.8 billion,How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?
British Wellcome Trust,What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?
Habitat for Humanity,What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?
Rotary International,What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?
United Way,What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?
Red Cross and Red Crescent,Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?
World Wide Fund for Nature,Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?
organizations that didn't fit anywhere else,What does .org on a URL mean?
not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status,Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?
encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category,What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?
"Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org",Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?
.museum,What new domain designation should a museum use?
"""non"" words",What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?
"new, positive-sounding terminology",What type of language are organizations being directed towards?
civil society organization,What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?
citizen sector organization,"What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?"
Social Benefit Organization,"What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?"
North Carolina,What state is Raleigh the capital of?
Charlotte,What is the biggest city in NC?
Sir Walter Raleigh,Who is it named after?
Dare,What county is Raleigh in?
"439,896",What is the population of the city?
North Carolina State University,What university is in Raleigh?
"1,214,516",What is the MSA of Raleigh?
Research Triangle area,What is the Triangle?
Duke,What is another university in the triangle?
1959,When was the Triangle created?
planned,What kind of city is Raleigh?
1792,What year was it incorporated?
Research Triangle Park,What happened in the 20th century?
Civil War,What war was near the city?
fastest growing,What type of community is it?
Duke,What energy center is downtown?
"North Carolina State University,",What university is in Raleigh?
Shaw,What is the first historically black university?
Andrew Johnson,What president was born in Raleigh?
Walnut Creek Amphitheatre,What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh?
11,How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?
state legislators.,Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?
planned,What was Raleigh as a city?
"the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets",What were the original boundaries?
Philadelphia,What city was the plan based on?
Zebulon Baird Vance,Who was the governor during the Civil War?
breastworks,What did the governor order constructed?
Union cavalry,What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?
Hugh Judson Kilpatrick,Who led the cavalry in the capture?
"a state economy based on agriculture,",Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?
1880,What year did the News and the Observer merge?
The News & Observer,What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?
"The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,",What was North Carolina State called before?
1887,What year was the college founded?
1891,When did Merideth College open?
1898,When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?
2nd,What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?
the state legislature passed a new constitution,What happened in 1900?
1908,When did blacks lose the right to vote?
mid-1960s,When did black regain the right to vote?
1930s,When was the Great Depression?
recreational and educational programs,What did the city provide during the Great Depression?
Raleigh Memorial Auditorium,What was dedicated in 1932?
1932,What year was the North Carolina Symphony founded?
"Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham,",What was charted in 1939?
northeast central region of North Carolina,Where is Raleigh located?
"""fall line""",What is the area known as?
gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain.,What type of geography is in Raleigh?
two hours,How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach?
155,How far is Raleigh from Richmond?
"Fayetteville Street downtown business district,",What historic hotel is downtown?
PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center,What is in the Fayetteville business district?
"Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills,",What are some neighborhoods in Raleigh?
Downtown Raleigh Alliance,Who separated the neighborhoods in the early 2000's?
"Warehouse, Fayetteville Street",What are some common names in the area?
North of the I-440 Beltline,Where is Midtown Raleigh?
"Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road",What frames Midtown Raleigh?
Midtown Raleigh,Where is the North Hills Shopping center?
John Kane,Who was the area developer?
"July 25, 2011",When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed?
along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard.,Where is West Raleigh?
North Carolina State University,What is West Raleigh the home of?
PNC Arena,What arena is in the area?
Rex Hospital.,What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?
2 miles,How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?
large shopping areas.,What are in the area?
"Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park",What neighborhoods are in North Raleigh?
"U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540,",What are the means of transportation in the area?
"expansive, diverse, and fast-growing",What type of area is North Raleigh?
along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina,Where is South Raleigh?
least developed and least dense,What is different about South Raleigh?
"Cary,",What borders South Raleigh to the west?
southwest,Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh?
"Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek",What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh?
downtown,What is to the west of Southeast Raleigh?
"Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue",What areas are in Southeast Raleigh?
"Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club,",What neighborhoods does Southeast Raleigh have?
Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion,What concert venue is in the area?
Shaw University,What university is in this part of Raleigh?
humid subtropical climate,What is the climate of Raleigh?
four,How many seasons are there in Raleigh?
69 nights per year,How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?
July,What month has the most precipitation? 
105,What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?
6.0 inches,How much snow does Raleigh get?
"January 24–25, 2000",When was the greatest snowfall?
20.3 inches,"How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?"
cold air damming,What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?
Appalachian Mountains.,What mountains are the city near?
drought,What does the area experience?
restricted water use,How does drought effect the city?
late summer and early fall,When does Raleigh experience hurricanes?
Isabel,What was the name of the hurricane in 2003?
F3,How big was the tornado in 2011?
"61,371",How many families lived in Raleigh in 2000?
"2,409.2 people per square mile",What is the population density of Raleigh?
"120,699 housing",How many housing units were in Raleigh?
63.31%,What percentage of people in Raleigh are white?
0.04%,How many Native Hawaiian are in Raleigh?
26.5%,What percent of households had children in 2000?
married couples living together,39.5% of the households comprised of what?
33.1%,How many people lived alone in 2000?
6.2%,How many households had someone 65 or older?
2.97 persons.,What was the average family size?
46.41% of people,How many people are affiliated with religion?
Christianity,What is the main religion of Raleigh?
10.85,What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh?
"Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,",What other denominations are there in Raleigh?
1.06%,How large of a percent does Lutheran's take up?
banking/financial services;,What is the main industrial area of Raleigh?
North Carolina's Research Triangle,What is Raleigh part of?
high-tech and biotech research,What does the Research Triangle do?
The city is a major retail shipping point,Is the city concerned with shipping?
grocery,What industry is Raleigh a major wholesaler for?
The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion,Where are major touring acts hosted in the city?
Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater,What is the Red Hat Amphitheater also called?
Koka Booth Amphitheatre,What event plaza is in Cary?
Dorton Arena,Where is the North Carolina State Fair?
one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts,What is the Lincoln Theater downtown?
Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts,Where is the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium?
Fletcher Opera Theater,What other theater is in the Duke Energy Center?
2008,When did the Meymandi Theater open?
Raleigh Little Theatre,Where else can one see a theater performance?
Stewart and Thompson Theaters,What theaters are at North Carolina State University?
North Carolina State Fairgrounds,What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?
"American Art, European Art and ancient art,",What type of art is in the Museum of Art?
2000,When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?
"200,000",How many people attended the Monet exhibit?
public funds,How did the museum get the artworks they have?
1997,When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh?
Greensboro Coliseum,Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons?
PNC Arena,What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called?
National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes,What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina?
2006,When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup?
Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football,What sports teams have been in Raleigh?
Raleigh Bullfrogs,What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh?
1997–1999,When did the Raleigh Cougars play?
Women's United Soccer,What type of team was the Carolina Courage?
2002,What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup?
southwest Raleigh,Where is North Carolina State University?
Wolfpack,What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?
Carter-Finley Stadium,Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?
third largest football stadium in North Carolina,How big is Carter Finley Stadium?
Reynolds Coliseum,Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?
150,How many sites are throughout Raleigh?
"park land,","What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?"
BMX championship-caliber,What type of race track is in Raleigh?
"5 public lakes,",How many public lakes are in Raleigh?
J. C. Raulston Arboretum,What is the name of the arboretum?
"1,740",How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?
property crime,"What were there 12,995 of in 2010?"
far below both the national average,How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?
14,How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?
870,How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?
Wake County Public School System,Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?
"innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system",What is the school system praised for?
three,How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?
International Baccalaureate,What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?
Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.,Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?
"Raleigh-Durham International Airport,",What is the area's primary airport?
Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham,Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?
35,How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?
passengers,What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?
Terminal C,What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?
"Triangle Transit Authority,",What was Triangle Transit called before?
"scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service",What does Triangle Transit offer?
"Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park",Where else does Triangle Transit go to?
Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool,Does Triangle Transit have a van service?
rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers,Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?
Registered dietitian nutritionists,What does RDN stand for?
Certified Clinical Nutritionists,Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?
RDN,For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?
Certified Nutrition Specialist,Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?
6th century BC,In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?
pneuma,"What is the European equivalent of ""Qi""?"
hot,What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?
Greek,What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?
emaciation,"Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?"
first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects,What does the Book of Daniel contain?
Israel,Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?
court servants,What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?
10 days,How long did the trial diet last?
pulses,What is another term for vegetables that was used?
1500 years,How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?
Marcus Aurelius,Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?
Benedictine monks,Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?
the source of life,What did Galen believe that pneuma was?
four humours,What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?
Paracelsus,Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?
Leonardo da Vinci,Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?
metabolism,What was a burning candle comparable to?
carbon dioxide,Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?
Herman Boerhaave,Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?
1747,When was the first nutrition experiment performed?
James Lind,What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?
lime,The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?
two million,How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?
limeys,Which nickname was given to the British sailors?
protein,Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?
William Prout,Who first began dividing foods into categories?
Jean-Baptiste Dumas,Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?
animal physiology,Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?
body fat,What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?
white rice,What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?
endemic neuritis,What is the scientific term for beriberi?
paralysis,What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?
Kanehiro Takaki,Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?
thiamine,What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?
iodine,What element can be found in thyroid glands?
Java,What group of natives suffered from beriberi?
Christiaan Eijkman,Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?
unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact,What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?
two decades,How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?
caloric energy expenditure,What was measured in the early 20th century?
principles of physics,What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?
tryptophan,Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?
unsuspected dietetic factors,"What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?"
single-grain experiment,Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?
fat-soluble,What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?
water-soluble,Which property was vitamin B found to have?
scurvy,Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?
rickets,What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?
vitamin E,"What was referred to as ""food factor X""?"
Marion Nestle,Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?
macro-nutrients,What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?
non-digestible,What is notable about cellulose in humans?
phytochemicals,"What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?"
2014,In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?
macronutrients,Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?
structural material,What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?
Joules,What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?
fats,Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?
provide energy,"Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?"
carbohydrates,"Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?"
complex polysaccharides,"If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?"
triglycerides,What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?
cannot be synthesized in the body,What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?
nitrogen,Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?
simple carbohydrates,What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?
fructose,What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
glucose,"When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?"
production of insulin,What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?
pancreas,Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?
Dietary fiber,What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?
four,How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?
cellulose,What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?
constipation,What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?
slow the absorption of sugar,What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?
glycerol,Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?
one,How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?
the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved,What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?
hydrogen,Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?
unsaturated fat,What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?
animal sources,Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?
Unsaturated fats,Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?
trans fats,Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?
liquids,What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?
rancidity resistance,"Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?"
the body can produce them as needed,What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential?
two,At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body?
eicosapentaenoic acid,What does EPA stand for?
omega-6 linoleic acid,"Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA?"
processed vegetable oils,What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids?
Omega-3 EPA,What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?
the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2,The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?
desaturation,What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?
glucagon,What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?
mitosis,What is the scientific name for cell division?
Proteins,What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?
amino acids,What is the primary component of every protein?
protein retention,What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?
urine,"When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?"
twenty,Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?
two incomplete protein sources,What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?
beans,"Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?"
Excess amino acids,What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?
gluconeogenesis,What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?
discarded,What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?
6–8 glasses of water daily,What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?
Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council,Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?
1 milliliter,How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?
adequate daily intakes,What does ADI stand for?
food,Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?
the elderly,Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?
Pregnant,"Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?"
300 mL/day,How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?
To compensate for additional fluid output,Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?
700 mL/day,How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?
inorganic chemical elements,What kind of element are dietary minerals?
the less common elements in the diet,"What was the term ""mineral"" originally meant to describe?"
ions,In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?
ionic forms,In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?
iodine,What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?
Vitamin D,Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?
UVB radiation,What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?
carnitine,What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?
phytochemicals,"What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?"
vitamins,What is choline not an example of?
mutation causing,"What is another term that can be used to describe ""potentially damaging"" compounds?"
acceptors of electrons,What are oxidizers?
antioxidant compounds,"In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?"
polyphenols,What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?
fat areas,Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?
phyla,"What term collectively describes ""Firmicutes"" and ""Bacteroidetes"" among others?"
essential to digestion,What is the importance of having phyla in the body?
vitamin B12,Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?
breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food,What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?
Animal intestines,Where could one find a large population of gut flora?
"""Western"" diseases",Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?
China,In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?
100-fold,"How much of an increase in presence of ""Western"" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?"
dairy,"Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?"
cancers,What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?
United Healthcare/Pacificare,Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?
National Geographic,Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?
2005,In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?
three,How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?
whole grains,"Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?"
carbon,"Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?"
5% to 10%,What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?
bacterial fermentation,What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?
starch,"Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?"
lipids,Where can fatty acids be found?
bloodstream,Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells?
unborn fetus,In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?
Digestive juices,What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?
digestive processes,Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?
feces,Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?
food,What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?
urine,It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?
expensive,"Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?"
slowly,At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?
through their roots,How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?
air,Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?
photosynthesis,What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?
cation exchange,What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?
stomata,What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?
crucial nutrition-related health problems,What can environmental depletion lead to?
contamination,"Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?"
agricultural,"Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?"
the ecosystem,The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?
diet habits,"If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?"
LD,What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?
Commission for Dietetic Registration,Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?
nutritionist,Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?
Florida,"Which state has started to regulate the word ""nutritionist""?"
disclosure/labeling requirements,What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?
US Department of Health and Human Services,Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?
USDA,Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?
MyPlate,What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?
"Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee",The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?
C-SPAN,On which channel are committee meetings often shown?
to promote nutrition literacy,What is the goal of Smart Bodies?
state,Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?
Louisiana State Agricultural Center,The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?
2005,When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?
childhood obesity,What does the initiative specifically target?
Wales,In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?
Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula,What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?
Family and Consumer Science,What does FCS stand for?
how to read nutrition labels on packaging,"Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?"
American,In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?
U.S.,In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?
National Assessment of Adult Literacy,What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?
44%,How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?
14,What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?
level of poverty,People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?
52,What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?
methodological differences,What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?
Zoellner,Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?
two,For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?
nutrition literacy,Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?
nutritional information,What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?
food,The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?
healthful foods,What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?
socioeconomic,What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?
low levels of education,"Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?"
Malnutrition,An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?
developed,In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?
poor access to a range of nutritious foods,"Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?"
di-dèguè,What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?
Nutritionism,What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?
Gyorgy Scrinis,Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?
Michael Pollan,"Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?"
policy makers,Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?
Western World,Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?
school cafeterias,What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?
managed foodservice contractors,"Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?"
overall educational success,What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?
10,What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?
mice,Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?
Cancer,Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?
International Agency for Research on Cancer,Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?
consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods,What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?
tobacco,The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?
Western,"Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?"
insulin resistance,Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?
lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia,"Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?"
chronic inflammation,Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?
insulin resistance,The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?
prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2,Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?
obesity,Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?
type 2,"If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?"
marked insulin resistance,Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?
reverse insulin resistance,Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?
leptin,Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?
insulin/leptin resistance,"In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?"
insulin/leptin,A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?
satiety signals to the hypothalamus,What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?
reduce this signal,What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?
to what extent,"The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?"
high glycemic index,"Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?"
metabolic syndrome epidemic,What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?
"Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts",Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?
water-drinking,"In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?"
long-distance endurance,In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?
swelling of the brain,"When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?"
osmosis,Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?
sugar,"The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?"
more than doubled,What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?
35,What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?
quadrupled,"Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?"
Low-density lipoprotein,What does the term LDL stand for?
two hundred years ago,When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?
keep foods fresh longer,"Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?"
Cooling,Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?
last longer without becoming spoiled,Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?
heating,Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?
Modern separation techniques,Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?
nutritional content,An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?
reduced,What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?
enriched,What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?
trans fatty acids,"Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?"
polished rice,What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
thiamine,What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
scurvy,Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
Pasteurisation,What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
vitamin C,What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
widespread application of some modern food processing technologies,What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?
nutritional recommendations,"Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?"
effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life,What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?
superior,The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?
more convenient,"Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?"
1853,What year did the Crimean War begin?
1856,What year did the Crimean War end?
Ottoman Empire,Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?
The French,Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?
Russia,Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?
Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III,Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?
Nicholas,Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?
Britain,Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?
Ottomans,Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?
October,What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?
Balkans,Where did the war begin?
modern Romania,Russian troops took over which provinces first?
Omar Pasha,Who were the Ottomans led by?
Sinop,"When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?"
France and the UK,Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?
Black Sea,Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?
1854,In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?
October,The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?
Omar Pasha,Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?
Sevastopol,The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?
eleven months,How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?
Russia,Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?
Treaty of Paris,What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
30 March 1856,When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Orthodox church,Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?
"explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs",What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?
Florence Nightingale,Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?
written reports and photographs,The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?
1821,In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?
Sultan Mahmud II,Who disbanded the Janissary corps?
1826,In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?
the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet,Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?
1830,In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?
1830,In what year did France move into Alger?
Muhammad Ali of Egypt,"In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?"
Egyptians,Who wanted to take over Constantinople?
Russian,What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?
10 000,How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?
Muhammad Ali of Egypt,"In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?"
Egyptians,Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
1839,In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
"Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia",Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? 
1840,In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
Russia,"Who operated as the ""police of Europe""?"
Treaty of Vienna,What treaty was signing in 1815?
1848,In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?
Austria,Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?
Ottoman Empire,"In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?"
Wild Fields,"For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?"
to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy,Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?
Ukrainian Cossacks,Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?
Orthodox Christians,Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?
New Russia,"During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?"
railroad network,What did Russia fail to build south?
parades,What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?
pocketed their men's pay,What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?
1854,In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?
Napoleon III,What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?
Charles de La Valette,Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?
clerical party,Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?
ambassador to the Porte,What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?
Charlemagne,What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?
London Straits Convention,Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?
Sultan Abdülmecid I,Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?
Greek Orthodox Church,Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?
France and the Roman Catholic Church,Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?
George Hamilton Seymour,Who was the British ambassador in 1853?
Nicholas,Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?
Prince Menshikov,Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?
1853,In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Menshikov,Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?
Lord Aberdeen,Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?
Stratford Canning,Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?
Colonel Rose,Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?
Constantinople,After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?
Sultan,Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?
the Tsar,Who sent armies across the Pruth River?
Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov,Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?
Ottoman,Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?
1853,In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?
sickness,How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?
Russia,Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?
Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's,Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?
Nicholas,Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?
"United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia",What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?
Count Karl von Buol,Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?
1853,In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?
Abdülmecid I,Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?
Nicholas I,Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?
Battle of Sinop,"What battle took place on November 30, 1853?"
a fleet,What did the Russian send to Sinop?
a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes,"While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?"
cause for war,What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?
28 March 1854,When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?
Britain,Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?
The Corps of Royal Engineers,Who sent men to the Dardanelles?
Paris,"As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?"
British Ambassador and the French Emperor,Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?
Lord Cowley,Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?
1848,In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?
Nicholas,Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?
Russian troops in the Balkans,Who did Austria feel threatened by?
the United Kingdom and France,Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?
Russia's rejection of the ultimatum,Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?
1853,The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?
Omar Pasha,What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?
Calafat,"After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?"
Oltenița,"After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?"
Chetatea or Cetate,What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?
the Russians,Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?
Danube River,What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?
"60,000 troops",How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?
23 June 1854,When did the siege of Silistra end?
lack of equipment,Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?
Austrian forces,Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?
"280,000",How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?
River Pruth,What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?
Orthodox Christians,Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?
Turkey,"After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?"
western coast,The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?
Omar Pasha,Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
1854,In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?
Giurgiu,In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
Tsar Nicholas I,The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?
harbour at Sinop,At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?
Furious,What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?
an Anglo-French fleet,Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?
HMS Retribution,"After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?"
Sevastopol,Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?
blockships,What did the Russians turn their warships into?
to reinforce batteries on shore,Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?
four,How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?
twelve,How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?
1854,In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?
UK and France,War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?
Parliament,Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?
1854,In what year did the Crimean campaign open?
bay of Eupatoria,360 ships landed in what bay?
500 Marines,How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? 
Calamita Bay,What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?
Katcha,The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?
6000 men,How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?
Alma river,Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?
three hours,How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?
"3,300",How many allies were lost during the battle?
south,Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? 
25 September,When did the army march to the southeast?  
into the city.,Where did the Russians retreat to? 
Sir John Burgoyne,Who was the engineer adviser? 
Raglan and St Arnaud,Who were the joint commanders? 
17 October,When did the continuous attack start?
126 guns,"When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?"
the French,Who was not ready to start the attack?
the allies,Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?
The British,Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?
93rd Highlanders,Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?
Kadikoi,Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?
"a single line, two men deep",What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? 
Sir Colin Campbell,Who led the 93rd Highlanders?
Minie rifles,What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?
Heavy Brigade,Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?
local commanders,Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?
Lord Raglan,Who sent the order to have them advance their position?
The local commanders,Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?
Cardigan,Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?
Russian batteries,Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?
278,How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  
Alfred Lord Tennyson,Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? 
The Charge of the Light Brigade,What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?
a deteriorating supply situation,What stopped ground operations during the winter?
a storm,What caused the HMS Prince to sink?
a cargo of winter clothing,What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?
A tramroad,What arrived in January with an engineering crew?
the frozen ground,What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?
the Malakoff,What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?
Mamelon,Where was the Russians building a new fort?
Malakoff,Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?
the Mamelon,"After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?"
Admiral Nakhimov,Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?
Raglan,What figure died on June 28th 1855?
the base at Balaclava,What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?
newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops,Who defended the base at Balaclava?
the Russians,Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?
forward rifle pits and defensive positions,What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?
September,What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?
the French,Who captured Malakoff?
the Russian defences,Who failed to take back Malakoff?
the British,Who took control of the Great Redan?
Anglo-French naval squadron,What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?
Azov Sea,What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?
the Kerch Strait,Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?
the seaport of Taganrog,What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?
Rostov on Don,The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?
a fisherman who moved buoys,What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?
The Cossacks,Who blew up the HMS Jasper?
19–31 August,During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?
2nd September,The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?
the city was already fortified,Why did the third siege attempt fail?
the Turks,Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?
20000 troops,How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?
Marani,"After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?"
30000,How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?
reinforcements,What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?
Eristov,Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?
Wrangel,Who occupied Bayazit?
Kars and Gyumri,Where did the main forces stand?
the Russians,"On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? "
the Persians,Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?
disease,What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?
"75,000",How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? 
The local Armenian population,Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?
starve them out,What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?
Erzerum,What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?
the western powers,Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?
8000,"In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?"
Sukhum Kale,"When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?"
the Ingur River,What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?
the Tskhenis-dzqali,What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?
Saint Petersburg,What is the Russian capital?
The Baltic,Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?
Anglo-French fleet,Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?
April 1854,When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?
British and French fleet,Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?
August 1855,When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?
Åland Islands,Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?
Captain Viktor Poplonsky,Who led the ship Rossiya?
entrance to the harbor,What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? 
newly invented blockade mines,What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?
Immanuel Nobel,Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?
industrial explosives,Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?
Fulton,Who named the torpedo mines?
Alfred Nobel,What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?
Rear Admiral David Price,Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
snow,The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
the Kamchatka Peninsula,Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
Victor Emmanuel II,Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?
"15,000",Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?
General Alfonso La Marmora,Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?
1855,The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?
Piedmont-Sardinia,Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?
King Otto of Greece,When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?
Thessaly and Epirus,"When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?"
Greek port at Piraeus,"From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?"
1854,In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?
Greeks,Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?
Trafalgar Square,"On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?"
with truncheons,How did troops stop the riot?
snowballs,What were the people using during the protest?
Aberdeen,"Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?"
Foreign Secretary,What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?
the Congress of Paris,Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?
1856,What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
the Tsar and the Sultan,Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?
the Ottoman Empire,Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?
"The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey",Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?
1871,What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?
Franco-Prussian War,In what war was France defeated by Prussia?
1870–1871,Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?
a Third French Republic,Napoleon III was removed to form what?
Russia,Who renounced the Black Sea clause?
Austria,Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?
Austro-Prussian War,Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?
Kingdom of Sardinia,Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?
The Crimean War,France rose to power after what war?
the Ottoman Empire,What empire declined after the Crimean War?
Concert of Europe,The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?
"A. W, Kinglake",Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?
as victims,What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?
Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart,Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?
British Columbia,What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?
British Columbia,What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?
Alexander II,Who made the call to sell Alaska?
the United States,Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?
the United Kingdom,Who is Russia's largest regional rival?
William Howard Russell,Who provided notable documentation of the war?
The Times, William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
Roger Fenton,Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
the French,Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
two days,"After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?"
the newspapers,Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?
1857,The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?
Charge of the Light Brigade,What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?
The Crimean War,The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?
William Howard Russell,Who gave the first live war report?
prompting the resignation of the sitting British government,"Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?"
the telegraph,What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?
The Crimean War,What was the first European war to be photographed?
deemed to have artistic or intellectual value,What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?
fiction or non-fiction,What are two major divisions of literature?
poetry or prose,"Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?"
"the novel, short story or drama",Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?
literatura/litteratura,"What words are the Latin roots of the word ""literature?"""
"a ""culturally relative definition""","The changing nature of the meaning of the term ""literature"" can be described as what?"
all books and writing,"In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?"
the Romantic period,During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?
"it began to demarcate ""imaginative"" literature","During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?"
writing that possesses high quality or distinction,What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?
belles-lettres,"What French term for value-based literature literally translates as ""fine writing?"""
"""the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.""",Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?
anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded,What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?
formalist,A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?
journalism,What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?
"""ordinary language""",What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?
"an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history",What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?
must use language according to particular standards,The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?
aesthetic and rhythmic qualities,What elements of language make for poetic literature?
verse,Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
lines,"If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?"
the nineteenth century,Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
literacy,The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
Drama,Literature intended for performance is what?
music and dance,Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?
opera and musical theatre,What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?
A play,Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?
a playwright,What do we call the author of a play?
Greek,The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?
performance associated with religious and civic festivals,Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?
historical or mythological themes,A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?
radio,What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?
1938,In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?
written records,"Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?"
our history,We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?
Lord Byron,"Who wrote ""Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I""?"
once we began to write it down,Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?
Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments,Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?
"Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome",What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?
a covert moral or didactic purpose,"Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?"
urban culture,What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?
courts and aristocratic circles,From what settings did lyric poetry derive?
the Shijing or Book of Songs,What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?
"philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry",Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?
modern paper making and woodblock printing,What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?
the Hundred Schools of Thought period,What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?
The Art of War,What classic work of war science originated during this period?
Sun Tzu,Who wrote The Art Of War?
"drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry",What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?
Sanskrit,An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?
The Vedas,What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?
the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE,The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?
the Iron Age,The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?
the Iliad and the Odyssey,What two epic narratives were written by Homer?
Hesiod,Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?
philosophical texts,Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?
Sappho and Pindar,Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?
Herodotus and Thucydides,The two great ancient Greek historians were?
Roman,Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?
the romance,What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?
an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative,What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?
the invention of printing,What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?
the German Faust books,What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?
Romanticism,What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?
realism and naturalism,What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?
individual experience and emotion,What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?
influenced social and political change,How did naturalism effect the greater world?
the subjective,20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?
Genre fiction,What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?
science fiction,Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?
"William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson",Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?
strong subjective statements,By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?
post-modern,Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?
advances and specialization,What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?
journals,The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?
"Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton",The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?
"""history of science"" programmes",In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?
Philosophy,What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?
academic journals,Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?
"Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche",Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?
logic,What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?
mathematics,"Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?"
intimate emotional aspects,Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?
It benefits the psychological development and understanding,How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?
D. Mitchell,"What writer's entry in ""The English Journal"" was concerned with young adult fiction?"
to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child,Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?
“wonder”,How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?
by provoking universal emotions,How does literature unite members of a society?
allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to,How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?
what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe,What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?
literary devices,What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?
Maslow,"Who conceived of ""The Third Force Psychology Theory?"""
a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”,The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?
the reason for living,The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?
neurological development,"What causes a person to become separated from their ""true self""?"
D.H Lawrence,"What author espoused the theory of the ""pristine unconscious?"""
creative nonfiction,What is literary historical writing sometimes called?
literary journalism,Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?
to record data or convey immediate information,What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?
"Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius",Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?
Hammurabi,What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?
the Bible,"What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?"
the Corpus Juris Civilis,Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?
Justinian I,Under what Emperor did this group sit?
the Byzantine Empire,What empire did Justinian preside over?
produce specific effects,Literary devices are employed for what reason?
first-person,What is one form of narration in literature?
linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative,What are two types of narrative structure in literature?
to surprise the reader,Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?
a conventional murder-mystery novel,"In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?"
the Islamic Golden Age,What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?
Persian,What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?
the Kindi school,What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?
the Buyid dynasty,What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?
Baghdad,What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?
theology,What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
Al-Farabi,Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?
Hamadan,What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?
Al-Biruni,Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?
the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar,What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?
Uzbekistan,What present-day country was Avicenna born in?
Bukhara,What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?
Afghanistan,What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?
Setareh,What was Avicenna's mother's name?
ten,By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?
the Brethren of Purity,What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?
Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī,Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?
Sunni,What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?
Nurullah Shushtari,Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?
Jules J. Janssens,What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?
Quran,What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?
ءMahmoud Massahi,Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?
Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence),What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?
Euclid's Elements,What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?
Abu Abdullah Nateli,What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?
the Metaphysics of Aristotle,What text could Avicenna not understand?
al-Farabi's commentary,What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
year and a half,How long did Avicenna study philosophy?
Forty times,How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
three dirhams,How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?
16,At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?
medicine,What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?
18,Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?
mathematics,Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
"the emir, Nuh II",Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?
access to the royal library of the Samanids,What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?
to conceal the sources of his knowledge,Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?
his father,Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?
997,What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?
22,At what age did Avicenna lose his father?
The Samanid dynasty,What dynasty ended in December 1004?
Turkmenistan,What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?
Nishapur,What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?
Mahmud of Ghazni,Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
Rey,What city did Ibn Sina settle in?
Tehran,What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?
thirty,How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?
Hamadãn,Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?
office of vizier,What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?
city of Isfahan,Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?
Isfahan and Hamadãn,What two cities were at war during this time?
1024,What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?
the Tajik,What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?
in the dress of a Sufi ascetic,How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?
Arabic,In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?
ethics,What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?
Persian,Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?
Aristotle,What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?
Metaphysics,What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
Latin,Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?
fifty,How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?
Europe,On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?
Sufficientia,What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?
Thomas Aquinas,Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?
essence and existence,What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?
al-Farabi,Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?
Islamic theology,What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?
the question of being,What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?
essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud),What two points did he write about?
al-Farabi,Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?
Wujud,What is the Arabic term for existence?
essence,Mahiat is Arabic for what?
necessity,What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?
contingency-in-itself,"According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?"
the source of its own being without borrowed existence,What is the necessary according to Avicenna?
The necessary,"According to Avicenna, what always exists?"
false in itself,"If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?"
Its-Self,The necessary exists due to what?
a definition,What is something that the necessary does not have?
wad,What is the Arabic for situation?
time,What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?
Muslim,What religion was Avicenna?
rational philosophy,What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?
prove the existence of God,What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?
19th century,Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?
the prophets,Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?
philosophy,What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?
the political implications of such a theory,What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?
epistemological matters,What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?
al-Razi,Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?
three,Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
al-Ghazali,Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?
al-Tusi,Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
madrasahs,What are Islamic schools also known as?
the castle of Fardajan,Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?
"""Floating Man""",What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?
a substance,What was the soul according to Avicenna?
intellectually,"How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work ""Floating Man""?"
"suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations",How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?
the brain,Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?
Intellect,What is the universal agent?
"the knowledge that ""I am""","In Avicenna's work ""Floating Man"", what is the core of a human being?"
the soul,What is the body's perfection?
the body,"In Avicenna's ""Floating Man"", what could the essence of a person not be?"
Aristotle,What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
Posterior Analytics,What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?
Aristotelian induction,What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?
temporal logic,"What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?"
Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī,Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?
Avicennian logic,What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?
Albertus Magnus,What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?
Aristotle,Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?
Kitab al-shifa,What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?
classical psychology,What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
quantitative extension,"In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?"
Descartes,Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?
De Anima,What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?
physiology,What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?
strong enough,"According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?"
his understanding of perception,How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?
external senses,How does man first perceive features of an object?
the physical body,The body and soul's interaction takes place where?
Al-Biruni,What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?
mathematical astronomy,What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?
Aristotle,What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?
Venus,What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?
below the Sun,Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?
Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae,What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?
the Declaratio,What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?
The Book of Minerals,What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?
Book of the Remedy,What is the kitab al-Shifa?
minerals,What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?
George Sarton,Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?
The History of Science,What did George Sarton write?
Islam,Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?
Abulcasis,Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?
early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries,During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?
Iran,In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?
the Bukhara museum,Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?
the University of Paris,In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?
Hamadan,Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?
Avicennia,What plant genus is named after Avicenna?
the Soviet Union,What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
Bukhara,What was Avicenna's birthplace?
16,A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?
thousand,"In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?"
a bust,"Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?"
March 2008,When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?
"where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated",What does the Avicenna Directories contain?
his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west,What was Avicenna known for?
worldwide partnership,What is Avicenna's name needed for?
Youth of Genius,What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?
alchemy,What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?
Physics,On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?
Aristotelian doctrine,What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?
"""re-Aristotelianise"" Muslim philosophy","According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?"
Schmoelders,Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?
Al-Shifa',What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 
the Bodleian Library,Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?
the An-najat,What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?
Logic and Metaphysics,What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?
Chinese characters,What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?
Hanzi,What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?
Chinese characters,What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?
Chinese characters,What number in the tens of thousands?
literacy in written Chinese,What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?
kyūjitai,Which are identical to Chinese forms?
modern Chinese dictionaries,What use the traditional radical-based character index?
character's entry,What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?
traditional radical-based character index,What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?
monosyllabic,What are most words in Old Chinese?
character,What almost always corresponds to a single syllable?
bisyllabic morphemes,What is written with two characters?
Modern Chinese,What has many homophones?
single character,What may have a wide range of meanings?
Sino-Xenic pronunciations,What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?
Chinese characters,What represent words of the language using several strategies?
rebus principle,What were most words written in?
compound ideograms,What are some words expressed in?
Semantic-phonetic compounds,What are the most numerous characters?
semantic indicator,What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?
semantic indicator,What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? 
right-hand side,What side is a phonetic indicator located on?
phonetic indicator,What is the process of historical phonetic change?
phonetic change,What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?
bisyllabic word,What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical?
pipa,What is also a fruit?
compound word,What may share a radical without being meaningful?
series of inscribed graphs and pictures,What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? 
Chinese characters,What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?
Yellow,What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?
oracle bones,What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?
pieces of bone and turtle shell,Where were the symbols carved on?
village near Anyang in Henan Province,Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?
oracle-bone script,What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?
bamboo books,What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?
bamboo books,What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?
scripts,What has evolved over time?
decorative,What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?
ancient forms,What is guwen considered as?
Seal script,What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?
clerical,What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?
clerical script,What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?
there were in fact multiple scripts in use,Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?
bāfēn,What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?
zhāng,"What name stood for ""orderly""?"
early form of semi-cursive script,What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?
semi-cursive,What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?
Qiu,Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?
Regular script,What had been linked to Zhong Yao?
father of regular script,What was Zhong Yao known for?
Wang Xianzhi,Who was the son of Wang Zishi?
dynasties,What were the North and South considered as?
regular script,What continued to evolve stylistically?
mainstream,What script saw no more stages of evolution?
right half of the character,What contains four strokes?
sub-index,What do some dictionaries have?
sub-index,What gives remaining stroke numbers?
Chinese character dictionaries,What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?
Korean dictionaries,What lists Chinese characters in radical order?
characters,What is grouped together by radicals?
characters,What can be easily coined by writing on paper?
symbols,What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?
characters,What can be difficult to represent on a computer?
New characters,What can be coined at any time?
new words,What may not be adopted?
kokuji,What are also known as Japanese-coinages?
dialect characters,What are not used in formal written Chinese?
Taiwan,What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?
Mandarin,What was the preference for all mainland regions?
the official national encoding standard,"What supports 48,027 characters?"
BIG-5,"What supports 13,053 characters?"
Taiwan,What area uses traditional Chinese characters?
China,What country uses simplified Chinese characters?
Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese,"What lists 2,500 common characters?"
GB2312,What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?
new characters,What is written in modern usage?
fossilization,What is one consequence of modifying radicals?
"""harmony, peace""","What combines ""grain radical"" with the ""mouth radical""?"
Zhonghua Zihai,What does not include characters in the Chinese family?
Characters,What is formed by Chinese principles? 
Tangut script,"What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?"
The total number of Chinese characters from past to present,What remains unknowable?
Chinese characters,What becomes developed all the time?
number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries,What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory?
U+9F49,What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?
xiān,What features 33 strokes?
yù,What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? 
complex characters,What have become more rare?
zhé,What is the most complex Chinese character?
zhèng,What is one 64-stroke character?
Yu Shyi-kun,Who is a Taiwanese politician?
movie posters,What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?
Japanese newspapers,What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?
Chinese characters,What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?
CPC,What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?
bodhisattva,What is sometimes written as a single character?
SI units,What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?
túshūguǎn,What is a less systematic example?
socialism,What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?
polysyllabic,What characters are often non-standard?
double happiness symbol,What is a commonly seen example?
double happiness symbol,What is formed as a ligature?
compound words and set phrases,What may be contracted into single characters?
single characters,What can be considered as set phrases?
characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes,What are logograms?
Chinese characters,What are primarily morphosyllabic?
Chinese morphemes,What are written with a single character?
蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú,"What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?"
Chinese characters,What are written with very precise rules?
Chinese characters,What has standardized character forms?
characters,What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?
Roman letters,What have a characteristic shape?
Chinese characters,What occupy a more or less space area?
Square-Block Characters,What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?
Regular script typefaces,What are commonly used?
Regular script typefaces,What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?
handwriting of Ouyang Xun,What resembles an actual person's handwriting?
Chinese calligraphy,What is the art of writing Chinese characters?
Chinese calligraphy,What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?
strict regularity,What is not required?
cursive,What script is used informally?
basic character shapes,"What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?"
Japanese hiragana script,What script is derived from the cursive script?
seal,What script is only used in artistic seals?
Seal,What script is the oldest and still in use today?
calligraphers,Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?
characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary,"What are also known as ""traditional""?"
jōyō kanji,What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters?
Table of General Standard Chinese Characters,What is commonly used in Taiwan?
series of orthographic reforms,What did the Japanese government institute? 
The number of characters in common use,What was restricted?
2010,When was the 2136 character reformed?
majority of simplified characters,What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?
orthodox character,What was written with the structure in the clerical script?
clerical script,What script uses one fewer stroke?
The People's Republic of China,Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents?
1977,When was a second round announced?
poorly,How was the second round received?
Caoshu,What almost always includes character simplification?
cursive written text,What is Caoshu?
In the 1930s and 1940s,When did discussions of character simplification take place?
The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters,What varies greatly?
Orthodox variants,What were mandatory in printed works?
Chinese characters,What were adopted for use in mainland China?
Rev,Who is John Gulick?
"Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese",Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?
Muslims from Arabia and Persia,Who have followed this method?
Chinese characters in Vietnam,What is now limited to ceremonial uses?
Chinese characters in Vietnam,What were once in widespread use?
Literary Chinese,What was used in schooling?
December 2011,When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?
Kim Jong Un,Who stepped up after 2011?
Kim Jong Un,Who began moderating the use of Hanja?
native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning,What are students taught to memorize?
mul-su,What is name of the hanja?
mul,What is the Korean pronunciation of water?
Hanja,What is still being used according to experts?
Hanja,What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?
weddings,What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?
Literary Chinese,What was the dominant form of written communication?
Chinese characters,What is treated as being conservative and confucian?
science and sociology,What comes directly from China?
Written Japanese,What also includes a pair of syllabaries?
they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable,Why do the syllabaries differ?
Modern Japanese writing,What uses a composite system?
literacy,What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?
1949,Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?
The People's Republic of China,Who issued the first round of official characters?
Spanish,The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?
Juan de Bermúdez,What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?
pigs,What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?
the English Virginia Company,What company permanently settled Bermuda?
Juan de Bermúdez,Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?
1503,In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?
two,How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?
pigs,What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?
1609,In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?
St. George's,What is the capital of Bermuda?
Somers Isles Company,What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?
1707,In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?
the Somers Isles Company,What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?
1707,In what year did the islands become a British colony?
Newfoundland became part of Canada,What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?
St. George,What was Bermuda's first capital?
"offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism",What two business drive Bermuda's economy?
subtropical,What type of climate does Bermuda have?
Bermuda Triangle,Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?
coral reef that surrounds the island,What protects the island from storms?
"insurance and reinsurance, and tourism",What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors?
global recession,What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy?
a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances.,Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest?
protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.,Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation?
subtropical,What is the climate of Bermuda?
Atlantic Ocean,Bermuda is located in what ocean?
Sargasso Sea,Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea?
north,Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction?
west,Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction?
due east,Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction?
low-forming volcanoes,What natural features compose Bermuda?
Atlantic Ocean,In what major ocean is Bermuda located?
Miami,Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city?
North Carolina,Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state?
marine organisms,What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?
approximately two hundred square miles,"During the ice age, what area of land was above water?"
The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence,Has the seamount always been above sealevel?
a submarine volcano,What type of volcano forms the archipelago?
"periods of complete submergence,",Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?
an island,What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?
"the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge",The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?
two,"In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named ""Long Island""?"
two,"In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named ""Horseshoe Bay""?"
three,"In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named ""Long Bay""?"
St George's Island within St George's Parish,Where can St. George's Town be found?
Long Bay,What are three of the bays named?
Horseshoe,What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?
St George's,"St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?"
Hamilton Parish,What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?
the south shore of the island,What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?
Scuba,"Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?"
World Heritage Site,Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?
pink,What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?
south shore of the island,Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?
"pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters",What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?
World Heritage Site,What has St. George been designated as?
numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water,Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?
Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore,Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?
bats,The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?
Bermuda petrel or cahow,What is the national bird of Bermuda?
Bermuda rock skink,What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?
diamondback terrapin,"What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?"
bats,What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?
Bermuda petrel or cahow,What is the national bird of Bermuda?
example of a Lazarus species,Why is the National bird of importance?
Bermuda rock skink,What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?
this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds,Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?
"20th century, especially after the Second World War.",When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?
Britain,Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?
Bermudian,"According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?"
Portuguese,Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?
black and white,There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?
white Protestants of English heritage,Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?
coloured,Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?
obscures their non-African heritage,"Why is it problematic that the ""coloured"" population of Bermuda is now referred to as ""black"" or ""African heritage""?"
Asian,There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?
Bermudian blacks,What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?
conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate,Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?
"Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion",Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?
the source of the African ancestry,What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?
The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies,Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?
South-West Africa,Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?
Genetic studies,What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?
Native Americans,What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?
St David's Islanders,Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?
colonial period,During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?
exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery,Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?
English,What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?
Portuguese,"What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?"
"British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean",What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?
"Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots",Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?
"The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian",What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?
thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire,What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?
scholarly,The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?
Angela Barry,Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?
watercolours,What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for?
Hand-carved cedar sculptures,What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce?
the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835,What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?
Alfred Birdsey,Who is one of Bermuda's most famous watercolourists?
Juan de Bermúdez,Who is credited with discovering Bermuda?
a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water,What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for?
"spirits and devils,",What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to?
Isle of Devils,"Crazy noises from indigenous animals, frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name?"
relieve the colony of Jamestown,Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?
William Shakespeare,The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?
10 months,How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?
the English Crown,Who did Sommer's claim the island for?
John Rolfe,Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.
married Pocahontas,What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?
"1612,",When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?
oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.,What is St. George credited with?
"limited land area,",What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?
steady human emigration,What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?
the Southern United States,Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?
seafaring the only real industry,Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?
needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land,Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?
colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced,Why wasn't agriculture successful?
turn to maritime trades,What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?
islanders demanding,Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?
end of the war,What event caused major changes in Bermuda?
"buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,",Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?
a base more than a colony,How does the British crown view Bermuda?
the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished,What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?
American colonies,Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?
deforestation,What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?
it did not have raw materials,Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?
Americans developed their own sources,Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?
most famous escapee,Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?
"stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland","After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?"
became a spy for Germany in both World Wars,"After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?"
1930,When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?
once because of darkness and again to refuel,Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?
Navigation and weather forecasting,What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?
Luft Hansa,"Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?"
"flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda",What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?
regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes,What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?
international business,What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?
the monarch,The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?
the Queen on the advice of the British Government.,Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?
George Fergusson,Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?
United Kingdom,Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?
British Overseas Territory,What is Bermuda officially classified as?
1 June 1967,When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced?
it was amended in 1989 and 2003,Has Bermuda's constitution ever been amended?
the premier,What is the head of Bermuda's government referred to as?
Westminster system.,What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after?
"The House of Assembly, or lower house",What does the population get to vote for?
The United States,Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?
Robert Settje,Who is the current US Consul General?
The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner,Why is the US so important to Bermuda?
5%,What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?
United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp,Where were the Uyghurs transferred from?
"refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan",What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?
training to assist the Taliban's military.,What were the Ugyhurs accused of?
the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.,Why weren't the Ugyhurs deported back to China?
May 1994.,When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?
The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions,What occurred in February of 2016?
same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.,What did the Chief Justice decide?
they would seek ties with CARICOM,What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?
primarily to strengthen cultural links.,Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?
US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,"Who has ""observer status"" to CARICOM?"
an extension of Virginia,Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda?
"West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands",What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century?
they lacked British citizenship,Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents?
1950s,When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?
accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.,Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws?
West Indians and their descendants.,What cultural group has dominated the PLP?
"Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans",Who are two prominent members of the PLP?
Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies,What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?
"Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies",Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?
"the Gibraltar of the West"" and ""Fortress Bermuda""","Due to the British goverment's defense forces, what are two nicknames for bermuda?"
turned to privateering,What did Bermuda's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance?
Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy.,What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War?
following the War of 1812,When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded?
raised volunteer units to form a reserve,How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century?
base rights in Bermuda,What did the US ask of Britain in May 1940?
granted the US base rights in Bermuda,What did the Destroyers for Bases Agreement do?
the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK,What was one thing the UK wanted in return for granting access to Bermuda?
Winston Churchill,Who was the Prime Minister who reached this agreement with the US?
two airbases,What did the US begin building in 1941?
US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft,Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda?
"enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet",What was the navy patrolling for?
Kindley Air Force Base,What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally?
"host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.",What is the Naval Air Station used for?
seaplane,What was the NAS primarily a base for?
"anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels",What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?
additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda,What is located west of the NAS Annex?
US forces withdrew,What happened at the end of the Cold War?
World War I and World War II,When did Bermudians serve in the British Armed forces?
Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert,Who was key to establishing Bermuda's Regiment?
Brigadier Harvey,Who was the youngest Royal Marine Brigadier?
Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building,What is the site for Bermuda's Remembrance Day?
Bermudian dollar,What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970?
US dollar,The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably?
Queen Elizabeth II.,Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?
Royal Naval Dockyard Museum,Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?
Bermuda Monetary Authority,Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money?
minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income,Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center?
taxes all imports,What does it do in place of an income tax system?
"United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal",What is Bermuda's legal system derived from?
"import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes",What three things does the tax system depend on?
funds government and infrastructure expenditures,What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for?
"listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds",What does the Exchange specialize in?
the World Federation of Exchanges,What is the BSX a member of?
an OECD member nation,Where is the BSX located?
Australia,Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status?
British Public schools and universities in the 19th century,Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?
sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team,Why were sports important in these schools?
Former public schoolboys,Who founded organizations like the FA?
association of football with the working classes,What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules?
professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys,What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?
"Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,",How were sports introduced in Bermuda?
rowing,Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?
sail racing,Which sport was quickly adopted?
national cricket team,What Bermuda sport team participated in the 2007 world cup?
Dwayne Leverock,Who is Bermuda's most popular Cricket player?
India,Who defeated Bermuda?
"annual ""Cup Match""",What began in 1872 when the game of cricket was introduced to Bermuda?
rivalry resulted from the locations,Why is there an East End/West End rivalry?
"sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events",What events did Bermuda compete in at the 2004 Summer Olympics?
made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games.,What did Katura Horton-Perinchief do?
bronze medal in boxing.,What is the only medal Bermuda has ever won?
march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts,"What is the Olympic tradition for Bermuda, regardless of season?"
The Bermuda Rugby Union team,Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships?
There are four clubs on the island,How many clubs are on the island?
Police (Men),Who are the reigning league champions?
Warwick Academy.,Where are the Women's games played?
2010 Caribbean Championships,What did the Bermuda u/19 team win?
1914,When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?
British,Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony?
1960,When did Nigeria become independent from Britain?
1967,When did a Nigerian Civil War begin?
2011,When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election?
Nigeria,Which country is called the 'Giant of Africa'?
182 million,How many people live in Nigeria?
seventh,How does Nigeria rank among the largest-population countries in the world?
over 500,How many languages are spoken by Nigerians?
English,What is Nigeria's official language?
$500 billion,What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?
$1 trillion,What is Nigeria's 2015 purchasing power parity?
2014,When did Nigeria's economy become larger than South Africa's?
Nigeria,What is the largest economy in Africa?
11 percent,What is Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio? 
2002,When did Boko Haram become active in Nigeria?
Goodluck Jonathan,Who is the President of Nigeria?
"at least 12,000",How many people had Boko Haram killed by May 2014?
276,How many schoolgirls did Boko Haram kidnap?
the Niger River,What is Nigeria named after?
Flora Shaw,Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?
Central Sudan,What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?
Tuareg,What language does the name of the Niger River come from?
Niger,Which river reaches Timbuktu?
Igbo,Which tribe ran the city of Nri?
1911,When was Nri taken over by the British?
lost-wax,Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?
the Eze Nri,Who ruled Nri?
Umeuri,Which clan is Nri in the territory of?
North Africa,What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?
Spanish and Portuguese,Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?
Biafra,Calabar is on which historical Bight?
Bight of Bonny,What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?
Oyo Empire,Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?
1807,When did Britain outlaw slave trade?
Napoleonic Wars,After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?
Oba Kosoko,Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?
Lagos,Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?
Freetown,Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?
the Berlin Conference,Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?
Royal Niger Company,What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?
1900,When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?
1 January 1901,When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?
Benin,Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?
Christian,What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?
northern,Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?
Islamic,What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?
1960,When did Nigeria receive independence?
1936,When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?
a Commonwealth Realm,What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK?
Nigerian People's Congress,Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic?
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons,Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian?
Nnamdi Azikiwe,Who led the NCNC party?
Obafemi Awolowo,Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?
1966,In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?
Igbo soldiers,Which group led the first 1966 coup?
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa,Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?
Ahmadu Bello,Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?
Ladoke Akintola,Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?
Republic of Biafra,What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation?
May 1967,When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence?
Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu,Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War?
30,How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last?
between 1 and 3 million,How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?
OPEC,Which oil group did Nigeria join?
the military administration,Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?
federalism,Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?
Olusegun Obasanjo,Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?
Shehu Shagari,Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?
corrupt and incompetent,How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?
Muhammadu Buhari,Who led a military coup against Shagari?
1985,When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?
Ibrahim Babangida,Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?
International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program,What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?
debt,What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?
Organisation of the Islamic Conference,What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?
1992,To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?
12 June 1993,When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?
Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola,Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?
weeks,Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?
Ernest Shonekan,Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?
1999,When did Nigeria regain democracy?
Olusegun Obasanjo,Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?
almost 33 years,Nigeria was under military rule for how long?
unfree and unfair,How was the 1999 election regarded?
unfree and unfair,How was the 2003 election regarded?
Goodluck Jonathan,Who won the 2011 election?
Muhammadu Buhari,Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?
"22,495,187",How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?
"12,214,853",How many votes did Buhari get?
Congress for Progressive Change,What was the main opposition political party in 2011?
Federal Republic,What is Nigeria's form of government?
upper and lower,What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?
two 4-year terms,How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?
General Muhammadu Buhari,Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?
Goodluck Jonathan,Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?
"Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba",What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?
1960,When did Nigeria get independence?
MASSOB,What major secession movement has Nigeria had?
Oodua Peoples Congress,What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?
223,How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?
76,How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?
96,How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the House?
27,How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?
About twenty,How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?
African National Congress,What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?
Organisation for African Unity,What group was Nigeria a founding member of?
the African Union,What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?
the Economic Community of West African States,Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?
60 to 80 inches,How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year?
tropical rainforest,What type of climate is southern Nigeria?
southeast,What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?
rain forest,What is Nigeria's northernmost climate?
butterflies,What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?
grassland,Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?
the drill monkey,What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?
Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests,What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?
development and harvesting by increased population,Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?
savannah,What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria?
"between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in)",How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year?
three,How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone?
less than 500 millimetres (20 in),How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year?
Sahara,Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria?
Lagos,What is the largest Nigerian city?
municipal councils,What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria?
Kubwa Community,What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management?
Federal Capital Territory,What territory is Kubwa Community in?
thirty-six,How many states does Nigeria have?
Federal Capital Territory,What non-state area does Nigeria have?
774,How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into?
Local Government Areas,What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called?
six,How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in?
30th in the world,Where did Nigeria's 2012 GDP rank?
Nigeria,Which sub-Saharan African nation does the most trade with the US?
a fifth,How much of the US's oil comes from Nigeria?
11%,How much of the US's oil imports come from Nigeria?
8.3%,How much growth did the IMF expect Nigeria's economy to have in 2009?
1973,When was the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field found?
2–4 km,What is the depth of the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?
middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap,What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?
decades,How long have international oil companies been in Nigeria?
USD 2.3 billion,How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2004?
17.9 billion,How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2007?
United States,Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home?
United Kingdom,Which country has Nigerians sending the second-most money home?
China,Which Asian country has Nigerians sending the most money home?
Innoson Motors,What is Nigeria's local vehicle manufacturer?
Zinox,What is Nigeria's branded electronics manufacturer?
2013,When did Nigeria change its import policies to encourage local manufacturers?
Ogun,What city is Nigeria's main industrial area?
Lagos,What city is Nigeria's secondary industrial area?
27 September 2003,When did Nigeria launch its first satellite?
Nigeriasat-1,What was Nigeria's first satellite called?
Russia,Where did Nigeria launch its first satellite?
four,How many satellites has the Nigerian government commissioned?
NigeriaSat-2,What was Nigeria's second satellite called?
Surrey Space Technology Limited,Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?
United Kingdom,Where was Nigeria's second satellite manufactured?
Abuja,Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?
China,Where was Nigeria's second satellite launched?
NigComSat-1,What was Nigeria's third satellite called?
2004,When was Nigeria's third satellite built?
13 May 2007,When was Nigeria's third satellite launched?
11 November 2008,When did Nigeria's third satellite run out of power?
China,where was Nigeria's third satellite launched?
"December 19, 2011",When was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?
China,Where was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?
the insurance policy on NigComSat-1,What paid for Nigeria's fourth satellite?
NigComSat-1R,What was Nigeria's fourth satellite called?
NigComSat-1,What satellite did Nigeria's fourth satellite replace?
"154,729,000",What was Nigeria's population in 2009?
51.7%,How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was rural?
48.3%,How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was urban?
167.5 people per square kilometre,What was Nigeria's population density in 2009?
June 2012,When did President Goodluck Jonathan advocate limiting childbirth?
English,What is the official language of Nigeria?
a small minority of the country's urban elite,How much of Nigeria uses English as a first language?
Hausa,What is the most popular language in Nigeria?
"Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba",What are the top 3 languages in Nigeria?
'Pidgin' or 'Broken',What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?
Niger Delta Regions,What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?
rural,What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?
indigenous,What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?
Islam and Christianity,What are the most popular religions in Nigeria?
a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions,What religions does Nigeria have besides the top two?
over 40%,How much of Nigeria's population is Muslim?
58%,How much of Nigeria's population is Christian?
1.4%,How much of Nigeria's population is Animist and other religions?
Sunni,What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?
Maliki school of jurisprudence,What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?
Sharia,What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?
Kano,What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?
about 50%,"In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?"
40%,"In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?"
10%,"In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population followed local religions?"
48.8 percent,"According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?"
49.3 percent,"According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?"
74%,How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant?
25%,How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic?
1%,How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects?
Hausa,Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?
Igbos,Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98% Christian?
Since the 1990s,When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria?
the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion,What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria?
the Nigerian Baptist Convention,What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria?
1987,When did the Bamako Initiative begin?
user fees,Nigeria is adding what kind of costs to its healthcare system?
1987,When did Nigeria start reorganizing its healthcare system?
3.1 percent,How much of Nigeria has HIV as of 2012?
52.62 years,What is Nigeria's life expectancy?
just over half,How much of the Nigerian population has access to clean water?
8.4 deaths per 1000 live births,What was Nigeria's infant mortality rate as of 2010?
Nigeria,What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems?
December 2014,When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?
2012,When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program?
the University of Nigeria,Which entity runs Nigeria's bone marrow donation program?
bone marrow transplant,Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?
the Ministry of Education,What department runs Nigeria's schools?
After the 1970s oil boom,When did Nigeria improve its tertiary education?
68%,How much of Nigeria's population can read?
75.7%,How much of Nigeria's male population can read?
60.6%,How much of Nigeria's female population can read?
drug trafficking,What is Nigeria's most popular organized-crime activity?
heroin,What drug does Nigeria ship from Asia to Europe and America?
cocaine,What drug does Nigeria ship from South America to Europe and South Africa?
273,How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?
84,How many police were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?
Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code,What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?
the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission,What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?
2003,When was the Nigerian EFCC created?
advance fee fraud,What type of scam is the 419 scam?
bank,What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?
143 out of 182 countries,"In 2011 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?"
136th position,"In 2014 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?"
More than $400 billion,How much was embezzled from the Nigerian government in 1960-1999?
US$20 billion,The state oil company NNPC was initially thought to owe how much to the government?
US$1.48billion,"In a corrected audit, the state oil company NNPC was found to only owe how much to the government?"
the 1960s,When did the Nigerian film industry begin?
Nigerian,Which African country has the continent's largest movie industry?
"Lagos, Kano and Enugu",Which cities are Nigeria's movie studios located in?
Nollywood,What is the nickname for Nigeria's movie industry?
2nd-largest,Where does Nigeria's movie industry rank worldwide?
"1980, 1994, and 2013",Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations?
1996,When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal?
football,What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for?
Argentina,What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal?
Super Eagles,What is Nigeria's national football team called?
African Footballer of the year,Nwankwo Kanu won what honor twice?
European Champions League,Nwankwo Kanu won in what championship league?
"Inter Milan, Arsenal",What team did Nwankwo Kanu go on to play on?
"rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment",How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?
harsh and life‑threatening,What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?
"child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation",How are children mistreated in Nigeria?
"sex, ethnicity, region and religion",What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?
"inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)",How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back
Claudius decided the empire should not expand north., What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide 
To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine,What was built along the Rhine 
These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers,How many soldiers did the fortress hold 
"Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children",Who settled near the fort 
Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories.,Who raided German territories regularly 
Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned,When did the Romans leave Utrecht
Little is known about the next period 270–650.,What happens between 275 and 650
a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress,What was built in the 7th century 
In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.,How was the the church destroyed 
English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians,Who tried to convert Frisians
"The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians",Who did the pope appoint Bishop
Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops,What did Charles Martel do 
"After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands",What year did Utrecht gain in power 
Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522,What showed the importance of Utrecht
the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops,What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism
"not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast",What was part of the territory of bishopric 
The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht,What conflict affected Utrecht
the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders,Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric 
The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders,What region was seized 
"The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress",What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht
The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire,What began in 1254 
the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished,Was the cathedral finished 
Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht,How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral
"the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.",What else was housed in the city 
allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.,What did Utrecht's location allow 
Henry V in 1122,Who granted Utrecht city rights 
"the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy",What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht
"The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding",What Industry did the bishop hurt 
"In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor",What year did the bishop lose power 
Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union,What did Charles V combine 
"the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop",What did the loss of power end 
In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces,What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to 
"Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops",Why was the transition to a new union difficult 
The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city,What was the purpose of the castle 
The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt,How long did the castle last 
"the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule",What was signed in 1579 
The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic,What is this union seen as 
towards its dominant province Holland,What became the dominant province 
"Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups",What was the state of Utrecht 
temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht,Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 
the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado,In 1674 what hit Utrecht 
The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral,What collapsed during the tornado 
"In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession",What did Utrecht host in 1713 
Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world,Since 1723 what has Utrecht become 
the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete,What hapend in the early 19th century
a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened,In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht 
"the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism",What was reinstated in 1853 
"New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built",what was built in the 1920's and 1930's 
"were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style",What was railway area developed into 
the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne,What mall was constructed 
In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped,What happened in the early 21 st century 
About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare,What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face 
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry,percentage of population that's dutch 
"Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate",What boroughs are known for high crime 
"which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.",What does the dense population make difficult 
"smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen",Least populates areas of Utrecht 
"The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants",More populated areas include 
"Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin",what dominates the cityscape
An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m),What is being debated in Utrecht
the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007),What is the name of the stadium 
the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city,What is a landmark in the city 
"The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact",What does the inner city look like 
"Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out",What surrounds the mid-evil inner city 
The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open,What part of the city remains open 
Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht,What is the main railway station 
"Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service",Does the rail station provide 24 hour service
International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal,Are there rail services to Germany 
local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations,where to regular local trains provide service 
"The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances",Where is the bus station located 
"large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently",renovations are causing what changes 
Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district,what is qbuzz
"The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport",What is one of Europes cleanest 
"Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle",What does Utrecht provide for cyclist 
"There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children",What is a barrow bikes use 
"in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station",utrecht built the worlds largest what ?
well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:,Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system
"A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany",What countries do the A12 and A2 connect
"increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants",What does traffic elevate 
The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city,What does Utrecht's economy  depend on 
It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen,what is centered in Utrecht 
"Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.",What bank is head quartered in Utrecht 
Hoog Catharijne,What is the name of the large shopping center 
"The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night",how are the shopping center corridors treated 
"Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated",What is being recreated 
"The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station",what is located on the west side of the rail station
"The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students",What is the largest University in the city 
According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world,what is shanghai jiaotong rated 
"Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.",What smaller university is in Utrecht
"Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam",Cultural life in Utrecht is second to 
"Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival",What music festival does Utrecht host 
The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg,What is the name of the music hall 
"Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts",Where are music students educated 
Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts,Where are young artist trained 
Although street art is illegal in Utrecht,Is street art legal 
"1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites",What is considered landmark Architecture 
To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays,What does the city host on Sundays 
"thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee",What happens on Cultural Sunday 
an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten,What does the city subsidise
The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.,What type of coupon does the city provide the poor 
Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht,What football team is Utrecht home to
Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs,What Utrecht waterways host to 
"Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)",What is kampong 
"Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.",What sports does Kampong support 
Hungarian,What is John von Neumann's nationality?
"December 28, 1903",When was John von Neumann born?
"February 8, 1957",When did John von Neumann die?
game theory,What was John von Neumann's major contribution to economics?
Von Neumann architecture,What computing structure is named after John von Neumann?
"December 28, 1903",What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?
"February 8, 1957",When did John Von Neuman die?
"pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath",What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?
"Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing",What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?
150,How many papers did Von Neumann publish?
The Computer and the Brain,What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?
Manhattan Project,What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?
"60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics","Of his published works, what topics were they covering?"
mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication,Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?
quantum mechanics,What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?
Göttingen,Where was quantum mechanics developed?
operator theory,What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?
ergodic theorem,What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller,With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?
General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission,"Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?"
"United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory",For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II?
key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb,What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war?
Budapest,Where was Von Neumann born?
two younger brothers,Did Von Neumann have any siblings?
banker,What occupation did Von Neumann father hold?
end of the 1880s,When did Von Neuman's father move from Pecs to Budapest?
Kann Margit,What was Von Neumann's mother's name?
1913,In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility?
Emperor Franz Joseph,What Emperor elevated Von Neumann's father to nobility?
Marghita,What town did Von Neumann's family become associated when elevated to nobility?
Margittai Neumann János,What was Von Neumann's given name as member of Austro-Hungarian nobility?
ten,At what age did schooling begin in Hungary?
governesses,Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?
"English, French, German and Italian",What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught?
8,At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?
Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimnázium,What did Von Neumann enter in 1911?
gymnasium,In what room did children get education in Hungary?
Martians,What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?
1963,In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize?
15,At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?
Gábor Szegő,Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?
two major mathematical papers,By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?
Georg Cantor,Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?
"Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics",What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?
chemical engineer,What career path was decided upon for Von Neuman?
University of Berlin,At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program?
Pázmány Péter University in Budapest,Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate?
axiomatization of Cantor's set theory,What was the topic of Von Neuman's thesis?
University of Berlin,Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928?
twelve major papers in mathematics,By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written?
thirty-two papers,How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929?
Princeton University,What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930?
New Year's Day in 1930,When did Von Neumann get married?
Mariette Kövesi,What was Von Neumann's wife's name?
he was baptized a Catholic.,Before marriage what faith did Von Neumann join?
Marina,What was Von Neumann's child's name?
October 1938,When did Von Neumann get married for a second time?
1933,In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? 
1939,In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?
1937,In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?
age,Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?
limericks,"What type of ""off color"" humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy?"
regularly playing extremely loud German march music,What complaints did Von Neumann's neighbor's have?
"Albert Einstein,",What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?
Stanislaw Ulam,What mathematician was Von Nemann's closest friend?
"gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk",What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share?
a new collection of jokes,What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital?
Russell's paradox,What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century?
Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel,Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory?
the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.,What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925?
method of inner models,What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation?
from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps,Zermelo and Fraenkel's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how?
if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession,What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?
a class which does not belong to other classes,What is a proper class?
Zermelo–Fraenkel,Under what approach does an axiom impede a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves?
"class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set.",Under Von Neumann's approach can a class of all sets that do not belong to themselves be constructed?
Kurt Gödel,In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?
they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language,What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?
Congress of Königsberg,Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?
less than a month,How long did it take von Neumann to figure a response to theory of incompleteness?
usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency,What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness?
second incompleteness theorem,"Upon revising the theory of incompleteness, what was the name of the new Godel theory?"
continuous geometry.,What field did Von Neuman establish?
"instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval",What is the distinction of continuous geometry?
projections of the hyperfinite type II factor,What was the first example of continuous geometry?
In a series of famous papers,In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory?
algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant,What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure?
"change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space",According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure?
methods of argument he employed,What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann's papers?
Bôcher Memorial Prize,In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded?
Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups,What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?
algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator,What is von Neumann algebra?
the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.,What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?
1949,When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?
study of rings of operators,What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?
lattice theory,What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39?
"conserved by perspective mappings (""perspectivities"") and ordered by inclusion",What properties determine dimension in lattice theory?
Garrett Birkhoff,"Who wrote that ""John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor?"""
novel axioms,What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work?
140 pages,How long was von Neumann's lattice theory paper?
living room writing-table,In what room did von Neumann often write at home?
Von Neumann,Who established the framework for quantum mechanics?
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics,What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932?
axiomatization of set theory,What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics?
mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them,What are the physics of quantum mechanics?
determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa,What is the uncertainty principle?
formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger,The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?
determinism versus non-determinism,Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?
proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid,What was John Bell's argument?
Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof,What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?
von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories,Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?
physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function,What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?
consciousness of the experimenter,"What ""outside of calculation"" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?"
Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists,Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?
Garrett Birkhoff,With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?
propositional calculus,What concept was created for quatum logic?
"laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory",What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?
1928,What year was game theory established?
mathematical discipline.,What discipline is game theory derived from?
a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses,what are the possible strategies in minimax theory?
all the possible responses of his adversary.,What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy?
can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false,What is the difference of quantum disjunction from classic?
each of its members are necessarily indeterminate,What is frequently the case in quantum mechanics when a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate?
illustrated by a simple example,How can quantum disjuction be illustrated?
minimize the maximum loss for each player,What is optimal strategy?
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior,What von Neumann work was published in 1944?
Oskar Morgenstern,Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?
several stunning publications,How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?
uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem,What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?
matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B,What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?
p represents the prices of the goods,In von Neumann's model what does p represent?
"q represents the ""intensity"" at which the production process would run",In von Neumann's model what does q represent?
rate of growth equals the interest rate,What is the rate of qrowth equal to?
"proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann",Was the economic model successful?
viewed as a special case of linear programming,What were von Neumann's model an example of?
unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.,What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?
"fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality",What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?
When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929,When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin?
Nicholas Kaldor,What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics?
Léon Walras,In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations?
homogeneous linear system of Gordan,What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?
pivoting algorithm between simplices,What did von Neuman's method use?
algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.,What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?
1941,When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio?
Durbin–Watson statistic,How has mean square ratio been applied?
alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression,what does null hypothesis test against?
numerical hydrodynamics,The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?
smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics,What did the math of artificial viscosity do?
they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves),What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?
concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core,What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?
"he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development",Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?
"more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of ""assembly""",What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?
implosive lens project was greatly expanded,what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?
not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry,"What was the tolerance limit for implosion ""edge effect""?"
George Kistiakowsky,Who constructed Trinity bomb?
1945,In what year was Trinity bomb completed?
four other scientists and various military personnel,What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection?
oversaw computations,What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets?
Kyoto,What was von Neumann's first choice for target city?
Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.,Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city?
"July 16, 1945",On what day was the first atomic blast?
"Alamogordo Army Airfield,",Where did the first atomic blast test take place?
between 20 and 22 kilotons,What was the power of the first atomic blast?
Klaus Fuchs,With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?
using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion,What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?
Soviet Union,What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?
Weapons Systems Evaluation Group,In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project,What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?
General Advisory Committee,What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?
1955,In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?
Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery,What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?
relative inaccuracy of the missile,What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?
Oppenheimer,Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?
decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon,What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?
"while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time",What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?
1959,In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? 
mutual assured destruction,What was MAD?
quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR,What was the goal of MAD?
"Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons",What were Russians opinions of future weaponry?
keeping up with the Soviets,What was the concern of a missile gap?
"felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism",Why did von Neumann join government work?
"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm",How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?
Manhattan Project,What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?
Von Neumann,Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm?
Alan Turing,With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence?
the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged,What does a merge sort algorithm do?
von Neumann's digital computers,Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out?
allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers,What was the Monte Carlo method?
pseudorandom numbers,Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed?
von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report,What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?
"architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,",What was the significance of EDVAC?
University of Pennsylvania,Where was ENIAC located?
new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed,What was the speed difference with new ENIAC?
programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks,What were advantages for programming new ENIAC?
RCA Research Laboratory,"After the design of IAS, who built the computer?"
1953,When was stochastic computing introduced?
advances in computing of the 1960s.,How long before stochastic computing could be implemented?
1949,When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program?
computer virus,What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program?
ENIAC,On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?
1950,In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation
6 °F (3.3 °C) colder,How much colder was world in last glacial age?
stunned other mathematicians,How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head?
"Paul Halmos states that ""von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.""",Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann?
"Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else.",Did von Neumann enjoy thinking?
"""fastest mind I ever met"",",How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? 
"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.",What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?
Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of.,What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?
One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall.,What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann?
he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.,Could von Neumann recall written text much later?
"von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.",What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?
I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man,What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability?
he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics,What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?
most scintillating intellect of this century,What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann?
1955,In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?
died within two weeks,"From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?"
eighteen months,How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?
Father Strittmatter,Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann?
"did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death",Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann?
"he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy",Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life?
"always believed him to be ""completely agnostic.""",What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs?
"Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland",The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?
Soviet,Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s?
"Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania",Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?
Stalin,Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?
Finland,Salla is located in what country?
Polish state,"The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country after world war II?"
"(Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation",What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?
"Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza","After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?"
"Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.",Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?
1917–22,When did the russian civil war take place?
ethnic Jews,Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?
Treaty of Versailles,What reduced Germany’s need for Soviet goods?
Nazi Party,Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?
UK and France,What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?
Chamberlain,Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia
put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany,The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?
British blockade,"During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?"
military machinery,Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery? 
Germany,Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? 
capitalist encirclements,Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?
Great Purge,Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn’t partake in another world war?
Soviet Union,What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?
France,Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?
Britain,Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?
mid-June,"What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?"
the Soviets,Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?
Maxim Litvinov,Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?
Soviet and German,Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930’s treaty with each other?
Germany and the Soviet Union,Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?
Moscow,In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August?
"once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.",Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?
Poland,Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?
Vistula river,What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?
2,How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?
"Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia",What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?
Ribbentrop,Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement? 
10-year,How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?
either went to war against a third power,Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?
Lithuania,What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? 
Lithuania,What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?
"Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers",What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?
German,Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?
Soviet Union,Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?
Hans von Herwarth,Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?
Japan,Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?
place for months,How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?
Molotov,Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?
a decade,How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?
Hitler,A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom?
no useful purpose,What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?
Britain,Who should accept the annexation of Poland?
facing a two front war,"By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?"
signals broadcast by the Soviet radio,How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?
1 September,What day did German invade Poland?
month,How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians? 
legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland,Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland?
Brest-Litovsk,Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland?
Lvov and Brest-Litovsk,Where were cooperative military parades held?
Germany,"After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?"
"German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation",What was the amended joint agreement called?
Eleven days,How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?
Finnish Democratic Republic,The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?
over three months,How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev,"Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?"
"422,000",How many Finnish people lost their homes?
Soviet NKVD,"Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? "
Scheschupe area,What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?
Latvia,"Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?"
Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates,How did these countries become part of the USSR?
6,How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?
June,What month did France sue for peace?
Two days,How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?
"Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists",Who were the “intelligentia?” 
fall of 1939 till spring of 1940,How long did liquidation occur?
"16,000 members", How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?
"380,000",How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? 
"43,000",How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?
Poles and other Slavs,Which group of people were considered inferior?
Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens,How many Polish people were used in labor camps?
1.1 million people,How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?
7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark),How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?
two and a half months,How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?
two and a half months,How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?
"until August 1, 1942",How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements?
Herbert Biberman,Who was part of Hollywood Ten?
Earl Browder,Who was the leader of the American communist party?
Western Communists,Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?
the war was unjust and imperialist,The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was? 
the war was unjust and imperialist,The western communists claimed the war was what?
war credits,French communists voted for what?
fled to Russia,Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?
English–French war bloc,Who wanted war with the Soviet Union?
German government,Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union
the most reactionary force in the world,The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?
Britain and France,Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?
to maintain the Versailles system.,Why was the west creating a war?
Molotov,Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?
On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union,What was the title of Molotov’s report called?
extermination of Hitlerism,"According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?"
defending democracy,Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?
was over four times larger,How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?
occupied Polish territories,What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?
Manchuria,Where were the soybeans coming from?
the battleship Bismarck, What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?
thirty,How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?
a submarine base,What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?
northern Soviet Union near Murmansk,Where was the sub base located?
both the Atlantic and the Pacific,Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?
Ribbentrop,Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?
Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant,Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?
Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin,What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?
Soviet Union,Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?
Hungarian and Romanian borders,What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?
Germany,Who started refining Romanian oil?
Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy,What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?
Ribbentrop,Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?
Britain and the USA,Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?
Hitler,Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
Japan,Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
reinforce a public affection for Germany,Why did Stalin sign the pact? 
Soviet positions in eastern Poland,Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?
4.3 million casualties,How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?
three million Soviet prisoners,How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?
matter of weeks,How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?
"9,800 pages",How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?
Exploitation German Archives,What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?
Thuringia,"Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?"
personal insurance for his future well-being,Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?
the American zone,Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?
the Manchester Guardian,Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?
President Truman,Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?
London,Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?
Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie,Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?
flat-footed,What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?
1948,What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?
Falsifiers of History,What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication
until the Soviet Union's dissolution,How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?
"Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev",Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?
Both successor-states of the pact parties,Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?
Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union,Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?
Molotov,Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Stalin,Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Derek Watson,Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?
Geoffrey Roberts,Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?
the Western Powers would already be involved,"Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?"
Historian Werner Maser,Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
a line of defense against,The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Viktor Suvorov,Who was skeptical of Stalin’s policies?
"a ""conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.""","What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?"
David Glantz,Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?
a condenser,What was a capacitor originally known as?
two electrical conductors,"How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?"
a dielectric,What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?
the form of an electrostatic field,In what form does a capacitor store energy?
between its plates,Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?
When there is a potential difference across the conductors,When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?
if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads,Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?
when a capacitor is attached across a battery,What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? 
no current can flow through the capacitor,What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?
positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other,How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?
Ewald Georg von Kleist,Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?
In October 1745,When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?
a hand-held glass jar,"In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? "
the water acted as conductors,"Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?"
Pieter van Musschenbroek,What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?
Daniel Gralath,Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
stored on the glass,Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
Benjamin Franklin,"Who coined the term ""battery""?"
1.11 nanofarads,How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? 
to prevent arcing between the foils,Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
glass,"Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? "
as the dielectric,For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
strip of impregnated paper,What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?
in 1876,When were paper capacitors first manufactured?
as decoupling capacitors,What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
Charles Pollak,Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?
a neutral or alkaline electrolyte,In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?
In 1896,In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?
Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors,What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?
to complement their newly invented transistor,Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?
Supercapacitors,What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?
In 1957,When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?
H. Becker,Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?
in the carbon pores,In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?
the pores of the etched foils,In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?
a non-conductive region,What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor?
the dielectric,What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor?
no net electric charge,What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have?
equal and opposite charges,What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces?
the dielectric,What region within a capacitor develops an electric field?
the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it,What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?
one electron accumulates on the negative plate,"For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?"
the integral of the current,To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?
proportional to the voltage,To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?
the initial voltage V(t0),"When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?"
permittivity ε,"In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?"
±ρ = ±Q/A,What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?
much greater than their separation d,"In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?"
E = ρ/ε,"Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?"
The voltage,What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?
The maximum energy,"What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?"
no change of the maximum amount of energy,"If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? "
fringing fields outside the dielectric,"In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?"
will increase the effective capacitance,"When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?"
negligibly small,"When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?"
can be assumed to be linear,What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?
virtual components,What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?
The usual methods of network analysis,"Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?"
"normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used",What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?
temperature dependence,What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?
of the order 2 to 5 MV/m,What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of?
100 to 300 MV/m,Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors?
The dielectric is used in very thin layers,In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?
the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts,What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?
the dielectric must be thicker,What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors?
Ripple current,What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?
changing field strength,What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte,What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
equivalent series resistance (ESR),What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?
aluminum electrolytic capacitors,What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?
The capacitance,What value of some capacitors decreases with age?
degradation of the dielectric,What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?
The type of dielectric,What is one of the most important aging factors in capacitors?
ambient operating and storage temperatures,What is another important factor which governs how a capacitor ages?
the Curie point,At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor be reversed if the component is heated beyond?
microphonic effect,What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?
the capacitance,What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? 
AC current,What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?
audio applications,In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?
the reverse microphonic effect,What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?
DC circuits,What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?
pulsed circuits,What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?
under-damped,Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits?
a harmonic oscillator,What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction?
a voltage reversal,"When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?"
100% voltage reversal,What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience?
excess electric fields,What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor?
less than 100%,What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience?
heating of both the dielectric and the conductors,What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to?
Reversal ratings,"When designing a capacitor, what is an important rating to consider?"
hysteresis in the dielectric,"After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?"
time-dependent,What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?
very high absorption,What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display? 
very small levels of absorption,What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?
over 10 joules of energy,What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? 
Leakage,With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to?
Constant exposure to heat,What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?
interstage coupling capacitors,What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?
A leaky capacitor,What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?
cause the plates to glow red,"If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?"
a dielectric spacer,What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance?
a vacuum,What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices?
Variable capacitors,What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?
use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates,How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time? 
no significant air space,What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have?
relatively high voltage performance,What benefit is offered by solid state paper capacitors?
plastic film capacitors,What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors?
timer circuits,What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for?
Glass,What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?
mica capacitors,What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?
aluminum,What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?
an oxide dielectric layer,What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?
drops at low temperatures,What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?
by gradually applying the operating voltage,How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?
these produce full output voltage even with reduced input,Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?
Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy,What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?
carbon nanotubes,What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may be constructed?
up to 5 kF,"As of 2010, what is the highest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved?"
Alternating current capacitors,What type of capacitor is commonly used in electric motor circuits?
at least five times the maximum AC voltage,How many times the maximum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand?
driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly,Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?
the internal microscopic dipoles,What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?
dielectric dispersion,What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?
dielectric relaxation processes,What regulates dielectric dispersion?
Debye relaxation,What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?
Z(ω),How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?
C0,How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?
even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior,Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?
in terrestrial vacuum,Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?
Ccmplx(ω),How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?
microfarads and less,What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?
multiple stacks of plates and disks,How are larger value capacitors often constructed?
impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space,What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?
To reduce the series resistance and inductance,Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?
metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film,How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?
axially,What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?
radially,What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?
Radial,Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?
on a common axis,How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?
as tandem,How could radial leads be more correctly described?
the 1930s,Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?
the 1980s,Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?
connecting leads,What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?
simplify automated assembly,What is one benefit of using surface mount components?
manual handling is made difficult due to their small size,What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?
the plate spacing,What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?
with a screw,How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?
reverse-biased semiconductor diodes,Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?
depletion region,What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?
phase-locked loops,What is an application of varactors?
"display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF)",How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?
three numeric digits and a letter,What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?
the digits indicate the capacitance,What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?
the letter indicates the tolerance,What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?
in pF,In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?
"to provide a ""clean"" power supply for signal or control circuits",Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?
as a local reserve for the DC power source,How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?
the inductance,What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?
resistance,What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?
conceal current fluctuations,"What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver ""clean"" power for control circuits?"
In electric power distribution,In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?
as three capacitors connected as a three phase load,How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared?
reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var),In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction?
to counteract inductive loading,What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?
at a load center within a building,How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed?
the current through the inductance collapses quickly,What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?
a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch,What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?
A snubber capacitor,What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?
contact breaker ignition systems,What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?
a filter capacitor,What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?
a rotational motion on the rotor,What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?
series non-polarized starting capacitor,What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?
introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current,What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?
disconnects the capacitor,What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?
to the side of the motor housing,Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?
over 15 joules of energy,How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?
over 300 volts,To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?
a Brinkley stick,What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?
with the terminals shorted,How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?
from static charges,What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?
when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating,What could cause the failure of a capacitor?
overheat,What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?
violently explode,What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?
High voltage vacuum capacitors,What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?
preventive maintenance,What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?
The history of science,What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?
the history of scholarship,What is the history of arts and humanities called?
real world,What kind of phenomena does science study?
Historiography of science,Intellectual history and social history are used in what?
William Whewell,"Who coined the word ""scientist""?"
19th century,"When was the word ""scientist"" created?"
natural philosophers,What are people who study nature called?
the Middle Ages,Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
the scientific revolution,When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
true theories,What replaced false beliefs?
Thomas Kuhn,Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?
the 18th century,What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?
competing paradigms,Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?
a surplus of food,The advancement of agriculture made what possible?
food production,Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
work towards bare survival,"Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?"
The development of writing,What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
community,Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
Ancient Egypt,"Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?"
geometry,What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?
The 3-4-5 right triangle,What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?
alchemy,What research was Egypt known for?
The Edwin Smith papyrus,What is the name of the earliest medical document?
Sumer,Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?
3500 BC,How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?
numerical data,What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?
18th century BC,What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?
Plimpton 322,Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?
scribes,Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?
in Western calendars,Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?
a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician,Who was Kidinnu?
A. Aaboe,Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?
today's calendars,Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?
Classical Antiquity,Which era was marked by investigating the universe?
natural philosophy,What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?
physicians,What is an example of skilled professionals?
temple healers,What is an example of religious devotee?
natural philosophers,What would the first scientists have been considered?
pre-Socratics,What are early Greek philosophers known as?
How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?,What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
Thales,"Who was named ""the father of science""?"
Poseidon,Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
Samos,Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
natural philosophy,Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
deductive reasoning,What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
387 BC,What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
empiricism,Aristotle introduced what theory?
540,How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
factual knowledge,"Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?"
the Hellenistic age,What era utilized Greek theories?
the Socratic method,What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?
the Ancient Greeks,"Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?"
deliberate empirical research,Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?
Aristarchus of Samos,Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?
Eratosthenes,Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?
Hipparchus,Who made the first catalog of stars?
150-100 BC,When was the Antikythera mechanism used?
the Antikythera mechanism,What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?
Euclid,Who wrote the book Elements?
the foundations of mathematical rigor,What was contained within the book Elements?
Archimedes,Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?
exhaustion,What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?
Pi,Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?
the first taxonomy,What classification guide did Theophrastus create?
77 AD,In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?
the octahedral shape,What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?
to cut and polish other gems,Who do engravers use diamond dust for?
was a fossilized resin,What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?
mathematical knowledge,The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?
4:2:1,What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?
stability,What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?
the Mohenjo-daro ruler,What was the name of the ruler that they created?
1.32 inches,How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?
476-550,When did Aryabhata live?
"sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine",What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?
gravity was a force of attraction,What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?
a placeholder and a decimal digit,What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?
Arabic,What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?
the Vedas,Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?
Bhāskara,Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?
12th century,In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?
13,The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?
the nature of the sphere,What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?
Pakistan,Where are the Neolithic graveyards?
proto-dentistry,What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?
Ayurveda,What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?
Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta,What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?
surgical procedures,What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?
a positional decimal system on counting boards,What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?
10,One rod in the second box from the right is what number?
1st century BC,When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art,What text includes Horner's method?
Cubic equations,What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?
sunspots,What observations in astronomy did China record?
eclipses,What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?
Jesuit Matteo Ricci,Who made predictions in 1601?
635,What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?
112,How many records of sunspots are there?
a seismometer,What was invented in 132 CE?
an earthquake,What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?
Houfeng didong yi,What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?
enormous compression of trapped air,What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?
Gansu,What was Luoyang renamed to?
Shen Kuo,Who discovered the idea of true north?
1031–1095,When was Shen Kuo alive?
to repair boats,What are drydocks used for?
geomorphology,What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?
petrified bamboo,What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?
Joseph Needham,Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?
suspension,What type of bridge originated in China?
raised-relief,What type of map originated in China?
rotary,What type of fan originated in China?
water-powered celestial,What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?
the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past,What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?
Arab Empire,Where was support found for Greek philosophy?
the 7th and 8th centuries,What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?
until the 13th century,How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?
Arabic,What language did Muslim philosophers speak?
experiment,What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks?
Book of Optics,What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?
The law of refraction of light,What law did the Persians know of?
the father of optics,What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?
the intromission theory of light,What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?
mathematician,What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?
al-jabr,"Where does the word ""algebra"" come from?"
India,Where did Arabic numerals originate?
decimal point notation,What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?
chemistry and medicine,What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?
Hipparchus,Whose work did Al-Battani improve?
The great treatise,What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?
the Earth's axis,Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?
Copernican heliocentric model,The geocentric model is similar to what other model?
Ibn Sina,Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy?
clinical trials,What method did Ibn Sina introduce?
Book of Healing,What does Kitab al-shifa mean?
standard medicinal texts,The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?
contagious,What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases?
the 12th century,When were medieval universities created?
Raymond of Toledo,Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?
Latin,"At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?"
Michael Scotus,Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?
Latin,What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?
Bacon,Who favored empirical methods?
Grosseteste,Who favored mathematics?
Pierre Duhem,Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?
the Middle Ages,What era was important for scientific advancements?
William of Ockham,Who pioneered parsimony?
impetus,What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?
inertia,What theory did impetus pave the way for?
the kinematics of motion,What did the Oxford Calculators measure?
1348,What year did the Black Death occur?
the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?
European,The invention of printing improved which society?
a faster propagation of new ideas,Printed word enabled what?
Algebra,What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?
Scholasticism,The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?
the Black Death,What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?
Italian Renaissance,Which era came after Scholasticism?
chemistry and the biological sciences,What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?
Vesalius,Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?
a period of major scientific advancements,What was the Scientific Revolution?
1543,What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?
De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body),What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?
the Earth moved around the Sun,What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?
Age of Enlightenment,The Age of Reason made way for which movement?
the French Revolution of 1789,What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?
Encyclopédie,What book did Denis Diderot write?
The Romantic Movement,Which movement took place during the 19th century?
theory of evolution,What theory did Darwin introduce?
electromagnetism,Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?
Positivism,What caused Romanticism to end?
1880,What year did Positivism end?
The scientific revolution,Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?
Nicolaus Copernicus,Who made the heliocentric model popular?
planetary motion,Johannes Kepler created a model of what?
the planets follow elliptical orbits,What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?
Father of Modern Physics,What was Galileo's nickname?
the Principia Mathematica,What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?
two,How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?
the fundamental force of gravity,What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?
electromagnetism,What are Maxwell's equations about?
quantum theories,What science subject explains anomalous results?
1915,What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?
quantum mechanics,Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?
Edwin Hubble,Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?
the Big Bang theory,Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?
Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann,Who discovered nuclear fission?
Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler,Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?
World War II,What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?
Big Science,The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?
inconsistent with each other,What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?
the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries,When did modern chemistry come into existence?
Robert Boyle,Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?
The Sceptical Chymist,What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?
Father of Modern Chemistry,What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?
phlogiston theory,Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?
The synthesis of urea,What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?
organic chemistry,What scientific field did Wohler discover?
the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals,Late 19th century is marked by what event?
physiological chemistry,Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?
Linus Pauling,Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?
Peri lithōn,What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?
the Scientific Revolution,When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?
1031–1095,When did Shen Kua live?
land formation,What science did Shen Kua observe?
individual theorists made important contributions,What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution?
earthquakes,What did Robert Hooke study?
the theory of superposition,What theory did Nicholas Steno discover?
Sacred Theory of the Earth,What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681?
the Bible,What text did Burnet base his work off of?
"6,000 years",How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?
the first geological maps,Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?
comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals,"In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?"
index fossils,What are used to create geological maps?
layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained,What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?
shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed,What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?
Louis Agassiz,The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?
fluvialists,What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?
"were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them",What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?
radiometric dating methods were developed,What happened after radioactivity was realized?
physician,What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?
requiring physicians to wash their hands,How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?
the germ theory of disease,What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?
antisepsis,What did Joseph Lister prove?
Louis Pasteur,Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?
Charles Darwin,Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?
On the Origin of Species,What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?
both opposition and support from different parts of society,What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?
Moravian monk Gregor Mendel,Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?
the basic structure of DNA,What was the major break through for the study of genetics?
Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography,The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?
the cycle of life concept,What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?
Ernst Haeckel,"Who came up with the word ""ecology""?"
in the 1960s,When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?
Deep Ecology,What movement occurred during the 1970s?
social sciences,What larger group does political science belong to?
prehistory,Where did the ideas of political science begin?
in almost every geographic area,"In history, where could you find someone studying politics?"
Ancient Greece,Where did studying politics originate?
political systems,What did Plato study?
philosophy,What method did Plato use to understand political systems?
historical empirical evidence,What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?
Chāṇakya,Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?
brutal measures,What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?
350–-283 BCE,When was Chanakya alive?
the fall of the Western Roman Empire,What allowed political studies to spread?
monotheism,What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?
churches and courts,Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?
Augustine of Hippo,Who wrote The City of God?
the borders between what was religious and what was political,What did The City of God change?
Historical linguistics,What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?
Sir William Jones,"Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?"
catalog all languages of the world,What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?
the development of generative linguistics,What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?
a mathematical model of language,What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?
Adam Smith,Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?
The basis for classical economics,What did Adam Smith's work cover?
mercantilism,What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?
"an ""invisible hand""",What idea did Adam Smith propose?
Karl Marx,Who is Marxian economics named after?
microeconomics and macroeconomics,What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?
monetarism,What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?
using the supply and demand of money,How did monaterism aim to control the economy?
supply-side economics,"In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?"
reducing taxes,How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?
1776,When was Wealth of Nations written?
frequently,How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?
lower prices,What happens in a market when there is competition?
the division of labour,"What is the most important part of ""Wealth""?"
a scientific enterprise,What was the beginning of psychology classified as?
1879,What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt,Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?
memory studies,What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?
classical conditioning,What was Ivan Pavlov known for?
cognitive science,What is the group that human psychology belongs to?
the mind,What is investigated in cognitive science?
PET scans and CAT scans,What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?
artificial intelligence,What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?
scientific systematic sociologist,What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?
early 19th century,When did modern sociology surface?
understanding the cohesion of social groups,What is the main goal of sociology?
"he believed would trap individuals in an ""iron cage""",How did Max Weber view rationalization?
Talcott Parsons,Who was the major proponent of American sociology?
structural integration,What did Parsons believe made a functional society?
inequalities present in the status quo,What was the problem with the views of Parsons?
conflict theory,What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?
different groups compete for control over resources,What is the main belief of conflict theory?
Computer science,"What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?"
by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data,How has computer science helped science as a whole?
emphasising mathematical 'theory',What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?
History of the Inductive Sciences,What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?
George Sarton's,Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?
the history of great men and great ideas,What was the history of science during the 20th century?
Whiggish,How could Sarton's ideas be described?
interested scientists and physicians,Who studied the history of science?
what science is,What is the large question that the history of science answers?
the ways in which scientists work,What did sociology in science explain?
"to emphasize the ""human component"" of scientific knowledge",What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?
"combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals",What did Humboldtian science aim to do?
Alexander von Humboldt,Who was the model for Humboldtian science?
the only valid knowledge is scientific,What idea did positivism provide?
Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962,Where did the social aspect of science originate?
positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science,What idea did social science add to science as a whole?
competing paradigms or conceptual systems,How did Kuhn view the history of science?
a social construct,What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?
The Science wars,What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?
scientism,What was positivism called after it was revived?
settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies,What did scientism aim to do?
10 million,How many people speak Czech?
Latin and German,Which two languages strongly influenced Czech?
Czech Republic,In which country is Czech the official language?
Slovak,Which language is closest to Czech?
Bohemian,What name was the Czech language formerly known as?
Bohemian,What was Czech formerly known as?
Latin and German,What languages strongly influenced Czech?
10,Over how many million people speak Czech?
loanwords,What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?
Czech,What is the official language of the Czech republic?
1968,When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?
Slovak,What language forms a dialect continuum with Czech?
"Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian",Name three Serbo-Croatian languages that have made a point of establishing their own unique linguistic identities.
widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union,Why have many Slavic languages sought to separate themselves from Russian influence?
highlighting of minor linguistic differences,What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?
Slavic,What language family is Czech?
resentment against the former Soviet Union,Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?
1968,When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?
Slovak,What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?
by 80 percent,"How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?"
differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation,What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?
when changing from the nominative to the locative case,When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?
some scientific terminology,The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?
borrowed words,What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?
a group of 19th-century scholars,"Who called themselves ""Czechoslavs""?"
The similarities,Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?
1918–1938,When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?
literary Czech,What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?
1968,When was the Prague Spring?
sixth century AD,When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?
Čech,"Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?"
state of Great Moravia,What did the ninth century bring?
East Francia,"Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? "
Glagolitic,What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?
did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction,How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?
Lithuanian,What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?
six,How many cases did Old Czech have?
through the sixteenth century,How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?
other Slavic tongues,"By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?"
standard,What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?
no longer exist,Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?
all at once,How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?
phonological,What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?
every odd-numbered,"Which ""yer""s were vocalized as vowels?"
Bohemia,What was Czech civilization called back in the day?
Charles IV,What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?
1348,When was Charles University founded in Prague?
Jan Hus,Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?
widespread literacy,What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?
hundreds,How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?
late sixteenth century,When was the Kralice Bible published?
widespread nationalism,What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?
Thirty Years' War,In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?
German,What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?
the eighteenth century,When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?
literary tradition,What had Czech developed by the 18th century?
modern standard Czech,Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?
little,How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?
a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/,What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?
widespread national pride,What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?
Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier,What inspired the Czech's national pride?
accomplishments,What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?
the return of the language to high culture,What did Czech philologists advocate?
Czech National Revival,What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?
linguist and historian,What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský?
a major language,What didn't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as?
1809,What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?
a Czech linguistic revival,What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?
Modern scholars,Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?
Czech,What is the official language of the Czech republic?
since 2004,How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?
foreign language most often used,What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?
Jonathan van Parys,Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?
Germany,"Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?"
1914,Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?
a Less Commonly Taught Language,What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?
"Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin",What states have large communities of Czech Americans?
Spanish,What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?
"70,500",How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?
several,How many regional dialects does Czech have?
rural areas,Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?
lower class,What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?
considerable,What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?
Common,What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?
Moravian,What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?
the Austro-Hungarian Empire,"Where could citizens register ""Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?"
Moravian,Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?
"62,908",How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?
"45,561",How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?
ten,How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?
loanwords,Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?
schwa sounds,What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?
vowel length,What is stress unrelated to in Czech?
first syllable,What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?
high culture,"In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?"
Greek and Latin,What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?
hudba,"How does one say the word ""music"" in Czech?"
robota,"What Czech word did the English ""robot"" derive from?"
labor,"What is the meaning of the Czech word ""robota""?"
grammatical case,Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?
a verb,In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?
information,What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?
Enclitics,What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?
second syntactic slot,Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?
subject–verb–object,What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?
topicalization and focus,"Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?"
periphrastic,What kind of passive construction does Czech have?
inverted,What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?
accusative,What case is the grammatical object of a verb?
seven,How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?
to indicate their use in a sentence,When are nouns in Czech inflected?
with nominative case,How does Czech mark subject nouns?
object,What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?
the noun it describes,What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?
three,How many genders does Czech distinguish?
animate and inanimate,What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?
gender and animacy,What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?
past-tense verb endings,What does gender also affect in Czech?
difference in noun and adjective declension,What is the main effect of gender in Czech?
Nouns,What are inflected for number in Czech?
any case,What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take?
genitive,What case are numbers over five in?
when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case,When is the genitive case used?
a Slavic language,What is Czech's handling of cardinal numbers typical of?
marks,What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs?
Aspect,What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense?
perfective and imperfective,What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have?
completed,"In perfective verbs, what state is the action the verb describes in?"
imperfective,In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?
two ways,How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?
an added prefix,What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?
different infinitive ending,What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?
further morphology,What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?
repeated or regular action,What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?
infinitive,What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?
three,How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?
"indicative, imperative and conditional",What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?
imperative,What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?
conditional,Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?
Czech,What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?
thirty-one,How many graphemes does Czech have?
corresponding sounds in other languages,What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?
ó,What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?
foreign,"In Czech, what type of words do the characters ""q"", ""w"" and ""x"" exclusively appear in?"
those of most Latin European languages,What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?
capitalized,"In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?"
punctuation,What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?
German,What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?
only the first,What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?
Digital Monsters,What does Digimon stand for?
"virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game",What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?
a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks,What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?
"""Digidestined"" or ""Tamers""",What are the people who raise Digimon called?
trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world,What are the Digimon villians main goals?
1997,When did Digimon first appear?
Digimon Adventure,Name the original Digimon anime.
Digimon World,Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.
Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys,Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.
1997,When was the Digimon series created?
Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys,What influenced the look of the Digimons?
1999,In what year was the Digimon video game released?
virtual pet toy,What kind of toy were the original Digimon?
dinosaurs,What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?
"stronger and ""cool.""",What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture?
Kenji Watanabe,Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design?
Tyrannomon,What was the name of the original Digimon character?
16 by 16 pixels,What was the screen size of the Digimon toy?
dinosaurs,What animals were the digimon based off of?
Kenji Watanabe,Who was the designer of the Digimon card game?
American comics,How did Watanabe get his influence?
Digimental,How do digimon evolve?
Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs,How are digimon born?
Digivolution,What is the process of aging called for digimon?
changes their appearance and increases their powers,What effect does digivolution have on digimon?
"Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech",Are digimon all mindless monsters?
Digi-Eggs,What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?
Digimental,What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?
Digivolution,What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?
Digivices,What items were used to help the Digimon evolve? 
"if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die",Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?
Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data,What typically happens when digimon are killed?
reconfigurable data,What are digimon made of?
"The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently",How is a digimon reborn?
The first Digimon anime,When was the digimon life cycle first described?
Digimon life cycle,What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?
dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data,What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?
goes through its life cycle again,What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?
they will die,What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?
planned by WiZ and released by Bandai,What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?
being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets,What made digimon different from similar digital pets?
1997,What year was the second generation of digimon released?
mainly for boys,Who was the main market for the original digimon?
"Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners",What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay?
Digital Monsters,What did the Digimon pets originally start out as?
"June 26, 1997",When was the Digimon released by WiZ?
December,In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?
1998,What year was the third edition released?
a manifestation of Earth's communication network,What is the world in which the digimon live?
"the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well",What happens to a digimon after they evolve?
a group of mostly pre-teens,Who accompanies the digimon as they work to save their world?
The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series,Are the children who accompany the digimon always the same?
DigiWorld,What is the world of the digimon called?
DigiWorld,Where are Digimon the inhabitants of?
mostly pre-teens,What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons?
Digivolve,What is the process called when Digimon get stronger?
six series,How many series have aired since 2011?
Digimon Adventure 02,What is the name of the second Digimon series?
"January 3, 2005",When was the movie Digital Monster X-Evolution released?
2010,When did Digimon Xros Wars begin airing?
"March 7, 1999 in Japan",When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?
"August 14, 1999",When did Digimon begin airing in America?
travel to the Digital World,What was the premise of Digimon?
seven original characters,How many people are in the original Digimon?
"April 2, 2000",When did the second series of Digimon air?
fourteen,What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School?
Digimon Kaiser,Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people?
joins the DigiDestined,What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes?
"April 1, 2001",When did the third Digimon series begin?
"slide game cards through their ""Digivices",What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?
Digi-Modify,What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?
"April 7, 2002",When did the fourth series of Digimon begin?
Spirit Evolution,What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series?
D-Tectors,What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons?
Legendary Warriors,"After the characters transformed into special Digimons, what were they called?"
three-year hiatus,How long did Digimon stay off the air before returning?
"April 2, 2006",What year did the fifth  series start?
"D.A.T.S. (""Digital Accident Tactics Squad"")",What was the main focus of the 5th season?
ages 16 to 21,What age group did the season target with its darker theme?
children aged 6 to 10,What was the original target age for the Digimon series?
Three and a quarter years,How long after the 5th season did the next one start?
"July 6, 2010",When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing?
Mikey Kudō,Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?
Blue Flare,Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with?
"September 7, 2013",When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing?
"August 17, 2011",When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?
"October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012",What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?
Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon,Who was the main character in the third arc series?
DigiQuartz,What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?
30 months,How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?
August 2014,When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?
6-part theatrical film series,"Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?"
Crunchyroll and Hulu,Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?
three years,How soon after did another series start after the Digimon Adventure 02?
Alphamon,Whats the name of the group that defeats Cody and Ken?
the Mega level,What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series?
nine Digimon movies,How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?
seven,How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?
"October 6, 2000",What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?
UK comics,What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?
Adventure 02,What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?
both magazines were cancelled,What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?
video games,What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series?
"Digimon World, Digimon World 2",What were the first two North American games released?
strategy,Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games?
2011,In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website?
2015,What year is the video game Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth set to be released?
2013,When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re:Digitize released?
"many years, often centuries",How long does it take glaciers to form?
only on land,"Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?"
sea ice and lake ice,Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?
stresses induced by their weight,What causes glaciers to deform and flow?
"crevasses, seracs",What are some distinguishing glacial features?
99%,How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?
Australia,Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?
about 10 percent,How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?
"2,100 m (7,000 ft)",What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?
98 percent,What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?
glaciers,Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?
warmer summer temperatures,What causes glaciers to release meltwater?
Antarctic environments,In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?
when other sources may be scant,Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?
"50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)",At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?
two,How many extant ice sheets exist?
70 m (230 ft),How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?
nunataks,What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?
ice streams,"Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?"
Tidewater glaciers,What are glaciers called that end in the sea?
Tidewater glaciers,"Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?"
much less,Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?
above,Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?
"As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve",How are icebergs formed?
base alone,From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?
warm-based glacier,Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?
partly cold-based and partly warm-based,What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?
always below freezing point from the surface to its base,What temperature determines a polar glacier?
"melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base",What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?
where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation,Under what circumstances do glaciers form?
The area in which a glacier forms,What is a cirque?
armchair-shaped,"What shape is a cirque, generally?"
15 m (50 ft),How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?
surface snowpack and melt conditions,What characteristics determine glacial zones?
ablation zone,Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?
equilibrium line,What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?
60–70%,How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?
they are under low pressure,Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?
fracture zone,Which zone is the top of the glaciers?
differences in glacier velocity,Why are glacial crevices formed?
isolated peaks in the ice,What are seracs?
46 m (150 ft),Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?
Marginal crevasses,Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?
reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls,Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?
crevasses,What do bergschrunds resemble?
singular features at a glacier's margins,How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?
where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate,Where do transverse crevasses form?
Jakobshavn Isbræ,In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?
Velocity,"Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?"
1 m (3 ft),How far do glaciers generally move per day?
trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits,Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?
periods of very rapid advancement,What is a glacial surge?
failure of the underlying bedrock,What failure causes surges?
90 m (300 ft) per day,At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?
one km per year,How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?
6.1,How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?
increasing,Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?
"July, August and September",During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?
2005,In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?
alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces,What are ogives?
annual movement of the glacier,What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?
"when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer",How are ogives formed?
consist only of undulations or color bands,Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?
fifty,How many countries contain glaciers?
every continent,Which continent contains glaciers?
"Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps",Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?
"Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains",Where are glaciers in Africa located?
"Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet",Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?
permanent snow cover,Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?
20° to 27° north,Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?
19˚N and 19˚S,Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?
precipitation is higher,Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?
"Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys",Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?
they receive little snowfall,Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?
warm air,Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?
large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock,What cause glacial stiations?
direction of the glacier's movement,What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?
lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier,What are chatter marks?
abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released,How are chatter marks formed?
after the glacier has retreated,When are glacial moraines visible?
deposition of material from a glacier,How are glacial moraines formed?
sides of the glacier,Where are lateral moraines found?
when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier,How are medial moraines formed?
glacial drift,What are ground moraines also called?
"characteristic ""V"" shape",What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?
eroding water,"What gives mountain vallys their characteristic ""V"" shape before glacation?"
a glacial valley runs into a large body of water,How is a fjord formed?
"""U""-shaped",What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
the side that descends into the valley,On which side is a cirque opened?
Cirques,Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?
arête,What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?
horns,What are extremely steep cirques called?
three sides,How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?
"""sheepback"" rock",What is another name for roche moutonnee?
"elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion",What are roche moutonnee?
less than a meter to several hundred meters long,How large are roche moutonnee?
gentle slope,"What shape do roche moutonnee have on their ""up"" side?"
steep to vertical face,"What shape do roche moutonnee have on their ""down"" side?"
Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.,Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?
"Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers",What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?
very slowly,With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?
a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness,How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?
value E,What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator?
1905,In what year was the value E associated by Einstein with quantum theories of energy?
Einstein,Who discovered an association between the value E and quantum energy?
neutral particle,What did the light quantum behave the same as in laboratory experiments?
neutral,What type of charge did a particle have that behaved similarly to light quantum energy?
E,What is energy abbreviated to in science?
f,What is frequency also known as in science?
quantum,What term describes a small amount of element?
an electrically neutral particle,"What did the light quantum, in some ways, behave as?"
The light quantum,What was later termed the photon?
1900,When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant?
Einstein,Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck's recognition?
an electrically neutral particle,"Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?"
the photon,What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?
h,What does classical statistics mechanics not define the value of?
h,What is required to exist in classical statistics mechanics?
physical action,"After Planck's findings, what was determined could not take on an arbitrary value?"
the Planck constant,"What is the ""quantum of action"" called?"
quantum of action,What does the Planck Constant refer to?
h,Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?
that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value,What was realized after Planck's discovery?
quantum of action,What is the Planck constant formerly known as?
that only certain energy levels are allowed,"Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?"
forbidden,"Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?"
physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value,"Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?"
"the ""quantum of action""",The Planck constant initially was given what name?
Classical physics cannot explain this fact,How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?
"only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.","For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?"
particles,What are common things like furniture and stationary objects actually made of?
555 nanometres,Which light wavelength is the human eye most sensitive to?
green,What color of light is the human eye most sensitive to?
the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles,What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?
555 nanometres,At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?
7014540000000000000♠540 THz,What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?
by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant,How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?
7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol,How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?
555 nanometres,What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?
7014540000000000000♠540 THz,What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?
6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J,What is the energy of a photon?
7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol,How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?
black-body,What type of radiation was Planck studying in the late 19th century?
forty,How many years prior to Planck's study had the scientific community first discussed black body radiation?
Kirchhoff,What scientist first studied black body radiation?
hot atoms,What is required for the electromagnetic field to come to thermal equilibrium?
light,What does a hot object in equilibrium absorb as much as it emits?
the problem of black-body radiation,What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?
Kirchhoff,Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?
hotter,Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?
it absorbs all the light,What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?
thermal light emission,What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?
black-body radiation,Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?
its thermal light emission is maximized.,"If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?"
absorbs just as much light as it emits,What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?
laws of motion,Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?
thermal,What do scientists assume black body radiation is?
accurate,What kind of prediction does the assumption that black body radiation is thermal lead to?
colour,What type of changes in the light a hot object emits as the object's temperature changes?
Stefan–Boltzmann law,What law describes the changes in light emitted by a hot object?
thermal,What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?
the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule,What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?
the colour of the light,What about a hot object changes with the temperature?
white hot,"What color is hotter than ""red hot""?"
the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures,What did Wilhelm Wien discover?
the Stefan–Boltzmann law,What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?
the colour of the light given off,What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?
Wilhelm Wien,Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?
Wien's displacement law,The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?
at low frequencies (long wavelength),Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?
any,"Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?"
a narrow range,The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?
blackbody emissions,What does Planck's law correctly predict?
h,"In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?"
that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever,Planck's work disproved what assumption?
The Rayleigh–Jeans,What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?
multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator,Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?
Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done,"Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?"
the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture,The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?
Rayleigh and Jeans,Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?
Paul Ehrenfest,"Who came up with the term, ""ultraviolet catastrophe""?"
1911,"When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name ""ultraviolet catastrophe""?"
1911,When was the first Solvay Conference held?
Max Planck,Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?
classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum,What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?
"the ""ultraviolet catastrophe""",What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?
1911,When was the first Solvay Conference held?
"""the theory of radiation and quanta""",What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?
1918,In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel,Who first observed the photoelectric effect?
1839,When was the photoelectric effect first observed?
Heinrich Hertz,Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?
Einstein,Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?
his work on the photo-electric effect,What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?
"the emission of electrons (called ""photoelectrons"") from a surface when light is shone on it",What is the photoelectric effect?
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel,Who first observed the photoelectric effect?
1921,Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?
relativity,Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?
a wave,"Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?"
"""frequency"" and ""wavelength""",What terms describe different types of radiation?
sound,What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?
intensity,What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?
a wave,"Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?"
intensity,What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?
the energy account,What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?
gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space,What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?
photoelectrons,What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?
the frequency,What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?
no photoelectrons are emitted at all,What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?
multiphoton effect,What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?
kinetic,What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?
frequency,What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?
no photoelectrons are emitted at all,"When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?"
more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy,"If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?"
Niels Bohr,Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom?
1913,When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?
to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model,Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?
radiate electromagnetic radiation,"In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should do what?"
Niels Bohr,"Who modeled the atom in 1913, challenging Rutherford's model?"
the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus,What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford's model?
an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies,"What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?"
Bohr,Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?
the quantity,What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?
Heisenberg,Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?
Schrödinger,Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?
the fundamental quantum of angular momentum,"According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?"
the reduced Planck constant,Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?
Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom,What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?
Heisenberg,What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?
1926,When was the Schrödinger wave equation proposed?
time vs. energy, What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?
either-or nature of uncertainty,"What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?"
either-or (as in Fourier analysis),What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?
the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value,How is uncertainly measured in this experience?
Fourier analysis,What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?
time vs. energy,What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?
Bohr magneton,What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron?
nuclear magneton,What is the unit of magentic properties of atomic nuclei?
behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics,The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction?
"the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass",What three terms define the Bohr magneton value?
the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons,How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?
2007,The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?
the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),Where was this measurement made?
watt-balance measurement,What method was was used to obtain the measurement?
silicon,One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?
"the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another",What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?
it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed,Why does this difficulty occur?
there is no indication which method is at fault,Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?
the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect,"Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?"
If these theories are slightly inaccurate,Why does relying on these effects create concern?
a circular argument,Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?
"there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.",What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?
"an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units",What is a watt balance?
the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect,What value does RK represent?
the Planck constant,"If the effects are valid, for RK = n/e2, what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to?"
the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance,The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what?
"The protons are said to be ""shielded"" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule",How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons?
"related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ′p, the spin number I (I = 1⁄2 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.",What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio?
the applied magnetic field B,The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what?
there are two methods of measuring the value,How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?
the conversion factors are different in the two cases,"How do conversion factors compare in ""low-field"" and ""high-field"" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?"
Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant,Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?
electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes,Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?
the charge of one mole of electrons,What is the Faraday constant?
"by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.",How is the Faraday constant determined?
"Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.",How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?
the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e,How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?
The X-ray crystal density method,What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?
"the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance",The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?
Crystals of silicon,What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?
from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220,How is unit cell volume calculated?
the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used,Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?
the kilogram,What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants?
cylinder,What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram?
platinum–iridium,What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from?
in a vault just outside Paris,Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept?
the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011,Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest?
"The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one",Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram?
7050135639273999999♠135639274×1042 Hz,The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram?
6966662606895999999♠6.62606896×10−34 J⋅s,A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value?
Comcast Corporation,What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue?
AT&T-DirecTV,What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world?
Internet service provider,Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area?
40 states and the District of Columbia,In what areas of the US does Comcast operate?
"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania",Where is Comcast company headquarters?
"E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN",What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast?
NBC and Telemundo,What two national over-the-air broadcast entities are owned by Comcast?
Universal Pictures,Comcast owns what movie studio?
Time Warner Cable,What company did Comcast propose a merger with?
"April 24, 2015",What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner?
customer satisfaction,What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast
has violated net neutrality practices,It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers? 
a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area,What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?
"""The Worst Company in America""",What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?
often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry,How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?
Brian L. Roberts,Who is the current head of Comcast?
Ralph Roberts,Who co-founded Comcast?
2010,In what year was Roberts ranked as the country's highest-paid executive?
about $31 million,What was Roberts' yearly salary in that year?
"""undilutable 33% voting power over the company""",What is Roberts power on the Comcast board?
employee relations,"Besides customer problems, what other area is Comcast often criticized over?"
The Verge,What online media outlet ran an investigative series on Comcast in 2014?
150,How many Comcast employees were interviewed for that investigative report?
Cracked,What online publication ran a feature from a Comcast employee in 2014 that received attention?
"""Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,""",What was this 2014 article anonymously penned by a Comcast Employee called?
anti-union,What is Comcast's stance on organized labor?
"Beaverton, Oregon",A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance?
attend anti-union meetings,What was one anti-union thing that workers in Beaverton were required to do?
Writers Guild of America,What creative union aired grievances against Comcast in 2011?
one of the company's training manuals,In what internal publication was Comcast's union stance formally enumerated?
CableFAX,What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work?
Comcast-Spectacor,What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?
The Boston Globe,What newspaper named Comcast it's top place to work?
2009,In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast?
workforce diversity,On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer?
$8.19,What was Comcast's share value in 1999?
$15,What was Comcast's share value in 2009?
$36 billion,Comcast's revenues in 2009 were how much?
8.4%,What was Comcast's profit margin in 2009?
increase in high-speed internet customers,What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits?
$18.8 million,What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?
seventh largest,Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?
The National Cable & Telecommunications Association,What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?
Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee,What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?
$3.7 million,How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?
1963,When did Ralph Roberts get into the cable TV business?
Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky,Who were Roberts' business partners in this purchase?
American Cable Systems,What company did this partnership purchase?
"Tupelo, Mississippi",What city did American Cable Systems do business in?
"12,000",How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it?
3.5 million,How many paying customers did Comcast have in 1994?
third largest,Comcast's customer base in 1994 was good enough for what national ranking among its competition?
The Golf Channel,What sports network was Comcast a founding investor of?
1994,In what year did Comcast take over a majority interest in QVC?
Liberty Media,What company did Comcast sell its interest in QVC to in 2004?
Comcast Cellular,What was Comcast's telecommunication business prior to 1999?
SBC Communications,What company did Comcast sell their telecommunications company to?
$400 million,How much was ComCast Cellular sold for in 1999?
VeriSign,What internet commerce company did Comcast invest in?
AT&T Corporation,MediaOne merged with what telecommunications company?
2001,When did Comcast acquire the cable assets of AT&T Broadband?
$44.5 billion,What did Comcast pay for this subsidiary?
AT&T Comcast,What was the original name of AT&T Broadband and Comcast going to be?
22 million,"When Comcast purchased AT&T Broadband, how many customers did they service?"
Comcast Spotlight,Comcast's advertising and commercial production branch was called what?
The Walt Disney Company,What media conglomerate did Comcast try to buy in 2004?
$54 billion,How much money did Comcast offer for this company?
April,What month in 2004 did Comcast drop it's bid for this company?
ESPN,Comcast dropped their bid to focus on acquiring what sports network?
taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt,"Besides offering money, what else did Comcast include in their proposal to buy Disney?"
Sony Pictures Entertainment,Comcast joined with what media company to acquire a movie studio in 2005?
"MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists",What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?
Susquehanna Communications,What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005?
"October 31, 2005",When did Comcast formally announce its purchase of this cable provider?
$775 million cash,How much did Comcast pay for this cable tv provider?
a dashboard called SmartZone,What was the name of the interface front-end introduced by Comcast in 2007?
Hewlett-Packard,What company designed this interface?
Trend Micro,Smartzone used what company's antivirus protection?
Comcast Plaxo software,The contacts and address book for Smartzone was called what?
September 2008,When was Smartzone rolled out to customers?
Adelphia Cable,What bankrupt company did Comcast partner with another broadband provider to acquire in 2005?
Time Warner Cable,Who was Comcast's partner in the deal for Adelphia?
$17.6 billion,What was the price to take over Adelphia?
the U.S. Federal Communications Commission,What government organization investigated details of this acquisition?
second quarter of 2006,When was this deal finalized?
NBCUniversal,What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?
General Electric,What was NBC's parent company in 2009?
51%,What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?
Vivendi,What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?
Time Warner,What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?
"December 3, 2009",On what date was Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in NBCUniversal reported?
$6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming,What did Comcast pay for their stake in NBC?
4 to 1,How did the FCC vote approval of the Comcast-NBC deal?
"January 28, 2011",On what date was the sale finally completed?
"March 19, 2013",On what date did Comcast buy out the remaining stake of General Electric in NBC?
the Los Angeles Times,What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and Time Warner?
$45.2 billion,What was the value of the deal reported to be at the time?
by the end of 2014,When did Comcast hope to complete its deal for Time Warner?
Tom Wheeler,Who was the head of the FCC at the time of Comcast's proposed purchase of Time Warner Cable?
"National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association",What two organizations had Wheeler headed prior to joining the FCC?
United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division,What group sought to investigate the purchase on anti-trust grounds?
US Senate Judiciary Committee,What Senate group held hearings on the purchase?
Jonathan Sallet,Who was the general counsel of the FCC in 2015?
ESPNU and ESPN3,Disney and Comcast joined forces to allow Comcast to air what sports networks?
The U.S. Olympic Network,What network was proposed by Comcast and the US Olympic Committee?
Vancouver,What city hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics?
The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans,What happened to the U.S. Olympic Network?
Comcast Network,What is the name of Comcast's channel available to subscribers in east coast markets?
Comcast Entertainment Television,What is the name of Comcast's subscriber channel in Colorado?
2006,In what year did Comcast Entertainment take over operation of Colorado's Emergency Alert System?
SportsNet New York,What New York area sports channel did Comcast help found in 2006
New York Mets,What baseball team was Comcast's partner in their New York sports network?
Ed Snider,Who was the founder of Philadelphia sports corporation Spectator?
"the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team",Comcast's purchase of Spectator gave them what sports teams in Philadelphia?
Outdoor Life Network,What was the original name of NBCSN?
the University of Maryland,Comcast bought naming rights for what college's basketball arena?
Versus,What was the second name NBCSN was known as?
American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI),What organization rated Comcast's customer service the worst in the country in 2004 and 2007?
the Internal Revenue Service,Comcast's customer service was rated worse than what government organization?
2001,When did the ACSI begin doing customer satisfaction surveys?
increased by 12%,"When Comcast's customer service rating fell 7%, what happened to its revenues?"
most cable companies have little competition at the local level,What prime factor did the ACSI use to explain this anomaly?
Corporate Library,"What organization gave Comcast an ""F"" rating in 2010?"
over 70 years of age,"In issuing the grade, the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast's board was how old?"
$40 million,How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010?
several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it,What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast's Board?
"""Asshole Brown""","What name was listed on Comcast customer Ricardo Brown's invoice in January, 2015?"
Christopher Elliott,What consumer advocate took over the Brown's case?
$60,What was the amount of disputed money that Comcast eventually returned to the Browns?
two years,Comcast eventually refunded how much service time to the Browns?
promise to track down and fire the responsible employee,Comcast also told the Browns they would do what to correct the situation with the name change?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?
lungs,What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?
10%,"Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?"
fever,"Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?"
consumption,What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?
One-third,How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?
9.6 million,How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?
1.5 million,"In 2014, how many people died from TB?"
developing countries,Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?
decreased,Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?
upper lung lobes,Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB?
massive bleeding,What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen's aneurysm?
25%,What percentage of tuberculosis infections don't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease?
scarring,"If TB becomes chronic, what lasting effect might it have on the lung's upper lobes?"
90%,Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs?
extrapulmonary tuberculosis,What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?
50%,At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?
miliary tuberculosis,"What's the other name for ""disseminated tuberculosis""?"
young children,"Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?"
tuberculous meningitis,"If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?"
lipid,The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule?
slow,Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?
a host organism,"In nature, what ""helper"" does the MTB bacterium require to grow?"
16 to 20 hours,How long is the period between division of MTB cells?
less than an hour,How much time does it take most bacteria to divide?
phlegm,"What's another word for ""sputum""?"
Ziehl–Neelsen stain,One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?
bright red,What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?
acid-fast,What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?
fluorescence,"If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?"
M. bovis,Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk?
M. canetti,Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa?
M. microti,Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?
M. africanum,What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name?
22%,"If you're around someone with active TB, what's the chance you'll contract it expressed as a percentage?"
10–15,"Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year?"
two weeks,About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious?
three to four weeks,"If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others?"
overt,"What term is interchangeable with ""active"" when talking about tuberculosis infection?"
pulmonary alveoli,What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?
phagocytosis,What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?
a phagolysosome,What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?
mycolic acid capsule,What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?
phagosome,What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?
Ghon focus,What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB?
Simon focus,"If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus?"
the top,In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located?
hematogenous,"What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain?"
pancreas,"Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth?"
granulomatous inflammatory,What specific type of disease is TB?
lymphocytes,What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?
multinucleated,What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?
immune response,What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?
necrosis,What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?
scarring,What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?
caseous necrotic material,What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?
antibiotics,What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?
living,Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?
difficult,Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone?
two weeks,"If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered?"
chest,What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB?
acid-fast bacilli,What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture?
tuberculin skin tests,"Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?"
false-positive,What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test?
blood,What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs?
increase,"In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?"
IGRAs,Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test?
Interferon gamma release assays,"What does ""IGRAs"" stand for?"
ten years,For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?
90%,What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?
uncommon,Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?
the United Kingdom,"In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?"
high risk,What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?
Stop TB Partnership,What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis?
1993,"In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a ""global health emergency""?"
14 million,How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015?
HIV-associated tuberculosis,Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other?
American Thoracic Society,What organization created a system to classify various types of TB?
wall,What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?
rifampicin,Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?
antibiotic resistance,What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?
Directly observed therapy,What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?
WHO,What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?
MDR-TB,"If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have?"
three,"What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as ""extensively drug-resistant""?"
Italy,In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis?
Bedaquiline,What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB?
Iran,Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India?
reactivation,"As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? "
HIV,What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?
8%,"If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?"
2008,In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?
reinfection,"New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other ""re-"" word?"
one-third,"At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?"
8.6 million,Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?
8.8 million,How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?
0.35 million,About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?
1%,What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?
HIV/AIDS,What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?
2002,When did new cases of TB infection start going down?
China,What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?
1980s,In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?
80%,How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?
"1,200","Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis?"
India,What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007?
aboriginal,What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents?
Native Americans,What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB?
84%,What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups?
bison,"What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?"
M. tuberculosis complex,What does MTBC stand for?
Neolithic Revolution,During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?
Wyoming,In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?
Robert Koch,Who discovered M. tuberculosis?
1905,What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize?
milk,Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what?
tuberculin,What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?
World Tuberculosis Day,What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB?
consumption,What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?
one,How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?
1880s,In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?
spitting,What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?
sanatoria,"What were the ""treatment"" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?"
1800s,When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point?
25%,"When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related?"
Medical Research Council,What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?
1913,What year was the Medical Research Council created?
90%,About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century?
Mark Dybul,"What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a ""pandemic""?"
Brazil,What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?
World Bank,What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?
rural migrants,What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?
regulations,What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?
TB clubs,What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other?
increasing treatment adherence,Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect?
the stigma,What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?
healthcare providers,What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted?
2010,As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma?
BCG,What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on?
I and II,What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached?
subunit vaccine,What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? 
MVA85A,What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa?
vaccinia,What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A?
Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation,What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?
prizes,"Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?"
South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative,What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?
Stop TB Partnership,What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?
Bedaquiline,What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval?
2012,What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline?
five times,"Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen?"
physicians,Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company?
medical journal,What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety?
education,"Outside of employment, what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on?"
racial minorities,Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women?
whites and males,Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people?
are more representative of the populations they serve,"Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages, but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field?"
gender quotas,What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions?
reverse,Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination?
Gratz v. Bollinger,What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional?
Reconstruction Era,In which time period did discrimination policies originate from?
achievement,What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring?
1877,When did the Reconstruction Era end?
General William Tecumseh Sherman,Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?
Forty acres and a mule,What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?
Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment,Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?
President John F. Kennedy,"Who was the first person to utilize the term ""affirmative action""?"
National Labor Relations Act,"In which document did the term ""affirmative action"" first appear?"
Senator Robert F. Wagner,Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?
employees associated with unions,Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?
National Labor Relations Board,Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?
minorities,Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?
Harold L. Ickes,Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action?
Interior Secretary,What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold?
employ a fixed percentage of Black workers,The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what?
Executive Order 8802,Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government?
Fair Employment Practices Committee,What does the FEPC stand for?
President's Committee on Civil Rights,What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?
Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident,What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?
1947,"In which year were the ""To Secure These Rights"" findings published?"
the state of race relations,What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?
Lyndon B. Johnson,"Who in the generation following the ""To Secure These Rights"" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?"
Armed Forces,"The ""To Secure These Rights"" findings wanted desegregation of which institution?"
death,Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings?
surrenders some of the rights and privileges,What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services?
a humiliating badge of inferiority,Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what?
Truman,Who was the first President to address the NAACP?
"10,000",How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?
Lincoln Memorial,Where did Truman's historic speech take place?
equality of opportunity,"During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?"
federal,Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?
July 26,What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government?
two,How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination?
Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment,What was the name given to Executive Order 9980?
Fair Employment Officer,Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980?
Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services,What name was given to Executive Order 9981?
1952,Which year was Eisenhower elected President?
the states,Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Government Contract Committee,What was established in 1953?
conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors,What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Vice President Richard Nixon,Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?
John F. Kennedy,Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election?
not ending discrimination in federally supported housing,What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on?
Executive Order 10925,Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office?
President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity,What does PCEEO stand for?
contract cancellation,What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order?
June 1963,When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114?
elimination of discrimination in employment,What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?
comply to the government's policies on affirmative action,What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?
Executive Order 10925,"Which Executive Order first contained the phrase ""affirmative action""?"
Hobart Taylor Jr.,Who co - authored the executive order?
Vice President Johnson,Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?
positive action,"What was the alternative phrase to ""affirmative action"" that was being considered?"
alliterative quality,"What was the main reason that ""affirmative action"" was chosen over ""positive action""?"
NAACP,Who had issues with JFK's proposal?
NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill,Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation,Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?
Vice President Johnson,Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?
Jim Crow,Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?
Civil Rights Act,Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?
integrate public facilities,"Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?"
11114,Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?
to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees,What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
ending discrimination in the nation's workplace,What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?
Title VII,Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial?
a de facto quota system,What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?
Hubert Humphrey,Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?
Everett Dirksen,Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?
Senate Minority Leader,What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?
his successor Nixon,Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?
Philadelphia Order,Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?
construction,Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?
craft unions,"Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?"
Arthur Fletcher,Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?
became less prevalent,"In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?"
there were other areas that needed focus,What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?
Ford,Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?
racial,What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny?
necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest,What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?
U.S. Supreme Court,Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?
Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.,What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?
Ricci v. DeStefano,Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?
"New Haven, Connecticut",Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?
17,How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?
23,What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?
5-4,What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?
Kennedy,Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?
Executive Order 10925,Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?
Federal Government and on government contracts,What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?
class,"Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?"
African American Policy Forum,Which organization believed in the class based argument?
African American middle class,What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?
non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination,What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?
to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success,What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?
end of World War II,What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans?
Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill,What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?
loans at the same rate as whites,What did returning black veterans not receive?
Nearly 8 million,How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill?
higher educational,What opportunities were few for black veterans?
Dr. Paul Brest,"Who conducted a study about the origins of ""Latinos""?"
80%,"How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991?"
least well educated,"In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?"
12%,What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990?
3.1%,How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos?
people who lived in North America before European settlement,Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?
During the U.S. government's westward expansion,When did the Native Americans lose their land?
reservations,Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?
52 million acres,How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?
more than triple,"In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?"
not having the ability to become naturalized citizens,What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?
school segregation,What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882,Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?
Immigration Act of 1924,Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?
communication skills and personality,"According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?"
inherently unequal,What is one of the issues with affirmative action?
an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice,How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?
overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion,What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?
make special efforts at inclusion,What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?
Bill Clinton,Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?
two and a half years,How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?
"President Lyndon B. Johnson's ""Freedom is not Enough""",Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?
just outlawing discrimination,What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?
the policy was not the source of their problems,What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.
Washington D.C.,Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?
help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education,What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?
actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace,What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?
draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population,Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?
American Association of University Professors,What does AAUP stand for?
positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students,What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?
helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education,What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?
Caucasian students,Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?
2000,In which year did the AAUP release their study?
Richard Sander,Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?
high dropout rates,What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?
bottom 20 percent,Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?
four times,What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?
class inequality,Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?
Hispanic Americans,"Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?"
lower-class European Americans,At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?
class-based affirmative action,What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?
people of color,Who primarily makes up America's poor group?
City University of New York,Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?
1976,Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?
white,What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?
Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study,What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?
to take advantage of group preference policies,Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?
Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action,What book did Frederick Lynch author?
reverse discrimination,What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?
against affirmative action,What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?
enforcing equal opportunity,What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?
From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice,Which book did Terry Eastland write?
how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it,What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?
remedying past discrimination,"Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?"
because doing so is unnecessary,Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?
because it can prove futile,What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?
a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority,What is a definition of reverse discrimination?
these policies are just another form of discrimination,What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
Ward Connerly,Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?
merit,What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?
mediocrity and incompetence,An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?
compensation argument,What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?
society today should compensate for the injuries,"In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?"
preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical,Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over,"In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?"
people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices,"According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?"
undesirable side-effects,"Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?"
may increase racial tension,"Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?"
2006,When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?
60%,How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?
Grutter v. Bollinger,Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?
admission to universities and other forms of higher education,Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?
legacy admissions,What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?
Bakke v. Regents,Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?
set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment,What are public universities not allowed to do?
"""goals"" and ""timetables"" for diversity could be set","Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?"
competing notions of the mission of colleges,What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?
a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities,What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?
a way to advance the mission as each university defines it,What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?
If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate,When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?
banning any use of race in school admissions,What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?
entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class,What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?
California,"Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?"
class rank,What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?
returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels,"After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?"
a panel discussion,What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?
an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard,What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?
a third,What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?
the descendants,What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?
possible remedies,"Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?"
UCLA,To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?
Stanford Law Review,In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?
half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school,What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?
eight percent,How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?
Proposition 209,Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
economics,What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?
2007,In which year did Long publish his study?
increasing minority enrollment in high schools,How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?
white students,Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?
14,What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?
Office for Civil Rights,With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?
Princeton University,Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?
Janet Rapelye,Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?
many others had far better qualifications,What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?
placement on the waitlist,"Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?"
University of Texas,Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?
race-conscious policy,What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?
their civil and constitutional rights,What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?
US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit,"Who concluded that the University maintained a ""holistic"" approach to affirmative action?"
June 2016,When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?
"November 17, 2014",On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?
Students for Fair Admissions,Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?
white,"Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?"
Project on Fair Representation,What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?
until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law,What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?
more than 60,How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?
Education and Justice Departments,Who did the organizations file the complaints with?
Harvard University,Who was the target of the filing?
top-one-percent grade point averages,What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?
the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations,Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?
any eligible club,Who is the competition open too?
763 clubs,How many clubs competed in 20011-12?
12,How many rounds in the tournament?
six to fourteen,How many games are needed to win?
Premier League and Football League,What league can compete?
first six rounds,What rounds are the qualifiers?
92 professional teams.,How many teams in the first round? 
Premier League and Championship clubs,What league enters in the third round?
never reached the quarter finals,"In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??"
Level 2 have never reached the final.,Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?
the FA Cup trophy,What do winners receive? 
two,How many FA cup designs have there been?
five actual cups,How many FA cups have there been?
"2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911",When was the latest design intoduced?
1863,When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
C. W. Alcock,Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
November 1871,When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?
Wanderers were crowned the winners,Who won the first and second cups? 
"modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,",When was the modern cup established? 
competition was suspended due to the First World War,Was competition suspended due to the first world war? 
1919–20.,what year did competition resume after world war 1?
1922–23,When did Wembly stadium open? 
Empire Stadium,What was Webly stadium called at that time? 
didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81,When did the competition celebrate its centennial? 
The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system,Is the competition open to anyone? 
. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible,Is there anyone automatically eligible? 
"Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions",Who else can play? 
"Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.",Can new clubs play too? 
All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.,Do I need a stadium to compete? 
It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition,Does anyone ever miss a tournament? 
"Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,",What clubs have missed the competition? 
The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.,Why did they miss that competition? 
drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige,How did people feel about Manchester's decision? 
Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.,Did the club later regret their choice? 
"Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,",May Welsh clubs enter the competition? 
"Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)",Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? 
"other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,",Have any other countries ever competed? 
barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.,Why can't those countries compete? 
Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.,Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? 
The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years,Has the number of entrants stayed the same? 
660 clubs entered the competition,How many clubs entered in 2004-05?
674,How many clubs entered in 2005-06?
687,How many clubs entered in 2006-07?
731,How many clubs entered in 2007-08?
May,When is the final?
clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages,When do clubs above 9 enter? 
"There is no seeding,",Is there seeding?
fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only,What happens in the event of a tie?
The first six rounds are qualifiers,What are the first 6 rounds? 
The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May.,When does the final take place? 
in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000,Was there a time this was not the case? 
most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment,Why was that? 
2010–11 and 2012–13,Did that ever happen again? 
"the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final",What happened during those years? 
Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious.,Do clubs replay each other?
"12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final",What is the most games played a team to reach the final?
". Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice.",When are replays played?
"penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991",When was the first penalty kick?
Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.,What clubs were playing during the first penalty?
Cup Winners' Cup,What is the cup called now?
the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place,Does the loser of the cup gain anything?
formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998,Did that used to have a different name?
FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage.,what about the FA Cup winner?
The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League,Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything?
e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium,Where are the semi finals played?
Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue,Is there a name for the specific venue? 
semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England,Where did the semi finals take place before then? 
Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times),What was the top most used venue?
"In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.",Where was the cup held in 2005?
In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals,Where is the FA cup held today?
to recoup debts in financing the new stadium.,Why is it held at Webly Stadium? 
the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London,Do the people of London agree with this action?
"the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out.",Has the game ever fail to sell out? 
86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.,Do people oppose of using the new Webly Stadium?
The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium,Where is the final played now? 
"it opened, in 2007.",When did this stadium open? 
between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium,Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built? 
Cardiff in Wales,Where is Millennium Stadium located? 
"Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium",Was it always held in Millennium Stadium? 
"predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace.",Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place? 
. It was played 22 times in the Oval,How many times was the FA cup playing in the Oval ?
1872,What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup? 
21,How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup? 
8 replays,How many replays took place at the Oval? 
The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.,Is the use of artificial turf allowed? 
"the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.",What is the required quality of the pitch? 
92,How many professional clubs are there? 
they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.,What happens if the pitch is not up to par? 
first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.,Where was the first #G surface game played? 
The trophy comes in three parts,How many parts does the trophy come in? 
"- the cup itself, plus a lid and a base",What is the  parts of the trophy? 
There have been two designs of trophy in use,How many trophy designs have there bee? 
five physical trophies have been presented,How many physical trophies have been presented? 
". The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica,",When was the first design changed? 
The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base,Is the cup engraved for the winner? 
"as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony.",When does the engraving take place? 
"the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,",how long does the engraved have from start to finish? 
"the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game.",Is the trophy decorated? 
", the presentation is made at the Royal Box",Where is he cup presentation made? 
The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final,When did people start presenting the trophy after the game? 
"the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later",when was the first trophy presented? 
the Pall Mall Restaurant in London,Where was the first trophy presented? 
"the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times,",What happens to multiple cup winners? 
inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final,Did that ever happen? 
80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft,How claims to have stolen the FA cup? 
He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men,Did he act alone? 
60 years,How long go did this crime take place? 
the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins,What did Burge do with the cup? 
stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse,What did they do with those coins? 
Lord Kinnaird,Who was the long-serving president of the FA cup?
"Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923,",What year did Lord Kinnard die? 
"his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005",Was the cup lost during that time? 
"Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £420,000 (£478,400 including auction fees and taxes)",Where did it sell? 
David Gold,Who won the bid? 
"Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored.",is the Fa cup sponsered? 
Sponsorship deals run for four years,How long does the sponsor remain? 
one-year extensions may be agreed,Can they extend their deal? 
Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018,Who is the current sponsor? 
The Emirates FA Cup,What is the competition called now? 
"where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as ""giant killings"", is much anticipated by the public",Do people look forward to Cinderella matches? 
is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition,What do people think about giant killers? 
Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history,Does giant killing happen often? 
". It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club",Does the media showcase giant killers? 
"unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition",What is a giant killer? 
The Football League was founded in 1888,When was the football league founded? 
"Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league ""giant-killer"" to win the Cup",Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup?
1901,What year did they win the cup? 
Sheffield United,Who did they delete for the cup? 
36 clubs in the Football League,How many clubs where in the football league? 
Chasetown,Who is the lowest rank to play in the  third round proper?
playing at Level 8 of English football,What level where they? 
731 teams entered that season,How many teams competed that year? 
final 64,What place did Chasetown come in?
2007–08 competition,What FA cup season did this take place in? 
Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double,How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? 
Preston North End (1889),Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? 
Chelsea (2010),Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? 
Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season,Has any club won both in a same season? 
1993,What year did that take place? 
The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division,Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions? 
there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight,Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions? 
Notts County,Who was the first outside club to win? 
1894,What year did that take place? 
only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier,How many second tier have made the finals? 
the BBC,Who used to brodcast the matches on the radio? 
The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926,What was the first Fa cup radio broadcast? 
Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City,What clubs competed in the match? 
this was only broadcast in Manchester,Wa the game broadcast in both cities? 
the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927,So when was the firs national broadcast? 
"From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup",Who had FA cup coverage from 1988-1997?
", FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland",How are the games broadcast now? 
STV refusing to show them,Does anyone refuse to show them? 
Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK.,Has a woman ever broadcast a match? 
for the 2010–11 to 2012–13 season,What year did rebecca host the match? 
ESPN took over the package Setanta,Who took over the package from Sentana?
The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN,Who show the 2011 final? 
"Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport",Does ESPN still hold the contract? 
the 2013–14 season,What year did this take place? 
BT Sport,Who took over after ESPN? 
4 January 1798,When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?
1871–1918,What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?
France,Which other country had control over Alsace?
four times,How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?
"Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss",Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?
Clovis' Merovingian,Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?
"Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843",What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?
855,In what year did Lothar past away?
fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships,What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire?
Hohenstaufen emperors,Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?
Landgericht,Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court?
Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route,"What was the name of the route that linked Germany,Switzerland , Netherlands, and England"
Colmar and Hagenau,Which other two cities also started to grow economically?
14th century,About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?
"harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death",Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?
blamed on Jews,Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?
accused of poisoning the wells with plague,What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?
"1356,",When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?
Rhône and Meuse,What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward?
Blanche and Albert,The French proposed a marriage between which two people?
the Hundred Years' War,What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?
1444,In what year did the French reach Alsace?
1469,In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?
to gain back full control of Upper Alsace,Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?
1515,When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?
1523,When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism?
Martin Bucer,Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?
Catholic and Protestant,What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?
1646,When did the Habsburgs  sell the Sundgau territory to France?
1.2 million Thalers,How much did France pay for Sundgau?
the suppression of French Protestantism,In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?
1789,In what year did the division of Alsace take place?
La Marseillaise,Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?
Kellermann,Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?
Austria and Prussia,Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic?
lands and homes had been confiscated,What had happened to most of the people who fled Sungau during the war when they were allowed to return home?
Hermann and Dorothea,What was the name of the poem by Goethe?
"1,067,000",What was the population of Alsace in 1846?
"hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people",What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?
1820 to 1850,Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?
"22,500",What was the population of Alsace in 1790?
in villages,"Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?"
full emancipation,in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?
Germany,Which country was Alsace merged into during  1871-1918
Kingdom of Prussia,Which country defeated the French in 1871?
Germany,The end of the war led to which companies unification?
Otto von Bismarck,Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?
served as sailors,What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?
Jacques Peirotes,Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?
French,Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? 
Treaty of Versailles,What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?
1940,What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?
"130,000",Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?
malgré-nous,Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?
Nicolas Sarkozy,Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?
Philippe Richert,Who is the president of the regional counsel?
European Constitution in 2005,"Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?"
Roman Catholic,Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?
Protestant,Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?
UEPAL,What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?
local lords,What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?
"Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists",Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?
Amish,Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?
Rot-un-Wiss,What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?
"Union jack-like"" flag",What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?
the union of the two déprtements,"What does the ""Union jack-like"" flag represent?"
Paris,Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?
17th century,Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?
middle classes began to speak and write French,With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?
standard German,What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?
1940–1945,Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?
names were Germanized.,What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?
1927,When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?
Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace,What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?
Circulaire Savary,"What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?"
"introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities",What did the Circulair Savary introduce?
Alsatian and Standard German,Which two dialects were banned from public life?
"street and city names, official administration, and educational system",What did the banning of the two dialects  include?
Sundgau region,"Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?"
Yiddish,What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?
French alone is the official language,What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?
"548,000",How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?
one in ten children,"With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?"
sour cabbage,"In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?"
"poultry, pork, sausage or even fish",What can Sauerkraut be served with?
"Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages",What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?
"a lawless place"" or ""a place under no jurisdiction",What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?
ramshackle marketplace,What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?
English and Australian,"Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace ""ramshackle marketplace"" as of 2007?"
new dual carriageway,What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? 
reduce the buildup of traffic in that area,What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?
Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn,What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?
"Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest",The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?
Baptists,What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?
tenets of Baptist churches,"Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?"
elders and deacons,What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?
Protestant churches,Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?
1609,"When was the earliest church labeled ""Baptist"" traced to?"
Amsterdam,"Where was the earliest church labeled ""Baptist"" traced to?"
John Smyth,"Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled ""Baptist""?"
Particular Baptists,Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?
1638,When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?
Bruce Gourley,Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?
Anabaptist traditions,Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?
that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ,What does the perpetuity view assume?
that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.,What does the successionist view assume?
English Separatist movement,Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?
minimal,Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?
original Protestant denominations,Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?
During the Protestant Reformation,When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?
the Church of England,Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
the Roman Catholic Church,"During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?"
cousins of the English Separatists,Puritans are described by Gourley as what?
Separatists,Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?
1609,Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?
Amsterdam,Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?
John Smyth,Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?
Church of England,John Smyth broke his ties with what church?
Amsterdam,Where did John Smyth go into exile?
"""The Character of the Beast,"" or ""The False Constitution of the Church.""",Smyth wrote a tract titled what?
infants are not to be baptized,What was his first proposition?
Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism,What was his second proposition?
baptized on a personal confession of faith,Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?
infant baptism,What is paedobaptism?
Smyth,Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?
the Mennonites,Smyth applied for membership with who?
The modern Baptist denomination,What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?
Anabaptist,What name did Baptists reject?
McBeth,"Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as ""the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"""
1638,When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?
John Spilsbury,Who promoted strict immersion baptism?
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary,Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?
historical theology,What was Tom Nettles a professor of?
early seventeenth-century Baptists,Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?
continental Anabaptists,Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?
Dutch Waterlander Mennonites,General Baptists shared similarities with who?
A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley,Who are two representative writers?
one of many Anabaptist groups,What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?
Roger Williams and John Clarke,Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?
1639,When was the first American Baptist church established?
"Providence, Rhode Island",Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?
"Newport, Rhode Island",Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?
his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom,Clarke was what to Williams?
Nova Scotia,Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?
1760s,When did missionary work begin in Canada?
Horton Baptist Church,What was the first Baptist church in Canada?
"Wolfville, Nova Scotia",Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?
29 October 1778,When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?
May 1845,When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?
over slavery and missions,Why did American Baptist congregations split?
missionaries,Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?
Home Mission Society,Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?
American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA),Northern congregations formed what organization?
Southern Baptist Convention,What is the largest fellowship without control?
independent and self-governing,It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?
Baptist denomination,What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?
doctrine,Baptists are defined by what?
confessions of faith,Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?
evangelical,Most Baptists are what in doctrine?
encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.,Baptists have played a key role in what?
Shared doctrines,"Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?"
1689,When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?
1742,When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?
1833,When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?
to decide,"""Crisis"" comes from a Greek word meaning what?"
Walter Shurden,"Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be ""positive and highly productive?"""
controversies that have shaped Baptists,"What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?"
"""missions crisis"", the ""slavery crisis"", the ""landmark crisis"", and the ""modernist crisis""",What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?
Leading up to the American Civil War,When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?
the First Great Awakening,When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?
paternalistic institution,They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?
The Baptists,What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?
the Home Mission Society,What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?
As early as the late 18th century,"When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?"
freedmen,Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?
freedmen,Who wanted to be free from white submission?
"Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky",What states setup black conventions?
45%,What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?
the Caribbean,Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?
William Knibb,Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?
the British West Indies,Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?
Free Villages,Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?
Jamaica's Calabar High School,What was named after the slave port of Calabar?
20 June 1995,When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?
"More than 20,000",How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?
messengers,SBC delegates are called what?
Southern Baptist Landmarkism,What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?
James Robinson Graves,Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?
In 2005,When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?
conservative theology,The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?
the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991,What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?
1987,When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?
1991,When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?
Southern Baptist Convention,Conservative theology was the official position of what?
deprives children of their childhood,What does child labour deprive children of?
exceptions include work by child artists,Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?
work such as those by Amish children,Is work done by Amish children an exception?
Legislation across the world,Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?
These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour,Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?
2010,What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?
agriculture,What is the largest employer of child labour?
their parents,Who are children predominantly employed by?
Poverty,Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour
pre-industrial societies,Was there a period when child labour was essential?
little need for children to attend school,Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?
competent adults,Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?
short life expectancy,Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?
80,On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?
"over 120,000",Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?
four,What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?
52,How many hours did builders work in the winter?
Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades,Were children able to take on apprenticeships?
one-third,How many families were without a bread winner?
143,How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?
high number,Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? 
blacking factory,Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?
economic hardship,During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?
Lord Shaftesbury,During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?
children under the age of nine,In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?
1847,What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?
child labour began to decline,In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?
1803,What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?
early 20th century,When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?
they are exposed to this heat,Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?
paid by the piece,Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?
factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age,Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?
National Child Labor Committee,Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?
1910,What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?
cigarettes,What did children roll in a factory?
bobbin doffers,What did child do in textile mills in the US?
because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.,Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?
poor,Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?
mines,"Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?"
year round,What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?
parents,Who did the children work beside?
agriculture,Where were rural children employed?
unhealthy and insanitary,What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?
Frieda Miller,In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?
Child labour is still common,Does child labour exist in the 21st century?
rural areas,Where does child labour currently occur the most?
Two out of three child,How many children in today's world work beside their parents?
tourists,Some child work as guides for whom?
Africa,What country has the highest percentage of child labour?
114,In Asia how many millions of children are employed?
1%,Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?
Latin America,Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?
China,Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
2014,When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
data sources,What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
garments,"Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?"
76,According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?
North Korea,What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?
25th,What was the Phillipines ranked as?
Brazil 54th,Was Brazil on the list?
nothing better to do,What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?
parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.,Do the poor families put a value on education?
rural areas,What community has the most prevalency for child labour?
Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children,Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
girls,Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
learn and practice that trade from a very early age,For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
education of girls is less valued,Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
Thailand,"Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?"
not a new problem,Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?
demand,Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?
Macroeconomic,What encourages child labour across the globe?
without pay,Were young apprentices hired for pay?
child labour was common place in the colonies of European,Was child labour common in European colonies?
5–14,What was the age range of colonial child workers?
19th,What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
Millions,How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
Hong Kong,Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?
Christian mission schools,What schools required child labour?
provided religious education,Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?
stipulated jail terms,What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?
home,Where do African children find their first jobs?
help their parents run the family farm,What do African children do primarily while working at home?
estimated five million,How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?
30 percent,How many children in Africa pick coffee?
"estimated 25,000",How many children work year round in Africa?
"street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers",Where did children from urban areas primarily work?
farms,Where did children from rural areas work?
1959,When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?
physical and emotional abuse,What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?
Africa,What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?
unclear definition of adolescence,What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?
children helping run the family business.,In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?
Australia,In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?
compulsorry schooling,What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?
Child labour was not as excessive in Australia,Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?
20th century,When did industrailization take off in Australia?
"April 22, 1550",When was Brazil colonized?
Pedro Álvares Cabral,Who colonized Brazil?
Boys and girls,Who were the victims of industrial accidents?
during the time of indigenous societies,When was child labour first documented in Brazil?
electric shock,How did Armando Dias die?
fourteen,What is the min working age in Brazil?
1998,What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?
there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil,Is there underage children working in Brazil?
almost nine million,In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
2.55 million,In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
"sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances",What do drug cartels do with child workers?
physical and psychological implications,What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?
an increase,Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?
to help feed and support the family,If not forced why did children work?
between the ages of ten and fourteen,What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?
they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families,Why was this age range important?
poor,How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?
financially,What type of support did child give to their families by working?
cotton textiles,What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?
large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture,Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?
illiteracy,What became an issue for the working child?
many parents developed a change of opinion,Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?
"financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation",What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?
1966,"When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?"
legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14,What did this act due?
1989,When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?
helped to reduce the exploitation of children,What did it help do to?
23 June 1757,When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?
British,Who was the master of the east of India?
increasing need of cheap labour,Why were many children employed?
lack knowledge of their basic rights,What was the primary reason for India children being employed?
they did not cause trouble or complain,How did India child workers act?
one-fourth,How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?
one-third,How many Asian child workers are from India?
"extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.",Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?
1924,When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?
encouraged major changes to the workforce,What did the international acts do?
14,What is the age limit now in India for child workers?
hazardous conditions,What child working conditions are they protected from?
1950s,When were students used as workers?
21 days,For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?
this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission,Did they need parental consent?
2012,What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?
Uzbekistan,What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?
cotton harvesting,What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?
daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton,Did they have daily quotas for cotton?
2.7 million,What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?
chimney sweep children,What is Kaminfegerkinder?
"spinning mills, factories and in agriculture",What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?
poor farmers who needed cheap labour,Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?
children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money,What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?
"35,000",In 1930s how many indentured children were there?
"100,000",How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?
151,How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?
all forms of slavery,What types of child labour does this prohibit?
Minimum Age Convention (C138),What other international laws deal with child labour?
International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC),What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?
progressively eliminate child labour,What is the aim of this?
"Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt",What are some of the target countries?
universal primary school,What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?
amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938,What did the United States pass in 2004?
aged 14–18,What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?
Amish,What culture in the US benefits from this Act?
eighth grade,What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?
agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws,What happened in the European Union in 1996?
13,What age were children allowed to do light labour?
aged 14 years or over,What age were children able to take part in European training programs?
babysitting,What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?
leads to poor labour standards,What does child labour do for adults?
depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries,What happens to the wages of adults?
low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports,What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?
there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour,Does ending child labour have a global value?
poverty,"What do some scholars agress is the ""disease"" of child labour?"
These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour,Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?
only option for survival,What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?
economic development,What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?
economic reforms,What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?
emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world,What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?
increase child labour,What do international actions do according to these scholars?
UNICEF,Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?
production of cocoa,What do child labourers work on in West Africa?
"15,000","How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?"
Malian,What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?
stopped paying their employees,After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?
slums,Where did the children mainly come from?
bus stations,Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?
cocoa industry,What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?
European Cocoa Association,Who dismissed the allegations?
"700,000",What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?
ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom,Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?
voluntary,What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?
International Cocoa Initiative,What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?
290,How many active programs does the foundation have? 
have not yet been met,What happened to the 2005 deadlines?
Congo,Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?
"they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs",What are child creuseurs?
90 percent,What percent of materials go to China?
lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide,What is the cobalt used for?
mining and smelting operations of Africa,What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?
denied,What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?
being aware of child miners,What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?
gold,What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?
Mali,What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?
it is the second largest earner of its export revenue,Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?
primary and sometimes the only source of income,What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?
57,How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?
claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations,What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?
4 May 2010,When did the CEO go on trial?
"not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.",What was the verdict?
Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF),Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?
Zara,Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?
Bangladesh,What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?
"""track and trace"" systems",What are activists trying to get implemented?
Primark,Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?
clothing,What does Primark produce?
"""Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top?",What did the BBC program make their viewers question?
the violent side of the child labour industry,What else did the BBC expose?
three years,How many years was Primark investigated for?
fake,What did they claim about the BBC report?
apologised for faking footage,What did the BBC do?
returned the television award,What happened to the reward the BBC received?
"may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution",What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?
"stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution""","What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?"
"that can actually harm rather than help the children involved.""",What does the study say in regards to boycotts?
agriculture,Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution?
virtually all,How many children worked?
factory work,Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long?
send their children to school instead of work,What did parents do when the wages were finally raised?
University of Houston,Where is Thomas DeGregori from?
Bangladesh,What country does he argue needs child labor to survive?
political obstacles,What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor?
Domestic work,What is benefical work for children?
"children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers",What can children do in countries were trading is involved?
rich,All but what type of children must learn to clean?
Work,What is a natural process of child development?
Work,What is an escape for the young that live in poverty?
children often find ways to combine their work with play,What are children able to do during intense work situations?
full-time work,What hinders schooling for child labourers?
Good relations with a supervisor,What can relieve tension for children at work?
school may impede the learning of skills,What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?
three,How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina?
Atlantic Coastal Plain,What section of North carolina makes up 45% of the state?
the Piedmont region,What is the section in the middle 35% of North Carolina called?
North Carolina,Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state?
Outer Banks,The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what?
Piedmont,Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?
The Piedmont region,What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?
"1,000 feet",What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?
Atlantic Seaboard fall line,What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?
along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line,At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?
Appalachian Mountain range,The weatern part of North Carolina is part of what mountain range?
Appalachians,The Great Smokey Mountains and the Black Moutains are subranges of what mountains?
The Black Mountains,What mountains are the highest in the eastern United States?
Mount Mitchell,What is the name of the highest point east of the Mississippi river?
"6,684 feet",How high is Mt. Mitchell?
Atlantic,What ocean influinces the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain?
mild,What is the climate of the coastal plain in the winter?
"moderate, although humid",What is the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain in the summer?
89 °F,What is the average high North Carolina coastal temperature on the plains in the summer?
occasionally,How often do temperatures on the coastal plain of NC drop below freezing at night?
Piedmont,What region of North Carolina has hotter summers and colder winters than the coast?
90 °F,"In summer, daytime highs often reach what temperature in the Piedmont region?"
.,Temperatures over 100 degrees will typically be found in what elevation of the Piedmont?
weaker,What type of influence of the Atlantic Ocean makes the temperatures fluctuate more than on the coast?
winter,The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season?
upper 40s–lower 50s °F,What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont?
below the freezing point,What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter?
3–5 in,What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte?
sleet and freezing rain,What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for?
The Appalachian Mountains,What mountain range makes up the coolest part of North Carolina?
low 40s and upper 30s °F,What are the average high winter temperatures in the Appalachians?
low 20s °F (−5 °C) or lower,What are the low winter temperatures in the Appalachians?
80 °F,Temperatures rarely go higher than what temperature in the Appalachians?
30,Average snowfall in the Appalachians can exceed how many inches?
once a decade,Hoe often do hurricanes hit North Carolina?
hurricanes,"Floyd, Fran, and Hazel are examples of what that hit the state of North Carolina?"
Hurricane Hazel,What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina?
4,What category of hurricane was Hazel?
1954,What year did Hurrican Hazel hit North Carolina?
fewer than 20,How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year?
tornadoes,Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain?
eastern,What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes?
mountains,What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes?
cold air damming,What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina?
Before A.D. 200,During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes?
ancient Mississippian culture,"By 1000 AD, what culture of people settled in the Piedmont?"
500–700 years,About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities?
Algonquian-speaking tribes,Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?
the coastal areas,Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?
Edward Teach,What was another name for Blackbeard?
the Queen Anne's Revenge,What was the name of blackbeards ship?
Beaufort Inlet,Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash?
1718,What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?
1996,What year were the remains of the Queen Anne's Revenge discovered?
the Province of Carolina,North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?
1729,What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?
small farmers,What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?
Pirates,What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?
1718,By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?
Edenton,What was the state capital of North Carolina in 1722?
New Bern,What city became the capital of North Carolina in 1766?
William Tryon,Who was the governor of North carolina in 1767?
Tryon Palace,What was the name of the offices and residence built for William Tryon?
Raleigh,What central North carolina cuty was chosen for the capital in 1788?
North Carolina,What state made the smallest contribution to the revolutionary war of any state?
"7,800",How many men from NC joined the continental army?
1780–81,What years were the highest concentration of military action in NC during the revolutionary war?
General George Washington,Who led the continental army?
Washington District,Frontiersmen from the Carolinas moved west into what area that is now known as Tennessee?
After 1800,After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina?
eastern,The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?
the Tidewater region,What region of North Carolina used slave labor and developed a slave society?
the frontier,Where did free black people migrate to because of the looser social system?
3,"By 1810, what percentage of the free population was black?"
1865,What year was the confederacy defeated?
Reconstruction Era,What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?
compensation,The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?
1870,When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?
black voting,What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?
Democrats,What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office?
Populists,What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats?
1896,What year did a biracial Populist fusion gain the Governors office?
1896,What year did the Democrats regain control of the governors office from the biracial Populists?
four,"In the 19th century, how many african american congressmen were elected?"
a new constitution,What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?
poll taxes,What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?
literacy tests,What did the new constitution require for voter registration?
voting,"Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?"
1964,What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?
Democratic,What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?
"tobacco, cotton and agriculture",What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?
late 19th century,When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina?
western counties of the Piedmont,Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina?
cotton mills,What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on?
New Deal programs,What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression?
farmers,Who did the new deal programs benefit?
cotton and tobacco,What crops was the New Deal Program made for?
World War II,After what war did the states economy improve?
Charlotte,In the 1990's what NC city became a national banking center?
prehistoric indigenous cultures,What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years?
earthwork,"Before 200 AD, people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes?"
Succeeding peoples,Who continued to build on to the religious mounds?
Mississippian culture,"Before European contact, who built large cities and regional trading networks?"
Cahokia,What was the largest city in the Piedmont before European contact?
Joara,"In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?"
a regional chiefdom,What is Joara?
near present-day Morganton,Where would present day Joara be?
Hernando de Soto,What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?
1540,What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?
Sir Walter Raleigh,Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?
Elizabeth I,Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?
1584,What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina?
North Carolina,What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize?
two,How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580?
Virginia,"In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?"
1663,What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?
North Carolina's borders,What did King Charles II's charter establish?
Charles I,"Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name?"
1665,What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina?
English colonists,"After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?"
Virginia,Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?
less available,The English colonist  left virginia because of what issue with the land there?
Nathaniel Batts,Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas?
1655,What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina?
Low Country,Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?
uplands,Western North carolina is also known as what?
eastern North Carolina,Where was The Tidewater located?
The Tidewater,Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle?
the British Crown,Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution?
indentured servants,Most English colonists arrived as what?
laborers,Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?
passage,What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?
African slaves,Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days?
slaves,"As indentured servants improved the economy, there became a greater need to import more what?"
1776,What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence?
the British Crown,Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776?
1780,What year was Americas Victory at King's Mountain?
1000,How many North Carolina mountain men fought at King's Mountain?
1000,How many British troops fought at king's Mountain?
the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia,Who met the British army as they moved north?
the British Cavalry,Who lost the battle of Cowpens?
Commander Banastre Tarleton,Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?
"January 17, 1781",What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?
The Race for the River,What is another name for the race to the Dan?
Catawba,The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?
1781,What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?
Greensboro,What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?
Virginia coastline,"After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?"
to get reinforcements,What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?
the Constitution,North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document?
"November 21, 1789",What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution?
1840,What year was the state capitol building of North Carolina completed?
Raleigh,Where was the capitol building completed in 1840?
eastern,What part of the state were most slave and plantation owners concentrated in?
Virginia,Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?
free their slaves,After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?
rose,What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?
Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad,What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836?
Raleigh,The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city?
North Carolina Railroad,"In 1849, what railroad was created?"
west,What direction did the North carolina railroad extend?
Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch,What stretch of the railroad was vital to the confederates in the civil war?
33,"In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?"
eastern Tidewater,Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?
plantations,What type of land did the slaves live on?
"30,463",How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?
eastern coastal plain,Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?
one-third,What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?
South Carolina,North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?
May 20,When was North Carolinas official secession?
"May 7, 1861",When was Tennessees informal secession?
"June 8, 1861",When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?
the Confederacy,Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession?
yeoman,Some of what farmers remained neutral during the civil war?
in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region,Where were the yoeman farmers that remained neutral during the civil war located?
"2,000",How many North Carolinians from the west fought for the union Army?
1862 and 1863,When did union forces occupy coastal areas of North carolina?
Army of Northern Virginia,What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?
virtually all,How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?
Bentonville,What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina?
General Joseph Johnston,What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville?
General William Tecumseh Sherman,What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville?
Private Henry Wyatt,Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?
North Carolina,Where was henry Wyatt from?
in the Battle of Big Bethel,What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in?
June 1861,When did Henry Wyatt die?
July 1863,When was the battle of Gettysburg?
Bible Belt,What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?
Baptists,What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?
Southern Baptist,What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?
United Methodist Church,What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?
Roman Catholic,What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?
ethnic and religious diversity,Immigrants from latin America coming to North Carolina is increasing what?
increased,What has happened to the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in North Carolina?
increased,Religious diversity in North Carolina has generally what?
Methodism,What is the second largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina?
Guilford,What county in Piedmont is methodism especially strong in?
Old North State,What is the Nickname given to North Carolina?
17.9,"Science, Technology, energy, and math industries have risen what percent since 2001?"
5,What is raleigh-Cary ranked among the 51 largest metro areas in the country?
$424.9 billion,What was North Carolinas gross state product in 2010?
$2.4bn,What was North Carolinas state debt in 2012?
1976,North carolina voters have leaned republican since what year?
2008,What year did North Carolina voters once again vote for a Democrat?
1992,What year did Bill Clinton win North Carolina?
1996,What year did Bill Clinton lose North Carolina?
Charlotte,Where was the 2012 democratic national Convention held?
Pat McCrory,Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012?
Republican,What political party does Pat McCrory belong to?
Dan Forest,Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2012?
Republican,What political party does Dan Forest belong to?
David Rouzer,Who won North Carolinas 7th congressional district seat in 2014?
North Carolina Department of Public Instruction,What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?
the board,Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?
2009,What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools?
115,How many public school systems does North Carolina have?
Wake County Public School System,What is the largest school system in North Carolina?
North Carolina,What state opened the first public university in the United States?
1795,What year was the first public university opened in the United States?
University of North Carolina,What was the name of the first public university to open in the US?
North Carolina State University,What is the largest University in North Carolina?
"34,000",How many students does North Carolina State University enroll?
private,Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina?
Shaw University,What was the first black college in the south?
Belmont Abbey College,What is the name of the only Catholic college in the Carolinas?
Lenoir-Rhyne University,What is the name of the only Lutheran University in North Carolina?
three,How many major league sports franchises make North carolina home?
The Hurricanes,What is the only professional team from North carolina to have won a league championship?
National Hockey League,The Carolina Hurricanes belong to what league?
National Basketball Association,The Charlotte Hornets belong to what league?
National Football League,The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league?
Charlotte Motor Speedway,What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year?
Concord,Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located?
Charlotte,What North Carolina city hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame?
Concord,What North carolina city is home to several top racing teams?
18,How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?
Greensboro,Where is the ACC headquarters?
North Carolina,Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held?
Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium,What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year?
two,How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four?
several million,How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year?
Western,What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?
Appalachian,Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge Parkway are located in what mountain range?
over 25 million,How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013?
Asheville,What North Carolina City is consistently voted one of the top places to live in the United States?
Carolina Hurricanes,What Hockey team is located in Raleigh?
NHL,What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?
North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame,What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?
J. C. Raulston Arboretum,What arboretum is located in Raleigh?
The Piedmont Triad,What is the center of North Carolina called?
The Piedmont Triad,Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located?
Asheboro,What city is the North Carolina Zoo in?
five,How many miles of shaded pathways does the Nort Carolina Zoo have?
Wilkesboro,What North Carolina City hosts the Merlefest?
recreational,"Fishing, hunting, and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina?"
fall colors,"In the Fall, people go to North Carolina to see what?"
spelunking,What is another name for caving?
34,Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?
14,How many national parks are in North Carolina?
central North Carolina,Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located?
Eastern North Carolina,Where is Croatan National Forest located?
Greensboro,Where is the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park?
nonprofit arts and culture,What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina?
"43,600",How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry?
$119 million,How much money does the nonprofit arts and culture industry raise for government?
North Carolina Museum of Art,What was the first museum in the country to be formed by legislature?
millions,How much money does the North Carolina Museum of art generate?
Charlotte,Where is SouthPark Mall located?
SouthPark Mall,What is the largest mall in the carolinas?
2.0 million square feet,How big is SouthPark Mall?
Winston-Salem,Where is the hanes Mall located?
Greensboro,Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?
pork barbecue,What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?
Boston butt,What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?
Lexington barbecue,What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?
pork shoulder,What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?
"over 100,000",How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?
doughnut,Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores?
Winston-Salem,Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters?
1898,When was pepsi-Cola first produced?
New Bern,Where was pepsi first produced?
Salisbury,What city was Cheerwine created and based in?
Noni Bacca Winery,What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?
Ashe County,What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?
grape,Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?
15%.,North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?
Asheville,What city was named Beer City USA?
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?
Tobacco,The invention of cigarettes made what popular?
1874,What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded?
425 million,How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914?
Tobacco,What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war?
Jacksonville,Where is Camp Lejeune located?
Marine Corps Base Camp,What is Camp Lejeune?
Jacksonville,Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city?
Goldsboro,Where is Seymour johnson air force base located?
Southport,Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed?
Heian,What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?
Heian-kyō,The Heian period is named after what city?
peace,What does heian mean in Japanese?
Fujiwara,What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?
poetry and literature,The Heian period was known for what types of art?
Nara,What was the name of the period before the Heian era?
794 A.D,The Heian period began in what year?
samurai,What warrior class rose during the Heian era?
Kyōto,Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?
Kanmu,What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?
Fujiwara,What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?
Taira no Masakado,Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?
Hitachi,Masakado led an uprising in what province?
Fujiwara no Sumitomo,What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?
939 A.D,In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?
"1,000",Heian was Japan's capital for how many years?
70,Nara was the former capital for how many years?
Buddhist,What religion was gaining popularity in Nara?
784–967,What time period was the early Heian era?
Tang,Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital?
Emishi,What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon?
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro,What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?
Sei-i Taishōgun,What was Tamuramaro's military title?
801,The Emishi were defeated in what year?
Honshū,The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?
806,In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?
Metropolitan Police Board,What office replaced the imperial guards?
Emperor's Private Office,What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?
838,Tang China's influence over Japan ended in what year?
sixth,In what century did the Soga family take the throne?
Fujiwara,A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?
Daigo,Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?
897-930,Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?
shōen,What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?
a share of the harvest,Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?
early tenth century,The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?
katakana,What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?
hiragana,What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?
Sei Shōnagon,Who is the author of The Pillow Book?
Murasaki Shikibu,Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?
yamato-e,What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?
Land management,What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?
"""house governments,""",What grew during the second phase of shoen development?
Taihō Code,What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?
Fujiwara,Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?
792,The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?
oryoshi,Warriors appointed to a province were called what?
tsuibushi,Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?
imperial court,Where did final authority over the military lie?
Shōen holders,Who had increased access to better military technology?
civil and religious,Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?
provincial upper class,Which class became a new military elite?
warrior,"What does the word ""bushi"" mean?"
tenth,Bushi formed new associations in what century?
connections to the imperial court,How did military families gain prestige?
"Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan",Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?
Go-Sanjō,Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?
Go-Sanjō,Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?
insei,What term was used for behind the scenes governance?
In-no-cho,The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?
Minamoto,The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?
insei system,What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?
1086 to 1156,The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?
Fujiwara no Yorinaga,What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
Hōgen Rebellion,What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
Taira and Minamoto,What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
1159,In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
Taira,"After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?"
Taira Kiyomori,What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
19,How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
Antoku,What was the name of Takakura's successor?
45,Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji,What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
daimyos,What was the term used to describe military governors?
jito,What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?
Go-Toba,What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?
Buddhism,What religion spread during the Heian period?
Tendai and Shingon,What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?
Kūkai,Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?
every creature,Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?
poetry,What artform became a mark of status in the courts?
handwriting,"During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?"
poor or hasty writing,"What was said to show low status or ""poor breeding""?"
Kimi ga Yo,What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?
Iroha,What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?
Sei Shōnagon,The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?
rice,What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?
Ryōmin,What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?
1000,Currency gradually disappeared around what year?
rice,What crop became the primary unit of exchange?
Heian-kyō and Nara,Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?
The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces,Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?
organizational dynamism,The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?
Shogun 2,Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?
"Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara",What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?
Gempei War,The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?
24 November 1859,When was the Origin of Species published?
Charles Darwin,Who wrote The Origin of Species?
evolutionary biology,What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?
Beagle expedition,What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?
through a process of natural selection,How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?
dissident anatomists,Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?
the Church of England,Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?
Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial,What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?
"that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals.",How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?
natural theology,Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?
non-specialist readers,What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?
T. H. Huxley,Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?
scientific naturalism,What was T.H. Huxley promoting?
"""the eclipse of Darwinism""",What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?
in the 1930s and 1940s,When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?
Aristotle,To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?
Greek philosopher Empedocles,Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?
allegorically,How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?
"monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.",What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?
the Royal Society,Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?
John Ray,Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?
Carl Linnaeus,Who created a biological classification in 1735?
4004 BC,When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?
James Hutton,"Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?"
Erasmus Darwin,What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?
hypothesis of transmutation of species,What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?
Lamarckism,What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?
Georges Cuvier,Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?
William Paley's,Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?
Natural Theology,What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? 
Church of England,What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?
a threat to divinely appointed social order.,How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?
adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment,How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?
1825,When did Darwin begin attending university?
Edinburgh University,What university did Darwin attend?
medicine,What was Darwin originally studying at university?
Robert Grant,Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?
Adam Sedgwick,With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?
Beagle expedition,What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?
Charles Lyell,Who wrote The Principles of Geology?
St. Jago,Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?
huge armadillos,What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?
"their relatives on the island seemed ""miserable, degraded savages""",What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?
Richard Owen,Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?
Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea,What did John Gould announce in 1837?
three separate species,How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?
ornithologist,What type of scientist was John Gould?
an ape,Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?
An Essay on the Principle of Population,Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?
breed beyond their means and struggle to survive,What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?
plants,Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?
"""warring of the species""",What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?
Lyell,Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?
"""Pencil Sketch""",What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?
Joseph Dalton Hooker,Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?
scientific results of the Beagle voyage,What information was Darwin's essay based on?
230-page,How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,What was the name of the anonymously published science book?
a linear progression,What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?
Robert Chambers,Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?
that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time.,What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?
Herbert Spencer,Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?
barnacle,What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?
1854,In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?
1856,By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?
fancy pigeon,Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?
plant seeds and animals,What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>
1855,"When was the ""Introduction of Species"" paper written?"
Alfred Russel Wallace,"Who wrote the ""Introduction of Species"" paper?"
"if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species",How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?
Charles Lyell,Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?
1–2 May 1856,When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?
"""big book"" on Natural Selection,",Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?
twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism,What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?
Wallace,"Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?"
Darwin,"Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?"
Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.,What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
"""an abstract of my whole work"".","What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?"
John Murray III,Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?
2⁄3 of the profits,What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?
6th edition,What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?
nearly £3000,How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?
On the Origin of Species,What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?
An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection,What had Darwin wanted to name his book?
Murray,"Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?"
"an alternative for ""varieties"" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races","What does the word ""races"" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?"
"by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life",What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?
1838,By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?
fear of religious persecution or social disgrace,Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?
Glen Roy,Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?
his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma.,Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?
Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable,What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?
Darwin always finished one book before starting another,What was Darwin's process on writing his books?
five years,What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?
John van Wyhe,Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?
fifteen shillings,What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?
1250 copies,How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?
Murray's autumn sale,"Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?"
six editions,How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?
Mudie's Library,"Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?"
claimed it included false metaphysics,What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?
George Jackson Mivart,Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?
the sixth edition,"When did Charles Darwin first use the word ""evolution"" in On the Origin of Species?"
"added a new chapter VII,",What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?
Miscellaneous objections,What was chapter VII entitled?
two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin,Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?
a 5% royalty,How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?
mid January 1860,When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?
asked Gray to keep any profits,What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?
"2,500 copies",What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?
"Heinrich Georg Bronn,",Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?
"the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted.",What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?
"""perfected races""","What did Bronn change ""Favoured Races"" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?"
Julius Victor Carus,Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?
numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed,Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?
a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos,What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?
Joseph Butler,Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?
John Herschel,Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?
the second edition,In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?
ancient Egypt,How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?
fancy pigeon breeding,What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?
one species of rock pigeon,From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?
the small changes,Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?
is arbitrary,What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?
"""species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties""",What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?
variation among individuals of the same species,What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?
"incipient species""","What did Darwin say that a ""well marked variety"" could be called?"
generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species,What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?
doctrine of Malthus,What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?
"""a large and metaphorical sense","Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase ""Struggle for Existence?"""
all organisms are exposed to severe competition,What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?
competition is most severe between closely related forms,When is competition strongest in the natural world?
"fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature"".",Why is competition so fierce between related species?
"sharp divergence in character between breeds,",What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?
extinction of some species,What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?
descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions,What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?
"sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates",What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex",Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?
"no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings",What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?
a tree diagram and calculations,What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?
Lamarckism,What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?
"use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them",What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?
environmental factors,What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?
"""The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.""",What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?
breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection,What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?
1868,When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?
hypothesis of pangenesis.,What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?
Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable,"While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?"
in the 1930s and 1940s,When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?
Neo Darwinian Evolution,What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?
often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found,What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?
"why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?",Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?
"the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms.",What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?
"flying squirrels, and flying lemurs",What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?
"simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment",What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?
"any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.",How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?
He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps.,How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?
"He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax",How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?
some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others,What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?
in order to preserve separately created species,Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?
"the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants",What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?
"support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties","What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?"
to respond to criticisms of earlier editions,Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?
that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection,What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?
Fertilisation of Orchids,Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?
George Jackson Mivart,Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?
Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.,What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?
Charles Lyell,"Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?"
Principles of Geology,Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?
that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms,What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?
300 million years,How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?
the Cambrian explosion,What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?
"slowly, but not at the same rate",How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?
variability and change in the environment,What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?
Richard Owen,Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?
Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras,What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?
"South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals",Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?
barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions.,What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?
His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification.,What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?
morphology,What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?
"the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat","What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?"
animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos,What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?
e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes,What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?
that his theory might produce revolutionary changes,What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?
so as not to prejudice readers against his theory,Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?
"that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that ""Light will be thrown on the origin of man""",What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?
"to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change",What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?
the concept of transmutation of species,What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?
his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism.,How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?
the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.,What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?
Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines,What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?
John Herschel,Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?
"its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations",What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?
Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics,What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay,Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation,What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.,What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail,"Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?"
"no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications",Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?
Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science,Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?
social reform,What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?
Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms,What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?
Darwinism,"What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?"
"the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague ""law of development"" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour",What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?
natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.,What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?
the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences,Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?
"the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862",Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?
Henry Walter Bates,Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?
Thomas Henry Huxley,Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?
scientific naturalism over natural theology,What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?
as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science,"Why did Huxley coin the name ""Darwinism?"""
that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies,What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?
"Richard Owen,",Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?
"bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous ""ordained becoming""",How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?
"Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class",What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?
legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate,What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?
Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871),When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?
natural selection,"While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?"
Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives,What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?
political radicals,Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?
aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie,Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?
"Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism",What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?
The intelligentsia in Russia,What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?
the Malthusian aspects,Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?
Leo Tolstoy,Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?
insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection,What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?
Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics,What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?
William Thomson,Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?
calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years,What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?
in the 20th century,When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?
they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.,"Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?"
"new species were thought to arise through ""jumps"" rather than gradual adaptation",What was meant by the term saltationism?
orthogenesis,What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?
neo-Darwinism,What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?
Mendelian inheritance,What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?
Alfred Russel Wallace,Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?
Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872),Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?
to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism,Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?
to justify military aggression and unethical business practices,What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?
"he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.",What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?
strongly opposed to the ideas in the book,What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?
interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design,What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?
"Darwin quoted Kingsley as ""a celebrated cleric"", and added the phrase ""by the Creator"" to the closing sentence,",What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? 
some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted,What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?
Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature,What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?
"Baden Powell praised ""Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature""",What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?
"defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology.",What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?
Theistic evolution became a popular compromise,What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?
supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation,What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?
by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans,How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?
Charles Hodge,Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?
the American creation–evolution controversy,What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?
"The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.",What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?
Darwin's theory of evolution,What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?
The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment.,What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?
medicine and agriculture,In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?
a religion-based political controversy,What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?
"scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work.",What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?
a variorum,What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?
Worldwide commemorations,What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?
"They celebrated the ideas which ""over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it"".",What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?
"December 26, 1991",On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?
Commonwealth of Independent States,What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?
"Mikhail Gorbachev,",Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?
Boris Yeltsin,Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?
pre-revolutionary Russian flag.,Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?
Konstantin Chernenko,Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?
death,What caused Chernenko to leave office?
54,How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? 
Politburo,What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?
"Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,",To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? 
Communist Party,What party did Gorbachev belong to?
Congress of People's Deputies,What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?
1990,When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?
Romania,In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?
nationalist movements and ethnic disputes,What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?
May 1985,When was Gorbachev's speech addressing alcohol abuse?
rationing,Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption?
drinking scenes from old movies,What was censored?
Tsar Nicholas II,Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev's remind people of?
"during World War I,",When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol?
"July 1, 1985",When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?
Gorbachev,Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?
Andrei Gromyko,Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze?
"""Mr Nyet""",What was Gromyko's western nickname?
Grigory Romanov,Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?
Nikolai Ryzhkov,Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?
Nikolai Tikhonov,Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?
79-year-old,How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?
Nikolai Talyzin,Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?
chairman of the State Planning Committee,What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?
Communist,What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?
Helsinki-86,What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?
"Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.",Who created the CTAG?
December,What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?
Dinmukhamed Konayev,Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?
First Secretary of the Communist Party,What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?
Gennady Kolbin,Who took the place of Konayev?
"December 17, 1986",When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?
Kazakh students,Who was demonstrating?
"3,000",How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?
blows to the head,How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?
"30,000 to 40,000",What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?
Mukhtar Shakhanov,Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?
the people's,Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?
Communist,What party was Gorbachev in charge of?
"""conservatives.""",What group wanted to stop reforms?
"February 7, 1987,",When were the prisoners set free?
Khrushchev's,Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?
political,What sort of prisoners were released?
Crimean Tatars,Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978?
mid-1950s.,Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners?
Yegor Ligachev,Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?
Boris Yeltsin,Who resigned in September of 1987?
stunned,What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?
slow pace,What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms?
No one,Who took Yeltsin's side?
Freedom Monument,Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?
Riga,Where is Freedom Monument?
laid flowers,What did the protesters do?
Baltic States,Where did further protests take place?
Latvians,Who were the protesters remembering?
new phosphate mines,What was being protested in Estonia?
spring 1987,When did the phosphate mine protests begin?
MRP-AEG group,What group was started by ex-political prisoners?
Tiit Madisson,Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group?
autonomy,What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987?
"October 17, 1987",When was the Yerevan demonstration?
"about 3,000",How many people demonstrated?
Armenians,What was the demonstrators' nationality?
Lake Sevan,The protesters were unhappy with the pollution in what body of water?
Opera Plaza,Where did the protest march start?
"July 1, 1988",What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?
new supreme legislative body,What did Gorbachev hope to create?
party and state,What was Gorbachev trying to separate?
Congress of People's Deputies,What was the proposed legislative body called?
conservative,What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?
Estonian,Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?
Estonia's parliament,Who claimed Estonia's national resources?
the Popular Front,What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?
two,How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash?
"February 22, 1988",When was the Askeran clash?
Karabakh police.,Who killed the two Azerbaijanis?
Sumgait Pogrom,What was triggered by the radio broadcast of the deaths?
32,How many were killed in the ensuing riots?
Abdulrahman Vezirov,Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988?
Kamran Baghirov,Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov?
two,How many soldiers died on September 17?
Armenian,People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha?
18 days,How long did the Lenin Square protest last?
Yerevan,Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia?
Yerevan,What is the capitol of Armenia?
"300,000,",How many people protested on February 23?
transport,What sort of strike was called?
about a quarter,What percentage of Armenia's total population protested on February 25?
Nationalists,Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?
one,How many protesters died in the airport violence?
Armenians,Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?
a military commandant,Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?
February 1988,When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?
Stephen the Great Monument,Which monument was a popular meeting place?
Chişinău,Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located?
Romanian,What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova?
Moldavia,What was Moldova's previous name?
Ukrainian Cultural Club,"What group was responsible for the April 25, 1988 protest?"
Kiev's Khreschatyk Street,Where did the march happen?
"Chernobyl nuclear disaster,",What did the marchers wish to commemorate? 
Ukrainian Catholics,Which group held secret Milleneum of Christianity celebrations?
Kiev,In what city did the Ukrainian Cultural Club have its Millennium celebration?
"50,000",How many people attended the Lviv rally?
in front of Druzhba Stadium,Where was the dispersal attempt made?
Authorities,Who tried to stop the rally?
Pavlo Vasylyk,Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia?
militia,Who wanted to break up the celebration?
Green World,What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?
ecological,What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?
cultural heritage,What sort of organization is Spadschnyna? 
International Human Rights Day,What did people gather to observe on December 10th?
1988,When did The Partyja BDF start?
Zianon Pazniak,Who found mass graves?
historian,What is Pazniak's occupation?
Kurapaty,Where were the graves found?
KGB,In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with?
new Congress of People's Deputies,What was elected in 1989?
Communist leadership,Who was questioned on live TV?
Warsaw,Where was the Communist government overthrown first?
1989,When did the Berlin Wall get torn down?
abandon it,What did Eastern European people want to do with communism?
89.8%,What percentage of people voted on March 26?
76,How many constituencies had run-off elections?
more than 300,How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?
reformers,Who used the legislative session to debate and criticize?
Russian nationalists and liberals.,Who made up the Inter-Regional Deputies Group?
May 29,When did Yeltsin acquire a seat on the Supreme Soviet?
special seats,"What did the Communist Party lose on October 25, 1989 with regards to elections?"
the Supreme Soviet,Who voted to get rid of the special seats?
December 12–25,When did congress meet to ratify the amendment to remove special election seats?
1968,What year did the Prague Spring take place?
suppressed by military force,What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?
Brezhnev Doctrine,Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states?
oppressive,Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine?
Sinatra Doctrine,What is the nickname for Gorbachev's new doctrine?
estimated 2 million,How many people were involved in the Baltic Chain?
600 kilometres,How long was the chain?
"Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania",What states did the chain extend over?
50th anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact,What anniversary did the chain take place on?
Eastern,What part of Europe was split up by the pact?
Algirdas Brazauskas,Who was in charge of Lithuania's Communist Party in 1989
Communist Party of the Soviet Union,What party did  Lithuania's Communist Party break apart from?
"Mykolas Burokevičius,",Who was in charge of the loyalist faction?
Moscow's,What place's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split?
Gorbachev,Who visited with the hope of bringing back the Communist Party of Lithuania to the Soviet Party?
"July 16, 1989",When was Abulfaz Elchibey elected to Chairman of the Popular Front?
"600,000",How many protesters filled Lenin Square on August 19th?
release of political prisoners,What did the protesters want?
blockade,What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways?
petrol and food,What shortages were caused by the blockade?
85 percent,How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan? 
September 25,When was the sovereignty law passed?
local party offices,What in Jalilibad was taken over by the Popular Front?
Soviet Union,What did the protesters want Georgia to leave?
Abkhazia,What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia?
troops,Who attacked the protest?
20,How many people died in the April 9 attack?
radicalized,What happened to Georgian politics as a result of the attack?
Ukrainian Independence Day,What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?
religious service,What is a moleben?
in front of St. George's Cathedral.,Where was the moleben held?
election laws,What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?
Volodymyr Scherbytsky,Who did the protesters want to resign? 
the mastodon of stagnation,What was Scherbytsky's nickname?
Gorbachev,Who visited the Ukraine while the protests were taking place?
"between 20,000 and 30,000",How many people attended the service in Lviv?
Stalinism,What ideology's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society?
nearly 300,How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained?
conservatives,Members of what ideology were more heavily elected to the union Congress of People's Deputies?
225,How many deputies were elected?
"25,000",How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings?
one-hour,How long did the warning strike last?
eight local factories and institutions,Where did the strike take place?
1944,Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv?
mass grave,At what sight was the Bykivnia meeting held?
plight of their Church.,What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?
"May 27, 1989",When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?
"an estimated 100,000",How many people attended the services in western Ukraine?
draft election law,What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against?
"50,000",How many protesters were there in Lviv?
Ivan Drach,Who was put in charge of the People's Movement of Ukraine?
Kiev,Where did the People's Movement hold its founding congress?
"10,000 to 15,000",How many people demonstrated on October 1?
militia,Who attacked the protest?
in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium,Where did the attack occur?
concert,What was happening in the stadium at the time?
1930s,"Prior to the October 20 synod, when was the last one held in Lviv?"
Lviv,Where were the strikes?
police brutality,What were the strikes in protest against?
twenty,How many factories had strikes on October 26?
Ukrainian,What was made Ukraine's official language in 1990?
Ukrainian Supreme Soviet,Who decided Ukraine's official language?
communication between ethnic groups,For what reason would the Russian be spoken?
Demianiv Laz,Where was the January 2 memorial service?
mid-November,When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?
Gulag Camp No. 36,The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?
Perm in the Ural Mountains,Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?
Baikove Cemetery.,Where were the activists reburied?
Pope John Paul II,Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?
Chernobyl disaster site,What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?
Ukraine,Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?
1986,When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?
radioactivity symbols,What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms?
torrential rain,How was the weather during the protest?
Soviet troops,Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?
southeast of the Uzbek capital,Where is the Fergana Valley located?
members of the Meskhetian minority,Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?
Rafiq Nishonov,Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev? 
Karimov,Who replaced Nishonov?
Zhanaozen,Where was the fatal June 19th riots?
young men,Who were the rioters?
police station and a water-supply station,What did the rioters try to take over?
five,How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots?
police station,What was attacked in Mangishlak?
Armenians and Azerbaijanis,Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?
four Soviet soldiers,Who was killed in the January 9 riots?
more than 130,How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?
Black January,What were the January incidents called?
"26,000",How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?
Popular Front,What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?
45,How many members were from opposition parties?
350,How many total members were there?
Mutalibov,Who was elected to be Chairman in May?
300,How many miles long was the human chain?
Rukh,Who organized this chain?
Ukrainian,What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?
1946,When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?
the Democratic Bloc,In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church,Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?
Ukrainian Republican Party,What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?
May 15,What was the first day that the new parliament met?
Metropolitan Mstyslav,Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?
a week,How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?
Volodymyr Ivashko,Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?
four,How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?
Leonid Kravchuk,Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant,What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?
St. George Cathedral.,Where was the August 9 liturgy held?
1933,Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?
"40,000",How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?
near St. Sophia’s Cathedral,Where was the UAOC protest held?
Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret,Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?
liturgy,What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?
Vilnius TV Tower,What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?
Lithuania,Where was the TV Tower located?
independence movement,What were the Soviets hoping to stop?
Fourteen,How many civilians died in the attack?
Lithuanian border post in Medininkai,What was attacked by Russians on July 31?
Soviet Union,What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? 
New Union Treaty,What was supposed to be signed on August 20?
"Central Asian republics,",Who supported the treaty?
Communist Party,What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?
market economy,What did radicals want to change the economy to?
disintegration,What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?
"the Russian Federation,",What was Yeltsin president of?
Moscow’s,Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?
Muscovites,Who arrived to protect the White House?
Yeltsin,Who did the organizers want to arrest?
atop a tank,Where was Yeltsin during the coup?
speech-making,What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?
CNN,What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?
Belarus,Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?
Belavezha Accords,What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?
December 8,When was the meeting held?
the Commonwealth of Independent States,What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?
the USSR,What was coming to an end?
December 12,When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?
the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR,Who ratified the Accords?
Russian deputies,Who was recalled?
Gorbachev,Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?
Georgia,Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?
11,How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?
CIS,What did the Protocol establish?
Union,What was dissolved by the Protocol?
CBS,Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans? 
"December 25, 1991",When did Gorbachev resign?
Yeltsin,Who was given control after Gorbachev left?
Russian Federation,What was Russia's new legal name?
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?
Soviet flag,What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?
Russian tricolor,What replaced the Soviet flag?
"December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time",When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?
the Soviet Union,What was declared as having ceased to exist?
"upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,",What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?
Russia,Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?
Alma-Ata Protocol,What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?
Yeltsin,Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?
"December 24, 1991",What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?
"December 31, 1991",When did the UN accept the statement?
Mstyslav,Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church,Who gave Mstyslav this title?
Nestor Gayowsky,Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev?
United States,What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev?
10-year,How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin?
Pontius Pilate,Who was the person that tried Jesus?
six hours,How long was Jesus hung for?
"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews",What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?
they pierced his side with a spear,What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?
seven statements,How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?
baptism of Jesus,What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?
the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be,Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?
the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine,Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?
Eddy,Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.
James Dunn,Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?
almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary,Are all sources of the crucification literary?
the 1968 archeological discovery,What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?
ben Hagkol,Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?
about 70 AD,When was Ben Hagkol crucified?
Israel Museum,What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?
four canonical gospels,What holds the records of the death of Jesus?
New Testament epistles,What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?
three,How many times did Jesus predict his own death?
"Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection",What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?
hour-by-hour account,How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?
Gethsemane,Where was Jesus arrested?
the Last Supper,What did Jesus do before he was arrested?
Twelve Apostles,How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?
flogged,How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?
crowned with thorns,What was placed on Jesus' head?
wine mixed with gall,What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?
hung between two convicted thieves,Where was Jesus Crucified?
six hours,How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?
seven statements altogether,How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?
Joseph of Arimathea,Who removed Jesus from the cross?
an earthquake,What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?
Mark,Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?
words to the women who were mourning,Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?
John,What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?
Old Testament prophecy,What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?
First Epistle to the Corinthians,Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?
canonical Gospels,Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?
forty days,How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?
Easter Sunday,What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?
St. Luke,Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?
two rebels,Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?
"Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies",How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?
an earthquake,what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?
promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise,What does Luke say one of the rebels does?
impassive,How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?
Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son,Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?
pagan,What is the author of the letter assumed to be?
retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men,What does the letter reference?
Socrates,"Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?"
others place less value in the letter,Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?
Friday,What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?
"a ""double sabbath"" caused by an extra Passover sabbath",Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?
"on the grounds of the mention of ""three days and three nights"" in Matthew",Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?
three days and three nights,How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?
references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights,Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?
9 a.m.,What time was the crucifiction per Mark?
3 p.m.,What time did Jesus die per Mark?
based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark,Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?
"no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available",What is another reason the times differ so much?
approximated to the closest three-hour period,How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?
Luke's gospel,Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?
do not weep for me,What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?
Lk. 23:28-31,Where are the words found in the Gospel?
crowd of mourners,What followed Jesus around?
Calvary,Where was Jesus Crucified?
all four Gospels,Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?
a place of public execution,What was one reason Calvary was chosen?
skulls of abandoned victims,What is rumored to be found in Calvary?
the name was derived from the physical contour,What is a reason the place was called Calvary?
many women,Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?
the chief priests,The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?
"two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left",How many people were crucified with Jesus?
the soldiers,Who kept watch over Jesus?
acquaintances,Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?
traditional two-beamed cross,What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?
single upright stake,What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?
The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous,What causes the different accounts of the cross used?
crux,What latin word was used to describe the cross used?
crux was also applied to objects other than a cross,Why was there doubt about the Latin word?
Epistle of Barnabas,What Epistle described the cross?
Justin Martyr,Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?
a symbol of the suffering,Why was that type of cross important?
five extremities,How many ends did the cross supposedly have?
fixed by the nails,How is one attached to the cross?
three nails,How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?
14 nails,"According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?"
artistic depictions of the crucifixion,What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?
Nails are almost always depicted,What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?
three nails,Jesuits claim how many nails were used?
"the hands, or the wrists",Where were the nails placed?
the Greek,Who claims the hands were pierced?
without fracturing any bones,The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?
forearm,What other location is offered by the Greek?
Ropes,What other way to affix to the cross is there?
a hypopodium,What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?
the hands may not have been able to support the weight,Why was a platform used?
Rasmus Bartholin,Who considered this topic in the 17th century?
Frederick Zugibe,Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?
Nazis,Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?
Psalm 22,What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?
verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew,What contradiction is found in this Psalm?
a proverbial saying in common usage,What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?
theologically correct and reassuring,How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?
a genuine cry,How does the sentence appear to historians?
a solar eclipse,As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?
the full moon,Why was a solar eclipse impossible?
Greek historian Phlegon,Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?
Tiberius Caesar,Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?
earthquakes,What other event supposedly took place that shook people?
Thallus,Which historian was referenced for the reports?
an eclipse of the sun,What event did Thallus describe?
the 14th day,What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?
the day before the passover,When does the passion of Jesus fall?
the Roman archives,Where were these events documented?
lunar,What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?
thirty minutes,How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?
a scribe wrongly amending a text,What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?
David Henige,Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?
the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours,What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?
author of the Mark Gospel,Who created the account of Jesus?
Luke,Who amended the account at a later date?
the death of kings and other major figures,What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?
Jewish,What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?
Géza Vermes,Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?
Frederick Zugibe,Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus,What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
carried out a number of experiments over several years,How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging,What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
amount of pull and the corresponding pain,What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God,What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?
through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death,How are people united with God?
eternal life in heaven after the body’s death,What specific fact do Christians believe about death?
confidence of eternal life,Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?
joy,What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?
agent Christology,What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?
sake of eventual victory,Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.
salvific theme,What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?
lamb slain but standing,How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?
The Lamb of God,What is another name for Jesus given?
Paul's Christology,Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?
directly related,How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?
the cross of Christ,What term does Paul use for the Gospels?
based on the plan of God,Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?
power of the cross,How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?
successfully argued for his innocence,What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?
obedience to the Father,Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?
"""pre-eternally"" determined by the Father",The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?
redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam,What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?
"had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water",What is the blood of the lamb?
how salvation is granted to humanity,What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?
central importance,How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?
Jesus willingly sacrificed himself,Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?
an act of perfect obedience,Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?
the Roman Catholic church,What church is the sacrifice important to?
Virgin Mary,Who was present under the cross?
Marian Cross,What symbol is popular in Marian Art?
Pope John Paul II,Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?
Raphael,Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.
Caravaggio,"Who was responsible for the art names ""His Entombment""?"
Atlantic,On which coast of Florida is Miami located?
Miami-Dade County,Miami is located in which Florida county?
eighth,Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United States?
"Washington, D.C.",Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States?
5.5 million,What is the approximate population of Miami's metro area?
Miami-Dade,Which Florida county is Miami located in?
second most populous,How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S.?
"430,332",What is the population of Miami?
fourth-largest,How is the size of Miami's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas?
Atlantic,Which coast is Miami located on?
5.5 million,What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?
southeastern,In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?
Miami-Dade County,What county is Miami located in?
44th,Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?
"430,332",How many people live in Miami?
Alpha−World City,What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?
33rd,Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?
America's Cleanest City,What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?
Capital of Latin America,What is a nickname given to Miami?
second,Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?
international banks,What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?
passenger,"Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?"
Port of Miami,"What is called the ""Cruise Capital of the World""?"
two decades,How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?
research institutes,"Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?"
Cleveland,Where was Julia Tuttle born?
Biscayne Bay Country,"Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?"
1894–95,When did the Great Freeze occur?
Florida East Coast Railway,What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?
Julia Tuttle,"Who was ""the mother of Miami""?"
40,"In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?"
Avenue J,What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?
Bahamas,Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?
H. Leslie Quigg,Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?
Ku Klux Klan,To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?
speaking directly to a white woman,For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?
bellboy,What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?
1959,In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?
Haiti,From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?
Andrew,What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?
"El Paso, Texas",What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?
Cuban-American,Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?
east,Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?
west,"To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?"
Lake Okeechobee,What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?
24,"In kilometers, how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami's coast?"
1.8,"In meters, what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area?"
Miami oolite,What is another name for Miami limestone?
15,How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?
Sangamonian,"What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?"
8,How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?
Wisconsin glaciation,"What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?"
Hialeah,"Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?"
Florida Bay,The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?
5 to 6,After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?
underground construction,What is limited by Miami's high water table?
South,"Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?"
eastern,"By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?"
Virginia Key,"Along with Port Miami, Watson Island and Brickell, what area is in Downtown Miami?"
Brickell Avenue,On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?
East,Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown?
The Roads,"Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?"
1922,When was Coral Way constructed?
Downtown,What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?
1825,In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?
Dinner Key,What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?
Lyric,What notable theater is present in Overtown?
Adrienne Arsht,After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?
northern,In what part of Miami is Midtown?
MiMo,What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?
Little Haiti,What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?
Am,What is Miami's Köppen climate classification?
hot and humid,What type of weather does Miami have in the summer?
19.6,"In degrees Celsius, what is the average January temperature in Miami?"
70–77,"In degrees Fahrenheit, what is the normal range of high temperatures in Miami?"
2,"In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see?"
May,When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?
October,What month sees the end of the wet season in Miami?
29–35,"In degrees Celsius, what is the range of temperatures during the wet season?"
"1,420",How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?
73.7,What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit?
42nd,Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?
Broward,"Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?"
5.5 million,How many people live in the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?
seventh,Where does Miami-Dade rank in population among metropolitan areas in the US?
one-thirteenth,What fraction of the southern Florida population lives in Miami?
80,What percentage of Miami-Dade's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960?
22.7,What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?
Hispanic,What was the largest ethnic group in 1970 Miami?
Brickell,"Along with Downtown and Edgewater, what area of Miami has notably seen increasing population densities?"
1960s,Starting in what decade did immigration from outside the United States begin to have a significant influence on Miami's population?
1400,Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?
proximity to Latin America,Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami?
Seabourn,"Along with Celebrity, Carnival, Norwegian, Oceania and Royal Caribbean, what cruise line is based in Miami?"
Telemundo,"Along with UniMÁS and Univisión, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?"
85,"As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?"
Universal Music Latin Entertainment,"Along with Sony Music Latin, what music recording corporation is located in Miami?"
Telemundo Television Studios,What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo's original programming?
50,How many 400+ foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001?
New York City and Chicago,What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami's?
19th,What is Miami's world rank in terms of how impressive its skyline is?
thirteen,"Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida, how many are in Miami?"
Four Seasons Hotel & Tower,What is the tallest skyscraper in Florida?
1920s,When did the Florida land boom occur?
2007,What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?
8th,Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?
high foreclosure rate,"Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?"
2012,In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?
Miami International,What is Florida's busiest airport?
Port of Miami,What is the busiest cruise port in the world?
2003,In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free Trade Area of the Americas?
Brickell Avenue,What street is central to the financial district of Miami?
South America,"Along with the Caribbean, from where does a significant amount of cargo enter MIA?"
38 million,How many tourists come to Miami each year?
$17.1 billion,How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year?
South Beach,What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District?
Mercedes-Benz,Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami?
historical buildings,"Along with nightclubs, beaches and shopping, what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District?"
Detroit,"As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?"
El Paso,What was the second poorest US city in 2004?
Miami,"In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?"
2001,In what year did Miami's government declare bankruptcy?
fifth,"In terms of purchasing power, where did Miami rank among world cities in a 2009 UBS study?"
Lincoln Center,What is the largest performing arts center in the US?
Florida Grand Opera,What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home?
Ziff Ballet Opera House,What is the largest venue in the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts?
New York City,Where is Lincoln Center located?
Bayfront Park Amphitheater,What venue in Miami is notable for hosting outdoor music?
1975,In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?
1970s,In what decade was disco popular?
Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine,"What band performed the song ""Conga""?"
Foxy,"What group performed the song ""Hot Number""?"
TK Records,What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?
hip-hop,"Along with Electro and disco, what genre of music influenced Freestyle?"
electro,What genre of music does Uffie perform?
Fort Lauderdale,Where did the band Nonpoint form?
Cuban American,What is Ana Cristina's ethnicity?
Iron & Wine,"Along with Cat Power, what indie/folk musician is based in Miami?"
david padilla,Who was the Warsaw Ballroom's house DJ?
JellyBean Benetiz,By what other name is John Benetiz known?
SoBe,In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?
Versailles,What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?
Tony Roma's,"Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?"
1960s,In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?
Atlantic,What ocean is Miami adjacent to?
Biscayne Bay,"Along with the Miami River, near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located?"
Miami accent,What is another term for Miami's dialect?
Mid-Atlantic,What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?
Spanish,What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?
Basketball,What sport do the Miami Heat play?
Dolphins,What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?
Florida Panthers,What professional hockey team is based in Miami?
Sony Ericsson,At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played?
Homestead-Miami Speedway,Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place?
80,How many gardens and parks are in Miami?
Bicentennial,In what park is the American Airlines Arena located?
snorkeling and scuba diving,"Due to the presence of coral reefs, what activities are popular in Biscayne Bay?"
Downtown,In what neighborhood is Bicentennial Park located?
tropical weather,Why can outdoor activities take place all year in Miami?
mayor-commissioner,Under what government system does Miami operate?
five,How many members are on the city commission?
Tomás Regalado,Who is the Mayor of Miami?
3500 Pan American Drive,What is the street address of Miami City Hall?
Coconut Grove,In what neighborhood is Miami City Hall located?
2013,When did El Nuevo Herald leave Miami?
Doral,In what community is the Miami Herald currently located?
second,"Among television markets in Florida, where dies Miami rank?"
Miami Herald,What is the largest newspaper in Miami?
El Nuevo Herald,What is Miami's largest newspaper written in Spanish?
Midtown,In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based?
Brickell,What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today?
million,Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald?
Florida International,For what university is The Beacon the student newspaper?
The Buccaneer,What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University?
2009,When did Univisión announce it was building a production studio in Miami?
Univisión Studios,What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisión?
all of Univisión Communications' television networks,Where will the programs made at Univisión Studios be broadcast?
35 million,How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually?
American Airlines,What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway?
John F. Kennedy International Airport,What airport is the largest international port of entry for overseas air travelers in the United States?
seventy,"From Miami International Airport, to approximately how many non-American cities can one fly nonstop?"
"""Cruise Capital of the World""","Along with ""Cargo Gateway of the Americas,"" what is another nickname for PortMiami?"
"3,787,410",How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?
7.8 million,How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?
Port of South Louisiana,What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?
2,How many square kilometers is PortMiami?
Metrorail,What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?
24.4,How many miles long is Metrorail?
23,How many stations does Metrorail have?
three,How many lines does Metromover have?
free,How much does it cost to use Metromover?
2011,What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?
2013,When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?
"150,000",Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?
Miami International,What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?
spring,What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin?
Silver Meteor,"Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?"
New York City,"From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?"
Hialeah,In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?
2012,In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed?
2014,"After the first delay, in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open?"
Tampa,"Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?"
Rick Scott,Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?
2014,In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?
Orlando International Airport,"From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?"
Florida East Coast Railway,What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?
Burdine's,What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy's?
SW 8th St,What is another name for Tamiami Trail?
Downtown,In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Avenue and Flagler Street?
Miami Grid,What is Miami's street plan called?
NW,"If a street is west of Miami Avenue and north of Flagler Street, what will necessarily be in its address?"
Key Biscayne,"Along with Virginia Key, what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell?"
MacArthur,What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown?
Broad,Which Miami causeway has the smallest size?
Rickenbacker,What causeway is furthest to the south?
six,How many major causeways are in Miami?
automobiles,"What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during ""Bike Miami""?"
"3,000",How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?
Manny Diaz,Who was a recent mayor of Miami?
Brickell,"Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?"
November,In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?
Civil law states,"What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?"
the High Court of Australia,What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?
the Privy Council,To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?
the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories,What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country?
"different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law",Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?
the Supreme Court of the United States,What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?
"Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa",What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?
a civil law system,A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?
stare decisis,What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?
civil law jurisdictions,What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?
the immediate case before it,"In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?"
a very strong precedent,"Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?"
jurisprudence constante,What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?
1875,When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?
1949,Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?
The court's decisions are final and binding,"If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?"
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,"Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?"
1997,When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC),"When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?"
"London, United Kingdom",Where is the JCPC located?
1997,When was the Court of Final Appeal established?
Beijing,The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is seated in what city?
"January 28, 1950",On what date was India's Supreme Court established?
Article 141,What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?
the Constitution,India's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what?
judicial review,When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?
local bylaws,"In addition to national laws, India's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations?"
The Supreme Court,What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?
the constitution,Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?
the Chief Justice,Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?
seven other judges,"Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?"
the Four Courts in Dublin,Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?
Jerusalem,Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?
both an appellate court and the high court of justice,Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?
the Knesset,Israel's legislative body is called what?
a panel of three or more justices,Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?
"""trial de novo""",A retrial is also called what?
2004,When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?
purely appellate,What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?
Court of Appeal of New Zealand,What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?
the High Court,New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?
the District Court,Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?
"FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)",What are some of the territories within Pakistan?
appeals only of a constitutional nature,What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?
Azad Kashmir,What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?
does not apply to it,What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?
"England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland",The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?
the High Court of Justiciary,What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters?
Constitutional Reform Act 2005,What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK?
1 October 2009,When did this act go into affect?
House of Lords,What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this?
titles of state supreme court vary,What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?
"New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia",The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?
Supreme Court of Appeals,What is West Virginia's highest court called?
Massachusetts,What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere?
trial courts of general jurisdiction,Supreme Courts in New York serve what function?
the Austrian Constitution of 1920,What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?
Constitutional Court,What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?
Verfassungsgerichtshof,What is the German word for this constitutional high court?
the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights,What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?
Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH),The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?
Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal),What is the highest court in Brazil?
cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases,What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?
"cases involving members of congress, senators",Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?
"ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic",What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?
The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho),What is Brazil's high court for labor law?
the Grundgesetz,What is Germany's constitution called?
Bundesverfassungsgericht,What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?
Federal Constitutional Court,The english translation of this court and its duties is what?
the power and authority to outlaw political parties,What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?
it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution,Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?
civil and criminal cases,The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?
Bundessozialgericht,What court has supremacy for matters of social security?
Bundesarbeitsgericht,What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?
Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe,Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?
arresten,Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?
legislation against the constitution,The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?
legislation against some treaties,What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?
administrative law,Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?
Council of State (Raad van State),The high court for administrative law is also known as what?
a civil law nation,What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?
the American Supreme Court,The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?
1987 Philippine Constitution,What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?
1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices,How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?
en banc,When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
private and public,The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?
those cases related to human rights,What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?
decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution,What is the other power of this latter court?
binding precedents,High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?
lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations,"In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?"
the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court,Sweden's two high courts are what?
cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs,What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?
all other cases,The Supreme Court hears what?
appointed by the Government,How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts?
prövningstillstånd,The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what?
1972,When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created?
all lower Courts,The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?
common-law and civil-law,Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence?
2/3,What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court?
"""two apex""",South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?
1994,When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?
the Constitutional Court,What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?
August 2013,When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?
Soviet Union,What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC),What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?
cases which have already been decided,Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?
common law,Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?
Portuguese-based legal system,Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?
"a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document",What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?
"the production of a ""critical edition"" containing a scholarly curated text.",What is the goal of the textual critic?
philology,What is the proper name for textual scholarship?
Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand,Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text?
recensions,What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text?
Qur'an,Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?
"biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original",Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?
"the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed",Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?
Sana'a manuscripts,What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an
possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.,When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?
"the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,",What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?
Mesopotamia and Egypt,Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.
"is, to the devout, taboo.",Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?
Bible,"Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?"
a period of about five millennia,Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?
identification of the first exemplar,What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?
split in the tradition,Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?
the archetype,The exemplar is otherwise known as what?
the constitutio,The final product of reconstruction is known as what?
apparatus criticus or critical apparatus,"What is included in or accompanies in ""critical edition""?"
presents the author's work in three parts,What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?
"a ""critical edition""",What is the goal of the textual critic?
apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.,A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?
"a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)",What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?
a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference),What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?
literature was copied by hand,Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?
not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph,Are printed editions immune to variation?
a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph,How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?
eclectic.,An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?
witnesses,Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?
"variant readings, or simply variants or readings.",What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?
either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship),How or why do variations enter a witness text?
document variant readings,"As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?"
so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.,Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?
The collation of all known variants of a text,What is a variorum?
so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication,What is the purpose of a variorum?
Edward Fitzgerald,Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum.
The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare,Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum.
an impression of the number of witnesses,What is often included in an eclectic reading?
a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions,Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition?
textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.,Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work?
"evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.",What is external evidence?
"Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.",Why are older manuscripts preferred?
geographically diverse,What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one,What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.,Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?
"scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit",What is the main principle of lectio brevior?
shorter reading,"Define ""lectio brevior"""
the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text.,What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?
more difficult reading,"Define ""lectio difficilior"""
They proposed nine critical rules,How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?
The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.,What is Bengel's rule?
"""The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.""",Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?
"Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses",What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?
The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.,What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?
19th century,When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?
"The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images",What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?
the depth of research of the critic,"What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?"
justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda,Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?
a rigorous approach to textual criticism,What is stemmatics?
The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram.,What is a cladogram?
it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source,What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?
a common intermediate source,What is a hyparchetype?
The process of constructing the stemma,What is recension?
examinatio and emendatio,Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?
copy text editing,What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?
eclecticism,What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?
critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.,What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?
the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.,Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?
editors tended to favor trees with two branches,To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?
this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment,Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?
the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.,What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method?
emendatio,What is the last step in the stemmatic method?
the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process,At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?
", it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading",Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?
1904,When was the term copy-text introduced?
the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine,What was the initial definition of copy-text?
"choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.",Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method
"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.""",Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?
"inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.""",How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?
"we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints",What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?
Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare,What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?
the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced,Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?
"if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.",What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?
indifferent,What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?
The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.,Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?
the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text,What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?
English Renaissance drama,What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?
works where an author's manuscript survived,What is the main criticism of Greg's work?
our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state,What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?
approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy,"If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?"
represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions,What did Bower's say about Greg's method?
"has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author",What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?
Bowers and Tanselle,Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?
Tanselle,Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?
"a later reading ""is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former",Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?
unconstrained authorial intention,What idea did Tanselle champion?
"remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions",What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?
to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?
to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own,What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?
his judgment,What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?
1896,I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?
"to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,",What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?
to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention,What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?
"to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions",What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?
1893,When was Maggie first published?
"appendices that are difficult to use,",Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?
suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves,Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition?
notes at the foot of the text page,How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing?
appendices,Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote?
to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species,What is the biological basis for Cladistics?
manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics,How is evolution applied to textual criticism?
cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree,How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?
"does not indicate which branch of the tree is the ""root""",What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?
the early 1970s,When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?
digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes,What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?
applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts,How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?
1974,When did Larson finish his project?
Larson,Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?
Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies,What is FARMS?
Robert F. Smith,Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?
the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987,How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text?
"The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work",Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient?
Professor John W. Welch,Who is the head of FARMS?
1988,When was phase one completed?
Professor Skousen,Who took over after the preliminary phase?
to obtain fine readings,Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed?
advanced photographic techniques,What process what used to study the gathered fragments?
Printer’s Manuscript,On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants?
extremely rare,How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible?
hardly affect any doctrine,To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?
Professor Douglas Stuart,Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?
virtually every possible alternative reading,How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning?
There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible,Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?
within 200 years,What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
about a millennium after their composition,What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.,How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?
if enough creativity/originality is provided,What is the criteria for copyright?
"The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct",What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?
All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable,Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?
the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works,What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?
long playing,What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?
"12"", 10"", 7""",What are common diameters found in phonograph records?
analogue sound storage medium,What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?
near the periphery,Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?
rpm,In what method is the rotational speed measured in?
music reproduction,What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record?
1991,Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?
disc jockeys (DJ)s,From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?
9.2 million,Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?
audiophiles,What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?
visual analysis,What was the original intent of the phonautograph?
2000s,In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?
1857,What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?
Léon Scott,By whom was the phonautograms patented?
1857,In what year was phonautograms patented?
1877,In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?
capable of both recording and reproducing sound,How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?
reproducing sound,What was unique about Einsteins invention?
1880s,At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?
gramophone,What is the name of lateral cut disc records?
poor sound quality,What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? 
United States,Where were lateral cut disc records developed?
RCA Victor,What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?
Montreal,Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?
Blue Amberol cylinders,What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?
1919,What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?
digital compact disc,What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?
Amberol cylinder,What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?
celluloid,What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?
Sensitivity and frequency range were poor,What were two drawback of early recordings?
face in the recording horn,How would one make to early recordings?
Stroh violins,What types of violins worked best with early recordings?
Lower-pitched orchestral instruments,What instruments did not record well?
very irregular,How was the frequency response in early recordings?
moveable platform,What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?
farthest away from the collecting horn,Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?
fifteen feet,How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?
drums could be effectively used,Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?
collecting horn,What was the item called that recorded the sounds?
vacuum tubes,What was an early took used to amplify sounds?
Western Electric,What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?
1925,How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase?
microphone,What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound?
"fuller, clearer and more natural",How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described?
high cost,What was a drawback of early home recording systems?
US$95 to US$300,What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?
1925,What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?
$20,What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?
cabinetry,What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?
hard rubber,What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?
a shellac-based compound,What was the standard material for discs around 1895?
Columbia Records,What company was known for laminate construction of discs?
carbon,What material give the vinyl records their known black color?
lubricant,What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?
Great Depression,What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?
1932,What year were Durium records no longer released in the US?
shellac compounds,What are most 78 rpm records made of?
surface noise,What was a common problem found in early flexible records?
Durium,What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called?
vinyl-based Victrolac compound,What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?
children's records,What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?
1931,What year was the Victrolac compound released?
"light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise",What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?
higher cost,What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?
10-inch,What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?
four to five minutes of music per side,How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?
12.5 cm,How small were the earliest discs released?
modification of the equipment,What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?
10-inch,Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?
turntable speed and the groove spacing,What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?
two minutes,What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?
13,How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?
10-inch,What was the normal size disc for popular music?
three and a half minutes,What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?
Columbia's Masterwork label,On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?
about 3:30,What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?
release a set of records,What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?
two sides,How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?
4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package,What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?
The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan),What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?
1909,When were albums said to be pioneered?
Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky,What was one of the very first albums released?
1910,When could record album covers first be found?
empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover,What were early record album covers made of?
10-inch and 12-inch sizes,What sizes were record album covers available in?
upright,How were record album covers intended to be stored?
protecting them,What was the purpose of record album covers?
1930s,When were albums as we currently know them widely released?
artwork,What is typically found on the front cover of an album?
three or four,How may records were commonly found in an album?
1949,When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?
six or eight,How many songs did most albums contain?
collectable or nostalgia purposes,What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?
higher-quality audio playback,What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?
Bell Records,"Who released 7"" microgrooved records in the 1950s?"
wider range of audio,What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?
Ewing Dunbar Nunn,Who founded Audiophile Records?
1968,In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles?
Think It's Going to Rain Today,Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format?
Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone,What two songs were featured on the 1978 release by Leon Redbone in 78 rpm format?
Stiff Records,What record company released recordings of 'Buena' and 'Tuff Enuff' in 1980?
"lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest",Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl?
1990s,When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?
they were destroyed,What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?
lightweight tone arms and jewel needles,What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl?
owners of vintage jukeboxes,For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended?
bad reputation,How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records?
ten minutes playing time per side,What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?
commercial failure,How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?
1931,When did RCA Victor release long play discs?
RCA Victor,Who released the first commercial long play discs?
early 1933,By when were long play records discontinued?
lower surface noise,What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?
vinyl,By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?
World War II,What was a factor in shellac availability?
vinyl,"Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?"
vinyl,What material were most mailed records made of?
World War II,What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?
Columbia Record Company,Who released the 12 inch LP?
"June 18, 1948",On what date was the 12 inch LP released?
New York,In what city was the 12 in LP released?
about eight years,How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?
The 45 rpm player,What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?
vinyl or polystyrene,What materials were 45 rpm records made of?
eight minutes,What was the play time of a 45 rpm
7 inches,What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?
World Records,Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?
Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device,What caused the constant linear velocity?
played from the outside to the inside,What was a unique feature of World Records records?
Philips Laser Disc,What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?
46:1,What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?
1925,In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?
3600 rpm,How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?
to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats,Why are these records known as '78s'?
1950s,When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm
teenagers,With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?
about 1960,At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?
"November 1, 1954.",On which date did Columbia release it's last 78?
United Kingdom,What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm?
less than 10%,What percentage of Elvis Presley's single sales were of 78s?
A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend,What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA?
45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time,Why did Elvis sales of 78s perform so well in the Southern States?
Sun Records,On which label did Elvis release his early singles?
I Got Stung/One Night,What was the last Elvis Presley single released on 78?
"33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm",What two formats replaced the 78?
Columbia Records,Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP?
June 1948,When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market?
March 1949,When did RCA release their 45 rpm format?
mid-1950s,When were RIAA standards established?
narrated publications,What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?
Peter Goldmark,Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?
Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record,What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles?
poor performance,Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record?
1970s,To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players?
RCA,"Which company lost the ""War of the Speeds""?"
45 rpm,What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?
1948 to 1950,"Over which years did the ""War of the Speeds"" last? "
200 million,By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?
RCA Victor and Columbia Records,"Which two companies were involved in the ""War of the Speeds""?"
10-inch,What format of LPs was discontinued?
The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP,"What was the significance of October 26th, 1956?"
United Kingdom,In which country did the 10 in LP exist the longest?
12-inch LP,Which format offered up to 1/2 an hour of recordings per side?
12-inch LP,Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time?
extended play,What do the initials EP stand for?
The large center hole,Why were 45s more popular with jukeboxes?
EPs,What format was phased out by the end of the 1950s?
EP discs were cheaper,What was a benefit of EPs over LPs?
"78, 45, 33 1⁄3",What three speeds were sound on most home stereos in the mid 1950's?
larger center hole.,What feature of 45s required an adapter in most home stereos?
changer,What feature was found on more home stereos that allowed continuous play between records?
16 2⁄3 rpm,What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos?
for use in jukeboxes,Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?
spider,What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called?
spider,What invention did Thomas Hutchinson introduce?
RCA president David Sarnoff,Whom were the adaptable inserts for 45s to LPs commissioned by?
tens of millions per year,How many spiders were sold in the 45 rpm heydays?
high fidelity,What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?
High Fidelity and Audio,What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?
variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies,What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?
1930s and 1940s,During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?
high fidelity,What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?
stereophonic record system,What did Alan Blumlein event?
1933,When did EMI create the first stereo discs?
more natural listening experience,What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?
1931,What year was stereo sound patented? 
was not exploited commercially until much later.,How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s?
recorded four separate sound signals.,What did quadraphonic recording feature?
development of quadraphonic records,What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?
commercially unsuccessful,How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?
later surround-sound systems,What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?
no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information,What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?
even less successful than the two matrixed formats,How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? 
CD-4,What format was less successful than quadraphonic?
reduced distortion and greater headroom,What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?
RCA,Who created the CD-4 format?
Mercury Records,For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?
prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response,What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?
Mercury,Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?
The center,Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?
1955,In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?
CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering,What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?
RCA Victor,Who developed the Dynagroove format?
unnatural side effects,Why did some music lovers frown upon diaphragming? 
Lower recorded volume,What did closer groove spacing result in?
wider spacing,What would be found with higher recorded volumes?
visual cue to DJs mixing the records,How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs?
only contain one track each side,How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs?
late 1970s,When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed?
"a ""purist"" transcription",What were direct to disc recordings expected to product?
late 1970s,When were 'half speed' and 'digitally remastered' recordings being released?
automatic gain control,What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings?
mid-1970s,When were DBX recordings released?
completely incompatible with,How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies?
reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages,What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings?
"""CX"" noise reduction",What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise?
ELPJ,What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically?
eliminates record wear,What was a benedit of laser read discs?
degrade the sound,What was a drawback of laser read discs?
archiving of analog records,What was the primary use of laser read discs?
dust,What was a major issue for laser read discs?
scanning machine for disc records,Who is Irene?
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories,Where was IRENE developed?
retrieve the information,What is the primary use of IRENE?
cannot read vertically modulated information,Can IRENE read vertically modulated information?
without touching the medium,Does IRENE require the  ability to touch the media?
"long-play"" (LP) and ""extended-play"" (EP",What terms are used for recording with more than one track?
forty-five minutes,What is a typical max playing time of an LP?
LPs,"Which format is cheaper, LP or EP?"
7-inch EP,Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes?
22 minutes,What was a normal play time per side for LPs?
yellow and deep red,Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?
The first 45 rpm record created for sale,PeeWee the Piccolo was what?
The first 45 rpm record created for sale,What significance does Dec 7/ 1948 hold?
seven colors,How many colors were 45s available in when first released?
March 1949,When did RCA release the 45?
outside edge towards the center,In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?
by fine variations,How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?
correct speed,Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun?
no,Do all grooves bear data?
wide-pitched section,What is a 'lead out'?
lock groove,What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle?
most automatic turntables are incapable,Do turntables play music on lock grooves?
lift the arm,What do most automatic turn tables do when they meet a lock groove?
"Towards the center, at the end of the groove",Where do you find a lead out?
reducing the risk of damage,Where were records made with raised label areas?
interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms,"Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-changing systems?"
allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact,Do grooves on records touch when stacked?
Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack,Do records touch when in auto changers?
"New or ""virgin"" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl",What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases?
heavyweight vinyl,What is the material preference of collectors?
Manufacturing processes are identical,How does the manufacturing process differ between heavyweight and normal vinyl?
grinding or scratching sound,Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record?
lightweight records requires more care,"Which pressing of vinyl require more attention to detail, lightweight or heavyweight?"
"The ""orange peel"" effect",What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?
mirror-like,What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?
lower frequency range,On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable?
there is no ill effect,What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect?
copper,What material is on a direct metal mastering disc?
"""father"" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper",What is the two step process?
limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings,What is the limitation of the two step process?
three-step,Which is preferred the two step or three step process?
sons,Which have stronger structures the father or son mold?
quality of the vinyl is high,What can increase the output of a stamper mold?
Breakage was very common,What was a known issue of using shellac to make records?
"John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra","In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening"" record get broken?"
teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed,In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made?
Dust and scratches,What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?
Dust and scratches,What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?
locked groove,"Where does the saying ""Like a broken record"" originate?"
Vinyl records do not break easily,How easily do vinyl records break?
easily scratched.,What is a common damage to vinyl records?
"heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects",What causes warping in vinyl records?
"warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered",What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?
place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover,What method was used to protect a vinyl record?
Singles,What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?
"A small degree of warp was common,",What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?
Distortion towards the end of the side,When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?
Distortion,What happens as a record wears?
fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses,What is a drawback of using gramophones?
510 mm,How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?
ending of the groove,Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?
warped disk,What would be a cause of low frequency sounds when listening?
subsonic filter,What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises?
Tonearm skating,What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional.
frequencies below about 20 Hz,Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating?
cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking,Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record?
limiting the playing time,What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?
"hiss, pops, and ticks",What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?
amplitude of low frequencies is reduced,What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds?
problems can be reduced,What is a benefit of using equalization devices?
amplitude at high frequencies is increased,What is done to high frequency  sounds to lessen sound issues?
G. H. Miller,Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?
reproduction was more realistic,What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point?
recording amplitude decreased,When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude?
recording amplitude increased,What happens when frequency decreases in the bass?
P. G. A. H. Voigt,Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful?
pre-emphasis in the recording,How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful?
"above 1,000 Hz",When was a pre-emphasis most useful?
78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm,On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s?
1925 era,In which Era was this finding most significant?
there was no industry standard,What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?
US,In which country was the treble roll off greater?
Europe,Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz?
there was no industry standard,What was the industry standard on equalization practices?
US,Which country used the most varied equalization practices?
1925,How far back did records show the art of sound recordings?
considered a proprietary art,How was standardization prior to 1942?
1942–1949,Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings?
National Association of Broadcasters,Who made the move to standardize recordings?
1949,When were recording standards officially released?
"laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.", Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?
Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording,What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?
National Association of Broadcasters,What is the NAB?
below 100 Hz,What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?
using a complementary inverse curve,What helped cause the most life like sound?
remarkably similar,How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve?
programming sounded more lifelike.,What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?
1925,How far back could these recording practices be traced?
long-held recording practices,What were the recording standards based off from?
New Orthophonic curve,What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve?
RCA Victor,Who developed the New Orthophonic curve?
R.C. Moyer,Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve?
many fine examples,What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era?
acoustic limitations,What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics?
help mute these resonances,Why do photos show take on horns?
took a lot of sound energy,What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss?
like it was recorded through a horn,How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment?
Western Electric licensed recording method,What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?
1925,At at time was radio gaining popularity?
"carbon microphones used,",What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s?
brilliant midrange,What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer?
microphones and amplifiers,What was a benefit of early radio recordings?
Victor Orthophonic phonograph,What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?
folded horn with an exponential taper,What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph?
mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type,What adjustments were made to the orthophonic  to accommodate electric recordings?
not unusual,Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?
sounded like,How similar was the sound of a orthodontic  record to a radio?
moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone,What are two examples of high quality microphones?
Magnetic pickups,What was used to dampen resonances in recordings?
around 1930,When would you have first found the moving coil microphone?
Crystal pickups,What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups?
1930s and 1940s,In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically?
high quality cuts,What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?
1940s,In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?
large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers,What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?
harder to tell the difference,How similar were live and recorded versions?
early 1930s,When was the Western Electric System introduced?
Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric,What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?
Western Electric system,What system was used by Warner Brothers?
33 1⁄3 rpm,What speed was used in the Western Electric System?
improve the overall quality,What was the Western Electric System believed to do?
longer playback time,What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?
inner groove distortion,What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?
didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing,How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type?
override noise in playback,How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?
avoiding the microscopic irregularities,How was wax used to improve recordings?
master cuts,What were used to make vinyl pressings?
World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers,What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?
World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers,Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?
cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering,How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?
1949,When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics?
45 rpm,What kind of recordings worked best for pop music?
LP record,What was used for longer recordings?
"The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman",What opened doors for long recordings?
Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast,What aided in records sales in the 1950s?
20 Hz,What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?
vinyl records,"What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?"
"20,000 Hz",What is the higher end of typical human hearing?
The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person,Does the hearing range of the human vary?
record cutter,Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?
soft wax,What was used in first recordings of vinyl records?
harder lacquer,What was used in final recordings of vinyl records?
"first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc",After the 1950s  what was a typical recording process?
master disc,Where were sound recordings originally made to?
alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media,Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings?
manufactured only in small quantities,Is gramophone equipment readily available?
transferring them onto other media,What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity?
gradual degradation,What is a drawback of gramophone use?
on edge,How are gramophones best stored?
Anyone can do this,Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?
professional archivists,What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?
"standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer",What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?
without any further damage to the source recording,Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?
manipulated to remove analog flaws,What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?
major label distributors restricted their return policies,What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?
"CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies","Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?"
between 1988 and 1991,When did vinyl record sales decline?
1988,When did compact disc popularity take hold?
"final quarter of the 19th century,",When were groove recordings developed?
Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today,Are records generally out of print as of date?
Many popular new albums are given releases,Are albums ever reproduced?
Old records and out-of-print recordings,What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?
records still have enthusiastic supporters,Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?
direct manipulation,What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?
"slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching",In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?
"provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it",Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?
any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl,What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?
"However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.",Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?
Jack White,Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?
compact discs,What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?
was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year,What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014?
Pearl Jam,"Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994?"
1991,Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records?
1950,Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?
May 1986,Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?
Time Warner,What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?
TCM Cinéma,What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?
TCM España,What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?
$1.5 billion,How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?
1986,In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?
Kirk Kerkorian,Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?
Kirk Kerkorian,Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from?
"May 9, 1986",Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library?
TNT,On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?
The Maltese Falcon,What was a notable film that Turner colorized?
MGM/UA,Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?
May 1986,The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?
one million,How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?
American Movie Classics,"When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?"
released prior to 1970,What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?
2002,By what year was AMC showing commercials?
Time Warner,With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?
Saul Zaentz,"Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?"
March 1999,When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA's films on home video?
2000,In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?
annual,How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?
"score a restored, feature-length silent film",What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition?
1928,"In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?"
Greta Garbo,Who starred in The Temptress?
2008,In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?
excellence in broadcasting,For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?
April 2010,When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?
Grauman's Egyptian Theater,"In addition to the Grauman's Chinese Theater, where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place?"
Hollywood,Where is Grauman's Chinese Theater located?
One Reel Wonders,What were TCM Extras previously known as?
2007,When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?
Robert Benchley,"Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?"
top of the hour,"Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?"
1968,In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?
1968,In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?
TV Parental Guidelines,What rating system is often used by TCM?
31 Days of Oscar,What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?
February,When does TCM's programming season begin?
letterboxed,"On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?"
Humphrey Bogart,"Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?"
Walt Disney Studios,Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?
Sony Pictures Entertainment,Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?
thousands,How many films are present in the TCM library?
"EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution",Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?
Viacom,Who owns Paramount?
Trifecta Entertainment & Media,Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?
The Walt Disney Company,Who owns Walt Disney Studios?
Disney-ABC Domestic Television,Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?
Robert Osborne,Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?
film historian,What is Robert Osborne by profession?
medical leave,Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?
Ben Mankiewicz,Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?
8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time,What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?
Wednesdays,On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?
Robert Osbourne,Who hosts the Star of the Month films?
February 2011,During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?
2012,In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?
month preceding the Academy Awards,When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?
August,When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?
Sally Field,"As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?"
Saturday,On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?
Sunday,On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?
Silent Sunday Nights,What movie block shows silent films?
TCM Imports,What movie block shows foreign films?
October 2006,When did TCM Underground first appear?
Friday,On what day is TCM Underground shown?
Rob Zombie,Who was the first host of TCM Underground?
August,In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?
Tom Kenny,Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?
SpongeBob SquarePants,What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying?
2007,In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear?
Essentials Jr.,What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?
Abigail Breslin,"Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?"
John Lithgow,Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?
Bill Hader,Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?
2008,In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?
2007,In what year did Screened Out appear?
2005,What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?
AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration,What series premiered in 2011?
2011,In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?
history and depiction of homosexuality in film,What was the topic of Screened Out?
December 1994,In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?
end-of-year compilation,"Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?"
December,In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?
2007,In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?
Steve Earle,Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?
Warner Home Video,Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?
shorts,What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?
on-demand,"After the initial batch of TCM Vault Collection DVDs are printed, how are they made afterwards?"
October 2015,What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?
Laithwaite,Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?
Francis Ford Coppola,The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?
John Wayne,Who starred in True Grit?
3 month,How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?
Shaw Cable,What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?
2005,In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?
2006,In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?
TCM 2,What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK?
February 2007,In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts?
ancient India,What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?
six,How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?
Astika,What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?
Vedas,What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?
nāstika,What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?
relationship and differences,What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?
18th and 19th,In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?
distinct,What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?
distinct schools,What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?
limited,How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?
six,How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?
Nyāya,Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?
Vaiśeṣika,What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?
Sāṅkhya,Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism?
Advaita,What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge?
pramāṇas,What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?
six,How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?
pratyakṣa,What is the pramanas for perception?
anumāṇa,What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?
śabda,Which pramanas is understanding of experts?
Samkhya,Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?
two realities,How does Samkhya view the universe?
Puruṣa,What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?
prakriti,What is the Samkhya school word for matter?
buddhi,What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?
three,How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?
Sattva,"Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? "
Rajas,Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?
Tamas,What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?
atheist / non-theistic,What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?
philosophical schools,Of what is yoga a part  in Indian philosophy?
Samkhya,To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?
personal god,What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?
three,How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?
theistic,"Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?"
jñāna,What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?
knowledge,What is the meaning of jnana?
moksha,To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?
Advaita Vedanta,To what school does yoga share central ideas?
liberation/freedom,What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?
Vaiśeṣika,What philosophy is a naturalist school?
atoms,What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?
first millennium BCE,When was the Vaisesika darsana  produced?
Kaṇāda Kaśyapa,Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?
world of experience,By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?
four,"According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?"
"earth, water, air, fire",What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?
atoms,Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?
composite,According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?
invisible,What form are atoms in Vaisesika?
Nyāya,What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?
mistakes/defects,What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?
Moksha,What state is achieved through knowledge?
liberation,What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?
delusion,"Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?"
several,How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?
five,How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?
perception,How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool?
anumāṇa,What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool?
upamāṇa,What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?
atheistic and theistic,What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa  school?
eternal,How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?
dharma,What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?
rituals and duties,How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?
Vedanta school,What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?
philology,To what study did Mimamsa give rise?
"proper, correct and right",What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?
Vedantins,What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?
early parts,What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?
latter parts,What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?
Upanishads and Brahma,On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?
first millennium BCE,In what time did the Vedanta school become active?
Vedānta,Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?
five or six methods,How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?
sub-school,On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?
knowledge-centered understanding,What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?
jnana,On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?
ritualism,On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?
many sub-schools,"Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?"
ātman and Brahman,What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? 
Advaita,What means 
Brahman,"According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?"
māyā and ātman,What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?
always changing,How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?
soul,To what does the concept of atman refer?
Brahman,To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?
Viśiṣṭādvaita,What is the philosophy of dualism?
Ramanuja,Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?
c. 1037–1137,When did Ramanuja live?
Supreme Being,For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?
Vishnu,What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman
two separate realities,Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?
monotheistic God,To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?
takes on a personal role,How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?
permanent,As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?
Vishnu,Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?
Nimbarka,What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?
13th-century,In what century did Nimbarka live?
three,How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?
"Brahman, soul, and matter",What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?
Krishna,Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?
Śvetāśvatara Upanishad,In what text is Shaivism recounted?
400 – 200 BCE,When was the text on Shaivism written?
Vidyaranya,Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?
three,How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?
Pratyabhijña,What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?
Pāśupata Shaivism,What is the oldest school of Shaivism?
Lakulish,Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?
2nd century CE,When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? 
Vaishnava theology,What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?
servitude of souls,What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?
Pāśupatas,What group divided the world into two parts?
insentient and the sentient,Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?
unconscious,In what staet was the insentient considered to be?
conscious,How was the sentient seen as being?
through the intellect,"For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?"
non-dual,What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?
Universal Consciousness,What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?
real,As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?
Advaita,Which group sees the world as illusion?
merge in Shiva,"According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?"
Democratic Party and the Republican Party,What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
China,Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
the electorate,How are political parties elected in democracies? 
Germany and India,What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
late-17th-century England,Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?
Whigs,Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?
Robert Walpole,Who was the leader if the Whigs?
1715,In what year did the jacobite rising fail?
John Locke,Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?
Locke and Algernon Sidney,Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.
championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power,Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?
the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty,Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?
Whigs,Who did the Tories oppose?
"the ""Opposition Whigs""",Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?
1760,When did the Tories regain power?
half a century,For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?
ideological gap,Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?
the Rockingham Whigs,Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?
Charles Watson-Wentworth,Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?
"""a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed""",What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?
remained out of power as a united opposition to government.,Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?
the 'Pittite' Tories,What was the modern Conservative party created from?
Robert Peel,Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?
the Liberal Party,"Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?"
1834,In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?
the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party,What were the two proto-political parties?
1816,"In which year did the period known as the ""Era of Good Feelings"" begin?"
partisan,What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?
Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison,Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?
Charles Stewart Parnell,Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?
Irish Parliamentary Party,What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?
they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.,Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?
A political party is typically led by a party leader,Do political parties have a Party leader?
party secretary,Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?
party treasurer,Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? 
party chair,Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?
When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government,When does a party form an official opposition?
Westminster-based parties,What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?
When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority,When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?
leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation,"If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?"
"The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for",What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?
a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties,How are parties regulated?
to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents,Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?
"mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those ""Outsider Parties""",Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?
"far-right, far-left and regionalism",which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?
Cordon Sanitarian,What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?
"In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist",Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?
The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.,Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?
political parties,What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?
political parties,What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?
one-party systems,In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?
positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government,What are North Korea and China examples of?
1934 and 1945,When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?
dictatorships and tyranny,What is the one-party system often compared with?
In dominant-party systems,When are opposition parties allowed?
"political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion",What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?
patronage and sometimes by voting fraud,What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?
"African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia",What are some examples of dominant party systems?
1990s,For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?
two-party system,What type of party system is the United States?
Federalist and Republican,What were the first parties in the united States called?
two decades,For how long did the Whigs survive?
tremendous land area and large population of the country,What are challenged to an unpopular political party?
Democratic Party,Which party was anti-slavery?
"a two-party (sometimes called a ""two-and-a-half party"") system",What has the UK political system functioned as?
Conservative Party and the Labour Party,What are the two largest political parties in the UK?
Liberal Party,What was the other major party before the Labour party?
A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system,What is Duveger's Law?
in cases where there are three or more parties,In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?
since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition,Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?
1989,Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?
Political change is often easier with a coalition government,When is political change easier?
post World War II France and Italy,What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?
Political parties,What are called factions by some people?
"organizations, businesses and special interest groups",What are political parties lobbied by?
Money and gifts,What are traditional sources of funding for parties?
19th century,Around which time was the mass membership party started?
increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships,Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?
second half of the 20th century,When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?
peerages,"In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?"
Lloyd George,Who was discovered to be selling peerages?
Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act,What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?
outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act,What did the Honours act do?
cloaking their contributions as loans,How did people attempt to overcome this law?
"direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect",What are the two categories of public funding?
25%,Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?
58%,What percentage of nations provide direct funding?
required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.,Are parties required to reveal their funding?
60%,What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?
funding,What can also be provided by foreign aid?
provide financing to political parties in developing countries,What do international donors do to promote democracy? 
Developing links between ideologically linked parties,What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? 
to increase support to political parties,What does the overseas development institute want to do?
"Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties",What parties is the color green for?
royalty,What was purple considered the color for?
fascist parties,What parties is the color black associated with?
Nazism,Brown is associated with what parties?
nationalism,What color is orange associated with?
right-wing Republican Party,What is the color red associated with?
left-wing Democratic Party,What political party is the color blue associated with?
"unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors",Did the political parties choose those colors?
2000,In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?
19th and 20th century,When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?
"The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association",What are some examples of this?
Hong Kong,Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. 
Maurice Duverger,Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?
political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders,What are cadre parties?
Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology,What are mass parties?
Socialist parties,What is an example of a mass party?
cadre parties,What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?
in the manner of the chapel,What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?
alla breve,What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?
19th century,At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?
group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment,How is A cappella currently defined?
Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato,A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?
religious music,What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?
The madrigal,What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?
instrumentally-accompanied,The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?
Renaissance,In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?
Josquin des Prez,Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?
Mass in B Minor,Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?
three,How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?
1610,Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?
Andrea Gabrieli,Some compositions were found after which composer's death?
khorovïye kontsertï,When did Russian musika show up?
Venetian-styled,khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?
Psalms 150,What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?
Nikolai Diletsky,Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?
Sacred Harp,What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?
apostolic times,A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?
Christian religious bodies,"In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?"
They were considered a Catholic innovation,Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?
The Heart of Midlothian,What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?
Alexander Campbell,"Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like ""A cow bell in a concert"" "
Sir Walter Scott,Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?
an interpretation of history,What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?
33 AD to 180AD,During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?
the 2nd century,At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?
Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church,For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?
Sabbath,On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? 
a cappella,In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
sefirah music,What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
49,How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
a time of semi-mourning,What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
Philo,What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?
Jewish scriptures,What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?
shofar,What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?
Yom Kippur,The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?
"by itself, without any vocal accompaniment",How is the shofar used?
1911,When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?
The St. Olaf College Choir,What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?
other regional conductors,Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?
40 to 80,How many singers are typically in the choirs?
The Song Spinners,What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?
US recording studios,What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?
The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen,Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?
"""Only You""",What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983?
the success of Top 40 recordings,"During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?"
vocal percussion,"In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?"
Christian music,Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?
chordal or polyphonic accompaniment,"In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?"
four,How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?
Avenue X,What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?
the 1960s,What time period was Avenue X set in?
77,What was the final number of performances in Avenue X's original run?
Ray Leslee,Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?
Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre,What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?
Stoneham Theatre,"Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?"
Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.,Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?
October,In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?
comedy,What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?
In Transit,What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?
the New York City subway system,Where does most of In Transit take place? 
beat boxing,What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit's songs?
four,How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for?
Chesney Snow,What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?
Barbershop music,What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?
Barbershop Harmony Society,What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?
"over 22,000",How many people currently have membership to the BHS?
African Americans,What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?
S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A,What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?
Sweet Adelines,What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?
1991,When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?
"nearly 25,000",How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?
"Tulsa, Oklahoma",Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?
1953,In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?
Eric Ericson,What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world?
Adolf Fredrik's Music School,Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards?
5%,What portion of the Swedish population engages in a cappella singing?
Richard Sparks,Who describes the many reasons for Sweden's heavy involvement in a cappella?
RPI Glee Club,What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group?
Cole Porter,What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?
the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College,What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs?
Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre,What is the name of the college a capella event that's been held since 1975?
John Legend,What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts?
Penn Masala,Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?
South Asians,Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?
Anokha,What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women?
Anahat,What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley?
Maize Mirchi,"What group hosts the a capella competition ""Sa Re Ga Ma Pella""?"
Harmony Sweepstakes,What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?
a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music,"Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?"
Nota,What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?
Pentatonix,Who won The Sing-Off final season?
Puerto Rico,"In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?"
emulate instrumentation,What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?
The Mills Brothers,What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?
Baroque and Classical music,What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?
The New Addams Family,What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?
nonsense words,What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?
vocal percussion,What is another term for beatboxing?
a four-track recorder,What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?
Toyota,What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?
YouTube,On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?
Ordo Praedicatorum,What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?
Pope Honorius III,What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?
the Dominican Order,"After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?"
Roman Catholic,What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?
Saint Dominic de Guzman,What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?
the Middle Ages,During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?
to combat heresy,What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?
Master of the Order,The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?
Bruno Cadoré,Who is the current Master of the Order?
its intellectual tradition,What is the Order of Preachers known for?
Men of God,"During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?"
two,How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?
Francis of Assisi,Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?
the Friars Preachers,Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?
the Dominicans and Franciscans,What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?
the Benedictines,The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?
a preaching order,What type of order was the Dominican Order?
farms,What did previous religious orders do for a living?
by begging,How did the Dominican Order earn money?
with loyalty to learning and virtue,How did Dominic inspire his followers?
nuns,What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?
England,In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?
"a ""mixed"" spirituality",What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?
theology,What subject did Dominic particularly love?
to help his neighbors,Why did Dominic sell his books?
Spain,In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?
twenty-five,At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?
St. Augustine,"After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?"
Prior Diego de Acebo,With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
monarchy of Spain,Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
south of France,"In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?"
1209–1229,During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark,Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony,How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?
the Cathars,Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?
in a state of self-sacrifice,How did the Cathars live?
a strong leader,"In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?"
the Albigensians,Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?
1206,In what year did Dominic establish a convent?
Albigensian,What women did Dominic convert for his convent?
Dominican nuns,What group are older than the Dominican Friars?
too poor,Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? 
two years,How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?
Rule of St. Augustine,What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?
1215,In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?
Jordan of Saxony,Who was the successor to Dominic?
"the ""salvation of souls through preaching""",What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?
canons-regular,What were the Dominican Brothers?
Palencia,Dominic studied in what city?
the Manicheans,Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?
charity,What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?
Paris,In what city did Dominic establish a school?
Matthew of Paris,Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?
the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina,Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
Pope Honorius III,Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
its own studium conventuale,What was required of each new priory?
"June 5, 1222",When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
"the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum",The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
England,What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?
Oxford,What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?
paganism,What did the Dominican Order fight against?
Thomas Aquinas,What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?
Pope Gregory IX,Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?
German mysticism,"The term ""Dominican mysticism"" is also knows as what?"
Germany and Italy,In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
St. Catherine of Siena,What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
the Netherlands,Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
Savonarola,What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
the Renaissance,What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?
pagan tendencies,What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?
Cologne,The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?
Matteo Bandello,What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?
Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo,What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?
500,"In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?"
"4,472","In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?"
6058,How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?
2013,"In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?"
917,How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?
France,What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?
Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire,What orator was very famous during the revival movement?
1850,When was the province of France canonically erected?
master general,What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?
France,What country has produced a large number of preachers?
Père Lacordaire,What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?
Thomas Etourneau,What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?
the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem,What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?
Jerusalem Bible,What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?
Biblical school at Jerusalem,What school publishes the Revue Biblique?
1890,When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?
250,How many students does the University of Fribourg have?
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas,What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?
Père Thomas Coconnier,What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?
share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family,What do present day Dominican Order associates do?
Christian women and men,What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?
charism,What draws many people into following the Dominican Order?
"to praise, to bless, to preach",Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order?
charity,The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?
learning,What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?
charity,What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?
England,In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?
relationship with God,What did Dominic greatly struggle with?
St. Cecilia,Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?
sing,What did Dominic enjoy doing?
poor sinners,Who did Dominic pray for?
carry money,What did Dominic refuse to do?
to assist those searching for the truth,What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?
gospel of Christ,Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?
a man of prayer,What type of man was Dominic?
Humbert of Romans,Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?
1254 to 1263,What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?
the sisters in the order were given official membership,What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?
languages,What did subject did Humbert love very much?
Arabic,What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?
uncomplicated language,What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?
miracles,What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?
good will,"According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?"
sad,What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?
Albertus Magnus,The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?
Great,"Albert Magnus was also known as ""Albert the what""?"
ecumenist,What was a discipline of Albert the Great?
Aristotle,Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?
Thomas Aquinas,Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?
medieval,Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?
his study of Dionysus the Areopagite,What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?
a mystical theologian,Who was Dionysus?
Mysticism,What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?
German mysticism,Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?
positive knowledge of God is possible,What idea did Albertus champion?
Dionysus,Who influenced Magnus at this time?
state what God is not,What is it easier to do regarding God?
absolutely,How do we deny things of God?
wisdom,What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?
understanding,What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?
Contemplation,How can man obtain understanding of God?
imperfect,"If someone contemplates God forever, what type of knowledge will they obtain?"
The soul,What cannot see God itself?
Meekness,What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?
God/Christ,"According to Christianity, who is the ""One""?"
manifestation of the pure love of Christ,What is Charity to a Christian?
the One,What should man's nature be centered on?
ecstatic mysticism,What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?
to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely,What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?
Dartford,What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work? 
mystics,The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?
a union with the Creator,What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?
Hebrew Bible,The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?
Bible,What is the Holy Writ?
Albertus Magnus,Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?
Jewish and early Christian writings,Whose writings introduced the idea of 'unknowing' to the Order of Preachers?
female Dominican houses,Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?
Prouille,Where was one female Dominican house located?
seventy-four,How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?
Beguines,Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?
one hundred and fifty-seven,How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?
lack of apostolic work,How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?
chanted the Divine Office,What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?
government of their own,What did the sisters not have?
friars,Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?
teachers,What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?
thirteen,After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?
black,What type of veil must the sisters wear?
the Constitutions of Montargis Priory,The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?
Speak,What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?
intellectual abilities,What were the nuns tested on?
preach among the people,What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?
embroidery,What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?
Margarette Reglerin,Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?
Nuremberg,Where was Margarette Reglerin from?
Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret,What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?
priory of Poissy,The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?
France,Where was the priory of Poissy located?
Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom,What book could be found in The Dartford sister's library?
a religious house founded by a royal house,What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy?
Englishmen,The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?
international,The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?
Its direct supervisors were from England,Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?
Oxford,What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?
the Blessed Virgin Mary,Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?
natural philosophy,What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?
theology,What was the most important subject for Dominican students?
1265,By what year was the school in Oxford completed?
ecstatic experiences of union with the divine,What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?
four,English mysticism was composed of how many elements?
it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life,What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?
one's personal relationship with God,What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?
"the journey of, or process of, faith",What was so important to English mystics?
knowledge of divinity,The process of faith leads one to what?
visions and voices,What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work?
faith,What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed?
through an imitation of His life,How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ?
Christ,Who is at the center of all mystical experiences?
emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry,What is the most significant way to know Christ?
the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified,What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies?
progressive,What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?
the events of Christ's life,The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?
the stigmata,What did the English Order not care about?
love,The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?
the mercy of God,What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?
spiritual growth,What does love lead to according to English mystics?
an image of God,What is man always seen as?
moral implications of image-bearing,What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?
The process of Christ's life,What amends humanity to God's life?
move toward God,The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?
ten,How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act?
boarding school,Which type of school requires students to live at the school?
four,How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK?
"up to £11,478",How much does Eton College charge per term?
sixth most expensive,How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK?
19,How many British prime ministers attended Eton?
London Academy of Excellence,Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?
free of charge,How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?
Maidenhead in Berkshire,Where will Holyport College be located?
around £15 million,How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?
20%,How many students receive financial aid at Eton?
63,How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?
"raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools",What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?
choral and English language courses,What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?
training facilities,What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games?
"400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)",How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics?
best 2012 Olympic venue,What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?
free of charge,How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year?
William Waynflete,Who was Eton's first Headmaster?
1480s,How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?
1441 and 1460,Between what years was College Hall built?
eighteen - or possibly seventeen,How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?
eight,How many bays does the chapel have today?
1517,Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle?
Roger Lupton,Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?
"Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber","Where are 18th century ""leaving portraits"" kept at Eton?"
"the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard",What is the most famous image of Eton College?
Duke of Wellington,"Who was incorrctly quoted in saying ""The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton""?"
1781 to 1784,During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?
the manly character induced by games and sport,"What ""stuff"" won Waterloo, according to Wellington?"
59 Club,Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?
familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas,What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?
Eton Manor Boys' Club,What is Eton's rowing club called?
it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic,Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?
district of Hackney Wick in east London,Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?
Etonians who had died in the Boer War,To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?
A bomb,What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?
Evie Hone,Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?
'Jews',What were new students once called by others?
applicant's father being British by birth,What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?
"""suspected a whiff of anti-semitism""",For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?
A. J. Ayer,Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?
King's Scholars,The College boarding house is reserved for whom?
the school was founded by King Henry VI,"Where do ""King's Scholars"" get their name?"
seventy,How many original Scholars were there in the original School?
up to a third,How many students receive some form of financial aid?
Oppidans,"What is the term given to students who lived in town, but not on the campus of Eton?"
"""dames""",Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what?
the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it,What is a House Master?
fifty,About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house?
Oppidan Scholars,"If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?"
Oppidan Scholar,Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?
24,How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?
consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations,Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?
either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career,How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?
"Godolphin House, Jourdelay's",Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names?
"Hawtrey House, Durnford House",Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845?
"Godolphin House, Jourdelay's",Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest?
"""fags""",What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students?
"cleaning, cooking, and running errands",What were common duties of younger servant students?
"""Boy, Up!"" or ""Boy, Queue!""",What words were yelled by Librarians that required first year students to come?
The last boy to arrive,Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian?
1970s,"What year was ""fagging"" phased out of most houses?"
mourning for the death of George III,There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event?
Members of the teaching staff,What are Beaks?
when teaching,When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?
"""divisions"", or ""divs""",What are classes at Eaton known as today?
more than 100,How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?
non-curriculum,Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?
just one,How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?
Classical Greek,Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?
House Master,With whom does the primary responsibility for a student's leaning lie?
Henry Woodyer,Who designed the learning buildings at Eton?
separate,Are living houses and classrooms seperate or conjoined?
tutor,What other term is given to the director of studies?
Wine and Wotton’s,Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?
Rous,Which Eton society is centered around horses?
Rock,What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?
Rare Books and Manuscripts,What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?
a project on a scientific subject,For what is the Huxley prize awarded?
Tomline and Russell,Which two prizes are dedicated to mathematics?
"painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design",What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize?
internal,Are trials considered internal or external exams?
individual ventures that show particular initiative,What does the Busk Fund support?
Marsden Fund,Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?
the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund,Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?
If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work,"What action results in something being ""Sent Up For Good?"""
a card,What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?
"House Master, tutor and division master","When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?"
College Archives,Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?
"a ""Rip""",What is the opposite of a Show Up?
the boy's housemaster,Who must sign a Rip?
all his teachers,Who must sign a White Ticket?
the boy's housemaster and tutor,"Who must sign an ""info""?"
sign for information,"What punishment term is ""info"" short for?"
"a ""run""",What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?
School Office,"Where is the ""Tardy Book"" kept?"
typically three days,How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?
"the ""Bill""","When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?"
suspension,What is another term for rustication?
caning,The birch was abolished and replaced with what?
"""Pop-Tanning""",What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?
the caning would cut the cloth to shreds,Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?
Chenevix-Trench,Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?
Anthony Chenevix-Trench,Who administered caning privately in his office?
"""Precentor""",What term is given to the Head of Music?
didgeridoo,What is an example of a lesser-known instrument taught at Eton?
Tim Johnson,Who is the current Precentor?
eight,How many organs does Eton house?
400,How many people can sit in the audience at Eton's main theatre?
Farrer,What is the name of Eton's largest theatre?
about 8 or 9,How many house productions does Eton run each year?
"not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians","What are ""independent"" theatre productions at Eton?"
fully booked every night,Do the plays sport high attendance rates?
girls from surrounding schools,Who are cast in Eton's female roles in their productions?
Boys from the School,"Who is responsible for stage hand duties, lighting, sound, and management?"
Macbeth,Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012?
"St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School",What are somefemale schools close to Eton?
"""Fourth of June""",What is Eton's best-known holiday?
the birthday of King George III,"What does the ""Fourth of June"" celebrate?"
the Wednesday before the first weekend of June,When is the Fourth of June celebrated?
Procession of Boats,Which event is held on the Fourth of June?
substantial tax breaks,Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton?
use of its facilities,What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge?
"£29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100",What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011?
"£1,945 per pupil per year",How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992?
the National Lottery,Who granted money to Eton for a sports complex in 1995?
April 1999,When did the Thames Valley Athletics Centre open?
in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only,For what did the college pay a substancial sum and donate 4.5 hectres of land?
30,How many cricket squares does Eton have?
two,How many swimming pools are located within Eton?
Sarah Forsyth,Who claimed she had been unfairly fired by Eton and won her case?
"secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke",What did Sarah Forsyth provide as evidence to her unfair termination and job duties?
failing to produce its capability procedures,For what was Eton criticized in its handling of the Forsyth case?
the Head Master,Who was criticized for not handling the Forsyth case independently?
unfounded and irrelevant,The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what?
Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry,What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality?
determine whether or not it was legitimate,The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry's recording in the Forsyth case?
Jean Scott,"Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing, stating they were unaware the laws had changed?"
2005,In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing?
"£70,000, totalling around £3.5 million",How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing?
a new charitable educational fund,"What did the schools elect to contribute money towards, in light of their allegations?"
"£2,652",How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?
Common Agricultural Policy,Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?
environmental improvements,What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?
nine,How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?
Wellington College,Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?
Labour MP David Lammy,"Who described outreach events at Eton as ""unfair and indefensible?"""
37,"In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?"
July 2015,When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family?
400,How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015?
nine,For how many students was the email mistake originally intended?
an illegal hare hunt,What was Eton's beagle club accused of in January 2016?
a video,What evidence was brought forth of a potential hare hunt?
extremely seriously,Did Eton's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously?
Roxbury Latin School,"Which male private school in Boston, USA has Eton formed a relationship with?"
Wotton house,Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside?
2005,In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded?
a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world,What is the G20 School's Group?
Prince Richard,Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?
Ulster,"Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?"
George Lascelles,Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?
"Princess Mary, Princess Royal",Who was George Lascelles' mother?
John Gurdon,Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton?
Lawrence Oates,Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton?
Eton,Where did adventurer Bear Grylls attend school?
James Landale,Which current BBC Deputy Political Editor attended Eton?
Charles Moore,Which former Editor of the Daily Telegraph attended Eton?
Geordie Greig,Who is a former Eton alumn and current Editor of The Mail on Sunday?
"Yes, I would.","According to actor Dominic Wes, would he send his children to Eton?"
They champion the talent of the individual,"According to actor Tom Hiddleston, that is special about Eton?"
Tom Hiddleston,Which actor states there are widespread misconceptions about Eton?
Saint Finbarr,Who was thought to have founded Cork?
6th century,When was Cork believed to have been founded?
some point between 915 and 922,When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork?
ecclesiastical,What kind of settlement was Cork?
otherwise unobtainable trade goods,What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery?
Prince John,Who granted Cork's charter?
fully walled,What kind of protection did Cork have?
some wall sections and gates,What parts of Cork's defense remain today?
Black Rent,What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?
"between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south",Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?
"12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe",Who controlled Cork's municipal government?
"about 2,100",How many citizens were origionally in Cork?
Black Death,What caused the deaths of half of Cork's citizens?
1349,When did the plague hit Cork?
Perkin Warbeck,Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII?
mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes,What is the weather like in Cork?
Met Éireann,Who keeps a weather station in Cork?
the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft),Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport? 
UCC and Clover Hill,Where are some weather stations near Cork?
lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b,"If you are going to farm in Cork, what should you be aware of?"
"1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft)",How much precipitation does Cork usually receive?
rain,What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives?
2 days,How long does snow hang around in Cork?
foggy,What is the atmosphere typically like in Cork?
average of 97,How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?
The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150),Where is a good place to find dramatic plays all year in Cork?
Cillian Murphy,Which Hollywood actress first began in Cork at the Corcadorca Theatre Company?
the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240),What is a major dance venue in Cork?
Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company,What are someplaces that you could study drama and therter in Cork?
"the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee",WHat are some festivals or events of note in Cork?
Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan,Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?
"Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy",Which major opera singers were born in Cork?
Plugd Records,Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?
"Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's",What are the main attractions in Cork?
RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet,Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?
"Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities",What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork?
multi-cultural restaurants and shops,What things show Corks diverse culural background?
late 19th century,When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?
"various Christian churches, as well as a mosque",What types of religions can be found in Cork?
"masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English",How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork?
"Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched",What sets the Cork accent apart from other Irish accents?
rhoticity,What is the name of the English dialects that are written and spoken in Cork?
at home and abroad,Where did Cork get pieces of its language from?
rhoticity,"What is the pronunciation of the Irish ""r"" called?"
Life 93.1FM,Is there a Christian radio station in Cork?
South Coast Radio and ERI,What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork?
Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1,What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork?
1980s,When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork?
UCC 98.3FM,What did Cork Campus Radio change to?
the Irish Examiner,"WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?"
Cork Examiner,What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?
poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper,Who are the Echo Boys?
Evening Echo,What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?
UCC Express and Motley magazine,What publications are put out by the UCC?
Medieval to Modern,From which periods are the buildings in Cork from?
only notable remnant of the Medieval era,What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?
two,How many cathedrals does Cork host?
St Mary's Cathedral,What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork?
North Cathedral,What else is St. Mary's known as?
St. Patrick's Street,What is main street Cork?
mid-2000s,When was St. Patrick's Street remodeled?
it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches,What is St. Patrick's Street curved?
1840,When did the Theatre Royal burn?
General Post Office,What was built on the site of the old Theatre Royal?
Georgian,What style does most of the city's architecture belong to?
The Elysian,WHat is the tallest building in Cork?
Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital,What is the longest building in Cork?
Atkins Hall,What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into?
a residential housing complex,What is Atkin's Hall?
University College Cork,What is the name of the college in Cork?
River Lee,Which river runs through the university's campus?
present building dates from 1786,How old is the building holding the covered market?
Popes Quay,Where is St Mary's Dominican Church?
Fitzgerald's Park,Where is the Cork Public Museum?
local government,Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?
six electoral wards,How many wards make up Cork?
Fianna Fáil (10 members),What is the most well represented ward in Cork?
Workers' Party,Which party has the least amount of members?
vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count,How is a mayor chosen in Cork?
state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops,What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?
many retail spaces available for let,What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?
Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores,What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?
2016,When will work on the Grand Parade begin?
"60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)",How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?
pharmaceuticals,What is the main industry in Cork?
Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis,Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?
Viagra,What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?
Apple,What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?
Logitech and EMC Corporation,Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?
Heineken,Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery?
45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets,What is the Ferro Factory known for producing?
Ford Motor Company,Which car company closed the doors on it's Cork operations in 1984?
Amazon.com,What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park?
Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork,Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?
Bus Éireann,Who runs the public busses in Cork?
"shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only","Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?"
"connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest",What do the routes consist of?
1980s,When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?
to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre,What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?
remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney,What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?
pedestrian focus,What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street? 
eight,How many rail stations has cork had over the years?
the line through Kent,What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork?
Dublin Heuston,Where does the main rail originate?
Blackpool,Where was the original end of the line?
Cork,What was Ireland's most rail-centric city?
two,How many tram systems were in Cork?
George Francis Train,Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?
1872,When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?
Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line,Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?
protruded from the road surface,Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?
Glounthaune to Midleton,Which line was reopened in 2009?
Carrigtwohill and Midleton,What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?
Kilbarry Railway Station,What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs?
Cork's Eastern Suburbs,Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?
The Cork Suburban Rail,"What system are Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh stations of?"
The National Maritime College of Ireland,Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork?
Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design,What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork?
The Cork College of Commerce,Who provides vocational training in Cork?
Griffith College Cork,Who offers post-secondary education in Cork?
The Rubicon Centre,What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?
IMERC (Marine Energy),Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?
the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre,What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?
57,How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?
Hurling and football,What are the biggest sports draws in Cork?
30,How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?
7,How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork?
Camogie,What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?
gaelic football,What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play?
rowing and sailing,What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork?
five,How many rowing clubs are in Cork?
The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven,Where is the world's oldest yahct club?
Cork Week,What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork?
Ocean to City,What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?
Cork County Cricket Club,What's the most famous cricket club in Cork?
1874,When was the Cork County Cricket Club established?
Leinster Senior League,Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to?
"1947, 1961 and 1973",Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?
Ireland playing Scotland,Which teams played in the three first class matches?
Leeside Lions,Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?
four,How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?
"2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007",When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?
hockey and figure skating,Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork?
"Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo",What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?
"mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments",What is federalism?
a relationship of parity between the two levels of government,What features are distinctive of federalism? 
a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status,What is federlism defined as?
Constitution of 1789,What document exemplified modern federalist government?
a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established,What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?
there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.,Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government? 
general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments,Federalism combines what two types of government?
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government,What is federalism? 
division of powers between two levels of government of equal status,"In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? "
general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments,What type of governments are included in federalism? 
relationship of parity between the two levels of government,How many governments are apart of federalism?
equality of standing between the two levels of government,What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments?
Civil War,What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible?
European Union,What organization is a leading example of a federal union?
federal state (or federation),What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole?
two distinct federal forms,New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?
a division of sovereignty between two levels of government,"Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? "
final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.,"After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? "
The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century,When was federalism put into place? 
the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established,What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
the European Union,What is an example of a federal union? 
foedus,What is the Latin word for federalism? 
a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.,What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? 
"'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both",What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? 
homogeneous states,Where does the federalist model work best in? 
"United States, Germany or Australia",What are homogeneous states? 
Canada,Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia,What countries did the federalist model fail in? 
Ukraine or Syria,What countries dismissed the federalist model? 
belief in a stronger central government.,"In the United States, what was federalism referred to? "
stronger central government,"When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? "
weaker central government,What did anti-federalist support? 
"federalism"" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state","On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? "
Europe,Who has a greater history of unitary states? 
"weaker central government, relative to a unitary state",What does federalism mean in Europe? 
judiciary,What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? 
nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation,What happened on January 1st 1901?
1788,When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?
United States of America,Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? 
"six, eventually self-governing, colonies",What was established when Australia was colonized? 
1889,When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?
"military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.",Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?
1891,When did Brazil adopt federalism? 
Fonseca system,What other system does Brazil use? 
regulate interstate trade,What is the fonseca system? 
tiered system,What is the government of India based on? 
the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers,What is a tiered system? 
two-tier system of government,What was the constitution originally provided for? 
Panchayats and Municipalities,"When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? "
asymmetric,What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?
special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession,What does Article 370 say?
"special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim",What does Article 371 say?
the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months,What happens with President's Rule?
"Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg",Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?
"United Kingdom, Denmark and France",Who opposed the European Federalism? 
Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995,When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? 
1863,When did the federal war end?
with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces,How did the federal war end? 
"""Federation of Sovereign States"" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America",What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? 
President,In this type of federation each country had its own what? 
three components,How many components does the Belgian federalism have? 
Brussels' parliament,"What passed on July 18, 2007?"
"Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party",What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?
the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.,What is Belgian Federalism? 
Basque Country and Navarre,Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? 
the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.,How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?
Madrid,Where are the main taxes taken?
State,What are anarchists against? 
"not against political organization or ""governance""—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.",What are anarchists not against? 
federalism or confederalism,What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? 
government or legislature,Who can elect the members of the upper house? 
indirectly,Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? 
directly,Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? 
a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries,What is federalism seen as? 
it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level,What does federalism allow?
"Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries",What do scholars think of federalism?
changed towards a generally autonomous model,What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? 
in the aftermath of the Soviet Union,When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?
Boris Yeltsin,Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? 
Vladimir Putin,Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? 
ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States,What is federalism in the United States?
American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.,How has the American government evolved?
James Madison asserted that the states and national government,What happened in Federalist No.46?
"""Federalist No. 28,"" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit",What happened in Federalist No. 28
Because the states were preexisting political entities,Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? 
enumerated powers,What is another word for express powers? 
in the Constitution,Where can we find express powers?
"gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law ""necessary and proper"" for the execution of its express powers",What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? 
"the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.",What are the expressed powers? 
Democratic-Republicans,What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?
the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked,What did the democratic-republican party believe in?
the judicial system of courts,Who decided the rights in specific cases?
"as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context",What is the meaning of federalism?
Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.,What types of movements are associated with federalism?
United States and Australia,What countries advocate for a strong central government?
the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause.,What happened between 1938 to 1995?
Commerce Clause,What are most actions in the federal government known as?
the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision,What did the court reject in 1995?
rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act,What did the court reject in 1994?
include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision,What does the commerce clause include?
two components,How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?
"the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels",What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?
third component,What component is the Brussel Region?
consequently has a number of political issues,What happens with the Brussels special position?
provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent,The US Constitution says what to amendments? 
cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state,What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?
would require unanimous consent of the provinces.,"Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?"
provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.,What is the German basic law?
the same powers,What does every component state of federation possess?
"where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do",Asymmetric federalism exist when?
"Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians",What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?
"Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.",Is Spain apart of federalism?
special procedures,What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? 
federal structure,What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?
required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole,What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?
mechanisms to protect the rights of component states,What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?
intrastate federalism,What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?
is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions,What is intrastate federalism?
the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole,What is a bicameral legislature?
union of states,What does federations often employ?
"that the US Constitution ""is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both",What is federalist paper no. 39?
"it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..",What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?
which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.,What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?
two levels,When is a federation formed?
the central government and the regions,What two levels equal a federation?
because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite,Why is Brazil an exception?
municipalities,What is each state divided into?
with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito,What does each state have their own of?
China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area,China is the largest what?
decentralization,What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?
Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs,Why is China's government similar to unity structure?
centuries,How long has China been with centralized power?
unitary state,What type of state is the Philippines?
some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code,What types of powers does the Philippines have?
possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system.,What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
the Consultative Commission,What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?
unitary state,What type of state is Spain?
"unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a ""federation without federalism""",What type of federalism system does Spain have?
central government,What type of government does Spain have?
"8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system",What does Spain's government accounts for?
unitary state,How has United Kingdom been governed?
UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power,"Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?"
1914,When did devolution in the UK begin?
which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,What is Ireland Act 1914?
eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland,What is Irish Free State?
decentralised power once again,What has the process of devolution in the UK did?
referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland,What happened since 1997?
England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament,Does England have its own Parliament?
certain governmental administrative functions,What does the region of England continue to use?
the doctrine of the church,What is ecclesiology?
"the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.",What happens in Presbyterian denominations?
shared sovereignty,In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?
authority over its constituent members,What does each greater level of assembly have?
is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible.,When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?
in the New Testament,What was the structure that the early Christian church described?
the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church,What happens in the council of Jerusalem?
"can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.",Where can the elements of federalism can be found?
the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers,"In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?"
federation would not be a single sovereign state,"Per the UN definition, what is federalism?"
"Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,",What is the German Empire?
powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.,What is the libson treaty?
Spain,Which country is Galicia in?
North-West of the Iberian Peninsula,Where is its geographic location?
Atlantic Ocean,Which large body of water does Galicia border?
Arousa,What is its largest island?
Middle Paleolithic,During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia?
"Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples",Where does its name come from?
Roman Empire,Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD?
the Cortes or Junta,What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century?
1981,Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted?
"2,000 m (6,600 ft)",How high does Galicia's mountain ranges rise?
animal husbandry and farming,What have been its two primary sources of wealth?
Ferrol to A Coruña,Name its northwestern coastal area.
Santiago de Compostela,Name its political capital.
A Coruña,Which province is this capital in?
Galletia,What is one variation of Gallicia's name used during the Middle Ages?
Galiza,Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century?
15th and 16th centuries,When did it get its modern spelling?
Xunta de Galicia,What is the name of the local government?
The Royal Galician Academy,Which group regulates the Galician language?
Isidore,"Which author wrote that ""Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls""?"
Kallaikói,"Which original ethnic name is ""Galicia"" derived from?"
the land of the Galicians,What does Galicia's name mean?
Eirós Cave,Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?
Triacastela,Which municipality is this in?
Megalithic,What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?
tin and gold,Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?
Culture of the Castles,What does the Castro culture's name mean?
second half of the first millennium BC.,When did the Castro culture flourish?
Appian,"Who mentioned the ancient Galician's ""warlike spirit""?"
Pomponius Mela,"Who was it that described people living on the coast as ""Celtic""?"
castros,What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?
hills,Where were these forts commonly built?
Borneiro,Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found?
warrior,Statues have been made in whose likeness?
711,"Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?"
Asturias,Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?
Christian,"As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?"
Coimbra,Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?
Decimus Junius Brutus,Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?
Augustus,Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?
gold,Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?
latin,Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?
Tower of Hercules,The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?
406,At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire?
Suebi,Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with?
Britonia,What was the name of the Briton colony formed in Northern Galicia?
Leovigild,Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi?
585,In which year did this happen?
Apostle James,Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?
Santiago de Compostela,Where was this cult based in?
Way of Saint James,Name the road that lead there.
Leodemanes or Lordomanes,What did Galicians call the Vikings?
Towers of Catoira,"To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?"
Ferdinand I,Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?
Garcia II,What was the name of this son?
Alfonso VI,Who was the brother who later took control for himself?
Kingdom of León,Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?
Alfonso X,Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?
Guerras Irmandiñas,Social turmoil led to conflict?
Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja,Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century?
Jeronimo Zurita,"The subsequent reforms were coined as ""doma del Reino de Galicia"" by who?"
Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia,What was the name of the local government and tribunal?
1480 and 1486,Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?
"Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio",Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?
Isabella I,Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia?
Santa Hermandad,Which government body was formed in 1480?
Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia,Which body was formed in 1500?
10%,What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia responsible for?
"Netherlands, France and England",Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century?
"sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine","In spite of these wars, which exports did Galicia's Atlantic trade consist of?"
Vigo,Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?
Barbary pirates,Who attacked Cangas in 1617?
Portugal and Catalonia,War broke out with which other countries?
second half of the 17th century,When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?
there were frequent urban mutinies,In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting?
Solidaridad Gallega,Which nationalist movement arose in the early 20th century?
Solidaritat Catalana,Which other movement was it modeled after?
Irmandades da Fala,Which political group arose in 1916?
Nós,Which magazine advocated for Galician nationalism?
Catalonia and the Basque provinces,"Along with Galicia's, which other two province's autonomy was annulled?"
Franco's,Under the control of whose army was Galicia under during this war?
Manuel Lustres Rivas,Which prominent journalist was victim of the killings?
Antonio Azarola,Which admiral who hadn't joined the rebellion was also a victim?
Ferrol,Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?
1975,When did his reign end?
El Piloto,What was Guerrilla fighter José Castro Veiga's nickname?
Foucellas,And what was Benigno Andrade's?
democracy,Which form of government did Galicia start using in 1975
Bloque Nacionalista Galego,Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation?
Manuel Fraga,Which former minister under Franco's rule headed the autonomous government  from 1990 to 2005?
Partido Popular,Which political party did he belong to?
Prestige,The sinking of which oil tanker precipitated the downfall of that party's rule?
Anxo Quintana,Power then passed a political coalition headed by who?
"29,574",What is Galicia's surface area in sq/km?
Estaca de Bares,What is its northernmost point?
Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés,And its southernmost?
rías,What are estuaries called in Galicia?
High Rías,What does Rías Altas mean?
Low Rías,WWhat does Rías Baixas mean?
316,"The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks?"
Cortegada,Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?
Macizo Galaico,What is Galicia's main mountain range?
Portugal,Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country?
country of the thousand rivers,What is Galicia is poetically known as?
Minho,What is its longest river?
eucalyptus tree,Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?
Hydroelectric,What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?
Galician Blond,Which cow species is native to Galicia?
galiña de Mos,Which fowl species is native to the area?
Ría de Ribadeo,One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?
Pontevedra,Where is Galicia's warmest coastal station?
Ourense,What about inland?
Mediterranean,What is the southern area's climate classified as?
Oceanic,What about the climate of its coastal areas?
Santiago de Compostela,What is the political capital city?
129,How many rainy days does it typically have?
6,How many days with frosts?
40,A colder city like Lugo has how many days with frosts?
"2,223","Its sunniest city, Pontevedra, gets how may hours of sunlight per year?"
53,How many comarcas does Galicia consist of?
315,How many municipalities?
"3,778",How many parishes?
"40,000",How many of its numerous named locations are communities?
fishing,Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?
minifundios,What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? 
Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela,Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations?
5.7 million,How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007?
12%,What percentage of its GDP is tourism responsible for?
Vigo,Which port is Galicia's most important?
Tokyo,Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia's second to?
120,"Aside from the larger ports, roughly how many other organized ports are there?"
Xunta de Galicia,The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?
AG-41,Name another road they responsible for.
1873,In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?
Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo,What is the name of its only electrified railway?
Spanish Civil War,A rapid population growth after occurred after which war?
Economic development and mechanization of agriculture,What are two reasons for which Galicia's rural areas have been largely abandoned?
more than four centuries,For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia?
1983,"In modern times, from which year have children attended school in Galician?"
"Lei de Normalización Lingüística (""Law of Linguistic Normalization""",What was the name of the law that enacted this?
91,Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?
68,What percentage read it?
57,What percentage write it?
1228,The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?
Middle Ages,During what era did Galician literature emerge?
Christianity,What is Galicia's most widespread religion?
73%,What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?
Catholic Church,Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?
one archbishop and four bishops,Which five positions are held by church leaders?
Romans,Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?
Lugo and Ourense,Name two of these cities.
Saint James the Greater,Who is Galicia's patron saint?
Saint Senorina,Name another saint associated with Galicia.
A Coruña-Ferrol,Which metro area is largest in terms of population?
"653,556",What was it's total population back in 1900?
galegos,What to Galician's call themselves in their language?
Latin America,"Aside from Spain, where have Galicians emigrated to?"
Madrid,Which Spanish city does the Autovía A-6 lead to?
Cantabrian,The Autovía A-8 enters Galicia on which coast?
grene,"Which old english word does the word ""green"" originate from?"
grow,"Other than ""grass"", what other Germanic root word is similar to green?"
springtime,Which season is green most commonly associated with?
chlorophyll,Which chemical in plants is the largest contributor to the color green?
emerald,What an is an example of a green mineral?
chlorophyll,"What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?"
camouflage,For what do some animals use the color green?
chromium,What chemical causes emeralds to be green?
grene,From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?
fertility and happiness,What is green a symbol of in China?
green,"In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?"
she is not from a noble family,What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?
lush vegetation of Paradise,What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?
its association with nature,Why is green the color of the environmental movement?
"fresh, sprouting vegetation","Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for ""green"" which are derived from words for what?"
independently,"How were the terms for ""green"" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?"
Turkic,"Which language has a word for ""green"" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for ""meadow""?"
two,How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?
xanh,What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?
the same colors that other countries have,What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?
Thai,"In which language does the word for ""green"" also mean ""rank"" and ""smelly""?"
520–570 nm,In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?
the name of a fruit,"What is the origin of the word ""orange""?"
subtractive,In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?
RGB,In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?
magenta,What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?
red,What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?
A unique green,What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?
~550 nm,At what wavelength is green on computer displays?
additive,What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?
green,Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?
532 nm,What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?
diode pumped solid state,What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?
501 nm to 543 nm,What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?
reflect,What do pigments do with the color green?
minerals,What are green paints and dyes usually made of?
chromium,What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?
Copper,What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?
small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar,What is the source of amazonite's color?
Verdigris,"What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?"
Pliny,Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?
Pompeii,In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?
ruin,What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?
Leonardo da Vinci,Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?
Green S (E142),"Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?"
Quinoline Yellow,"What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?"
Chlorophyll,What is the most common green chemical found in nature?
barium salts,How do fireworks create green sparks?
cupric chloride,Which copper salt can produce green glames?
75:25,What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?
chlorophyll,Why are many plants green?
absorbs,What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?
organisms living in oceans,Where did chlorophyll first arise?
camouflage,How do animals typically use the color green?
reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment,"Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?"
Turacoverdin,What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?
ceruloplasmin,What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?
biliverdin,What is the green pigment in bile called?
an optical illusion,What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?
Northern and Central Europe,Where are green eyes most common?
women,"Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?"
green,Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?
malachite,What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?
saffron,How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?
a growing papyrus sprout,What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?
Osiris,Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?
to protect them from evil,Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?
Aristotle,Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?
Democritus,Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?
white,"Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?"
verdigris,What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?
ten,How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?
green,"What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?"
they rapidly faded or changed color,Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?
16th century,When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?
reseda luteola,What was known as yellow-weed?
18th and 19th century,When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?
Goethe,Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?
late nineteenth century,When did the systematic study of color theory begin?
Vincent van Gogh,Who painted The Night Cafe?
complementary,What type of colors are red and green?
19th century,When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?
1868,When was the first traffic light erected?
"Salt Lake City, Utah",Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?
high visibility,"Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?"
the green fairy,What was absinthe known as?
copper or arsenic,Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?
green,What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?
Libya,Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?
country's lush vegetation,What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?
steadiness and tolerance,What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?
green,Which color is considered sacred in Islam?
Alliance '90/The Greens,What is the largest green party in Europe?
environmentalism,Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?
1980,When was the German green party founded in West Germany?
green,What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?
Pentecost,What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?
Catholics,What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?
green holly and evergreen,What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?
evergreens,What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?
USB,What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?
commonplace,USB has become what on other devices?
a variety of earlier interfaces,What has USB effectively replaced?
Type-A or a Type-B,What are the different kinds of USB connectors?
to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment,Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?
the Type-A connector is usually the full size,The Type-A connector is usually what size?
the Type-B side can vary as needed,What size is the Type-B connector?
"the ""micro"" size",What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?
The standard and mini connectors,What was designed for less daily connections?
Improved mini-B connectors,"What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?"
Micro connectors,What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?
five data transfer modes,USB connections come in what?
specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces,What is High Speed only supported by?
USB 3.0 and newer interfaces,SuperSpeed is only supported by?
1994,When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?
seven,How many companies developed USB's?
to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs,What was the goal for USB's?
Ajay Bhatt,Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?
January 1996,When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?
"1.5 Mbit/s ""Low Speed""",How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
"12 Mbit/s ""Full Speed""",What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
USB,1.1 was the first widely used version of what?
September 1998,When was the first widely used version of USB released?
The new SuperSpeed bus,What provides a fourth transfer mode?
5.0 Gbit/s,How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?
Communication,What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?
low-power and high-power,What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?
150 mA and 900 mA respectively,What do the power variants provide?
increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A,What does the Battery Charging Specification do?
does not allow concurrent data transmission,What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?
January 2013,When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?
The group ended up creating a new USB version,What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?
31 July 2013,When was USB 3.1 released?
the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode,What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?
August 2014,When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?
USB Type-C Specification 1.0,What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?
both hosts and devices,What does Type-C connect to?
The 24-pin double-sided connector,What connector provides four power/ground pairs?
an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages,Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?
"active, electronically marked cables",What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?
(VDMs),What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?
its topology,The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?
127 devices,How many devices may be connected to a host controller?
in series through hubs,How are USB devices linked?
the root hub,What HUB is built into the host controller?
topology,The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?
Up to 127 devices,How many devices can be connected to a host controller?
the root hub,What hub is built into the host controller?
multiple,A USB host may implement how many host controllers?
one or more USB ports,How many USB ports may a host controller provide?
device functions,What are logical sub-devices referred to as?
built-in microphone,A single device can provide an audio device function such as?
a webcam,A single device can provide a video device function such as?
a connection from the host controller to a logical entity,What is a pipe?
pipes (logical channels),A USB connection is based on what?
an endpoint,What is a pipe named at?
1-to-1 to endpoints,Where do pipes correspond?
up to 32 endpoints,How many endpoints can a USB device have?
the host sends an IN packet,"If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?"
both IN and OUT packets,What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?
an OUT packet,What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint?
enumeration process,What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?
the reset signaling,What id the data rate determined during?
After reset,When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address?
sending a reset signal to the USB device,What does the enumeration process start by doing?
the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.,What happens whenever a USB host is restarted?
convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses,What do transaction translators do?
When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub,When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?
transaction translators,What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0's contain?
storage devices,What do USB's implement connections to?
the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS),What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?
extension,What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?
"maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.",Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?
since mid-2004,Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?
a primary bus for a computer's internal storage,What is USB not intended for?
it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer,What is an important advantage of USB?
a computer's internal storage,Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?
external portable USB hard disk drives,Several manufacturers offer what?
performance comparable to internal drives,What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?
Thunderbolt,What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?
"a ""translating device""",What do the external drives typically include?
Microsoft,Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?
to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem,Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?
use with portable media players,What was MTP originally designed for?
MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does,Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?
PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter,What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?
whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port,What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?
appropriate protocol,USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?
Converters,What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?
a microcontroller,What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?
to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly,What is difficult to do with a USB plug?
"embossed on the ""topside"" of the USB plug",The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?
adjacent,How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?
to be visible during the mating process,Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?
supply power,What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?
draw power,What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?
from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other,What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?
cyclic networks,What networks do USB not support?
robust,Standard connectors were designed to be what?
the connectors would be used more frequently,Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?
Many previous connector designs were fragile,What as a drawback of previous connectors?
by an adjacent plastic tongue,How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected?
by an enclosing metal sheath,How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected?
typically connected to system ground,Where is the external metallic sheet connected?
This enclosure design,What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?
electrically safe hot-swapping.,This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?
"a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion",What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?
"1,500",What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?
on the cable side of the connection,"After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?"
so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear,Why was the change made for the USB device?
loose tolerances,What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?
to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors,Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?
the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device,How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards?
fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does,Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what?
plugs,USB cables and device have only what on their ends?
receptacles,Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?
one or another Type-B variety,Devices usually have what type of receptacle?
Type-A receptacles,Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?
Various connectors,What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?
The mini-B USB connector,What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?
approximately 3 by 7 mm,How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs?
23 May 2007,When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?
to reduce the mechanical wear on the device,What is the micro connector designed for?
to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection,What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?
"10,000 connect-disconnect cycles",What is the micro-plug rated for?
The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform,In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?
22 October 2009,When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution?
micro-USB,What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution?
"The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI",Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?
14,How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?
Apple,Who was one of the original MoU signers?
"one, and only one, USB connector",What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?
the micro-AB receptacle,Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?
power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line,Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle?
B-device,The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what?
to acting as a B-device,What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted?
powering the USB interface when required,What is the A-device responsible for?
a serial bus,What is USB?
four shielded wires,What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?
"two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals",What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?
5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed,How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?
26 ns,What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?
cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter,What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?
100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0,What is a unit load defined as?
150 mA,How much is a unit load in USB 3.0?
five unit loads,What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1. and 2.0 device may draw?
six unit loads,What is the maximum amount of load a USB 3.0 device may draw?
high-speed external disk drives,What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current?
may have power issues,What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port.
"""use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs)",What does USB compliance specification prohibit?
The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1,"What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?"
in 2007,When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?
the charging port,What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called?
up to 500 mA at 5 V,What does a charging port supply?
Two types,How many types of charging ports exist?
the type of USB port,What can a portable device recognize?
a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms,What are the D+ and D- shortened with?
there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0,What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?
USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms,What does revision 1.2 remove?
in 2010,When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released?
In July 2012,When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification?
higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts,What can devices request?
supported,"In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are what?"
USB 3.1,The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?
Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel,What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?
Type-C features,Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what?
charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off,What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?
USB ports,What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?
Sleep-and-charge USB ports,What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?
On Dell and Toshiba laptops,On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?
PowerShare,What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off?
On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops,On what laptops are the sleep-and-charge marked with a non-standard symbol?
17 February 2009,When did the GSM Association follow suit?
a 4-star or higher efficiency rating,UCS chargers will also include what?
22 April 2009,When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?
June 2009,When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?
to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply,What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do?
January 2011,When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011?
more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port.,Some USB devices require what?
an external power supply,Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?
a dual-input USB cable,What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?
"one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power",What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable?
the inrush current,What does the USB specification limit?
when the device is first connected,When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?
ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended,What are USB devices required to enter?
cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended,Many USB host interfaces do not what?
the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network,What do some non-standard USB devices use?
the 5 V power supply,What Negotiates power draw with the host interface?
that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host,What does the USB specification require prior to the Battery Charging Specification?
by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state,How is the USB data transmitted?
the NRZI line coding,What does USB use to encode data?
bit stuffing,"To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions  remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?"
EOP (end-of-packet),What is a USB packet's end called?
as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet,What can skew due to hubs add?
"""bit stuff violation",What can this extra bit result in?
a special protocol,What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?
chirping,What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?
an FS device (D+ pulled high), A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?
"sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,",Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?
70–90 MB/s," For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?"
90–110 MB/s,What is the read speed for USB 3.0?
8-bit bytes,"After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?"
least-significant bit first,How are the bit bytes transmitted?
a packet identifier (PID) byte,The first byte is what?
PID byte,Handshake packets consist of only a single what?
in response to data packets,When are handshake packets generally sent?
Error detection,"What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?"
a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number,IN and OUT tokens contain what?
a response from a device,An IN token expects what?
DATAx frame,An OUT token is followed immediately by a what?
to perform split transactions," a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?"
the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth," Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?"
12 bits,How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?
DATA0 and DATA1,"There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?"
an address token,A data packet must always be preceded by what?
a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter,What is a data packet usually followed by?
"a special PID value, PRE",Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?
four 0 bits,All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?
simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?
two buses,These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?
simplicity and low cost,USB was designed for what?
"high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video",FireWire was designed for what?
USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use,FireWire 400 is faster than what?
more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB,The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?
cheaper,Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?
"the distance is short, and power demand is low.",What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?
closely associated with a host computer,USB  was designed for peripherals to be what?
the peripheral and host grounds,USB connects what?
"isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds",Ethernet standards require what?
external devices,eSATA does not supply power to what?
advancing and external drives gradually need less power,"Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?"
5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD,On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?
chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0,USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?
the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB,What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?
2007,When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum
Ba-Shu,What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?
at least the 15th century BC,How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?
within the Sichuan Basin,Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?
Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams,What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?
"Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan",What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?
a cuckoo,What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?
Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.,What does the name Shu refer to?
a local farmer in 1929,"When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?"
the Zhou,"The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?"
the Jin dynasty (265–420),When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?
the Himalayas,What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?
Qin Mountains,What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?
Yangtze,What river flows through the Sichuan basin?
present-day Gansu and Shaanxi,Where was the Qin dynasty based?
mountainous areas of Yunnan,What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?
316 BC,By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?
improved agricultural technology.,What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?
Li Bing,Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?
Yangtze,The Min River is a major tributary of what river? 
to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.,The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?
Tang dynasty,During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?
Du Fu,Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?
armies,What was Chengu known to supply the country with?
755-763,Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?
the Tibetan Empire,Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?
Yellow Tiger,What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?
Sichuan,Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?
Daxi Dynasty,Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? 
Huguang Province,"Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?"
Chongqing,To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? 
"Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan",What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
"Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou","What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? "
The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate,What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?
the Communists,What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?
Chiang Kai-Shek,Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?
10 December,On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?
it was one area on the road of the Long March,Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?
Sichuan,What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?
"Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality.",Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?
to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces,Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?
the Three Gorges Dam project.,Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?
"99,730,000",What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?
two,How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?
Sichuan basin,What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?
Hengduan Mountains,Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?
Daxue Mountains,Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?
"24,790 ft",How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?
Yangtze River,Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?
Min River,Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?
"Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang",What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?
"Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai",Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.
humid subtropical climate,What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?
the Sichuan Basin,What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?
subarctic climate,Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?
"2,000 to 3,500 meters",What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?
0 to 15 °C,What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?
Sichuan,"What area for the ""Province of Abundance"" refer to?"
rice and wheat,What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?
pork,What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?
93%,How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?
transported to more developed eastern regions,What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?
"coal, energy, iron and steel",What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?
Chengdu and Mianyang,What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?
21.9%,How much of China's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000?
Deyang,Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production?
Panzhihua,Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries?
Three Gorges Dam,What is the largest dam ever built in the world?
Yangtze River,On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?
"to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream",What is the purpose of the Three Gorges Dam?
"massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.",What are some reasons for the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam?
53.3 percent,By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?
US$13.1 billion,What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008?
US$8.93 billion,What was the import level of Sichuan in 2008?
"Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan",What cities saw an increase in foreign trade of more than 40% in 2008?
12.5 percent,By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?
450 yuan,What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?
4.9 yuan,"What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28, 2007?"
450 yuan per month,What is the national minimum monthly wage in China?
February 2000,When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?
CETDZ,What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?
8.5 mi,How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ?
Chengdu,What is the capital city of Sichuan?
20,How many countries are represented by the investors and developers of the CETDZ?
1988,When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established?
1991,When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone approved?
5th,The Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone is what rank of 53 in China terms of comprehensive strength?
South Park and the West Park,Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone?
"electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery",Which industries does West Park give priority to?
creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology,What is the focus of the South Park?
software industry,What industry does South Park give priority to?
17 sq mi,What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone?
8 km,What is the distance between the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Mianyang Airport?
177.4 billion yuan,How much value has Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone  output since inception?
136,How many high-tech enterprises are present in the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ?
three years,How long did it take to complete the Sui-Yu Expressway?
two and a half hours,"After the newest expressway was completed, what was the new travel time between Chengdu and Chongqing?"
80 km/h (50 mph),What is the speed limit on the Sui-Yu Expressway?
1.045 billion yuan,What was the total cost of the Sui-Yu Expressway?
four lane,How many lanes make up the Sui-Yu Expressway?
Han Chinese,What race is the majority of Sichuan?
Tibetan,What is one of the largest minorities in Chengdu?
far western areas.,Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters?
"30,000",How many permanent Tibetan people live in Chengdu?
"Guangdong, Shandong and Henan",What are the three most populist provinces in China?
21 million,What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?
Sichuan,What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world?
six,How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total?
1991,In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?
Tibetans and Qiang,What are the largest minorities of western Sichuan?
Khams and Amdo Tibetan,What languages do Tibetans in Sichuan speak?
Nuosu,What language do the Yi people speak?
1974,In what year was the language of the Yi people standardized?
Southwest University for Nationalities,Which University houses one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments?
The Unicode Standard,What was Unicode published as?
Universal Coded Character Set (UCS),What was unicode developed in conjunction with?
Unicode 8.0,What is the most recent version of Unicode?
Unicode Consortium,Who maintains the Unicode Standard? 
"120,000 characters",Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire? 
"UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2",What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?
UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character,What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? 
UCS-2,What does UTF-16 expand? 
16-bit code unit,What type of code does UCS-2 use?
(4 × 8 bits,How are two 16-bit units used? 
transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings,What is the aim of Unicode?
multilingual computer processing,Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?
(computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other,What is multilingual computer processing?
usually using Latin characters,Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?
wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other,What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?
ISO-8859-1,What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? 
to make it trivial to convert existing western text,Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?
a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet,"What does the ""fullwidth forms"" section of code points encompass?"
"Chinese, Japanese, and Korean",What are the CJK languages referenced?
1996,When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0?
so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits,Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented?
rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters,What are some characters not originally intended for Unicode? 
many of which are part of personal and place names,Why are some foreign characters rarely used? 
allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts,Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased? 
"Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other",What are the General Categories of Unicode?
"not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point",What type of use is the General Category not helpful for?
"Other, Control",What is the General Category in Unicode?
a single General Category property,How many General Category properties does each code point have?
subdivisions,What exists within the main Unicode categories? 
high-surrogate code points,What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as? 
low-surrogate code points,What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as? 
leading surrogate,what is another name for a high-surrogate code point? 
trailing surrogate,what is another name for a low-surrogate code point? 
the range of code points that are available for use as characters,What is known as a character's scalar value? 
a dot above,What is an ogonek? 
associating an abstract character with a particular code point,How does Unicode encode characters?
a sequence of two or more characters,How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode?
Name Stability policy,What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?
a formal alias may be defined,What happens when a name is defective or misleading?
since Unicode version 2.0,How long has this name immutability been guaranteed? 
International Organization for Standardization,Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?
the Universal Character Set,What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?
The Unicode Standard,"What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?"
slightly different terminology,What do the two standards differ in? 
any code charts or standard annexes,"What does the print on demand, core version not include? "
1991,When was the Unicode Standard first published? 
June 2015,"When was the latest version, Unicode 8.0, released?"
Unicode 5.0,What was the last major version of Unicode to be published in book form? 
2012,What year was it announced that only the core specification for Unicode would be printed in physical form?
Unicode Roadmap Committee,"Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?"
maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding,What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? 
no proposal has yet been made,What proposal has been made for the Mayan script? 
Unicode Consortium Web site,Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?
two,How many mapping methods does Unicode define?
"Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings",What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?
the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value,What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate? 
UTF-8 and UTF-16,What are the most commonly used encodings? 
Universal Coded Character Set,What does UCS stand for?
Unicode Byte Order Mark,What does BOM stand for? 
UCS-2 and UTF-16,What specifies the BOM?
U+FEFF,what is the code point of the BOM?
byte-swapping U+FEFF,What is U+UFFE the result of? 
RFC 3629,What is the UTF-8 standard? 
UTF-8,Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? 
the large restriction on possible patterns,Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?
internal representation of text in programs,How is UTF-32 widely used? 
Seed7,What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? 
2.2,what version of python can be used with UTF-32? 
most letter/diacritic combinations,What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?
U+0065,How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?
U+0301,How is the accent added to the small latin e? 
U+00E9,What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent? 
radicals,The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?
ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly,Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?
greatly reduced the number of required code points,What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?
Arabic Calligraphic Engine,What does ACE stand for? 
DecoType,Who created ACE?
1980s,When was ACE created? 
Adobe and Microsoft,Who created OpenType?
SIL International,Who created Graphite? 
in fonts,where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences? 
Real stacking is impossible,Can real stacking be accomplished? 
assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing,what is a solution to the placement of combining marks? 
WGL-4 with 652 characters,What subset of Unicode is used by Windows? 
Multilingual European Subsets,"What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of? "
MES-2,What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4? 
since Windows NT 4.0,How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? 
Latin scripts only,MES-1 uses what scripts only? 
"open rectangle, or the Unicode ""replacement character""",What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? 
U+FFFD,What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? 
Last Resort,What is the name of Apple's font? 
SIL International,What company uses the Unicode Fallback font? 
a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character,What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly? 
Unicode,What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? 
Microsoft Layer,What is Unicode available through Windows on? 
UCS-2,What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? 
Unicode,What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? 
the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding,What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? 
MIME standards,Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? 
two different mechanisms,How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email? 
fewer than a dozen fonts,How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire? 
"""pan-Unicode"" fonts",What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? 
basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols,Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what? 
U+2028,What is the code for separating lines? 
U+2029,What is the code for separating paragraphs? 
Cocoa text system,How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? 
every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline,How does the newliine normallization format work? 
complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names,Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?
"alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters",What is TRON? 
"the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged",What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? 
Advanced Typographic,what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?
plain text,Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? 
Unicode variation sequences,How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? 
preexisting character encodings,Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? 
three different encoding forms,How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?
version 3.0,Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? 
Injective mappings,What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?
Shift-JIS or EUC-JP,A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?
U+FF5E,what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?
128,How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? 
conjuncts,What is another word for ligatures? 
128 code points,What is the ISCII standard? 
Thai Industrial Standard 620,What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? 
its ordering of Thai characters,Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? 
"Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order",How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? 
either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks,How are characters with diacritical marks represented? 
"Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies",What encoding does Charis SIL use? 
often be placed incorrectly,What is the issue with underdots and their placement? 
diacritical marks,Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? 
identically,How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? 
Detroit,What city has the biggest population in Michigan?
Wayne County,What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?
5.3 million,How many people inhabit metro Detroit?
Detroit River,What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?
Midwest,In what region of the country is Detroit located?
one-half,How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? 
"5,700,000",How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?
"1,337 square miles",How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?
2010,In which census are these numbers coming from?
25,By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?
auto,The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?
entertainment,What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?
abandonment of properties,What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?
Rick Snyder,Who is the Governor in Michigan?
"July 18, 2013",On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?
$18.5 billion,How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?
"November 7, 2014",On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?
Chapter 9,What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?
"1,400",What was Detroit's population in 1773?
"2,144",What was Detroit's population in 1778?
800,What was Detroit's population in 1765?
"Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain",Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac,Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?
fur,What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?
Anglo-American settlers,By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?
Muskrat French,What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?
War of 1812,In which War was Detroit captured by the British?
Battle of Frenchtown,In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?
1813,In which year was Detroit recaptured?
Monroe County,In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?
1863,What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?
George Armstrong Custer,Who led the Wolverine Brigade?
Iron Brigade,What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?
82%,How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?
Paris of the West,What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?
Great Lakes,On which waterway is Detroit located?
David Whitney House,What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?
Woodward Avenue,Which street became known for it's mansions?
Thomas Edison,Who electrified Detroit?
Jimmy Hoffa,Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?
Walter Reuther,Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?
8,How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?
40,How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?
The Black Legion,What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?
49,How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?
1920s,By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?
The Great Migration,What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?
34,How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?
"400,000",How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?
Packard plant protest,After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?
Packard,What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?
1956,In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?
60,How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?
highways,What made car travel much easier?
1963,In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?
Twelfth Street riot,What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?
George W. Romney,Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?
President Johnson,Who was the President of the United States in 1967?
43,How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?
William Milliken,Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970?
Milliken v. Bradley,What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control?
1974,In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?
Milliken,What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?
Wayne State University,What school does John Mogk teach at?
University of Minnesota,At which school did Myron Orfield teach?
Coleman Young,Who was the first black mayor of Detroit?
Detroit People Mover,What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system?
$600 million,How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system?
suburban neighbors,Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system?
gasoline crises,What hurt the Auto industry?
eminent domain,What did Detroit use to build it's tax base?
eroding the tax base,What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit?
The Renaissance Center,What group of buildings opened in 1977?
high crime rate,What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?
suburbs,What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?
1950,In which year did Detroit's population peak?
1.8 million,What was the population of Detroit in 1950?
40,By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?
"700,000",What was the population of Detroit in 2010?
2004,In which year was Campus Martius open?
riverfront,What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?
2001,In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?
Port Authority Passenger Terminal,What opened in 2011?
Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center,Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?
$9 billion,How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006?
Strathmore,Which hotel is set to be renovated?
$5.2 billion,How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014?
13,How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit?
"1,000-3,000",How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?
$246 million,How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?
urban decay,What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? 
Detroit Moraine,What is the prominent topographical feature in Detroit?
675 to 680 feet,How tall is the tallest point in Detroit?
Detroit River,What is the lowest point in Detroit along side?
clay,What material is the Detroit Moraine composed of?
Detroit Salt Company,What company mines salt in Detroit?
"1,500",How many acres is the Windsor Salt Mine?
four,How many routes to Canada does Detroit have?
Michigan Central Railway Tunnel,What is the railway tunnel to Canada called?
Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry,What it the Ferry to Canada called?
Great Lakes,What body of water affects Detroit's climate?
4.4,How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?
May to September,When is the warm season in Detroit?
33.5 inches,What is the average rainfall for summer months?
42.5,How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?
spring and summer,When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit?
27.5,How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack?
post modern Neo-Gothic spires,What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast?
Art Deco,What style does the Guardian building use?
Fox Theatre,What is a famous theater in Detroit?
Detroit Opera House,What is a famous opera house in Detroit?
Wayne State University,What university is near the New Center?
Downtown and New Center,What areas of Detroit contain high rises?
Palmer Park,What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?
historic,What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?
Belle Isle Park,What is the large island park in Detroit?
Tri-Centennial State Park,What is Michigan's first urban park?
two-mile,How long is the second phase of the riverfront?
five miles,What is the total length of the Detroit International Riverfront?
78-acre,How large is Lafayette Park?
Southwest Detroit,In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center?
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district,What district is Lafayette Park a part of?
"Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell",Who planned Lafayette Park?
a quarter,How many of Detroit's residential lots are are underdeveloped?
10%,How many of Detroit's housing is unoccupied?
9%,How many home in Detroit need minor repairs?
86%,How many of Detroit's home are in good condition?
northeast and on the city's fringes,Where are most of the low density area of Detroit located?
$300-million,How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?
Mayor Bing,Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?
Far Eastside Plan,What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?
"1,200",How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?
earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax,How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?
"$26,098",What was the median household income in 2009?
"$29,526",What was the median household income in 2000?
one,How many residents of Detroit in three live in poverty?
Luke Bergmann,Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country?
11th,What is Oakland Counties rank in affluence in 2009?
Detroit,What city dominates Wayne County?
"$62,000",What is Oakland Counties average income?
"$38,000",What is Wayne Counties average income?
90.4,What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?
suburbs,Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?
"120,000",How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?
Great Migration,What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?
automobile,What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?
Jim Crow,Why did Blacks move to Detroit in the middle if the 20th century?
redlining,What is an example of economic discrimination?
white migration to the suburbs,What exacerbated segregation in Detroit?
health,What generally declines in places that are segregated by race or class?
13 percent,How much of Michigan's population is Black?
82 percent,How much of Detroit's population is Black?
four,What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?
suburbs,Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?
13.3%,What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?
1940s,When did Mexicantown start to grow?
"48,679",What was Detroit's 2010 Hispanic population?
"36,452",What was Detroit's 2010 Mexican population?
Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s,What was it called when many Mexican's were forcibly repatriated?
A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck,Where does most of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit live?
transient,What is a word that could describe a lot of the Asian people who work or live in downtown Detroit?
Shinola,Which company makes timepieces in Midtown?
Detroit Medical Center,What is the largest employer in Detroit?
central business district,What district is Midtown north of?
Corktown,"Other than Downtown and Midtown, what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene?"
New Center,Where is TechTown based?
Compuware,What Tech company is based in Detroit?
Blue Cross Blue Shield,What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?
Quicken Loans,Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?
Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office,What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?
downtown,Which part of Detroit has gotten billions in investment around the turn of the millennium?
Midtown,What part of Detroit is Green Alleys located in?
historically significant,What type of vacant buildings have been spared destruction?
Midtown,What part of Detroit still has high population density??
David Whitney Building,Which building's reconstruction cost $82 million?
David Broderick Tower,Which Downtown tower was converted to residential use?
Fort Shelby Hotel,What was the former name of the Doubletree?
Book Cadillac Hotel,What was the former name of the Westin?
JPMorgan Chase,Which bank announced an investment into Detroit in 2014?
$25 million,How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to blight removal?
$12.5 million,How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to job training?
$32 million,How much did JPMorgan announce in additional investment into Detroit in 2015?
"Windsor, Ontario",Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?
two-thirds,How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?
Walk Score,Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?
Arsenal of Democracy,"What ""Arsenal"" was Detroit a part of ?"
Motown,What nickname for Detroit recognizes it's musical history?
313,What is Detroit's area code?
Red Wings,Which hockey team is based in Detroit?
Detroit Rock City,What Kiss song gave Detroit the nickname Rock City?
John Lee Hooker,Which artist resided in Delray?
Donald Byrd,Which musician attended Cass Tech?
Pepper Adams,Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?
Graystone International Jazz Museum,What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?
blues,What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?
Nolan Strong,Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson?
Fortune,What label operated in Third Avenue?
Devora Brown,Who was Jack Brown's wife?
Motown,What label became Detroit's most famous?
"Berry Gordy, Jr.",Who founded Motown records?
Paul Justman,Who did a documentary on Motown?
Allan Slutsky,Who wrote a book about Motown?
hardcore punk rock underground,What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?
1999,What year did the movie about Kiss come out?
1960s and 70s,In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?
Eminem,Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?
Sponge,Which band toured with Kid Rock?
garage rock,What genre does The White Stripes fit into?
producer,What is J Dilla's occupation?
Detroit,Techno started in which city?
Detroit techno,What genre of music featured robotic themes?
Movement,What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as?
Memorial Day Weekend,"When does ""Movement"" occur?"
Hart Plaza,"Where does ""Movement"" take place?"
Orchestra Hall,What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in?
Nederlander,What family purchased the Detroit opera House?
"2,089",How many seats does the Fisher Theater have?
Masonic Temple Theatre,"Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats?"
1922,In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased?
Detroit Institute of Arts,What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History,What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?
Ford Piquette Avenue Plant,Where was the birthplace of the Model T?
Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit,What does MOCAD stand for?
Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit,What does CAID stand for?
The Henry Ford,What is the U.S.'s largest museum complex?
Royal Oak,Where is the Detroit Zoo?
Cranbrook Art Museum,What museum is in Bloomfield Hills?
Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory,What museum is on Belle Isle?
G.R. N'Namdi Gallery,What Detroit gallery opened in 2010?
Eastern Market,Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?
"50,000",How big is Midtown's population?
Detroit Festival of the Arts,Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?
three,How many casino resorts ore in downtown?
Saturdays,On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?
Campus Martius Park,Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?
America's Thanksgiving Parade,Which parade started in 1924?
River Days,Which festival spans five days?
Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival,Which festival draws up to 3 million people?
Hoedown,What is the country music festival in Detroit called?
Marshall Fredericks,Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?
"October 16, 1986",When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated?
Sports Illustrated,Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial?
Robert Graham,Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial?
24-foot,How long is the Joe Louis memorial?
12,How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?
The Palace of Auburn Hills,What is the name of Detroit Piston's arena?
Comerica Park,Where do the Tigers play?
Ford Field,Where do the Lions play?
Joe Louis Arena,Where do the Red Wings play?
Little Caesars Pizza Bowl,Which bowl game is held in Detroit?
Ford Field,Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?
Mid-American Conference,Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?
City of Champions,What is Detroit's sports related nickname?
The Midnight Express,What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?
Joe Louis,Who won the boxing title in 1937?
Red Wings,Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?
Tigers,Who won the World Series in 1935?
nine,How many people are on the city council?
1974,When was Detroit's charter approved?
The council,Who approves Detroit's budgets?
Home Rule Charter,What is Detroit's charter called?
Frank Murphy Hall of Justice,Where is the Circuit Court located?
Coleman A. Young Municipal Center,Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?
Thirty-Sixth,Which District Court is Detroit home to?
"43.4 per 100,000",What was Detroit's murder rate in 2014?
"58 per 100,000",What was Detroit's murder rate in the mid to late 80s?
St. Louis,What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014?
299,How many murders did Detroit have in 2014?
295,How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?
two-thirds,What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?
"62.18 per 1,000",What is Detroit's rate of property crime?
"5 per 1,000",What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?
"16.73 per 1,000",What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?
1802,When was Detroit incorporated?
74,How many mayors has Detroit had?
Louis Miriani,Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?
Coleman Young,Who was Detroit's first black mayor?
Supreme Court Justice,What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?
Rick Snyder,Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?
Stephen Rhodes,What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?
Chapter 9,What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?
"July 18, 2013",When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?
$18.5 billion,How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?
Wayne State University,What research university is located in Midtown?
University of Detroit Mercy,What Catholic university is in Detroit?
Downtown,In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?
Society of Jesus,Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?
Sacred Heart Major Seminary,What Seminary is located in Detroit?
1919,When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?
Michigan State,What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?
1817,When was the University of Michigan founded?
1837,When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?
three,How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?
four,How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?
Society of Jesus,Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?
west,On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?
Detroit Newspaper Partnership,Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?
1980,When was The Metro Times founded?
2009,In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?
Michigan Chronicle,What newspaper was founded in 1935?
11th largest,How is Detroit's TV market ranked?
weekly,How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?
Ontario,What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?
over a dozen,How many major hospitals are in Detroit?
John D. Dingell,What is the Detroit VA hospital called?
"3,000",How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?
"2,000",How many beds does the DMC have?
DMC,Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?
Vanguard Health Systems,Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?
$1.5 B,How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?
St. Joseph's,What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?
$417 M,How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?
$500 M,How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?
Lisa Raitt,Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?
$250 million,How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?
$2.1 billion,How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?
2020,When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?
95 per cent,How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?
I-75,Which Interstate is the major north-south route?
Lake Erie,Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?
Four,How many major interstates are serve Detroit?
Edsel Ford Freeway,What is I-94 called?
Henry Ford,Who built I-94?
limited-access,A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?
World War II,During which conflict was I-94 built?
I-375,Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?
Reuther Freeway,What is I-696 called?
I-696,Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?
M,Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?
I-275,Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?
the way of life," How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define ""Culture"" in short?"
Terror Management Theory,What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?
larger brain,What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?
"50,000 years ago",Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
"kinship, gender and marriage",Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
"technology, architecture and art","What does the term ""concept material culture"" cover?"
"body modification, clothing or jewelry",What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
20th century,Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness,What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
a culture,"What does the term ""Count Noun"" mean?"
"customs, traditions and values of a society or community",What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?
the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism,"What falls within the term ""cultural anthropology""?"
term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero,"What is the modern term ""culture"" based on?"
Samuel Pufendorf,Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?
no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection,"Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?"
social dynamics and promoting new cultural models,What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? 
U.S. feminist movement,What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?
ice age,Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?
War or competition over resources,What may impact social dynamics and technical development?
fast food,"In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?"
the sharing of ideas,What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?
Diffusion of innovations,"Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?"
Immanuel Kant,"Who said the following statement? ""Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity""."
Dare to be wise,What does the term Sapere aude mean?
Johann Gottfried Herder,Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
Wilhelm von Humboldt,Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?
Romantic era,During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?
Weltanschauung,What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
elementary ideas,"According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?"
Adolf Bastian,"What was the name of the person argued for ""The psychic unity of mankind""?"
Franz Boas,Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?
élite ideal,What did culture refer to in practice?
"art, classical music, and haute cuisine",What was associated with culture during this German practice?
urban life,Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?
inequalities within European societies.,The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?
anarchy,"How did Matthew Arnold view ""Culture"" with?"
Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau,"Which two philosophers contrasted ""culture"" with the state of nature?"
Native Americans,"Which race was considered living ""in a state of nature"" by the Europeans?"
"""civilized"" and ""uncivilized.""","""In a state of nature"" was divided into two groups, what where they?"
folk music,What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?
classical music,Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?
noble savages,What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?
Tylor's,Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?
"biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.",What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?
20th century,"In which century did ""culture"" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?"
Georg Simmel,Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?
"ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects",What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?
non physical ideas,What does non-material culture refer to?
archeological and anthropological studies,The term material culture is only relevant to what?
Weimar Germany,Where did sociology culture stem from?
Alfred Weber,Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?
scientific methods,What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?
"Marx, Durkheim, and Weber",Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?
"popular culture, political control, and social class",What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?
qualitative,What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988),Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?
consumption goods and leisure activities,What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?
"art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing",What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?
saw patterns of consumption and leisure,What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?
popular culture,"In the U.S what does ""Cultural Studies"" focus largely on in this field?"
Richard Hoggart,"Who first coined the term ""Cultural Studies"" in the United States?"
Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS,What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?
Stuart Hall,The CCCS has since been associated with who?
"Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie",Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
international intellectual movement.,What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
"matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender","In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?"
a process called globalization,Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
"films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles",The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture,Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies,What makes up cooperative cultural studies? 
late 1970s,Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?
1950s and 1960s,When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?
"Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall",Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?
the University of Birmingham,Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?
Lindlof and Taylor,"Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?"
the economic base,"From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?"
29 ways,How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?
enlightenment,What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?
secular society,What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?
The Sahara,What is the third hottest desert in the world?
The Sahara,What is the third largest desert in the world?
"9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)",What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?
Sahara,What is the hottest desert in the world?
hyperarid,What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?
The northern and southern reaches of the desert,What does the Sahara have little to none of?
grassland and desert shrub,The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?
The northern and southern reaches of the desert,What does the Sahara have little of?
years,How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?
Mediterranean Sea,What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?
Sahel,What is to the south of the Sahara?
dry tropical,What kind of climate does the Sahel have?
150 mm,What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?
Sahara,What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?
horse latitudes,What ares is the Sahara located in?
sinking air,What makes it difficult for clouds to form?
dissolution of clouds,What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?
rainfall,What weather is virtually non-existent?
eastern part of the Great Desert,Where is the air the strongest?
eastern,What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?
hot and dry,What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?
North-African desert,What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?
air ascent,What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?
Atlas Mountains,What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?
Algeria,Where are the Atlas Mountains located?
low-pressure systems,What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?
lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism,What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?
barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation,What does the desert have to overcome?
high temperatures year-round,What is the temperature like year around in the desert?
the Great Desert,What is the largest hottest continuously large area   worldwide?
25 °C,What is the value temperature of most of the desert?
82% of the time,What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?
"around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)",What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?
80 °C (176 °F),During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?
low pressure systems,What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?
less than 1 mm,What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?
"9,000,000 km2 of desert land",How much desert land is the Sahara?
Intertropical Convergence Zone,What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?
east and west,Which directions does the South Saharan run?
July and August,What months do the summer rains happen?
100 to 200 mm,What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?
"1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)",How much land does the ecoregion cover?
five hundred species,What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?
growing lower,What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?
thick stems,Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?
long roots that travel horizontally,What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?
250,How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?
April to October,What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?
"2,000",How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?
human activities,What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?
irrigated water pumped,What underground items have lead to soil degradation?
natural resources,What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?
ice age,When did people start living on the edge of the desert?
"Over 30,000 petroglyphs",How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?
the Nile Valley,What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?
shifts in the Earth's axis,What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?
Neolithic Era,During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?
cattle and herdsmen,What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?
Megaliths,What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?
cattle,What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?
6000 BCE,By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?
Metal objects,What items replaced previously items made of stone?
due west,In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?
3400 BCE,By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?
reduced precipitation and higher temperatures,What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?
the Nile Valley,What area is known for having the majority of the trade?
Red Sea,Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?
the Atlantic coast,Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?
nomadic Berber,Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?
500 BCE,What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?
digging tunnels,What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?
eight major towns,How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?
depleted available water,What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?
Byzantine Empire,What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?
mid-7th to early 8th centuries,What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?
"6,000 to 7,000 slaves",What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?
Egypt,During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?
freedom of movement for citizens and goods,What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?
Arabic,What was the local language during this time in Egypt?
19th century,What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?
France,What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?
20th century,During what time were good moved through more modern   means?
Arabic,What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?
French,What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?
Arabic,What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?
Samuel Rutherford,"Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase ""rule of law""?"
A. V. Dicey,"Which British jurist later made the phrase ""rule of law"" popular in the 1800s?"
Law should govern,"What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to ""the rule of law""?"
against the divine right of kings,Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
law,"According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? "
"autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy",In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?
every citizen,"According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?"
nomocracy,What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?
decay,What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?
neglect or ignorance of the law,For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?
rule by the best men,On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
king,"According to Plato, who was above the law?"
benevolent monarchy,What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
rule of law,Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
slave,To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
Deuteronomy,In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?
Bishop John Ponet,Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?
divine right of kings,"What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?"
Bible,What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?
horses,"According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?"
golden met-wand,To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?
God and the law,"According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?"
1607,When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?
greatly offended,How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?
Chief Justice Sir,What was Edward Coke's official title?
formalist,What is another word for a thin definition?
substantive,What is another word for a thick definition?
"politicians, judges and academics","Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?"
specific procedural attributes,On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?
functional,What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?
"generality, equality, and certainty","According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?"
individual rights,"According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?"
democracy,What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?
content,"According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?"
formal and substantive,What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?
formal,Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?
individual rights,"According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?"
well-known,"According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?"
no requirements,How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?
substantive,Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?
rule of law,"According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?"
little,"What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the ""rule of law"" have?"
a great deal,"What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the ""rule of law"" have?"
punishment,What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?
flexibility,What fights against the rule of law?
more than 200 countries,For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?
nomocracy,What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?
nomos,What is the Greek word for law?
kratos,What is the Greek word for power?
rule of law,What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?
rule of law,"According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?"
the Constitution,What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?
the Constitution,What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?
the rule of any human leader,"According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?"
executive branch,What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?
legislative branch,What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?
judicial branch,Which branch of government has judicial discretion?
Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks,Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?
U.S. Constitution,For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?
that which is legally binding,"According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?"
the framers of the U.S. Constitution,"According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?"
1941,When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?
administrators,Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?
individuals,Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?
a Chief Justice of the United States,Who was Charles Evans Hughes?
1787,When was the Philadelphia Convention?
James Wilson,Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?
Chief Justice,What was John Marshall's title?
declare an unconstitutional law void,What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?
Confucianism,What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? 
Legalism,What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?
weak or nonexistent,How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?
"South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong",Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?
China and Vietnam,Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?
the transition to a market economy,What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?
legal scholars and politicians,Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?
foreign investors,To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?
democracy and human rights,What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?
Thailand,Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
executive branch,"In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?"
royalist,According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
1932,When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
Ancient prejudices and political bias,What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
India,What country has the longest version of a constitution?
1950,In what year was India's constitution drafted?
India,What country has the longest Constitution?
judicial review,"In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?"
rule of judges,What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?
1959,When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?
185,How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?
rule of law,"According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?"
"social, economic and cultural","According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?"
1992,When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?
The Security Council,What organization debates the rule of law?
The Peacebuilding Commission,What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?
human rights education,What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?
2006,In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?
The International Development Law Organization,What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?
emerging economies and middle-income,What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?
more than 170,With how many countries does the IDLO work?
economic development,The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?
Constitutional economics,What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?
executive branch,In what branch of government is corruption examined?
the executive,"In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?"
corruption by private actors,What is the term for corruption by individuals?
English,What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?
not yet fully clarified,"In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?"
developing and transitional,In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?
"Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan",What other countries have successful democracies?
common language,"What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?"
economist,What is F.A. Hayek's profession?
confidence in a successful return on investment,"According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?"
frustrate his efforts,"According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?"
pursue his personal ends and desires,"According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?"
Mount Everest,What is the highest elevation in Tibet?
Asia,Which continent contains Tibet?
"16,000","What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?"
"29,029",How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?
Tibet,"Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?"
18th century,When were the current borders of Tibet established?
7th century,When did the Tibetan empire emerge?
Sichuan and Qinghai,Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?
Battle of Chamdo,Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?
1959,In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?
1912,In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?
western and central Tibet,Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?
Battle of Chamdo,Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?
subsistence agriculture,What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?
tourism,What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?
Tibetan Buddhism,What is the dominant religion in Tibet?
yak meat,What is a staple food in Tibet?
Chinese and Indian,Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?
Bod,What is the Tibetan name for the area?
Bautai,"Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod ""Tibet""?"
central region around Lhasa,What area did Bod originally refer to?
Zangqu,How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?
Zang,"How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?"
Qing,During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?
qū,"Which Chinese suffix means ""area, district, region, ward""?"
Tubo,What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?
7th century,"When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?"
William H. Baxter,Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?
Elliot Sperling,Who is an American Tibetologist?
Tubote,What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?
Wusiguo,What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?
approximately 6 million,How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?
"approximately 150,000",How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?
political reasons,"Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?"
Classical Tibetan,What is written Tibetan base on?
Tibetan empire,What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?
ancient Indian Brāhmī script,From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?
Amdo region,Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?
western Tibet,Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?
Zhang Zhung,What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?
Drigum Tsenpo,Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?
Songtsän Gampo,Who was the first factual king of Tibet?
Songtsän Gampo,Who founded the Tibetan Empire?
Princess Wencheng,Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?
"Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti",Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?
parts of the Yarlung River Valley,What did Songtsan Gampo unite?
821/822 CE,When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?
Jokhang temple in Lhasa,Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?
mid-9th century,When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?
Era of Fragmentation,What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?
political control over Tibet,What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?
Mongol Yuan,Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?
great administrator,What was a dpon-chen?
Mongol emperor,Who confirmed the dpon-chen?
Sakya lama,Who was the political authority of the region?
dpon-chen,Who held administrative and military power?
Tibet,Who managed religious and regional political affairs?
Mongols,Who managed structural and administrative rule?
Mongolian prince Khuden,Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?
Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan,Who founded the Yuan dynasty?
Between 1346 and 1354,When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?
disciples of Je Tsongkhapa,Who founded the Gelug school?
minister family Rinpungpa,Who dominated politics after 1435?
Karma Kagyu,What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?
5th Dalai Lama,Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?
Güshi Khan,Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?
Lhasa state,What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?
Ganden Phodrang,What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?
1720,When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?
1724,When did Amdo come under Qing control?
1728,When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?
Qing,Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?
Kashag,What was the governing councel called?
1792,When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?
push the invading Nepalese out,Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?
Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet,What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?
18th century,When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?
1774,When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.
Jesuits and Capuchins,Who came to Tibet from Europe?
19th century,When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?
1904,When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?
13th Dalai Lama,With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?
600,How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
12,How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?
Francis Younghusband,Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?
1911–12,When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?
Dalai Lama,Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?
1913,When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?
1914,When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?
illegal,Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?
Dharamsala,Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?
"between 200,000 and 1,000,000",How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?
"6,000",How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?
1962,When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?
north of the McMahon Line,To where did Chinese troops withdraw?
1980,When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?
1989,When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?
started an anti-separatist campaign,What did the government do when it halted reforms?
2008,When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?
human rights,For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?
Nepal,On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?
"29,029","How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?"
Tibetan Plateau,Where is the source of the Yangtze river?
Mount Kailash,Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?
Lord Shiva,Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?
Khang Rinpoche,What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?
Qinghai Lake,Which lake is the largest in China?
18 inches,What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?
Indian monsoon,What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?
intense cold,What are winters like in Tibet?
lowest,Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?
increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism,What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?
all taxation,What is Tibet exempt from?
sale of handicrafts,From which area does tourism bring the most income?
2010,In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?
CPC Politburo Standing Committee,Members of which committee attended the conference?
2020,By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?
education,What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?
about 45.6 billion,"How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?"
six red bands in the Tibetan flag,How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?
ethnic Tibetans,What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?
India,Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?
Religion,What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?
Bön,What is the ancient religion of Tibet?
During China's Cultural Revolution,When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?
Before the 1950s,When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?
Kachee,What are Tibetan Muslims known as?
Persia,Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?
1959,In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?
gya kachee,What is the Chinese Muslim community called?
17th and 18th centuries,When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?
1624,When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?
1626,"When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?"
1661,When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?
1716–1721,When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?
counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect,How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?
1877,When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?
Beginning in the 20th century,When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?
Famous earlier missionaries,"How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?"
the Dalai Lama,Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?
thirteen,How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?
"10,000",How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?
former summer residence of the Dalai Lama,What is Norbulingka?
Tibetan or Sanskrit,In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?
recitations of sacred texts,What do the chants often contain?
Yang,What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?
classical,What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?
Buddha,What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?
Losar,What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?
Guthuk,What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?
between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month,When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?
Tsong Khapa,Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?
barley,What is the most important crop in Tibet?
tsampa,What is dough made from barley flour called?
momos,What are steamed dumplings called?
Butter tea,What is a popular drink in Tibet?
Mustard,What seed is cultivated in Tibet?
exhibition game,What is 'a friendly' another term for?
exhibition game,What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?
exhibition game,What is 'a demonstration' another term for?
exhibition game,What is 'a preseason game' another term for?
exhibition game,What is 'a warmup match' another term for?
all-star games,What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?
a demonstration sport,What are exhibition games in the Olympics?
charities,What can an exhibition game raise money for?
a challenge,What can an exhibition game settle?
"friendly matches (or ""friendlies"")",What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?
1888,When did the Football League begin in England?
2000,By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?
the significance of friendlies,What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?
before the start of each season,When do football clubs still play friendlies?
friendlies,What type of football matches are non-competitive?
substitutions,What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?
"the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament",What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?
prestige,What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?
the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments,What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?
national squads,Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?
club league seasons,What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?
"availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued",What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?
team selection and tactics,What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?
suspended from future international matches,What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?
career,What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?
2004,When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?
11,What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?
the UK and Ireland,"Where are ""exhibition match"" and ""friendly match"" not synonymous?"
US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League,What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?
charity matches,What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?
testimonial matches,What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?
1995–2004,When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?
Soviet Union,What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?
1978,In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?
Charlotte,Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?
Citizens Business Bank Arena,"What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?"
Canadian,What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?
Catholic,What religion is the Flying Fathers team?
Les Costello,Who founded the Flying Fathers?
NHL,What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?
Buffalo,Where are the Saores based?
Arizona or Florida,Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?
Cactus League,What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?
Grapefruit League,What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?
about 30,How many preseason games does each MLB team play?
"""split-squad"" games",What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?
regular-season interleague play,What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?
American League,What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?
National League,What league are the Montreal Expos in?
the Pearson Cup,What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?
1983,When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?
"worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues",What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?
Crosstown Classic,What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?
Subway Series,What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?
July,In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?
home field advantage,What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?
eight,How many preseason games do NBA teams play?
Minnesota,Where are the TImberwolves based?
Phoenix,Where are the Suns based?
an outdoor venue,"The Suns' exhibition game in Indian Wells, CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting?"
Indian Wells Tennis Garden,What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells?
1971 to 1975,When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?
Harlem Globetrotters,What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?
Europe and Asia,On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?
two,How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?
the Euroleague,What is the main European basketball club?
Marathon Oil,What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?
Athletes in Action,What is an example of a team of former college players?
1992,When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?
2003,When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?
one foreign tour every four years,How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?
four,How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play?
the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game,What is the one exception to the NFL's 4-preseason-game limit?
August,What month are most NFL preseason games in?
90,How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season?
53,How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season?
two,How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?
indoor American football leagues,What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?
a probational franchise,What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?
semi-pro,Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?
opinion polling,What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?
Intramural,What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?
Football Bowl Subdivision,Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?
"lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools",Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?
a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance,Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?
seven,How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?
one,How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?
2014,When did the College Football Playoff System begin?
September–June,When is the usual high school academic term?
all-star,What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game?
graduating seniors,What year of players are in high school football all-star games?
U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game,What are two examples of high school football all-star games?
colleges,What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by?
two,How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?
Daytona International Speedway,Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?
Charlotte Motor Speedway,Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?
"over USD $1,000,000",What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?
Australia,Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?
"768,868",What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?
"915,000",What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?
Alemannic,What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?
Straßburg,What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?
European,Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?
European,Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?
Alemannic,What is the predominant language in Asace?
Germanic,What kind of name is Strasbourg?
1988,What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?
Franco-German,What is the culture in Strasbourg?
Strasbourg Grand Mosque,What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?
27 September 2012,When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?
University of Strasbourg,What is the second largest university in France?
River Rhine,What river is on the border of France and Germany?
Rhine,The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?
artificial,What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?
eastern,Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?
Argentoratum,What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?
fire,What was the Roman camp destroyed by?
Nero Claudius Drusus,Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?
year 90,After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?
six times,How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?
Roman artifacts,What has been found along the current Route des Romains? 
Grande Île,Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?
Christians,Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?
1988,When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?
Carolingian Empire,What Empire split to create France and Germany?
Alsatian,What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?
Straßburg,What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?
Strazburg,What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?
fifth century,"In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?"
1332,In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? 
1348,What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?
over a thousand,How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?
10 pm,What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?
special tax,What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?
Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck,Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? 
Martin Bucer,Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?
John Calvin,Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?
four,How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?
three,How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?
September 1681,When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?
30 September 1681,When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?
annexation,What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? 
1697,When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?
Strasbourg Cathedral,What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?
Goethe and Herder,Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?
French Revolution,What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? 
Eulogius Schneider,Who ruled the city with an iron hand?
statues,What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?
tin,What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?
Germans,Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?
Prussian army,Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? 
24 and 26 August 1870,What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?
gothic,What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?
"10,000",How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?
261,How many civilians died during the siege?
1871,In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?
Treaty of Frankfurt,What was the Treaty in 1871 called?
1567,What year was the university founded?
Rodolphe Reuss,What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?
Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität, What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?
fortifications,What was established around the city?  
Mundolsheim,Where is Fort Podbielski located?
Wolfisheim,Where is Fort Bismark located?
Holtzheim,Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?
Mundolsheim,Where is Fort Roon Located?
World War I,In what war was the German Empire defeated? 
independent,What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?
11 November 1918,What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?
French general Henri Gouraud,Who commanded the French troops on November 22?
Raymond Poincaré,"What French President said ""the plebiscite is done""?"
1919,What year was it restituted to France?  
Alsatian,What autonomists were pro French?
1890,In what year did Bismarck fall?
Social Democrats,Who won the last election at Reichstag?
Alsatians,Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?
German,Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? 
"120,000",How many people were evacuated during the invasion?
Wehrmacht troops,What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?
ten months,How long was the city completely empty?
Clermont-Ferrand,Where was the University evacuated?
1940,In what year was the Fall of France?
Germany,What country was Alsace annexed to? 
Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner,Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?
July 1940,When were the first evacuees allowed to return?
54-metre, How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?
Marcel Weinum,Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  
Gauleiter Robert Wagner,Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?
beheaded,How was Marcel Weinum executed?
Allied aircraft,What was the city attacked by in 1943?
23 November 1944,On what date was the city liberated?
Malgré-nous,What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? 
Germans,Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?
Algiers,Where were the freed soviet captives sent?
23 November 1944,When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?
Council of Europe,What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? 
1952,When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?
1999,When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?
Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne,What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944? 
Silbermann organ,What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?
Église Saint-Thomas,Where is the Silbermann organ located?
Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique,What is the Neo-Gothic church called?
three,How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold? 
Hôtel de Hanau,What did the city hall used to be known as?
Hôpital civil,What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?
Hôtel des Deux-Ponts,What did the military governors residence used to be called?
Place Broglie,Where is the Opera House located?
eclecticist,What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? 
World War II,What war caused severe damage to Germany?
Palais du Rhin,What was the former imperial palace called?
Höhere Mädchenschule,What was the former girls college called?
seven stories,How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?
Villa Schutzenberger,What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called? 
Le Corbusier,Who lost the architectural contest?
Richard Rogers,Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?
Hoenheim-Nord,What did Zaha Hadid design?
European Court of Human Rights,What is considered to be the finest building?
André le Nôtre,Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? 
Parc de l'Orangerie,What park has a small zoo in it?
Parc de la Citadelle,What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?
1881,What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?
Parc des Contades,What is the oldest park in the city?
Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame,Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? 
Cabinet des estampes et dessins,Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?
Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame,Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?
Musée d'art moderne et contemporain,Where is the city's photographic library?
Musée d'art moderne et contemporain,Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?
centre of humanism,What is Strasbourg known as?
1683,When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?
law,What did Montgelas study?
Holy Roman Empire, From what empire did students come from to attend university?
Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire,What is the second largest library in France? 
"3,000,000",How many titles does the library have?
German administration,Who founded the library?
1871,When was the previous library destroyed?
City Hall,What was the library marked as on the map?
documents printed before 1500,What are incunabula's? 
1870,When was the library destroyed?
public and institutional libraries,What kind of building holds incunabula's today?
1994,What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? 
regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois,Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?
6,How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?
55.8 km,What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?
500 km,How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?
1682,What year was the Canal de la Bruche added? 
Water tourism,What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?
Rhine,What river is Strasbourg by?
tram,What system also complements walking and biking? 
pedestrian,What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?
public squares,What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?
Fused Grid,What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?
A35 autoroute,What route parallels the Rhine? 
1999,What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?
24 km,How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?
unité urbaine,The traffic coming west of the city is from where?
Asgaya gigageyi,What is the Cherokee name for Oklahoma?
Uukuhuúwa,What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?
Gahnawiyoˀgeh,What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?
28th,Where does Oklahoma rank by population?
The Sooner State,What is Oklahoma's nickname?
Choctaw,What language does the name Oklahoma come from?
red people,What does Oklahoma mean?
1866,When was the name Oklahoma suggested?
Choctaw Chief Allen Wright,Who suggested the name Oklahoma?
1890,When was the name Oklahoma made official?
20th,Where does Oklahoma rank by land area?
"69,898",How many square miles is Oklahoma?
"1,281",How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?
six,How many states are on the Frontier Strip?
Kansas,Which state is north of Oklahoma?
2.1 to 2.2 miles,How far out of alignment is Oklahoma's western edge from Texas's border?
1819,When was the border between TX and NM first determined?
1890s,When was Oklahoma's border determined?
the 103rd Meridian,Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with?
Oklahoma/New Mexico border,"Which one is more accurately placed, the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border?"
Ozark Plateau,What plateau is Oklahoma near?
Gulf of Mexico,What watershed is Oklahoma in?
Black Mesa,What is Oklahoma's tallest mountain?
"4,973",How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point?
289,How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's lowest point?
four,How many major mountain ranges are in Oklahoma?
the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains,Which of Oklahoma's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands?
north-central,What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?
Cavanal Hill,What is the world's tallest hill?
"1,999 feet",How high is Cavanal Hill?
Glass Mountains,What is an example of a mesa range?
southwestern,What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in?
central,What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs?
The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains,What mountains are in Oklahoma's eastern third?
eastward,In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher?
24 percent,How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests?
"shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie",What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have?
western,What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall?
"pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines",What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma?
"sugar maple, bigtooth maple",What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?
"quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants",What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of?
"white-tailed deer, mule deer",What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of?
prairie dog,What does Oklahoma have the country's largest towns of?
Central,What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in?
southeastern,What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in?
"39,000 acres",How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?
north-central,What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?
the world,The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?
14,How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?
nine,How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?
humid subtropical,What is Oklahoma's main climate region?
Tornado Alley,What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?
average 62,How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year?
"severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes",What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get?
Mexico,Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from?
83 °F,What is Oklahoma's record high temperature for Nov 11?
17 °F,What is Oklahoma's record low temperature for Nov 11?
an Arctic cold front,"What caused Oklahoma's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11, 1911?"
one tornado per hour,How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes?
a day,How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?
"central, southern and eastern",What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?
Gulf of Mexico,Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?
semi-arid,What is Oklahoma's western climate type?
Lawton,Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?
62 °F,What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?
winter,Which season is the most dry in Oklahoma?
May,When does Oklahoma get the most rain?
Mid-summer,When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma?
"1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011",What years were Oklahoma's hottest summers?
well over 100 °F,How hot were Oklahoma's hottest summers?
south-central and southeastern,What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?
less than 4 inches,What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?
over 20 inches,What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?
Norman,Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?
120 °F,What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?
Wichita and Caddo,Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?
Spiro Mounds,"What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?"
between AD 850 and 1450,When did Spiro Mounds flourish?
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado,What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?
1803,When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?
Tulsa,"What was the ""Oil Capital of the World""?"
oil,What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?
Cyrus Avery,"Who was the ""Father of Route 66""?"
Tulsa,Where was the Highway 66 Association based?
1927,When did Route 66 begin?
1930s,When did the Dust Bowl begin?
poor farming practices,What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?
"Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma",What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?
thousands,How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?
6.9 percent,How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?
"April 19, 1995",When was the Oklahoma City Bombing?
Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols,Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?
168,How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?
19,How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?
"June 11, 2001",When was McVeigh executed?
2010,When did Oklahoma declare an official language?
"2,977,187","How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?"
92.6%,"What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?"
Spanish,What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
Cherokee,What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
German,What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?
"13,444",How many Oklahomans speak German?
more than 25,How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?
Vietnamese,What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?
"11,330",How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?
"the ""Bible Belt""",What is the conservative Evangelical Christian region called?
southern and eastern,What parts of the US are covered by the 'Bible Belt'?
Democratic,What political party has the most members in Oklahoma?
Tulsa,What is Oklahoma's 2nd-largest city?
80 percent,How much of Oklahoma's population is Christian?
third,How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas?
27th,How does Oklahoma rank among US states for agriculture?
5th,How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat?
Four,How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma?
six,How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma?
fifth,What is Oklahoma's rank among states producing crude oil?
second,What is Oklahoma's rank among states by active drilling rigs?
fifth,How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?
94 percent,How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from non-renewable sources?
25 percent,How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?
"Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation",Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City?
energy,What industry are all of the Oklahoma-based Fortune 500 companies in?
ONEOK,What is the largest company in Oklahoma?
Williams Companies,What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma?
Tulsa,Where is ONEOK based?
five,How many famous Native American ballerinas came from Oklahoma?
the Five Moons,What are Oklahoma's Native American ballerinas called?
Yvonne Chouteau,What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet?
1962,When did the University of Oklahoma's dance program begin?
Marjorie and Maria Tallchief,Which sisters were in the Five Moons?
Sand Springs,Where is 'Discoveryland!'?
Ridge Bond,Who starred in the Broadway production of 'Oklahoma!'?
"McAlester, Oklahoma",Where is Ridge Bond from?
Curly McClain,Who did Ridge Bond play?
"more than 2,600",How many performances of Oklahoma! was Ridge Bond in?
"Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep",What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?
Theatre Tulsa,What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?
Tulsa,Where is the American Theatre Company based?
American Theatre Company,What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?
Tulsa,Where is Heller Theatre?
more than 300,How many museums are in Oklahoma?
17th,How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?
Tulsa,Where is the Philbrook Museum?
fine art,What kind of museum is the Philbrook?
Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa,Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?
Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee,Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection?
Oklahoma City Museum of Art,Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly's work?
glass sculptures,What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make?
Oklahoma City,Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum?
Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa,Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest?
2007,When was Oklahoma's centennial year?
"November 16, 2007",When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma's statehood?
American Bus Association,What organization said Oklahoma's centennial was the top event in the US that year?
cultural heritage or traditions,What do ethnic festivals depict?
10-day,How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma?
Oklahoma City,Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?
roughly one million,How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?
10-day,How long is the Tulsa State Fair?
over one million,How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?
1976,When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?
Norman,Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?
the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus,Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?
Duck Pond in Norman,Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?
Reaves Park,Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?
"638,817",How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?
533,How many school districts are in Oklahoma?
"126,078",How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?
"$7,755",What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?
"1,845",How many public schools does Oklahoma have?
National Institute for Early Education Research,Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?
2004,When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?
3.1,What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?
2.5 percent,What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?
85.2 percent,What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?
eleven,How many public universities does Oklahoma have?
Northeastern State University,What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?
Northeastern State University,Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?
Northeastern State University,What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?
Langston University,What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?
"181,973",How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
"20,014",How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
"4,395",How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
"18,892",How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?
"5,386",How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?
Cherokee Nation,Which Native American group is involved in a language preservation project?
80% or more,What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?
Cherokee Preservation Foundation,What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?
$3 million,How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools?
"Tahlequah, Oklahoma",Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?
Oklahoma City Thunder,What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma?
National Basketball Association,What league is the Thunder in?
Tulsa Shock,What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?
Dallas–Fort Worth,Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?
Dallas Wings,What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?
New Orleans Hornets,Which NBA team temporarily relocated to Oklahoma?
Oklahoma City's Ford Center,Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma?
Hurricane Katrina,What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma?
Seattle SuperSonics,What was the Thunder's previous name?
Professional Basketball Club LLC,Who owns the Thunder?
four,How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have?
two,How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?
"over 50,000",How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?
Bedlam Series,What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?
Tulsa,Where is Oral Roberts University?
LPGA,What kind of tournaments does Cedar Ridge Country Club host?
Tulsa,Where is Southern Hills Country Club?
Oklahoma City,Where is Oak Tree Country Club?
Tulsa,Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club?
four,How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held?
two,How many major newspapers does Oklahoma have?
The Oklahoman,What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper?
"202,690",How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?
The Tulsa World,What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper?
"132,969",How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World?
"More than 12,000",How many miles of highways are in Oklahoma?
Route 66,Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway?
Interstate 44,What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma?
"5,212",How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?
235,How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?
Will Rogers World Airport,What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?
Oklahoma City,Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?
1.7 million,How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?
six,How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?
over 150,How many public airports does Oklahoma have?
Two,How many ports does Oklahoma have?
Tulsa Port of Catoosa,Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo?
Tulsa,Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US?
over two million,How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually?
the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System,What connects the two Oklahoma ports?
77,How many district courts does Oklahoma have?
77,How many counties does Oklahoma have?
the state Supreme Court,What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma?
Texas,What is the only other state with two courts of last resort?
the state Court of Criminal Appeals,What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma?
"the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials",Who is in the executive branch?
the Governor,Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?
the Executive branch,Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?
the Executive branch,Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?
three,How many county commissioners does each Oklahoma county have?
"commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff",What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?
77,How many counties are in Oklahoma?
Both county and municipal governments,Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?
Both county and municipal governments,Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?
Thirty-nine,How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?
reservations,"Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?"
"executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions",What powers do tribal governments have?
the United States Congress,Who can overrule the tribal governments?
the United States Congress,Who must approve tribal constitutions?
Republican,What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?
2015,When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?
1964,What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?
Barack Obama,Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?
Al Gore,Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?
six,How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?
five,How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?
four,How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?
Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn,Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?
Republicans,What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?
598,How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma?
four,"How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?"
Oklahoma,How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?
Oklahoma City,What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?
"937,478",How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?
Oklahoma City,What is Oklahoma's largest city?
14.6%,How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?
"96,867",How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?
"45,688",How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?
Fort Smith,What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?
HCR 1024,What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?
Labor Omnia Vincit,"What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?"
"no ""official"" vote regarding ""Labor Omnia Vincit""",Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?
Indian subcontinent,In what geographic area was the country of India established?
Vedic Civilization,What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?
Indian cultures and traditions,Of what is Hinduism a combination?
two millennia,How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?
independence movement,What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?
"75,000 years",For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?
"500,000 years ago",How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?
c. 3200 to 1300 BCE,When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?
Indus Valley Civilization,What was the first major civilization in South Asia?
2600 to 1900 BCE,What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?
Maurya Empire,What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?
Prakrit and Pali,"After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?"
Wootz steel,What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?
Golden Age of India,What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?
Gupta,What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? 
7th and 11th,Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?
two centuries,How long did the Tripartite struggle last?
seventh century,When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?
Chola dynasty,What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?
Hindu numerals,What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?
Central Asian Turks,What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?
late 14th century,When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?
Sikhism,What belief system began in the 15th century?
Mughal Empire,What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?
early 18th century,During what century did the Mughal empire decline?
British East India Company,What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Indian Rebellion,What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?
British Crown,After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?
infrastructure,The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?
Indian National Congress,What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?
Romila Thapar,Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?
social-economic,What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?
strong continuity,What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?
Muslim conquests,What type of conquests were gradual in nature?
south,What part of India was never completely conquered?
Middle Pleistocene,By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?
Homo erectus,What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?
two million years,From how long ago do tools date in India?
Soan River valley,Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?
palaeolithic hominid,What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?
Neolithic,What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?
extensive settlement,What happened in India during the Neolithic period?
"12,000 years",How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?
"9,000 years ago",When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?
7000–9000 BCE,During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?
2600 to 1900 BCE,When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? 
urban,What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?
municipal,What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?
brick,Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?
multistoreyed,How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?
Indo-Aryan,For what culture is the Vedic period named?
north-west India,Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?
Vedic Sanskrit,In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?
The Vedas,What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?
1750 to 500 BCE,What was the duration of the Vedic culture?
Rigvedic period,When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?
western Ganges plain,Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?
varnas,What were the Aryan social classes called?
occupations,What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?
small tribal units,What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?
Kuru kingdom,What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?
1200 – 800 BCE,What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?
Iron Age,At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?
Atharvaveda,What is the first Indian text to mention iron?
Panchala,"When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?"
Vedas,What were the principle texts of Hinduism?
Sanskrit,In what language were the Vedas ?
Ramayana and Mahabharata,What were the core epics of the Vedas?
Mahabharata,Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?
small-scale conflict,On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?
Shramana-movement,What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?
Jainism and Buddhism,What was the origins of the Shramana movement?
between 800 and 200 BCE,During what time were the first Upanishads written?
Second urbanization,What period started after 500 BCE?
Central Ganges Plain,Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?
later Vedic Age,By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?
sixteen monarchies,How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?
Mahajanapadas,What were the sixteen kingdoms called?
urbanism,What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?
Indus Valley Civilisation,What was the first major urbanization in India?
Vaishali,Where was the Vajji confederation located?
6th century BCE,How early did the small republic states exist in India?
4th century CE,Until what century did the republic states endure in India?
Sanskrit,In what language did the educated Indian speak?
Prakrits,What was the general population's common language ?
7th and 6th centuries BC,When were the earliest Upanishads composed?
Hinduism,Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?
Vedanta,What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?
ritual,What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?
Self,What worship system is central to Hinduism?
orthodoxy of rituals,What did the shramana movements challenge?
Mahavira,Who was the founder of Jainism?
Buddha,What prominent icon founded Buddhism? 
Middle Way,What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?
Shramana,What belief system taught the idea of samsara?
Mahā-Janapadas,Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?
Great Countries,How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?
Bihar,Where was the center of Magadha?
Vedic texts,Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?
600 BC.,What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?
Atharva-Veda,Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?
Jainism and Buddhism,In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?
Magadha,Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?
Golden Age,"Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?"
Gramakas,What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?
Cyrus the Great,What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?
Persian Achaemenid Empire,By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?
Darius I of Persia,What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?
two centuries,How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?
mercenaries,What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?
326 BC,When did Alexander the Great reach India?
King Porus,Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?
Battle of the Hydaspes,At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?
Hyphasis,Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?
Nanda Empire,The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?
Maurya Empire,What was the first empire to unify India?
322–185 BCE,What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?
Chandragupta Maurya,Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?
Nanda Dynasty,What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?
297 BC,In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?
Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka,What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?
Northern Black Polished Ware,What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?
Wootz steel,What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?
China and Arabia,To where was wootz steel exported?
government,What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? 
Sangam period,During what period did Tamil literature thrive?
3,How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?
3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE,What was the extent of the Sangam period?
southern India,In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?
non-Brahmins,How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?
Śātavāhana Empire,What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?
Hinduism and Buddhism,Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?
coins,What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?
3rd century CE,When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?
foreign invaders,From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?
187 to 78 BCE,What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?
Pushyamitra Shunga,Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?
36 years,How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?
Brahmi,What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?
sponsorship of learning and art,What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?
Khārabēḷa,What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?
Ashoka,What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? 
maritime,In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?
trade routes,What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?
Khārabēḷa,What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?
Afghanistan,From what area did the Kushan Empire come?
Kujula Kadphises,Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?
1st century CE,In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?
Indo-European,What was the language base of the Kushans?
northern India,What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka
Classical India,By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?
c. 320–550 CE,What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?
Golden Age of India,What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?
Hindu culture,What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?
Hindu-Arabic,What numeral system originated in India?
Indian culture,What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?
Buddhism,"Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?"
first three rulers,What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?
Strong trade ties,What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?
nearby kingdoms,What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?
345 – 525 CE,During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?
"Karnataka, India",Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?
King Kakushtavarma,What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?
Mayurasharma,Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?
Gupta Dynasty,What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?
nomadic confederation,What type of trib were the Hephthalites?
Central Asia,Where did the White Huns roam?
Afghanistan,In what country did the White Huns settle?
Pakistan and North India,What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? 
middle of the 6th century,In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?
small,To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?
Maharaja,"After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?"
April 606,When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?
Buddhism,To what religion had Harsha been converted?
Śrauta sacrifices,What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries
"Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism",What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?
7th century,In what century was Harsha's rule? 
collapsed,What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?
northern India,What area did Harsha unite during his reign?
Vishnu and Shiva,What cults weakened Buddhism in India?
Hindu gods,What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?
monumental,What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?
elaborate,What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?
eighth,By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?
three,How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?
6th century,When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?
Prithvi Raj Chauhan,What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?
11th century,In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?
Lalitaditya Muktapida,Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?
6th and the 12th centuries,When did the Chalukya Empire rule?
southern and central,What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?
Chalukyan architecture,What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? 
550 and 750,When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?
970 and 1190,When was the second reign of Chalukyans?
753,When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?
Manyakheta,In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?
Hindu,What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?
Jainism,By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?
Amoghavarsha,What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?
750–1174 CE,During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?
Buddhist,What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?
golden era of Bengal,What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?
Nalanda,What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?
Gopala I,What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?
South India,What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?
"military, economic and cultural",What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?
whole of Southern India,In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?
Monumental,In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? 
sea power,"From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? "
10th and 12th,During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?
transitional,What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?
central Karnataka,Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?
native language,What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?
Sanskrit,"Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?"
Muslims,What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?
Arab Umayyad Caliphate,What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?
Raja Dahir,Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?
Muhammad bin Qasim,What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?
difficult,How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? 
712,In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?
Hindu kings,Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?
Sindh in Pakistan,In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?
early 8th century,When was the Arab invasion repulsed?
Al-Mansurah,Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?
Afghanistan and Pakistan,In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?
trading communities,What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? 
western coast,Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?
Arabian peninsula,From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?
Judaism and Christianity,"Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?"
9th century,Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?
Kushan,The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?
two,How many eras are the Shahis divided into?
870,When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?
Kabul Shahan,What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?
consolidation of the Ghaznavids,In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?
Ghazni,What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?
Sebuk Tigin,Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?
Kabul Valley and Indus River,What part of the area did Jayapala lose?
defaulted,What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?
1001,In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?
Battle of Peshawar,Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?
committed suicide,What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?
Shahi dynasty,Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?
Mahmud of Ghazni,Who was the ruler of Ghazni?
Central Asia,From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?
Muslim intrusions,"After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?"
assimilated,"Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?"
Islamic identity,What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?
mixed,What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?
Slave dynasty of Delhi,What conquered large areas of northern India?
Khilji dynasty,What dynasty captured most of central India?
Urdu,What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? 
Razia Sultana,Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?
Indo-Muslim,By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?
Timur,What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?
17 December 1398,On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?
in ruins,In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?
"100,000",How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?
sayyids,What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?
1336,In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?
Hampi,At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
Madhava of Sangamagrama,What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
14th century,When was the Kerala school established?
Hinduism,What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
Delhi Sultanate,"From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?"
Vijayanagar Empire,What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?
Rajputs,What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?
six centuries,Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?
Vijayanagara Empire,What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?
Ahom Kingdom,What kingdom came to power in Assam?
1228–1826,What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?
British rule,What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?
Hindu,With what religion did the Ahom merge?
Muslim rulers of Delhi,What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?
Mughal Empire,What empire did Babur found in northern India?
Sher Shah Suri,Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
Afghan,Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
Second Battle of Panipat,At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
Khyber Pass,By what route did Babur enter India?
1600,By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?
Taj Mahal,What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?
Mughal architecture,What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?
Maratha military resurgence,What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Aurangzeb,During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?
Marathas and Afghans,What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?
Maratha general Bajirao,Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?
Nizam-ul-mulk,Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?
Bhopal,What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?
1857 War of Independence,What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?
The Mughals,What was the richest of all the dynasties?
integration with Indian culture,What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 
emperor Akbar,Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?
Aurangazeb,Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?
ancient Indian,With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?
Maratha suzerainty,The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
Maratha confederacy,What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?
Chatrapati Shivaji,Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
great constructive genius,What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
Peshwa Bajirao I,Who made the Marathas a strong power?
early 18th century,By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?
Peshwas,Who ruled the Maratha Empire?
prime ministers,What were Peshwas?
1760,By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?
British,"In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?"
Sikh religion,Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?
1799 to 1849,What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 
Sikh army,On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 
British,Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?
Marathas,To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?
Wodeyar,What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?
British and Marathas,What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?
the French,What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?
Hyder Ali,Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?
Ceylon,In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?
port of Surat,Where did the British initially establish a trading base?
French,What was the third European country to establish trading with India?
internal conflicts,What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?
British,To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?
Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah,What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?
East India Company,What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?
Robert Clive,Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?
feudal,What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?
monopolized,How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?
Carnatic,What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?
1766–1799,During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
1772–1818,When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?
Dogra Dynasty of Jammu,To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?
princely state,"After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?"
Company's rule,What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
brutally suppressed,What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
British government,What force took control of the company and the situation?
full control,What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
grievances,What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
British Crown,To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
provinces,How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
Company's lands,Over what did Britain have direct control?
indirect influence,What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?
565,How many princely states were there in India in 1947?
infrastructure,What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?
Indian Penal Code,What new law was created?
Thomas Babington Macaulay,Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?
late 19th century,When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?
infrastructure,In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?
Lord Curzon,What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?
Hindu,What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?
Muslim,What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?
anti-colonial,What movement did the division of Bengal start?
Indian National Congress,What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?
Bengali Renaissance,What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?
English educated Bengali Hindus,What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?
Raja Ram Mohan Roy,With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?
Rabindranath Tagore,With whom was it said the the movement ended?
medieval' to the 'modern,From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?
Renaissance in Europe,What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
existing orthodoxies,What did the Movement question?
Young Bengal,What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
rationalism and atheism,What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?
minds and intellect,What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
famines,What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?
6.1 million to 10.3 million,How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?
1876–78,When did the Great Famine happen?
1.25 to 10 million,How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?
Third Plague Pandemic,What killed 10 million people in India?
Indian nationalism,What movement rose in the 19th century?
self-rule,What did Indian first want as government?
complete independence,What did Indians finally begin to demand?
causes,What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?
Probable reasons,What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?
councillors,What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?
1909,When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
Provincial Councils,What more local councils were set up?
British,Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
minority groups,What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak,What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
three big provinces,What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
two factions,How was the Congress split in 1907?
The radicals,Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
The moderates,Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
Mahatma Gandhi,What leader started a mass movement against British rule?
peaceful,What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?
Indian National Army,What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?
15 August 1947,On what date did India gain its independence?
Government of India Act 1935,What action did the movements combine to produce?
minority,What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?
Hindu rule,What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?
interim government,What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?
"500,000",How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?
12 million,How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?
second,What number president of Egypt was Nasser?
Muslim Brotherhood,What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?
1956,In what year did Nasser become president?
1970,In what year did Nasser die?
monarchy,What type of government did Nasser overthrow?
five million,How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?
Suez Canal,What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?
United Arab Republic,What organization did Nasser create with Syria?
North Yemen Civil War,What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?
1965,In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?
Aswan Dam and Helwan City,Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.
20th,What century did Nasser rule in?
anti-imperialist,What was nasser's position toward imperialism?
human rights violations,How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?
postal worker,What was Nasser's father's occupation?
Alexandria,In what city was Nasser raised?
1918,What year was Nasser born?
Glory of the Arabs,What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?
two more boys,What siblings did Nasser have?
Attarin,What elementary school did Nasser attend?
Helwan,Where did Nasser go to boarding school?
Ras el-Tin,What secondary school did Nasser attend?
Manshia Square,Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?
Young Egypt Society,What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?
al-Nahda al-Masria,What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?
"Voltaire, the Man of Freedom",What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?
British rule,What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?
Two,How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?
constitution,What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?
45,How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty,What treaty did Nasser object to?
British military bases,What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?
declined significantly,What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?
al-Nahda,From where did Nasser graduate?
reading,What did Nasser do in his spare time?
National Library of Egypt,What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?
Egyptian society's class divisions,What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?
well below the wealthy Egyptian elite,What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?
nationalist leaders,What kind of biographies did Nasser read?
Egyptian nationalism,What political theory fascinated Nasser?
Mustafa Kamel,What politician did Nasser admire?
Ahmed Shawqi,What poet did Nasser read?
Return of the Spirit,What novel influenced Nasser greatly?
Royal Military Academy,Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?
a military career,What was Nasser's goal?
Royal Military Academy,Where did Nasser apply in 1937?
record of anti-government protest,Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?
King Fuad University,Where did Nasser attend law school?
one semester,How long did Nasser attend law school?
wasta,What's another term for influential intermediary?
Khairy Pasha,Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?
Sadat and Amer,What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?
widespread corruption,What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?
monarchy,What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?
1941,In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?
instructor,Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?
British Ambassador Miles Lampson,Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?
nationalist,What political group was Nasser associated with?
Amer,"Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?"
Palestine,Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?
6th Infantry Battalion,In what unit did Nasser serve?
lightly,How badly was Nasser wounded?
Israeli,What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?
Faluja,What territory was given to Israel?
Umm Kulthum,What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?
Philosophy of the Revolution,What book did Nasser start writing?
royal government,What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?
British,Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?
monarchy,What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?
instructor at the Royal Military Academy,What did Nasser do after the war ended?
Muslim Brotherhood,What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?
religious agenda,What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?
humiliating,How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?
Eilat,What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?
Syrian,What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?
Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel,Who questioned Nasser?
convincingly denied the allegations,What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?
speed up his group's activities,What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?
Muslim Brotherhood,What group boycotted the 1950 elections?
Wafd,What party advanced in the 1950 elections?
corruption,What were Wafd members accused of?
Free Officers,What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?
nearly two years,How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty,What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?
Hussein Sirri Amer,Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?
Hassan Ibrahim,Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?
royalist,What was general Amer's political affiliation?
an innocent female passerby,Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?
Sirri Amer,Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?
Muhammad Naguib,Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?
three,How many times was Naguib wounded?
al-Misri,What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?
Palestine War,In what war was Naguib wounded?
1952,In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? 
Ismailia,Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?
76,How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?
Zakaria Mohieddin,Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?
feudalism,What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?
parliamentary democracy,What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?
General Naguib,Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?
exile,What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?
civilian clothing,What did Nasser wear during the coup?
22 July,What day did the revolution begin?
Naguib,Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?
civilians,Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?
Ali Maher,Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?
Revolutionary Command Council,What new name did the Free Officers take?
Agrarian Reform Law,What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?
communist,What group rioted at the textile factories?
nine,How many people died in the textile factory riots?
Muslim Brotherhood,What group supported the RCC?
two,How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?
opposed,What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?
secretary-general,What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?
all political parties,What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?
parliamentary elections,What was Nasser alone in supporting?
British withdrawal from the Suez Canal,What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?
Naguib,Who resigned in 1954?
RCC chairman and prime minister,What two positions did Nasser assume?
Brotherhood,What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?
imprisonment,What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?
Amer,Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?
transport workers,What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?
Free Officers,What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?
Mohieddin,Who was sent to Switzerland?
Saudi Arabia,What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?
assassination attempt,What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?
Brotherhood,To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?
Sayyid Qutb,Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?
house arrest,Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?
Nasser,Who assumed total control of Egypt?
street following,What was too small to keep Nasser in power?
press,What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?
"""Arab homeland"" and ""Arab nation""",What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?
singers,Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?
1955,In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?
Israel,What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?
Gaza Strip,What territory did Israel attack in 1955?
did not retaliate militarily,What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?
a blow to his growing popularity,How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?
blockade on Israeli shipping,What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?
Baghdad Pact,What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?
modern weaponry,What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?
Czechoslovakia,From what country did Nasser buy arms?
"US$320,000,000",How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?
equalized,How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?
Final Communique,What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?
French,"From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?"
right of return,What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?
UN,"What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?"
positive neutralism,What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?
Cold War,What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?
welcomed by large crowds,How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?
heralded,How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?
1956,In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?
single-party system,What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?
National Union,What was the dominant political party? 
Liberation Rally,From what group did the National Union originate?
citizens,Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?
Nasser,Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?
women,Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?
RCC,What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?
sidelining,"Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? "
high-ranking positions in the cabinet,What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?
UK and France,With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?
Aswan Dam,What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?
China,What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?
Algerian,France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?
Baghdad Pact,The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?
took great offense,How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?
Suez Canal,What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? 
unaware,What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?
1956,When did the last British troops leave Egypt?
fund the Aswan Dam,What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?
"120,000",How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?
existing stockholders,Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?
UK,What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?
support,How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?
Israeli,What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?
Henry A. Byroade,What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?
"not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World",Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?
France and the UK,What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?
Israel,What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?
UN Security Council,What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?
topple,"What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?"
1956,In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?
Egyptian airfields in the canal zone,What did the British and French air forces bomb?
Port Said,What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?
Amer,Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?
blockage,What did Nasser do to the canal?
"2,000",How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?
"5,000",How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?
civilian volunteers,To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?
Salah Salem,Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?
undamaged,What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?
"Between 750 and 1,000",How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?
Port Said,What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?
shattered,In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?
British-French forces,Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?
U.S.,What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?
Eisenhower,What leader did Nasser applaud?
United Nations Emergency Force,What military force was brought in to calm the situation?
rigorous requirements for residency,What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?
Voice of the Arabs,What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?
Nasserites,What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?
structure and organization,What did the admirers of Nasser lack?
Eugene Rogan,Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?
Arab nationalists,What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?
Eisenhower Doctrine,What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?
1957,When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?
King Saud,What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?
Jordan,"What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?"
pan-Arabism,"Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?"
King Hussein,What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?
a tool of the imperialists,What did Nasser call King Hussein?
King Saud,What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?
citizens,"Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?"
British and French,What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?
two-thirds,How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?
Helwan steelworks,What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?
Soviet Union,What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?
Aswan Dam,What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?
Syria,What country wanted to join with Egypt?
communists,What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?
United Arab Republic,What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?
1958,What year was the UAR formed?
King Saud,Who tried to assassinate Nasser?
shoot down Nasser's plane,How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?
King Faisal,Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?
opponent,What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?
600,How many members were in the National Assembly?
400,How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
Khrushchev,What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
Communist Party,What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
Boghdadi and Amer,Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
Camille Chamoun,Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?
to unite with the UAR,What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?
a second presidential term,What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?
Sarraj,Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?
limited,What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?
Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref,What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?
Nuri al-Said,What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?
Lebanon,Where did US Marines land?
to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces,Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?
unblocked,How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?
Sarraj,Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?
police state,What was Syria like under Sarraj?
Fuad Chehab,Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?
improved considerably,How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?
1959,In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?
Qasim,What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?
suppressed a rebellion in Mosul,What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?
Egyptian communist activity,What did Nasser suppress as a result?
Khaled Mohieddin,What old ally did Nasser turn against?
elites,What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?
worsening,How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?
nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy,How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?
dismissed,What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?
press,What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?
secessionist army units,What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?
1961,In what year did Syria leave the UAR?
Latakia,Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?
nervous breakdown,What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?
his health began to deteriorate,How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?
North Yemen,What country experienced a coup in 1962?
Saudi Arabia,What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?
the new government,Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?
1967,In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?
miscalculation,How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?
Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance,What groups completed a coup in Iraq?
Abdel Salam Aref,Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?
Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters,What caused the agreement to fail?
fascists,How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?
Jordan River,What river did the Israelis want to divert?
act of war,How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?
King Hussein,What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?
Palestine Liberation Organization,What organization was formed as a result of the talks?
Ahmad Shukeiri,Who was set to lead the PLO?
1961,In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?
Nasser,Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?
Cold War,What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?
African,What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
anti-colonial leaders from several African countries,Who did Nasser give asylum to?
anti-colonial propaganda,What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
Organisation of African Unity,What African group did Nasser help to form?
1963,What year was the OAU formed?
Egypt,What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?
Islamic and socialist,What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?
al-Azhar,What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?
Muslim Brotherhood,What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?
Presidential Council,What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?
merit,"As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?"
Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him,Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?
Amer,What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?
approve all senior military appointments,What was the Presidential Council meant to do?
Amer,From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?
Nasser,Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?
directly confronting Nasser,How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?
painkillers,How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?
diabetes,From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?
socialism,What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?
National Charter,What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?
widening the Suez Canal,What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?
1962,What year was the National Charter released?
universal,What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?
51,What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
Arab Socialist Union,What was the new name for the National Union?
repression,What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
Islamists,What group was targeted with imprisonment?
submit their resignations in protest,How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
He was the only candidate,What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?
Muslim Brotherhood,The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?
executed,What was Qutb's sentence?
private sector,What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?
from sluggishness to the verge of collapse,How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?
Soviet Union,What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?
dispatch troops to Sinai,What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?
Israeli-American,"What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?"
West Bank,What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?
US,Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?
Straits of Tiran,What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?
Zakaria Mohieddin,Who was Nassir's vice president?
diplomacy towards a ceasefire,"How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?"
Jordan,What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?
Sharm el-Sheikh,What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?
Nasser–Amer,What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?
rational analysis,What did Nasser dismiss during the war?
imminent Arab victory,What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?
9 June,What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?
announced his resignation,What did Nasser do about his position as President?
Zakaria Mohieddin,Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?
retracted his decision,What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?
Mohamed Fawzi,Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?
suicide,How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?
depoliticizing the armed forces,How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?
figures loyal to Amer,What loyalists did Nasser target?
Khartoum,Where was the Arab League summit held?
King Faisal,What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?
Khartoum Resolution,What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?
Soviet Union,What nation granted military aid to Egypt?
UN Resolution 242,What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?
prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces,What new positions did Nasser give himself ?
1968,When did students protest for political reforms?
Arab Socialist Union,What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?
external,What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?
ASU,What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?
liberalization,What trend was Nasser trying to cause?
unfulfilled,How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?
independence,How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?
War of Attrition,What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?
1968,In what year did the War of Attrition begin?
Yasser Arafat,Who led the Fatah movement?
Battle of Karameh,In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?
Arafat,To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?
build a network of internal defenses,What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?
March 1969,When did the war start up again?
PLO and the Lebanese military,What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?
Palestinian guerrillas,Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?
Rogers Plan,What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?
recapturing the Suez Canal,What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?
Soviet Union,Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?
surrender,How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?
SAM missiles,What did Nasser move to the canal zone?
28 September 1970,When did Nasser die?
heart attack,How did Nasser die?
"Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia",Who was with Nasser when he died?
heart attacks,What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?
in their fifties,How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?
at least five million,How many people attended Nasser's funeral?
the old RCC headquarters,At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?
Saudi King Faisal,Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?
Muammar Gaddafi,What leader twice fainted during the funeral?
Alexei Kosygin,Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?
Over a dozen,How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?
"75,000",How many people marched in Jerusalem?
Sherif Hetata,"Who said, ""The world will never again see five million people crying together?"""
orphans,What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?
British influence,What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?
social justice,What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?
improved considerably,How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?
war effort,What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?
agrarian,"What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?"
Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam,What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?
golden age,How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?
Suez Canal,What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?
Nasserist,What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?
Arab Democratic Nasserist Party,What was the first Nasserist political party?
Sabahi,What party came in third in the 2013 election?
United Nasserist Party,What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?
availability to the public,What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?
"1,359",How many speeches did Nasser give?
Nasser,Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?
press,What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?
Egyptian intellectuals,Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?
Six-Day War,What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?
Mubarak,During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?
"national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture",What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?
dictator,Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?
dissidents,Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?
confused Sultan,What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?
New Wafd Party,What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?
Alaa al-Din Desouki,Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?
successful manipulation and demagoguery,To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?
intermediaries,What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?
strong political institutions,"What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?"
Abd al-Azim Ramadan,Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?
"Miles Copeland, Jr",Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?
Zakaria Mohieddin,Who was Nasser's vice president?
bluffing,What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?
gradually changed,What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?
diabetes,What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?
seek good relations with Egypt,What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?
several nationalist revolutions,What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?
communicated directly with the public masses,What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?
the popular Arab will,What did Nasser symbolize?
Ben Bella,"Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?"
Abdullah al-Sallal,What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?
Muammar Gaddafi,Which leader considered Nasser his hero?
Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry,What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?
Arab Nationalist Movement,What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?
El Nasser Salah El Dine,What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?
Nasser 56,What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?
Suez Crisis,What was Nasser 56 about?
Gamal Abdel Nasser,What was the famous biopic about Nasser?
Tahia Kazem,Who did Nasser marry in 1944?
Abdel Hamid Kazim,Who introduced Nasser and his wife?
Manshiyat al-Bakri,Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?
officer corps,What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?
chain smoking,What was Nasser's principle vice?
18-hour,How long was a typical workday for Nasser?
diabetes,What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?
1970,What year did Nasser die?
influenza,What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?
25 November 1881,When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?
3 June 1963,When did Pope Saint XXIII die?
28 October 1958 to his death in 1963,How long did he reign as Pope?
10 August 1904,When was he ordained to the priesthood?
76,How old was Roncalli when elected pope?
28 October 1958,When was Roncalli elected pope?
500 years,"He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of ""John"" upon election in how long?"
Second Vatican Council,Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?
11 October 1962,When did he call the Second Vatican Council?
3 June 1963,When did the pope die?
stomach cancer,What did the pope die of?
the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica,Where was he buried?
3 September 2000,When was he beatified?
"the ""Good Pope""",He is still known today as what?
11 October,When is his feast day celebrated?
the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council,What is October 11?
11 September 2014,When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?
by the Evangelical Lutheran Church,Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?
by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States),Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?
February 1925,When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?
Pietro Gasparri,Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?
1925–35,When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?
19 March,When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?
Giovanni Tacci Porcelli,Who was he consecrated by?
30 November 1934,When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?
"Mesembria, Bulgaria",He was appointed titular archbishop of where?
the Turcophile Pope,What ws he known by in the Turkish community?
1935,When did he take that position?
Pope Pius XI,Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?
February 1939,When did he hear that his mother was dying?
10 February 1939,When did Pope Pius XI die?
20 February 1939,When did his mother die?
Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli,Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?
2 March 1939,When was Pope Pius XII elected?
12 January 1953,When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca,Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?
23 February 1953,When did he leave France for Venice?
15 March 1953,When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?
Vincent Auriol,Who was the President of France in 1953?
the early 1950s,When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?
8 November 1953,When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?
11 November 1953,When did Ancilla die?
the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice,Where did he want to be buried?
9 October 1958,When did Pope Pius XII die?
11 October,When was his last full day in Venice?
for the conclave in Rome,Why did Roncalli leave Venice?
eleven ballots,He was elected pope after how many ballots?
Giovanni Battista Montini,Who was the Archbishop of Milan?
archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia,New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?
1958,When was Montini absent from the conclave?
4:00 pm,When was the final ballot of the conclave?
38 votes,How many votes did he have?
John,What name did Roncalli choose?
over 500 years,John had not been a chosen name in how long?
Antipope John XXIII,Who was the last to choose the name John?
an ecumenical council,What did John XXIII call for?
29 January 1959,When was the decision made for this council?
the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls,Where was the decision made for this council?
Pope Paul VI,Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?
human rights,John XXIII was an advocate for what?
his Pacem in terris,What did he write about human rights in?
the unborn and the elderly,His advocacy from human rights included whom?
the Roman liturgy,John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?
the 1962 Roman Missal,He published changes that resulted in what?
the Tridentine Mass,What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?
2007,Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year?
1970,When was the Roman Rite created?
in the Vatican,Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?
11 October 1962,When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?
Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech,What speech did he give?
the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them,Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?
8 December 1962,A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?
1963 from 12 May to 29 June,When was the next session scheduled?
12 November 1962,When was the next session announced?
Pope Pius IX,Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?
US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev,John XXIII offered to mediate between who?
October 1962,When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Nikita Khrushchev,Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?
Time magazine's 'Man of the Year',John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?
Francis,Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'
Balzan Prize,John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?
10 May 1963,When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?
Italian President Antonio Segni,Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?
the Quirinal Palace,Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?
haemorrhage,What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?
Loris F. Capovilla,Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?
31 May,When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?
Petrus Canisius Van Lierde,Who was at the dying pope's bedside?
Petrus Canisius Van Lierde,Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?
11 am,When did the pope bid farewell?
peritonitis,What did John XXIII die of?
3 June 1963,What day did he die?
81,How old was John XXIII upon his death?
Luigi Traglia,Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?
6 June,What day was he buried?
US President Lyndon B. Johnson,Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
3 December 1963,When did President Johnson award him?
the United States' highest civilian award,What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?
6 December 1963,When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?
Good Pope John,What was he also known as?
Pope Paul VI,Who opened his cause for canonization?
3 September 2000,"When was Pope John XXIII considered ""blessed?"""
Pope John Paul II,"Who declared him ""blessed?"""
Pope Pius X,Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?
3 June 2013,When was the 50th anniversary of his death?
Pope Francis,Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?
Bergamo,Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?
5 July 2013,When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?
"Sunday, 27 April 2014",On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?
"religion, philosophy, and science",Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?
time,"Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?"
time is what clocks measure,What is an example of a simple definition of time?
the universe,"According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?"
Newtonian time,The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?
a fundamental intellectual structure,What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?
seven,Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?
the International System of Units and International System of Quantities,Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?
velocity,"What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?"
a single continuum called spacetime,Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?
Temporal measurement,What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation?
Periodic events and periodic motion,Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?
the second,What is the current international unit of time?
caesium atoms,The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second?
each day and in human life spans,Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what?
the calendar,What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time?
the clock,What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?
the clock,Which tool is used in day to day life?
the calendar,Which tool is used in periods longer than a day?
by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point,How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained?
the Paleolithic,"Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?"
Lunar calendars,Which calendars were among the first to appear?
either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days),How long were the original lunar calendars?
Mesoamerica,Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate?
18,How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?
"the water clock, or clepsydra",What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?
Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep,A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?
Arab inventors,Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?
Chinese,Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks?
the 11th century,When were the first mechanical clocks created?
The hourglass,Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?
18,How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?
Incense sticks and candles,What method did temples and churches use to measure time?
Richard of Wallingford,Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?
Jost Burgi.,Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?
atomic clocks,Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?
the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms,What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?
the International System of Measurements,Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?
Since 1967,How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?
Greenwich Mean Time,Which standard of time started with British Railways?
1847,When was GMT adopted by British Railways?
telescopes,GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?
1954,When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease?
UT or UTC,The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what?
Two,How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers?
the universe,The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?
Newtonian time,The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?
to sequence and compare events,The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what?
The Vedas,What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?
back to the late 2nd millennium BC,How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?
"4,320 million years",How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?
Parmenides and Heraclitus,Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?
Book IV of his Physica,"Aristotle defined time as ""number of movement in respect of the before and after"" in which book?"
St. Augustine of Hippo,Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?
by what it is not rather than what it is,By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?
a “distention” of the mind,What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?
the Critique of Pure Reason,In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?
both are elements of a systematic mental framework,What did Kant portray space and time to be?
an abstract conceptual framework,Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?
temporal measurements,What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?
Spatial measurements,What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?
Martin Heidegger,"Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?"
"a potential possibility, task, or engagement",The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?
The present,What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one?
step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.,"According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts?"
a single dimension of time,Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?
by how long light takes to travel that distance,"In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?"
by an invariant interval,What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?
of the observer (and his velocity),The invariant interval between events is independent of what?
"space-like, light-like, or time-like",The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?
"concept of ""relative, apparent, and common time""",What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?
the late nineteenth century,In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?
the behavior of electricity and magnetism,The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?
Einstein,Which famous scientist resolved these issues?
space,"Historically, time has been closely related with what?"
special relativity and general relativity,In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?
"the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception","According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?"
in the speed of time on board their vessel,A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?
the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling,How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?
slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel,How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?
time,The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?
hundreds of years,What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?
causality,What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?
Einstein,"Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?"
for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light.,In what case do these effects become much more noticeable?
a fixed fraction of a second,How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab?
both temporal and spatial dimensions,Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion?
the laws of physics,What laws do not specify an arrow of time?
time asymmetric,The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?
arbitrary,The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?
"the Second law of thermodynamics,",Which law states that entropy must increase over time?
CP symmetry,The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?
A Brief History of Time,In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?
the Big Bang,Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?
time,What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?
meaningless,Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?
Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler,Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?
cosmology,The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?
i,How much is known about the early states of the universe?
The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems,Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?
general relativity,These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?
before the universe reaches the Planck temperature,These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?
since the 19th century,How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?
backwards,Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?
to achieve time travel,A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?
paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen,What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?
free will,"In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?"
the grandfather paradox,What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived?
the Novikov self-consistency principle.,What principle elaborates more on the view described?
Psychoactive drugs,What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?
time intervals,Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?
depressants,What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?
The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters,The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?
either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons,Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
"human behavior, education, and travel behavior",The use of time is important in understanding what?
Time-use research,What is a developing field of time related study?
technology,Time use is always changing with advances in what?
20–30 minutes one-way,Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?
a timestamp,What may the description of events include?
effect,What never precedes cause because of causality?
a world line,A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?
"in text, tables, charts, or timelines",In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?
chronological order,"What is another way of phrasing ""time order""?"
"stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables",Uses of sequences of events include what?
"processes in science, technology, and medicine",What may a sequence of events be used to describe?
a sequence of events,"The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?"
the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster,What is a specific example of a sequence of events?
Mario Draghi,What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?
The European Central Bank,"What is the official, central bank for the euro?"
consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world,What is the Eurozone?
the central banks of all 28 EU member states,Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?
The Treaty of Amsterdam,What established The European Central Bank?
maintain price stability within the Eurozone,What is the main mission of the ECB?
Article 16 of its Statute,What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?
the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand,How can a member state use euro coins?
Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB,Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?
Article 3 of the Statute,Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?
Wim Duisenberg,Who was the first president of the ECB?
former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute,What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?
Jean-Claude Trichet,Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?
"since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French",Why did the French want a French bank president?
"Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet","What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?"
inflation of under 2%,What is price stability defined as?
over the medium term,What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?
October 1998,When did the Governing Council define price stability?
maintain price stability within the Eurozone,What is the primary goal of the ECB?
Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?
increase in liquidity in the economy,What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?
contrary effect,What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?
more money has been put into the economy,What happens when members increase their deposits?
increase in deposits in member banks,What is a good way to boost the economy?
on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet,Where are contracts recorded?
must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities,How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?
"public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted",What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?
"all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation",What should all assets offered up as collateral be?
sovereign debt,What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?
The Executive Board,Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?
Mario Draghi,Who is the current president of the ECB?
Vitor Constâncio,Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?
four,"Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?"
non-renewable terms of eight years,For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?
Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña,Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?
Luxembourg's Yves Mersch,Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?
June 2012,When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?
June 2004,When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?
ECB veteran who heads its legal department,Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?
"discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks",What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?
appointed for a non-renewable term of five years,How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?
chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board,How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?
four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors,"Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?"
the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB,What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?
European law,What governs the ECB?
shareholders and stock capital,How does the ECB mimic a corporation?
five billion euros,How much does the ECB have as capital?
the national central banks of the member states as shareholders,Who holds the ECB's capital?
the basis of the states' population and GDP,What determined the ECB's initial capital?
English,What language does the ECB generally use?
normally in their respective language,"When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?"
English,What language is the ECB website run in?
the official languages of the EU,How are the languages of official documents handled?
independence,WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?
The European Parliament,Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?
bound by the treaties,Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?
bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament,How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?
2009,When did the European debt Crisis begin?
the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced,What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?
Greece,Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?
new elected government,Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?
its true indebtedness and budget deficit,What had Greece's previous government been hiding?
financially stable eurozone states like Germany,Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.
discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness,What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?
giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels,What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?
Grexit,What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?
"If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.",What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?
never pushed those exits,"As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?"
Greece,Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?
if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks,What would cause the private banking system to weaken?
wealthy member countries,Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?
pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks,What happens when the private banking system is weakened?
tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries,"What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?"
is politically controversial,Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?
ECB,Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?
refinancing facilities,"Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?"
"repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans",What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?
the Fed,Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?
Spanish and Italian,What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?
a deteriorating balance sheet,What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?
intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank,Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?
Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank,What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?
highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased,How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?
long-term collateral,"What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?"
adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies,How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?
€212.1bn,"By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?"
Outright Monetary Transactions,How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?
no ex-ante time or size limit,What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?
6 September 2012,When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?
temporary,How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?
temporarily moving bad or weak assets,What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?
the balance sheets of the European Central Bank,Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?
monetisation,What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?
inflationary threat,What is monetisation usually viewed as?
move weak assets off their balance sheets,"If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?"
the sickness of the euro,What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?
the German government,Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?
The European Central Bank,Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?
a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency,What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
the crisis of 2010,Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?
loaned billions of euros to banks,What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?
to stabilise the financial system,Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Federal Reserve System,"Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?"
contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector,"Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?"
December 2007,When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?
it can make as much money as it deems needed,What is a perk of the central bank?
bonds issued by the Federal government,What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?
commercial paper,What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?
to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning,What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
Moody's and S&P,Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?
2005,When was Basel II adopted?
the Basel II recommendations,What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?
2008,Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?
Frankfurt,Where is the European Central bank located?
Amsterdam Treaty,What decided where the bank was to be located?
2014,When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?
the former wholesale market,What previously stood where the bank is now?
October 2008,When did construction of the new bank begin?
"Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain","After the loan program was announced, which countries borrowed the most?"
easing the debt crisis,What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds?
€200bn,How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it's own debts?
keep operating and loaning to businesses,How do you prevent a credit bottleneck?
longer-term refinancing operation,What is an LTRO?
six-month,How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?
March 2008,When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?
three months,How long had the time to maturity been previously?
close to 1100 bidders,How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?
Canada,In what country is St. John's located?
Newfoundland,What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?
St. John's,What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?
eastern tip,Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?
2015,"In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?"
St. John's,Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?
1630,Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?
1610,When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?
1618, What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?
British government,Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?
Sebastian,What was John Cabot's sons first name?
explorer,What was the occupation of John Cabot?
Avalon Peninsula,"Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?"
Basque Country,Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?
Latin,In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?
1527,What year did John Rut visit St. John's?
John Rut,Who sent the first known letter from North America?
"Norman, Breton and Portuguese",What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?
King Henry,Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?
William Payne,"Who referred St. John's as St. ""the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country"" ? "
1675,When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?
1680,When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?
population,What grew during the summers in St. John's?
fishermen,Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?
Michiel de Ruyter,Who briefly seized St. John's in 1665?
1673,In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time?
twenty-three,How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673?
Pierre Le Moyne,Who destroyed Fort William in 1696?
three,How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673?
Alcock and Brown,Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?
Vickers Vimy IV bomber,What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? 
Lester's Field,Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?
Steve Fossett,Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?
replica Vickers Vimy,What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?
1990s,When did the Northern cod fishery collapse?
"Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields",What led to an economic boom in St. John's?
hundreds of years,For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John's?
decade,How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John's?
Atlantic Ocean,Near what body of water is St. John's located by?
172.22,How many Square miles is St. John's?
Alberta,In what providence is Edmonton located?
Halifax,What is the largest Atlantic Province city?
humid,How is the climate in St. John's?
British Columbia,In which province is Kelowna located?
British Columbia,Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?
Atlantic Ocean,What body of water is to the east of St. John?
United States,From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John's?
St. John's,What is the foggiest Canadian city?
15.1 mph,What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John's?
British Columbia,What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?
summer,What is the driest season on average in St. John's?
silver thaws,What is another word for freezing rain?
wood,What are wharves in St. John's constructed out of?
1892,In what year was the Great Fire?
downtown core,What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892?
San Francisco,What US city is St. John's often compared to?
height of buildings,What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?
controversy,What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?
hotel rooms and office space,What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?
heritage regulations,What was amended to provide more office space in downtown?
15 metres,What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?
47-metre,How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?
2006,"In what year where there 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's?"
12,How many communities does the CMA include?
"192,326",What was the population of the CMA in 2010?
St. John's,What is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city?
Christian,What is the largest religion in St. John's?
sectarianism,What has declined in the recent years on St. John's?
Christian,What sects declined from 2001-2011?
civil service,"What is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments?"
The provincial government,Who is the largest employer in the city?
Memorial University,Who is the second largest employer in the city?
1990s,What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?
2017,What year is Hebron projected to start producing oil in St. John's?
economy,What has been growing in the recent years?
May 2011,When did the unemployment rate fall to 5.6 per cent?
5.6 per cent,What was the city's unemployment rate in May 2011?
"$52,000",What is the city's per capita GDP?
The LSPU Hall,Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?
1000,How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?
downtown,Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?
Newfoundland,Where is Rick Mercer from?
east end,Where is Pippy Park located in the city?
"3,400",About how many acres is Pippy Park?
two,How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?
skiing,What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?
Pippy Park,Where is the Fluvarium located?
downtown,What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?
1891,What year was Bannerman Park opened?
Sir Alexander Bannerman,who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?
Bannerman Park,Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?
Sir Alexander Bannerman,Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?
St. John's,What city does Signal Hill overlook?
Signal Hill,Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John' ?
1897,What year was Cabot Tower built?
1897,In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?
Guglielmo Marconi, Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission?
Swilers Rugby Park,Where do The Rock play their home games at?
Newfoundland Rock,Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?
France,In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?
2006,In what year did Canada beat USA 56–7 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?
2007,In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?
Newfoundland,What was Canada's  tenth province?
1949,In what year did Newfoundland become a province?
St. John's,What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador?
The Confederation Building,Where is the House of Assembly?
Lorraine Michael,Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?
4%,By how much did crime in St. John's increase in 2009?
St. John's,What city had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index in 2010?
4%,How much did crime in the country drop in 2009?
10 minutes,How far is St. John's International Airport from the downtown core?
"1,400,000",About how many passengers travelled through St. John's International Airport in 2011?
YYT,What is the airport code for St. John's International Airport?
St. John's International,What airport is approximately 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core?
St. John's,Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway?
The divided highway,Outer Ring Road is a another name for what?
relatively easy access to neighbourhoods,What does the divided highway provide?
19,How many routes does the Metrobus have?
53,How many buses does the region have for public transit?
four,How many hospitals does the city have?
Metrobus,Who is responsible for public transit in the region?
three,How many private schools are in St. John's?
36,How many primary schools are in St. John's?
two,How many private schools are in the Francophone public school district?
Memorial University of Newfoundland,What school offers the lowest tuition in Canada?
"$2,644",What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland?
St. John's,Where does Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters?
CBNT-DT,What is the name of CBC's television station in St. John's?
Rogers TV,What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?
University Avenue,Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from?
15,How many radio station does the city have?
two,How many French-language stations does the city have?
1949,When did the province join the Canadian Confederation?
2006,What year was the PlayStation 3 released?
PlayStation Network,What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3?
Slim,What was the thinner version of the PS3 called?
2012,What year did the Super Slim model hit stores?
85 million,How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016?
boomerang,What shape was the Sixaxis prototype in?
E3 2005,What event did Sony choose for the PS3 unveiling?
Final Fantasy VII,What popular game was demoed in a video at the game shows?
Tokyo Game Show,What event did Sony take the PlayStation 3 to four months after E3?
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots,What was one game Sony debuted on a modified PC so gamers could get a look?
six,How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?
one,"By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?"
to cut costs,Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?
60 GB,"In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?"
silver,What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?
PAL,Which region experience a setback that pushed back the release of the PlayStation 3?
Blu-ray drive,What part of the system was Sony having trouble getting supplies for?
20 GB model,Which Japanese PS3 model got a 20%-plus price cut before hitting the market?
Japan,Where did Sony offer the 60 GB model with an open pricing scheme?
27,How many playable games did the PlayStation 3 by the time it arrived at the 2006 Tokyo Game Show?
March,"Instead of November, for what month of the following year was the release rescheduled?"
South Korea,What country had to wait until June of 2007 for their PS3?
80 GB,How big was the hard drive in the single South Korean version?
S$799,What did customers in Singapore pay for the 60 GB PS3?
"March 23, 2007",On what date did the PlayStation 3 go on sale in Africa?
CECH-2000,What was the model number of the slim version of the PlayStation 3?
Spider-Man font,What font was discontinued with the release of the slim model?
quieter,"What would customers notice about the sound of the new, improved cooling system?"
"""Sony Computer Entertainment""","What did the boot screen on the game consoles read before Sony changed it to ""PS3 PlayStation 3""?"
cover art,What did Sony change about the PS3 games along with the packaging in 2009?
Tokyo Game Show,At what event did Sony tell everyone about the CECH-4000?
500 GB,What size was the largest hard drive available on the Super Slim PS3?
Three,How many versions of the CECH-4000 were made?
"October 12, 2012",On what date was the 12 GB version of the Super Slim released in the UK?
Garnet Red,What color was the PlayStation 3 that was included in the God of War: Ascension bundle in the States?
14,How many games could you buy to go with your PS3 when it launched in North America?
Resistance: Fall of Man,What game won GameSpot's Game of the Year title for 2006?
Namco Bandai Games,What company developed the game Ridge Racer 7?
MotorStorm: Pacific Rift,What's the name of the sequel game to MotorStorm?
24,How many titles did the PS3 launch with in Europe?
Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction,Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E3 2007?
2007,What year was Warhawk released for the PlayStation 3?
TGS 2007,At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 first shown to the Japanese market?
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue,What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007?
Devil May Cry 4,Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E3 2007?
The Best,What's Sony's budget line of PS3 games called in Japan?
Platinum,"If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games, what range would you shop for?"
Greatest Hits,What words would you see in the United States or Canada on a PS3 game that would signify its lower price?
Call Of Duty 3,Which Call of Duty title does Sony include in their low-end price range?
2009,In what year was Devil May Cry 4 added to the budget game offerings for PS3?
Blitz Games,What company said it would bring 3D technology to the PS3?
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue,"Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in early 2009?"
3.30,What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? 
patched,What word describes what happens to a game when is edited to add functions not originally programmed?
3D films,What was the PS3 console able to play after the system software was updated to 3.50?
Yellow Dog Linux,What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?
Terra Soft Solutions,What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?
Intel,What company bought RapidMind in 2009?
8,How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?
the U.S. military,Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?
Cell,What type of microprocessor is in a PS3?
Power Processing Element,What does PPE stand for?
Graphics processing,What function is the NVIDIA RSX responsible for in a PlayStation 3?
eight,How many Synergistic Processing Elements are in a PS3's CPU?
256 MB,How much XDR DRAM is on board a PS3?
DualShock 3,What did Sony name their vibrating PS3 controller?
press conference,At what event at the Tokyo Game Show was the DualShock 3 first announced?
heavier,What did many people who handled the DualShock 3 say it was compared to the Sixaxis?
Japan,What was the first country to be able to buy the new DualShock 3 in stores?
"April 24, 2008",On what date was the DualShock three released in Australia?
XMB,"How is ""XrossMediaBar"" abbreviated?"
nine,How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar?
Crackle,One of Sony's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue; what's the other one called?
What's New,"When you start up your PS3, what's the first section of the PS Network you see?"
Friends,What menu would you use to set up a video chat?
Network Digital Rights Management,"What does the abbreviation ""NDRM"" represent?"
2,How many different PS3s can one user access?
PlayStation Network ID,What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?
copy protected,PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video?
Photo Gallery,What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs?
2.60,What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery?
Facebook,"After version 3.4, Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site?"
separately,Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?
facial expressions,"Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age, color, or what other unusual criteria for photo software?"
June,In what month of 2009 did VidZone start free service to some countries?
paid Netflix subscription,What do you have to agree to with Netflix before you can use their service on PlayStation 3?
2009,What year did the announcement come about Netflix becoming available on PS3 in the U.S.?
Blu-ray,What type of disc was initially used to connect access to Netflix for PS3?
October 2010,When were users able to discard the disc and access Netflix directly through their PS3s?
'OtherOS',What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update?
security concerns,What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS?
mandatory,Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?
PS Slim,Which PS3 model never included OtherOS?
class action lawsuits,What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony?
internal system clock,What part of the original model PS3s starting causing problems in March of 2010?
PlayStation Network,What essential network were some users unable to connect to because of the error?
"December 31, 1999",What erroneous date did some users start seeing on their consoles?
ApocalyPS3,What humorous nickname was given to the situation with the console system clock errors?
apocalypse,"The name ""ApocalyPS3"" combines ""PS3"" with what other word?"
"March 2 (UTC), 2010",By what date did Sony correct the issue with the system clock?
a leap year,What were the broken models mistakenly classifying 2010 as?
BCD,What storage system for dates led to the system clock error?
operating system clock,What clock unrelated to the error in the PS3 had to be updated in some cases in order to fix the bug?
Formula One Championship Edition,What PS3 game can integrate a PlayStation Portable to use as a rear-view mirror?
racing,What kind of game is Formula One Championship Edition?
PlayStation Store,"If users want to download original PlayStation games, where do they go online?"
PSP,Games in plain PlayStation format can be played both on the PS3 console and what other device?
Remote Play,What's the name of the feature that would let you play a game on your PSP without having it with you?
Tokyo,In what city did Sony hold their 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing?
real,Does PlayStation Network use artificial or real currency for purchases?
multiplayer support,"Along with being free and providing constant connectivity, what other feature does PS Network offer users?"
PlayStation Portable,PlayStation Network is only available for PS3 and what other device?
PlayStation Plus,What's the name of Sony's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service?
PS+,How is PlayStation Plus often abbreviated?
Jack Tretton,Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2010?
"June 29, 2010",On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially launch?
one-year,Duration options for subscription to PS+ are either three months or what period of time?
The PlayStation Store,Where can you buy downloadable content for the PSP and PS3?
an icon,What do you click on in the PS3 interface to get to the PlayStation Store?
Remote Play,What connection would you go through to go to the PS3 store from a PSP?
over 600 million,How many unique downloads had there been from the PlayStation Store by late 2009?
Media Go,"From a PC, what application can you use to visit the PlayStation Store?"
What's New,What new feature for PS3 was released in September of 2009?
Gamescom,At what event did Sony announce What's New?
Information Board,What did What's New replace?
news,What type of information is disseminated through What's New?
region,What's geographical area does What's New tailor information to for each user?
four,How many  different sections does What's New have?
"""Recently Played""",What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?
Video,"Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?"
"""Recently Played""",What section of What's New can't show links to websites?
Games,"Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?"
PlayStation Home,What does Sony call their social network?
avatar,What is the customizable representation of a user in PS Home called?
premium,"Home has free, won, and what third type of content?"
apartments,"Users employ the content to decorate club houses, their avatars, or what virtual dwelling space?"
multiplayer,What type of games can users find participants for in Home?
city,Life was able to personalize information for users by what location division?
"November 6, 2012",On what date was Life with PlayStation shut down?
World Heritage,What's was Life's channel that delivered information about history topics?
Live Channel,"For weather updates from The Weather Channel, which of Life's channels would you have visited?"
"April 20, 2011",What was the date Sony shut down the PS Network because of a security breach?
77 million,How many users did Sony say might have been affected by the intrusion?
"""Welcome Back""",What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach?
30,How many free days of PlayStation Plus were included in the offer?
two,"How many free game downloads were included in the ""Welcome Back"" program?"
Wii,What was PlayStation 3's toughest competitor in the video game market?
unique gameplay,What did Wii offer that PS3 couldn't compete with?
Xbox 360 versions,"In 2006, did most people prefer the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of cross-platform games?"
2010,Until what year was Sony seeing a loss on each PlayStation 3 console it sold?
Wii,Which cost less in stores: PS3 or Wii?
US$805.85,How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3?
US$499,"In contrast to the production cost, what was the retail price for a 20 GB PlayStation 3?"
$306,"Assuming iSuppli got the numbers right, how much of a loss did Sony take for every 20 GB PS3 sold in the U.S.?"
Ken Kutaragi,What was the name of Sony's President who announced his retirement amid rumors in April 2007?
US$1.97 billion,"In U.S. dollars, how much was the enormous loss Sony reported the month before Kutaragi's retirement announcement?"
Kaz Hirai,Who was Sony's CEO at the start of 2008?
early 2009,When did Hirai think the PS3 might start making the company some money?
Nikko Citigroup,What market analyst firm said Sony could make the PlayStation 3 profitable by August 2008?
150 million,How many PS3 did Hirai set a public goal to sell by the time the product was nine?
PlayStation 2,What other Sony gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat?
Emotion Engine chip,"Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?"
Cell,What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process?
diodes,What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make?
$240,"As of Summer 2009, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?"
70%,The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost?
6/10,What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3?
Xbox,"What PS3 competitor won IGN's ""Console Showdown"" in 2010?"
Will Greenwald,"What PC Mag. staffer picked PS3 over Xbox in June, 2012? "
Pocket-lint,"Which publication called the PlayStation 3 ""a brilliant games console""?"
15th,Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever?
"""The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006""","What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?"
GamesRadar,"What gaming website called PS3 ""a hate object reviled by the entire internet""?"
"""Late, Expensive and Incompatible""",What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?
a year,How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?
2007,"In what year did Gabe Newell call the PS3 ""a total disaster""?"
Doug Lombardi,Who is Valve's VP of Marketing who says they want to hire programmers for a PS3 team?
2010,What year did Newell show up at Sony's EC3 press conference to take back what he said about PS3?
Portal 2,What game did Valve develop for the PlayStation 3 console?
Steamworks,What's the name of Valve's software update system?
developers,What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3?
return on invested capital,"What does ""ROIC"" stand for?"
Activision Blizzard,What company is Kotick the CEO of?
The Times,What newspaper reported Kotick's concerns and his threat to stop supporting the PlayStation platform?
Bioware,What game development company completely disagreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?
8.8,What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten?
Blu-ray playback,What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3?
hardware,Have reviews praised the PS3's hardware of software more frequently?
Ultimate AV,What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player?
CNET United Kingdom,"What website said the PlayStation 3 ""lives up to the hype""? "
Amazon.com,"With a day of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?"
fifteen,For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?
90 out of 100,What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World?
PS3,PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console?
repackaging,"Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and lower power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?"
backward compatibility,What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games?
four,How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim?
four and a half,How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim?
exterior,What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?
quietness,What quality of the PS3 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about?
"smaller, lighter size","In addition to quieter fans and drive, what change from the other models did Spong praise?"
disc loader,"What piece of the PS3 Super Slim's hardware did Spong say was too ""fiddly""?"
close the cover,What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc?
CNET,What website rated the Super Slim four out of five stars?
"""cheap""",What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim's design?
hard drive,"What component of the Super Slim did CNET call ""the easiest yet""?"
disc-loader,"What hardware component did CNET have the biggest problem with, even comparing it to an old credit card reader?"
more expensive,Was the lowest-priced Super Slim more or less expensive than any of the PS3 Slim models?
T3,"What magazine described the Super Slim as ""nostalgic""?"
the original PS3,What PlayStation 3 model did T3 feel the Super Slim's design was paying homage to?
weight,"According to T3, what was the main differentiator between the ""fat"" PS3 and the Super Slim?"
the top loading tray,What hardware element did T3 feel might have issues with durability? 
the PS4,T3 felt Sony was saying goodbye to past models in preparation for what next-generation console?
House of Lords,"When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?"
Palace of Westminster,"Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?"
written declaration,Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?
elaborate ceremonies,With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?
Palace of Westminster,Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?
letters patent,With what method is royal assent generally granted?
the governor-general merely signs the bill,How is royal assent granted within Australia?
constitutional monarch,Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?
"United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein",Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?
18th,Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?
"United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein",What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?
a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government,Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?
exceedingly rare,Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?
ministers,Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?
reserve powers,"In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?"
his or her ministers,Whose advice does a sovereign follow?
ministers,Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?
improbable,"Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?"
Royal Council,"What is another name for ""Curia Regis""?"
Earl of Leicester,Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?
House of Lords,"As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?"
House of Commons,Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?
"Curia Regis, or Royal Council",From what did parliament evolve?
"bishops, abbots, earls, and barons",What positions were contained within the House of Lords?
House of Commons,Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?
the sovereign,A bill could not become a law without whose assent?
the sovereign,Who is considered the enactor of laws?
Charles I,Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?
raising taxes,What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?
English Civil War,After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?
Anne,"Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?"
Charles I,Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?
her ministers,Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?
restrict his arbitrary exercise of power,What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?
11 March 1708,When was the last time royal assent was enacted?
Anne,Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?
Hanoverian dynasty,During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?
George I,Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?
Catholic Emancipation,"In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?"
George I,Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?
Catholic Emancipation,What did George III and George IV both oppose?
Coronation Oath,What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?
George IV,Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?
Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament,"In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?"
"London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes",Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?
"28, 32, and 33",Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?
four-week period,How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?
"Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State",Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?
review of its legality,For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?
Measures,What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?
Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General,"After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?"
the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011,"What were ""measures"" in Wales?"
2006 and 2011,During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?
Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General,"In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?"
Order in Council,The sovereign grants assent by which order?
Lord Chancellor,Who advises the sovereign in this decision?
Chief Pleas of Sark,Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?
Lord Chancellor,Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?
13 July 2011,When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?
2007,In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?
reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark,What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?
Tynwald Hill at St John's,"Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?"
Manx,Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?
summary of the long title,"Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?"
only the short title and a summary of the long title,How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?
(24 June),On what day does St John's Day occur?
Tynwald Hill at St John's,Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?
Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod,"Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?"
Church of England in the Island,This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?
Order in Council,"Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?"
lieutenant governor,Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?
1994,Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?
the lieutenant governor,Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?
Between 1979 and 1993,During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?
the Governor General of Canada,"In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?"
Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice,Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?
the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada,Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?
Two,How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?
both houses must be notified on the same day,"If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?"
publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons,How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?
governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker,"In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?"
1708,Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?
George III,The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?
refused his Assent to Laws,What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?
1708,In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?
the British government,"Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?"
"colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland","To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?"
Governor-General,The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?
two bills of the same title had originated from the house,Why did this occur?
revoked the first assent,What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?
2001,This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?
two bills of the same title had originated from the house,What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?
2001,"After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?"
it had not been passed by each house,What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?
"The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed",How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?
Tynwald,What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?
1765,In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?
lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765,What does the term the Revestment refer to?
by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor,"Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?"
Order in Council,How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?
the governor-general,"In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?"
lieutenant governors of the provinces,Who grants royal assent in Canada?
"A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.","In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?"
"by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign",Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?
Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931,What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?
John C. Bowen,Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?
force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected,What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?
Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.,Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?
House of Commons and the House of Lords,Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?
Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949,Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?
the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners,Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?
Anglo-Norman Law French,In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?
"""La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult""",What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?
"""La Reyne le veult""",What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?
"""La Reyne s'avisera""",What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?
The Clerk of the Crown,"When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?"
stating the appropriate Norman French formula,What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?
Henry VIII,Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?
the annual State Opening of Parliament,"Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?"
right,On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?
committing adultery,Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?
listening to the entire text,What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?
five,How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?
Queen Victoria,Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?
five,How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?
scarlet parliamentary robes,What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?
the senior,Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?
The Lords Reading Clerk,Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?
the 1960s,During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?
"once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session",When does assention by commission occur today?
1960,In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?
Royal Assent Act 1967,What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?
does not require both houses to meet jointly,What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?
"by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament",How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?
The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992,Which document formats the letters patent?
2000,In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?
when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled,"When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?"
notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent,An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?
when the second announcement is made,When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?
Clerk of the Parliaments,Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?
"signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula",What is omitted when an act is published?
Clerk of the Parliaments,Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?
1875,In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?
Australia,Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?
President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives,Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?
the 21st century,When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?
"85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally",Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?
Royal Assent Act 2002,With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?
House of Commons,From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?
The governor general or his or her deputy,Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?
Clerk of the Senate,Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?
governor general,Which position nods their head to signify assention?
sanction royale,What is royal assent called in Belgium?
Council of Ministers,Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
King Baudouin,Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
both houses of parliament,Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?
six months,How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?
two-thirds,What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?
", it becomes law without his signature",What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?
"""The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber""",What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?
"The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law.""",What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?
"""To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.""","If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?"
the State Magazine,Where are laws published after receiving assent?
in the archives of the King's Offices,Where is the original law text stored?
"neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that ""The King will keep the proposal under advisement.""",What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?
Articles 77–79,Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?
Article 79,Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?
two,How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?
Article 92,Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?
Article 91,Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?
"Title III, The Cortes Generales","In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?"
"Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills",What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?
"""Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica""",What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?
a law permitting abortion on demand,What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?
3 July 2005,When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?
the next person of age in the line of succession,"If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?"
not be possible under the current constitution,Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?
41 and 68,Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?
he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers,What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?
2011,In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?
December,In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?
a group,What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?
group axioms,"What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?"
abstract formalization of the group axioms,What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?
symmetry,What shares an essential relationship to groups?
Lie groups,What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?
Point groups,What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? 
Poincaré groups,What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?
"the study of polynomial equations,",Where did the idea of a group come from?
1870,When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?
"subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.",What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?
1983,When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?
The set,What is known as underlying set of the group?
the group's underlying set,What is often utilized as a short name for the group?
shorthand expressions,What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?
functions,What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? 
Composing two of these symmetry functions, What gives another symmetry function?
the dihedral group,What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?
Évariste Galois, Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?
group theory,The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?
Arthur Cayley, Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?
abstract group,What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?
1870,When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? 
Walther von Dyck,Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?
The theory of Lie groups,What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?
Claude Chevalley,Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?
The University of Chicago,Where did the group of theorists first meet?
1960–61,What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?
all finite simple groups,What did the group of theorists classify in 1982?
length of proof and number of researchers.,What two factors describe the large size of the project?
structural concepts,What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?
constructions related to groups,What has to be compatible with the group operation?
group homomorphisms,What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?
isomorphic,What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?
isomorphic groups,What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?
applying a to the first equality yields the second,How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?
a rotation,What is composed of two rotations?
inverse,What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?
The subgroup test,What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?
irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed,When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?
rotation operations,What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?
Cosets,What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?
coset addition,What is another term for coset multiplication?
coset multiplication,What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?
quotient group,What group does the inverse of gN include?
is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group,What groups can be combined to describe every group?
any group,What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?
every symmetry of the square,What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?
injective map,What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?
surjective maps,What are the opposites of injective maps?
canonical map,What is an example of a surjective map?
the first isomorphism theorem,What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?
Mathematical objects,What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?
Henri Poincaré,Who founded algebraic topology?
the fundamental group,What did Henri Poincaré introduce when he established algebraic topology?
proximity and continuity,What topological properties translate into properties of groups?
loops,What represents elements of the fundamental group?
the modulus,What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics?
the remainder of that division,What results from modular addition?
a clock,What type of device can be use to demonstrate modular addition?
modulo p,What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?
1 to p − 1,What integers are included in modulo p?
four group elements,How many group elements exist if p=5?
cyclic,What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?
Any cyclic group with n elements,What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?
the group of n-th complex roots of unity,What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?
Symmetry groups,What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?
geometric nature,What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?
group theory,What can regarded as the study of symmetry?
group law,What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?
group action,The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?
group theory,What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?
phase transition,What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?
Curie temperature,What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials?
soft phonon mode,What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?
Mathieu groups,What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?
coding theory,What is used for error correction of transferred data?
differential Galois theory,What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?
invariant theory,What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?
Matrix groups,What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?
The general linear group,What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?
matrix groups,What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?
the special orthogonal group SO(n),What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?
Euler angles,Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?
degree 5 and higher,What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?
Abstract properties of Galois groups,What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?
radicals,What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?
a finite number of elements,What does a finite group include?
the order of the group,What is the number of elements in a group named?
fundamental,What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?
S3,What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?
complete classification,What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? 
finite groups,What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?
Lagrange's theorem,"What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?"
Computer algebra systems,What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?
The Jordan–Hölder theorem,What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?
continuous functions,What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well?
"reals R under addition, (R ∖ {0}, ·),",What is the most simple example of topological groups?
Haar measures,What variables do locally compact groups share that can be studied by harmonic analysis?
adele rings and adelic algebraic groups,What concepts are fundamental to number theory?
the absolute Galois group,What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?
Krull topology,What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions?
the étale fundamental group,What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry?
Lie groups,What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?
Noether's theorem,What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?
Rotation,What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics?
Lorentz transformations,What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other?
Poincaré group,What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations?
monoid,What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?
natural numbers N (including 0),What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?
the Grothendieck group,What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?
the binary operation,What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?
Central Africa,Where is the Central African Republic located?
Chad,What country borders CAR in the North?
the Republic of the Congo,What Country borders CAR in the South?
Cameroon,What Country borders CAR in the West?
4.7 million,What is the population of CAR approximately?
France,Who established CAR's borders?
France,What country ruled CAR as a colony?
in 1960,When did CAR become independent?
Ange-Félix Patassé,Who was the first democratically elected President?
Muslim minority,What religion is a minority in CAR?
"Approximately 10,000 years ago",How long ago did people start living in the area?
farming,What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?
African oil palm,What vegetation helped populations expand?
Bananas,What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates?
Fish,What important protein helped with expansion of the inhabitants?
16th and 17th centuries,When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?
Europe,What is one area where captive slaves were sent?
Bobangi people,Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century?
the Americas,Who did the Bobangi sell slave to?
Ubangi River,What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom?
1920,When was Equatorial Africa established?
Brazzaville,Where was Equatorial African ran from?
cotton,What plant was mandated to be grown by the French?
a network of roads,What important infrastructure was built in the 1920s.
Christianity,What religion was spread through CAR?
Second World War,During what war did French officers setup headquarters in CAR?
Barthélémy Boganda,Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative?
"9,000 votes",How many votes did Boganda get?
political stance against racism,What was Bogandas platform that he ran for?
disheartened with the French political system,What caused Boganda to leave his elected post?
"347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes",What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?
every legislative seat,How many seats did MESAN win?
Boganda,Who was elected president of the Grand Council?
a plane crash,How did Boganda die?
"his cousin, David Dacko",Who took over after Boganda died?
young students protested against Bokassa's decree,What caused a violent uprising?
100 children and teenagers,How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?
France,Who overthrew Bokassa after this incident?
Dacko,Who did France restore into power?
General André Kolingba,Who eventually overthrew Dacko?
a pro-democracy movement,What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?
the United States,What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?
October 1992,When were free elections held?
UN Office of Electoral Affairs,Who helped with the Free Elections?
alleged irregularities,What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?
in 1993,When was a second democratic election held?
Ange-Félix Patassé,Who became the first democratically elected president?
53% of the vote,What percentage did Patasse win with?
Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain,What was the winning party?
gained a simple but not an absolute majority,Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?
28 December 1994,When was the new constitution for CAR approved?
In 1996–1997,When did a mutiny form against Patasse?
widespread destruction of property,The mutinies caused what effects on the country?
The Bangui Agreements,What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?
Cameroon,Where did the peace corps evacuate to?
murder of many political opponents,The failed coup caused what effects?
General François Bozizé,Which General was involved in another coup?
Chad,Where did General Bozize flee to escape?
March 2003,When did Bozize finally attempt his coup?
Bozizé's forces,Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse?
Bush War,What war started in 2004?
Bozizé won a presidential election,In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?
November 2006,When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against rebels?
strikes by Mirage jets,How did the French assist against the rebels?
towns in the country's northern regions,What did the rebels take over?
Syrte Agreement,What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?
the liberation of political prisoners,What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for?
CPJP,What major group did not sign the peace agreement immediately?
25 August 2012,When did the CPJP finally sign the peace agreement?
April 2007,When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed?
Michel Djotodia,Who became president in 2013?
crimes against humanity,What was Bozize indicted for?
genocide,What mass murder did Bozize commit?
"200,000",How many people were displaced in the unrests?
Séléka,What faction was fighting against the remaining Bozize loyalists?
Dzanga-Sangha National Park,What national part is located in the South West?
forest elephants,What large animals reside in the national park?
lowland gorillas,Which Primate can be found in the national park?
Manovo-Gounda St Floris,What National Park can be found in the North?
the activities of poachers,What has threatened the wildlife in this park?
missionary groups,What religious groups operate in CAR?
United States,Where do most of the missionaries come from?
when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces,What caused most of the missionaries to leave the country?
Democratic Republic of the Congo,What African country bordering CAR are some of these missionaries from?
2002–3,When did fighting break out in CAR?
risk of starvation,"Due to fighting, what threatened people in the NorthWest?"
United Nations,Who assisted in saving the people from starvation?
Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon,Who headed the UN effort to rebuild CAR?
12 June 2008,When did CAR request assistance directly to prevent war?
UN Peacebuilding Commission,Who assisted CAR in avoiding war?
31 March 2013,When was the new Government seated in CAR?
boycott the government,What did the former opposition parties declare?
Djotodia,Who was refused as new president?
a transitional parliament,Who would rule the country temporarily?
18 months,How long did the parliament have until the next election?
$400 a year,What is the per capita income in CAR?
one of the lowest,How is the per capita income compared to the world?
diamonds,What gemstone comes from the CAR?
ivory,Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR?
country's landlocked position,What hinders export?
food crops,What type of agriculture is popular in the CAR?
3%,The economy grows at what rate in the last few years?
"200,000 and 300,000",How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year?
cotton,What product is produced that is exported?
tsetse fly,Which insect hinders livestock development?
Socatel,What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR?
Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies,Which body regulated communications?
internet service,What type of access is available?
ITU Telecommunication Development Sector,Who assists CAR with telecommunications?
improve infrastructure,What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D?
poor,How are the human rights in the CAR?
government abuses,What concerns are there regarding to human rights?
extrajudicial executions,What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?
harsh and life-threatening conditions,How is the prison quality in the CAR?
"arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial",What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?
genetic and environmental factors,What two factors cause asthma?
exposure to air pollution and allergens,What are two enviromental factors?
aspirin and beta blockers,What medications can also trigger asthma?
"the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry",What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?
"according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate",How is asthma classified?
There is no cure for asthma,Is there a cure for asthma?
"by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids",How can symptoms be prevented?
an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids,What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms?
"intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required",What happens in very severe cases of asthma?
"recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing",What are the characteristics of asthma?
at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air,When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?
Sputum,What is produced in the lungs by coughing?
worse at night,Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?
"Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u",Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?
more frequently,Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?
"gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea",What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?
Psychological disorders,What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?
radiocontrast reactions,What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? 
"allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals",What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?
Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery,What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?
Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels,What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?
indoor volatile organic compounds,Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?
The hygiene hypothesis,What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?
"a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses",How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?
increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies,What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?
Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood,What could prevent asthma?
lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.,What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?
Family history,What else is a risk factor for asthma?
approximately 25%,"If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?"
25 genes,How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?
over 100 genes,How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?
the immune system or modulating inflammation,What else are these genes closely related to?
chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways,What is asthma the result of?
the bronchi and bronchioles,What two airways are most effected by asthma?
an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis,In what ways do airways change?
"T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils",What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?
"cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others",What other components of the immune systems are included?
there is not one universal agreed upon definition,Is there a universal definition of astham?
many cells and cellular elements play a role,What main components play a role in asthma?
airway hyper-responsiveness,What is the inflamation a result of?
"episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing",What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?
spontaneously or with treatment,What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?
There is currently no precise test,Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?
pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time,What is diagnosis based on typically?
"if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing",When should you suspect asthma?
Spirometry,What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?
children under the age of six,What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?
Spirometry,What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?
It is the single best test for asthma,Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?
If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator,What helps support the evidence of asthma?
caffeine,What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?
Single-breath diffusing capacity,What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?
≥20%,What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?
. Testing peak expiratory flow,What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?
"according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate",How is asthma clinically classified?
as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic),How else is asthma classified?
atopic,When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? 
severity,What  is asthma usually classified based on?
Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments,What is a important goal of asthma research?
a chronic obstructive condition,What kind of condition is asthma?
"bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema",What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
asthma is usually reversible,Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?
alveoli,What part of the airway does emphysema affect?
the bronchi,What part of the airway does asthma affect?
professional athletes,Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?
"cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers",What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
when it is dry and cold,What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
Inhaled beta2-agonists,What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?
occupational disease,Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?
It is estimated that 5–25%,What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?
"isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes",What are some of the most common agents?
"those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers",What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?
allergic rhinitis and sinusitis,What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?
"foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses",What are some other causes of airway obstruction?
Bronchiolitis and other viral infections,What other conditions can cause wheezing?
"COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors","In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?"
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,What is a complication of chronic asthma?
asthma and COPD,"If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?"
"by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi",How is COPD differentiated?
due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management,Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?
"corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation",What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?
The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent,What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication,What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended,What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma,Why are smoking bans in place?
World Health Organization,Who recoomends immunizations?
Avoidance of triggers,What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?
"allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods",What are some of the more common triggers?
Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke,What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?
decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma,What did law that limit smoking accomplish? 
Yoga,What type of exercise can provide small improvements?
For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs,What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?
It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies,What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?
it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.,What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?
sublingual immunotherapy,What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?
generally good,What is the prognosis for asthma? 
due to better recognition and improvement in care,What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
19.4 million people as of 2004,"Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?"
half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade,How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma,"By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?"
"250,000–345,000 people",How many people die per year from asthma?
It is more common in developed than developing countries,What countries is asthma more commonly seen?
The reason for these differences is not well known,Why are different countries effected differently?
"about $3,600",How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??
"from $5,200 to $6,600",How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?
Medicaid,Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?
the lowest income communities,Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?
In 1873,When was the first paper written about asthma?
by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment,What was first used as a cure for asthma?
pilocarpin,In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
in the 1960s,When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? 
higher-quality,Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?
high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming,Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?
videophiles and film enthusiasts,With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?
Hong Kong,In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?
"Atlanta, Georgia",Where was LaserDisc first available?
two years,How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
MCA DiscoVision,Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
"""Video Long Play""",How did the first viewers refer to the media?
Pioneer Electronics,Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?
unofficially,"Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as ""Laser Videodisc""?"
discs,Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?
"Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow",Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?
Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus),What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?
DVD,What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?
a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England,What was the BBC Domesday Project?
Japan,Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?
30 cm (12 in) in diameter,How large was a standard LaserDisc?
1s and 0s,What numbers are used in Binary information coding?
analog,Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?
55 minutes 5 seconds,What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?
due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc,Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?
60 minutes 5 seconds,What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?
There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market,How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?
"""LaserVision"" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while ""LaserDisc"" is used for those with digital audio",What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?
6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround.,The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?
Dolby Digital audio in digital form,What sound formatting do DVDs use?
DVD's growing popularity,What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?
higher-end,"Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?"
6-channel analog audio,What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?
varied greatly,Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?
digital,Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?
improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio,What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?
Universal,Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?
right analog audio channel,Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?
digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks,What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?
garbage (static) output,What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?
rare,Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?
Only one,How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?
DTS,What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?
PAL LaserDiscs,Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?
two,How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?
"two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs",Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?
LD-700,What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?
first LD player to load from the front and not the top,"Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?"
March 1984,When did Pioneer release the LD-700?
Philips,Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?
"Optical Videodisc System, ""Reflective Optical Videodisc"" or ""Laser Optical Videodisc""",Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?
Disco-Vision,To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?
1978,When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision?
MCA,Which company owned the rights to the world's largest collection of films during the 1970s?
Jaws,Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?
Video Long-Play,What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?
Magnavox VH-8000,What was the first consumer VLP player?
The LaserVision Association,"Which group officially chose the name ""Laservision""?"
"MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox",The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?
Pioneer Electronics,Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?
1980,In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?
the VP-1000,What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?
Ray Charles,Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?
"Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros",What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for?
only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film,What quirk is present in MCA's release of Howard the Duck?
only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster,What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T.?
The Electric Horseman,"Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today?"
425,How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?
LaserDisc,"Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?"
LaserDisc,"Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?"
cheaper,Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?
at least 14,How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?
$5.00 per two-sided disc,How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?
as little as $1.00,How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?
LaserDiscs,Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?
progressive wear with each use,Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?
magnetic coating,Where do VHS tapes store their information?
digital blocks which make up each independent frame,How is data stored on DVDs?
the receiver,What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?
low-contrast details like skin tones,In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?
comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail,"Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?"
LaserDiscs,Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?
entirely,Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?
subtle visible lines in gradient areas,What is contrast banding?
MPEG-2 encoding process,What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?
the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user,How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?
where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part,"What are ""User Protected Options"" on DVDs?"
copyright warnings,Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?
LaserDisc,"Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?"
filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound,What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?
DVD,"Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?"
DVD,Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?
LaserDisc,"Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?"
DVDs,"Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?"
video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth,"What features do LaserDiscs lack in, causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer?"
internal timing,"What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?"
relatively small market share,Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?
Macrovision's Copyguard protection,"What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?"
"""Special Edition""",LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?
the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane,"What was the first ""Special Edition"" film to be released to home video?"
"interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs","What bonus features were available on the first home video ""Special Edition""?"
support for multiple audio tracks,"What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?"
a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching,What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?
Pioneer LD-W1,Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?
line count,What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?
CLV,"Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?"
"glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions",What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?
digital MPEG-2,Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?
analog,"What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?"
when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped,"When does ""crosstalk"" occur?"
"""crosstalk""",What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignment?
"swirling ""barber poles"" or rolling lines of static","How does ""crosstalk"" appear to the viewer?"
CAV,In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?
the rotational speed never varies,Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?
"the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen","What happens during ""laser lock""?"
inconsistency,Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands? 
hardware quality,What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on?
$25,How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s?
"US$200 to well over $1,000",What range of prices were high-end LaserDisc players in the 1990s?
adhesive,"What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused ""laser rot""?"
"""color flash""","What was the internal name for ""laser rot"" within LD processing plants?"
black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise,What problems could occur with laser rot?
high cost of the players and discs,Why didn't LaserDiscs become popular in North America?
nearly one million,"By 1990, how many American homes were estimated to use LD?"
prices were kept low to ensure adoption,Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan?
LaserDiscs,Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore?
USD100,How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?
PAL standard,Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?
NTSC,"In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?"
late 1990s,By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?
movie enthusiasts,Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?
2001,"Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?"
Japan,What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?
early 1980s,"In what decade did Philips produce a ""professional"" LD model for computer?"
1985,In what year were LD jukeboxes created?
Jasmine Multimedia,Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985?
"Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper",Which musical artists were featured on LD Jukeboxes in 1985?
24,How many EditDroid systems were ever built?
single-sided,Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?
Lucasfilm,Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?
1986,In what year did the Doomsday project occur?
a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer,Which equipment was used for the Doomsday Project?
LaserVision Read Only Memory,What does LV-ROM stand for?
CAV,The Doomsday Project discs used which formatting?
HyperCard,Which of Apple's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs?
play specific content from the disc,What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?
in education,"Where were ""stacks"" created with the LaserStack software used?"
Voyager,Which commercial company was LaserStack's most successful distributor?
the U.S. Military,A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?
43 lb (20 kg),How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?
removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player,How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?
instant-access capability,What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?
Sega's Astron Belt,What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?
1983,In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?
5:3,With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?
"capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out",What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?
Crosstalk,"In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?"
almost 15 years,How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?
"US$10,000",What was the price for early HDTVs?
tiny,"Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?"
"Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin",What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?
enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs,"What were ""Squeeze LDs""?"
16:9-ratio widescreen,With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?
very few people owned 16:9 displays,Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?
distorted,"Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?"
33%,What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?
Terminator 2,Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?
THX certified,What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?
"Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy",What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?
"Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger",What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?
Recordable LaserVision disc,What does the acronym RLV stand for?
"Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)",Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?
1984.,In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?
reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color,What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?
"to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs",Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?
making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators,For what purpose were RLVs popular?
silver mirror,"What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?"
12 cm (4.7 in),"In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?"
"CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)","What were CD size ""single""-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?"
up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content,How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?
music video,What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?
David Bowie,Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?
audio CD tracks,What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?
only in Japan and other parts of Asia,In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?
VSDs,Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?
bilateral,What kind of symmetry do annelids have?
parapodia,What do annelids use to move?
polychaetes,Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?
oligochaetes,Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?
oligochaetes,"Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?"
Septa,What separates many annelids' segments?
Echiura and Sipuncula,Which annelids show no segmentation?
front,What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?
peristalsis,What is movement by ripples called?
turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves,What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?
sexual reproduction,How do annelids normally reproduce?
regenerate after severe injuries,What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?
trochophore,What larvae live like plankton?
Oligochaetes,What annelids are hermaphrodites?
Oligochaetes,What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?
aeration and enriching,How do earthworms help the soil they live in?
up to a third,How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?
enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor,How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?
Ragworms,What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?
they have been over-harvested,Why are some leeches endangered?
annelids are soft-bodied,Why are annelid fossils rare?
jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted,What fossil signs of annelids are found?
518 million years ago,How old is the earliest annelid fossil?
modern mobile polychaete groups,What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?
the mid Ordovician,What period started around 472 million years ago?
shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli,What externally divides annelids' segments?
"septa (""partitions"")",What divides annelids' segments internally?
"a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system",What do the segments of an annelid share?
a cuticle,What covers an annelid's exterior?
collagen,What is an annelid's cuticle made of?
Greek,What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?
hair,What does 'chaetae' mean?
the frontmost and rearmost sections,Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?
Greek,What language does 'prostomium' come from?
little tail,What does 'pygidium' mean?
spiral in alternating directions,How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?
collagen fibers,What are annelids' cuticles made out of?
mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis,What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin?
the dermis,What layer is under the epidermis?
(body cavity,What does 'coelom' mean?
limbs,What are parapodia?
hair-forming,What do chetoblast cells do?
microvilli,What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?
bristles,What are setae?
fused bundles of cilia,What are cirri?
ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae,What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?
polychaetes,What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?
unjointed paired extensions of the body wall,What are parapodia?
local control centers,What are ganglia?
the pharynx,What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?
throat,What is a pharynx?
in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium,Where are clitellates' brains?
in the prostomium,Where are polychaetes' brains?
arthropods,What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?
the output signal lines of nerve cells,What are giant axons?
shortening their bodies,How do annelids withdraw from danger?
"light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact",What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?
on the neck,What does 'nuchal' mean?
polychaetes,What type of annelids have nuchal organs?
chemosensors,What are the nuchal organs thought to do?
ocelli,What term means 'little eyes'?
body cavities,What are coelomata?
septa,What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?
vertical mesenteries,What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?
modified epitheliomuscular cells,What is the mesothelium made of?
waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body,How does peristalsis work?
the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments,Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?
throats,What are phrynges?
fine muscle-powered hairs,What are cilia?
parasites and infections,What can coelomocyte cells defend against?
Respiratory,What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood?
blood vessels,What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa?
circulation within the coelom,What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation?
leeches and their closest relatives,What type of annelids are very different from others?
connective tissue layer of the body wall,What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech?
two,How many coelomata do leeches have?
mesothelium,What lines the coelomata of leeches?
suckers at their front and rear ends,What do leeches use to move?
turned inside out to extend,What does 'everted' mean?
pharynx,What part of a polychaete can be everted?
Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae,What types of annelids have evolved jaws?
"seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter",What do annelids use jaws for?
palps covered in cilia,What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?
Siboglinidae,What type of annelids are tube-dwelling?
a swollen lining,What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut?
15%,How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria?
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide,What gases come from hydrothermal vents?
methane,What gases come from seeps?
soluble waste products,What do metanephridia remove?
protonephridia,What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?
two,How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?
protonephridia,What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?
two,How many sexes of annelids were there originally?
nephridia,What releases sperm from annelids?
trochophore larvae,What do annelid eggs become?
plankton,What do annelids' larvae live like?
the prostomium (head),What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?
about 25%,How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?
14%,What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?
reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton,What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?
jelly,What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?
change sex,What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?
permanent gonads,What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?
the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual,How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?
clitellates,What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?
hermaphrodites,What type of sex are most earthworms?
in the ovaries,Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?
the cocoon,Where do leeches move their eggs to?
clitellates,What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?
Charles Darwin,Who published a book about worms in 1881?
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms,What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?
generally in moist leaf litter,Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?
oxygen and water can penetrate it,How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?
storks,What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?
glaciated areas of North America,Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?
Europe,Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?
Northern hardwood forests,What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms?
Palolo worm,What type of annelid tunnels through coral?
Palolo worm,What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?
spawning modules,What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?
molluscs,What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?
Ragworms,What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?
30 AD,When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
China,Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
50 AD,When did Rome begin using leeches?
200 AD,When did India begin using leeches?
IUCN and CITES,Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?
549 to 542 million years ago,When did Cloudina exist?
cnidarian,What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?
505 million years,How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?
early Cambrian,What era was underway 505 million years ago?
Australia,Where was Myoscolex found?
65 million years ago,When did the Tertiary period begin?
early Cretaceous,What era did oligochaetes evolve in?
oligochaetes,What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?
472 to 461 million years ago,When were the earliest annelid fossils found?
polychaetes and clitellates,What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?
oligochaetes,What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?
hirudinomorphs,What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?
approximately 80,How many polychaete families are there?
1997,When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?
Torsten Struck and colleagues,Who compared annelid genes in 2007?
3,How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?
11,How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?
"Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata","What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?"
oligochaetes,What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?
3,How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?
Polychaetes,What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?
echiurans and sipunculan,What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?
pogonophores,What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?
ladder-like,What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?
protostomes,What superphylum are annelids in?
deuterostomes,What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?
deuterostomes,What superphylum are vertebrates in?
jointed animals,What does 'Articulata' mean?
fan-like feeding structures,What are lophophores?
"annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms",Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?
"after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern",How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?
spiral determinate cleavage,What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?
unlimited power,What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?
omnipresence,What is the feeling of God being everywhere?
infinite knowledge,What is the extent of God's knowledge?
omniscience,What is infinite knowledge classified as?
omnibenevolence,What is the benevolence of God called?
without any human biological gender,Does God have a gender?
a man (sometimes old and bearded),What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?
Supreme Being and principal object of faith,What is a God in monotheism?
theism,In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?
"the creator, but not the sustainer",What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?
pantheism,Which belief is that God is the universe?
atheism,Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?
agnosticism,"Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?"
creator and sustainer of the universe,What is God in theism?
belief in the existence of one God,What is monotheism?
God is the universe itself,What is pantheism?
God is not believed to exist,What is atheism?
the creator,What is God in deism?
Yahweh and Jehovah,"What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?"
"the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit",What is the Holy Trinity?
Aten,"In the time of Atenism, what was God called?"
Allah,What is the Islamic name for God?
Baha,What do members of the Bahá'í Faith call God?
Atenism,What was the first monotheistic religion?
YHWH,What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?
Yahweh and Jehovah,What is the Christian God called?
Elohim or Adonai,What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?
Aten,Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?
the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan,Where is the English word God derived from?
neuter—applying to both genders,Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?
Christianization of the Germanic peoples,When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?
Germanic paganism,What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?
"""to call"" or ""to invoke""",What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?
Codex Argenteus,Where does the word God come from originally?
German,What language does the English word God come from?
neuter,What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?
the capitalized form of God,What differentiates God from gods?
polytheism,What belief has many gods?
signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton,What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?
YHWH,What is the tetragrammaton gor God?
God,"No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?"
gods,What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?
YHWH,What is the name of God in Judaism?
YHWH,What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?
trinitarian,What type of view do Christians take on God?
"region, sect, and caste",How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?
ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic,Does hinduism only believe in a single god?
monotheistic,What view does the Jewish community take on God?
dharmic,What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?
monotheistic,What type of religion is Judaism?
trinitarian,What type of religion is Christianity?
monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic.,How many gods do the Hindu's have?
polytheism,What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?
iconodules,Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?
tawhid,What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?
Quran,What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?
"""oneness"" or ""uniqueness""",What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?
Hinduism and Sikhism,What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?
one God in three persons,What is the trinity in Christianity?
one god,What do monotheists believe?
comparing it to polytheism,What do Muslims think of Christianity?
God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time,What is the basis behind Catholic theology?
religious experience and the prayers of humans,What ways can God interact with the universe?
God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world,Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?
used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods,What is the suffix theism used for?
monotheism or polytheism,What are examples of different types of theism?
"God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,",What three points do most theists agree on?
Catholic,What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?
belief in a god or gods,What does theism mean in general?
"God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it",What is a deistic view of God?
no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity,How does a deistic God feel about us?
why God would create a universe and then abandon it,What is Pandeism?
neither answers prayers nor produces miracles,What does a deistic God not do?
Deism,What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?
God has no interest in humanity,What is deism?
God is not anthropomorphic,In deism is God represented in human form?
neither answers prayers,"In deism, does God answer prayers?"
God is the universe and the universe is God,What is Pantheism?
"God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe",WHat is Panentheism?
Jewish mysticism,WHat is Kabbalah?
The Baal Shem Tov,Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
God is the universe,What is pantheism?
The Baal Shem Tov,Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
"God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe",What is Panentheism?
Vaishnavism,What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?
Kabbalah,What is another name for Jewish mysticism?
God is the universe,What is pantheism?
a symbol of human values and aspirations,What do some non-theists view God as?
Charles Bradlaugh,"Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said ""the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation""?"
non-overlapping magisteria,What is NOMA?
science,"In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?"
theology,What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?
Charles Bradlaugh,Name the nineteenth century English atheist?
"non-overlapping magisteria"" (NOMA)",What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?
theology,What category does NOMA fall under?
the discovery that the universe is infinitely old,What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?
"""a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.""",What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?
a scientific difference,What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?
Richard Dawkins,Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?
Carl Sagan,Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?
the universe is infinitely old.,How could science discover if there was not a creator?
who created God,"What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that ""Is there a God""?"
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow,Who wrote The Grand Design?
Neuroscientist,What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?
purely within the realm of science,How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?
The Grand Design,What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?
Leonard Mlodinow,Who was Hawking's co-author?
Michael Nikoletseas,Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?
it makes those aspects more familiar,Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?
The construction of gods and spirits like persons,What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer?
god concepts are projections of one's father,What did Frued believe about the belief in God?
much like people,How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave?
Pascal Boyer,Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world?
much like people,How do supernatural entities act?
Greek mythology,Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera?
Sigmund Freud,Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?
gossip or reputation,What are ways that small social groups can force morality?
Matt Rossano,"Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?"
gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings,What did Émile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?
a means of enforcing morality,Why would humans have begun to create gods?
Matt Rossano,Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?
morality,Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?
more cooperative groups,Omniprestent gods helped build what?
"""that than which nothing greater can be conceived""",How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?
Baruch Spinoza,"Who said that God is ""a substance consisting of infinite attributes""?"
a variation of the Ontological argument,What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God?
"one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature",What did Spinoza believe the world was made of?
St. Anselm,"Who defined god as ""that than which nothing greater can be conceived""?"
Baruch Spinoza,Name a famous pantheist?
infinite,What was Spinoza's concept of God?
God,Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is?
a lack of evidence for the material existence,How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?
an imaginary entity only,What do atheists believe of God?
trans-generational,How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on?
a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God,"How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence, or not, of God."
Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris,Who believes God isn't real?
can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it,What is the Omnipotence paradox?
Paradox of the Stone,What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?
"God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God",Does either outcome of the Paradox of the Stone prove the existence of God?
there is something that he cannot do,What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he cannot lift?
omnipotent,"What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?"
Paradox of the Stone,What paradox states that if a god can't create a stone so heavy he can't lift it?
he is not omnipotent,What does the Paradox of the Stone posit?
is not God,What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent?
Several,Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone?
similarities arising from their common roots,What do religions share across their belief structures?
"expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature",What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?
"attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism",Who does Christianity share roots with?
Thirteen,How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?
"God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism",What three religions share similar parts?
"Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism",What three religions share similar beginnings?
"expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature",What attributes do religions all roughly share?
God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually,How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?
"attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually",How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods?
begetter,What is God's role in the creation of the world?
literal or an allegorical aspect,In what ways can the gender of God be viewed?
gender,What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods?
the active (as opposed to the receptive) role,What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse?
monotheistic,In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner?
to worship God,What is a muslims life purpose?
a personal God,What type of God is the Muslim God?
"a ""personal god""",What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?
forgiveness,What does prayer usually include in Islam?
forgiving,What type of God is the Muslim God?
exclusivists,Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?
exclusivists,Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?
pluralism,"What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?"
supersessionism,What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions?
universalism,What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct?
God may not be omniscient.,What does it mean if God can't predict the future?
medieval philosophers,Who posited the existence of God?
God's omniscience,What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?
"""properly basic""",How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?
Pascal,"Who stated ""the heart has reasons of which reason does not know""?"
Richard Swinburne,Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?
"Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew",Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?
16 September 2001,When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?
crusade,Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?
20 September 2001,When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?
with al-Qaeda,Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?
"every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated",When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?
a far-reaching network of violence and hatred,"What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?"
Overseas Contingency Operation,"What was the ""Global War on Terror"" officially renamed to in March 2009?"
war on terror,What term did Obama want the government to stop using?
Jeh Johnson,Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?
Countering Violent Extremism,"What was the  ""Overseas Contingency Operations"" renamed to in 2010?"
Richard Jackson,Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?
John Ashcroft,Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?
terrorists,What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?
Americans,What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?
the Soviet war in Afghanistan,Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?
February 1989,When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?
"United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China",Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?
Soviets,Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?
World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,Which group later became al-Qaeda?
7 August 1998,When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?
224,How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?
12,How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?
Operation Infinite Reach,What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks?
around 50%,How much of Sudan's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton's operation bombed?
four,How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?
Hamburg,Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?
California,Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?
19,How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?
within two hours,How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists,"What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?"
those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001,Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?
section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution,What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?
1973,When was the War Powers Resolution passed?
October 2001,When did the US invade Afghanistan?
UK and coalition allies,Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?
oust the Taliban regime,What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?
7 October 2001,When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?
Pakistan,Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?
western Pakistan,Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?
southern and eastern,In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?
Operation Moshtarak,What operation began in Feb 2010?
southern Afghanistan,Where did Operation Moshtarak take place?
September 2014,When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US?
Philippines,Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?
combating Filipino Islamist groups,What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?
Abu Sayyaf,What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked?
Operation Smiles,What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines?
provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan,What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines?
two,"How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14, 2009?"
near the Somali village of Baarawe,"Where was the Sep 14, 2009 action?"
French,What country's ships did some witnesses say were involved in the Baarawe attack?
Al-Shabaab,What Somali group is affiliated with al-Qaeda?
Kenyan,What nationality was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan?
January 2012,When did a Mali conflict begin?
al-Qaeda,What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?
January 2013,When did France provide troops in Mali?
Operation Serval,What did France call its Mali operation?
dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali,What was Operation Serval's goal?
1991,When did the first Gulf War begin?
ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended),How did the first Gulf War end?
Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population,Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?
northern,Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?
southern,Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?
21 March 2003,When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?
"British, American and Polish",Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?
April 2003,When did the US capture Baghdad?
1 May 2003,When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?
Ba'ath,What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?
Syrian,Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL),"With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?"
western,What part of Iraq did ISIS invade?
Al Qaeda's core organization,Who denounced ISIS?
competition,What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have?
10 August 2014,When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?
the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists,"What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?"
10 September 2014,When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV?
"the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar","Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22, 2014?"
Syria,Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes?
Pervez Musharraf,Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban?
three,How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use?
Operation Enduring Freedom,What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?
Colin Powell,Who was the US Secretary of State in 2001?
Musharraf,Who said he had 'war-gamed' the US?
12 January 2002,When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech?
Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan,What did Musharraf say he'd combat?
militant organizations,What did Musharraf ban?
foreign influence,What did Musharraf say his ban wasn't influenced by?
2002,When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar?
Jaish-e-Mohammed,What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead?
Lashkar-e-Taiba,What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead?
Saudi,What nationality is Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah?
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed,Which third-highest-ranking al-Qaeda officer was captured?
drones,What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?
the Central Intelligence Agency,Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?
to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion,Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?
Global War on Terror,Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration?
Osama bin Laden,Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?
Donald Rumsfeld,Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?
Al-Qaeda,Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?
Special Air Service and Delta Force,What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?
Fazlur Rehman Khalil,Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?
Ilyas Kashmiri,Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009?
Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami,What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?
Kashmiri militants,"After 2009, who began fighting in Waziristan?"
Hizbul Mujahideen,What group did Al-Badar Mujahideen break away from?
mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir,What did Al-Badar Mujahideen call for in 2012?
member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council,Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism?
22 November 2002,When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced?
the Mediterranean Sea,Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002?
Operation Active Endeavour,What was NATO's operation in the Mediterranean called?
"the ""coalition of the willing""",What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?
Pakistan,Which country disavowed the Taliban?
tens of thousands,How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?
North-West,Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?
northern tribal areas,Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?
The British 16th Air Assault Brigade,What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan?
"Australia, Canada and the Netherlands",Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight?
"2,000",How many troops did Canada send initially?
240,How many troops did Australia send initially?
"1,400",How many troops did the Netherlands send initially?
Department of Homeland Security,What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?
November 2002,When was the DHS created?
the Department of Defense,What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?
domestic efforts to prevent future attacks,What did the DHS focus on?
October 2001,When was the Patriot Act passed?
"telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records",What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?
detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts,What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants?
to include domestic terrorism,How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act?
The New York Times,Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program?
30 July 2003,When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?
"First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process",What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?
"a person's business, bookstore, and library records",What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?
governing bodies in a number of communities,Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?
Resolution 1624,What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?
the United States and Israel,Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?
National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism,What plan did the DoD release in 2005?
international human rights laws,What did Resolution 1624 try to protect?
War on Terror,What phrase has been called a misnomer?
"to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights",What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?
War on Drugs,Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?
it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means,What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?
"""terrorism"" is not an enemy, but a tactic",What flaw in the 'war on terror' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?
differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen,What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?
Shirley Williams,Who said the US's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists?
media,What fed US hysteria about terrorism?
damaged,What has the 'war on terror' done to the US's international image?
Carwyn Jones,Who runs the Welsh Assembly?
The Labour Party,What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?
twenty,How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?
2015,What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?
late 19th century,About when did the Labour Parry start?
1870,when was george odger elected?
1899,What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?
Doncaster,Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?
Memorial Hall,WHere was the proposed conference held?
129,How many delegates passed the motion?
Ramsay MacDonald,Who was elected Secretary?
15,How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?
Taff Vale Case,What boosted support in 1901?
a dispute between strikers and a railway company,What was the Taft Vale Case?
made strikes illegal,"From this case, what happened?"
"£23,000",How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?
Liberal Government,Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?
Keir Hardie,Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?
one vote,How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?
David Shackleton,Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?
42,How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?
Trade Disputes Act,Who passed the Osborne judgment?
1913,When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?
between 1921 and 1923,WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?
142,HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?
Ramsay MacDonald,Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?
1924,In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?
191,How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?
1924,When was the Zinoviev letter published?
nine months,After how long did the government collapse?
1931,When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?
he and his supporters were promptly expelled,What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?
National Government,Who won the 1931 election?
1979,In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?
a single vote,How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?
1978,In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?
lorry drivers,Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?
higher pay,Why were they striking?
Winter of Discontent,What was this strike called?
1979,When was the Labout party defeated?
1980,What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?
Social Democratic Party,What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?
widen the voting franchise,Why was the electoral college introduced?
Neil Kinnock,Who was Foot replaced by?
Roy Hattersley,Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?
1984–85,What years were the miners strike?
Arthur Scargill,What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?
258,How many seats did Labour win in 2010?
307,How many seats did the Conservatives win?
10 May 2010,WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?
£3 million,How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?
£17 million,How far was the party in debt for the same time period?
£12 million,How far was the Conservative party in debt?
20,How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?
Liberal Democrats,What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?
activists and the two MPs who supported the group.,Who did the NEC expel 
1991,What year did Kinnock call for a general election?
"""It's Time for a Change""",What was Kinnocks party theme?
14,What was the original Tory lead percentage?
8%,What did the percentage fall to?
John Smith,Who replaced Kinnock?
1993,When did Smith change the party's rules?
"one member, one vote",What does OMOV stand for?
September 1992,WHen was Black Wednesday?
economic disaster,What was Black Wednesday?
April 1993,When was the recession declared over?
May 1994,When did Smith die?
a heart attack,What did Smith die of?
"""New Labour""",What was the other name for the Labout Party?
1994,When was this branding first used?
1996,When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?
"New Labour, New Life For Britain",What was this manifesto called?
President George W. Bush,Who did Tony Blair side with?
the Iraq War,Why did Blair side with Bush?
Sir John Chilcot,Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?
deeply unpopular,Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?
September 2006,When did Blair announce he was quitting?
May 2007,When were the next elections?
Scottish National Party,Who did Labour lose power in the election to?
"his Chancellor, Gordon Brown",Who was Blair replaced by?
"156,205",What was the party membership at the end of 2009?
the Republic of Estonia,What is the official name for Estonia?
the Baltic region,Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?
the Gulf of Finland,What borders the north of Estonia?
the Baltic Sea,What body of water borders Estonia on the west?
Latvia,What country borders south Estonia?
the period of national awakening,When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?
the Russian Empire,Who was in control during the national awakening?
"Danish, Swedish and German rule",Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?
1918,What year was the Republic of Estonia established?
World War I,What war ended as Estonia was born?
high-income economy and high living standards,What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?
the Human Development Index,What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?
Estonia,"What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?"
2012,What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?
the Nordic Investment Bank,What financial institution is associated with Estonia?
first centuries AD,When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?
kihelkond,What subdivision was associated with the province?
maakond,What subdivision was associated with the land?
fortress,What type of structure did most provinces have?
The king or other highest administrative official elder,Who commanded the defense of an area?
The Oeselians,Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?
the Baltic Sea,Where is Saaremaa located?
Ptolemy's Geography III,Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?
Henry of Latvia,Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?
1187,What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?
the Swedish town of Sigtuna,Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?
Swedish archbishop Johannes,What important figure was killed in the raid?
the piratica and the liburna,What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?
merchant ship,What type of ship was the liburna?
Tharapita,What god did the Oeselians worship?
Henry of Latvia,Who described Tharapita?
on a forested mountain in Virumaa,Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?
Thor,What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?
meteor disaster,What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?
Reval,What was the capital of Danish Estonia?
the invasion of 1219,What event preceded the founding of the capital?
the fortress of Castrum Danorum,What structure was built at Toompea Hill?
1248,What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights?
23 April 1343,What is the date of St. George's Night?
St. George's Night,When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?
the non-indigenous Christian religion,What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? 
the invasion of the Teutonic Order.,What event ended the uprising?
1 November 1346,What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?
2 February 1207,When was Terra Mariana established?
Livonian Brothers of the Sword,Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?
1237,What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?
1346,What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?
German rule,Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?
1410,When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?
the Battle of Grunwald,What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?
the Livonian Order,Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?
1 September 1435,What is date of the Battle of Swienta?
4 December 1435,When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?
1517,When did the The Reformation in Europe start?
Martin Luther,Who led the The Reformation in Europe?
1546,What was the year of Martin Luther's death?
"Language, education, religion and politics",What parts of society did the Reformation change?
Latin,What was the previous language of the church?
serfdom,What form of servitude was eliminated?
19th century,When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?
the Age of Awakening,The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?
"Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.",Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?
Paris,What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?
14 June,When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?
Kaleva,What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?
Helsinki,Where was the destination of Kaleva?
the Estonian government,Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?
the Red Army,Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?
the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion,What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?
21 June,When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?
6 August 1940,What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?
the Soviet Union,Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?
the Estonian constitution,The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?
elections,What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?
22 June 1941,What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?
7 July,When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?
the Pärnu River,What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?
12 July,When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?
22 June 1941,When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?
7 July,When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?
the Estonian Forest Brothers,Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?
liberators,What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?
the USSR,Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?
the country's independence,What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?
Estonia's resources,What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?
the Finnish Army,Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?
the Nazis,Who was the Finnish Army allied with?
Estonian volunteers in Finland,Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?
1944,What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?
tens of thousands,How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?
Finland or Sweden,Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?
the SS Walnut,What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?
12 January 1949,What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?
Half the deported perished,What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?
the early 1960s,When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?
Stalin's death,What event led to the return of Estonians back home?
the Forest Brothers,Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?
Militarization,What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?
Saaremaa and Hiiumaa,What sea islands were declared border zones?
permit,What document did people need to travel to the border zones?
A notable closed military installation,What was established in the city of Paldiski?
the annexation of Estonia,What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?
diplomatic relations,What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?
the Estonian SSR,What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?
1980s,What decade started the push for Estonian independence?
1989,What year did the Singing Revolution occur?
independence,What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?
more than two million people,How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?
the Baltic Way,What was the name of the human chain?
267 kilometers,What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?
290 kilometers,What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?
the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty,What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?
the Baltic Sea,What body of water borders Estonia?
50 metres (164 ft),What is the average elevation of Estonia?
the Suur Munamägi,What is Estonia's highest mountain point?
"318 metres (1,043 ft)",How tall is the the Suur Munamägi?
northern part,What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?
near-equal length,What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?
16.3 °C (61.3 °F),What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?
July,What is the warmest month in Estonia?
A maakond,What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?
Maavalitsus,What is the county government in Estonia called?
county governor,A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?
Maavanem,Who represents the national government on a local level?
the Prime Minister of Estonia,Who is the leader of Estonia's government?
a multi-party system,What political structure aids the Prime Minister?
Northern Europe,The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?
Andrus Ansip,Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?
The Parliament of Estonia,What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?
1992,What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?
101 members,How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?
ratify and denounce international treaties,What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?
The Riigikogu,Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?
the Riigikogu,Who does the government have to explain their actions to?
activities of the executive power,What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?
the Prime Minister of Estonia,Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?
parliament,Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?
twelve,How many ministers serve in the government?
The Prime Minister,Who has the ability to assign other ministers?
three,What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?
the cabinet,What is another name for the governing body of ministers?
domestic and foreign policy,What strategy does the cabinet execute?
everything occurring within the authority of executive power,What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?
Internet voting,What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?
2005,What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?
2007,What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?
"30,275","In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?"
the Constitution of Estonia,What document declares supreme power for the people?
the Supreme Court or Riigikohus,Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?
nineteen,How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?
nine,How many years does the Chief justice serve?
22 September 1921,What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?
17 September 1991,What date did Estonia join the United Nations?
29 March 2004,What date did Estonia join NATO?
1 May 2004,What date did Estonia join the European Union?
close co-operation,What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?
accession into NATO and the European Union,What were the most important foreign policy priorities?
deterioration in relations with Russia,What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?
Latvia and Lithuania,Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?
The Baltic Council,What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?
Nordic-Baltic Eight,What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?
1989,What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?
closer ties with the Nordic countries,What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?
December 1999,When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?
Toomas Hendrik Ilves,"Who expressed a speech called ""Estonia as a Nordic Country""?"
2003,What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?
2005,When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?
the Nordic Council,What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?
92%,What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?
42%,What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?
Maavägi,What is the name of Estonia's Army?
Merevägi,What is the name of Estonia's Navy?
Õhuvägi,What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?
the Estonian Defence Forces,What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?
Latvia and Lithuania,Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?
the Baltic Defence College,What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?
Tartu,Where is the Baltic Defence College located?
January 2011,When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?
The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces,Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?
2007,What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?
massive cyberattacks,What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?
2006,When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?
the World Bank,What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?
"$28,781",What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?
Slovak Republic and Lithuania,What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?
8th,Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?
75%,How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?
about 85%,What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?
"wood, peat, and biomass",What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?
6%,What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?
2007,When did the global economic recession start?
global economic recession,What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?
Riigikogu,Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?
2010,What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?
the gateway between East and West,What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?
1994,What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?
Milton Friedman,Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?
a uniform rate of 26%,What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?
1999,What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?
1991,What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?
the 1998 Russian financial crisis,What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?
November 1999,When did Estonia unite with the WTO?
energy,What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?
renewable energy sources,What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?
wind power,What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?
nearly 60 MW,What is total amount of energy production from wind power?
Eastern,In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?
Scandinavian markets,Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?
highly skilled,What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?
Tallinn,What is the largest city in Estonia?
2007,When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?
export-generating industries,What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?
200 million kilowatt hours,How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?
1.562 billion kilowatt hours,How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?
53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros),How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?
2007,What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?
2013,What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?
Between 1945 and 1989,What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?
"mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus",What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?
Joseph Stalin,Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?
1989,What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?
a national catastrophe,How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?
Russian military bases,What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?
69%,What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?
Thirteen,What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?
15,How many counties are in Estonia?
Hiiumaa,Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?
98.4%,What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?
25.6%,What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?
1925,What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?
The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law,"In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?"
"more than 3,000 people",How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?
Germans and Jewish minorities,What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?
The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report,"What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as ""discriminatory""? "
5%,What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?
more than half,What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?
Estonia's constitution,What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?
separation of church and state,Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?
belief and religion,What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?
75.7%,What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?
Russian minority,What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?
the Russian Orthodox Church,"Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?"
Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia,What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?
Germanic,What language does Estonian share similar words with?
nearly one third,What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?
High German,What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?
about 15 percent,What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?
"bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies",What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?
"basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry",What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?
autonomy,What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?
Estonian Business School,What is the largest private university in Estonia?
The Estonian Academy of Sciences,What is the main science institution in Estonia?
the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics,What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?
the late 1950s,What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?
Tartu and Tallinn,What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?
liberty and liberalism,What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?
"limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption",What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?
free education,What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?
closeness to nature,What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?
The Estonian Academy of Arts,"What institute provides education in art, design, and media?"
Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu,What institute promotes awareness of native culture?
"native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design",What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?
245,How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?
Laulupidu,What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?
1869,What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?
"about 100,000 people",How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?
the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds,Where does Laulupidu usually take place?
every five years in July,When does Laulupidu occur?
2001,What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?
2002,What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?
Tanel Padar and Dave Benton,"Who performed the song ""Everybody""?"
Maarja-Liis Ilus,What performer has represented Estonia two different times?
"""Rändajad"" by Urban Symphony",What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?
the Northern Crusades,What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?
"Germany, Sweden, and Russia",Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?
the 13th century,What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?
The Liber Census Daniae,What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?
Oskar Luts,Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?
Kevade,What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?
Truth and Justice,What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?
Anton Hansen Tammsaare,Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?
Tallinn,Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
pre-Christian times,When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?
castles and churches,What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?
seasons and simple peasant food,What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?
"black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.",What are the most common foods in Estonia?
"berries, herbs, vegetables",What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?
Hunting and fishing,What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?
Sport,What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?
1918,What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?
the 1920 Summer Olympics,What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?
1940,What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?
Tallinn,What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?
1936,What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics
four,How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?
BC Kalev/Cramo,Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?
Tartu Ülikool/Rock,What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?
Six,How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?
expansion of the Ottoman Empire,What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?
population migrations,What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?
western Balkans,In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread?
religion,"What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs?"
language,"What is ""Illyrian?"""
"""Slavic"", ""Illyrian"", or according to region, ""Bosnian"", ""Serbian"" and ""Croatian""",What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?
expansion of the Ottoman Empire,What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?
population migrations,Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? 
mid-19th-century,In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?
Vienna Literary Agreement,What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?
Eastern Herzegovinian,What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?
Kingdom of Yugoslavia,What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?
Bosnian,Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?
"Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian",What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?
Serbo-Croatian,Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?
"Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac",What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?
simple,What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have?
twenty-five,How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet?
subject–verb–object,What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language?
pro-drop,What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian?
Serbian Cyrillic,"Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?"
five,How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
twenty-five,How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
Common Slavic,From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?
Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin,Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?
1824,When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?
Jernej Kopitar,Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?
Austrian,"Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?"
Bosnia and Herzegovina,"In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as ""Bosnian""?"
Hague War Crimes tribunal,What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?
independently,Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?
"""Illyric"", ""Slavic"", ""Slavonian"", ""Bosnian"", ""Dalmatian"", ""Serbian"" or ""Croatian""",What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?
Jacob Grimm,Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?
prejudice that nation and language must match,"For what reason is the term ""Serbo-Croatian"" controversial today?"
Shtokavian,Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?
most widespread dialect,Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?
Vienna Literary Agreement,What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?
administrator von Kállay,"After whose death in 1907 was the ""Bosnian"" name changed to ""Serbo-Creation""?"
pravopis,What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?
Serbo-Croatian,Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?
Serbian,"Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?"
"masculine, feminine, and neuter",What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?
in front of the noun they modify,Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?
one [jedan],Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?
"""Neoshtokavian retraction""",What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?
"Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian",Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?
Comparative and historical linguistics,Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?
Latin and Cyrillic,Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?
Latin,"Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?"
five,How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?
"each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance.",What is a dialect continuum?
migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans,What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?
urbanization and wars,"Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?"
Štokavian,Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?
tense system,What is morphology to a language?
migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans,What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?
four,How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?
"Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.",In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?
Daniel Bunčić,Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?
Enisa Kafadar,Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?
majority,Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?
Igor Mandić,"Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the ""longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?"""
Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić,Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?
Italian or Slavic,Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?
Old Croatian,Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?
two languages were not distinguished by most speakers,"Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?"
Catholic Christendom,To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?
Croatian,"After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?"
Macedonian or Greek,Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?
Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483),What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?
the town of its final destination,"For what was ""Evangel from Reims"" named?"
(1483),In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?
Novi Sad Agreement,"Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?"
equal status,On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?
Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska,Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?
imperfective,Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?
perfective or imperfective,Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?
"action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration",When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?
-io,To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?
prije,"What is the western equivalent of the prefix ""pre""?"
due to potential ambiguity with pri,"Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled ""pre""?"
"approach, come close to","What is the meaning of ""pri""?"
(Illyrian),All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?
Milan Rešetar,Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?
Dubrovnik,Where was Milan Resetar born?
Serbian,Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?
they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians,What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?
they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians,What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?
Neoštokavian-Ijekavian,Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer?
Bosnia and Herzegovina,Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken?
"Croats have ""taken"" or ""stolen"" their language",How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?
Vojvodina,In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?
"""Bosniak"" (bošnjački)","To what should the language be referred to instead of ""Bosnian""?"
1st and 2nd,In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?
"738,432",What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?
Approximately half,How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?
"fishing, natural gas, and oil",Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?
largest state in the United States by area,How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?
3rd least populous,Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?
"""the Lower 48""",What are the contiguous states sometimes called?
Juneau,What is Alaska's capital city?
500,How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?
Aleutian Islands,Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?
Tongass National Forest,Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?
Sitka,Which city was Alaska's former capital?
Panhandle or Inside Passage,What is the area closest to the continental US called?
Panhandle or Inside Passage,Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?
The North Slope,Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?
Barrow,What is the northernmost city in the US?
massive reserves of crude oil,What resource is the North Slope known for?
"nearly 34,000 miles",How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?
Unimak Island,On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?
actively undergoing continent building,What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?
most perfect volcanic cone on Earth,What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?
"10,000 feet (3,048 m)",How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?
65%,What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?
"national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges",What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?
87 million,How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?
23.8%,How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge,What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?
101 million acres,How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?
101 million acres (41 million hectares),How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?
remote and roadless locations,Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?
"Doyon, Limited",Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?
hold title (including subsurface title in many cases,What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?
repealed before they could take effect,Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?
over 50 in,How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?
Southeast,In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?
mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts,Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?
over 150 in (380 cm),How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?
Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska,What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?
tremendous amount of variety,Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?
the region around Kotzebue Sound,Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?
less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually,How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?
Grover Cleveland,Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?
smallpox,What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?
1887,In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?
the Haida,Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?
The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region,Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?
The North Slope and Little Diomede Island,The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?
Aleut,Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?
17th century,During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?
Semyon Dezhnyov,Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?
"""bearded men"" who ""pray to the icons""",Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?
1764–1765,During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?
gold rushes,What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?
1912,What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?
1906,In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?
fishing and logging,Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?
Norway and Sweden,From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?
"January 3, 1959",On what day was Alaska officially named a state?
1946,In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?
Statehood for Alaska,What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?
mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska,From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?
"July 7, 1958",On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?
Good Friday earthquake,"What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?"
resultant tsunamis and landslides,Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?
second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world,How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?
"The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter",Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?
over one thousand times more powerful,How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?
at least 20,"At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?"
Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene,What are the two main native Alaskan language families?
nearly all,How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?
2014,A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?
34%,"According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?"
Evangelical Protestants,Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?
least religious states of the USA,How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?
Washington and Oregon,Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?
First Russian Orthodox Church,Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?
Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives,What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?
Quaker population,Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?
observance of halakha,What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?
"$40,042",What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?
15th in the nation,How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?
80%,How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?
"seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab","Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?"
"Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak",In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?
Federal subsidies,What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?
"crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products",What are some of Alaska's industrial products?
supporting local lodging,"How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?"
"Texas, North Dakota, and California",What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?
fourth,How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?
Prudhoe Bay,Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?
"400,000",How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?
North Dakota's Bakken Formation,Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?
up to 2.1 million barrels,How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?
85.4 trillion cubic feet,"How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?"
wind and geothermal energy,Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?
hydroelectric,Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?
"low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population",Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?
30–60¢ higher,"How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?"
"transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure","What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?"
diesel fuel,What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?
"heating, transportation, electric power and light",What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?
constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues,What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?
1976,In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?
to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil,Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?
Governor Keith Miller,Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?
fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once,Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?
discourage,Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?
political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation,Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?
outside Alaska,Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?
"$734,000",How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?
$50 billion,How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?
minimum of 12 months,How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?
5%,What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?
1982,When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?
"$1,000",How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?
barley and hay,Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?
"restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture",Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?
Delta Junction area,Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?
shipping costs,What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?
50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg),How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?
Hawaii,Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?
$3.50,How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?
"Juneau, is not accessible by road",Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?
western part,Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?
few,"Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?"
around 1915,What year was the Alaska Railroad built?
region served by ARR tracks,"To what does ""The Railbelt"" refer?"
Alaska Railroad (ARR),Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?
cabooses,The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?
some gravel trains,When are cabooses still used occasionally?
1970s,When was the Parks Highway constructed?
the Alaska Marine Highway,What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?
The Inter-Island Ferry Authority,Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?
"southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula",Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?
"Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks",Which two cities are served by major airlines?
air travel,What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?
almost 2 million,How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?
Essential Air Service program,Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?
Alaska Airlines,Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?
"Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak",What are some Alaskan regional hubs?
"Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service",What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?
Cessna Caravan,What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?
70%,How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?
bush seaplane,Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?
Lake Hood,Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?
Alaska,Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport,Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?
dogsled,Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?
Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race,Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?
the famous 1925 serum run to Nome,What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?
all other means of transportation had failed,Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?
"""Serum Run""",Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?
GCI and Alaska Communications,Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?
2011,In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?
$350 million,How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?
GCI,Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?
petroleum revenues and federal subsidies,How does Alaska finance its state government operations?
five,How many states in the US do not have sales tax?
seven,How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?
Alaska,Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?
Republicans,Which political party does Alaska generally support?
one,How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?
Lyndon B. Johnson,Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?
Barack Obama,Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?
University of Alaska Fairbanks,The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?
"The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage",Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?
well over half,"As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?"
34,Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?
a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska,What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?
"acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.",Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?
census-designated places,What are CDPs?
355,"How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?"
unconnected,Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?
"""The Bush""",In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?
2.88%,"In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?"
"Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla",What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?
"Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East",Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?
1941,In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?
have police training but do not carry firearms,"What is different about a ""Public Safety Officer"" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?"
hunting and fishing regulations,What do wildlife enforcers regulate?
"a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles",What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?
Anchorage Symphony Orchestra,What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?
The Anchorage Opera,Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?
"Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival",What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?
Ray Mala,Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?
"""Camp Hollywood""",Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?
Northwest,In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?
from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood,Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?
inductivist,Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?
Popper,Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?
decisive experiments,What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?
classical justificationist,Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?
critical rationalism,What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?
Vienna,In which city was Karl Popper born?
Lutheranism,What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?
Burgomaster Herr Grübl,Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?
"12,000–14,000",What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?
bibliophile,What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?
16,At which age did Popper first attend university?
Marxism,What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?
Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria,Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?
street battle in the Hörlgasse,What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?
social liberalism,To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?
cabinetmaker,What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
daycare,What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
Alfred Adler,In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
1922,When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
elementary teacher,For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
Karl Bühler,Who supervised Popper's doctorate?
The question of method in cognitive psychology,What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?
mathematics and physics,What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?
Nazism,Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?
The Logic of Scientific Discovery,In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?
New Zealand,Where did Popper move in 1937?
Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand,Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
John Carew Eccles,Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?
logic and scientific method,What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?
Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft,Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?
92,How old was Popper when he died?
Lainzer,Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?
Hoover Institution at Stanford University,Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?
Klagenfurt University,Which university has the contents of Popper's library?
Josefine Anna Popper,What was Popper's wife's name?
Lippincott Award,Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?
Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria,What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?
International Academy of Humanism,Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?
Queen Elizabeth II,Which English monarch knighted Popper?
"Charles University, Prague",Which central European university made Popper a fellow?
1978,In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?
Vienna,Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?
Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy,What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?
1981,Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?
Marxism,What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?
1919,For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?
teenage years,At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?
disillusioned,How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?
fascism,What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?
the Anschluss,What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?
democratic liberalism,What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?
totalitarianism,What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?
the annexation of Austria by the German Reich,What was the Anschluss?
Freud and Adler,Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?
Einstein,Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?
risky,What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?
primitive myths,What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?
falsify,What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?
falsification,"According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?"
criticism or experiment,What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?
weaknesses,How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?
critical rationalism,What term did Popper use for his philosophy?
the classical observationalist-inductivist account,Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?
rejection,What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?
indirectly,"According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?"
verification and falsifiability,Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?
falsifiability,What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?
Marxism,What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?
psychoanalysis,What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?
All Life is Problem Solving,Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?
evolutionary,Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?
truth content,"What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?"
error elimination,What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?
"more ""fit""","What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than ""more true?"""
conjectures,What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? 
more and more interesting problems,Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?
induction,Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?
additional conditions,What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?
Popper,Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?
ad-hoc-measures,Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?
W.W. Bartley III,Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?
empirical,"What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?"
lack of justification,"According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?"
principle of sufficient reason,What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?
eliminate errors,What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?
good positive reasons,What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?
historicism,What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?
authoritarianism and totalitarianism,What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?
the growth of human knowledge,What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?
The Poverty of Historicism,Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?
Alfred Tarski,Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?
semantic theory of truth,What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?
truth as correspondence,Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?
metaphysical,What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?
deflationary,What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?
"""corresponds to the facts""","With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate ""is true?"""
metalanguage,What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?
assertions and the facts to which they refer,What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?
truthlikeness,What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?
subjective,Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?
epistemic,What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?
probability,What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?
knowledge,What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?
three,How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?
the physical world,What constituted World One in Popper's theory?
individual human beings,Who produced the contents of World Three?
World Three,Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?
criterion of falsifiability,Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?
metaphysical,What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?
possible framework,What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?
creation–evolution,Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?
goal-directed,"Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?"
god,Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?
creative,What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?
spearhead,What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?
genetic pluralism,Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?
goals,What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?
Mutations,Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?
hopeful monster,Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?
behaviour,Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?
hopeful behavioural monster,"How does Popper describe the ""monsters"" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?"
active,What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?
C.E. Raven,"Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as ""a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?"""
creation-evolution,What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?
1943,In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?
metaphysical,What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?
1969,In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?
agnosticism,Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?
myths,"What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?"
tolerant,"Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:"
philosophy of science,What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?
"Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method",Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?
Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend,Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?
repudiated it entirely,What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?
London School of Economics,Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?
Friedrich Hayek,Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?
Economics,What was Hayek's academic field?
1944,In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?
Alfred Tarski,Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?
"Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics",Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?
logical positivism,What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?
any particular scientist,Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?
system or community,At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?
slow but steady,What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?
Quine-Duhem,What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?
The Logic of Scientific Discovery,Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?
Neptune,The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?
more generally applicable,"According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?"
Logic of Discovery,Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?
relativism,What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?
the critical discussion of myths,What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?
a critical attitude,"According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?"
statistical,What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?
flaws in the evidence,What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?
the collective judgment of scientists,"According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?"
Science Versus Crime,Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?
Carl Gustav Hempel,Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?
Houck,Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?
Otto Selz,Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?
Michel ter Hark,Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?
the rise of Nazism,What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?
"Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology",What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?
"Plato, Hegel and Marx",Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?
Darwin and Einstein,Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?
Straw Dogs,Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?
available evidence,"According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?"
irrationalist,What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?
inductivist,Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?
Imre Lakatos,A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?
explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory,What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?
Einstein's theory,"In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?"
simplest,Which type of theory is most falsifiable?
positivism,What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?
impossible,"For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?"
its falsity,What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?
Communists,Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?
a coup,The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?
historicism,Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?
Béla Kun,Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?
class struggle,What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?
Italian,What country did the mandolin originate from?
small mandola,What does mandolin translate to? 
lute family,What musical family does the mandolin come from?
"usually plucked with a plectrum or ""pick""",How is the mandolin usually played?
four,How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? 
"the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.",What are the four common styles of mandolins?
"strips of wood, glued together into a bowl",What is the round-back mandolin made of? 
round-back,"Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?"
European classical music and traditional music.,Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? 
Carved-top instruments,Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?
soundboard (the top),What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?
quiet instruments,Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? 
"four courses of metal strings,",What are modern mandolins' strings made of? 
generally round or teardrop-shaped,What is the most common soundboard shape?
bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling,What are the sound holes covered with? 
the Moors,Who introduced the lute to Spain?
Sicily,What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? 
Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians,Who brought the lute to Sicily?
Palermo,What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?
"Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,",What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? 
eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop,What is there currently confusion over? 
Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic,Who is said to have ran the first shop? 
University of Edinburgh,Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?
University of Edinburgh,Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?
"Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.",Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?
1744,What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?
"in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall",Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? 
"After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall",When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?
Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati,Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?
1815,What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?
Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878,When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?
Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students),What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? 
early years of the 20th century.,When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? 
bandurria,What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? 
Mandolin orchestras,What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?
"early 20th century,",When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?
Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument,Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?
Luthiers,Who created the rasonator mandolin?
mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin,What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?
"Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.",What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?
decay to silence,What happens to mandolin notes when plucked? 
faster,Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?
rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings,What is tremolo?
paired strings,What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?
pick,What is a plectrum?
"almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood",What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?
8,How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?
metal strings,What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?
hardwood fingerboard,What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?
13-inch scale,How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? 
Milan and Lombardy,Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?
mandolino or mandore,What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?
They are shorter and wider,What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?
6 strings,How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?
Antonio Monzino,Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?
Samuel Adelstein,Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?
4,How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?
"C, D, A, E, B, G.",What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?
20 frets,How many frets did the Lombardi have?
three octaves,How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?
Bartolomeo Bortolazzi,Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?
Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi,What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?
four single-strings,How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?
uncomfortable to play,Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? 
"less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone",What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? 
end of the 19th century,When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?
violin family instruments,What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?
European-style bowl-back,What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?
Orville Gibson,"Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? "
"two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)",What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? 
directly under the strings,Where are the soundholes located?
Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins,What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?
A-style,What style is associate with other types of music?
complicated woodwork,Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?
Gibson F-5,What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?
early 1920s,When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?
Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar,Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication? 
"Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers",Who are the other makers from the Loar period? 
"Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.",Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers? 
violin,What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?  
classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras,Where was the mandolin primarily used? 
early 20th century,When was the mandolin considered a fad?
"Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri",Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? 
1930s,When did the mandolin craze end?
Phil Skinner,Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? 
20th century,When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?
1979,When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? 
Harry Skinner,What was Phil Skinner's birth name? 
10,At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? 
Adrian Hooper,Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?
over 200 works,How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?
Compact Disks,On what media was most of these work released?
ABC and MBS networks,What radio stations can they be heard on? 
mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper,Who has had many Concertos written for him? 
mandolin orchestras,What is an Etsudiantinas? 
Belgium,Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?
"Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen).",What groups remain today? 
Belgium,Where is Gerda Abts well know in? 
Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen,Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?
Golden Age of Mandolins,Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?
Paris,Where in France did the mandolinists play?
Napoleonic Wars.,When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?
"Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio",Who were the players and composers during this time?
1880s-1920s,What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?
island of Crete,What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? 
around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.,When did the mandolin appears on Crete?
mantola,What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?
Stelios Foustalierakis,Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria? 
woman,The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? 
Indian Carnatic,Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? 
E-B-E-B.,What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?
absolute pitch,There is no concept of what in Indian music? 
C-G-C-G,What is another popular madonlin tuning? 
Bhangra,These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called? 
"might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes",What types of instruments do irish player prefer?
too soft-toned,Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session? 
the carved-top mandolins with f-holes,Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?
"flat-topped ""Irish-style"" mandolins",Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings? 
WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin,What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?
Andy Irvine,Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?
John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna,Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?
"The Dubliners,",What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?
UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars,Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?
Rory Gallagher,What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?
Antonio Vivaldi,Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Who placed it in his 1787 work? 
Don Giovanni and Beethoven,What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?
Antonio Maria Bononcini,Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?
1748,When was Alexander Balus composed? 
Japan,What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?
40 or 50 members,How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?
"include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.",What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?
20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age,Japan hold and extensive collection of what? 
Morishige Takei.,Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? 
"Portuguese for ""mandolin""",What does bandolim mean?
19th century,When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?
traditional and folk culture,Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal? 
Madeira Island,Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located? 
over 17,How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have? 
Simon Mayor,Who is a famous British player?
"six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents.",What did Simon mayer produce? 
Mike Oldfield,Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells? 
"""Fog on the Tyne",What was UK's biggest selling album? 
Maggie May,What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin? 
Estudiantina Figaro,What group in the US was popular?
"January 2, 1880",When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?
Boston and New York,Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? 
Original Spanish Students,What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro? 
the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins,What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know? 
1880s,When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?
1883 or 1884,When was the first madolin made in the US?
Joseph Bohm,Who made the first US mandolin?
Chicago,Where was Joseph Bohmann from? 
French-made mandolin,What type of madolin was Partee using ?
The Music Man,What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? 
mandolin orchestras,What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? 
4-50 musicians,How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras? 
Samuel Siegel,Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville? 
composer James Reese Europe.,Who was the famous African American musican and director? 
ensemble setting,The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? 
bluegrass,Where did the mandolins find a new home? 
Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson,What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?
Loar,What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?
F-5 S/N 73987,What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use? 
mandolin-based guitar programs,What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?
Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra,What are two of the popular public school groups? 
Norman Levine,Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?
"Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla",Who are modern mandolinists and composers?
Cowan Powers and his family,What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?
Orpha Powers,Who was the earliest known southern music artist?
single mandolins,What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's? 
Bill Monroe,Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?
Blue Grass Boys,What was Bill Monroe's group called? 
the chop,What chording sound was Monroe popular for?
B and E,What keys was Monroe popular for? 
Frank Wakefield,Who was Monroe's most influential follower?
Moore of the Texas Playboys,Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?
Western Swing music,What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?
Jesse McReynolds,Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?
Jim and Jesse,What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?
crosspicking,What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?
syncopated banjo-roll-like style,What is crosspicking?
Ronnie McCoury,Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music? 
half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro,What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?
jazz mandolinist,What type of music did Jethro Burns play? 
Tiny Moore,Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?
Chris Thile of California is,Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?
"Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs",Who are othe rwell know players? 
"Howard Armstrong,",Who got his start with his father's mandolin? 
Ry Cooder,Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?
ukulele in there and a bass fiddle,What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use? 
Willie Black,Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band? 
psychedelic era of the late 1960s,When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?
Levon Helm,Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?
Maggie May,What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?
David Grisman,What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?
Boat on the River,Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?
single-stringed electric,What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? 
Dropkick Murphys,Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?
Losing My Religion,What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?
System of A Down,What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? 
Days of Thunder,What film's theme song uses a mandolin?
Venezuela,What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?  
regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes,What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? 
"Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.",Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist? 
mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles,What type of music has mandolins played? 
Japan and Germany,Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? 
"first and second mandolins,",What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?
"two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,",What are smalled ensambles composed of? 
cello,What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? 
arthropod,In what phylum are insects classified? 
three-part,How many parts comprise the body of an insect?
thorax,"In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?"
chitinous,What type of exoskeleton do insects have?
three,How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?
cut into sections,What does insect mean in latin?
insectum,What is the Latin word for insect?
invertebrates,Insects are a class of what?
chitinous exoskeleton,Insects have what kind of skeleton?
head,"An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?"
hatch from eggs,How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?
inelastic exoskeleton,What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?
pupal stage,"What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?"
nymphal,What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?
Paleozoic,What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? 
eggs,Insects hatch from what?
the inelastic exoskeleton,Insects growth is constrained by what?
molts,An insects developement involves a series of what?
4-stage,How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?
flowering plants,The most diverse insects coevolved with what?
tripedal,What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?
gills,What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?
water striders,What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?
stridulate,What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?
Lampyridae,What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?
swimming,"Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?"
Adult,"Which insects walk, fly, and swim?"
triangles,Insects walk the ground in alternating what?
tripedal gait,Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?
communicate,What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?
insecticides,By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?
terrestrial,What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?
Silkworms,What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?
blow-flies,What insect is known to consume carrion?
pests,Humans consider most insects as what?
insecticides,Humans can control insects using what?
crops,Insects have the potential to damage what?
leaves,"Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?"
silk,Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?
insectum,What is the Latin term for insect?
Pliny the Elder,"Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?"
three,How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?
Aristotle,"Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?"
1601,In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?
body,Insect means to have a notched or divided what?
three sections,Insects are cut into how many sections?
Aristotle,"Who gave this class of life the name ""insect""?"
1601,"In what year did the word ""insect"" appear in a document?"
Pliny the Elder,"Who introduced the Latin version of the word ""insect""?"
Carboniferous,From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?
Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti,What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?
2008,In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?
dicondylic,What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?
winged,With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?
phylogeny,What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?
arthropods,The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?
full-body,What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?
insect,A University discovered a primitive flying what?
300 million-year-old,How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?
Early Permian,"In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?"
55 to 70,"To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?"
oxygen,Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? 
270,How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? 
Permian-Triassic,The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
insect orders,Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
extant groups,The insect orders include both of what?
Paleozoic groups,The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
dragonfly-like forms,What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
55 to 70 cm,How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
chemical,What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?
herbivores,What is the term for a plant-eating insect?
plant toxins,What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?
colors,How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?
pollination,What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?
herbivores,Insects are considered terrestrial what?
plants,What were insects the major selection agents of?
chemical defenses,What did plants eventually form against insects?
plant toxins,Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?
warning colors,Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?
Pterygota,What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
Apterygota,What is the term for the class of insects without wings? 
Archaeognatha,What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
Dicondylia,What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
two groups,Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
Pterygota,Insects with wings are known as what?
wingless,Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
silverfish,What is a Thysanura?
Dicondylia,Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
systematics,Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?
superclass,What class is the Hexapoda ranked?
four groups,How many groups are defined in the superclass?
Collembola,Springtails are also known as what?
Entognatha,"Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?"
winged,Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
sclerites,An insects hard body parts are called what?
abdomen,Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
metamorphosis-based,"Neoptera can be divided into what kind of ""based"" group?"
related,Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
The Exopterygota,What are likely to be paraphyletic?
Matters,Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?
Halteria,Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?
the entomological community,A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?
The Neuropterida,What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?
uncertain,The true diversity within the insect species remains what?
2.6–7.8 million species,How many insect species are estimated to exist?
"20,000",How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?
less than 20%,"Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?"
undescribed,"For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?"
segmented bodies,What kind of bodies to insects have?
exoskeletons,Insects bodies are supported by what?
hard,Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?
interconnected,An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?
tagmata,"What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?"
head,What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?
epicranium,What is another word for head capsule?
Orthoptera,What displays the most features on an insect?
apex,What is the vertex also known as?
compound,The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?
three sections,The throax has how many sections?
thorax,Another term for tagma is?
head,The anterior section is closest to the what?
anterior,The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?
two,The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?
abdomen,What is the largest tagma of an insect?
11–12 segments,How many segments make up an insects abdomen?
head,The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?
sternum,An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?
Spiracles,The pleural area holds what?
the cuticle,Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?
two,The cuticle has how many layers?
the epicuticle,Which cuticle later is like wax?
chitin,The epicuticle does not consist of what?
thicker,Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?
invertebrates,Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?
flight,Insects have developed what kind of active capability?
important,Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?
multiple,How many times are insects muscles able to contract?
exoskeletons,Insects muscles are attached to their what?
ganglion,What is on each side of a thoracic segment?
one,How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?
a pair,Ganglia are connected into a what?
one pair,How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?
abdomen,What other location on an insect are ganglia located?
a few,How many insects have nociceptors?
nociceptors,Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?
2003,When were nociceptors discovered?
fruitfly Drosophila,Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?
the heated probe,Which probe did the larvae react to?
salivary glands,What produces saliva in an insects mouth?
salivary ducts,What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?
salivarium,What is an opening through the head called?
behind the hypopharynx,Where is the salivarium located?
The gut,Where does an insect's digestion happen?
midgut,What is another name for mesenteron?
the crop,Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?
the mesenteron,The majority of an insects digestion happens where?
Microscopic,What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?
microvilli,What are microscopic projections called?
the hindgut,What is a proctodaeum?
undigested,What kind of food particles have uric acid?
uric acid,What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?
90%,An insects rectum absorbs how much water?
the anus,Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?
ovaries,Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?
accessory glands,What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?
ducts,What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?
ovaries,Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?
ovarioles,What are egg tubes called?
testis,What is the male reproductive system called? 
the body cavity,Where is tracheae located?
testes,Most make insects contain a pair of what?
sperm tubes,What are inside male testes?
the vas deferens,Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?
lungs,Respiration for insects happens without what?
internal tubes,"Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?"
gases,What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?
oxygen,What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?
circulatory system,Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?
gas exchange,What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?
diffusive ventilation,Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?
continuous gas exchange,Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?
discontinuous gas exchange,What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?
diffusion,Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?
eggs.,Where are insects hatched from?
inside the egg,Fertilization happens where?
development,Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?
shell,Chorion is another word for what?
generations,Broods is another term for what word?
variations,Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?
sex-determination system,Haplodiploidy is what type of system?
sex,The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?
bees and wasps,The sex-determination system is found in which insects?
morphs,Polymophism species have different forms or what else?
Some,How many insects use parthenogenesis?
parthenogenesis,GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?
aphids,What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?
reproduction,Aphis have asexual and sexual what?
parthenogenetic,Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?
Hemimetabolous,Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?
incomplete,What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?
gradually,Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?
molts,Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?
exoskeleton,Insect's molt when they outgrow what?
Holometabolism,What is a complete metamorphosis called?
four stages,How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?
embryo,What is another word for egg?
the adult,What is an imago?
Butterflies,Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?
perception,Insects have specialized organs of what kind?
specialized,Insect organs are described as sensitive and what?
bees,What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths?
polarized light,Bees can detect what kind of light?
yellow paper wasp,What is a Polistes versicolor?
rudimentary,Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?
solitary wasps,Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?
single,What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?
caterpillars,What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?
smaller,Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?
Onychiuridae,What is another name for Colleobola?
Diptera,Mycetophilldae is another name for what?
beetle,Phengodidae is party of what insect family?
bioluminescent,Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?
fireflies,What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?
light,Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?
cave crickets,What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?
acute,Most insects have what kind of vision?
minute,Insects notice what type of movement?
infrared,"Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?"
Insects,What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?
sounds,Insects can sense what?
mechanical,Insect sounds come from what kind of action?
appendages,The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?
ultrasonic,Moths create what kind of click sounds?
low,What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?
movement,Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?
microscopic stridulatory structures,Low insect sounds can be heard through what?
communicate,Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?
underwater,Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?
vibrations,What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?
different species,"Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?"
Nezara viridula,Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?
gossamer-winged butterfly,What is a lycaenid caterpillar? 
myrmecophilous,Living in association with ants is called what?
Chemical,Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?
Chemoreception,What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?
a cell,Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?
semiochemical,What is a message-carrying chemical called?
semiochemicals,Kairomones are a type of what?
chemical means,Insects use sound and what other means for communication?
semiochemicals,The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?
plant metabolites,Semiochemicals come from where?
repel,Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?
Synomones,What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?
Social,Termites are considered what type of insect?
ants,"Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?"
eusocial animal,What is another term for social insect?
colonies,Social insects live in well organized what?
dance language,The method that a bee dances is called what?
nests,Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?
homing,Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?
thousands,Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?
philopatry,An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?
hibernate,An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?
full-time,Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?
eggs,What do eusocial insects guard?
nest,What do eusocial insects build?
short,Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?
growing offspring,An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?
flight,Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?
wings,What part of the insect has been up for debate?
paranotal theory,Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?
pleural origin,Wings from modified gills is from what origin?
epicoxal exites,The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?
six,How many legs do adult insects contain?
tripedal,Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?
rapid,The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?
a variety,Insects can adopt how many gaits?
limbs,Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?
sedate,What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?
Phasmatodea,What is another name for walking stick insects?
water,Some insects can walk on top of what?
water striders,What insect can walk on the surface of water?
Gerridae,Water striders are part of what insect family?
paddle-like,Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?
jet,Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?
rectal chamber,Dragonflys shoot water from where?
recessed,Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?
pygidial,Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?
Insect ecology,Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
ecosystem,Another term for surrounding environment is what?
important,What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
dung,What type of burial do insects engage in?
scavengers,Beetles are also known as what?
Camouflage,What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?
blend,What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?
beetle,Protective coloring is common in what insect family?
leaf beetles,What is Chrysomelidae?
bird dung,A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?
defense,Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?
deceive,Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?
wasps,Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?
in Lepidoptera,Mimicry complexes are usually found where?
Taxa,What is a well known Mullerian complex?
Chemical,What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?
bright colors,What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?
sequestering,Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?
Lepidoptera,Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?
chemicals,Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?
Pollination,Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?
an animal,What is required to transport pollen?
insects,Most pollination is completed by what?
energy rich nectar,What do insects receive in return for pollination?
pollination syndromes,Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?
pests,Humans consider insects as what?
parasitic,Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?
mosquitoes,Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?
termites,What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?
agricultural goods,Locusts destroy what?
pest insects,What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans?
beneficial,Many insects are what to the environment?
pollinate,"What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?"
nectar,What do insects gather from plants?
serious,What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?
Insectivorous,What insects feed on other insects?
beneficial,Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?
ladybugs,What insect feeds on aphids?
birds,What are the most visible predators of insects?
insects themselves,What is the largest consumer of insects?
biological research,Insects play prominent roles in what?
fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster,What is a common insect used for research purposes?
70%,What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome
genetic,Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?
eukaryotes,Genetic systems are conserved among what?
delicacies,Insects are considered as what in some cultures?
cicadas,What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?
high,Insects have what kind of protein content?
entomophagy,What is the term for eating insects?
first-world countries,Where is eating insects considered taboo?
Scarab beetles,What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?
Chinese,Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?
creation,The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?
Australia,Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?
honey ants,What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?
the same species,What do all living humans belong to?
Homo sapiens,What species are all humans?
humans,Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?
fuzzy,What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?
in widely differing ways,How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?
racial,What type of group can't be biologically defined?
racial,What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
biological traits,What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
human,Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
no current consensus,What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? 
define and talk about a particular conception of race,How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?
races,What can be said to be a social construct?
"legal, economic, and sociopolitical",What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?
major social situations,Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?
real material,What effect does race have in the lives of people?
considerable suffering,Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
racist mindsets,What is discrimination often paired with?
inferior,What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
excluded or oppressed,What do groups with less power often find themselves?
Racism,What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?
race,What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?
perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation,Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? 
use of racial categories,What promotes stereotypes?
social scientists,Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?
sociological factors,"What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? "
distinct,What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?
exploration and conquest,During which process did our current idea of race come about?
different continents,Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?
"natural, immutable and global",What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?
classification and typology,What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?
time of the scientific revolution,"When did many of the ideas associated with the term ""race"" arise?"
colonization,What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?
Europeans,Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?
African slaves,Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?
ethnic,What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?
François Bernier,Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?
18th century,In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?
White,What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?
"active, acute, and adventurous",How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?
"crafty, lazy, and careless",What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?
1775,What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?
five,How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?
graded,What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?
limits,What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?
Ethiopian,What race was later renamed to Negroid?
"an ""ideology of race""",What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?
"primordial, natural, enduring and distinct","What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?"
mixture between formerly distinct populations,"How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?"
Negros,What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?
Thomas Jefferson,Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?
polygenism,What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?
England,What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?
ethnographers,What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?
19th century,In what century was polygenism most widespread?
abolitionist,The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?
Homo sapiens,What species do all living humans today belong to?
2 million years ago,When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?
1.5,How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia?
Homo habilis,Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time?
African Homo erectus,What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of?
many anthropologists,Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?
scientific racism,What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?
lost widespread popularity,What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? 
sources of phenotypic variation,What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?
invalid,What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?
Population,What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?
biologists,What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?
qualitative descriptions,What do most definitions of population rely on?
definitions for populations,What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of?
paradigm,What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?
subspecies,What are traditionally geographically isolated?
microevolutionary divergence,"What is ""subspecies"" used to indicate an objective degree of?"
degree of differentiation,What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?
biologically different,What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?
level of difference,What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?
difference,What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?
Dean Amadon,Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?
1949,What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?
99%,The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?
The seventy-five percent rule,Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?
1978,When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?
different subspecies,How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?
inspection,What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly?
individual,What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups?
race,What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies?
classification,What is cladistics a method of?
organisms,What is a clade a taxonomic group of?
single,How many common ancestors does a clade have?
taxonomy,What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?
Y,Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?
phylogenetic,What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?
geographically,How are allopatric populations separated? 
a clade,What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?
monophyletic,"What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means ""cleanly divided""?"
Rachel Caspari,Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?
race,What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?
Caucasians,"What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?"
interpretations,Cladistics can limit and skew what?
packages,What is variation found in that can be labeled as races?
conceptually imprecise and careless,Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways?
distributed along geographic gradations or clines,What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?
isolation by distance,Why are variations distributed along clines?
they ignore a host of other similarities and differences,What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?
anthropologist,What is Frank Livingstone's profession?
"there are no races, only clines",What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?
how the term is being used,What must one be attentive to when talking about race?
"if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races",On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?
"""the race concept.""","What is merely ""a matter of judgement""?"
labels,"While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?"
a meaningful and useful social convention,Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?
cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly,What did two biologists point out in 1964?
melanin,What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?
radiate,What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?
anthropologists,To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?
Discordant,What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?
"the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered.",What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?
mutation,What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?
skin-lighting,What mutation did scientists discover?
different mutations,What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?
geographical,Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?
a selected allele,What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?
2009,When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?
three,How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?
major geographic patterns,What are sweeps?
absent,Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?
genetic differences,What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?
mid-20th-century anthropologist,Who was William C. Boyd?
genes,Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population?
number of human couples reproducing,How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races?
alleles,What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common?
genetic differences between populations,What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?
the Fixation index,What was Wright's method known as?
0.15,What is the often stated FST for humans?
human populations,"Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?"
mammalian,Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?
genetic variation,FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?
5%,About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?
0.1,FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?
Graves,What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?
populations,FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?
Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles,What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?
misleading,What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?
non-representative,Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?
genetic,What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?
100%,How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?
characteristic genetic patterns,What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?
phenotypic variations between groups,What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?
poorly,How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?
imperfect,Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?
utility,Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?
ancestral population,What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?
extreme geographic distances,Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?
large geographic distances,What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?
migration,What human activity has only recently accelerated?
gene,Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?
cluster,Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?
thousands,How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?
markers,Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?
caution,What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?
other populations,People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?
hypotheses,Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?
continental,"If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?"
racial classification,What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?
racial groupings,What are objective social constructions?
methodologies,What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?
ethnicity,What word do many social scientists instead of race?
beliefs about race,"What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?"
the 1960s,When did the civil rights movement take place?
anti-colonial,What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's?
objective,What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to?
the National Institute of Health,What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?
2000,What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?
notion of genetically defined races,What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?
Race,"What is a social concept, not a scientific one?"
it all falls apart,What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences?
Stanford,Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?
the American Journal of Human Genetics,Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?
self,Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?
sex,What is a problematic category in addition to race?
biology,What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?
Brazil,"What country was race ""Biologized"" in?"
rigid descent rule,What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?
racial,What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of?
different racial groups,What may full siblings belong to?
ancestry,What determines genotype?
Over a dozen,How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?
like the colors of the spectrum,"What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?"
appearance,What did race refer to instead of heredity?
ancestry,What is appearance a poor indication of?
Brazil,Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications?
racial,What categories have an aspect of fluidity?
caboclos,What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?
hillbilly,"What's a rough translation of ""pardos""?"
Afro-Brazilians,What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?
50%,What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?
white,What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?
mixed,What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?
65 and 80%,Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?
42.4%,How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?
95%,Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?
3.5 million,What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?
miserable,What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?
relations between white masters and female slaves,Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?
1821 and 1932,Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?
700.000,"Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?"
The European Union,Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? 
its existence,What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?
European,In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?
Fascist,Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?
1996,"In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove ""race"" from all official texts?"
The concept of racial origin,What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?
scientific,What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?
all human beings belong to the same species,Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?
excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation,What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?
race,The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?
Second World War,France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?
approximately five percent,What percentage of the French population today is non-European?
roughly 28–37%,What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States?
ethnic diversity,What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas?
color-blind,What type of model of public policy does France maintain?
early,Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?
a proliferation of categories,What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?
in the late 19th century,When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?
During Reconstruction,"When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of ""Black blood"" to be Black?"
The one-drop rule,What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States?
the 20th century,"When did the term ""Hispanic"" begin being used?"
Hispanic,"What is the word ""Latino"" often used as a synonym for?"
non-race specific,How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?
races,What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?
of English descent,Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?
Acta Anthropologica Sinica,What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?
Chinese anthropologists,Who is the race concept widely used by?
social cohesion,What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China?
sensitive issue,Why does race undermine social cohesion in America?
racial categories,What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not?
2002–2003,What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept?
Three,How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists?
race,What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe?
ideologically,How are views on race influenced?
education,What are views on race highly dependent on?
consensus,What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?
taxonomic,What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?
race,"What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?"
the concept of race,What do some eschew altogether? 
concept of population,What is a less problematic unit of analysis?
Duke University,Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor?
group power,What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else?
whites,Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group?
that race is no longer an issue,What idea does color-blind racism thrive on?
contradictions,What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality?
biological race,What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?
physical anthropologists,The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?
college,What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?
thirteen,"How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?"
28 percent,What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?
forensic,What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?
simply not true,What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?
selective forces of climate,What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?
socio-political motivation,What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?
politically motivated censorship,What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?
forensic,"What type of anthropology is ""race"" sometimes still used within?"
regional ancestry,What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?
specific region,What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?
particular context,"What does Brace feel the term ""black"" in meaningful in?"
is not itself scientifically valid,Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?
77,How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?
the 1970s,Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?
their discussion of race,What did biology textbooks drop altogether?
racial classifications,What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?
biologically indefensible,What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?
similar pattern,What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?
35%,How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?
43%,"After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to?"
93%,What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to?
changed little,What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races?
federal government,Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?
medical conditions,What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?
more prevalent,What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?
proliferation of human genetic data,What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?
"application of new genetic findings,",What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?
genetic causation of the difference,What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?
the individual,What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?
reinforcing stereotypes,What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?
living conditions,"What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for ""race specific"" diseases?"
racial categorization,What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?
job of law enforcement officers,What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?
general appearance,What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?
apprehend,What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?
arrive at a description,What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?
"height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.",What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?
at least two,How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?
the 2001 Census,When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?
visually,How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?
Identification Code,What does IC stand for?
Not Stated,What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?
United States,Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?
racial profiling,What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?
de facto racial profiling,What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?
adversely,How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?
misuse of racial categories,What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?
Mass incarceration,What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?
Michelle Alexander,"Who is the author of ""The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness""?"
virtual,What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?
people of color,Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?
racial,What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?
highly heritable,What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?
cranial,What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?
Norman Sauer,Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?
forensic anthropologists,What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?
races,What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?
culture,What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?
neighbouring non-Jewish populations,Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?
the degree of genetic similarity among Jews,What shifted depending on the locus investigated?
natural selection acting on particular loci,What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?
Y,What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?
Y,Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?
ancestry,"What does the new ""race science"" call attention to the importance of?"
their claims about ancestry,What do people desire to use science to confirm?
race science,What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?
to explain differences in human behaviour or social status,How were older notions of race used?
admixture,What is a problem with racial assignments? 
Many,How many people have a varied ancestry?
colonial and early federal history,When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?
African,Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?
10%,What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?
"10,550,350",What is the aggregate population of Paris?
2012 census,From what census is this information from?
"12,341,418",What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?
"12,012 km²",How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?
12 million,As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?
Louvre,What is the most visited art museum in the world?
French Impressionist art,what is the Musee de Orsay known for?
1889,In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?
22.4 million,How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?
12th,In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?
Paris Saint-Germain,What is the name of the football club in Paris?
Stade Français,What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?
"80,000",How many seats are in Stade de France?
2007,In what year did Paris host the World Cup?
July,In what month is the Tour de France?
Parisius,What was Paris known as in Latin?
3rd,In what century was Christianity introduced?
Saint Denis,Who brought Christianity to Paris?
Basilica of Saint-Denis,What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?
Mountain of Martyrs,Where was Saint Denis beheaded?
Clovis the Frank,who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?
987,In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?
bridges,What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?
Gaul,The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?
Île de la Cité,What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?
Maurice de Sully,Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?
The Left Bank,Where was the University of Paris located?
Louis VII,Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?
1420 until 1436,In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc,Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?
24 August 1572,What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
1610,In what year was Henri IV assassinated?
Henry IV,Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's
1682,In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?
"Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.",What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?
To show that the city was safe against attack,What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?
Paris,In what city was the French Academy of Science founded
Tuileries Palace,Where did Louis XVI and his family live?
9 November 1799,When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?
"16,000",Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?
1848,In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?
1860,In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?
Georges-Eugène Haussmann,Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?
Impressionism,"What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?"
to mark the centennial of the French Revolution,What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?
1889 Universal Exposition,Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?
Symbolism,What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?
"6,000",How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?
Les Années Folles,What are the years after the war commonly known as?
"Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.","Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?"
14 June 1940,On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?
"12,884",How many Jews were arrested following German orders?
Vel d'Hiv,Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?
None,How many children came back from Auschwitz?
25 August 1944,On what date was the city liberated?
11,How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?
curfew on Muslims of Algeria,What was the result of the police officer killing?
at least 40,How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?
Organisation de l'armée secrète,Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?
1977,In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?
Musée d'Orsay,What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?
14,How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?
2006,In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?
Musée du quai Branly,What did Jacques Chirac have built?
2.25 million,What was the population of Paris in 2011?
Bertrand Delanoë,Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?
Vélib',What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?
June 2013,When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?
7 January 2015,On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?
thirteen,How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?
1.5 million,How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?
ISIL,Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?
setting off their explosive vests,How did the attackers kill themselves?
northern central,Where in France is Paris located?
450,How many kilometers is it away from London?
Seine,What major river is located in Paris?
Île de la Cité,What is the largest island in Paris?
Montmartre,What is the largest hill in Paris?
Boulevard Périphérique,What road encircles Paris?
"2,300 km2",How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?
1860,In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?
20,How many arrondissements are there?
1929,In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? 
North Atlantic Current,Which current affects Paris' weather?
mild and moderately wet,How is Paris' climate categorized?
between 15 and 25 °C,What are the average temperatures for summer?
17.6 °C,What was the average temperature for July 2011?
7 °C,What is the average temperature during winter?
sometimes sees light snow or flurries,Does Paris see snow?
a few days a year,How often does the temperature drop below -5 C
163,How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?
majority of council members,How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected
once a month,How often does the council meet?
2001-2014,What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?
€7.6 billion,What was the budget of the city in 2013
5.4 billion,How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?
38,What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects?
taxes,What is the main source of income for Paris?
8,What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools?
"January 1, 2016",When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?
814 square kilometers,How large is the Metropole?
6.945 million,What is the population of the metropole?
"Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne",What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?
seven,How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?
210,How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?
Patrick Ollier,Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?
Rueil-Malmaison,What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?
Republican,What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?
65 million Euros,What is the budget for Metropole?
7th,In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?
seventeen,For how many years did the socialists governed the region?
121,How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?
Valérie Pécresse,Who led the Union of the Right?
Paris,Where are France's highest courts located?
Court of Cassation,What is the highest court in the judicial order?
Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal,Where does the Constitutional Council meet?
Palais de Justice,Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?
Palais-Royal,Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?
Paris,Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?
Paris,Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?
Paris,Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?
Prefecture of Police of Paris,Who is responsible for the security of Paris?
Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité,Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?
"30,200",How many officers are in the Prefecture of Police of Paris?
1944,When was the Compagnies Republicaines de Securite formed?
"6,000",How many vehicles are in the fleet?
Baron Haussmann,Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century?
"île Saint-Louis, the île de la Cité",Which two islands remain in Paris today?
1827,When was ile aux Cygnes created?
50 m,What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?
Montparnasse,"Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?"
Hermitage Plaza,What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?
2009,When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?
two,How many towers were planned to be built?
1808-1842,When was La Madeleine built?
1875,When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built?
1889,When was the Eiffel Tower built?
Frank Gehry,Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation?
I.M. Pei,Who built the Louvre Pyramid?
"28,800",What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?
43,What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?
43,What percentage of homeless people are women?
sixty,How many homeless shelters are in Paris?
the city,Who funds these homeless shelters?
"Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes",What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?
1790,When was the Siene department created?
1968,WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised?
"""Île-de-France""",What was the Paris region renamed to?
"January 1, 2016",When was Paris reunited with its suburbs?
1961,When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?
lack of suburban transportation,What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?
five,How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?
northern and eastern Paris,Where are the quartiers sensibles located?
Goutte d'Or and Belleville,What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?
"Delouvrier's 1961 ""ville nouvelle"" political initiative",Why were these neighborhoods created?
"2,241,346","In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?"
fifth,Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?
"London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome",What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?
INSEE,Who created The Paris Urban Area?
"10,550,350",According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?
2.9 million,What is Paris' peak population?
1921,When was Paris' population peak?
2004,What year was the first population increase since 1954?
"2,234,000",What was the population in 2009?
Commune of Paris,What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012?
"21,616",How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits?
"Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne",What three departments surrounding Paris had densities greater than 10k/k?
"135,853",How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?
"112,369",How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?
"70,852",How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt?
"91,297",How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012?
59.5,What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?
agriculture,What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?
0.2,What percentage of people worked in agriculture?
5.9,What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?
5.4 million,How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?
La Défense,Who is the second largest business district employer?
"144,600",How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?
finance and insurance,What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in?
16,What percentage of people worked in business support?
Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret,What two districts are extensions of the Paris business district?
€624 billion,What was Paris Region's GDP in 2012?
29,How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris?
30,What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from the Paris Region's GDP?
high-value-added service industries,What as the Paris Region's economy shifted towards?
industry,"Prior to now, what was Paris' biggest economy?"
"west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine",Where is Paris economic Centre located?
"8th, 16th and 17th",In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located?
8th and 9th arrondissement,Where are Paris' financial service companies majorly located?
department store,"What industry is located in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements?"
Fourteen,What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants? 
"144,600",How many peole work in the La Defense district?
transportation,What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?
64,How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?
"100,000",How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ?
Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen,The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry?
"75,000",How many manufacturing workers does Paris have?
science and technology,What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?
food processing and beverages,What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?
"56,927",How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?
"246,639",How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?
"€36,085",What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?
"€22,095",What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?
"€82,449",What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement?
8.2,What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris?
13.1,What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department?
14,What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month?
7,What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris' wealthiest neighborhood?
Twenty-five,WHat percentage of people in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line?
72.1 million,How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?
Notre Dame Cathedral,What is Paris' top tourist attraction?
9.2 million,How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?
Disneyland Paris,What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?
centre of Paris,Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?
the tomb of Napoleon,What is housed at Les Invalides?
1991,Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond'lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site?
"1,570",How many hotels are in the City of Paris?
1817,When did  The Hotel Meurice open?
1855,When was the Hotel du Louvre opened?
Champs-Élysées,Along what major road are most hotels located?
sculpture and reliefs,What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Pierre Mignard,Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?
1648,In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?
1793,Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?
Romanticism,What type of art did Paris help develop with painters like Gericault?
Montmartre,In what town did Picasso live?
Montmartre and Montparnasse,What two towns were pinnacle for artistic production?
1905 and 1907,Between what two years did Picasso paint La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon?
1825,In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?
Nicéphore Niépce,Who invented the first permanent photograph?
street scenes,What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?
Marcel Bovis,Who was knows for photographing night scenes?
late nineteenth century,When did poster art become an important art form?
The Louvre,What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014?
The Louvre,Where is the Mona Lisa housed?
Centre Georges Pompidou,What is the second most visited art museum in Paris?
Musée du quai Branly,What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century?
collections of Asian art,What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing?
The National Museum of Natural History,What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?
October 2014,When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open?
the tomb of Napoleon,What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?
14,How many museums does the city of Paris operate?
January 2015,When did Philharmonie de Paris open?
Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille;,What are the two largest opera houses in Paris?
classic ballets and operas,What does Opera Garnier specialize in?
1913,In what year were the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballet Russes?
Théâtre des Champs-Élysées,Where di the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballets Russes take place?
1680,When was the oldest Paris theater founded?
Comédie-Française,What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?
French government,Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?
the Louvre,What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?
1889,In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened?
French Cancan,What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge?
1951,In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open?
The Olympia Paris,Where did Grateful Dead play?
Epistolae,What was the title of the first book printed in France?
Gasparinus de Bergamo,Who wrote Epistolae?
1470,When was Epistolae published?
Latin,In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?
The Hunchback of Notre Dame,What book inspired the renovation of Notre Dame?
Victor Hugo,Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
Second Empire,During what period of time was Victor Hugo exiled from France?
Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange,Where did Jules Verne work during the day?
National Library,Where did Jules Verne do research for his stories?
Patrick Modiano,Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature?
20th,"In what century did Collete, ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community?"
Paris,In what city does Patrick Modiano live?
World War II,During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of?
80,What percentage of french publishing houses were in Paris in the 1970s?
150,Approximately how many bookstores are located in the 5th arrondissement?
250,How many bookstalls are located along the Seine?
five percent,What is the maximum amount a publishers book can be discounted?
12th,in what century was a school of polyphony established at Notre Dame?
1795,In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded?
Francois I,Under whos reign did the lute become popular?
Georges Bizet's,Who wrote Carmen?
Poland,Where was Frederic Chopin from?
Bal-musette,What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?
150,"in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?"
musette,What is a cabrette known as locally?
Auvergnat,What type of bars were accordions often played in?
1960s,When did most of the jazz clubs close down?
musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll,Why did the jazz clubs close down?
cellars,Where were most jazz clubs located?
Grand Café,Where was the first movie projected for a paying audience in Paris?
28 December 1895,What date was the first movie played in Paris for a paying crowd?
1930s,In what decade did movie theaters become popular?
Le Grand Rex,What is the largest cinema room today in Paris?
Philippe Binant,Who realied the first digital cinema projection in Europe?
Texas Instruments,Who developed the technology for the digital cinema projection?
Hollywood-generated,What types of films are most popular in Paris?
2 February 2000,When was the first digital cinema projection in Europe?
La Taverne Anglaise,What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants?
1786,When did La Taverne Angaise open?
19th,"In what century was Cafe Anglais, Cafe de Paris and Rocher de Cancale opened?"
theatres,Near what were most restaurants opened?
"9,000",How many restaurants are there today in Paris?
1900,When was the Michelin guide created?
nine,How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in Paris in 2015?
29,How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in France in 2015?
17th century,When was the first cafe opened in Paris?
Cafe Procope,What is the oldest cafe in Paris?
bistro,What type of eating place is defined as a neighborhood restaurant?
Paris Exposition of 1867,When was the brasserie made popular?
haute couture,What is clothing made to order for private clients called?
Paris,Dior is from which city?
19th,In what century did Paris become largely into fashion?
L'Oréal,What is the world's largest cosmetic company?
55,How many centres of higher education are in Paris?
1960s and 1970s,During which time frame were most grandes ecoles relocated?
"Strasbourg,",Where is ENA located?
Neuilly-sur-Seine,Where is CESLA located?
Bibliothèque nationale de France,Who operates the public libraries in Paris?
decorative arts,What is the Forney Library dedicated to?
mid-1800s,When was the Sainte Genevieve Library built?
Bibliothèque Mazarine,What is the oldest public library in France?
The François Mitterrand Library,Which library contains four glass towers?
Sorbonne Library,What is the largest university library?
"Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques","Outside of France, where are the other three branches of the Sorbonne library located?"
5th,In what arrondissement is the Sorbonne library in Paris located?
Roman Catholic,What is the most predominant religion in France?
106,How many parishes and curates were there in 2011?
110,How many catholic schools are in Paris?
"75,000",How many students attend catholic schools?
74,How many evangelical churches are there in Paris?
two,How many parishes of the LDS church are in Paris?
1814,When was the American Church in Paris founded?
Saint George's Anglican Church,What is the principal Anglican church in Paris?
Hector Guimard,Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue?
1913,When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built?
1960s,When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris?
75,What percentage of France's Jewish population survived the holocaust?
The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple,What is the former Cameroon pavilion?
The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple,Where is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?
1985,When did the Hindu temple on Rue Pajol open?
more than nine metres high,How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?
"80,000",How many seats are in the State de France?
1998 FIFA World Cup,What was the State de France built for?
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.,What is the most popular football club in Paris?
Stade Français,What is the rugby club in Paris?
The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France,Who oversees the transit network in Paris?
347,How many bus lines does the STIF oversee?
Syndicat des transports parisiens,What was the STIF formerly known as?
"1,176",How many bus lines does the Optile Consortium manage?
Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec,Where does line T1 run from?
Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles,Where does line T2 run?
nine,How many lines are in the rail network?
Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles,where does T5 run?
Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens,Who operates these lines?
Paris,Where is the 4th busiest international air transport hub in the world?
96.5 million,How many passengers did Paris see in 2014?
Paris-Le Bourget,What is the oldest air port in Paris?
Beauvais-Tillé Airport,What airport does Ryanair use?
Charles de Gaulle Airport,Where is the hub for Air France?
Charles de Gaulle Airport,What is the busiest airport in Paris?
southern suburbs of Paris,Where is Orly airport located?
1809,WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?
Napoleon III,Who was Eugene Belgrand under?
"2,400",How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?
Eugène Belgrand,Who created Paris' reservoir system?
421,How many municipal parks and gardens does Paris have?
1564,When was the Tuileries Garden created?
André Le Nôtre,Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?
Marie de' Medici,Who was the Luxembourg palace built for?
Guy de La Brosse,Who created the Jarden des Plantes?
Jean-Charles Alphand,Who was Paris' first director of parks and gardens?
166,How many new parks have been created in Paris since 1977?
1987,WHen was the Parc de la Villette created?
Promenade des Berges de la Seine,What park has floating gardens?
2013,When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine built?
les Innocents,What is Paris' largest cemetary?
1786,When were inner city burials banned?
1786 and 1814,During what years were the bones moved from Cimetiere des Innocents to the catacombs?
the official tour of the catacombs,Where can view the network of tunnels to the catacombs?
Napoleon Bonaparte,Who was Prefect Nicholas Frochot under?
1804,When were the 3 new cemeteries open?
Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen,What is the largest of the cemeteries created in the 20th centuries?
"90,000",How many people are employed at AP-HP?
44,How many hospitals are in Paris?
5.8 million,How many patients visit the hospitals annually?
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris,Who provides emergency care in the city of Paris?
Le Monde and Le Figaro,What are France's two most prestigious newspapers?
Agence,What is France's oldest operating news agency?
1835,When did Agence open in Paris?
France 24,What television station is operated by the French government?
TF1,What is the most viewed television network in France?
Boulogne-Billancourt,Where is TF1 located?
Radio France,What is France's public radio broadcaster?
La Poste,What is the name of France's national postal carrier?
kouros,"What is the word for a beardless, athletic youth?"
Apollo,What is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion?
Zeus and Leto,Who are the parents of Apollo?
Artemis,Who is Apollo's twin sister?
Apulu,What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology?
Apollo,Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?
Asclepius,What is the name of Apollo's son?
Hermes,Who created the lyre for Apollo?
paeans,What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo?
Selene,Who was the Titan goddess of the moon?
Helios,"In Hellenestic times, Greeks identified Apollo Helios as what name?"
Artemis,What was the name of Apollo's sister?
Apella,What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?
Apellaios,Apellon is derived from what Doric month?
apellaia,What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?
apella,What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?
apella,What Doric word means assembly?
pella,What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone?
apollymi,"What is the Greek word for ""to destroy?"""
Aplu,Who is a god of plague?
the son of Enlil,What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil?
Akkadian Aplu Enlil,What title was given to the god Nergal?
Chryses,Who was the Trojan priest of Apollo?
Apollo,Who was the god of light?
Leto,Who was Apollo's mother?
Leto,Who was the patron goddess of Lycia?
Lukēgenēs,"What word literally means ""born of a wolf?"""
Sol,"Since Apollo was known as god of the sun, what was another name for Apollo?"
dolphins,The epithet Delphinius is associated with what animal?
Acraepheus,Who is Apollo's son?
Smintheus,"What epithet has historically been confused with ""mouse?"""
physician,What is the literal word for latrus?
Elis,Where did Apollo have a temple in the agora?
Rome,Where was a temple dedicated to Apollo Medicus?
Paean,"What is the literal meaning of ""healer?"""
Alexicacus,"What word literally means ""warding off evil?"""
Archegetes,"What world literally means ""founder?"""
Genetor,"What word literally mens ""ancestor?"""
Agyieus,"What word means ""to avert?"""
Loxias,Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?
Musagetes,Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?
Manticus,Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?
Iatromantis,Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?
Aphetor,"As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name?"
Hecaërgus,"What name literally means ""far-shooting?"""
Ismenius,Who was the son of Amphion and Niobe?
Ismenius,Who struck his parents with an arrow?
Artemis,Who was Apollo's twin sister?
Artemis,To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated?
Walter Burkert,Who discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship?
Apollo,"Who brought the art of inspection of ""symbols and omina?"""
Anatolia,The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where?
The Greeks,"Which group created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony?"
seer-doctors,What were magicians also called?
Paean,Who is the physician of the Gods in the Iliad?
paion,What is a comon epithet of Apollo as a healer?
"keep away evil,","In classical times, what was Apollo's strong function in popular religion?"
alexikakos,"What is a word for ""defent from evil?"""
Asclepius,Who was Apollo's son?
paean,"About the 4th Century BCE, what became merely a formula of adulation?"
to implore protection against disease and misfortune,"About the 4th Century BCE, what was the object of paean?"
stone,What does the word Pella mean?
Homeric hymn,What represents Apollo as a Northern intruder?
Stones,What played an important part in the cult of the god?
Typhon,Who was the adversary of Zeus in the titanomachy?
Typhon,Who did the narrator confuse with Phyton?
Python,Who was represented as a dragon?
Artemis,Who is Apollo's sister?
Artemis,It was believed that this woman could bring death with her arrows.
Artemis,"In Greek mythology, who was the leader of the nymphs?"
Labryaden,"What was the name for ""the double-axe men?"""
labrys,What is another name for the double-axe?
Britomartis,"Who was the Minoan ""Mistres of the animals?"""
Artemis,Who was Apollo's sister?
Pythia,Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?
Sibyl,Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?
existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves,What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?
Plato,Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women?
Delphi and Dodona,"What two women were said to be obsessed by ""mania?"""
mania,What Greek word is connected with mantis?
Leto,Who was Apollo's mother?
Lydian,What origin was Leto?
Asia Minor,Where was Leto worshipped?
Anatolia,What is the origin of Sibyl?
Epimenides,Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?
Plutarch,Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?
Epimenides,What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?
Appaliunas,Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa?
at the full moon,When were Greek festivals celebrated?
seventh day of the month,When were the feasts of Apollo celebrated?
The Late Bronze Age,What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE?
Hittite and Hurrian Aplu,Who was a god of plague?
Apollo Smintheus,Who is the mouse God?
Aplu,"What word means ""the son of?"""
Delos and Delphi,which two cult sites had widespread infuence?
Julian the Apostate,Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?
theological oracles,In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?
peripteral temples,What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures?
in order to keep the original forms,Why did mathematical relations become necessary?
to hold the roof,Why were the first buildings narrow?
Pythagoras,"Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics?"
Hera,Who kidnapped Eileithyia?
Eileithyia,Who was the goddess of childbirth?
nine yards,How long was the necklace offered to Hera?
amber,What was the necklace made of?
The seventh,What was the day of the new moon?
Python,What was the name of the chthonic dragon?
Castalian Spring,which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies?
Leto,Who was Apollo's mother?
the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo,Where did Apollo kill Python?
Gaia,Who was a parent of Python?
Asclepius,Who is Apollo's son?
for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead,Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt?
one year of hard labor,How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?
Daphne,Who was the daughter of Peneus?
Peneus,Who is Daphne's father?
Cupid,Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?
Orchamus,Who was Leucothea's mother?
Clytia,Who is Leucothea's sister?
Leucothea,Who did Leucothea fall in love with?
Orchamus,Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive?
Coronis,Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?
Phlegyas,Who owas King of the Lapiths?
A crow,How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?
Ischys,Who was the son of Elatus?
Hyacinthus,Who was one of Apollo's male lovers?
discus,"What hit Hyacinthus in the head, killing him?"
Zephyrus,"Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus?"
flower,What item did Apollo create and name after his lover?
Apollo and the Furies,Who argued about whether the matricide was justified?
Erinyes,Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage?
Apollo,Who holds that the bond of marriage is sacred?
Orestes,Who was accused of matricide?
Pan,Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill?
Midas,Who was a faithful follower of Pan?
Tmolus,Who was the mountain-god?
Tmolus,Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill?
lyre,What instrument did Apolo play?
flute,What instrument did Marsyas know how to play?
Marsyas,Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute?
Marsyas' blood,What is said to have turned into the river Marsyas?
Flaminian fields,Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?
212 BCE,When was the Second Punic war?
Apollonian Games,What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares?
Apollo,Who was god of colonization?
750–550 BCE,When was the height of colonization?
born in Lycia,What does Lykegenes mean?
Dionysus,Who was the god of wine?
Apollo,"In literary contexts, who represents harmony, order and reason?"
Hyperborea,Where did Apollo go in winter?
Praxiteles,Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?
Praxiteles,In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?
Praxiteles,Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?
Anaxagoras,Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?
Plato,Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?
eidos,What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?
Kouros,What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece?
Kouros,What is another word for male youth?
Apollo,Who was the immortal god of ideal balance?
early archaic period,The period between 640-580 BC was known as what?
Daedalus,What was the name of the Dipylon master?
Daedalus,Who created the New York kouros?
Daedalus,Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?
Minoan period,During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?
marble,"These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?"
late archaic period,What period ran from 520-485 BC?
Piraeus,What was the harbour of Athens?
the bow,What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?
a cup of pouring libation,What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?
Polykleitos,Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements?
Apollo Citharoedus statue type,In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm?
neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century,What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE.
Apollo,The statues of who were thought to incarnate his living presence?
Minoan,Representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in what period?
Greeks,"What people saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings?"
The artists,Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?
These representations,What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?
the general sequence to which it belongs,"While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?"
Apollo,Who is often depicted with a kithara or bow in his hand?
The Apollo Belvedere,What is the name of a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century?
Leochares,Who made the Apollo Belvedere?
between 350 and 325 BCE,When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere?
three,How many States renounced their preferred political party?
New Hampshire,Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?
252,"How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?"
the smallest ever,How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes? 
Bush,"Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?"
"terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001",What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?
eight months,How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?
surged to near 90%,Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?
Within a month,How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?
December,"By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?"
Saddam Hussein,"Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power, after removing the Taliban from Kabul?"
weapons of mass destruction,What does WMD stand for?
November 2002,When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction?
without UN authorization,"Did Bush have the support of the UN, when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20, 2003?"
they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles,"After the Iraqi government and it's forces were defeated, were investigators able to locate the WMD?"
"March 10, 2004",By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee?
"September 2, 2004",When did Bush accept the Republican nomination?
Dick Cheney,Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President?
terrorism and building an ownership society,"Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?"
Conservative Party,"In New York State, which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of?"
Howard Dean,"Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?"
a fund raiser,Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?
Deaniacs,What did Dean's backers become known as?
governor,What government position has Howard Dean previously held?
the 2003 invasion of Iraq,Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?
Wesley Clark,"Which Democratic nominee declared his intention to enter into the presidential race, in the fall of 2003?"
biography,What did Wesley Clark's initial campaign ads depend upon?
leadership and patriotism,What were Wesley Clarks's core issues?
few detailed policy proposals,"What shortcoming was noticeable, from the start, for Wesley Clark?"
did not flock to support his campaign,Was Wesley Clark influential in gathering the Democratic backing?
Kerry,"Who had the least amount of backers, between Kerry and Dean?"
New Hampshire,"Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses, before Iowa?"
he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan,What act showed that Kerry's fight for the White House was in trouble?
Mary Beth Cahill,"Who took over for Jim Jordon, when he was fired?"
mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign,What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign?
Lyndon LaRouche,"Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?"
John Kerry,"Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?"
Gephardt,Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?
Federal Election Commission,What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?
nine,"How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?"
"John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards",Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?
Dean,"Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?"
Dean and Gephardt,"Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?"
Bob Graham,"Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?"
Gephardt,"Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?"
Howard Dean,"Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?"
whether Dean was the victim of media bias,The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?
"""Dean Scream""",What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?
they were not aware,"Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the ""Dean Scream""?"
John Edwards,Which candidate went on to win the South Carolina primary?
Clark,Which candidate won the Oklahoma primary?
Lieberman,"Which candidate dropped out of the race, following losing the Oklahoma primary?"
Kerry,Which candidate received heighted support after winning caucuses and primaries in many states?
Edwards,"After Clark and Dean dropped out, which candidate was considered to be the only real contender against Kerry?"
Kerry,Which candidate was the fore-runner after definitively winning in the primaries and Minnesota caucuses?
Dean,"Which candidate won his state primary, despite having already dropped out of his race?"
Edwards,Which candidate finished in second place in the Georgia primary?
South Carolina,"Besides Georgia, what other state primary did Edwards win?"
Sharpton,"Which candidate dropped out of the race, next after Edwards?"
John Edwards,Who did John Kerry choose to be by his side as the potential Vice President?
three,How many candidates did John Kerry name as potential prospects to be his running mate?
"""stronger at home and more respected in the world.""",What was the Kerry/Edwards slogan that was released prior to the start of the convention in Boston?
"""I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.""",Which part of Kerry's Boston speech made reference to his military experience?
"""the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom""",Which famous line from Kerry's speech was later featured in one of his later television ad campaigns?
national security,What was the primary focus of Bush's campaign?
"presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a ""flip-flopper.""","How did Bush try to convey that he was the stronger, tougher candidate?"
"""Stronger at home, respected in the world.""",What phrase did Kerry use to try to express that he was more concerned for America?
his foreign policy,What does Kerry feel Bush aliented the American people with?
just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election,The stategy that Bush used against Kerry was compared to what other similar strategy in the past?
Bush,"Who was accused on not fulfilling their military service, during the fall of 2004?"
a segment on 60 Minutes,What shifted attention away from the coverage regarding Bush's controvery regarding his required service?
CBS News,Which news agency came under review resulting in the firing of their producer?
the late 1960s and early 1970s,"Which time period came into the spotlight, during the fall of 2004?"
Killian documents,What did the documents that were aired during the 60 Minutes segment come to be known as?
University of Miami,"Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?"
Kerry,Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?
Jim Lehrer,Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?
foreign policy,What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?
strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign,"How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?"
"Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri",Where was the second debate for presidency held?
"town meeting format, less formal","Was the second debate held in a rigid, formalistic manner?"
taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience,Was there a specific topic as the main focus for the second debate?
Charles Gibson,"Who was the moderator of the second debate, held at the Washington University?"
"joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, ""That answer made me want to scowl.""",How did Bush try to make light of himself after being made fun of for his demeanor during the first debate?
third,"How many debates were there in total, between Kerry and Bush?"
Arizona State University,"Where was the final debate, between Kerry and Bush held?"
Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously,"What was the next biggest competitor for television viewers, next to the debate?"
Vice President Cheney's daughter,"Who did Kerry publicize as a lesbian while discussing gay rights, some time after the debate?"
"""a pretty angry father""","What did Cheney refer to him as, after hearing Kerry's comments about his daughter?"
John Edwards,"Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College, despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot?"
This was the first time in U.S. history,Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president?
All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president,Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency?
"under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president",What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?
it violated Electoral College rules,"In the 1800 election, why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote?"
"It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner",Why was there tension the day after the election?
"provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000","Despite an apparent lead by Bush early on, what was thought to be a concern?"
"The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population","How would it be determined who would win, in the event of an electoral tie?"
the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio,Which state became the most important to secure Bush's presidential election?
Al Gore,Who did Bush lose the popular vote to in the 2000 election for presidency?
a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes,Was there any debate about the voting process in Ohio?
"During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote","What was the decision regarding the motion to re-count the votes, after each House finalized their debates?"
Senator Boxer,"Who was the lone supporter of the motion, from the Senate?"
"Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to ""shed the light of truth on these irregularities.""",Why did Senator Boxer say she voted the way she did?
Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats,How many people from the House of Representatives did not vote?
"""the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.""",What did Kerry say affected the ability to know if the results of the Ohio vote was unbiased?
Howard Dean,Which Democratic official supported Kerry's theory about the Ohio votes?
the machines were not reliable,"What was said about the devices used to collect the votes, in Ohio?"
the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections,"Who was targeted for defrauding the electoral process, in Ohio?"
the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004,Who was called in to watch over the presidential election in 2004?
"It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past.",Was this the only occasion the OSCE was invited to preside over a presidential election?
mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document,What were the findings of the OSCE team?
long-standing democratic tradition,What type of values did the OSCE determine were adhered to during the election process?
the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002,What finance act affected the 2004 election?
its sponsors in the United States Senate,Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from?
Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code,How did the 527 groups come up with their title?
as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns,What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds?
MoveOn.org,What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?
required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement,"How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??"
"60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name",What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?
"""I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message.""",Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?
"""[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement""",Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?
"Previously, television advertisements only required a written ""paid for by"" disclaimer on the screen.",What was the tag line requirement before?
"ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36","What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?"
"under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system",What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?
Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district),Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?
Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College,Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?
the amendment ultimately failed,Did Amendment 36 get passed?
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company,What was the original name of IBM?
International Business Machines,What does IBM stand for?
1911,In what year was CTR created?
Big Blue,What was the unofficial name given to IBM by analysts?
Thomas J. Watson,Who created the IBM name?
1911,In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR),What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?
1924,In what year did IBM get its name?
Big Blue,What nickname was given to IBM?
Computing Scale Company,What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?
"435,000 worldwide",How many employees did IBM have in 2012?
fourth largest,What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?
31st largest,"In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?"
№2,At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?
second largest,"In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?"
IBM Research,Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?
12 research laboratories worldwide,How many research labs does IBM have world wide?
22 consecutive years,In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?
five Nobel Prizes,How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?
Universal Product Code,"This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?"
16.8%,What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?
9.0%,What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?
2013,IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?
24.3%,IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?
exiting commoditizing markets,"IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?"
2012,In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?
SPSS,"IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it."
Lexmark,"IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?"
personal computer and x86 server,"IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them."
GlobalFoundries,What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?
"June 16, 1911",On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?
Charles Ranlett Flint,Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.
1933,In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?
Endicott,Where was the CTR Business office?
"1,300 employees",In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?
1914,"In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?"
National Cash Register Company,Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?
THINK,What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?
more than doubled to $9 million,The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?
1917,The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?
Dehomag,What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?
26 million,Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?
translation services,What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?
1947,What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?
Saudi Business Machines,What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?
1952,Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?
artificial intelligence,In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?
an IBM 704,What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?
FORmula TRANslation,"In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?"
Albert L. Williams,In 1961 who became the president of IBM?
PwC consulting,One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?
"50,000 employees",In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?
Jam technology,What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?
eClassifier,What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?
"52,000 employees",How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?
Lenovo,IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?
2005,In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?
Secure Blue,What was the design for low cost data encryption named?
2009,SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?
Blue Gene,This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
The Weather Company,"IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015."
Watson,What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?
"January 29, 2016",When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?
long-term licensing agreement,The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?
The Weather Company,Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?
14,IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?
Cathie Black's,What board member resigned in November 2010?
'07,What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?
American Express,Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?
Andrew N. Liveris,Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?
5% drop,How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?
"January 21, 2014",What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?
$1.2bn,IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?
15,How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?
Virginia Rometty,Who is the chief executive of IBM?
330 North Wabash building in Chicago,What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?
center of the company's research division,The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?
1990 Honor Award,The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?
"Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta",IBM has towers in which cities?
Eero Saarinen,"IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more."
Thomas J. Watson,Who was the CEO in 1914?
1924,The Quarter Century Club began in this year.
Business Machines,What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?
Hundred Percent Club,In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.
IBM salesmen who meet their quotas,What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?
1934,In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?
IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott,"IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?"
Think,"IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?"
program to train and employ disabled people,What program did IBM launch in 1942?
1946,What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?
"Thomas J. Watson, Jr",Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
1952,In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
"sex, national origin, and age",In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
IBM Fellows,Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
34,How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
"September 21, 1953","What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?"
the U.S. South,IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?
separate-but-equal,What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?
sexual orientation,IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?
1984,In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?
Linux,IBM began supporting this in 1998.
the IBM Linux Technology Center,300 Linux kernel developers work here.
Eclipse,IBM created the software framework known as?
SCO v. IBM,What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?
relational database management system,What does RDBMS refer to?
DeveloperWorks,IBM runs what website for software developers?
was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame,In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?
Linux,"DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?"
"Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management","IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?"
2007,The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?
PowerPC tri-core processor,What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?
less than 24 months,How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?
Cell BE microprocessor,Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?
"Toshiba, and Sony",Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?
2012,"What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?"
"Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X",What will Open Client Offering run on?
Open Document Format software,What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?
5%,What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?
Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux,Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?
Mozilla Firefox,What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?
Project Big Green,What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?
2006,Secure Blue was launched in what year?
encryption hardware,What type of hardware is Secure Blue?
Sam Palmisano,Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?
Smarter Computing framework,"What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?"
SmartCamp,What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?
17,How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?
Pennies,Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?
UK,Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?
Pennies,What company is known for the electronic charity box?
Endicott,What location is the birthplace of IBM?
"4,100 gallons",How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?
more than two decades,How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?
"78,000 gallons",Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?
Department of Environmental Conservation,IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?
New Right,What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?
anti-socialist,Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?
Robert Menzies,Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?
Robert Menzies,Who founded Australia's liberal party?
the middle class,"Whom are referred to as ""The forgoten people?"""
1977,In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?
Don Chipp,Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?
generally maintain,"Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?"
the Country Party,"Which group is currently known as the ""National Party""?"
"a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts","What is the ""New Right""?"
publicly,Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?
United Australia Party (UAP),Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?
anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments,From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?
Nationalist Party of Australia,What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?
1917,In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?
the Great Depression,What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?
three,How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?
Lyons' death in 1939,What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?
1939 to 1941,What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?
"Franklin D. Roosevelt's ""fireside chats""","To what are Menzies' ""Forgotten People"" radio talks compared to?"
"""backbone of Australia""",How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?
opposed,Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?
"Albury, New South Wales",Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?
Sydney Town Hall,Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?
in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party,"Where did the name ""Liberal"" come from?"
Young Liberals,What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?
"more than 90,000",How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?
a record 23 years,How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?
"end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children",What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?
the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966),During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?
Anti-communism,What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?
committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war,What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?
"concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,",Over what did the Labor party divide?
ANZUS Treaty,Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
"Australia, New Zealand and the United States",Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty,What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO),Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
San Francisco,Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
economic and skills criteria,What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?
Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act,Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?
Dame Enid Lyons,Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?
Holt,Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?
commitment to the growing War in Vietnam,Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?
1967 Referendum,Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?
90%,What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?
The Gorton Government,Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?
The Gorton Government,Which government established equal pay for men and women?
end of 1970,What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?
Asia,Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?
Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser,Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?
he resigned,"Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?"
United States and Britain,Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?
Neville Bonner,Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?
12 years,How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?
chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971,How was Bonner appointed his position?
11 November 1975,On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?
"the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr",How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?
Fraser,Who won the 1975 election by large margin?
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976,Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?
a severe drought,What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?
Australian Democrats,Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?
Bob Hawke,Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?
"he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag",How was Howard different from Paul Keating?
pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax,In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?
The Howard Government,Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?
the ANZUS treaty,Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?
the Liberal and National parties,Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?
the new Liberal National Party of Queensland,"In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?"
"former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman",Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?
42 votes to 41,How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?
Dr Brendan Nelson,Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?
Malcolm Turnbull,To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?
Malcolm Turnbull,Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?
Tony Abbott,Who was Turnbull elected to replace?
Julie Bishop,Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?
the Abbott Government,What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?
Ken Wyatt,Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
2010,In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
1971,In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
six,How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?
Menzies,Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?
"almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members",Who makes party policy?
strongly against,Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?
the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955,What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?
26 January 1966,When did Menzies resign from Parliament?
former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock,Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?
11.4%,What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?
the infamous birthday cake interview,What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?
from the 1933 election to the 1965 election,How long was Tom Playford in political power?
a record five,How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?
1968 election to the 1970 election,During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?
translator,What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?
"bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?)",What are samurai usually called in Japanse?
Kokin Wakashū,Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?
905–914,When is the first known use of 'samurai'?
bushi,What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?
a clan,What were samurai affiliated with?
less than 10%,How much of Japan were samurais?
everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts,Where do samurais' teachings live on?
middle and upper echelons of the warrior class,What class were samurais?
663 AD,When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
Tang China and Silla,Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?
a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs,What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji),Who led the Taika Reform?
646 AD,When was the Taika Reform?
early Heian period,In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?
the late 8th and early 9th centuries,When was the early Heian?
Emishi,Who did Kammu fail to conquer?
sei'i-taishōgun,What was the full title for Shogun?
Emperor Kammu,Who introduced the Shogun concept?
late 12th century,When was the Genpei war?
Minamoto no Yoritomo,Who was given the right to appoint shugo?
clan leader,What was Minamoto's position?
Minamoto no Yoritomo,Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?
1192,When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?
Heiji Rebellion,What rebellion happened in 1160?
the rival Minamoto and Taira clans,Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?
four-year,How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?
"Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans",What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?
Taira no Kiyomori,Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?
Taira no Kiyomori,Who established the first samurai-led administration?
the Minamoto,Who succeeded the Taira clan?
figurehead,What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?
had its women marry Emperors,How did the Taira clan expand power?
1180,When did the Gempei War begin?
1185,When did the Gempei War end?
The Taira and the Minamoto,Which clans fought in the Gempei War?
Honshu and Kyushu,What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?
1192,When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?
Yuan,Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?
"40,000",How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
900,How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
northern Kyūshū,Where did the Yuan invade Japan?
"10,000",How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?
a great stone barrier,What was built around Hakata Bay?
1276,When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?
1277,When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?
20 kilometers,How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?
executed,What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?
1592,When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?
1597,When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?
"160,000",How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?
1598,When was the Battle of Sacheon?
1598,When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?
Tokugawa Ieyasu,Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?
Eastern Army,What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?
Katō Kiyomasa,Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?
Battle of Sekigahara,Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?
Eastern Forces,Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?
Oda Nobunaga,Who used arquebuses a lot?
innovation,What did Oda Nobunaga value?
Oda Nobunaga,Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?
1582,When did Oda Nobunaga die?
Akechi Mitsuhide,Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?
During the Tokugawa shogunate,When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?
the early 17th century,When had samurai last been used in battle?
the Edo period,What was another name for the Tokugawa era?
katana,What was the samurai's long sword called?
wakizashi,What was the samurai's short sword called?
daimyo,Who were most samurais' lords?
Confucius and Mencius,Whose teachings did all samurai read?
"social class, time and geographic location",What did Bushido transcend?
before the Edo Period,When was Bushido formalized?
several influential leaders and families,Who formalized Bushido?
U.S. Navy,Which force invaded Japan in 1853?
Commodore Matthew Perry,Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?
force Japan to open its borders to trade,What was Perry's goal in Japan?
arquebus,What technology helped the downfall of samurai?
1854,When was the samurai military modernized?
Nagasaki,Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?
Naval,What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?
tradition,What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?
eight,How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?
Emperor Meiji,Who established a western-style army in Japan?
1873,When was a western-style army established in Japan?
Shizoku,What did samurai become in 1873?
commoners who paid them disrespect,Who had samurai been allowed to kill?
19th,In what century were the Meiji reforms?
Samurai,What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?
Iwasaki Yatarō,Who started Mitsubishi?
great-grandson of a samurai,What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?
private schools for higher educations,What kind of schools did samurai start?
newspaper companies,Who did samurai write for?
"Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto",What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?
Zen,What type of meditation did samurai do?
The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth,What caused some samurai to stop fighting?
to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship,What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?
1198,When was Hojo Shigetoki born?
1261,When did Hojo Shigetoki die?
13th and 14th century warrior writings,What were gunki?
1350,When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?
1410,When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?
battle,What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?
the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors,What debt should samurai not forget?
loyalty and filial piety,What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?
the Sengoku Era,When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?
1592,When did Japan begin invading Korea?
1598,When did Japan finish invading Korea?
"to ""...grasp the long and the short swords and to die""",What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?
Bushido,What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?
Tokugawa Ieyasu,Who did Torii Mototada serve?
1539,When was Torii Mototada born?
1600,When did Torii Mototada die?
"40,000",How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?
"2,000",How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?
Uesugi Kenshin,Who was Takeda's rival?
"the ""way of the warrior as death""",What did Uesugi encourage?
Japanese historian,What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?
1521,When was Takeda born?
1530,When was Uesugi born?
Jesuit,What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?
1506,When was St. Francis Xavier born?
1552,When did St. Francis Xavier die?
1549–1551,When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
"the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines",Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
Malaysia,Where was Malacca?
India,Where was Goa?
Anjiro,Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?
Portuguese,In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?
en masse,How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?
William Scott Wilson,Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
The warriors in the Heike Monogatari,Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
the Heike Monogatari,Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
samurai,Whose culture included tea ceremonies?
monochrome ink,What kind of painting did samurai do?
Chinese arts,What was Japanese culture influenced by?
Zen monks,Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?
1275,When was Muso Soseki born?
"an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony",What did Nobunaga mean?
a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province,What did Kazusanosuke mean?
a formal nickname (yobina),What did Saburo mean?
a clan or family name,What did Oda mean?
Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga,What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?
akin to a marriage,How did the samurai treat concubines?
"shameful, if not criminal",How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?
many wealthy merchants,Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?
her family's money erased the samurai's debts,Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?
the son could inherit his father's social status,What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?
rare,How common was divorce for samurai?
adoption of a male heir,What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage,Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money,What financial concern prevented divorce?
Maintaining the household,What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?
one who remains in the home,What did okugatasama mean?
"manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly",What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?
a polearm,What was a naginata?
the skill of the knife,What was tantojutsu?
"humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty",What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
"the children (and perhaps servants, too)",Who did samurai wives have to teach?
elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof,Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
her husband,Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
Confucian law,What defined the samurais' code?
8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate,Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
Hino Tomiko,Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
lost interest in politics,Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,Who was Nene?
Toyotomi Hideyoshi,Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
Tokugawa,In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?
intelligence and education as desirable attributes,What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
philosophical and literary classics,What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
the end of the Tokugawa period,When had most samurai wives learned to read?
William Adams,Who was the first Western samurai?
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu,Who made William Adams a samurai?
Anjin Miura,What was William Adams's Japanese name?
bannerman,What did hatamoto mean?
eighty or ninety,How many servants did William Adams have?
Dutch,What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
1556,Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
Yayousu,What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
a Red Seal Ship,What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
drowned after his ship ran aground,How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
Prussian,What nationality was Edward Schnell?
military instructor and procurer of weapons,What duties did Edward Schnell have?
the Aizu domain,Who did Edward Schnell work for?
Hiramatsu Buhei,What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
Wakamatsu,Where did Edward Schnell live?
a form of lamellar armor,What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?
yoroi,What was the first samurai armor called?
kozane,What were the small scales in yoroi called?
iron or leather,What were kozane made of?
dou,What was a full chest armor called?
"the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection",Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?
kozane dou,What type of armor was replaced?
plate armor,What new type of armor replaced the old?
Tosei-gusoku,What was the new armor called?
1877,When was samurai armor last used?
those who serve in close attendance to nobility,What did 'samurai' mean at first?
"to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend",What did 'samorapu' mean?
"to serve, to attend",What did 'saburahu' mean?
"servant, attendant",What did 'saburahi' mean?
the Edo period,When was the word 'samurahi' used?
ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families,Who were the bushi class?
mainly in the north of Japan,Where did the bushi live?
Kyoto,Where did the imperial family live?
"the ""way of the warrior""",What does Bushido mean?
the mansion of a warrior,What was a bukeyashiki?
hara kiri,What was a synonym for seppuku?
allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death,What was the reason for seppuku?
as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior,How idealistic were samurai?
romanticized,How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?
Akechi Mitsuhide,Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
Kusunoki Masashige),Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
Tokugawa,Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy,What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
historical drama,What is Jidaigeki?
One of Japan’s most renowned directors,Who is Akira Kurosawa? 
Akira Kurosawa,Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
Seven Samurai,What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
The Magnificent Seven,What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists,Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?
for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture,Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?
manga,What are Japanese comic books called?
anime,What are Japanese animation called?
"Moscardi, N.D.",Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?
hack-and-slash,What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?
gritty urban,What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?
Takashi Okazaki,Who created Afro Samurai?
Studio Gonzo,Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?
2007,When did Afro Samurai first air?
Spike TV,On what channel did Afro Samurai air?
Samuel L. Jackson,Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?
Marvel,In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?
an energy charged katana,What is Silver Samurai's weapon?
over 350,How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?
Tom Cruise,Who starred in The Last Samurai?
US Army Captain Nathan Algren,Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?
finding software bugs,What is the purpose of testing software?
tests for even simple software components is practically infinite,Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?
"it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,",What can come from one bug being fixed?
all the defects,What can testing not completely find?
furnishes a criticism or comparison,"While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?"
oracles—principles or mechanisms,What does the software compare during testing against?
"specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions",What make up the oracle during testing?
to detect software failures,What is the primamry reason for testing software?
cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions,What can testing software not fully completely establish?
examination of code as well as execution of that code,What does the scope of testing the software also look at?
testing organization may be separate from the development team,Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?
programmer makes an error,What is the first step that leads to a software failure?
"defect (fault, bug)",What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?
run on a new computer hardware platform,When can software defects in dead code cause problems?
testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible,What is the primary issue with running software testing?
defects that occur infrequently,What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?
"usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability",What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?
use combinatorial test design,"Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? "
get greater test coverage with fewer tests,What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?
speed or test depth,What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?
the earlier a defect is found,What determines the cost of fixing a bug?
10–100 times more,Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?
cloud-based services,What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?
"Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections",Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?
dynamic testing,What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?
before the program is 100% complete,When can dynamic testing occur?
stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment,What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?
clear box testing,What is another term used for White-box testing?
by seeing the source code,What is involved with White-box testing?
"testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills",Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?
seeing the source code,What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
aware of what the software is supposed to do,What are the software testers aware of?
"equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis",What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??
Specification-based testing,What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?
specifications and requirements,What are the test cases built around?
functional,When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?
no programming knowledge is required,What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?
like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.,What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?
tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality,What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?
having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms,What does grey-box testing involve?
not required to have full access to the software's source code,What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?
Manipulating input data and formatting output,What does not qualify as grey-box testing?
intelligent test scenarios,What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?
an isolated testing environment,What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?
SQL statements,What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?
"unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing",What are the four recognized levels of testing software?
"software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test",What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?
"unit-, integration-, and system testing",What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?
the testing objective,What are the other levels classified by?
"reduce software development risks, time, and costs",What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? 
software developer or engineer,Who performs the Unit testing phase?
construction errors,What does Unit testing look to eliminate?
increase the quality of the resulting software,"By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?"
component interface testing,What is it called to check data passed between units?
message packets,What is it called when data is being passed?
keep a separate log file of data items being passed,What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?
Component interface testing,What is a variation of black-box testing?
Operational Acceptance,What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?
operational readiness of the system,What does Operational Acceptance focus on?
limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system,What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?
compatibility with other application software,What is the most common reason for software failure?
lack of backward compatibility,What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?
lack of its compatibility with other application software,What is the most common cause for software failure?
a lack of backward compatibility,What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?
test software only on the latest version of the target environment,What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?
Regression testing,Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?
stops working as intended,What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??
re-running previous sets of test-cases,What is a common method used during regression testing?
phase in the release process and the risk of the added features,What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?
typically the largest test effort in commercial software development,If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? 
Beta testing,What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?
limited audience outside of the programming,To whom is the beta testing released to?
perpetual beta,What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?
Destructive testing,What method is used to cause a system to fail?
software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs,What does Destructive testing verify?
Software fault injection,What is one example of failure testing?
Load testing,What method is used to test software under a specific load?
data or a large number of users,What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?
Volume testing,What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?
endurance testing,What is Stable testing also called?
Stress testing,What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?
Development Testing,What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?
construction phase of the software development lifecycle,When is development testing used?
construction errors,What does Development testing look to eliminate?
extreme programming and the agile software development,"Which two current movements adhere to the ""test-driven software development""?"
unit tests are written first,Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?
achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently,What is the goal of Unit testing?
"modules, procedures, and functions",What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?
the testing of higher level components,Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?
makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage,What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?
Class II,"If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?"
each class is strictly included into the next,"There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?"
Class III,"If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?"
requires the applicant to show their ability to test software,"With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?"
testing field is not ready for certification,What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?
"individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge",What four traits can a certification not measure?
Software testing,What makes up part of the SQA?
software development process,What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?
video game,What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?
metallic salts,What ingredient makes glass colorful?
organic polymer plastic,What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?
transparency,What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?
optical fibers,What type of glass products can be used for sending information?
thermal insulating material,In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?
Iron,What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?
increases the refractive index,How does barium affect glass?
radioactivity,What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?
flint glass,What is another name for lead glass?
low dispersion,What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?
soda,What causes glass to dissolve in water?
better chemical durability,Why is lime often added to glass?
70 to 74,What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?
excellent thermal shock characteristics,What is a benefit of fused quartz?
high melting-temperature,What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz?
removal of bubbles,What happens during refining?
float glass process,What method is used for making windows?
nitrogen,What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth?
alumina and calcium oxide,What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance?
Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff,Who were the inventors of the float glass process?
boron,What can be used to make glass less refractive?
1.5,What is the refraction index of typical glass?
lead oxide,What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?
crystal,What are high-index glasses erroneously called?
for their diamond-like optical properties,Why are high-index glasses valued?
silicate glasses,Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?
soda-lime glass,What kind of glass are containers made from?
silica,What is sand mostly made of?
pure silica,What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from?
silicate glasses,What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean?
internal subdivisions,"What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent?"
surface tension,What force gives glass its surface texture?
polycrystalline materials,"What, in contrast to glass, doesn't let light pass through?"
colored,What type of glass absorbs some light?
obsidian,What kind of glass exists in nature?
volcanic,Obsidian is what type of glass?
cutting tools,What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times?
mid third millennium BCE,When are the oldest beads thought to have been made?
faience,What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing?
iron(II) oxide,What can give glass a faint green tinge?
Manganese dioxide,What can prevent a green color in glass?
reducing combustion atmosphere,What other than additives can give glass a yellow color?
iron polysulfides,What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?
Color,Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass?
glesum,"What word does ""glass"" come from?"
China,Where did glasswork begin relatively late?
1730 BCE,In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia?
Trier,What city was a center of glass production for the Romans?
Germany,In what current country is Trier located?
19th-century,When did stained glass make a big comeback?
10th-century,When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship?
the Renaissance,When did big windows of stained glass become less common?
Sainte-Chapelle,What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls?
larger windows,What did technological changes allow regular homes to have?
laminated,What type of glass is used in cars?
late Middle Ages,When did eyeglasses originate?
glass,The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?
solar,What type of power systems use glass?
astronomers,What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations?
Louis Comfort Tiffany,What famous lampmaker used glass?
1960,When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?
cameo glass,What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?
early 20th-century,When did mass production of glass art begin?
Roman Empire,What early civilization made cameo glass?
lead(II) oxide,What makes glass melt at a lower temperature?
100 times,How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass?
high electrical resistance,Pb2+ causes lead glass to have what?
other metal oxides,Lead oxide makes it easier to dissolve what?
"silicon, boron, germanium",What components of glass for networks?
modifiers,What type of components change the network's shape?
intermediates,What type of component can both make and change networks?
covalent bond,What type of chemical attachment connects ions to the network?
alkali metal ions,What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?
dealkalization,How can glass be prevented from corroding?
alkali and alkaline earth ions,What types of ions does typical glass have?
sulfur or fluorine compounds,Reaction with what causes dealkalization?
loss tangent,"What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?"
sodium selenite,What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?
platinum crucibles,What containers are used for melting?
the cost factor has a low priority,Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production?
homogeneity,What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again?
to prevent breakage,Why is glass annealed?
W. Klement,"Who coined the term ""splat cooling""?"
bulk metallic glasses,What are thick alloys made in layers called?
zirconium,What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?
amorphous steel,What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?
Caltech,At what university was Klement a student?
NIST researchers,Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?
nucleation barrier,What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?
an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase,What is q-glass?
Transmission electron,What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles?
vitreous,What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?
heat treatment,What hardens glass-ceramics?
non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics,What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with?
1000 °C,How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?
countertop cooking,"Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?"
impervious to thermal shock,What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?
lithium and aluminosilicates,What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?
~70%,What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?
bull's-eyes,What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?
the center,"In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?"
float glass,Currently window glass is made as what?
for decorative effect,How was the bull's-eye used?
stability,"What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?"
glassblowers,Who used to make window panes?
crown glass process,What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?
liquid,The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?
once solidified,When does glass stop moving like a liquid?
a solid formed by rapid melt quenching,"How is ""glass"" defined in physics?"
glass-forming ability,What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?
cooling,What must happen quickly for glass to form?
rigidity theory,What predicts glass-forming ability?
first-order phase transition,"What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?"
equilibrium theory of phase transformations,What theory isn't completely valid for glass?
a second-order phase transition,Transition in glass is comparable to what?
a supercooled liquid,"Atomically, glass is similar to what?"
A supercooled liquid,What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?
a solid,"Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?"
rotational and translational,"In cooled glass, what types of movement stop?"
Public policy and political leadership,What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?
2050,Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?
144,How many countries now have renewable energy policies?
$244 billion,How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?
dramatically lower solar prices,Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?
"China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil",What  six were the top countries for investment in recent years?
EU member countries,Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?
Eurobarometer,What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?
2020,The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?
"1,360 GW","By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?"
19 percent,Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?
22 percent,Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?
Achim Steiner,Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?
2004 through 2009,Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?
UN under-secretary general,Who is Achim Steiner?
International Energy Agency,Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?
2060,Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?
half,Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?
China,Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?
2005,Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?
market expansion,What is the main driver of reduced costs?
Renewable energy technologies,What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?
2011,As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?
IEA,"What group stated that ""cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?"""
Renewable energy,What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?
the cost of renewable power falls,What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?
Renewable technologies,What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?
material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants,What is one problem with biomass?
First-generation biomass technologies,What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?
Biomass for heat and power,What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?
Hydroelectricity,What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?
Hydroelectricity,What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?
Hydroelectricity,Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?
3.1%,Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?
150,Hydropower is produced in how many countries?
China,Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?
3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour,What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?
three,How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?
1 GW,What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?
10 GW,What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?
17 percent,"In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?"
Europe,Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?
India,Where is Charanka Solar Park?
USA,Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?
"Riverside County, California",Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?
"San Luis Obispo County, California",Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?
SunPower,Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?
"35,800 MW",Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?
"42,300 MW",China has how much wind power installed?
19%,"In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?"
9%,"In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?"
6%,"In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?"
by using taller wind turbines with longer blades,How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?
300 feet to 400 feet above the ground,"How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?"
conventional fossil fuels like coal,Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?
4 cents per kilowatt-hour,Prices have fallen as low as what price?
California's Mojave Desert,Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility,What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
Spain,Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
10 percent,Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?
The Energy Policy Act of 2005,What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?
GM,Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?
Cellulosic ethanol,What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?
Crop residues,What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?
Dedicated energy crops,What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?
40,"As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?"
Enhanced Geothermal Systems,What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?
Demonstration EGS projects,"What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?"
2008,The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?
technological advancements,What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?
$1.00/W installed cost,What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?
"because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants",Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?
because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption,Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?
Benjamin K. Sovacool,Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?
the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices,Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?
Lester Brown,Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?
Tax and subsidy shifting,What can help over come the problems with the market?
Tax shifting,What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?
environmental tax reform,Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?
to create a more responsive market,What is the purpose of tax shifting?
subsidy shifting,"Besides tax shifting, what is another need?"
the Internet,What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?
federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California,What helped create the modern wind power industry?
renewable energy,"As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?"
Renewable energy commercialization,What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?
wind power,Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.
International Solar Energy Society,What group advocates leveling the playing field?
by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D,How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?
development of climate-benign energy sources,What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?
Germany,What country is reducing its coal subsidy?
United States,What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?
coal,Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?
renewable energy policy,Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?
12 per cent of the total EU energy mix,The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?
Australia,Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?
Public policy,What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?
Energy regulators,Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?
Since policies are not self-implementing,Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?
liberalized electricity markets,What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?
RES Directive,What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?
Green-e program,"In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?"
Stern Review,What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?
2006,In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?
climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices,What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?
"New government spending, regulation, and policies",What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?
commercialization of clean energy,What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?
Solyndra,Which company became invovled in a political controversy?
Solyndra,What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
renewable energy,What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?
Renewables,What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?
renewable energy technologies,"As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?"
Ban Ki-moon,Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?
renewable energy,Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?
Kandeh Yumkella,Who is chair of UN Energy?
Charles Holliday,Who is chairman of Bank of America?
58 percent,"In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?"
18.1 percent,Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?
$140.4 billion,How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?
2030,Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?
2015,In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?
global warming,What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?
at least 30 nations,How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?
Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow,Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?
Mark Z. Jacobson,Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?
social and political,What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?
Mark Z. Jacobson,"Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?"
2030,"Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?"
can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand,Why is renewable energy an attractive option?
United States,In what country is the National Research Council located?
to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation,Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?
"history, culture, architecture and gastronomy",For what is Palermo known?
"2,700 years old",How old is the city of Palermo?
Sicily,On what island is Palermo located?
734 BC,In what year was Palermo founded?
Ziz,What name was Palermo originally founded as?
the Phoenicians,What group of people founded Palermo?
Panormus,What did the Greeks name Palermo?
831 to 1072,During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?
"Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque",What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?
Palermo,Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?
"tourism, services, commerce and agriculture",What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?
mountains,What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
mountains,What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,","Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as ""The most beautiful promontory in the world?"""
La Pizzuta,Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?
geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain,Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?
the streets that were built on them follow their shapes,How can former rivers be recognised presently?
Oreto river,What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?
Papireto river and the Kemonia,Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?
"""Ziz.""",What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?
Motya and Soluntum,"Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians"
remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area,Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?
Corso Calatifimi,What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?
"in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis",Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?
prevent attacks from foreign threats,What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?
Cassaro,Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?
Sicilian Wars,In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?
Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War,Why did the Sicilian Wars end?
Pyrrhus of Epirus,Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?
"meaning ""all port"" due to the shape of its coast.",Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?
occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455,How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?
Ostrogoths,Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?
Theodoric supported Roman culture and government,How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?
Byzantine Empire,What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?
120 years,How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?
agricultural crops,What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?
reduced into near slavery,How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?
Robert Guiscard,Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?
Hautevilles,What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?
Palazzo dei Normanni,Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily?
one of the wealthiest states in Europe,How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes?
1194,What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
emigrated or were expelled,What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?
"51,000",What was Palermos population in 1330?
1720 and 1734,During what years did Austria rule Palermo?
Treaty of Utrecht (1713),After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?
his coronation,For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?
Naples,Where did the Royal Court reside?
Naples,Where did the capital city move in 1817?
Charles III,Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?
Giuseppe La Masa,Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?
Ruggero Settimo,Who was the first president of Palermo?
The Bourbons,Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?
Kingdom of Italy,Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?
"anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo",Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?
"Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio","Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?"
Art Nouveau,In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?
Teatro Massimo,Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?
speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings,"To what does the term ""Sack of Palermo"" refer?"
reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities,Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?
"t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city",What did Palermo expansion lack?
hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).,What is Palermo's climate classification?
one of the warmest cities in Europe,How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?
eleven,How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?
"2,530 hours",How much sun does Palermo see each year?
ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis,Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?
Via Vittorio Emanuele,What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?
Via Roma,On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?
to protect the port at La Cala,What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?
A huge chain,What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?
medieval,During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?
"solar ""observatory""",What is a heliometer?
la Meridiana,What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?
precisely N/S,Which direction does la Meridiana run?
the sun,What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?
1.2 million,How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?
52.6%,What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?
40.4,What is the average age of a Palermo resident?
population flight to the suburbs,Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?
"tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture",On what does Palermo's economy rely?
the Sicilian Mafia,Palermo is the home of what mafia?
gone down dramatically,Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?
"high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire",What negative qualities does Palermo carry?
The port of Palermo,Which port is Sicily's primary port?
2 million,How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?
2 million,How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?
sailing yachts and catamarans,"For what is the ""tourist marina"" dedicated?"
"Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis",What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?
Santa Rosalia,Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?
14 July,When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?
Santa Rosalia,Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?
procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia,What is The Festino?
Zn,What is the symbol for Zinc?
30,What is the atomic number for Zinc?
magnesium,What is zinc chemically close to?
+2,What is the oxidation state for zinc?
five,How many stable isotopes does zinc have?
Zn,What is the symbol for zinc?
30,What is zinc's atomic number?
magnesium,What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?
sphalerite,What is the most common zinc ore?
electricity,What is used to extract zinc during the production process?
copper and zinc,What two metals are mixed to create Brass?
10th,When was brass first used?
India,Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?
end of the 16th century,When was zinc introduced to Europe?
Zawar,Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?
copper and zinc,Brass is an alloy of what two elements?
Judea,The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?
Rajasthan,We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?
distillation process,What early process was used to make zinc?
"""philosopher's wool"" or ""white snow""",What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?
Paracelsus,Who named the element zinc?
Zinke,What was zinc named after?
Andreas Sigismund Marggraf,Who is credited with discovering zinc?
Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta,What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?
deodorants,Where can you find zinc chloride?
Paracelsus,Who is credited as giving zinc its name?
"(prong, tooth)",What does the name zinc or zinke mean?
Andreas Sigismund Marggraf,Who discovered pure metallic zinc?
(hot-dip galvanizing,What is the most common use for zinc?
deodorants,What is a common use for zinc chloride?
two billion,How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?
"ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency",What can consumption of excess zinc cause?
"biochemistry,",Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?
"growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea",What can a lack of zinc cause in children?
Zinc,What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?
Zinc deficiency,What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?
alcohol dehydrogenase,In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?
excess zinc,What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?
bluish-white,What color is zinc?
It is somewhat less dense than iron,Is iron more dense than zinc?
100 and 150 °C,At what temperature does the metal become malleable?
210 °C,At what temperature to zinc become brittle?
907 °C,What is the boiling point of zinc?
bluish-white,"In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?"
hexagonal,What is the crystalline structure of sync?
becomes malleable,What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?
210 °C,At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?
Several dozen,How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?
243.66,What is the longest half life of the isotopes?
metastable isotope,What does the superscript m represent?
three,How many excited states does 61Zn have? 
two,How many excited states does 73Zn have?
65Zn,What is the most long lived radio isotope?
46.5 hours,What is the half life of 72Zn?
10,How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?
metastable isotope,"What does the superscript ""m"" indicate?"
emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray,What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?
+2,What oxidation state dominates zinc?
The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C,What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?
+1 or +2,what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?
+2,What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?
+1 or +2,What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?
diamagnetic and mostly colorless.,"Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?"
zinc and magnesium,The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?
ionic radius,What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?
N- and S-,Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?
bulky ligands,What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?
[Zn2]2+,What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?
diamagnetic nature of the ion,What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?
yellow glass,"When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?"
noble gases,What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?
strong basic and acidic solutions,ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?
electronics and optics.,What applications do chalcogenides have?
zincates,Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?
The Charaka Samhita,Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?
Mauryan period,Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?
smelting of metallic zinc,What process occurred around the 12th century?
"13th century AD,",When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?
metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes,What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?
Paracelsus,Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?
"imply ""tin-like""",Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?
metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance,Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?
"Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.",What are some of the other terms for zinc?
"William Champion's brother, John,",Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?
calamine,"Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?"
Johann Christian Ruberg,Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?
animal electricity,What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?
"electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.",The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?
extractive metallurgy.,What is used to produce the metal zinc?
get an ore concentrate,What is froth flotation used for?
grinding the ore,What is the first step in zinc metal production?
50%,What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?
The production for sulfidic zinc ores,Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?
heavy metals,Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?
mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium,Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?
20 to 1,What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?
iron or steel,What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?
protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate,What forms as zinc corrodes?
electrochemically or as molten zinc,How is zinc applied?
Galvanization,"What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?"
relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation,What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?
cathodic protection,Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?
protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion,What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?
"will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked",Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?
lead/tin alloy,What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?
machine bearings,"Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?"
one cent coins,Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?
thin layer of copper,What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?
spin casting,"Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?"
Zamak,"Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?"
small and intricate shapes,What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?
Prestal,What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?
die casts made of ceramics and cement.,What is used to mold Prestal?
cold-rolled into sheets,What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?
stamping dies,What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?
too expensive,Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?
too brittle,Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?
zinc compounds,In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?
Zinc oxide,What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?
Zinc oxide,What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?
semiconductor,Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?
thermochemical,What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?
Zinc chloride,What is added to wood in order to preserve it?
luminescent pigments,What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?
mid-infrared,What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?
antifouling paints.,Where is zinc pyrithion used?
64Zn,What is the most abundant zinc isotope?
intense gamma radiation,What does 65Zn produce?
anti-corrosion agent,Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?
65Zn,What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?
vitamin and mineral supplements,What consumable product is zinc included in?
antioxidant,What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?
speed up the healing,What is the benefit of zinc after injury?
prostate,What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?
chemotherapeutic,What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?
prostate cancer,What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?
prostate.,Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?
"physical properties, synthesis and reactions.",What does organozinc chemisty describe?
The Barbier reaction,What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?
presence of just about any water,When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?
Commercially available diorganozinc compounds,"What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?"
structural,"What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?"
"transcription factors,","What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?"
four,How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?
DNA helix,What does the transcription factor wrap around?
zinc oxide,What is the most common supplement in the US?
nearly insoluble,Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?
20 mg/day,What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?
40 mg/day,What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?
cereals,Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?
maize tortillas,In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?
zinc picolinate,What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?
zinc glycinate,What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?
mild zinc deficiency,Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?
depresses immunity,What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?
twice as much food,What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?
plant sources,What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?
phytates,What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?
"seeds and cereal bran,",Where is zinc chelator phytate found?
"diet is high in phytates,",What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?
zinc,What are two billion people in the world deficient in?
deficient in zinc,"800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?"
zinc supplementation,What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?
zinc interacts with other micronutrients.,Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?
high-pH soils,In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?
disease.,Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?
toxic,Excess zinc has what effect on plants?
weathering of rocks,How is zinc primarily added to soil?
copper,What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?
urinary,What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?
ability of plants to absorb other essential metals,Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?
"zinc shakes or ""zinc chills""",What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?
denture cream,People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?
nerve receptors,What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?
polio infections,Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?
zinc-based intranasal cold products,What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?
antimicrobial zinc pyrithione,What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?
pennies,"What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?"
zinc toxicosis,What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?
ataxia,Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?
ingestion of zinc coins,Why have people reported zinc intoxication?
Pennies,What are dogs known to ingest?
zinc toxicity,What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?
parrots,In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?
juices stored in galvanized cans,What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?
Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux,Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
eternality,What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
sublime,What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
architectural character,What concept did Ledoux address?
building should immediately communicate its function,"As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?"
18th century,What century were most four influential books published?
Colen Campbell,Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?
18th-century,In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?
1727,"When was ""The Designs of Inigo Jones"" book published?"
"Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington","Who was the ""architect earl""?"
1729,When was Chiswick House designed?
Palladio's Villa Capra,What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?
Holkham Hall,"What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?"
Ancient Greece,What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
Sir William Hamilton,What englishman excavated pompeii?
Rome,In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
Sweden and Russia.,What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
Napoleonic Empire,When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?
Louis XVI style,What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
"""Directoire"" or Empire",What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?
The Rococo style,"Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?"
Pompeii and Herculaneum.,What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).,What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?
"pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts",What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?
basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in,What were William Kent's interior designs based from?
authentically Roman,What were interiors seeking to recreate?
"""Pompeiian red"" or pale tints, or stone colours",What colors were utilized for interiors?
Marie Antoinette,Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?
"flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones",What types of techniques were used to style motifs?
Parisian,What were styles in France initially?
Robert and James Adam,Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?
Italy and Dalmatia,Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?
The Works in Architecture,What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?
rococo and baroque styles,During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?
lighter and more elegant feel,This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?
Greek architectural,From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?
Greek Revival,What was this new phase of neoclassicism?
18th century,Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?
James Stuart and Nicholas Revett,Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?
garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59),What was the first Greek building in England?
William Wilkins,Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?
Burns Monument at Alloway,What monument was created in 1818?
1824–29,When was the General Post Office built?
1823–48,In what year was the British Museum built?
1832–38,When was the National Gallery constructed?
more grandiose,How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?
Napoleon I,What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?
Regency,What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?
Federal style,"In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?"
Late Baroque architecture,What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?
"planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes",What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?
isolated rather than interpenetrating,"In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?"
international movement,How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?
ancient Romans,What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?
grid system,What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?
very logical and orderly,What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?
Ancient Greco-Roman ideal,What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?
Palmyra and Baalbec,What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?
James 'Athenian' Stuart,Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?
Adam Brothers,What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?
Albert Richardson,What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?
interwar period,In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?
New Delhi,Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?
Gothic Revival,What new design was trending after neoclassical?
Louis XVI style,What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
"Directoire and ""Empire""",France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?
Robert Adam,What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?
Sir John Soane,Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?
Marie Antoinette,Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?
Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80,What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?
Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French,How concerned was France with Greek architecture?
Laboustre,Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?
second Empire,In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?
Vác,In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?
Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval,What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?
Charles Moreau,Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?
József Hild,Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?
late 18th century,When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?
Hospitaller,What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?
1832,When was RNH Bighi built?
1844,In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? 
New Classical Architecture,In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?
Traditional Architecture,What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?
"Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism",What is another name for New Classical Architecture?
The Driehaus Architecture Prize,What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?
roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s,When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?
New Urbanism,What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?
ironic,Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?
Thomas Gordon Smith,What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?
Prince Charles,Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?
Qatari Royal family,What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?
Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College,What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?
ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library,What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?
a number of architects are active in the neoclassical,Is neoclassical design current in Britain?
last,Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?
early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.),When did stations previously sign off the air?
infomercials,What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed?
"local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library",What does CBC use unallotted airtime for?
Ici Radio-Canada Télé,Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule?
1998,In what year did the network end American programming?
"a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats",What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?
Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border,Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?
Rogers Communications,Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?
a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers,Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?
on CBC-owned stations,Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?
analysis and documentary segment,What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?
The National,Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?
October 2006,When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?
during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada,"During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?"
from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.,What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?
weekend evenings,When do most other stations view their local newscasts?
weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon,When does CBC News Now air?
1952,What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?
various recent and classic movies,What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?
Saturday,On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey?
Movie Night in Canada,What did CBC call it's movie showings during the NHL Lockout?
Curling,CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?
Cottage Life Television,What is CBC Country Canada now called?
TSN,Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?
"June 15, 2006",On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?
The One,Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?
to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer,Why did CBC move The National in some areas?
to attract a younger audience to the network,For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?
2005,What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?
"the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008",When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?
Torchwood,Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?
"Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me",Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?
Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT),What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?
over-the-air,Where is CBC available for free?
a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner,What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?
Toronto's CBLT,What station does not identify itself by its call letters?
CBC itself,Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?
"""CB""",What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?
"""T""",What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations?
CBC North,"Which stations break convention and begin with ""CF"" instead of ""CB""?"
stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules,What are private affiliates?
40,"Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?"
10 p.m,Which broadcast do affiliates generally carry?
CHBC-TV in Kelowna,Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?
CFJC-TV in Kamloops,Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?
CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat,"What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?"
Jim Pattison Group,"CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?"
"August 31, 2011",What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?
it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates,"What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?"
five,"In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?"
Bell Media,Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?
September 2010,When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?
South-Western Ontario,Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?
"Ashtabula, Ohio",Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?
more complete and consistent,Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?
more,Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?
tape delaying events to air in primetime,Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?
"August 31, 2011",What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?
only about half,How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?
"London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)",Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?
"August 31, 2012",When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?
"Barrie, Ontario","At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?"
both,"Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?"
"113,930 people","How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?"
"303,465",How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?
only some northeastern parts,In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?
27,How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?
"July 31, 2012",When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?
$10 million,How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?
15,How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?
financial reasons,For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?
27,How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?
"On December 16, 2010",On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?
"August 31, 2011",On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?
reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets,Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?
62.5%,What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?
rejected,Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected?
"if the CRTC were to ""allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today",What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue?
"August 18, 2011",On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?
2 to 51,Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?
52 to 69,Which of CBC's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power?
"July 17, 2012",On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?
"July 31, 2012",On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?
620,"How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31, 2012?"
les Appalaches,What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?
a system of mountains in eastern North America,What are the Appalachian mountains?
roughly 480 million years ago,When did the Appalachian mountains form?
Ordovician Period,In what era did the mountains form?
thirteen provinces,How many provinces are in the mountain range?
the Atlantic Coast Uplands,What is one of the provinces?
the Adirondack provinces,Which province is often left out?
the Adirondack Mountains,What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?
Canada,What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?
100 to 300 mi,How large is the zone in Canada?
Newfoundland,Where does it start in Canada?
Central Alabama,Where does it end in the US? 
Saint Pierre and Miquelon,What island is included in the range?
several different regions associated with the mountain range,What does the term Appalachian refer to?
"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina",What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?
northern coast of Florida,What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?
1528,When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?
Apalchen,What did they transcribe Florida's name as? 
as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north,What was the name eventually used for?
dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains,What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians? 
Catskill Mountains,What mountains does that region include?
Cumberland Plateau,What is the plateau known as in West Virginia?
divides the mountain system into two unequal portions,What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?
"has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights",What is common among all the mountains in the range?
None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.,What is the climate like on the summits?
"3,000 ft",How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland?
"vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft",How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia?
"exceed 4,000 ft",How tall are the mountains in Maine?
"many summits rise above 5,000 ft",How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?
over sixty summits,"How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft? "
"over 3,000 ft",How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob?
"3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft",How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain?
"3,007 feet",How tall is the Pinnacle?
more than 150 peaks,"How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?"
southern Pennsylvania,Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin?
"2,000 ft",What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains?
"2,145 ft",How tall is Quirauk Mountain?
"2,000 ft",How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?
Mount Rogers,What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia?
on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin,Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?
the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains,What happened after the French and Indian War?
it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians,What was the general opinion of the law?
the American Revolutionary War,What did the law likely lead to?
their settlement of Kentucky,What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?
between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers,Where did a lot of Germans settle? 
Pennsylvania German language,What dialect was created because of this?
all of the Shenandoah Valley,Where did these Germans eventually occupy?
wild turkey,What is one typical bird found in the range?
five species,How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?
gray squirrel,What is the most commonly seen species?
larger fox squirrel,What does the squirrel share its habitat with?
red squirrel,What is found more in the northern portions?
Appalachian northern flying squirrel,Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?
oak,What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?
The American chestnut,What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?
sapling-sized sprouts,What does the tree live on?
oaks,What trees replaced chestnut trees?
"black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks",What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?
hickories,What other tree is common there?
chestnut oak,What trees are located in drier portions?
energy,What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?
joules,"In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?"
the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton,"Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?"
kinetic energy of a moving object,Common energy forms include what?
destroyed,"In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?"
Newtonian physics,"What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?"
by adding up all forms of energy in the system,How can the total energy of a system be calculated?
available energy,The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?
heat,What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?
second law of thermodynamics,What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?
generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine,Give one example of energy transformation.
Sun,What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?
lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor,What is another example of energy transformation?
kinetic energy,What is determined by an object's movement through space?
thermal energy,What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?
potential energy,What is a function of the position of an object within a field?
Elastic energy in materials,What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?
from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons,Where is chemical energy stored and released?
kinetic,Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?
vis viva,What is a term for living force?
vis viva,What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?
Gottfried Leibniz,Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?
late 17th century,In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?
Isaac Newton,Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?
Thomas Young,"Who was possibly the first to use the term ""energy"" instead of vis viva?"
1807,"When did Thomas Young use the term ""energy"" instead of vis viva?"
William Rankine,"Who coined the term ""potential energy?"""
James Prescott Joule,Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?
19th century,When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?
William Thomson,Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?
Thermodynamics,"What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?"
Jožef Stefan,Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?
Noether's theorem,What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?
Lagrangian,What is another energy-related concept?
Joseph-Louis Lagrange,Who is the Lagrangian named after?
Lagrangian,What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?
Lagrange formalism,Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?
1918,When was Noether's theorem created?
Noether's theorem,What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?
Noether's theorem,What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?
energy,"In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?"
Chemical reactions,What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?
e−E/kT,What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?
Boltzmann's,Who created the population factor e-E/kT?
Arrhenius equation,What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?
energy,"In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?"
Energy,"What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?"
Human energy conversion,What does H-e stand for?
746 watts,How many watts is in one official horsepower?
Sunlight,What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?
oxygen,What do plants release during photosynthesis?
Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis,What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?
carbon dioxide and water,What are two low-energy compounds?
an external source of energy,What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?
1500–2000,How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?
mitochondria,Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?
The second law of thermodynamics,What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?
living organisms,What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?
ecological niches,"Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?"
Sunlight,"This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events."
after it strikes the Earth,When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?
hurricane,What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?
hurricane,"What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?"
Earthquakes,What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?
heat,What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?
thermal energy,What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?
elastic strain,What is mechanical potential energy?
stellar phenomena,What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?
nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun,What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?
Big Bang,What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?
fusion,Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?
energy,"In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?"
The Schrödinger equation,What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?
The Schrödinger equation,What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?
electron–positron annihilation,What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?
pair creation,What is the inverse process called?
pair creation,What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?
Carnot's theorem,What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?
what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind,What is the direction of transformations in energy?
direction of transformations in energy,What is often determined by entropy considerations?
because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces,Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?
uranium,Name an example of a heavy isotope?
thorium,Name another example of a heavy isotope.
nucleosynthesis,What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?
chemical potential energy,"In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?"
when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum,When does energy give rise to weight?
certain amount of energy,Mass is also equivalent to what?
Albert Einstein,Who created the formula E = mc2?
1905,In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?
E = mc²,What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?
energy,Matter may be converted to what?
Matter,Energy may be converted to what?
mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule,Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?
high-energy nuclear physics,Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?
reversible processes and irreversible processes,Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?
Thermodynamics,What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?
dissipation,A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.
irreversible states,"As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?"
inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe,What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?
energy of the universe,"In this heat death of energy, what does not change?"
conservation of energy,"According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?"
"total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system",The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?
energy,What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?
Noether's theorem,What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?
energy,What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?
the uncertainty principle,This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?
uncertainty principle,What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?
Virtual photons,What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?
Virtual photons,What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?
electrostatic interaction between electric charges,What results in Coulomb law?
Energy transfer,What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?
heat,The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?
transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons,Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?
first law of thermodynamics,What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.
energy,The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?
"for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes",What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?
entropy,What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?
measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system,What is entropy?
second law of thermodynamics,What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?
Teutonic Knights,Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?
Poles and Lithuanians,What other groups during this period for form minorities?
Christianity,The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?
Germans,Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?
17th or early 18th century,Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire,Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?
1701,In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?
Prussia,What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?
1871,What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?
Versailles,What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?
1945,What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?
"300,000",How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?
Teutonic Knights,Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?
Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms,Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?
several wars,What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?
1466,What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?
Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach,Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?
1525,In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?
first duke of the Duchy of Prussia,What did Albert establish himself as?
1618,In what year did Maximilian III die?
Albert's line died out,What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?
Frederick William,Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?
Holy Roman Empire,Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?
Teutonic Order,What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?
Frederick III,Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?
"Altpreußen (""Old Prussia"")",What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?
the plague and famine,What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?
speakers of Old Prussian,What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?
Russian troops,What military overran much of East Prussia?
1772,In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?
31 January 1773,In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? 
The Polish Partition Sejm,What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?
Battle of Jena-Auerstedt,What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?
Königsberg,What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?
1807,What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?
Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg,Who instigated the Prussian reforms?
emancipation of the serfs and Jews,What was included in the reform?
1824,In what year was East and West Prussia first united?
1878,When did East and West Prussia split again?
"1,996,626 people",Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?
Protestants,Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?
"Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians",Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?
Russian Empire,Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?
German Army had been directed towards the Western Front,Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?
1914,In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?
1918,In what year did Germany become a republic?
Treaty of Versailles,What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?
The Seedienst Ostpreußen,What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?
Erich Koch,Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?
mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province,What large plans did Koch have?
attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats,What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?
Gustav Sauf,Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?
publicly funded emergency relief programs,How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?
Erich Koch Plan,What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?
that unemployment had been banished entirely,What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?
1938,In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?
"1,500",Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?
sent to concentration camps,What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?
2.49 million,How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?
85%,"Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?"
"3,000",How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?
deported and killed in the Holocaust.,What happened to those Jews who remained?
1939,In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?
Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein,What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?
reunification with Germany,Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?
Poland and the Soviet Union,What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?
Kaliningrad,What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?
evacuated during the war,What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?
"800,000",How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?
45 camps,Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?
"48,000",How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?
Wolf children,What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?
1945,In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?
Germanized Poles,How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?
18.5%,How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?
1946,What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?
Mikhail Kalinin,In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? 
"42,094",Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?
expelled by the Soviet Union,What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
fascists,What did the Russians consider Curonians?
West Germany,Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
"ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians","Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?"
eliminating all remnants of German history,"In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?"
names were replaced by new Russian names,What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?
reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg,What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?
Kaliningrad,What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?
violent and aggressive,How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?
"schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails",What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?
Provinzialverband,What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?
elected by the citizens of the provinces,What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?
"Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey",The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?
1299,When was the Ottoman empire founded?
Oghuz Turks,Who founded the Ottoman empire?
northwestern Anatolia,Where was the Ottoman empire founded?
Murad I,Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?
Suleiman the Magnificent,Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?
16th and 17th centuries,During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?
32 provinces,How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?
vassal states,Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?
"North Africa, and the Horn of Africa",What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?
Constantinople,What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?
lands around the Mediterranean basin,What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?
into the late nineteenth century,When did the Ottoman empire decline?
Germany,What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?
military setbacks against European powers,What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
Ottoman,An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?
House of Osman,What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?
House of Osman,What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? 
Arabic,What is the origin of Osman's name?
The Supreme State of the Ottomans,In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?
Ertuğrul,Who was the father of Osman I?
400 horsemen,How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?
14th century,When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?
Ghazi emirates,What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?
Byzantine Empire,To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?
Bursa,Which city did Osman's son capture?
1324,In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?
Orhan,What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?
Thessaloniki,What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?
1389,In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?
conquest of Constantinople,What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?
Byzantine,What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?
Timur,What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?
Timurid Empire,Timur was the founder of what?
Battle of Ankara,What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?
Murad II,Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?
Hungary,Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?
Battle of Varna,What battle took place on 10 November 1444?
Second Battle of Kosovo,In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?
10 November 1444,On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?
Mehmed the Conqueror,Who was the son of Murad II?
Constantinople,What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?
its autonomy and land,What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?
Venetian rule,The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?
Albanian resistance,What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??
1520–1566,During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?
1521,In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?
Battle of Mohács,Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?
Hungary,After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?
the Siege of Güns,In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?
Habsburg rule,France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?
Corsica,Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?
Francis I,The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis,What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?
Ferdinand,What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?
Stephen Lee,Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?
1566,In what year did Suleiman die?
1699,"By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely ""a shadow"" of what it was in 1566?"
1566 to 1703,Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?
war,What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?
Sultans,Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?
military technology,Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? 
religious and intellectual,What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?
Battle of Vienna,What battle took place in 1683?
Europe,The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?
new maritime trade routes,Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?
the Cape of Good Hope,What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?
the Indian Ocean,Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?
The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire,Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?
the Portuguese,New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?
Philip II,Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?
Battle of Lepanto,What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?
Siege of Malta,What siege occurred in 1565?
1573,In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?
North Africa,"After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?"
The Long War,What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?
1593–1606,During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?
Sekban,What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?
30 million people,What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?
Treaty of Nasuh Pasha,A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?
Murad IV,Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?
the Safavids,Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?
1651,When was Kösem murdered?
1656–1703,What years define the Köprülü Era?
Crete,What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669?
Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha,Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?
the Great Turkish War,What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?
Jan III Sobieski,Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?
the Holy League,What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?
Treaty of Karlowitz,What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?
Little Walachia,Oltenia is also known as what?
1716–1718,The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?
Treaty of Passarowitz,The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?
Austro-Russian–Turkish War,The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?
port of Azov,What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?
Istanbul Technical University,What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?
an artillery school,What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?
Ibrahim Muteferrika,In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press?
Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha,Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?
1729,In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?
Ukrainian Haidamaks,Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?
Bessarabia,Near what region was Balta bording?
1768–1774,During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca,The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?
freedom to worship,The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?
1804–1815,During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?
Suzerainty of Serbia,What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?
the Greeks,"There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?"
1829,Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?
"the ""sick man""",What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?
571,How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?
"140,000",How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?
528,Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?
654,There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?
consuls and citizenship,Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?
1853–1856,During what years did the Crimean War take place?
4 August 1854,On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?
Crimean Tatars,"Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?"
Circassians,Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?
Turkey,Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?
Eugene Rogan,What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? 
1875,In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?
Ottoman Public Debt Administration,What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?
European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.,Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?
the detriment of local Ottoman interests,European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?
Ottoman bashi-bazouks,Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?
Russo-Turkish War,What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?
The Russo-Turkish War,Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?
Romania,What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?
Anatolia and Eastern Thrace,Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?
1912–13,When did the Balkan Wars take place?
East Thrace (European Turkey),What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?
"400,000",How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?
Justin McCarthy,Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?
Second Constitutional Era,What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?
the Young Turk Revolution,What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?
the Ottoman constitution,The restoration of what happened in 1876?
"Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”",What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?
Bosnia and Herzegovina,What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?
Middle Eastern theatre,Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?
Ottoman victories,The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?
1916,The Arab Revolt began in what year?
30 October 1918,What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?
1919–22,When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?
In 1915,When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?
ethnic Armenian,What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?
1.5 million,How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?
the Syrian desert,Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?
Greek and Assyrian minorities,"Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?"
Sultan was the highest position,What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?
local administrative units based on the region's characteristics,On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? 
the state,Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?
to defend and extend the land of the Muslims,What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?
orthodox Islamic practice,What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?
House of Osman,What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?
House of Habsburg,What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?
Turkish,From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?
eleven occasions,How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?
1918–1922,When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?
The highest position,The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?
"pâdişâh or ""lord of kings""",The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?
one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court,What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?
"eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor",What was the purpose of the palace educational system?
Enderûn,What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?
the supreme monarch,The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?
Divan,What was the council that handled state politics named?
elders of the tribe,What type of people were initially in the Divan?
military officers and local elites,"At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?"
1320,A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?
Qanun (or Kanun),What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?
Sharia,What was religious law known as?
central and local authority,What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?
three court systems,How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?
Turkic Yassa and Töre,What were the laws of the court system based upon?
Islamic courts,What were the primary courts of the empire?
the Qur'an; the Hadīth,From what works was Sharia developed?
the prophet Muhammad,Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?
in Istanbul and Bursa.,Where were the empire's law schools?
Jews and Christians,What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?
Qadi,Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?
"closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation",At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?
an appellate structure,What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?
local customs and traditions,What did Qadis focus on in some areas?
judge,What is another word for Qadi?
French models,Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?
three,How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?
Nizamiye,What was the new Ottoman court system known as?
the Mecelle,What code regulated marriage?
13th century,In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?
the hills of western Anatolia,From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?
"Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân","There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?"
muskets and cannons,The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?
Siege of Constantinople,In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?
European continent,On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?
North Africa,What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?
1517,Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?
1821,In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?
Algeria,The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?
Sultan Abdülhamid II,Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
Midhat Pasha,Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
the Golden Horn,Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?
1908,When was the Young Turk Revolution?
the Committee of Union and Progress,What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?
June 1909,What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?
Yeşilköy,Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?
3 July 1912,On what date was the Aviation School founded?
the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started,What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?
the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi),What new military academy was formed in June 1914?
commercial and industrial centres,The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?
Bayezid,Who was Mehmed's successor?
the Jews from different parts of Europe,Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul?
their Christian counterparts,What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe?
the conclusion of Reconquista,Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded?
consolidation and extension of the ruler's power,The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?
the Middle East,In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?
making the productive classes prosperous,What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system?
to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects,What was the final goal of the state economic system?
the emergence of social disorder,What did the state economic system hope to avoid?
the treasury and chancery,Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?
men of the pen,What were the scribes of the chancery known as?
ulama,Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?
a professional body,What did the scribal bureaucracy become?
the 17th century,The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?
its geopolitical structure,What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire?
Spanish and Portuguese,The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient?
Marco Polo,Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled?
1498,When were direct trade links established with India?
1492,When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas?
change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe,What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?
the Ottoman Empire itself,The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?
The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty,What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?
opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors,What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?
East,In what direction did land routes lose their importance?
commercial centres and routes,The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?
interests of the state,What dominated all economic and political interests?
capitalist and mercantile economies,What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?
developing commercial centres and routes,The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?
the clustering of populations,The rise of ports caused what in populations?
The rise of port cities,Steamships and railroads rose with what else?
1700,In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?
Improvements in health and sanitation,What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?
"55,000",What was the population of Salonica in 1800?
the Crimean and Balkan regions,The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire?
Crimean Tartars,"Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja?"
3.8 million,How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913?
Muhacir,What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called?
1922,In what year did the Ottoman Empire end?
Ottoman Turkish,What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire?
Persian and Arabic,What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire?
Turkish,What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia?
Arabic,Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq?
Arabic,What language was used for religious uses in the Empire?
about 2–3%,What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?
15%,At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?
people had to hire scribes,What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government?
"""special request-writers"" (arzuhâlcis)",What were hired scribes known as?
Turkish,What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish?
the second half of the 15th century,The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?
a Muslim minority,What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?
the non-Muslim population,What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?
60%,Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?
19.1%,In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?
heretical,The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what?
the Grim,What was Sultan Selim I's nickname?
1514,"In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics?"
Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash),What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter?
Mamluk Sultanate,Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt?
the millet system,What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?
Justinian's Code,What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?
zimmi,What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?
higher taxes,Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?
The Orthodox millet,What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?
Sultanate of Rum,The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?
Persianate empire,What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?
"some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures",When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?
Persianised,The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?
Divan poetry,What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized?
Persian poetry,What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?
a strict metrical framework,What type of framework was Divan poetry based on?
mesnevî,What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as?
"gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes.",What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry?
the 19th century,Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?
"the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose",What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?
"between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme",What did the rules of sec require?
Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi,Who wrote Muhayyelât?
1796,When was Muhayyelât written?
French literature,What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature?
the latter half of the 19th century,During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?
the influence of Romanticism,During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen?
the Symbolist and Parnassian movements,The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements?
Naturalist,"Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third?"
"İntibâh (""Awakening"")",What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?
"the one-act comedy ""Şair Evlenmesi"" (""The Poet's Marriage"").",What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860?
Ahmed Midhat Efendi,Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr?
Henüz On Yedi Yaşında,What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?
contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures,What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?
traditional Byzantine art,Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?
fountains and schools,"The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?"
the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire,Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?
"Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania","Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?"
muraqqa,Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?
taswir,What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?
hat,Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?
the Sultan or the administrators of the court,Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?
Topkapi Palace,What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?
carpet weaving,Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?
it was customary to remove one's shoes,What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?
the nomadic cultures of central Asia,Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?
Anatolia,Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?
walls and doorways,Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?
Ottoman classical music,The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important?
musicians and composers,Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what?
Selim III,The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today?
units called usul,What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use?
makam,What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music?
"the saz, the bağlama, the kemence",What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?
"the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney",Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?
the violin and the piano,"In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?"
"classical music, and folk music","There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?"
"Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music",What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?
"the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities",The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where?
the Imperial Palace's kitchens,In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected?
Ramadan,What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace?
the population,Preparing food at the Yalıs of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom?
create and experiment,What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?
a shared Ottoman cuisine,Turkish cuisine originates from what source?
former Ottoman territories,The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?
"Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine","Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?"
Ottoman cuisine,Turkish coffee is descended from what?
Ottoman cuisine,Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?
15th Century,In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?
Sultan Mehmet II,Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?
Georgios Amiroutzes,Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?
two or three years,How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?
originally from Samarkand,Where was Ali Qushji from?
19th century,When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?
Constantinople,Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?
Galatasaray Sports Club,What was the leading sport club in 1905?
1914,In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?
Turkish Fatherland Football Club,What was the football club known as Ülküspor formerly known as?
Philosophy of space and time,Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
early analytic philosophy,The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
the mind,The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
unidirectional,The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? 
Ptahhotep,Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
late 2nd millennium BC,When do the Vedas date back to?
Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy,Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
ancient Hindu cosmology,What do the Vedas describe?
"4,320,000 years",How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
St. Augustine,Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?
the difficulty,"What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?"
Augustine,Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? 
the knowledge of the movement of things,What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
where there are no creatures to measure its passing,Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
al-Haytham,Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? 
Book of Optics,Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
Aristotle's,Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
"Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things",Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
next to nothing,"Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?"
1781,When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
Critique of Pure Reason,What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
a priori notion,What did Kant describe time as?
space,What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
sense experience,What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
the absolutist position,What did Leibniz argue against?
the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles,Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?
fact,Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?
identity of indiscernibles,"What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?"
two,Leibniz's example involves how many universes?
absolute space,Where are Leibniz's universes situated?
five feet,How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
absolute space exists,What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
the bucket argument,What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?
flat,"According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?"
the water will become concave,"As the buck spins, what happens to the water?"
continue to spin,"If the buck stops, the water will do what?"
the interaction of the bucket and the water,What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?
objects,Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?
space,"According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?"
Newtonian space,What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?
independently,"In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?"
many centuries,For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?
problematic,How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?
that the bucket was indeed spinning,What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?
would remain flat.,What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
would remain flat,What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?
the bucket could be seen as rotating,What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?
increases the curvature,What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
Mach's Principle,The Mach argument is called what?
effects of other objects in the universe,Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?
relativity,lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?
all observers,The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?
the same,"In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?"
Maxwell,Einstein's theory was motivated by who?
the luminiferous ether,"Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?"
does not accelerate,"In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?"
an inertial frame of reference,What follows a geodesic of space-time?
force,An object in free fall does not experience what?
the surface of the planet,What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?
it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.,"Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?"
partially,How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?
contrary,How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?
objects exist independently of the mind,What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?
two,Coordinative definition has how many major features?
coordinating units of length with certain physical objects,The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
we can never directly apprehend length,What is the first feature motivated by?
separated objects,The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
by definition,Sameness of length must be set how?
all differentiable transformations,The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?
the covariance group,"What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?"
classical mechanics,Which theory does the relativity depart from?
single formulation,What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
every, The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?
two,How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?
fundamental,What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?
physically possible process,"If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?"
not time-reversal invariant,How is our experience of time at the macro level?
the future,What do we not have memories of?
complicated,How are things in statistical mechanics? 
statistical mechanics,What are superior to classical thermodynamics?
a statistical postulate,"In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? "
symmetric,Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?
not an absolute law,"What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?"
the laws are not time-reversal symmetric,What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
weak nuclear force,What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
macroscopic,Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
Tim Maudlin,Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
intrinsic,Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
asymmetry,What grounds the distinction between sequences?
Maudlin,Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
J. M. E. McTaggart,Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
two,"How many ""temporal series"" did McTaggart propose?"
the A-series,What was McTaggart's first series called?
each other,"The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?"
The B-series,What is McTaggart's second series called?
Presentism,According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?
exist,Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
Eternalist,Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
"all things—past, present, and future","According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?"
special language,"According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?"
somewhat similar,How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?
endurantist,Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
perdurantist,Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
Endurantism,Which view is seen as conventional?
David Lewis,Who is an example of a perdurantist?
in a non-arbitrary way,How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
two,How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
temporal,Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
implications of form and functional capacity,"What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?"
the Neolithic,What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?
Holocene Epipaleolithic period,What era preceded the Neolithic?
Neolithic Revolution,What event is associated with the start of farming?
Copper Age,What era saw an increase in metal tool use?
"10,200 – 8,800 BC",What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?
"Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)",Where did the Neolithic culture begin?
wild cereals,What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?
The Natufian period,"What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?"
pottery,What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?
agriculture,What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?
independent domestication events,What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?
"roughly 10,000 years ago",When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?
Turkey,Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located?
nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes,Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple?
Göbekli Tepe,What is the name of earliest man made place of worship?
"around 8,800 BCE",When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?
the Mesolithic era,What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?
"3,000 inhabitants",How many settlers were found in Jordan?
Ain Ghazal,What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?
"Around 10,200 BC",When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start?
"Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC",When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel?
2,How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel?
Jericho,What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA?
stone and marble,What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho?
Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche,What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods?
"social, economic and cultural characteristics",What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods?
2002,When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5?
Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès,What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods?
"6,000 BC",When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?
"fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants",How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?
the Middle East,What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?
7th millennium BC,When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?
"Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania",Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?
Anthropomorphic figurines,What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?
cultural diffusion and migration of peoples,What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? 
The Vinča culture,Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?
2012,When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?
between 3600 and 3000 B.C.,What time period was the Korean farm site dated?
"Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses",What items were found on the Korean farm site?
accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?
crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles,What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?
Formative stage,What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?
Archaic Era,What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?
bow and arrow,What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.?
small tribes,What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?
social stratification,What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?
Paleolithic cultures,What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?
domestication of large animals,What caused a major increase in social inequality?
Possession of livestock,What started competition between families for wealth?
Neolithic pastoralists,Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?
Catal Huyuk,What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?
the household,What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?
4800 BC and 4600 BC,What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?
"causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge",What did the ditches later evolve into?
required considerable time and labour to construct,What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?
Linearbandkeramik,Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?
a palisade and an outer ditch,What did some villages fortify their settlements with?
weapon-traumatized bones,What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?
the Talheim Death Pit,What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?
Control of labour,What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
Marxist concept of primitive communism,What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?
inter-group conflict,What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
shelter,What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?
paleolithic,What era consisted of people living temporary homes?
mud brick houses,What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?
The growth of agriculture,What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?
Doorways were made on the roof,Where were entrances located in early homes?
crop farming and cultivation,What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?
nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique,What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?
the Bronze Age,What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
drought or pests,What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?
hunter-gatherer communities,What type of societies were not affected by famine?
agrarian communities,What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?
diet,What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?
local plant and animal resources,What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?
"cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.",What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?
the increase in population,What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?
farmers,What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?
"tending, harvesting and processing of crops",What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?
sickle blades and grinding stones,What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?
"pottery, bone implements)",What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?
stone axe,What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?
houses and villages,What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?
humans and animals,What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?
wattle and daub,What were European homes constructed from?
Elaborate tombs,What types of sites were built for the deceased?
Ireland,Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?
animal skins,What did early humans use to make clothing?
finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins,What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?
spindle whorls or loom weights,What were perforated stones used for?
Ötzi the Iceman,What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?
Austria-Hungary,In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?
F. A. Hayek,Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?
Nobel Memorial Prize,What award did Hayek receive in 1974?
Gunnar Myrdal,With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?
philosopher,"Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?"
Order of the Companions of Honour,Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?
services to the study of economics,For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?
Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize,What award was Hayek the first to receive?
President George H. W. Bush,Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?
The Use of Knowledge in Society,Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?
August von Hayek,Who was Hayek's father?
medical doctor,What was August von Hayek's occupation?
botany,What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?
her mother,From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?
three,How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
His father's,Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?
Franz von Juraschek,Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?
scholars,What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?
systematic works in biology,What did August von Hayek's father write?
Gustav Edler von Hayek,Who was August von Hayek's father?
Hayek,Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book?
on only a few occasions,How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?
Ludwig Wittgenstein,Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?
both were officers,What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?
Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?
they were somehow of a different generation,What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?
adults,With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?
read fluently and frequently,"Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?"
his father,Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?
Aristotle,Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
University of Vienna,Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?
Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy,Where did Hayek learn about the brain?
The Sensory Order,What was the name of Hayek's first work?
Herbert Furth,With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?
the Geistkreis,Where did first show his work?
research assistant,What work did Hayek begin in 1923?
University of Vienna,Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?
the Austrian government,For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?
macroeconomic data,What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?
Jeremiah Jenks,What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?
democratic socialism,What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?
reading von Mises' book Socialism,What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?
Eric Voegelin,"During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?"
classical liberalism,What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?
Carl Menger,Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
director,What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?
Lionel Robbins,Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?
one of the leading economic theorists in the world,What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?
modern microeconomics,What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?
1931,In what year did Hayek come to London?
The Road to Serfdom,What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?
Alexis de Tocqueville,Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?
March 1944,When was the Road to Serfdom published?
United States,Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?
Max Eastman,Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
University of Chicago,"Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?"
an outside foundation,Who supplied Hayek's salary?
departmental autonomy and control,What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
sick of Hutchins' meddling,Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
Committee on Social Thought,What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
The Road to Serfdom,Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?
Aaron Director,Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?
Mont Pèlerin Society,What group did Hayek form with three other people?
Intercollegiate Studies Institute,What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
the liberal order,What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?
The Constitution of Liberty,Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?
sixteen years,"As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?"
The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization,What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?
disappointed,How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?
West Germany,What country did Hayek move to in 1962?
"Law, Legislation and Liberty",What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?
"University of California, Los Angeles",Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?
1979,"When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?"
philosophy of social science,"During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?"
British Conservative Party,What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?
Hayek,Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?
"the ""middle way""",What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?
The Constitution of Liberty,Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?
Lib-Lab pact,What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?
discourage socialist legislation,What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?
British Liberal Party,The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?
all title to the name 'Liberal',What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?
the Conservative Party,Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?
Liberal Party,With which political group was David Steel affiliated?
Hayek,Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978
limited democracy,Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?
unlimited,Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?
Order of the Companions of Honour,What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?
Margaret Thatcher,Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?
Prime Minister,"In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?"
Frederick,How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?
"""I've just had the happiest day of my life.""","At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?"
"a ""lifetime of looking beyond the horizon""",What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?
George H. W. Bush,Which President presented the award to Hayek?
"Freiburg, Germany",Where was Hayek when he died?
northern outskirts,Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?
American Economic Review,Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?
Theory of Money and Credit,What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?
capital,"Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?"
Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle,What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?
Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle,What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?
artificially low interest rates,"According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?"
London School of Economics,Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?
narrow approach,"In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?"
Alfred Marshall,Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?
Lionel Robbins,Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?
"less ""facile and superficial"" understanding",What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?
Prices and Production,Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?
artificially low interest rates,"Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?"
Piero Sraffa,Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?
"""a remarkable crop of critics""","According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created?"
works were largely ignored,What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?
Nicholas Kaldor,Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?
"Profits, Interest and Investment",What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?
the Austrian theory of the business cycle,Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?
Lionel Robbins,Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?
the dynamics of capital,What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?
macroeconomics,What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?
"an ""ideologue""",What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?
The Road to Serfdom,Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?
Gunnar Myrdal,Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?
enough information,What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?
Max Weber,Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?
through the price mechanism in free markets,What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?
Ludwig von Mises,"Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?"
general equilibrium theory,What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument?
Mises's thesis,What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated?
who was responsible for solving the equations,"According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what?"
free market,What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid?
The Use of Knowledge in Society,Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?
central planning,Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?
Oliver Williamson,The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?
the Nobel prize,The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?
collectivism,What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?
a central authority,How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?
central economic planning,"According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?"
totalitarianism,Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?
maintain the rule of law,What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?
"creating a ""safety net""",Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?
all,Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?
sufficient to preserve health,"According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?"
social insurance,What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?
microeconomics,In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?
"""Marshallian""",What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?
Abba Lerner,"Whose works inspire the term ""Walrasian"" in economics?"
During World War II,When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?
fundamental misconceptions about the social science,What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?
Karl Popper,Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?
scientism,What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?
simple two-variable linear relationships,"In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?"
1952,In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?
Hebbian learning,"Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?"
"""Hebbian synapse""",What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?
The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology,What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?
the latter half of his career,When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?
a market order,What did Hayek want society to function around?
to enforce the legal order,What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?
would be self-regulating,What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?
good men,What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?
social justice,What concept did Hayek dislike?
there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust,How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?
the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable,What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?
the opposite of a free society,"According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?"
non-interventionist policy,What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?
prima facie,What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?
spontaneous orders,What are ecosystems views to be?
analysis of markets,One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?
our ability to manipulate nature,What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?
Hayek,"According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?"
the state,Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?
The economic calculation problem,In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?
Bernard Harcourt,Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?
Arthur M. Diamond,Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?
economic science,Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?
intellectual skeptic,What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?
confused and contradictory,Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?
a transitional period,At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?
a liberal dictatorship,What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?
a liberal government,What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?
Pinochet,"As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?"
totalitarianism,Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?
Venezuela,What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?
totalitarian governments,What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?
the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal”,What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?
private investment in the public markets,What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?
Lionel Robbins,What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?
Churchill,Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?
John Maynard Keynes,With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?
Kenneth Arrow,Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?
Paul Samuelson,What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?
Joseph Schumpeter,"On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?"
Hayek's,"On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?"
Prices and Production,Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?
Milton Friedman's,"Whose 1980 book mentions ""informal"" economics?"
Free to Choose,What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?
Hayekian,How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?
The Use of Knowledge in Society,Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?
Karl Popper,Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?
Alfred Tarski,Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?
Conjectures and Refutations,Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?
Logik der Forschung,Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?
the inaugural meeting,Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?
The Road to Serfdom,Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?
Carl Menger,To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?
Scottish Enlightenment,Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??
1979,In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?
Keith Joseph,Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?
conservative governments,"During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?"
director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies,What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?
Ronald Reagan's,One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?
conservatism,What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?
libertarian,What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?
internationalism,Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?
belief in the free market,What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?
"""Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.""",What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?
Old Whig,What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?
liberal-minded economists,"In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?"
James M. Buchanan,"Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's ""Why I Am Not a Conservative""?"
Edmund Burke,From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?
a Burkean Whig,"In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?"
neoliberalism,What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?
Samuel Brittan,Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?
Raymond Plant,Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?
Madsen Pirie,Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?
people in authority who think they know how to run things better,"According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?"
mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook,Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?
to function smoothly,What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?
the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day,What is diarrhea?
can result in dehydration due to fluid loss,What is one of the effects of diarrhea?
loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour,What are the warning signs of dehydration?
"decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness",What are other signs of dehydration?
an infection of the intestines,What is the most common cause of diarrhea?
"a virus, bacteria, or parasite",What can cause an infection in the intestines?
"short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea",What are the three types of diarrhea?
dysentery,What is it known as if blood is present?
"improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap",What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?
Breastfeeding for at least six months,What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?
"Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar",What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?
"cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites",What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?
1.7 to 5 billion cases,HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?
average three times a year,How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?
malnutrition,Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?
stunted growth and poor intellectual development,What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?
"an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption",What is secretory diarrhea?
"cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions",What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?
. There is little to no structural damage.,Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?
s when too much water is drawn into the bowels,What occures with osmotic diarrhea?
"If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel",What causes osmotic diarrhea?
alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels,How do osmotic lazatives work?
too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose,What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?
when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border,When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?
a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids,What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?
"bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems",What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?
"tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.",What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?
a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development,Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?
reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,What can early childhood malnutrition cause?
diarrhea,What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?
significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence,Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?
irritable bowel syndrome,What is IBS?
abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months,What symptoms do you have with IBS?
"a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications",How can symptoms be managed with IBS?
Poverty,What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?
from the conditions under which impoverished people live,Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?
"the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.",What causes this to be exacerbated?
"for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea",Why is proper nutrition important?
"greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever",What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?
cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes,What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?
127 million,What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?
diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism,What did Nesse and Williams learn?
there might be a delay in recovery.,"If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?"
caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.,What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?
Basic sanitation techniques,What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?
approximately 42–48%,How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?
access to soap and water is limited,Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?
implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours,What is a solution to help this problem?
water contamination,What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?
clean water supply and improved sanitation,What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? 
22–27% reduction in disease incidence,What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?
it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination,What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?
Rotavirus,What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?
20%,What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?
(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence,What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?
1985,What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?
promoting better eating practices,What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?
Zinc,What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?
zinc supplementation,WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?
replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed,What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?
"This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously",How is this treatment given?
BRAT diet,What type of diet is no longer recommended?
children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain,What does WHO recommend to do?
Oral rehydration solution (ORS),What can be used to prevent dehydration?
"salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt",What are some good standard home solutions?
Pedialyte,What is a commercial solution that can also be used?
one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added,What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?
"Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices",What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?
"A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water",Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?
A nasogastric tube,What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?
a child with diarrhea continue to be fed,What does WHO recommend?
Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function,What does continuing to eat do for your illness?
children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly,What happens when a childs food is restricted?
they are usually not used except in specific situations,Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?
may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7,What are the concerns with anitbiotics?
some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance,What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?
Arabic,What are the origins of the word madrasa?
any type,What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?
Islamic,"In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?"
Not all,How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?
triconsonantal Semitic,What are the root origins of the word madrasah?
a place where learning and studying take place,What is the literal translation of madrasah?
same as school does in the English language,"In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?"
lower schools and specialised,"During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?"
danişmends,What were the students in madaris called?
Islamic institutions,What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash? 
memorization of the Qur'an,What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?
Islamic law,What is shariah?
logic,What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?
ʻālim,What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?
all ages,What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?
approximately twelve years,How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?
people take evening classes and reside in dormitories,In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?
provide them with education and training,Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?
they study separately from the men,What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?
education in the light of Islam itself,What is the meaning of Islamic education?
Quran,What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?
Muslim education,What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?
monotheism,What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?
the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam,Where was the first madrasa located?
Hazrat Muhammad,Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?
Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit,"Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?"
calligraphy,What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?
athletics and martial arts,What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?
ruling elite,Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?
through a religious endowment,How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?
former slaves,What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?
Guaranteed positions within the new madaris,What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?
Cairo,In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?
royal courts,Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?
Caliphate,What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?
maktab and madrasa institutions,What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?
several centuries,How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?
10th century,When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?
maktab,What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?
Ibn Sīnā,Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?
classes,What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?
two,How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?
manual skills,What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?
14,"According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?"
flexibility,"According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?"
future career,What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? 
religious sciences,What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah?
philosophy and the secular sciences,What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?
its founder,Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?
al-Azhar University,What is the most widely known madrasah?
75,How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?
fiqh,What term refers to Islamic law?
9th century,When did Islamic law school begin?
ten or more years,"How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?"
European doctorate,What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?
licence to teach,What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?
individual scholar-teacher,Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?
chief official of the university,Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?
licentia docendi,What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?
whether certain opinions of law were orthodox,What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?
civil as well as religious,What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?
fatwa,What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?
process of scholarly research,What is ijtihad?
10th century,When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?
princely patrons,What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris
further the rulers' agenda,What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?
George Makdisi,Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?
859,When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?
Fatima al-Fihri,Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?
all levels,What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?
mosques,What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?
individual faculties for different subjects,What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?
975,When was Al-Azhar University founded?
"Cairo, Egypt",Where is Al-Azhar University located?
an oral examination,What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?
Maimonides,Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?
largest university of the Medieval world,What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?
Islamic religious law of sharīʻah,What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?
supply religious needs,What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?
the teacher,Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?
Ptolemaic astronomy,What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?
al-Azhar,What is considered the most famous madrasa?
Medievalist specialists,Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?
madrasa and jāmiʻah,What are two examples of waqfs?
Islamic college,What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?
corporate element,What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?
11th and 12th centuries,When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?
Western Islamic lands,Where are madaris considered less desirable?
1947,When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?
the donor,"When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?"
"economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture",What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?
European university,What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?
eighteen,How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?
degree and doctorate,What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?
academic,What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?
wearing academic robes,What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?
Christian,What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?
overstating his case,What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?
civil law,What is the European version of fiqh?
parallel occurrence,What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?
less than one percent,What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?
"over 8,000",How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?
al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ,In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?
"1,075",How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?
"music, dancing and poetry",What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?
Shuhda,Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?
Baghdad,Where did Shuhda attend school?
1258,When was formal education for Islamic women halted?
Abbasid,During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?
scholars and teachers,What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools?
learned and scholarly families,Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?
their desire for religious knowledge,Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?
Muhammad's wives,Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?
Khadijah,Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?
Ottomans,Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?
eight,How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?
complete the classes in the lower one,How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?
near mosques,Where were Ottoman madaris built?
1331,When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?
spiritual learning,What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?
confirm the doctrines of Islam,Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?
pluralistic,What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?
Islam,What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?
wide range of studies,What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?
aid to the poor through soup kitchens,What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?
religion,What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?
medreses,Where did students learn about religious and social norms?
Islamic orthodoxy,What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?
Deobandis,What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?
Hindu-Muslim friction,What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?
Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad,What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?
"Mathematics, Computers and science",What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?
2015,In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?
"over 500,000",How many Muslim students are there in Kerala?
"6,000",How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala?
State-appointed committees,Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools?
after-school,What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching?
co-educational,What is the format of school for girls and boys?
students,Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?
Sekolah Agama,What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia?
Mindanao,What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population?
southern,What region of Thailand has madaris?
six,How many madrasahs are in Sinagapore?
International Baccalaureate,What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore?
2019,What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?
the songkok for boys and tudong for girls,What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?
16,How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris?
Department Order No. 51,What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?
Muslim,What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?
2004,When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?
Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC),What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?
1983,When was the first madrasa started in North America?
US,What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
"Cornwall, Ontario",Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
AlMaghrib Institute,What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?
anti-Americanism and radical extremism,What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?
varied curricula,What type of content is delivered at madaris?
secularised,What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?
institutions of the Catholic church,What are the origins of western schools?
seven,How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?
William Penn,Who founded Philadelphia?
a meeting place for the Founding Fathers,What role did Philadelphia play in the American Revolution?
temporary U.S. capital,What purpose did Philadelphia serve while D.C. was under construction?
1950,When did it reach 2 million occupants>
manufacturing,What was the historical economic base of Philadelphia?
late 1980s,When did the city near bankruptcy?
suburbs,Where did wealthy residents move?
immigrants,Who replaced the wealthy?
$388 billion,What is the GDP of the city?
fourth,Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP?
seven,How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home?
39 million,How many domestic tourists visit annually?
United States Marine Corps,What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?
Lenape,What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?
Iroquois,What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?
smallpox,What disease killed the most Lenape?
upper Ohio River basin,Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?
Oklahoma,Where do the Lenape reside today?
the Dutch,Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley?
Fort Nassau,What was the name of the first settlement in the area?
The Dutch,Who claimed the entire Delaware River?
1664,When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony?
William Penn,Who founded the Pennsylvania colony?
Lenape,Who did Penn buy the land from?
Quaker,What religion did William Penn practice?
1701,When was Philadelphia established as a city?
grid plan,What type of street layout did Penn use for Philadelphia?
"Declaration of Independence,",What important revolutionary document was signed in Philadelphia?
1787,When did Philadelphia host the Constitutional Convention?
Several,How many Revolutionary War battles were fought around Philadelphia?
1799,When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C.?
African Methodist Episcopal Church,What religion did the black community found?
New York City,Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia?
industrial,What type of economy did Philadelphia have?
textiles,What was Philadelphia's biggest industry during the 19th century?
1876,When was the first World's Fair?
Irish and German,Which were the two biggest immigrant groups in Philadelphia?
130 square miles,What is the size in square miles today?
immigrants,Who carried out the first strike in North America?
1835,When did the strike take place?
ten-hour workday,What did the strikers achieve?
the Great Famine,Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?
Between 1880 and 1930,When did the black population explode?
Republican,Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?
corrupt and contented,What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?
1917,When did the first major political reform occur?
1950,When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?
the loss of many middle-class union jobs,Why did the population decline after this time?
service businesses,What is the main driver of the economy now?
one-quarter,How much of the population left after 1950?
a tourist destination,What is another large industry?
Thomas Holme,Who planned the central city?
The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers,Which rivers run through the city?
five,How many public parks did Penn plan?
"183,240",How many live in the central area today?
18,How many planning districts make up Philadelphia?
2007–2012,When was the 1980 zoning code revamped?
John F. Street and Michael Nutter,Which two mayors accomplished the zoning code revamp?
"Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan",Name 6 important Philadelphia architects?
Frank Furness,Who is Philadelphia's greatest architect of the later 19th century?
1871,When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall?
Philadelphia Historical Commission,What commission was created in 1955?
Philadelphia Register of Historic Places,What does this commission control?
548 ft,How tall is the City Hall?
Comcast Center,What is the tallest building?
Comcast Innovation and Technology Center,Which building under construction will surpass Comcast Center?
row house,What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia?
Philadelphia rows,What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia?
early 20th century or older,How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia?
Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia,Name a type of row house in the city?
Society Hill,Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America?
humid subtropical climate zone,What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?
hot and muggy,What is the summer weather like?
22.4 in,What is the normal snowfall?
41.5 inches,How much rain does Philly get on average?
8.02 in,What is the most rain in one day?
33.0 °F,What is the average January temp?
78.1 °F,What is the July average temp?
November 6 thru April 2,What is the average time for freezing temps?
217,How long does the grow season last on average?
February,Which month is the driest?
"1,560,297",What is the 2014 population?
2006,When was the low point in Philadelphia's population?
"100,000",How much is the population predicted to grow by 2035?
43.4%,What is the percent of blacks?
41.0%,What is the percent of whites?
12.3%,What is the hispanic make-up of the population?
Irish (12.5%),What is the largest European ancestry?
"11,457 people per square mile",What is the density?
"670,171",How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?
13 percent,What percent are vacant as of 2013?
32,What percent don't own cars?
23,What percent own 2 or more cars?
24.9 percent,At the last census how many households had children under 18 in them?
43.2,What percent were non-family households?
2.45,What is the size of the average household?
56,Percentage of unwed births?
"$36,836",What was the median household income in 2013?
Society Hill,What is the name of a wealthy neighborhood?
"$14,185",What is the lowest median income in Philadelphia?
25- to 29-year-old,What is the city's largest age group?
"343,837",How many people at the last census were under 18?
"22,018",How many baby's were there in 2013?
"13,691",How many deaths were there in 2013?
"Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks",Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?
New York City,Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?
South Philadelphia,What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?
"Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown",Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?
Mount Airy,Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?
"yuppie, bohemian, and hipster",Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?
Gayborhood,What is the name of the gay district?
Drexel and University of Pennsylvania,Name a University located in the city?
79.12%,What percent of 5 year olds or older speak English?
9.72%,What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish?
20.88%,What is the total over 5's that speak another language than English?
7.8%,Unemployment rate in 2014?
6.2%,What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014?
"8,800",How many jobs were gained in 2014?
"education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services",What industries accounted for most of the city's job gains?
manufacturing and government,What industries suffered declines?
Independence National Historical Park,Which is the biggest historical sites?
22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites,How many UNESCO sites does the U.S. have?
Independence National Historical Park,Where was the Declaration of Independence signed?
the Liberty Bell,What famous bell is in Philadelphia?
Edgar Allan Poe,What famous writer has a house in Philadelphia?
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,Name the archaeology museum?
Franklin Institute,Name a museum named after a founding father?
Philadelphia,Which city had the nations first zoo?
Fairmount Park,Name Philidelphia's largest park?
The Philadelphia dialect,Name the accent spoken in the area?
Baltimore dialect,Which dialect is it similar to?
New York,What other city is similar to Philadelphia's accent?
William Labov,Who studies the accent at the University of Pennsylvania?
South Street and Old City,Name two districts with good night life?
Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts,What is the home of the orchestra?
Academy of Music,What is the countries oldest opera house?
Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet,Who uses the opera house?
Walnut Street Theatre,What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?
Philadelphia,Which American city has the most public art?
Fairmount Park Art Association,What was the Assoc. for Public Art called in the past?
more than 200,How many pieces of art were funded by the Percent for Art ordinance?
Philadelphia soul,Name a type of music from the 70's that influenced the nation?
Live Aid,"What concert did Philly host on July13th, 1985?"
John F. Kennedy Stadium,What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid?
"The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa ""Left Eye"" Lopes",Name a hip/hop artist from the city?
Rowing,What water sport is popular in the city?
Boathouse Row,What is the symbol of rowing in the city?
"Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta",What is the name of the big rowing races?
Schuylkill River,Where are these races held?
strong-mayor version of the mayor-council,What type of government does Philadelphia have?
two consecutive four-year terms,How many terms can a mayor serve?
Jim Kenney,Who is the current mayor?
Democratic Party,What party does the mayor represent?
Philadelphia City Council,What is the legislative branch called?
The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District),What is the main trial court called?
felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000,What type of cases are heard here?
elected by the voters,How are judges appointed?
Ron Castille,Who was the last Republican DA?
Republican Party,What party dominated until the mid-20th century
Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856,What happened in Philadelphia in 1856?
1936,When did the Democrats take the city?
Barack Obama,Who won the most votes in the city in '08?
four,How many congressional districts are there in the city?
six,How many congressional districts were there at the peak population?
Mike Fitzpatrick,Who represents the 8th district?
1983,When was the last major Republican representation of a large part of the city?
Sam Katz,Who was the last Republican to be fairly competitive in the mayoral race?
pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II,Did the crime rate go up or down after the War years?
525,How many murders occurred in 1990?
600,What was the average murder rate during the 90's?
246,How many murders occurred in 2013?
2006,When did shootings peak in the city?
"1,857",How many shootings were there in that year?
fell,Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years?
54th,What rank in danger does Philadelphia have in the U.S.?
dropped,Has public school enrollment dropped or increased in the last 5 years?
24,How many public schools have been closed in 2013?
"$12,570",How much does the city spend per year per child?
increased,Have grad rates fallen or increased in the last years?
52%,What was the grad rate in 2005?
65%,What was it in 2014?
below the national and state averages,Is that the above or below the national average?
Temple University,What is the largest private institution in the city?
"University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University",What are the 3 research universities in the city?
five,How many med schools are there?
two,How many major papers are published?
Philadelphia Inquirer,What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?
Interstate General Media,Who owns the major papers in the city?
Philadelphia Tribune,Name a smaller newspaper?
African-American community,What community does the Tribune serve?
Philadelphia Gay News,What paper serves the LGBT community?
The Jewish Exponent,Name a Jewish newspaper?
St. Joseph's College,Where was the first radio license granted?
1922,When did the first radio stations appear?
"WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM",Name the 3 public radio stations?
Philco,Who owned W3XE?
1939,When did it become NBC's first affiliate?
Bandstand,What show started out in the city?
1981,When did SEPTA service get cut?
lack of funding,Why did SEPTA rail service get cut?
but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation,Has service ever been restored?
"Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail",Name a proposed project to repalce it?
Philadelphia International Airport (PHL),Name the main airport?
15th,Where does PHL rank in the list of busiest airports?
American Airlines,What airline uses this airport as its primary international hub?
Delaware Expressway,What is the main north-south freeway called?
Schuylkill Expressway,What is part of I-76 called?
1991,When was the Vine Street Expressway finished?
Ben Franklin Bridge,Name a bridge in the city?
U.S. 1,What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?
1966,When was Woodhaven road built?
"Northeast Philadelphia,",What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?
Route 309,What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?
Lancaster Avenue,What is US-30 also known as?
Greyhound Lines,What bus line uses the city as a hub?
1001 Filbert Street,Where is Greyhound terminal located?
six,How many other bus companies operate from Philadelphia?
"Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit",What is the name of the six bus companies?
Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad,Name 2 rail companies that use the city as a hub?
Broad Street Station,Where did the Pennsylvania Railroad have their first station?
Reading Terminal,Where did the Reading operate out of?
Pennsylvania Convention Center,What is Reading Terminal called now?
"Fairmount Water Works,",What was the first water supply system called?
Philadelphia Water Department,Who provides the city water now?
Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River,Where dos PWD get it's water from?
21,How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system?
"3,657 miles",How many miles of sewers are in the city?
Philadelphia Gas Works,What is the largest city owned gas utility?
"500,000",How many homes does PGW serve?
1836,When was PGW founded?
1987,When did the city take PGW over?
215,What area code is used in Philadelphia in 1947?
1994,When was the 610 area code added?
1997,When was the 267 added?
Toruń,What city in Poland is a sister city to Philadelphia?
Tel Aviv,What city in Israel is a sister city to Philadelphia?
1976,When was Torun triangle built?
Copernicus monument,What else does the Triangle contain?
ten,How many sister cities does Philadelphia have?
political science,What was Kerry's major?
Yale University,Where did Kerry go to college?
Naval Reserve,What branch of the military did Kerry join?
"the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals",What medals did Kerry win?
Vietnam Veterans Against the War,What group was Kerry a spokesman for?
Boston College Law School,Where did Kerry get a law degree?
Michael Dukakis,Who was Kerry an Lt. Gov. for?
1984,When did Kerry become a Senator?
Massachusetts,Where was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?
from 1983 to 1985,When was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?
2004,When did Kerry run for president?
John Edwards,Who was Kerry's running mate?
35 electoral votes,How much did Kerry lose by?
Dick Cheney,Who was Bush's running mate?
North Carolina,Where was John Edwards a senator?
Forbes,What is Kerry's middle name?
Fitzsimons Army Hospital,At what facility was Kerry born?
Catholic,What was Kerry's father's religion?
Episcopalian,What was Kerry's mother's religion?
Margaret,What is Kerry's older sibling's name?
President of the Union,What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?
Skull and Bones Society,What secret society did Kerry join?
Switzerland,What country did Kerry visit as a student?
H. Bradford Westerfield,Who was Kerry's most influential professor?
Chairman of the Liberal Party,What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?
"February 18, 1966",When did Kerry join the Naval Reserve?
"December 16, 1966",When did Kerry become a navy officer?
16 weeks,How long was Officer Candidate School?
"Newport, Rhode Island",Where is the Navy training center?
1986,When did Kerry publish his memories of Vietnam?
guided missile frigate,What kind of ship was the USS Gridley?
Fast Patrol Craft,What was the formal name of 'swift boats'?
50-foot,How long were swift boats?
coastal patrolling,What had Kerry expected the 'swift boats' to do?
near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay,"Where was Kerry's boat on Dec 2-3, 1968?"
two,How many crew were with Kerry?
Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis,Who were in Kerry's crew?
sampans,What did Kerry's crew destroy?
in the left arm above the elbow,Where was Kerry injured?
"February 20, 1969",When did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?
a B-40 rocket,What munition hit Kerry's boat?
on the Bồ Đề River,Where did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?
Gulf of Thailand,Where did Kerry's boat escape to safety?
"February 28, 1969",When did Kerry earn a Silver Star?
the Duong Keo River,Where did Kerry earn a Silver Star?
his Swift boat and two other Swift boats,How many swift boats did Kerry command?
Admiral Zumwalt,Who awarded the Silver Star to Kerry?
The Death Of PCF 43,"What story described the events of Feb 28, 1969?"
An Thoi,Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star?
Lieutenant Commander George Elliott,Who was Kerry's commander?
beaching the boat without orders,What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?
"March 1, 1969",When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?
a historical summary,"What was released on March 17, 1969?"
on the Bái Háp River,"Where was Kerry on Mar 13, 1969?"
in the buttocks,"On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13, 1969?"
blowing up a rice bunker,"What was Kerry doing when he was wounded on Mar 13, 1969?"
PCF-94,"What boat was Kerry on, on Mar 13?"
PCF-3,What was the lead boat on Mar 13?
PCF-94,What boat was Rassmann on?
James Rassmann,Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?
a Green Beret advisor,What was Rassmann's job?
"the Bronze Star Medal with Combat ""V""",What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?
heroic achievement,What does the Combat V mean?
third,Which wound allowed Kerry to leave combat duty?
the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service,Where was Kerry reassigned in April 1969?
"January 1, 1970",When did Kerry become a lieutenant?
Rear Admiral Walter Schlech,Who was Kerry a personal aide for?
February 1978,When did Kerry leave the Naval Reserve?
his father,Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?
the Texas Air National Guard,What military branch was George W. Bush in?
by calling Kerry's war record into question,How did Republicans attack Kerry?
Swift Vets and POWs for Truth,What did SBVT change its name to?
swiftboating,What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?
"about 20,000",How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it?
"the ""Winter Soldier Investigation""",What VVAW investigation was Kerry involved in?
Nixon Secretary of Defense,Who was Melvin Laird?
his antiwar activity,What did Laird refuse to court-martial Kerry for?
appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing,"What did Kerry do on Apr 22, 1971?"
ending the war,What was the topic of the hearing Kerry testified on?
some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw,What did Kerry throw over a fence?
"for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all",Why did Kerry participate in the protest?
almost 1000,How many vets participated in the protest?
"May 30, 1971",When was Kerry arrested for protesting?
American POWs held captive by North Vietnam,"Who was being honored on May 30, 1971?"
441,How many people were arrested with Kerry?
2:30 a.m.,At what time was Kerry arrested?
tried to camp on the village green,Why were the protesters arrested?
Democrat Philip J. Philbin,Who had Kerry considered running against in 1970?
Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district,In which district had Kerry considered running in 1970?
Robert Drinan,Who ran against Philbin instead of Kerry?
to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations,Why did Morse retire?
Republican,What political party was Morse in?
attorney,What was Paul Sheehy's job?
State Representative,What was DiFruscia's position?
Anthony R. DiFruscia,Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?
they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut,Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?
Cameron,What is Kerry's younger brother's name?
Independent,What party did Durkin run as?
26-points,How far ahead of Cronin did Kerry poll?
conservative,What slant did The Sun have?
President Nixon,Who did Kerry say tried to stop his campaign?
a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River,How did Kerry want to create jobs?
"110,970",How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?
53.45%,What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?
"92,847",How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?
44.72%,What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?
his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks,What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?
"Belvidere, Lowell",Where did Kerry move after the 1972 election?
"""the years in exile""",What did Kerry's brother call the decade after 1972?
the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere,What did Kerry fundraise for?
September 1973,When did Kerry enter law school?
WBZ,Where was Kerry a talk radio host?
January 1977,When did Kerry become an ADA?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,What condition did Droney have?
Lou Gehrig's Disease,What is ALS's nickname?
Edward Brooke,What senator did Kerry investigate in 1978?
"""misstatements"" in his first divorce trial",Why was Brooke being investigated?
1978,When did Kerry consider running for president if Droney didn't?
1979,When did Kerry leave the DA's office?
Roanne Sragow,Who left the DA's office with Kerry?
Kilvert & Forbes Ltd.,What bakery did Kerry co-found?
K. Dun Gifford,Who did Kerry start a bakery with?
junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts,What was Paul Tsongas's job in 1984?
1984,When did Kerry run for Senate?
1982,When did Kerry run for Lt Governor?
Congressman,What was James Shannon's job?
House Speaker,What was Tip O'Neill's job?
"April 18, 1985",When did Kerry visit Nicaragua?
Senator Tom Harkin,Who did Kerry visit Nicaragua with?
Iowa,Where was Tom Harkin from?
Daniel Ortega,Who did Kerry visit in Nicaragua?
strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses,What was criticized about Ortega's administration?
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North,Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?
right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras),Who had Oliver North been supporting?
illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress,What crime had Kerry said North committed?
right-wing Nicaraguan rebels,Who were the Contras?
the National Security Council and the CIA,What government agencies worked with North?
drug traffickers,Who was the State Department giving money to?
"over $806,000",How much money did the State Department give the traffickers?
funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras,Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from?
little reaction in the media and official Washington,What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?
Pakistan,Where is the BCCI based?
Bank of Credit and Commerce International,What bank helped Noriega?
1991,When was BCCI shut down?
Kerry and Senator Hank Brown,Who collaborated in the report about BCCI?
The BCCI Affair,What was the BCCI report called?
William Weld,Who ran against Kerry in 1996?
71%,"When Weld was re-elected governor, how much of the vote did he get?"
1994,When was Weld re-elected governor?
$6.9 million,What did Kerry and Weld agree to limit their campaign spending to?
Both candidates,Who broke the agreed-upon spending cap?
"""... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.""",What was Kerry supposed to say when he 'botched a joke'?
President Bush and not American troops in general,Who was Kerry saying was stuck in Iraq?
"inadvertently left out the key word ""us""",What mistake did Kerry make in the joke?
Afghanistan and Pakistan,Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for?
May 2011,When did the Washington Post say Kerry was important envoy?
perhaps the most important crossroads yet,"How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing?"
the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike,What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis?
Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani,Who was Pakistan's army chief in 2013?
the National Journal,Who said Kerry was the 'top Senate liberal'?
2003,When was Kerry called the 'top Senate liberal'?
11th most liberal,What was Kerry's actual career voting rank for 'liberalness'?
North American Free Trade Agreement,What trade agreement did Kerry support?
Central American Free Trade Agreement,What trade agreement did Kerry oppose?
"October 9, 2002",When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War?
2003,When did Bush declare the Iraq war?
Saddam Hussein,Who did Kerry say we should disarm?
"January 23, 2003",When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?
the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs,What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993?
"there was ""no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.""",What did the POW/MIA committee conclude about Vietnam POWs?
1994,When did Kerry sponsor a resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam?
John McCain,"Who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam, along with Kerry?"
1995,When did Bill Clinton normalize relations with Vietnam?
North Carolina,Where was John Edwards a senator?
Vermont,Where was Howard Dean a governor?
Army General,What was Wesley Clark's former job?
John Kerry,Who won the 2004 Iowa Democratic Caucus?
"July 6, 2004",When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP?
President George W. Bush,Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign?
for the Iraq War,Why did Kerry criticize Bush during the 2004 campaign?
an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war,What had Kerry voted against after supporting the initial Iraq authorization?
a flip-flopper,What did Bush's campaign call Kerry for changing his mind about Iraq?
Keeping America's Promise,What was Kerry's PAC?
"""A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq""",What was the mission of Keeping America's Promise?
179,How many down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?
42,How many states' down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?
the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle,Which election did Kerry's PAC focus on?
"December 15, 2012",When was it reported that Kerry would become SoS?
Hillary Clinton,Who was Secretary of State before Kerry?
Susan Rice,Who backed out of becoming SoS after Hillary?
a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack,Why did Rice withdraw?
"January 29, 2013",When was Kerry's appointment confirmed?
Career State Department officials,Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept?
"power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips",What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept?
"having ""a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder""",How had some State employees described Kerry?
Foreign Policy Magazine,Who published the Ivory Tower Survey?
tied for 11th place out of the 15,What was Kerry's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS?
Archbishop Pietro Parolin,Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?
Syria,What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin?
the Geneva II process,What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014?
"over 130,000",How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014?
Bashar al-Assad,Who was Syria's president in 2014?
turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week,What did Kerry say Syria could do to avoid a military strike?
Russia,Which country convinced Syria to actually give up its chemical weapons?
Russian Foreign Minister,What was Sergey Lavrov's position?
September 28,When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed?
the Organization of American States,Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013?
the era of the Monroe Doctrine,"What did Kerry say had ended, in the Nov 2013 speech?"
in November 2013,When did Kerry speak to the OAS?
Ida Lowe,Who was Kerry's paternal grandmother?
"Frederick A. ""Fred"" Kerry",Who was Kerry's paternal grandfather?
musician,What was Kerry's paternal grandmother's career?
shoe businessman,What was Kerry's paternal grandfather's career?
the Austro-Hungarian Empire,Where did Kerry's paternal grandparents immigrate from?
1982,When did Kerry and his wife separate?
"July 25, 1988",When did Kerry and his wife divorce?
1997,When did Kerry and his wife get an annullment?
A Change of Heart,What book did Kerry's ex-wife write?
Richard Charlesworth,Who did Kerry's ex-wife remarry?
Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira,Who is Kerry's 2nd wife?
Mozambican,What is Kerry's 2nd wife's nationality?
Henry John Heinz III,Who was Kerry's 2nd wife's previous husband?
1990,When did Kerry and Teresa meet?
at an Earth Day rally,Where did Kerry and Teresa meet?
$750 million,What was Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes?
from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion,What range of estimates have been given for Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth?
Rosemary Forbes Kerry,What was Kerry's mother's name?
2002,When did Kerry's mother pass away?
third-richest,"Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents, adjusted for inflation?"
Roman Catholic,What religion is Kerry?
"a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal",What religious items did Kerry bring with him while campaigning?
travelers,What is St. Christopher the patron saint of?
was an altar boy and prayed all the time,What did Kerry do in the church while living in Switzerland?
the Letters of Paul,Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving?
Christianity Today,Who interviewed Kerry in Oct 2004 about his religion?
many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions,What did Kerry tell Christianity Today that he is open-minded to?
"he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story",What did Kerry say about major religious texts?
Sports Illustrated,Who said Kerry is an 'avid cyclist'?
a road bike,What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer?
long-distance rides,What are 'centuries' in bicycling?
recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms,What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning?
"snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor",What other sports does Kerry participate in?
a Friendship 75,What type of yacht did Kerry buy?
$7 million,How expensive was Kerry's yacht?
New Zealand,Where was Kerry's yacht built?
"$437,500",How much sales tax did Kerry owe on the yacht?
Massachusetts,Which state received Kerry's yacht's sales tax?
"342,239",How many square kilometers is Rajasthan?
10.4%,What percentage of India's total area is Rajasthan?
"the ""Rajasthan Desert"" and ""Great Indian Desert""",What are alternative names the Thar Desert is known by?
Punjab,What province in Pakistan does Rajasthan border on its north?
Jain,The Dilwara Temples are a pilgrimage site for whom?
1829,When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?
Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?
Rajputana,What is another name for the Rajasthan region?
1800,In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?
John Keay,Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?
the Indus Valley Civilization,Some portions of Rajasthan were involved with what ancient civilization?
Hanumangarh district,In what Indus Valley Civilization district was Kalibangan within?
Western Kshatrapas,What were the Saka Rulers of Western India believed to be called?
405–35 BC,Over what time period were the Western Kshatrapas in power?
the northern part,The Kushans ruled what part of the Indian subcontinent?
Gurjars,Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?
Bhils,What tribe formerly ruled Kota?
Meenas,What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?
Saini,What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?
Rajasthan,The Jats assisted in building what state?
Gurjar Pratihar Empire,What empire stopped Arab invasions?
8th,Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?
Sindh,Arab conquest was limited to what region?
its successful resistance to foreign invasions,What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?
Historian R. C. Majumdar,Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?
nineteen,How many princely states of Rajputana contain?
Ajmer-Merwara,What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?
princely,Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?
Tonk,"Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?"
Rajput families,What families rose to power in the 6th century?
Mughals,What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?
18th century,In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?
suzerainty,The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?
the state of what is now Maharashtra,Where were the Marathas from?
1818,In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?
the Aravalli Range,Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?
530 mi,What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?
Mount Abu,What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?
two-fifths,What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?
West Banas River,Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?
The northwestern portion,Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan? 
the Thar Desert,Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?
Jodhpur,What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?
"Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour",What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?
400 mm,Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?
more fertile and better watered,What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?
the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion,What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?
"teak, Acacia",What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?
Vagad region,What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?
Vagad,What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?
"1,722",How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?
60%,What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?
100 to 350 m above sea level,What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?
Kota and Bundi,A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?
the Chambal River,What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan
Jaisalmer,Which region contains Desert National Park?
"1,221 sq mi",How many square miles is Desert National Park?
massive fossilised tree trunks,What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?
"Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)",What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?
Falco jugger,What is another name for a laggar falcon?
Ranthambore National Park,What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?
five tigers,How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?
one of the best place in India to spot tigers,Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?
poaching and negligence,Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?
agricultural and pastoral,The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?
Cotton and tobacco,What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?
edible oils,What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?
opium,Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?
two crop seasons,How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?
polyester fibre,What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?
Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces,What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?
Makrana,From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?
rich salt deposits,What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?
copper mines,What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?
₹250 million per day,What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?
"300,000 barrels",How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?
Bombay High,"The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?"
Cairn India,What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??
"175,000 barrels",How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?
Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating,What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?
scarcity of water,"Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?"
Bikaneri Bhujia,What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?
lashun ki chutney,What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?
the Marwar region,Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?
The Ghoomar dance,What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?
Jaisalmer,Kalbeliya dance is from which region?
Folk music,What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?
Folk songs,Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?
religious or devotional,What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?
prints,Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art?
embroidery,Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export?
ankle-length skirt and a short top,Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing?
lehenga or a chaniya choli,What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing?
"bright colors like blue, yellow and orange",What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using?
Spirit possession,What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan?
Bhaironji,What underworld god possess Rajasthanis?
ghorala,What are possessed individuals known as? 
mount,Ghorala is another word for what?
loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts,What results from possession by even benign spirits?
38.55%,What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?
20.44%,How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?
23%,What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?
74.04%,What is the national average for literacy in India?
60.41%,What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?
Jodhpur and Kota,What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan?
Jodhpur,In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?
coaching capital of India,What is is Kota known as within India?
nine,How many universities does Rajasthan have?
41 engineering colleges,How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan?
14 percent,What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?
fourth highest,At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners?
fourth,How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists?
The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar,What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan?
eight percent,What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism?
Rajput kings,Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan?
the Pink City,Jaipur is also known as what city?
a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue,What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from?
Jain Temples,What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan?
Ranakpur Temple,Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?
United States,What country is Guam a territory of?
northwestern Pacific Ocean,Where is the island of Guan located?
"161,785",How many people currently call Guam home as of 2015?
Dededo,What is the most populous city in Guam?
Mount Lamlam,What is the name of the largest mountain in Guam?
Chamorros,What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people?
"4,000 years ago",When did Guam's indigenous people first arrive?
Ferdinand Magellan,Who was the first European to visit the island?
1668,What year was Guam colonized?
1898,What year did the United States capture Guam?
"American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines","Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?"
"December 7, 1941",What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?
Guam was captured by the Japanese,What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?
thirty months,How long did the Japanese occupation last?
"chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)",Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?
coastal villages,Where were the matua located on the island?
interior of the island,Where were the mana'chag located?
Portuguese,What was the nationality of Magellan?
1521,What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?
Proas,What were the name of outrigger canoes?
1565,In what year was Guam claimed by Spain?
General Miguel López de Legazpi,What was the name of the general who claimed Guam?
built several defensive structures,What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam?
"June 15, 1668",When did Spanish colonization commence?
Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod,Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church?
"February 2, 1669",When did Guam's Cathedral first open?
Dulce Nombre de Maria,What was the name of the first Cathedral?
1688,When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?
"July 23, 1670 until July 1695",In what years was there intermittent war fare?
"50,000 to 10,000",What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?
Juan de Santiago,What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?
1674,When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive?
ordered the arrest of rebels,What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?
Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar,Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?
1680,In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive?
1695,in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification?
1898,When did the United States take control of the island?
Spanish–American War,What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?
108-A,What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?
Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini,Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?
to serve as interpreters,Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam?
as an occupied enemy,How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese?
Northern Mariana Chamorros,Who were loyal to Japan?
Guam Organic Act of 1950,What established Guam as an unincorporated territory?
After World War II,What conflict did the Organic Act come after?
granted the people U.S. citizenship,What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory?
212,How many square miles is Guam?
the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates,How was this island chain created?
"35,797",How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam?
30 miles,How many miles is Guam across?
earthquakes,What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?
volcanic smog,"Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?"
tropical marine,What is Guam's climate characterized as?
86 °F (30 °C),What is the mean high temperature in Guam?
"96 inches (2,180 mm)",What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?
December to June,When does the dry season in Guam typical run?
January and February,Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?
1668–1898,hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?
Roman Catholicism,What religion was the general population converted to?
Easter and Christmas,Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?
Malayo-Polynesian,What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?
chenchule' and inafa'maolek,What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point?
. Chenchule,What is the name of the intricate system in Guam?
the land and its produce belong to everyone,What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham
social protocol,What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?
sniffing over the hands of the elders,What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?
string musical instrument made from a gourd,What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?
cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam,What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?
relocating to the U.S. Mainland,What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?
young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.,What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?
15,How many people make up the Guam legislation?
Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo,Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?
Guam has no votes,How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?
becoming a commonwealth,What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?
would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico,Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?
Hawaii,What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?
building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam,What has the U.S military proposed?
"8,600 Marines",How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?
"4,800 Marines","Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?"
Japanese,What tourist commonly visits Guam?
20 large hotels,Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?
seven,How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?
a million,About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?
Kmart,Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?
The Compacts of Free Association,"What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?"
no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories),What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?
the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement,What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?
1899,In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?
U.S. postage,What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?
96910–96932,What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?
"FedEx, UPS, and DHL",Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?
on size and time of year,What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?
first-class,Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?
post office boxes or private mail boxes,What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?
The Commercial Port,What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?
"Matson, Inc",What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?
most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers,Why is the port so important?
Antonio B. Won Pat,What is the name of the international airport in Guam?
United Airlines,What major airline resides at the airport?
operating its own customs and quarantine agency,What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?
brown tree snake,Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?
brown tree snake,What was accidentally introduced into Guam?
nearly eliminated the native bird population,With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?
has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow,What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?
Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher,What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?
twelve bird species,How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?
ko'ko' birds,What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?
coconut rhinoceros beetle,What insect was detected in 2007?
American Samoa,What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?
Southern Asia,Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?
Wildfires,What plagues the Guam dry season?
man,What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?
sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River,What causes water quality problems in Guam?
coral reef habitats,What has Guam recently being trying to protect?
"pollution, eroded silt and overfishing",What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?
Mariana fruit bats,What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?
The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College,What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?
Western Association of Schools and Colleges,Who are these two schools accredited by?
Pacific Islands University,What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?
"32,000",How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam?
high dropout rates and poor test scores,What has plagued Guam public schools?
The Guam Department of Education,What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam?
The Government of Guam,Who runs Guam's main health care facility?
Guam Memorial Hospital,What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam?
Guam Regional Medical City,Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016?
rationalism,What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?
reason independently of the senses,Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?
knowledge of God's existence,What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?
intuition and reasoning alone,What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?
"Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz",Where were the main European rationalists?
his theory of potentiality and actuality,What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?
"an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth",How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?
Aristotle,"Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?"
Plato,"Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?"
"Latin for ""nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses""","What does ""nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu"" mean?"
"the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it",What is the Stoic view?
doxographer,What was Aetius's career?
Chaeronea,Where was Sextus from?
Sextus,Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?
Aetius,Whose ideas did Sextus build on?
Aristotle,Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?
Islamic,What religion was Al Farabi?
material intellect,What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?
active intellect,What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?
"the immaterial ""active intellect""",What is crucial for understanding?
Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail,What was 'Abubacer' normally called?
Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail,What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?
Muslim,What was Ibn Tufail's religion?
Andalusian,What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?
12th century CE,When did Ibn Tufail live?
1452,When was da Vinci born?
1519,When did da Vinci die?
the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition,What did renaissance writers question?
writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals,Who did Machiavelli disdain?
abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings,What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?
ca. 1520,When was Vincenzo Galilei born?
1591,When did Vincenzo Galilei die?
Galileo,Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?
experiment,What does 'esperienza' mean?
17th century,When was the British empiricism period?
empiricist,What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?
rationalist,What type of philosopher was Descartes?
empiricist,What type of philosopher was Hobbes?
rationalist,What type of philosopher was Spinoza?
1689,When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?
John Locke,Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?
blank tablet,What does 'tabula rasa' mean?
white paper,What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?
on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written,What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?
George Berkeley,Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?
George Berkeley,Who wrote 'Alciphron'?
1710,When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?
Anglican,What religion was George Berkeley?
Irish,What nationality was George Berkeley?
a new level of skepticism,What did Hume bring to empiricism?
Scottish,What was Hume's nationality?
demonstrative and probable,What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?
1776,When did Hume die?
1711,When was Hume born?
relations of ideas and matters of fact,What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?
relations of ideas,What type of human knowledge is math?
matters of fact,What type of human knowledge is observing the world?
matters of fact,"What type of human knowledge is ""the sun rises in the East""?"
"their ""impressions""",Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?
"a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences",What did Hume think our beliefs are?
reason,What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?
the justification for inductive reasoning,What did Hume think is a circular argument?
that the sun will continue to rise in the East,What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?
because it has repeatedly done so in the past,Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?
that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable,What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?
belief in an external world,What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?
"physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events",What is phenomenalism?
Phenomenalism,What is subjective idealism closely related to?
"the ""permanent possibility of sensation""",What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?
an inductive inference from direct experience,What did Mill say knowledge comes from?
actual and possible sensations,What sensations did Mill differentiate?
God,"When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?"
gap-filling entities,What did Mill say might not actually exist?
"the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures",What did Mill misrepresent about math?
phenomenalist,What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?
in purely sensory terms,How can't a finite set of statements be described?
a second doctor,What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?
logical positivism or neopositivism,What are other terms for logical empiricism?
early 20th-century,When was logical empricism formulated?
British empiricism,What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?
Logical empiricism,What was Otto Neurath an important member of?
Logical empiricism,What was AJ Ayer an important member of?
1872,When was Bertrand Russell born?
1970,When did Bertrand Russell die?
all mathematical truths are logical,What did Frege say about math?
all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies,What did Wittgenstein say about logic?
"most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems",What are pseudoproblems?
neopositivists,Who were extreme empiricists?
"Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty",Who attacked logical positivism?
anti-realists,What position does Dummett take?
Carnap and Neurath,Who abandoned phenomenalism?
In the late 19th and early 20th century,When did pragmatism arise?
Charles Sanders Peirce and William James,Who developed pragmatism?
Harvard,Where did Peirce and James meet?
in the 1870s,When did Peirce and James meet?
pragmaticism,What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?
1839,When was Peirce born?
1914,When did Peirce die?
"the ""data-driven"" strict-empiricist view",What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?
Charles Peirce,Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?
Descartes,Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?
a century,How long before Peirce did Hume write?
complementary,How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
competitive,How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
the conclusions of science are always tentative,What did fallibilism say?
its self-corrective character,What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?
Peirce,Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?
1903,When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?
"unique individuality or ""thisness""",What is 'haecceity'?
indirect perception,What did Irvin Rock write about?
in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research,Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?
William James,Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?
in James's published lectures,Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?
1842,When was William James born?
1910,When did William James die?
Around the beginning of the 20th century,When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?
John Dewey,Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?
reality is determined by past experience,What did Dewey think about reality?
1859,When was Dewey born?
1952,When did Dewey die?
James' pragmatism,What was instrumentalism a modification of?
reality,What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?
mind-independent,What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?
dualist,"Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?"
beliefs and values,"In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?"
Hindu,What Indian thinkers were early idealists?
Neoplatonists,What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?
Mahayana,With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?
4th,In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?
18th,What century did George Berkeley live in?
German,What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?
19th,In what century did Hegel write?
phenomenalism,"Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?"
Marxism,"Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?"
to see,What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?
1743,"By what year was ""idealism"" a word in English?"
pragmatists,Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?
Greek,What language is ἰδεῖν?
idealist,What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?
Metaphysical,What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?
Platonic,What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?
subjective,"Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?"
Epistemological,What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?
George Berkeley,Who is a notable subjective idealist?
Immanuel Kant,What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?
realists,Who are subjective idealists opposed to?
Gottfried Leibniz,"Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?"
Leibniz,Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?
Neoplatonism,In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?
Aristotelian scholasticism,What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?
12th,In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?
New Thought,"Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?"
Hermann Lotze,"What notable idealist was responsible for a ""world ground"" theory?"
Simone Klein,Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?
metaphysical and epistemological,What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?
ideas,What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?
quantum,What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?
neoplatonist,What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?
Plotinus,"According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?"
whether we know external objects,What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?
Time,What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?
immaterialism,"Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?"
Cloyne,Of what see was Berkeley bishop?
Anglo-Irish,What was Berkeley's ethnicity?
to be is to be perceived,What does esse est percipi mean?
abstractions,What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?
John Norris,"Who was known as the ""Cambridge Platonist""?"
Arthur Collier,Who was notably influenced by John Norris?
1701,When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?
represented image of an external object,What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?
Immanuel Kant,"Who coined the term ""thing-in-itself""?"
Sir Arthur Eddington,"Who invented the idea of a ""table-of-commonsense""?"
Arthur Fine,"Who came up with the idea of ""things-as-interacted-by-us""?"
Musgrave,"Who spoke of the ""warning signs"" of idealism?"
Postmodernist,What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?
subjectivists,What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?
Sense without Matter,What book was written by A.A. Luce?
1954,What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?
Foster,Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?
Berkeley,Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?
Subjective Idealism,What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?
Sceptical,What sort of idealist was Descartes?
Paralogisms of Pure Reason,In what section was Descartes criticized?
2nd,In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?
1787,When was the second edition published?
Schopenhauer,Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?
subjective,What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?
our own minds,"According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?"
our own consciousness,What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?
representations,What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?
Friedrich Nietzsche,Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?
Descartes,"Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?"
Descartes,Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?
transcendental,"According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?"
Berkeley,Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?
Absolute,What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?
exercise of reason and intellect,How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?
1812–1814,When was Science of Logic written?
Hegel,Who was the author of Science of Logic?
less self-determining,Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?
ethical communities,"Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?"
materialism,What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?
Spirit,"In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?"
any human observer,"What is another term for Hegel's ""subject""?"
Absolute Spirit,What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?
any external entity,"What does Hegel mean by ""object""?"
self,Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?
Kierkegaard,Who was a notable critic of Hegel?
human,For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?
humans are incomplete,"According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings?"
logical,"Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist?"
Hegel,Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?
1807,When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?
individuality,What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?
State,Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual?
bourgeois,What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed?
ultimate,What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?
Kierkegaard,"Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?"
abstraction,"According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?"
we are finite beings,Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?
human understanding,"If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?"
Moore,Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?
Bradley,"In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?"
Berkeley,Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?
Gottfried Leibniz,Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?
Panpsychism,What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?
monads,What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?
James Ward,Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?
self- betterment,What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?
Bowne,"Who was an exponent of so-called ""Boston Personalism""?"
California Personalism,What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?
Saint Thomas Aquinas,Who is a notable realistic personal theist?
dependence upon an infinite personal God,What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?
moral,What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?
Cambridge,With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?
1927,In what year was The Nature of Existence published?
minds,"According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?"
unreal,What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?
love,How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?
apeirotheism,What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?
pluralistic,What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?
infinite,"According to Davidson, how many gods are there?"
Aristotle,By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced?
rational thought,What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with?
physicists,Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?
relativity,"Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?"
1900,In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?
contents of the mind,What did Pearson claim that science classifies?
Einstein,Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?
messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness,How do receive information from the physical world?
subconsciousness,What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?
mental,What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?
physicist,"According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?"
mind,What is the main thing that we experience?
"knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits",What makes up Education?
"storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research",What methods make up Education?
the guidance of educators,Where does education usually take place under?
Catholic Church became the sole preserver,What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?
church established cathedral schools,What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?
medieval universities,What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?
Chartres Cathedral School,What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?
school environment,Where does formal education take place?
"student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,",What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?
certified teacher,Who guides the students in a formal environment?
three to seven,Whats the typical age range for pre-school?
"nursery schools and as kindergarten,",What are pre-schools also known as?
US,In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?
elementary,What is another term used for Primary education?
"first five to seven years of formal, structured education",What does primary school consist of?
UNESCO,What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?
formal education that occurs during adolescence,What does secondary education comprise of?
"university, vocational school","What two examples were given of what ""postsecondary"" or ""higher"" education?"
teenage years,When does secondary schooling typically take place?
"to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.",What is the purpose of secondary education?
1910,When did secondary education emerge in the United States?
rise of large corporations and advancing technology,Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?
employers and employees,Who benefited from secondary schools?
"tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education",What was another name used for Higher Education?
follows the completion of a school such as a high school,What is High Education?
undergraduate and postgraduate education,What does Tertiary education include?
"teaching, research, and social services activities,",What does University education include?
several colleges,What are usually Universities made up of?
independent,What type of University would Yale fall under?
not eligible for public education,What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?
physicians or special tutors,Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?
"Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet",Who were some of these early physicians?
people with severe disabilities,What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?
alternative,What is another term used for Special Education Services?
19th century,When were public schools become more and more developed?
"Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools",What are some examples of alternative schools?
Friedrich Fröbel's,Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi,Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?
John Dewey and Francis Parker,Who were the founders of progressive education?
"indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content",What makes up Indigenous education?
formal and non-formal educational systems,In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?
improve the educational success of indigenous students,What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),Who defines informal learning?
"home, work, and through daily interactions",Where does informal learning occur?
"language acquisition, cultural norms and manners",What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?
outside educational establishments,Where does informal learning usually take place?
"to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects",What is not necessary for informal learning?
"unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management",What falls under the informal learning umbrella?
19th century,"When was the 'education through recreation"" applied to childhood?"
20th century,When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?
to include young adults,What changed when the concept was broadened?
learning on your own,What does Auto didacticism generally mean?
any point in one's life,When can you become an Autodidact?
Abraham Lincoln,Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?
Thomas Alva Edison,Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?
2012,In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?
Open education,Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?
Cost of education,What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?
Online courses,Which type of schooling can be most expensive?
merit-system degree,What is not as common in open education?
Open University in the United Kingdom,Which University offers conventional degrees? 
own form of certificate,What do most open education sources offer?
international Millennium Development Goals,What does Universal Primary Education belong to?
charitable funding,What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?
Transparency International,Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?
increase in international student exchanges,What has come from similarities in systems?
The European Socrates-Erasmus Program,Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?
The Soros Foundation,Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?
low cost private schools,What does LCPS stand for?
disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor,What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?
Africa and Asia,Where are these types of school spreading across?
children did not exceed the education of their parents,What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?
teachers and their textbooks,Who do students often blame for their education short comings?
the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude,What happens when someone tries to improve education?
Developed countries have people with more resources,What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?
"housing, food, transportation",What resources do developed countries have better access to?
criticism and blame,What is common in developed countries?
have the will and the way to do many things,What is one good trait about students from developed countries?
internet,What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?
gratitude for the resources they have,What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?
the study of how humans learn in educational settings,What is the meaning of Education psychology?
school psychology,What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?
researchers and theorists,Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?
the processes of educational attainment,What is educational psychology concerned with?
through its relationship with other disciplines,How can Educational psychology in part be understood?
discipline analogous,How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?
contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences,Where does education psychology draw from?
faculties of education,In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?
Intelligence,What is important for a student in education?
measurable intelligence,What does education increase in a student?
intelligence at 8,What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?
Dunn,Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?
Joseph Renzulli,Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?
David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's,Who created the Type Delineator?
that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities,What do some theories believe?
teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities,What should be included in effective teaching?
philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education,What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?
the philosophical study of education and its problems,What defines Philosophy education?
"metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches",What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?
teachers,What is another term used for instructors?
"reading, writing, mathematics, science and history",What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?
quality of teachers,In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?
poor countries should grow faster than rich countries,What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?
essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth,What has been argued about high rates in education?
requires knowledgeable managers and engineers,What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?
Jacob Mincer,Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?
is also controversial,"This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?"
"not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties",What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?
North Carolina,Which state borders Tennessee to the east?
Appalachian Mountains,Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?
Mississippi River,Which river marks Tennessee's border to the west?
Nashville,What is the capital of Tennessee?
Memphis,What is Tennessee's most populous city?
Watauga Association,What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?
North Carolina,What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?
"June 1, 1796",What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America?
Tennessee,Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started?
Tennessee,Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded?
Democratic,Which part dominated Tennessee's politics in the late 1880s?
Oak Ridge,Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?
uranium enrichment facilities,What part of the Manhattan Project did Tennessee host?
civil rights legislation,What made Tennessee politics more competitive again in the middle of the 20th century?
Beale Street,What locale in Memphis is know as the place where blues was born?
Sun Records,What Tennessee recording company first promoted Elvis Presley?
Nashville,Which Tennessee city is home to the Country Music Hall of Fame?
International Rock-A-Billy Museum,"Which museum celebrating popular music is located in Jackson, Tennessee?"
1909,In which year is W.C. Handy first known to have been playing in Tennessee clubs?
soybeans,What is Tennessee's primary non-meat agricultural product?
Appalachian Trail,What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina?
Great Smoky Mountains National Park,Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States?
Chattanooga,Which Tennessee city hosts the state's most famous aquarium?
Dollywood,"What tourist attraction is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee?"
Captain Juan Pardo,Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?
Cherokee,"Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?"
1725,Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?
Spanish,What nationality was Juan Pardo?
James Glen,Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?
Draught of the Cherokee Country,Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?
North Carolina,Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788?
Montgomery County and Robertson County,Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina's Tennessee County?
1796,In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee?
Volunteer State,By what nickname is Tennessee officially known?
War of 1812,Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?
"30,000",How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War?
Mexican–American War,What conflict overseen by President Polk might be the source of Tennessee's nickname?
Davy Crockett,Which local icon's death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War?
"6,643 feet",What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?
Clingmans Dome,What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?
Mississippi River,What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?
Murfreesboro,Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?
55,Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?
the Great Valley,What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?
Chattanooga,Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?
the Tri-Cities,"Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?"
Tennessee River,What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?
McGhee Tyson Airport,Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?
Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport,"What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?"
"I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26",What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?
TRI,An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?
Tennessee Bottoms,What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?
Mississippi Alluvial Plain,What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?
300 feet (90 m) above sea level,What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain?
Memphis,What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee?
humid subtropical,What is the most common climate across Tennessee?
humid subtropical,Most of Tennessee has which type of climate?
Appalachians,Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee with a temperate climate?
Gulf of Mexico,Which body of ocean water affects Tennessee's climate the most?
50,What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches?
between December and April,Which range of months is Tennessee's wettest?
32,What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?
113 °F (45 °C),What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?
Perryville,Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?
−32 °F,What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?
Mountain City,Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?
Hurricane Opal,Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?
50,"On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?"
West and Middle Tennessee,Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?
15,How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?
1993,What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?
"Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro",Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee?
13,How many counties are part of Nashville's metropolitan area?
45,"What distance in miles is Clarksville, TN from Nashville?"
Murfreesboro,Which city is Tennessee's sixth largest by population?
Chattanooga and Knoxville,Which two of the six most populous Tennessee cities are nearest the Great Smoky Mountains?
"12,000",How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?
1000–1600 AD,What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?
Muscogee,Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name?
Woodland,What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD?
Spanish,Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?
1540,Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?
Muscogee and Yuchi,Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?
Cherokee,Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?
1838,By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?
1756,In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?
Fort Loudoun,What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?
Captain Raymond Demeré,Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?
Overhill Cherokees,Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?
Captain Paul Demeré,Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?
the Chickamauga,What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?
Dragging Canoe,Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?
Nancy Ward,What was the name of the Chickamauga leader's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids?
Overmountain Men,"Who left Fort Watuaga, crossed the Appalachians, and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780?"
the British Army,Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?
Franklin,What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784?
Southwest Territory,What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790?
French Lick,What town marked the western extent of the Cumberland Settlements?
Wilderness Road,What other name does the North Carolina Road share with Daniel Boone's passage through the Cumberland Gap?
Tennessee,Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?
Vermont and Kentucky,"In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?"
Stone Mountain,Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution?
Mississippi River,"When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?"
Martin Van Buren,Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?
"2,000",How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?
Nunna daul Isunyi,"What Cherokee phrase means ""the trail where we cried?"""
Choctaw,"Which Native American nation's emigration was first associated with the term ""Trail of Tears?"""
"4,000","Approximately how many Cherokees died along their ""Trail of Tears?"""
Isham Harris,Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?
East Tennessee,Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?
54,What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?
"May 7, 1861",On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?
Middle Tennessee,Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?
Union,Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee?
Ulysses S. Grant,Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862?
June,During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?
Battle of Murfreesboro,Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863?
Sullivan County,Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?
James Longstreet,Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?
Grant,Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?
Braxton Bragg,"Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?"
Battle of Bean's Station,Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?
Union,Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?
"200,000",Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?
Emancipation Proclamation,"Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?"
Andrew Johnson,Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?
Tennessee,Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?
"July 24, 1866",On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?
Fourteenth,Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?
1865,In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?
African Americans,Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century?
1889,In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state?
poor Whites,Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee's late-19th century electoral reform?
Jim Crow laws,What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation?
"480,430",Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?
Bob Corker,Which Tennessee Senator was the only Republican first-time Senator elected in 2006?
Phil Bredesen,Who was elected governor of Tennessee in 2002?
Ron Ramsey,Who was the first Republican Speaker of the Tennessee state senate since Democrats took control in the Reconstruction era?
Democratic,Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century?
"6,600,299",What was Tennessee's estimated population in 2015?
4.01%,What percentage population increase did Tennessee experience between 2010 and 2015?
"219,551",How much of Tennessee's population increase between 2010 and 2015 was due to migration?
Twenty percent,"In 2008, what percentage of Tennessee residents were born outside the South?"
"59,385",What net population increase during Tennessee's last two US Census reports was due to immigration from outside the country?
American,What was Tennessee's most common self-reported ethnic group in 2000?
9.3%,What percent of Tennessee residents self-reported their ethnic group as Irish in 2000?
English and Scotch-Irish,"Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic ""Americans"" in Tennessee?"
English,What European national ancestry was claimed by 45% of Tennessee residents in 1980?
"3,221,354",What was Tennessee's population in 1980?
National Baptist Convention,"Which Protestant denomination has its headquarters in Nashville, TN?"
Cleveland,Which Tennessee city contains the headquarters of the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy?
Nashville,The principle Bible college of the Free Will Baptists is located in which Tennessee city?
Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church,Which two major Protestant denominations are based in Memphis?
"82,000",Roughly how many farms are located in Tennesee?
beef cattle,Which livestock is the major focus of Tennessee agriculture?
1820s,When did cotton first become a large-scale agricultural product in Tennessee?
Mississippi Delta,Which river landform partly in Tennessee provided the most fertile land for cotton production?
Memphis,Where in Tennessee is the headquarters of International Paper?
Franklin,Where is Nissan Motor Company's headquarters in the United States?
Wacker Chemie,Which company has a $2 billion production plant in Bradley County?
Clarksville,Hemlock Semiconductor produces electronic components in which Tennessee city?
FedEx,Which major global shipping company is based in Memphis?
salaries and wages,What types of income are exempt from Tennessee state income tax?
7%,At what rate is Tennessee state sales and use tax usually applied?
"$1,000,000",Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee?
5.25%,What is the sales tax on foodstuffs in Tennessee?
"candy, dietary supplements and prepared food",Which edible items are taxed at the higher non-food sales and use tax rate in Tennessee?
2014,In which year did Tennessee tourism first exceed 100 million visitors?
17.7,How many billions of dollars were spend by tourists in Tennessee in 2014?
$1.5 billion,How much tax revenue did tourism generate for Tennessee in 2014?
"Davidson, Shelby, and Sevier","In 2014, which three Tennessee counties took in the most money from tourism?"
2.8%,What was the percentage increase in Tennessee's tourism-based jobs in 2014?
Georgia,Which other state sent Tennessee the most tourists in 2013?
11%,What percentage of out-of-state tourists stayed in Tennessee for four or more nights?
$118,What average daily amount did a tourist spend in Tennessee in 2013?
17%,What percentage of Tennessee tourists daily spending in 2013 went toward accommodation?
Tennessee,In which state do the greatest percentage of Tennessee tourists reside?
Kingsport,Which city is the endpoint of I-26?
Chattanooga to Clarksville,I-24 connects which two Tennessee cities?
Interstate 55,Which interstate highway running north-south passes through Memphis?
Interstate 81,"Which interstate ends at a junction close to Dandridge, Tennessee?"
Millington to Collierville,What Tennessee cities are connected by I-269?
Republican and the Democratic,Which are the two main parties in Tennessee politics?
eastern,Which part of Tennessee voted more Republican in the years following the Civil War?
yeoman,What type of farmers inhabited eastern Tennessee in the late 19th century?
tobacco and cotton,Which crops grown in West Tennessee had required a great deal of slave labor?
Republican,Which party did most former slaves join when they were given the right to vote after the Civil War?
1880s,In which decade did the Tennessee legislature institute a poll tax?
Republican,Which party declined in Tennessee politics following voting reform legislation during Reconstruction?
23.8,What percentage of the Tennessee population was African-American in 1900?
Board of Commission,"In 1913, the Tennessee state legislature made which organizational structure the default form of city government in the state?"
Warren G. Harding,Which Republican presidential candidate did Tennessee support in 1920?
Catholic,What religion was the Democratic presidential candidate that Tennessee voted against in 1928?
four,How many times has Tennessee supported Democratic presidential candidates in the general elections since the 1950s?
Herbert Hoover,Which Republican won the Presidency while carrying Tennessee in 1928?
African Americans,"In 1960, what group made up 16.45% of Tennessee's population?"
Voting Rights Act of 1965,What Congressional Act fully re-enfranchised African-American in Tennessee?
Bill Brock,Which Republican Senator's 1970 victory showed the Republican Party's renewed competitiveness in Tennessee?
white conservatives,Which constituency has become the Republican Party's staunchest supporters in Tennessee?
Winfield Dunn,Which Republican was elected Tennessee Governor in 1970?
Nashville and Memphis,Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party?
Memphis,Which Tennessee city has the largest African-American population?
1st and 2nd,Which two eastern Tennessee congressional districts have the longest track record of favoring Republican candidates?
1881,Since which year has Tennessee's 1st congressional district voted overwhelmingly Republican?
Tri-Cities and Knoxville,Which two Tennessee metropolitan areas have been most supportive of the Republican Party?
Al Gore,Which Democratic candidate lost his own state in the 2000 general election?
14%,By what percentage of the popular vote did George W. Bush carry Tennessee in 2004?
Southern,Democratic presidential candidates from which region's states have fared best in recent Tennessee history?
Al Gore,Which 2000 presidential candidate was a former US Senator from Tennessee?
Baker v. Carr,Which 1962 US Supreme Court ruling forced states to realign their voting districts to reflect census findings? 
"one man, one vote",What phrase expresses the Supreme Court's 1962 decision that population overrules geographic consideration in election districting?
rural,A bias in Tennessee politics favoring which type of geographical district gave rise to the Baker v. Carr Supreme Court case?
urban,Which type of geographical district became more powerful in Tennessee politics following the 1962 Supreme Court decision?
Highway Patrol,Which Tennessee law enforcement agency looks for road safety violations?
TWRA,Which Tennessee agency enforces state wildlife regulations outside of parks?
TBI,What is the acronym for Tennessee's statewide criminal investigation agency?
Tennessee State Park Rangers,Who provides law enforcement within Tennessee's state parks?
Sheriff's Office,Which law enforcement entity serves warrants in Tennessee?
Sheriff,Each Tennessee county must elect which law enforcement official?
County Sheriff,Who is in charge of policing Tennessee counties' unincorporated areas?
Municipal Police Departments,Who polices incorporated areas of Tennessee's counties?
94 of the 95,What proportion of Tennessee counties recognize their Sheriff as their head law enforcement official?
hanging,What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?
1916,In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?
six,How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?
73,How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?
125,How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?
Volunteers,"What is the nickname of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville athletic teams?"
1932,In which year did the University of Tennessee begin competing in the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA?
25,How many college football bowl championships have the Tennessee Volunteers won?
8,How many national titles has the Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball team claimed?
Elite Eight,What is the farthest the Tennessee Volunteers have progressed in the NCAA men's basketball tournament?
heterogeneous type of rock music,What is post-punk?
in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s,When did post-punk arrive on the scene?
"critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature",What did post-punk artists use in their music?
independent record labels and fanzines,What began to spring up around the post-punk music?
conceptual assault,How did post-punk take on rock and roll?
1970s,When was the original punk movement?
Post-punk,What is a name for a type of rock music that is extremely varied in sound?
musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations,What elements of punk rock did post-punk depart from?
art and politics,What subject matter does post-punk commonly mesh its musical sensibilities with?
subcultures,What developed along with the music developments of post-punk?
journalists in the late 1970s,Who coined the term post-punk?
groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas,"What dis the new term, post-punk, cover?"
punk's DIY ethic and energy,What inspired early post-punk artists?
"commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody",Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk?
"""radical content demands radical form""",What did the new post-punk artists believe?
journalists,"Who were the first to use the term ""post-punk""?"
late 1970s,"When was ""post-punk"" first used to start describing artists?"
punk's DIY ethic and energy,What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?
three,How many chords did standard punk songs typically use?
change,What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do?
experimentation with production techniques,What were the things that post-punk really got into?
"dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde",What are non-rock styles that post-punk used as inspiration?
avant-garde,What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk?
high cultural references of 1960s rock artists,What music did post-punk end to reject?
rock,"As a movement, post-punk has been characterized by its conceptual assault on what conventions?"
aesthetics,"What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?"
experimentation,What is one of the foundational aspects post-punk is deeply favorable towards?
as an instrument,How did post-punk artists once again approach the studio?
high cultural,What references did post-punk artists specifically reject of the 1960s rock artists?
fusion of art and music,How did Nicholas Lezard describe post-punk?
Captain Beefheart and David Bowie,Which artists were influential in post-punk?
William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard,Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement?
postmodernism,What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?
anti-corporatist,How did the post-punk movement feel about big business?
"""a fusion of art and music""",What was Nicholas Lezard's description of post-punk?
musical and pop cultural contexts,Where did post-punk ram its appropriation of ideas into?
art school,What tradition could be found in works by Captain Beefheart and David Bowie?
postmodernism,What intellectual movement informed and influenced a variety of post-punk artists?
anti-corporatist,Why did many post-punk artists produce and release their own music?
Stephen Thomas Erlewine,"Who described post-punk as ""a more adventurous and arty form of punk""?"
Simon Reynolds,"Who described post-punk as  ""less a genre of music than a space of possibility""?"
Nicholas Lezard,"Who said ""so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible"" with regards to post-punk?"
AllMusic,Who does music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine work for?
controversy,"What as the blanket term ""post-punk"" been the target of?"
AllMusic,What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with?
unifying style,"What have some people suggested post-punk doesn't have, instead being more about approaches and sensibilities?"
post-punk,Why type of scholar is music journalist Simon Reynolds?
multifarious,Why is only the broadest use of genre possible when trying to categorize what actually defines post-punk?
music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s,What is post-punk?
new wave music,What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk?
various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement,Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed?
between 1978 and 1984,What is the acctepted era of post-punk?
punk rock,What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after?
punk or new wave music,What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as?
predate the punk rock movement,Why has the prefix 'post' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups?
Reynolds,Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was?
1978 and 1984,Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing?
Rough Trade,WHich independent music company was founded by Geoff Travis?
Tony Wilson,Who founded Factory?
1977,When did releasing music indepentently really hit popularity?
Buzzcocks,Who released Spiral Scratch on their own label?
mid-1980s,When did the indoe music scene begin to grow?
independent record labels,What did many entrepreneurs interested in their local punk-influenced music scenes found?
Geoff Travis,Who founded the record label Rough Trade?
Manchester,Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based?
1977,When did some groups start looking for methods to release their music themselves?
their own,Whose label did the Buzzcocks release their Spiral Scratch EP on?
late 1977,"When did writers for Sounds first mention ""post punk""?"
experimenting,"What did Wire do with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics which different a lot from their peers?"
Writer,What career path did Jon Savage take in life?
January 1978,When did the Sex Pistols break up?
the Banshees,Who was Siouxsie backed by?
Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire,What are examples of British bands termed post-punk?
Jon Savage,"Who connsidered post-punk ""harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise"" and ""massively accented drumming""?"
Sex Pistols,Which band's lead singer was Johnny Rotten?
John Lydon,What was Johnny Rotten's real name?
1978,When did the Sex Pistols break up?
vibrant new scenes,"When the punk movement started shrinking, what began to fill the void left by their demise?"
wider conceptual,What territory did the post-punk bands pursue in their works?
British,What nationality's music magazines had an influential part of post-punk culture?
writers,What professional is Ian Penman known from?
art,What kind of background did many of the initial post-punk artists have?
"Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman",Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era?
NME and Sounds,What were popular post-punk culture media sources?
experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory,What were the bands coming in on the heels of post-punk beginning to sound like?
backgrounds in art,What was a common background of post-punk musicians?
political or aesthetic agendas,What was a common theme to post-punk music?
Lydon,Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols?
Public Image Ltd,What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?
Manchester,Where did Joy Division hail from?
modernist,What type of literature contributed to Joy Division's unique style?
Leftist,What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four?
Public Image Ltd,What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols?
"""anti music of any kind""",What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?
"Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat",Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies?
"Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio",What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester?
Pop Group and the Slits,Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music?
post-punk,What type of producer was Martin Hannett?
innovative,What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?
studio experimentation,What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?
crude production techniques,What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?
Throbbing Gristle's,Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?
Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell,Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?
Industrial Records,What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?
Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle,Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?
Industrial Records,Where did industrial music get it's name?
studio experimentation,What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?
American,What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?
Midwestern,From what region did the group Devo originate? 
New York,Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?
Brian Eno,Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?
San Francisco's,What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?
mid 1970s,When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?
Television and Suicide,Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?
Pere Ubu and Devo,What were some Midwestern punk bands?
derelict industrial environments,What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?
"Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon",What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?
nihilistic,What type of worldview did New York's no wave movement tend to have?
No wave,"The Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks were all musicians part of what movement?"
Eno,"Who produced the compilation ""No New York""?"
ZE Records,What no wave-affiliated label was founded in 1978?
"noise, dissonance and atonality","In addition to non-rock styles, what did some of the no-wave groups experiment with sonically?"
a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes,What was no wave?
"an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic",What type of a view did no wave have?
No wave,"What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?"
1978,When was ZE Records founded?
No New York,What was considered the true portrait of the no wave movement?
support,How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?
American,What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?
unique,What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?
BBC,What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?
record labels,"What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?"
1980s,When did British post-punk emerge?
Greil Marcus,"Who said that British post-punk was ""sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music""?"
PiL and Joy Division,What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?
"Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass",Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?
BBC DJ John Peel,What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?
increasingly esoteric writing,What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers?
underground aesthetics,Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed?
Paul Morley,"What writer advocated ""overground brightness""?"
NME,Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation?
"glamour, fashion, and escapism",What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?
overground brightness,What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene?
increasingly esoteric writing,What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?
engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik,Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise?
attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream,What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish?
New Romantic,"Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?"
synthpop,What style of music was Gary Numan associated with?
MTV,What did the synthpop style of music benefit from the gaining popularity of?
electronic and synthesizer music,Synthpop heavily borrowed elements from what type of music?
subversive,What type of ideas did post-punk artists attempt to sneak into mainstream pop?
commercial success,What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue?
synthpop,What new music style focused on electronic and synthesized sounds?
MTV,What really helped to launch synthpop?
pop,What else began to emerge as post-punk groups moved to a more commercial focus?
post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream,How did pos-punk give rise to pop?
early 1980s,When did Manhattan's no wave scene start becoming more dance-oriented?
"""anything at all + disco bottom""",What formula did a lot of the artists emerging from the scene adhere to?
decadent,What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57?
musicians and visual artists alike,Who did the venues because cultural hubs for?
no wave,What movement was the group the Lounge Lizards indebted to?
dance-oriented sound,What did Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transition into?
abrasive,What type of sound did no wave have before it began to transition to a more dance oriented sound?
1981,When was ZE's Mutant Disco released?
Club 57 and the Mudd Club,What clubs were frequented by artists in the emerging dance scene?
Germany,Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music?
industrial,"What type of music included noise, homemade instruments, and randomly found objects?"
Brazil,What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock?
compilations,What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages?
"UK, Germany",What countries other than Brazil was Brazil's no wave music exported to?
industrial,What type of music was associated with Einstürzende Neubauten?
Germany,Where was Einstürzende Neubauten from?
"avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects",How did Einstürzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound?
the Birthday Party,Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with?
Brazil,Where was Madame Satã?
pop,What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?
turned away from its aesthetics,How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?
MTV,What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?
American college radio,Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?
U2,What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?
commercial sounds,What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?
pop,What else would the post-punk bands record under?
U2,Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?
entryism,What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?
MTV and modern rock radio stations,What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?
dismissed,"How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?"
significant innovations and music,What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?
the sixties,What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?
Nicholas Lezard,Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?
disturbing,What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?
post-punk,What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?
produced significant innovations and music on its own,What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?
Nicholas Lezard,Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?
Simon Reynolds,Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?
"cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song",What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?
white and black musical styles,What musical styles did post-punk help merge?
various subsequent genres,What beginnings rose from the dead ashes of post-punk?
post-punk,"New wave, industrial music, synthpop and house all share roots in what genre?"
"darker, more morose",What style of music did post-punk band the Cure play in?
gothic rock,What genre of music did Joy Division help in the development of?
Post-punk,"Which type of eclectic music had a huge variety, large innovations and an ""anything goes"" mentality?"
"Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure",Which darker post-punk bands gave rise to gothic rock?
Post-punk,"Where did systhpop, industrial and neo-psychedelia music derive from?"
"darker, more morose style",What type of music was gothic rock?
"new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music",What styles of music did post-punk pave the way for?
turn of the 21st century,When did a post-punk revival start happening in England and the Colonies?
emergence of various underground bands,What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?
the 2010s,When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene?
indie music,The post-punk revival bands bring in a fanbase from what subculture?
Savages,What band played music similar to that of the early British post-punk bands of the late '70s as recently as 2010?
turn of the 21st century,When was the post-punk revival in British and American cultures?
"the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors",Who were the most commercially successful bands of the post-punk revival?
late 1990s to early 2000s,When did the commercially successful post-punk bands begin to hit the scene?
emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s,What was the earliest sign of the post-punk revival?
"Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum",Which dark post-punk bands began to emmerge in the indie scene?
Canadian,Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field?
10,How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field?
American,Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?
three,How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football?
1 yard,How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be?
"May 8, 1974",On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed?
18–22,How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League?
Vanier Cup,What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition?
Canadian Football Hall of Fame,What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?
"October 15, 1862",On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived?
First Battalion Grenadier Guards,Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?
Hamilton Football Club,What is the oldest football club in Canada?
Christopher Gwynn,"Which founder of Milton, MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football?"
"3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing",What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game?
"March 24, 1873",On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?
Canadian Rugby Football Union,"Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?"
1936,In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?
Canadian Rugby Football Union,Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891? 
Canadian Football Council,Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?
Burnside,Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903?
"CIRFU, QRFU and CRU",Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules?
1929,In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football?
American,Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions?
Albert Grey,Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?
1940s and early 1950s,When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?
Grey Cup,Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?
Ontario Rugby Football Union,Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?
The Governor General of Canada,What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?
United States,Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?
1992,In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?
Baltimore Stallions,Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?
Baltimore,The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?
three,How many years did the CFL South Division last?
Football Canada,Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?
26,How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?
Vanier Cup,Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?
Canadian Bowl,What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?
Ontario and Quebec,Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?
65,How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?
5.6,How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?
goal line,"What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a ""G""?"
24 yards (21.9 m),What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?
visiting,Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?
captain,Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?
which direction of the field to play in,What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?
the opposing captain,Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?
forward progress,"What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?"
scrimmage,Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?
feet and hands,Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?
forward,Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?
24 yards,What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?
line of scrimmage,What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?
seven,How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?
one yard,How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?
11,How many players does each side field in an American football game?
offence,What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?
the snap,What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?
quarterback or punter,Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?
down,What is another term for a completed play?
three,How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?
punt,What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?
three,How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?
ball carrier,What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway?
one yard,Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players?
hold or trip,What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player's progress near the line of scrimmage?
quarterback,Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass?
loss of yardage,What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?
five,How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?
15,How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?
first down,What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?
one-yard line,Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?
Canadian,In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?
Penalties,A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?
half the distance to the goal line,How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?
the non-penalized team,Who can decline a penalty?
3rd down,A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?
the previous play,The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?
decline the penalty,What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?
last three minutes of a half,At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?
20,How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?
loss of down,What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?
referee,Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?
10,How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?
extended,What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?
convert attempts,Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?
penalty,What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?
15,How long is a quarter in minutes?
coin toss,What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?
35,At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?
2010,In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?
second,Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?
playoff or championship,Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?
"two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France",What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?
It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire,What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?
The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764,When was the Seven Year' War fought?
Britain rose as the world's predominant power,What country emerged as the world's predominate power?
Considered a prelude to the two world wars,What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?
Prussia preemptively struck,Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?
Saxony,What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War
Prussia's alliance with Britain,What country allied with Prussia?
Austria formed an alliance with France,What was the initial country to ally with France?
Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states,The smaller German states joined which side?
"The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact",With whom did the Dutch Republic align?
"Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power","Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?"
The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship,How did the war impact the Russian population?
being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759,What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?
"Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.",What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?
"Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida",What did Britain gain in North America from the war?
"some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,",What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?
the colony of Senegal on the West African coast,What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?
France was deprived of many of its colonies,What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?
had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle,How did the war impact France financially?
"The war has been described as the first ""world war""",What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?
"The term ""Second Hundred Years' War"" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,","What does the term ""Second Hundred Years' War"" describe?"
reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century,"What is the precedent for the ""Second Hundred Year's War?"
to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars,What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?
"Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,",What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?
"Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal",What country did Spain invade?
"Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762",When did Spain invade?
"Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war",What region did Austria hope to recapture?
"Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion",What was the result of the invasion by Spain?
"The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe","Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?"
"Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party",Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?
the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.,What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?
"Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power",Why did Naples remain neutral?
superiority over the French trading outposts,What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?
The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement,What was the result for the Native American tribes?
"; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status.",What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?
good luck and successful strategy,What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?
King Frederick the Great,Who was the leader of Prussia?
"Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced",Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?
British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria,What was gained or lost by Austria?
British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British,What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?
The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution”,"What alliances were formed in the ""diplomatic reversal""?"
". Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria",Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?
"June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire",What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?
"They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria","According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?"
"the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria",What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?
"Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether",What individual was the main target of the pact?
he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia,Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?
Hanover,What was the house of king George II?
his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas,Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.
it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.,How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?
France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain,Why would France want to invade Hanover?
Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack,What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?
goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies,What was the objective of le Secret du roi?
"his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti,",Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?
"Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests",What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?
"Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,",What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?
"Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian",What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?
Saxony and Polish west Prussia,What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?
could not expect French support,What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?
he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack,What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?
the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia,What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?
"Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,",Who was Poland's ancient ally?
Austria,What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?
Frederick and Prussia,What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?
saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.,What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia?
to protect Hanover's interests against France.,What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?
Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria,What was Kaunitz's objective with the French?
willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid,What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?
"to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover",What did Russia use Britain's money for?
Britain and Prussia,What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?
"January 16, 1756",When was the Convention of Westminster signed?
"Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,",Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?
Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged,What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?
"France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria,",Why was France mad at the British-Prussian agreement?
France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance,"France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?"
"Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France",Who were the parties to the treaty of Versailles?
24.000 troops,How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?
"the Forks"" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River",Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?
British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful,Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?
Led by George Washington,Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?
Fort Necessity,Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?
Britain and France,Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?
the expedition ended in disastrous defeat,What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?
British Major General Edward Braddock,Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?
"Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships",What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France?
inconclusive,Who won the Battle of Lake George?
It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help,How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?
"geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult",Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?
several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative,Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?
France had few counterbalancing European successes.,How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?
"in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.","In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make."
"allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,",How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe?
Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage,Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.
Frederick the Great of Prussia,Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?
leaving Austria to side with France,What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?
"In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies",How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach?
a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire,What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy,What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
North America and India,What locations did Pitt want from France?
He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies,How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?
even after that the British continued his strategy,How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe,What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?
the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca,What country initiated conflict?
Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed,What was the result for Admiral Byng?
War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May,When was war declared between Britain and France?
nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.,How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?
he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony,How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?
"Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria",What country was Saxony aligned with?
pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia,Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?
he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia,What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?
to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense,What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?
"leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary",How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?
leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east,How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?
"a column of about 15,000 men",Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
"a column of 18,000 men",Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.
"a corps of 30,000 troops.",Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith 
"Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.",How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?
Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne,What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?
"Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army",What happened to the Saxon army?
led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition,What was the result of the fury of Europe?
attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage,What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?
combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover,How did Britain Protect Hanover?
"shipping supplies and ₤670,000",How did the British support Prussia?
the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral,Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?
"successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.","Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?"
under the command of the Duke of Cumberland,Who led the force to defend Hanover?
the fortifications of Prague,Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?
both forces suffered major casualties,What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?
Frederick II,Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
"Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia",Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?
"picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague.",How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?
five days of artillery bombardment,What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia,How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
defeated a smaller Prussian force,What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory,What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
Sweden,What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west,What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?
Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757,What was the initial result of the French invasion?
then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757,What was the result of the Austrian invasion?
"(France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)",Name the four opponents of Prussia.
a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership,What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?
Cumberland,What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?
French,What country won the battle at Hanover?
Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war,How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?
Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance,How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?
Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758,Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
"the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania",What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?
occupied most of Swedish Pomerania,What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
"Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.",What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?
"successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition",What political development shaped the policy of the British?
Count András Hadik,What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
"occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night",What city did Hadik occupy?
"city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers",How was Berlin spared?
"Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines",How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
he immediately sent a larger force to free the city,What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia,Where did Frederick invade in 1758
Olmütz,What city did Frederick lay siege to?
"Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,",What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?
Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.,How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?
"an annual subsidy of £670,000",What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
"Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army",How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces,What caused alarm in France?
the French,Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine,Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?
marched to counter it.,How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
"35,000 men",How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
"Russian army of 43,000",How many Russians were in defense?
the Russians withdrew,Which army withdrew?
Swedish,What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
Marshal Daun,What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
lost much of his artillery,What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
"retreated in good order, helped by dense woods",Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough,What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?
", Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter",How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?
1759 saw several Prussian defeats,How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
"47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians",How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
"Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000",What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
"the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French",What happened at Minden in 1757?
Frederick himself lost half his army,What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
near the mouth of the Loire,Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?
their Brest and Toulon fleets,How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?
the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet,What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?
"caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground",What happened to the French Brest fleet?
putting an end to the French plans.,"With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?"
"the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz",Identify a success of the Austrians?
"Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia",Where is Glatz
outnumbered three to one,What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
"he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.",Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?
General Saltykov,Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
Spain,Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
Portugal,Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
". Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida",What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side,Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
"the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain",Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?
the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them,How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
". One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons",What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?
Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania,Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.,identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
". In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.",What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?
offering concessions to secure peace,Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?
"60,000 men",How many troops did Frederick have left?
"Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin",What development in Russia assisted Prussia?
"Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden",What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?
He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command,What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?
his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened,In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army,In 1763 what was the status of Austria?
British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute,What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?
"Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war",What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?
"In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.",What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?
saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise,What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay,What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
"it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan",How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?
"It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction",What damage was done at the alternate site?
the expedition returned having damaged French privateering,How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;,Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
The elderly General Bligh,Who led the invasion troops?
"the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,",Was the landing successful?
Cherbourg,Where did the troops land?
"destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.",How did the British treat Cherbourg?
Worsening weather,What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?
the army proceeded overland.,How did the army get to the new anchorage location?
the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast,How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?
"A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked",How did the British army escape
"a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops",What happened to the British army?
Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756,What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba,What success did the British have in Cuba?
captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758,What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762,Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.
Manila in the Philippines,What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley,Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?
the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois,Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?
the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley,How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?
"The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British",Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?
"The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war",How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?
France's native allies,Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
the French refused to protect their captives,How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
"slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children",How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
French naval deployments,How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.,What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena,How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?
Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac,Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.
the Acadian population,Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?
Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island),What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?
"4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British",How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?
All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759,Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759
Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces,What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?
"On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French",When did General Wolfe take Quebec?
they were unable to retake Quebec,Did the French take Quebec back?
British naval superiority,What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?
"St. John's, Newfoundland",Where did the French attack in 1762?
the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table,What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
French forces were eventually defeated by British troops,Did the French hold St. John's?
they took St. John's,Did the French take St. John's?
Battle of Signal Hill,Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
"the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec",Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.
"the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry",Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.
"generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels",How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?
"Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans",What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?
maps and other printed materials,What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?
hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris,How were the British-French hostilities concluded?
the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana,Who ended up owning Louisiana?
they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.,What part of North America did Britain end up with?
"Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans",What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans
"Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter",What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?
returned all the French trading ports,What did France retain in India?
"treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt",How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?
loss of France's ally in Bengal,What French ally in the area abandoned the French?
this effectively brought French power in India to an end,What happened to French power in the area?
the defection of Hyderabad to the British,Who defected to the British?
at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.,Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?
"Austria, Prussia, and Saxony",Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?
The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748,What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?
The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz,What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg
Frederick would not allow it,Did the Austrians retain Glatz?
Austria's prestige was restored in great part,What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?
was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.,How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?
it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony,What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?
Austria was not able to retake Silesia,Did Austria get Silesia back?
by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections,Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?
the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.,What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?
Beside the rise of Prussia,What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?
-belligerent Hanover,What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?
she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.,How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?
George III of Great Britain,Which British king supported Hanover following the war?
Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced,What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?
his military genius was strenuously kept alive,What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?
Russia’s volte-face,What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?
"Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland",What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?
"a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved",What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?
American Indian tribes,Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?
"outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands",Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?
French Canadians,Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?
The act protected Catholic religion,How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?
The act protected Catholic religion and French language,What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?
Lord Sandwich,What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?
lacking any substantial ally,What countries joined Britain as allies?
now saw Britain as a greater threat than France,Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?
1778–83,When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?
Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762,What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?
parton model,"Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?"
Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?
1965,In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?
Feynman diagrams,"Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?"
ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time,What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?
There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?
The Feynman Lectures on Physics,What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?
"Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!",What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?
lectures,Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___
Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman,What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?
"May 11, 1918",What was the date of Feynman's birth?
New York City,In what city was Feynman born?
atheist,Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?
Ashkenazi,What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?
"""wonderful book"" and ""valuable""",What did Feynam think of the Talmud?
humor,What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?
father,What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?
radios,What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?
home burglar alarm system,"As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?"
engineering,"What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?"
died at four weeks of age,What happened to Feyman's younger brother?
Joan,What is Feynman's sister's name?
astronomy,What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?
Richard,Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe?
astrophysicist,What career did Joan hold?
123,What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?
Far Rockaway High School,What high school did Feynman go to?
half-derivative,What did Feyman derive before he went to college?
15,"Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?"
Queens,What burrough was Feynman's high school in?
mathematics and physics,Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?
history and English,Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?
perfect score,What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?
1942,When did he receive his PhD?
The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics,What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?
Manhattan Project,Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?
Hans Bethe,Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?
Bethe–Feynman formula,What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?
calculating the yield of a fission bomb,What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?
Robert Serber,Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?
truck windshield,Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation
Trinity bomb test,What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?
"""purple splotch"" afterimage",What did Feynman see after the atomic test?
ultraviolet radiation,What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?
nuclear reactor,What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?
Oak Ridge facility,Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?
safety procedures,What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?
uranium hydride bomb,Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?
Los Alamos,"Where did Feynman work on the ""Wateer Boiler""?"
top secret,Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?
left a series of notes in the cabinets,How did Feynman spook a colleague?
saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets,What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?
Albuquerque,Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?
spy for the Soviets,"Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?"
The Pleasure of Finding Things Out,In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?
possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies,What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?
depression,"After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?"
error on his part,What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?
University of Wisconsin–Madison,Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?
Dean Mark Ingraham,Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?
1942,Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?
Manhattan project,Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?
Institute for Advanced Study,At which college did Feyman turn down a job?
Cornell University,Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?
Hans Bethe,Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?
Nobel Prize–winning work,His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?
destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb,Why did Feynman go through a depression?
Princeton University,The  Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?
no teaching duties,Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?
students,Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?
California Institute of Technology,Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?
Ithaca,In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?
Great Explainer,Which nickname did Feynman receive?
fully understood,Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?
antiparticles,"In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?"
light cone,"Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?"
Feynman diagrams,What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?
positrons,What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?
his van,Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?
approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes,What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?
quark model,What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?
parton model,What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?
not real particles,Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?
Ernest Rutherford,Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?
sixth quark,"After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?"
quantum electrodynamics,Where did  Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity
consequences of a free massless spin 2 field,What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?
Einstein field equation of general relativity,What equation did Feyman derive?
QCD and the electro-weak theory,Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?
Yang–Mills theories,What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?
Royal Society,Which society was Feynman elected to?
The Feynman Lectures on Physics,After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?
connections to drugs and rock and roll,Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?
drums,"In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?"
"The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter",What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?
1974,In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?
cargo cult science,Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?
fool yourself,What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?
pseudoscience,What is cargo cult science?
parallel computer,What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?
Stephen Wolfram,Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?
His son Carl,Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?
software,What specifically did his son work on?
influencing the interconnects,What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?
string theory and M-theory,What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?
tubes,The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?
they don't check their ideas,What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?
"'Well, it still might be true.'""",Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?
sober narrative,In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
What Do You Care What Other People Think?,Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
1 in 200,"While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?"
NASA,His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
Christa McAuliffe,Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
Jewish,Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?
The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize,Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?
the chosen people,What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?
atheist,What religious affiliation did Feynman have?
race,Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?
Arline Greenbaum,Who was Feynman's wife?
tuberculosis,Which disease did Arline succumb to?
1945,In which year did his wife die?
"Feynman's daughter, Michelle",Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
Infinity,What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
ants and Martians,What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
Mathematics,Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
parallel computing,What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
Don Quixote,What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory,What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
Brazilian Center for Physics Research,Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
Tuva,"Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?"
The day after he died,When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
Genghis Blues,What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
Feynman's daughter Michelle,Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
alcohol,What substance did Feynman give up later in life?
he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain,Why did Feynman give up alcohol?
LSD,Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?
"O Americano, Outra Vez",In what book did he talk about his LSD use?
"Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman",Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?
topless bar,Where was his second office at Caltech?
Feynman,Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?
paper placemats,Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?
county officials,Who tried to shut the topless bar down?
New York Times,Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?
James Gleick,Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?
The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm,"Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?"
write down the answer,"Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?"
compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64,Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?
professional physicists and graduate students,"Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?"
Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands,Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?
"""Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics",Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?
Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton,Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?
1942 – 20 October 2011,"When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?"
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism,What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?
his own Third International Theory,What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?
Pan-Africanism,What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011,"What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the ""Brotherly Leader""?"
from 1977 to 2011,"When did Gaddafi rule as the ""Brotherly Leader""?"
Pan-Africanism,What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
1942 – 20 October 2011,List Gaddafi's lifespan.
1969,When did he first gain power in Libya?
Third International Theory,What political ideology did Gaddafi create?
Colonel Gaddafi,By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?
Libyan,What was Gaddafi's nationality?
Libyan Arab Republic,What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?
Brotherly Leader,"From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?"
20 October 2011,What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?
The Green Book,What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council,What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic,"As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished."
introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system,How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
"the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.",Describe the Popular Revolution.
he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system,How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
"to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.",How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
"formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions",Describe the Popular Revolution.
abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic,"When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?"
Islamic socialism,What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
goat herder,What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
Bedouin,What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
Benghazi,In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
Idris,From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
Revolutionary Command Council,What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
state of the masses,"What does ""Jamahiriya"" mean?"
he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents,What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?
"Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing","List two reasons why Libya become an ""international pariah."""
U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions,Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.
"uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC",How did Gaddafi lose power?
"Jamahiriya (""state of the masses"")",What was Libya's socialist government called?
Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing,"Why did Libya become an ""international pariah""?"
U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.,How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?
"an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War",How did Gaddafi lose power?
"Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.",How did Gaddafi die?
state of the masses,What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?
1977,In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?
Chad,"Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?"
Lockerbie,What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?
1986,In what year did the United states bomb Libya?
"was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya",Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.
as a goat and camel herder,How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.,How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?
Bedouin,What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?
"Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943",When was Gaddafi born?
"Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya",Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.
Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder,How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
"Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records",How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?
He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.,How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?
"His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)",When did Gaddafi's parents die?
Abu Meniar,"Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?"
1978,When did Gaddafi's mother die?
three,How many sisters did Gaddafi have?
Sirte,Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?
Qadhadhfa,What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?
In 1951,When did Libya become an independent nation?
an absolute monarchy,"When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?"
British and French forces,What countries occupied Libya after World War II?
"a pro-western monarch, Idris",Who was the first leader of Libya?
"Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911",What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?
"According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911",How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?
Libya was occupied by British and French forces,What happened to Libya right after World War II?
"In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership",When was it announced that Libya would be independent?
"a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.",What was the first type of government that Libya had?
his nation was occupied by Italy,What country occupied Libya during World War II?
Italy,What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?
British,Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?
Abdessalam Bouminyar,Who was Gaddafi's father's father?
1911,During what year did the Italians invade Libya?
French,"Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?"
"a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher",Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.
"During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents","In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family."
"Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.",How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?
"Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.","When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school."
"where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.",Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.
"Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.",Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?
"During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.",How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?
"while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.",Were Gaddafi's parents educated?
"Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.",Was Gaddafi's education free?
"Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.",How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?
Islamic,In what religion was Gaddafi educated?
Sabha,What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?
south-central,What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?
Abdul Salam Jalloud,Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?
Sirte,In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?
he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol.,Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?
"Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk",Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.
factionalism,What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?
Arab nationalist activism,"While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?"
"October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic",Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?
"Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk",List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.
Arab nationalist activism,Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?
factionalism,What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?
Misrata,Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?
Arab Nationalist Movement,"Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?"
October 1961,In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?
Syrian,Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?
Abraham Lincoln,"Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?"
History at the University of Libya in Benghazi,What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?
"Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists",Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?
at the Royal Military Academy,Where did Gaddafi begin his military training?
"the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change",How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military?
the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963,What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in?
History,What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya?
to join the military,Why did Gaddafi drop out of college?
Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change,What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military?
the British military,What country trained Libya's military?
the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963,What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military?
University of Libya,Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time?
History,"During his time in college, what did Gaddafi study?"
"Royal Military Academy, Benghazi","After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?"
British,"While the Libyan monarchy existed, who trained the Libyan army?"
imperialists,What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as?
"finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes","When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?"
claiming British Army officers racially insulted him,How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?
"he thought him an ""amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.""",How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?
"he returned home ""more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.""",How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?
"an ""amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.""",How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?
"finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes","When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?"
"Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him",How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?
"while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home ""more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.""","When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?"
reading and playing football,What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?
playing football,"Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?"
Piccadilly,In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?
English,What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?
Bovington,Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?
racially insulted him,What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?
"President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism",What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
"his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser",What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
"Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution",What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
"1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961",Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
transition from capitalism to socialism,What political ideology did Nasser implement?
Egyptian,What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
1961,When did the United Arab Republic end?
Egyptian Revolution,What notable event occurred in 1952?
Cairo,From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
Nasser,What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s,What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?
the oil industry,What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?
corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry,What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?
Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt,What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?
"they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.",Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:
Israel,What country won the Six-Day War?
Tripoli and Benghazi,In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?
Egypt,On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?
1969,In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?
Black Boots,What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?
"They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.","When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?"
"In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.",When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?
Operation Jerusalem,What was Gaddafi's coup called?
"Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,",What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?
"Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.",What did Hameidi do during the coup?
Turkey and Greece,What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?
Operation Jerusalem,What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?
Omar Meheisha,What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?
Khweldi Hameidi,Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?
Jalloud,What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?
Addressing the populace by radio,How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:
"""White Revolution"", although was later renamed the ""One September Revolution""",List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.
"freedom, socialism, and unity",What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?
a revolution,What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?
Libyan Arab Republic,What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?
White Revolution,What was the Libyan coup called at first?
One September Revolution,"What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?"
Free Officers,What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?
reactionary and corrupt,How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?
"All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;",How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
"they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.",Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
Gaddafi,Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses,Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
10 January 1970,On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
young,What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
none,How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
men,What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
middle,"Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?"
They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces,What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.,What happened to Idris?
Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.,How did Gaddafi view the elite?
"""People's Courts"" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.",What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
Senussi,What clan was King Idris part of?
none,How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
execution,What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
monarchists,"Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?"
monarchist politicians,"Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?"
"Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,",What was the RCC's view of political parties?
"In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.",What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
united secular and religious law codes,What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
"In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.",What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
1970,In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
September 1971,In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
trade unions,What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
newspapers,What publications were shut down 1972?
1973,In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
crude oil,What was Libya's main export?
"In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.",How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?
crude oil,What was the main export of Libya?
$1 billion,How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?
OPEC,What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?
Jalloud,Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?
"by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951","In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?"
"while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.",How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
"In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.",What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.,How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
British Petroleum,What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
September 1973,In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
$3.8 billion,What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
1979,In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
$40,What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
pan-Libyan,What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
regional and tribal,What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
Sabha,Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
counter-revolutionary activity,What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
Arab Socialist Union,Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
sharia,On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
Arabic,What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
1969 to 1973,During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
Christian,What religion was suppressed in Libya?
alcohol,What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
Arab nationalism,What philosophy influenced the RCC?
Syria,"Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?"
Nasser,What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
Egypt and Sudan,What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
1969,In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
Nasser,Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?
unified state,What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?
"Egypt, Syria and Sudan","Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?"
1972,In what year was the merger charter signed?
September 1973,When did the federation have to be implemented by?
"France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union",What nations comprised the Four Powers?
U.S.,Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?
U.K.,"Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?"
June 1970,In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?
British,Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?
"12,000",How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?
Jews,"In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?"
France and the Soviet Union,Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?
U.S.,Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?
Malta,Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?
Yasser Arafat,What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
Fatah,What organization did Arafat belong to?
Black September Organization,Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
Munich,In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
three,How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
1970s,During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
Eritrean War of Independence,During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
Europe,On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
colonialism and neocolonialism,What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
Apartheid,What was the ANC combating?
16 April 1973,"On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a ""Popular Revolution""?"
administrative,What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
dissolved,What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
5,How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
Egypt,"Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?"
General People's Committees,What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?
traditional leaders,"Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?"
traditional party-based representative,What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?
pyramid,What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
tribal divisions,What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
Marxists,"Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?"
General People's Committee,"Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?"
Mao Zedong,Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
June 1973,In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
pan-Arab,What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
Soviet Union,"Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?"
capitalism,What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
three,Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?
1979,When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?
The Green Book,What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?
one,What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?
socialism,What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?
1975,In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?
1976,In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?
200,How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?
two,How many students were executed in January of 1977?
Amnesty International,Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?
Sadat,Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
Israeli,What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
Haifa,What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
sandstorm,Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
American,Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Syria,Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?
Gaafar Nimeiry,Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?
Sudan People's Liberation Army,What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?
Chad,"Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?"
uranium,What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?
Tunisia,What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?
Arab Islamic Republic,What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?
Habib Bourguiba,Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?
Algeria,With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?
Moroccan,Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,"What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?"
187,How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
General People's Congress,What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
Libyan Arab Republic,What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
annual,How often did the General People's Congress occur?
a rubber stamp,What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
primary schools to be abolished,What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
home schooling,What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
allow women into the armed forces,What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
Qur'an,What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
protection of private property,What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
commercial,What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
shirk,What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
Egypt,Who won a border war with Libya?
1978,In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?
Secretary-General,"Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?"
Leader of the Revolution,"After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?"
commander-in-chief,What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?
public sector,"In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?"
private sector,"What ""dictatorship"" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?"
worker cooperatives,"After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?"
several hundred,How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?
"2 March 1979,",On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?
Mohammad Maghgoub,Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?
The Green March,What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?
weekly,How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?
Revolutionary Committees,What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?
Jefara plain,Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?
1981,When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?
1000 dinar,What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?
state supermarkets,What took the place of private businesses in 1981?
black market,"As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?"
Qaddadfa,What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?
head of military intelligence,What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?
National Front for the Salvation of Libya,"In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?"
Mohammed Magariaf,Who founded the NFSL?
"al-Borkan,",What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?
State Sponsors of Terrorism,What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979?
Tripoli,In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979?
Iran hostage crisis,What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya?
£1 billion,How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?
Tanzanian,What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979?
$5.4 billion,How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?
Gaddafi's Pet Project,What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?
Chad,In what country did FROLINAT operate?
1981,In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?
Hassan II,Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?
1981 and 1985,In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union?
a puppet regime of the Soviet Union,What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be?
Warsaw Pact,"As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join?"
Su-22,What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981?
policewoman,What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher?
100,About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?
1986 Berlin discotheque bombing,What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?
two,How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?
Hanna,What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?
Syria,What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?
1987,"In what year did the ""Revolution within a Revolution"" begin?"
1988,In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?
27,How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?
Nelson Mandela,Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?
South African,What was Mandela's nationality?
army and police,What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?
Rabta,Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?
mustard gas,What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?
Misrata,Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?
Benghazi,Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?
Mauritania,"Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?"
Abdelbaset al-Megrahi,"Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?"
11,How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?
748,What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?
$900 million,What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?
Community of Sahel-Saharan States,What organization did Libya join in 1999?
Algiers,Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?
African Union,What organization was founded in July of 2002?
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,What is COMESA?
Thabo Mbeki,Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?
Jiang Zemin,What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?
Iraq War,What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?
Tony Blair,What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?
Brussels,In what city is the EU headquarters located?
€50 million,How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?
March 2003,In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?
$40 billion,How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?
sixfold,By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?
half,"According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?"
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi,"As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?"
2011,In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali,Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?
30,About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?
17 February,On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?
patronage,"Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?"
al-Qaeda,Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?
hundreds,How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?
National Transitional Council,What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?
eastern,Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?
al-Bayda and Tobruk,"Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?"
UN Human Rights Council,"As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?"
March,In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?
hundreds,How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?
United Arab Emirates,"Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?"
30 April,On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?
Secretary of Defense,"At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?"
NATO,What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?
Tripoli,What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?
head of state security,What position was held by Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
30,"About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15, 2011?"
Istanbul,"Where did the July 15, 2011 meeting take place?"
Saif al-Islam,Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27?
Abdullah Senussi,Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
Berber,What is another term for the Amazigh?
Arabic,What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?
25 August,On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?
NATO,What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?
Zliten and Tripoli,What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?
western,In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?
Sirte,"After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?"
Jarref,"Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?"
53,About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?
grenade blast,"After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?"
Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi,Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?
Mutassim,"What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?"
Misrata,Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?
Dr. Othman al-Zintani,Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?
66,How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?
Mahmoud Jibril,Who was the prime minister of the NTC?
four,For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?
Omran Shaaban,Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?
Bani Walid,Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?
25 October,On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?
Nasserism,What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser?
Third International Theory,What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s?
Third World revolutionary theory,What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory?
three,The Green Book consisted of how many volumes?
political scientist,What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar?
Sunni,What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in?
Uganda,In what country is Kampala Mosque located?
Bedouin,In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised?
2010,In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy?
United States,"What country did Gaddafi refer to as ""the embodiment of evil""?"
Isratin single-state solution,How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?
Blundy and Lycett,Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?
support of Israel,What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?
Nasser,Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?
Mirella Bianco,Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?
Muslim,What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?
Reporter,What is Mirella Biano's occupation?
His father,Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?
Le Monde,What publication did Annick Cojean work for?
Libyan,What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa?
Luis Moreno Ocampo,What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women?
Gaddafi's Harem,What book was written by Annick Cojean?
two miles,How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli?
West German engineers,Who designed Gaddafi's Azizia home?
two,How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi's compound?
£1 billion,What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?
$120 million,How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340?
General Khalid,Who was Gaddafi's first father-in-law?
1970,When was Gaddafi's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born?
el-Brasai,What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi's second wife?
Obeidat,What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to?
2011,When did Khamis Gaddafi die?
Blundy and Lycett,Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist?
Bianco,Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker?
Daniel Kawczynski,Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches?
peaceful,What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?
a foreign military,Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?
tsetse fly and mosquito,"According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?"
malaria and sleeping sickness,What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?
Amazonian Guard,What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?
1980s,In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?
Ukrainian,What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?
nurse,What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?
professional,What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?
cholera and typhoid,What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi's health care policies?
free,What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi?
economic stagnation,Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?
Euro-American far right,"Due to his opposition to West governments, who notably respected Gaddafi?"
Libyan studies specialist,What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris?
mad dog of the Middle East,What did Reagan call Gaddafi?
"1,270","According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?"
Not Free,"Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?"
stray dogs,What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?
Abu Salim,At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?
Hugo Chávez,Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?
Nelson Mandela,Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?
David Cameron,Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?
Sierra Leone,In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?
Barack Obama,Who said something about tyranny?
Mohammed Magariaf,Who was elected president of the GNC?
Mustafa A.G. Abushagur,Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC?
failed to gain congressional approval,Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister?
Ali Zeidan,Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister?
State of Libya,What official name did the GNC give to Libya?
Republic of Cyprus,What is the official name of Cypus?
Eastern Mediterranean Sea,Where is Cyprus located?
Syria and Turkey,What countries are nearby Cyprus?
member state,What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?
island country,Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country? 
third largest,What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean? 
Turkey,Which country is north of Cyprus?
10th millennium BC,What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?
the oldest water wells in the world,What is Cyprus home to of?
Mycenaean Greeks,Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?
"empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians",What empires have occupied Cyprus?
between 1571 and 1878,When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?
1878,When was Cyprus placed under British administration?
1914,What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain?
1960,What year was Cyprus granted independence?
1963,What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur?
"25,000",How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963? 
Akrotiri and Dhekelia,The Republic of Cyprus does not have de jure sovereignty over what two British territories? 
two main parts,How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into?
59%,How much area of the island does the Republic control?
Turkey,The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is only recognized by what country?
territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces,What does the international community consider the northern part of Cyprus?
late Bronze Age,During what Age did Cyprus experience two waves of Greek settlement?
Mycenaean Greek traders,Who did the first wave of Greek settlement consist of?
1400 BC,What year did Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus begin visiting Cyprus?
Aphrodite and Adonis,Cyprus is the birthplace of what two Greek mythological figures?
"King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion",Cyprus is home to which Greek mythological figures?
1473,In what year did James II die?
Republic of Venice,Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II?
1489,In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus?
Ottoman Empire,Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule?
1539,In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol?
1570,In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault?
Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants,Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?
Anatolia,Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where?
feudal system,What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system?
head of the Church of Cyprus,Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population?
Roman Catholic Church,Who was the Church of Cyprus hoping to end encroachments of?
250 years,How many years did Cyprus face of economic decline?
"47,000",How many Muslims made up the island's population in 1777-78?
"37,000",How many Christians made up the island's population in 1777-78?
"144,000",What was the population of the island in 1872?
"44,000",In 1872 the island contained how many Muslims?
"100,000",In 1872 the island contained how many Christians?
1821,What year did the Greek war of independence break out?
486,How many Greek Cypriots were arrested and executed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus?
Ioannis Kapodistrias,Who was modern Greece's first president?
union of Cyprus with Greece,What did Ioannis Kapodistrias call for?
Britain,The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country?
1906,What years was the Famagusta harbour completed?
Suez Canal,Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?
Central Powers,Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?
Cypriot Orthodox Church,The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom?
Megali Idea,"Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea?"
Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA).,What guerrilla organization was founded by religious officials and military officers?
1950s,In what year decade did the pursuit of enosis become a part of national Greek policy?
Turkish Cypriots,Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus?
British,Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power?
20%,What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up?
"""Partition or Death""",What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests?
1950,In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum?
80.2%,"In 1946, the Greeks made up what percent of Cyprus' population?"
1955,In what year was the EOKA organization founded?
"""divide and rule""",What is the name of the policy that the British adopted?
"United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey",Which countries were part of the Zurich and London Agreement?
"573,566",What was Cyprus' total population when it gained independence?
16 August 1960,What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence?
(77.1%,What was the percentage of Greeks in the Cyprus population?
18.2%,What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population?
Greece and Turkey,National militants had the support of what two countries?
reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots,What was the goal of the Akritas plan?
President Archbishop Makarios,Which president called for constitutional changes?
Turkey,Who rejected the constitutional changes proposed by President Archbishop Makarios?
1963,In December of what year did intercommunal violence erupt?
364,The violence beginning in 1963 resulted in the deaths of many Turks?
"25,000-30,",How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the violence?
travelling and entering government buildings,Turkish Cypriots were prevented from doing what?
Turkey,Who tried to invade Cyprus in 1964?
Lyndon B. Johnson,Which US President prevented Turkey from invading Cyprus?
enosis,What policy could not be abandoned in 1964?
"10,000",How many troops did Greece send to Cyprus?
15 July 1974,What date was a coup d'etat carried out in Cyprus?
Dimitrios Ioannides,Who lead the coup d'etat attempt?
Nikos Sampson,Who replaced president Makarios Ill?
invaded the island,What did the Turkish army to do respond to the coup d'etat?
United Nations,Which organization rejected the justification used by Turkey to invade?
Kyrenia,What did the Turkish troops capture first on the island?
14 August,What was the date of the second Turkish invasion?
"Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria",What locations were seized in the second invasion?
37%,How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire?
"180,000",How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?
"50,000",How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control?
1975,In what year did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?
using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974,Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?
"150,000",How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?
Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions,What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?
all of its ports of entry in the north were closed,What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?
2004,In what year did the last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute take place?
Lebanon,In 2006 people fled to Cyprus from what country?
2004,In what year did Cyprus join the European Union?
65%,How many Turkish Cypriots voted for the Annan Plan in 2004?
74%,How many Greek Cypriots voted against the Annan Plan in 2004?
Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range,What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus?
the Mesaoria,What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?
Pedieos River,Which river drains the Mesaoria plain?
Mount Olympus,What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?
"1,952 m (6,404 ft)",How tall is Mount Olympus?
24 °C (75 °F),"In Cyprus, what is the average temperature during the day?"
one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean,What type of climate does Cyprus have?
November,What month typically marks the end of summer on Cyprus?
eight months,How long do summers generally last on Cyprus?
Limassol,Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union?
17–18 °C (63–64 °F),What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter?
6–8 °C (43–46 °F),What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night?
July and August,When does the middle of summer occur on Cyprus?
33 °C (91 °F),What is the average day temperature on the coast during summer?
30 °C (86 °F),What is the average day temperature on the coast in June and September?
Inland,Where are temperatures more extreme compared to the coast of Cyprus?
Between 2001 and 2004,When did Cyprus receive enough rainfall to fill up their water reserves?
rain,What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water?
more frequent droughts,Why has the water supply shrunk in previous years?
water,What resource is scarce on Cyprus?
"local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists",Why has demand for water increased annually on Cyprus?
Dams,What do the people of Cyprus rely on for domestic and agricultural supply of water?
107,What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus?
"330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft).",What is the capacity of water that the dams on Cyprus can hold?
almost 50 per cent,What percentage of domestic water do desalination plants provide on Cyprus?
desalination plants,What has the government invested in to help supply water for Cyprus?
legislative and judicial branches,What types of branches did the 1960 Constitution provide?
Turkish Cypriot,What type of person was the vice-president?
the House of Representatives,Where did Legislative power rest?
northern third of the island,Which part of Cyprus was occupied by the Turkish army?
1974,In what years was Cyprus divided?
independence,"In 1983, Turkish Cypriots declared what?"
The United Nations,What organization recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus?
59 members,How many members are currently in the House of Representatives?
five-year term,How long is the term for an elected member of the House of Representatives?
24,How many seas are allocated to the Turkish community?
Dimitris Christofias,Who became the country's first Communist head of state in 2008?
Nicos Anastasiades,Who is the current president of Cyprus?
ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island,Why does the United Nations question the Human rights status of Cyprus?
free,"What is the rating for Cyprus in the ""Freedom in the World 2011"" report?"
division of the island,What is one of the reasons for the human rights issues on Cyprus?
over $100m,How much was Turkey ordered to pay in compensation to Cyprus?
Turkey,Who was accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?
2014,What year was Turkey ordered to pay fines to Cyprus?
directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory,Why was Turkey accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?
Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion,What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus?
Supreme Commander,What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force?
11 July 2011,What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur?
Eurozone financial and banking crisis,What affected the Cypriot economy in 2012?
€1.8 billion,How much many did the Cypriot government initially announce it needed?
€4 billion,What was the amount of additional money requested by Cyprus?
"Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank",What are the names of Cyprus' three largest banks?
split the country's second largest bank,What did the March 2013 agreement decide?
Bank of Cyprus,"Who would eventually absorb the ""good"" bank of Cyprus Popular Bank?"
€10 billion,What was the amount of bailout money given to Cyprus?
wealthy Russians,Who was using Cyprus as a tax haven?
"$30,769",What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF?
"Tourism, financial services and shipping",What are three of the largest contributors to the Cyprus economy?
1 January 2008,When was the Euro declared as the national currency of Cyprus?
low tax rates,Why has Cyprus been sought out by offshore businesses?
natural gas,What resource has been discovered offshore in recent years?
"Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007",With what two countries did Cyprus first demarcate its maritime border?
Israel,Which country did Cyprus demarcate its maritime border in 2010?
Noble Energy,What is the name of the US-based firm in a production-sharing agreement with Cyprus?
"road, sea and air",What are the three modes of transport available on Cyprus?
"6,249 km (3,883 mi)",How many miles of roads are paved on Cyprus?
"4,414 km (2,743 mi)",How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus?
left-hand,Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on?
"482,000",What was the number of Greek Cypriots on Cyprus in 1973?
"506,000 (78.9%)",What did the Cypriot government find was the Greek population on Cyprus?
"118,000 (18.4%)",What did the Cypriot government find was the Turkish population on Cyprus?
"1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001",In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses?
the Turkish population,Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks?
"256,644",How many people were living in Northern Cyprus according to the 2006 census?
"120,031",How many citizens born in Cyprus also have parents who were born in Cyprus?
"147,405",How many of the citizens in Northern Cyprus was born in Cyprus?
Greek Orthodox,What religion do most Greek Cypriots identify with?
Sunni Islam,What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with?
Cyprus,What country is the second most religious in the European Union?
Archbishop Chrysostomos II,Who is the current head of the Greek Orthodox church in Cyprus?
two,How many official languages does Cyprus have?
Greek and Turkish,What are the two official languages of Cyprus?
Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic,What are the minority languages are spoken in Cyprus?
English,Are there any Western languages spoken in Cyprus?
Russian,Are there any Eastern languages spoken in Cyprus?
high school grades,What do Cypriot universities ignore when looking at admission?
high-school diploma,What is required for university attendance?
university entrance examinations,What plays a large factor in determining admission at a university?
25%,What percentage do grades obtained account for in a students final grade?
"Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities",Where do most Cypriots receiver higher education?
Cyprus,What nation has the highest level percentage of working citizens with higher-level education?
47%,What percentage of the 25-34 Cyprus population has tertiary education?
78.7%,How many Cypriots students attend school outside of the country
souvla and halloumi,Which foods do Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have in common?
"music, dance and art",Which art forms are integral parts of everyday life?
religions and religious,What is something that Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots do not have in common?
Greek Orthodox,What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice?
Sunni Muslims,What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice?
Vassilis Vryonides,Who was the first important Cyprus painter of modern times?
Academy of Fine Arts in Venice,Where did Vassilis Vryonides study?
Adamantios Diamantis,Name one of the individuals considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art.
Christopheros Savva,Name the other individual considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art.
England,Where do many Cypriot artists train?
conceptual art,What type of art is being promoted by art institutions in Cyprus?
Municipal art galleries,What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art?
2006,What year was Cyprus supposed to host the international art festival Manifesta?
"Greek, Turkish, and Arabic",Traditional Cyprus music has what other types of genres in common?
"sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas",What are the names of the Greco-Turkish dances?
tsifteteli and arapies,What are the names of the Middle-Eastern inspired dances?
form of musical poetry,What is chattista?
traditional feasts and celebrations,Where is chattista performed?
Greek Laïka scene,What influences popular music in Cyprus?
"Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel",What are some famous Cypriot artists?
"Hip Hop, R&B and reggae",What other genres of music are enjoyed in Cyprus?
"Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic",What are some famous metal Cypriot bands?
Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis,Which artists are associated with Cypriot rock music?
Epic poetry,What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages?
4th century–1489,What was the time period of Frankish rule?
Ioannis Kigalas,Who is one of the scholars that fled Cyprus during troubled times?
Italy,Where did scholar Ioannis Kigalas flee to in the 17th century?
"Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides",Who are some famous Cypriot folk poets?
Osman Türkay,Which Turkish Cypriot writer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice?
Kostas Montis,Who is a modern Greek Cypriot writer and poet?
Cyprus,Where was William Shakespeare's Othello set?
Cyprus,Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956?
The Sunrise,Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location?
Bitter Lemons,What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus?
Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation,What is the name of a local television company in Cyprus?
the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation,What is BRT?
Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT,Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming?
"850,000 Euros",What is the amount in Euros of money set aside for the Cinema Advisory Committee?
Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund,Who finances European film co-productions?
I Sphagi tou Kokora,What was the first feature film to receive funding  from Eurimages?
Cyprus Guilt,Which film was awarded the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography at the London Greek Film Festival?
"squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass",What are some famous seafood and fish dishes?
Cucumber and tomato,What fruits are commonly used in foods?
smoked pork loin,What is lountza?
pork and chicken cooked over charcoal,What is souvlaki?
minced meat wrapped in mesentery,What is sheftalia?
"courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans",Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus?
"pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines",Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus?
"beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans",Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus?
Marcos Baghdatis,Which Cypriot tennis player ranked 8th in the world?
2.35 m,How high did Kyriakos Ioannou jump in Osaka in 2007?
Ultimate Fighting Championship,What organization does Costas Philippou participate in?
GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport,Where does Tio Ellinas race?
the Holocaust,What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler's List?
the transatlantic slave trade,What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad?
terrorism,What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich?
more than four decades,How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far?
Schindler's List,In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues?
Amistad,In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade?
"Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies",In what films did Spielberg address war?
Munich,In what film did Spielberg address terrorism?
y science-fiction and adventure,What type of films did Spielberg find early success with?
"Cincinnati, Ohio",Where was Steven Spielberg born?
Orthodox Jewish,What religion was Steven Spielberg's family?
Ukraine,Where were Steven Spielberg's granparents from?
"Phoenix, Arizona",Where did Steven Spielberg's family move to in 1953?
electrical engineer,What job did Steven Spielberg's father have?
"Cincinnati, Ohio",Where was Spielberg born?
Orthodox Jewish,What religion was Spielberg's family?
electrical engineer involved in the development of computers,What was Spielberg's father's career?
restaurateur and concert pianist,What was Spielberg's mother's career?
Ukraine,Where did Spielberg's paternal grandparents immigrate from?
exceeds $9 billion,How much money has all of Steven Spielberg's movies grossed worldwide?
John Williams,What composer has Steven Spielberg been associated with since 1974?
more than $3 billion,How much money is Steven Spielberg worth?
the highest-grossing director in history,What record does Steven Spielberg have?
John Williams,Who has composed most of Steven Spielberg's movies?
1975,When was Jaws released?
1993,When did Jurassic Park come out?
Academy Award for Best Director,What did Spielberg win for Schindler's List?
John Williams,Who composes music for most of Spielberg's movies?
more than $3 billion,What is Spielberg's net worth?
As a child,When did Steven Spielberg have trouble dealing with being an Orthodox Jew?
embarrassed,How did Steven Spielberg feel about being an Orhtodox Jew?
anti-Semitic,What kind of prejudice did Spielberg have to deal with in High school?
Two,How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in High School?
"seven, eight, nine years old",At what age was Spielberg embarrassed by his family being Jewish?
anti-Semitic prejudice,What was Spielberg bullied because of?
Two,How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in high school?
Firelight,What was Spielberg's first indepenent film?
40-minute,"How long was Spielberg's film ""Escape to Nowhere""?"
$500,How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters?
his father,Who did Spielberg get money from to film Close Encounters?
Western,"What genre was Spielberg's first film ""The Last Gunfight"""
1958,When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts?
The Last Gunfight,What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge?
dad's still-camera was broken,Why did Spielberg make a movie instead of taking still photos for the photography merit badge?
thirteen,At what age did Spielberg make 'Escape to Nowhere'?
Firelight,What film led to Close Encounters?
Universal Studios,What job was SPielberg offered when he was a student?
Sidney Sheinberg,Who offered Spielberg a contract at Universal Studios?
Amblin,What short film did Spielberg make for theatrical release?
dropped out of college,What did Steven Spielberg do to begin directing TV prouctions for Universal?
impressed,"How did Sidney Sheinberg feel about the film ""Amblin'"""
Universal Studios,What studio gave Spielberg an unpaid internship?
editing,What department did Spielberg have an unpaid internship with?
26-minute,How long was 'Amblin'?
vice president,What was Sidney Sheinberg's position with Universal?
seven-year,How long of a contract did Sheinberg give Spielberg?
Joan Crawford,"Who starred in the TV show segment ""Eyes"""
science fiction,"What genre was Steven Spielberg's episode of ""The Name of the Game""?"
"an episode of The Name of the Game called ""L.A. 2017"".",What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment?
1969,"What year was Spielberg hired to direct one of the segments for ""Night Gallery""?"
reportedly close friends,What was the relatioship between Joan Crawford and Steven Spielberg?
1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery,What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of?
"an episode of The Name of the Game called ""L.A. 2017""",What was Spielberg's first full TV episode to direct?
Joan Crawford,Who starred in Spielberg's TV debut?
Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law,What law show did Spielberg work on?
futuristic science fiction,What genre was 'LA 2017'?
four,How many TV films did Universal sign Spielbergo to direct?
Dilys Powell,What British critic helped boost Steven Spielberg's career?
Martin Landau,"Who starred in the TV show ""Savage""?"
poorly,"How did Steven Spielberg's film ""The Sugarland Express"" do in the box office?"
custody of their baby,"What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg's film ""The Sugarland Express"" trying to regain?"
four,How many TV movies was Spielberg signed to direct?
Peterbilt 281 tanker,What kind of truck was 'Duel' about?
Dilys Powell,Which British critic praised 'Duel'?
Something Evil,Which TV film Spielberg directed played off 'The Exorcist'?
Martin Landau,Who starred in 'Savage'/
Jaws,What film did Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offer Steven Spielberg to direct?
delays and budget over-runs,Why was Jaws nearly shut down?
three,"How many Academy Awards did the film ""Jaws"" win?"
Best Picture,"What was the film ""Jaws"" nominated for?"
$470 million worldwide,"How much money did the film ""Jaws"" gross worldwide?"
Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown,Who made Spielberg the 'Jaws' director?
three,How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win?
Peter Benchley,Who wrote the 'Jaws' book?
more than $470 million worldwide,How much did 'Jaws' earn in theaters?
three,How many times did Spielberg work with Richard Dreyfus?
"Jaws 2, King Kong and Superman",What films did Spielberg turn down in the 70s?
two,How many Oscars did Close Encounters win?
six,"How many Oscars did Close Encounters get nominated for, besides Best Director?"
World War II farce,What was the genre of '1941'?
over $92.4 million worldwide,How much did '1941' earn?
1980,When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters?
the interior of the mothership,What new footage did Columbia require for a Close Encounters revisit?
Close Encounters: The Special Edition,What was the Close Encounters revisit called?
Columbia Pictures,Which studio funded Close Encounters?
2001,When did a Close Encounters DVD come out?
George Lucas,Who was responsible for Star Wars?
Harrison Ford,Who played Indiana Jones?
Harrison Ford,Who played Han Solo?
Raiders of the Lost Ark,What was the first Indiana Jones movie?
1981,When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out?
PG,What rating did 'Temple of Doom' receive?
Gremlins,What movie caused 'PG-13' to be created?
1984,When did 'Temple of Doom' debut?
the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences,Why did Gremlins need 'PG-13'?
actress,What was Spielberg's future wife's career?
Alice Walker,Who wrote 'The Color Purple'?
a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America,What was 'The Color Purple' about?
Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey,Who starred in 'The Color Purple'?
proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive,What did Ebert think of 'The Color Purple'?
eleven,How many Oscar nominations did 'The Color Purple' get?
the 1930s,"Until the 1980s, when had an American film last been shot in Shanghai?"
J. G. Ballard,Who wrote 'Empire of the Sun'?
John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale,Who starred in 'Empire of the Sun'?
Andrew Sarris,Who thought 'Empire of the Sun' was the best film of the year?
co-producer,What was Spielberg's role on 'Batteries Not Included'?
1989,When did the 3rd Indiana Jones film come out?
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade,What was the 3rd Indiana Jones film called?
Sean Connery,Who played Indiana Jones's father?
Tim Burton,Who directed 'Batman'?
a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires,What was 'Always' about?
Oskar Schindler,Whose life was 'Schindler's List' based on?
"1,100",How many Jews did Schindler save?
Schindler's List,What did Spielberg first win Best Director for?
"set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors",What did Spielberg do with 'Schindler's List' profits?
#9,Where did the American Film Institute rank 'Schindler's List' in 1997?
Capt. Miller,Who did Tom Hanks play in 'Saving Private Ryan'?
World War II,What war was 'Saving Private Ryan' about?
over $481 million worldwide,How much did 'Saving Private Ryan' earn?
Armageddon,Which film beat 'Saving Private Ryan' worldwide?
Michael Bay,Who directed 'Armageddon'?
Minority Report,What movie did Spielberg collaborate with Cruise for?
2054,When is Minority Report set?
92%,What was the Rotten Tomatoes rating for Minority Report?
over $358 million worldwide,How much did Minority Report earn?
2002,When was Minority Report released?
Paramount and DreamWorks,Which studios produced Spielberg's 'War of the Worlds'?
H. G. Wells,Who wrote the 'War of the Worlds' book?
1953,When was the first 'War of the Worlds' movie released?
Industrial Light & Magic,Who did the visual effects for 'War of the Worlds'?
over $591 million worldwide,How much did 'War of the Worlds' earn?
the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games,What was 'Munich' about?
Vengeance,What book was 'Munich' based on?
George Jonas,Who wrote 'Vengeance'?
five,How many Oscar nominations did 'Munich' get?
John Williams,Who composed music for 'Munich'?
June 2006,When did Spielberg announce what would become 'Interstellar'?
Christopher Nolan,Who took over directing 'Interstellar'?
a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension,What was the concept for 'Interstellar'?
Jonathan Nolan,Who wrote the 'Interstellar' script?
Caltech,What university provided scientific consultation for 'Interstellar'?
The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn,What was the first non-Pixar movie to win the Best Animated Feature Film award?
"October 22, 2011",When did Adventures of Tintin debut?
"Brussels, Belgium",Where did Adventures of Tintin debut?
"December 21, 2011",When was Adventures of Tintin released in the US?
over $373 million worldwide,How much did Adventures of Tintin earn?
England,Where was 'War Horse' filmed?
"December 25, 2011",When did 'War Horse' come out?
Michael Morpurgo,Who wrote the 'War Horse' book?
1982,When did the 'War Horse' book come out?
Disney,Who distributed 'War Horse'?
Daniel Day-Lewis,Who starred in 'Lincoln' as Abraham Lincoln?
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln,What book was 'Lincoln' based on?
the final four months,What part of Lincoln's life did the film cover?
"Richmond, Virginia",Where was 'Lincoln' filmed?
Sally Field,Who played Mary Todd Lincoln in 'Lincoln'?
"October 16, 2015",When was 'Bridge of Spies' released?
six,How many Oscar nominations did 'Bridge of Spies' get?
1960,When was 'Bridge of Spies' set?
"New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland",Where was 'Bridge of Spies' filmed?
Tom Hanks,Who played Donovan in 'Bridge of Spies'?
"Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!",Which Warner Bros. cartoons did Spielberg produce?
An American Tail and The Land Before Time,What films did Spielberg produce for Don Bluth?
The Dig,What video game did Spielberg come up with the concept for?
1995,When was 'The Dig' released?
Starbright Foundation,What charity did Spielberg's 'Lego Moviemaker' kit fund?
1997,When was 'Men In Black' released?
Arthur Golden,Who wrote the book 'Memoirs of a Geisha' is based on?
Robert Zemeckis,Who did Spielberg collaborate with in 2006?
Back to the Future Part III,What film did Spielberg first collaborate with Zemeckis on?
Paramount Pictures,Which studio produced 'Super 8'?
2005,When did 'Into the West' air?
two,How many Emmys did 'Into the West' win?
Geoff Zanelli,Who wrote the music for 'Into the West'?
2010,When was 'The Pacific' released?
$250 million,How much did 'The Pacific' cost?
TNT,Which channel aired 'Falling Skies'?
2149,In what year does 'Terra Nova' begin?
85 million years,How far back in time do people in 'Terra Nova' travel?
Fox,Which channel aired 'Terra Nova'?
Falling Skies,What show did Spielberg work with Rodat on?
Paul Rugg,Who wrote the script for 'Someone's in the Kitchen'?
1997,When was 'Skullmonkeys' released?
1999,When was Boombots released?
1996,When was The Neverhood released?
Halo,What video game did Spielberg say in 2013 he's working on a TV show based on?
Roald Dahl,Who wrote 'The BFG'?
Melissa Mathison,Who wrote E.T.'s script?
Cannes Film Festival,What film festival will first air 'The BFG'?
May,In what month is Cannes held?
"July 1, 2016",When will 'The BFG' be in most theaters?
David Kertzer,Who wrote 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'?
1858,When does 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' take place?
Italy,Where does 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' take place?
Mark Rylance,Who plays Pope Pius IX in 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'?
2018,When is 'Ready Player One' planned to be released?
Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth,Who was going to star in 'Robopocalypse'?
"April 25, 2014",When was 'Robopocalypse' scheduled for release?
15–20 years,How far in the future was 'Robopocalypse' set?
Daniel H. Wilson,Who wrote the book 'Robopocalypse' is based on?
$200 million,What was the budget for 'Robopocalypse'?
ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances,What theme is common to Spielberg's films?
during childhood,When in his life did Spielberg 'feel like an alien'?
August 2000,When did Spielberg give an interview saying he had 'felt like an alien'?
curiosity and sharing of knowledge,Why does Spielberg think aliens would visit?
his father,Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi?
"Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG",Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?
low height camera tracking shots,What camera style does Spielberg often use?
"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park",What are some Spielberg films that included kids?
from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming,How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?
Frank,Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?
professor of medieval literature,What was Indy's father's career?
the Holy Grail,What artifact did Indy's father focus on?
tension in parent-child relationships,What is Spielberg's most common theme?
John Anderton,Whose son disappeared in 'Minority Report'?
Frank Abagnale,Whose parents divorced in 'Catch Me If You Can'?
"Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always",Which Spielberg films has Dreyfuss been in?
a headteacher,"Who was Ford going to play in E.T., until the scene was removed?"
"Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV",Which Spielberg TV shows has Frank Welker been a voice actor for?
"Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies",Which Spielberg films has Tom Hanks been in?
Minority Report and War of the Worlds,Which Spielberg films has Tom Cruise been in?
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial,Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on?
Allen Daviau,Which childhood friend worked on Spielberg's films?
Schindler's List,Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on?
Amblin,Which film did Daviau first work with Spielberg on?
Close Encounters,Which film did Kahn first work with Spielberg on?
"Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie",What are the only Spielberg films since Sugarland Express to not have music by John Williams?
they ride into the sunset,What happens at the end of 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'?
"George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma","Who are the 'Movie Brats', besides Spielberg?"
Tony Kushner and David Koepp,Who are the only screenwriters Spielberg has worked with on more than one film?
Amy Irving,Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976?
actress,What was Amy Irving's career?
Brian De Palma,Who introduced Irving to Spielberg?
"""bachelor funky""",How did Irving describe Spielberg's house?
"""I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend,""",Why did Irving not want to be in Spielberg's films while dating?
1979,When did Spielberg and Irving initially break up?
1984,When did Spielberg and Irving get back together?
November 1985,When did Spielberg and Irving marry?
1989,When did Spielberg and Irving divorce?
third most costly celebrity divorce in history,How expensive was Spielberg and Irving's divorce?
2002 Winter Olympic Games,In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer?
Salt Lake City,Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer?
one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century,How did Time Magazine recognize Spielberg?
Doctor of Humane Letters,What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University?
the most influential person of his generation,How did Life Magazine recognize Spielberg?
2014,When was Spielberg named the 'most influential celebrity in America'?
47%,How much of the US believes Spielberg is influential?
president of E-Poll Market Research,Who is Gerry Philpott?
many will think for a second before going into the water this summer,How did Spielberg influence the public's behavior?
1941,When was Citizen Kane released?
1938,When was 'The War of the Worlds' radio broadcast?
1982,When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane?
1994,When did Spielberg buy Orson Welles' personal script copy from 'The War of the Worlds'?
"donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation",What does Spielberg do with Academy Awards he buys?
Pong,What was the first video game Spielberg played?
1974,When did Spielberg first play a video game?
Jaws,What movie was Spielberg working on when he first played Pong?
"a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360",What game consoles does Spielberg own?
intrusive,How does Spielberg feel about cutscenes in games?
cinematography,What Boy Scout merit badge did Spielberg help develop?
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade,Which Spielberg movie showed its main character was a Boy Scout?
Life Scout,What was Indy's rank in Boy Scouts when shown in a movie?
Indiana Jones,Which major Spielberg movie character was a Boy Scout?
1989,When was Spielberg's merit badge launched?
Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award,"What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?"
Jacques Chirac,Who made Spielberg a knight?
Kennedy Center,"Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?"
Tom Hanks,Who narrated a short Spielberg bio at the Kennedy Center?
2005,When was Spielberg added to the Science Fiction Hall of Fame?
February 2009,When did the Visual Effects Society give Spielberg a Lifetime Achievement Award?
2009,When did Spielberg win the Cecil B. DeMille Award?
watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007–08 writers strike,Why was Spielberg's Cecil B. DeMille Award postponed from 2008?
coal mines,For which industry were elevators first used?
steam power,In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by?
moving goods in bulk in mines and factories,What were elevators originally built for?
Burton and Hormer,"Who built the ""ascending room"", in 1823?"
London,"The ""ascending room"" gave customers a view of what city's downtown?"
Sir William Armstrong,Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?
Tyneside docks,Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?
they provided a much greater force,In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law? 
encased inside a vertical cylinder,The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?
Counterweights and balances,"besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?"
Gaetano Genovese,"What Neapolitan architect created the ""Flying Chair"" elevator?"
Royal Palace of Caserta,"At what location was the ""Flying Chair"" installed in 1845?"
maple,What type of wood was used on the inside ?
a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels,What controlled the traction?
a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring,What did the safety system consist of?
Elisha Otis,Who created the safety elevator in 1852?
prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke,What feature did the safety elevator display? 
knurled roller(s),What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?
New York exposition in the Crystal Palace,At what location was it first presented?
488 Broadway in New York City,Where was the first safety elevator installed?
first elevator shaft,"Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?"
1853,What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?
cylindrical,What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient?
United Technologies Corporation,The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation?
world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems,What title does United Technologies Corporation hold?
Werner von Siemens,Who built the first electric elevator?
Germany,"The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?"
Frank Sprague,Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators?
Anton Freissler,Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business?
Otis Elevator Company,To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895?
hoistway,What is another name for an elevator shaft?
steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand,"Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?"
a counterweight,What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by? 
"their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions,",How do elevators built in pairs work?
"have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally",How do most elevator doors work?
"""slab"" door",What is a single panel door referred to as?
a cascading telescopic configuration,What design allows wider entryways within limited space?
on the shaft way,The single door is sometimes located where?
falling into the shaft,What do elevator doors protect riders from?
AC motors,"Throughout history, what type of engines were used for elevator machines?"
cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue,Why were AC motors used?
the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine,What problem arises for fast and large capacity elevators?
MG set,"Generally, what powered the relay contoller?"
electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system,What is a known advantage of the MG set?
directly attached to the end of the motor,"In a gearless traction engine, what is the drive sheave attached to?"
"20 m/s (4,000 ft/min)",What speed is a gearless traction elevator capable of attaining?
spring force,What motivates an external drum brake held open electrically?
Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc,One exception that is not high speed high rise and large capacity is what?
cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab,What reduces the amount of force needed to propel the cab?
in the hoist-way,Where will the counterweight be found?
the controller,What guides the traction machine?
40-50%,The counterweight runs equal to the cab weight plus what percentage of the elevator capacity?
Sheave and rope wear,Maintaining that the ropes all have equal tension may reduce what?
Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel,"""Compensation"" is the name of the system used for what type of elevators?"
a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab,"""Compensation"" consists of what?"
a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines,What is the chain guided by in a compensation system that uses chains?
the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab,What exactly does this system compensate for?
"low rise, low traffic installations",What type of installations are hydraulic elevators best suited for?
the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight,Why do hydraulic elevators use more energy?
The high current draw of the pump when starting up,What else contributes to a higher demand from the electrical system?
environmental concerns,What concerns arise when the lifting cylinder leaks fluid into the ground?
a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion,What defines a climbing elevator?
guyed masts or towers,What settings are climbing elevators used in?
"an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland",What is the Glasgow Tower?
by an electric or a combustion engine,How is the propulsion powered in a climbing elevator?
"a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the ""shaft""",What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage?
a diaphragm or a piston,"For sudden surges in pressure above the cab, what is used as a ""brake""?"
"it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the ""shaft""",How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight?
acrilic,What is the shaft made of?
up to 525 lbs,How much weight is permitted on a low capacity elevator?
automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop,Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what?
by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor,How were most elevators built before 1939 powered? 
switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes, Many earlier built  freight elevators were controlled by what?
a cake,A rheostat is the size and shape of what?
upright or sideways on the cab wall,Where was the rheostat mounted?
at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft,Where is the elevator motor found?
to rise,Moving the helve forward causes the cab to do what?
the faster the elevator would move,The more pressure applied to the handle caused what?
"if the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab to stop","Why was the handle considered a ""dead man switch""?"
that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move,Eventually safety locks were used to guarantee what?
a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car,"What function does a ""destination operating panel"" feature?"
the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank,"What is another benefit of a ""destination operating panel""?"
travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers,"What is one benefit of a ""destination operating panel"""
passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart,"What is the downside to a :destination operating panel""?"
the system is subject to gaming,What is one example of a limitation on the system? 
The dispatching algorithm,What is generally unable to support variations in the number of people for a particular destination?
people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators,For what reason do people repeatedly push the up/down buttons on a panel?
this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person,Why is this a bad practice?
every user gets an RFID card to identify himself,What is one way to implement destination control?
the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls,How does this help the system?
either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons,Newer systems know where and how many people are at a location for what reasons?
moderate incoming traffic,What is another name for up-peak mode?
most typically in the morning,"Generally, up-peak mode takes place during what times of the day?"
people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period,What are the reasons for up-peak mode early in the day?
"when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time",For what reasons are elevators routed one-by-one?
to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity,"Why is a ""this car leaving next"" sign used?"
by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby,How is the special sercice mode enabled?
it will no longer respond to hall calls,What is the impact on an elevator set to independant service mode?
when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors,At what times is Independant service best utilized?
the hall buttons are disabled,During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used?
qualified elevator mechanics,Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?
to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance,What is the purpose of the Inspection service? 
"a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB",What action initiates it's activation?
the elevator will come to a stop if moving,WWhat's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated?
The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches,"Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?"
a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building,What initiates Phase one mode?
"The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor",What happens when an elevator goes into Phase one mode?
the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor,Where does the elevator go from there?
The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset,How is the elevator enabled for service after the incident?
the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to,What happens if the mode is activated on the fire-recall floor?
Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel,How is the Phase-two mode enabled?
manually pushes and holds the door close button,What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode?
enables the car to move,What does Phase-two do?
This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building,What is the purpose of the Phase-two mode?
on the COP,Where is the Phase-two key switch to be found?
it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator,"Upon arriving at the desinated floor, what does the elevator do?"
"Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button",What steps do medical personnel take at that point?
The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor,Where then does the elevator go?
will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car,Once it arrives what does the elevator do
allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated,What does the hold feature do?
"One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down",What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop?
People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly,What do any passengers experience at this point?
the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service,"After all cars go to the lobby, what is the next step?"
The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby,How are the selected cars then readied for passengers? 
"when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down",What is a safety feature to prevent entrapment?
emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit,How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?
"The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch","Once the passengers have exited, what happens?"
due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor,For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system?
"""soft-start"" contactors",What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as?
cable-borne elevators,What types of elevator hold the highest safety record?
eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides,"In the late nineties, what was considered the rate of cable-borne elevator problems? "
minor things such as the doors failing to open,What was the severity of the majority of elevator failures recorded?
technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts,What is an example of a maintenance-related elevator death?
1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building,"Before the Twin Towers attack in 2001 , what was the only reported freefall accident attributed to a modern cable-borne elevator?"
the cylinder and bulkhead,Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what? 
1972 ASME A17.1,What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead? 
single-bottom,Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type?
uncontrolled down movement of the elevator,"Once the cylinder is breached, what calamity does the loss of fluid cause?"
periodic testing of the pressure capability,What testing does the code require?
elevator rails,What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing?
"The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds",What is  the first step in destructive testing?
hydraulic stretching machine,"Afterwards, what type of machine is the segment secured in?"
destructive testing,What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable?
"Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled",What types of information are collected in the process?
the available floor space,What dictates passenger elevator capacities?
"from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments",What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?
hydraulic or electric,What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors?
200,Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute?
500,Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute?
funiculars,"Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other?    "
underground public elevator,"What type of public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, transport passengers from a hill above the Black Sea to a tunnel down on the beach?"
city transportation,The elevator located at the Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro is also used for what?
"ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa",How is that set up?
goods lift,What is another name for a freight elevator?
a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited,What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?
an inconspicuous riser,Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what?
Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator,How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators?
electric elevators,What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight?
by hydraulics,How are stage lifts powered?
four,How many hydraulic elevators are there at Radio City Music Hall?
"to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below",What is an orchestra lift used for?
a barrel,What is on the background of the image which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism?
residential,What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?
metal sliding,What type of doors do commercial elevators use?
"locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones","What safety mechanisms are still required, despite lower design costs?"
residential,What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door?
residential,"What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway?"
2007,In what year were Machine-room-less elevators first allowed?
the ASME A17.1,This decision reflected a revision of what?
"allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation",What benefits does this serve?
Dumbwaiters,"What are small freight elevators used for things such as food, called?"
They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors,What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in?
various ropes for redundancy,What is a safety feature found in passenger elevators they generally do not have?
they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall,What is the height restriction on dumbwaiters?
"calling, door control, floor selection",What features do they have that mimic passenger elevators?
ensure that the material moves forward,What do the partians do on the conveyor?
Material transport elevators,An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?
industrial and agricultural applications,What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?
to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos,What are spiral screws used for?
Belt elevators,What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?
social protocols,"The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?"
Berlin,"The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?"
press the buttons,This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?
Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator,Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?
LED,Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs?
direction lanterns,What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs?
successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs,What do floor indicaters often consist of?
a sound,What generally indicates the arrival of the elevator at a new floor?
to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator,What is the main function of direction lanterns?
"If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down",What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator?
arrows or shaped like arrows,What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator?
to differentiate between directions,Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose?
"claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety",New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?
DigiGage,What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs?
to turn common elevator into panoramic,LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what?
It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement,How does it produce the panoramic effects?
on a wall-sized screens,Where is the video projected?
most US and Canadian jurisdictions,In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?
CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard,What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?
Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, What is Standard A17.1?
ASME A17.2 Standard,What are passenger elevators tested with?
the building owner,Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator? 
"some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere",Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?
the maintenance office,"Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?"
a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.,What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?
United States,What country had the second most elevators installed?
Spain,"In 2008, what country had the largest number of elevators?"
"610,000",How many elevators had China installed since 1949?
Italy,What country boasts the worlds largest market for elevators?
"300,000",How many elevators are in Brazil?
Double deck elevators,What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?
low-volume hours,During what hours is the lower deck turned off?
a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors,"During the low volume hours, what can the upper deck function as?"
at the reception counter on the 2nd floor,On what floor must restaurant customers clear their reservations?
"36 and 60, upper-deck car","What levels make up the ""sky lobby""?"
"1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds",How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?
world-record certified speed,This speed holds what record?
help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes,What does cabin pressure control do? 
600 meters per minute,How fast does the elevator drop down?
52nd,At what floor do the doors open on the way down?
The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror,What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?
a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system,What is the main feature of this attraction?
passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing,Do ride goers stand or sit?
downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity,What unique feature does this ride provide guests?
high-speed drive motor,What type of motor is used?
mechanically,How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?
automated guided vehicles or AGVs,What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?
move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in,What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move?
"The doorways of the top few ""floors"" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment",What is special about the doorways of the top floors?
look out from the top of the structure,What does this allow riders to do at the top?
"""Top of the Rock""","What are the 67th, 69th, and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed?"
observation decks,What do these floors serve as?
high-speed glass-top,What type of elevator is featured?
about 60 seconds,How long is the short trip?
various animations are also displayed on the ceiling,"The special effects include blue light, music playing and what else?"
takes place on an elevator," The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?"
"The ""stretching room""",What is the name of area that is really an elevator?
The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion,What is included in the elevator's design?
the illusion of the room stretching,What is the illusion given by these effects?
Uranus,What planet is Neptune's near-twin? 
Roman god of the sea,What is Neptune named after?
17 times,How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?
god Neptune's trident,What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?
164.8 years,How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? 
mathematical prediction,How was Neptune found? 
23 September 1846,When was Neptune first observed? 
Alexis Bouvard,Who discovered Neptune? 
Triton,What is Neptune's largest moon? 
Voyager 2,What flew by Neptune in 1989? 
Uranus,Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? 
hydrogen and helium,What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? 
ices and rock,What is the interior of Neptune composed of? 
methane,What makes Neptune blue? 
"water, ammonia, and methane","What ""ices"" makes up Neptune? "
Great Dark Spot,What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? 
sustained winds,What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? 
"2,100 kilometres per hour",What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? 
55 K (−218 °C).,What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? 
"5,400 K (5,100 °C)",What is Neptune's planet center temperature? 
Galileo,Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? 
a fixed star,What was Neptune mistaken for at first? 
Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet,What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? 
28 December 1612,What date was Neptune drawn first? 
David Jamieson,Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? 
1821,What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? 
the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus,What did Alexis Bouvard study? 
1843,When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? 
Sir George Airy,Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? 
several different estimates of a new planet,What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? 
student at the observatory,Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 
23 September 1846,When did Galle discover Neptune? 
12°,How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?
the displacement characteristic of a planet,What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 
comet observations,What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 
French and the British,What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? 
Le Verrier and Adams,Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? 
Dennis Rawlins,Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? 
Le Verrier,Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? 
Adams,Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? 
Le Verrier,Who claimed the right to name Neptune? 
France,What country approved Neptune's first name? 
Le Verrier,What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? 
French almanacs,What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? 
French Bureau des Longitudes,Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? 
sea king star,"What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? "
god of the sea,What god was Neptune? 
Dalain Van,What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? 
Poseidon,What did the Greeks call Neptune? 
Rahab,What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? 
farthest known planet,What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? 
the Kuiper belt,What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? 
2006,What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? 
the outermost known planet,"Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? "
between 1979 and 1999,What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? 
1.0243×1026 kg,What is Neptune's mass? 
17 times,How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? 
11.15 m/s2,What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? 
"24,764 km",What is Neptune's equatorial radius? 
ice giant,What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? 
"water, ammonia and methane",What is Neptune's mantle rich in? 
icy,"What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? "
electrical,What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? 
7000 km,How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? 
diamond crystals,What rains on Neptune? 
80% hydrogen and 19% helium,What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? 
wavelengths above 600 nm,Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? 
absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane,What gives Neptune it's blue hue? 
Uranus,What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? 
cyan,"What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? "
altitude,What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? 
upper-level,Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  
ammonia and hydrogen sulfide,What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? 
"ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water","On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? "
273 K (0 °C),What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? 
High-altitude clouds,"On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? "
50–150 km,What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? 
50–110 km above the cloud deck.,Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? 
volume of ocean,What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? 
higher stratosphere or thermosphere,Where on Neptune does weather not occur? 
750 K,What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? 
atmospheric interaction with ions,What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?
in the atmosphere,Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? 
carbon dioxide and water,What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? 
47°,What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? 
0.55 radii,Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? 
Uranus's,What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? 
flows in the planets' interiors,What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? 
"ammonia, methane and water",What fluids are in Neptune's interior? 
2.2 × 1017 T·m3,What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? 
strong quadrupole moment,What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? 
"Earth, Jupiter and Saturn",Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
the planet's centre,"Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?"
14 microteslas (0.14 G),What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?
planetary ring system,"What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? "
ice particles,What might Neptune's rings consist of?
silicates or carbon-based material,What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?
"63,000 km",Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?
"53,000 km",Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?
storm,What dynamic weather does Neptune have?
"600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)",What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? 
400 m/s,What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?
opposite,Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?
skin effect,What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? 
10 K,How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? 
the stratosphere near the pole.,Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? 
73 K (−200 °C).,What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole? 
40,How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?
north pole,To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?
The Scooter,What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?
1989,When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?
southern cyclonic storm,What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune? 
Voyager 2),What detected the storms on Neptune? 
The Small Dark Spot,What is the second most intense storm on Neptune? 
in the troposphere,Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? 
holes,What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? 
vortex structures,"Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?"
methane clouds,What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?
dissipate,"When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?"
higher internal heating,Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?
50%,How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?
40%,How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?
2.61,How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives? 
heat left over from Neptune's formation,The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?
11 July 2011,When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?
365.26-day,What is the Earth's orbit?
Earth was in a different location,Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position? 
12 July 2011,"Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude? "
Kuiper belt,What is the region behind Neptune called? 
small icy worlds,What does the Kuiper belt consist of?
30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun,Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?
Neptune's gravity,What dominates the Kuiper belt? 
gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure,What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt? 
2:3 resonance,What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? 
Pluto,"What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?"
200,How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
2:3,What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?
"3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5",Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?
1:1,What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?
alongside Neptune,Where did most Neptune trojans form?
2008 LC18,What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?
(309239) 2007 RW10,What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?
"12,500 years",How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune? 
nearby massive OB star,"What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? "
matter density,What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?
core accretion,"If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?"
higher,"If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?"
removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc,"If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?"
the Nice model,What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?
Kuiper belt.,What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?
14,How many moons does Neptune have?
Triton,What is Neptune's largest moon?
William Lassell,Who discovered Triton? 
retrograde orbit,What orbit does Triton have around Neptune? 
that it was captured,What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?
Voyager 2,What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?
Proteus,What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? 
irregularly shaped,What is notable about the moon Proteus?
"Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea",Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?
1981,When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered? 
2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds,What is Neptune's angular diameter range?
Hubble Space Telescope,The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?
1997,When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?
spring and summer,What seasons are Neptune currently entering?
five new small satellites,What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?
Voyager 2,What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?
25 August 1989,When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?
Triton,What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?
Neptune All Night,What program aired on PBS about Neptune?
late 2020s,When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?
Neptune Orbiter with Probes,"What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their ""Vision Missions Studies""?"
2019,When will Argo be launched?
"Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object",What will Argo visit?
2029,When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?
maintenance,What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?
can switch to different supply voltages,How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?
freight and passenger traffic,What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?
significant capital expenditure,What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?
electric locomotives,What is used to haul passengers cars?
generating stations,How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?
railway,"What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?"
diesel engine,What is the principal alternative to electric railways?
Electric locomotives,What locomotives are usually more reliable?
regenerative braking,What do some electric traction systems provide?
petroleum,What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?
geothermal,What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?
voltages on contact wires,What is a safety hazard to track workers?
"different supply voltages and frequencies,",What issue can complicate electric railway service?
Overhead wires,What is a safer alternative to third rails?
considered unsightly.,Why overhead wires are not being widely used?
variable speeds,What is speed limit for railways?
conversion was not well developed,Why is DC motor being used more than AC type?
rapid transit (subways) and trams,What are two types of railway transportation still use DC motor?
low voltage ratings,Why do motors have little space for insulation?
safety reasons,Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems?
below 1 kV,What is most common volatage range used by railway system?
overhead wires,Which system uses higher voltages?
lethal,"Is ""low"" voltage used by trains safe for people?"
DC,What type of electric power garantees lesser loss?
AC,Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?
AC,Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?
signalling and communications,What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?
the Soviet Union,Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?
"1,500 V",What is most common voltage for DC supply?
two,How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia?
the Cascais Line,What railway line is DC being used in Portugal?
Mumbai area,Where in India line has been converted to AC?
3 kV DC,What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile?
25 kV 50 Hz AC,Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries?
Western Railroad,What was New Jersey Transit called before?
AC,What does the railway system of US use DC or AC?
overhead wires,What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires?
DC distribution,Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?
skin depth,What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail?
Third rail,What is more prefferable for subway lines?
Third rail,What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires?
low voltages,Why DC system can effect the speed of trains?
cannot,Can DC systems use low-level platform?
air-conditioning,Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect?
160 km/h,What is the speed limit for third rail system trains?
contact between the shoe and the rail,What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains?
streetcars,What is the other name for the street trams?
below street level,Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?
"Washington, D.C.",What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?
leaves and snow,What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?
cost and operating efficiency,What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?
2003,"What year the ""second generation"" of tram system began to operate in France?"
1958,When was the original system discontinued?
energized segment,How is the circuit of the third rail divided?
no danger,Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?
four-rail system,What type of system does London Underground use?
carries the electrical return,What is the purpose of the forth rail?
+420v DC,What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system?
−210v DC,What is the voltage of the return rail?
Milan,Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well?
electrolytic damage,What danger can return currents cause?
by using resistors,How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels? 
ceramic chairs,What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?
water and gas mains,How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?
running rail carries any current,What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?
to simplify rolling stock use,Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?
660 V,What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?
the centre rail is connected to the running rails,How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?
rubber tyres,Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?
two guide rails,What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?
a single polarity supply,What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?
reversing loops,How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?
having to 'run around' the rest of the train,Why was the reversing loop created?
multiple taps on the transformer,How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?
power-wasting resistors,What was a disadvantage of DC system?
low-voltage transformer windings,What taps can provide lighting supply?
three-phase induction motor,What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?
can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency,What is the main advantage of an induction motor?
if fitted with laminated pole pieces,How can DC motor turn universal?
inductive reactance and eddy current losses,What problems did AC distribution cause?
low AC frequencies,How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?
converted from utility power,How can low frequencies be obtained?
adopting the already proven RhB system.,How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?
1913,When was the first trail of RhB system tested?
25 Hz,What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak?
12 kV voltage,What voltage does SEPTA system use?
catenary voltage,What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems?
1987,"When was a 11kV system of NY, New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV?"
1 December 1909,When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?
Victoria to Crystal Palace,What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?
the First World War,What was the cause of lines not being extended?
6.7 kV 25 Hz,What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway?
"Italy, Switzerland and the United States",What countries  used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?
Italy,What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?
in the mountainous regions of northern Italy,Where did Italy start using the AC system?
1901 until 1976,How long did the AC system last in northern Italy?
1909 to 1927,How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel?
Hungary,What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?
16 kV at 50 Hz,What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?
four-pole rotating phase converter,What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?
motor could be changed using slip rings,How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?
Russian,What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?
line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated,What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?
Phase Breaks,What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?
The earthed section,What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?
warning board,How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?
to shut off power and coast,What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?
DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors,What nowdays electrification systems can use?
converting and transporting,What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?
ohmic losses,What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?
magnetic field losses,What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?
3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz,What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?
3 kV DC,Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?
3 kV DC,Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?
stationary hardware,What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?
"""sparks effect""",What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?
patronage / revenue,What can electrification of modern trains effect? 
rolling stock overhaul / replacement,How can better service quality be achieved?
Network effects,What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?
through traffic to non-electrified lines,What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?
electrification to isolated areas,What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains?
long distance trips,Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?
diesel trains,What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often?
connections between different electrical services,What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?
the implications on the sections it is connecting,Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated?
to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards,What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock?
due to incompatibility of electrification standards,Why are disel trains  still used on electrified routes?
Central station,Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?
it will shut down its least efficient generators,How can electric power plant become more power efficient?
by regenerative braking,How can electric train be more energy efficient?
diesel,Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?
cooling blowers,What causes electric trains to waste energy?
unsuitable,Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?
to substitute other fuels,What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?
liquid fuel,What type of natural resources is more scarce?
Soviet studies from the 1980s,What research can be used in the future if translated?
electric,What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?
1965,What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?
25% less fuel per ton-km,How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?
better operating conditions on electrified lines,What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?
1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content,How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?
energy-intensity dropping,What caused the energy efficiency to go up?
electric,What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?
2.65%,How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?
no improvement,Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?
2-axle freight cars,Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?
"There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,",How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?
"Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English ""very well,"" based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.",How many Hispanics speak English too?
Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world.,What type of language id Spanish?
The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States.,What other language is often spoken in the United states?
six million Spanish language students.,How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?
The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries,How old is the Spanish language in the United States?
The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states,Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?
"western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,",Were there states ruled by the Spanish?
"Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California.",Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?
"after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.",Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?
Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513.,When did the Spanish arrive to America?
Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America.,Did Europeans speak Spanish in America?
"the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida",How was St. Augustine founded?
"St. Augustine, Florida",Where is the oldest settlement in America?
"The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico",What is the oldest city of the United States territory?
"In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas",Was Texas a part of Mexico?
"A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836",When did the Americans come to Texas?
"Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico",Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?
"In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state.",When did Texas become a state?
"Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people",Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?
"California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California",What states made up of Alta California
After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain,When did other states become part of Mexico?
"most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México",What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo
The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory,Why is  there still Bilingual  spoken in these states?
"Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law",Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?
United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.,Is Canada bilingual?
"California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,",Was California a bilingual state?
the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English,Why didn't California officially become  bilingual?
the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.,Was there a court ruling?
U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English,Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?
making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.,How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?
"It was completely unsuccessful,",Was English in Puerto Rico successful?
the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.,Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?
"Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island",How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?
"At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups",How many Puerto Ricans are there?
"increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii",Does Florida have a high Hispanic population?
Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish,Do they speak Spanish fluently?
7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.,Are Hispanics in Hawaii?
"many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States",Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland?
Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability,Why did Cubans come to the United States?
The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States,What year did most Cubans start coming to America?
most are fluent in Spanish,Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?
", most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States",Where do most Cuban Americans live?
In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.,Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?
Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans,What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?
political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s,Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?
Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988,When did the Nicaraguans arrive?
"The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.",Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?
the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries.,Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?
The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.,Why did Salvadorans come to America?
The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s,When did Salvadorans come to America?
"20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,",How many Salvadorans immigrated?
"United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group",What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?
"Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.",Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?
civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s,Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?
Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990,When did Salvadorans flee 
"the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.",Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?
the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters,Is the  Salvadoran population still growing?
"By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.",How many  Salvadorans  are in America now?
"Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.",When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?
"Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela",Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?
"Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation.",Why did Venezuelans come to America?
"since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary", Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?
"In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States",How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?
"mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida",What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?
"New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland.",Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in?
"Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.",Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?
"Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents",Is there such a thing as bilingual state?
there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.,Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?
"English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere.",What language is spoken in the U.S.A?
"United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language",Is there an official language of the United States?
The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico,Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?
"The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory.",What is the states history?
The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s,Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.
the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.,Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?
the state has no official language.,Does New Mexico have an official language?
New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.,What language is New Mexico's language written in?
Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century,How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?
New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state,Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?
Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence,Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?
", New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish",Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect 
"has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico.",How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?
"New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)",Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?
"borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings",Does New Mexico also use language from the  American language when spoken in Spanish?
"In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language",What is Texas official language?
", the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.",Are there exceptions to Texas official language?
". The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish","How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?"
websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.,How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?
Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language,"What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?"
More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses,Are students taught Spanish in american schools?
Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled,"How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?"
"French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)",What other languages are popular among American students?
totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.,Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?
The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish,What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?
following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov.,Was this always the case in American political addresses?
politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies,Does Washington (government) operate in both languages (bilingual-Spanish?)
"There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television","If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish, how do they learn about current events?"
"local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.",Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?
"Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project",Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?
the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants,What is Calvin Veltman' study about?
"his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),",Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?
data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.,Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?
"high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born.",What was Calvin Veltman' findings?
Charleston,What is the oldest city in South Carolina?
Charleston County,"What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?"
Charleston Harbor,Charleston is located on what harbor?
Atlantic Ocean,Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?
Ashley Rivers,What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?
Charleston County,What county is Charleston located in?
Atlantic Ocean,Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?
Cooper Rivers,What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?
1670,What year was Charleston founded?
Charles Town,What was Charleston's original name?
King Charles II of England,Charles Town was named after which king?
Albemarle Point,Where was the city originally located?
"120,083",What was Charleston's population in 2010?
1670,What year was Charleston originally founded?
King Charles II of England,Who was Charles Town named after?
Charles Town,What was the originally name of Charleston?
"120,083",How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?
Albemarle Point,Where was Charleston's first location?
127.5 square miles (330.2 km2),"How large is Charleston, South Carolina?"
North Charleston,Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? 
18.5 square miles (47.9 km2),How much of Charleston is covered by water?
109.0 square miles (282.2 km2),How of Charleston's total area is dry land?
Mount Pleasant,What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?
Summer,What season is the wettest in Charleston?
thundershowers,In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?
Winter,What season is characterized as short in Charleston?
8.0 in (20 cm),What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?
Winter,What season is considered short in Charleston?
Summer,What is the wettest season in Charleston?
thundershowers,Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?
6.0 in (15 cm,"How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?"
104 °F,What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?
Hurricane Hugo,What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?
7 °F (−14 °C),What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?
Hurricanes,What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?
"January 21, 1985",What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?
"548,404",How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?
North Charleston,What is the third largest city in South Carolina?
"9,123",How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?
Dorchester,Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?
Berkeley County,In which county is Moncks Corner located?
Reconstruction Era,What era brought counties to South Carolina?
traditional parish system,Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?
public service districts,What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?
Parish of St. Philip,The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?
St. Andrew's Parish,What other parish besides St. John's Parish is  mostly an incorporated rural parish? 
1670,What year was Charles Town founded?
seven years,How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?
the Grand Model,What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?
John Locke,"Who prepared the plan known as ""the Grand Model""?"
1660,When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?
Bermuda,Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?
Cape Hatteras,Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?
William Sayle,Who was the first governor of Charleston?
Earl of Shaftesbury,Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?
Ashley River,The settlement was relocated east to what river?
Catholics,What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?
1830,About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?
England,What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?
American Revolution,After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?
Barbados,"Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?"
Spain,Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?
Native Americans,Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?
1720s,The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?
Governor Johnson,Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?
pirates,"Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?"
Toni Morrison,What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?
40%,What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?
Middle Passage,What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?
Africans,What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?
Windward Coast,Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?
rice,African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?
1750,By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?
Britain,Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?
1700,By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?
naval stores,What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?
slave trade,What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?
1770,When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?
slaves,Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?
the Great Migration,People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?
the early 20th century,When did the Great Migration occur?
Creek nations,What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?
"500,000 to 1,250,000",What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?
"5,239,350",Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?
the deerskin trade,What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?
"54,000",What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? 
College of Charles Towne,What is the oldest college in South Carolina?
1970,Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?
1748,What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?
1770,When was the College of Charles Towe founded?
Dock Street Theatre,What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?
General Sir Henry Clinton,Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?
Col. Moultrie,Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?
"June 28, 1776",When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?
a simultaneous Loyalist uprising,What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?
Fort Moultrie,Fort Sullivan was renamed  what after the battle?
Siege of Charles Towne,What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?
"14,000",How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?
1780,In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?
General Benjamin Lincoln,Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?
"5,400",How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?
Columbia,What city became the state capital of South Carolina?
1786,Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?
1793,In what year was the cotton gin invented?
cotton,What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?
Slaves,Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations? 
"3,785",How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?
8%,What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?
18%,What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?
1790,In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?
1945,In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?
slave revolt,What was planned by Denmark Vesey?
May 1822,When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?
hanged,How was Vesey executed in 1822?
five slaves,How many slaves were executed with Vesey? 
Haitian Revolution,What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?
Southern Baptist Church,Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?
"17,000",How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?
liquor,"What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?"
"27,000",How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?
the North,AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?
the American Missionary Association,What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?
free secondary school,What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?
Charleston's African American population,Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?
William T. Sherman,What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?
war,Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?
57%,What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?
73%,What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?
white Democrats,"In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?"
the day after the election in November,The second riot of 1876 happened when?
two,How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?
the Red Shirts,What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?
federal constitutional amendments.,What granted Freeman were American citizenship?
October 15,The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?
September 6,The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?
Wade Hampton,Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?
an earthquake,What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?
"August 31, 1886",What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?
"2,000 buildings",How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?
$6 million,What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?
$24 million,What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?
Democrat,Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?
1896,What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?
1889.,The William Enston Home was built in what year?
1930,Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?
1896,A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?
"June 17, 2015",On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?
Dylann Roof,"What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?"
state senator,Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?
College of Charleston,A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?
"July 10, 2015",On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?
spring,What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?
Festival dei Due Mondi,Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?
1977,What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?
composer,What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
Pulitzer Prize,What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?
the Footlight Players,What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?
Marion Square,Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?
1931,The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?
seafood,Charleston is known for what type of food?
British and French,Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?
1887,"""Charleston's Provincialisms"" was published in what year?"
French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews,To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?
College of Charleston,To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?
Sylvester Primer,"Who was the author of the work entitled, ""The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms""?"
German journal,What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?
17,How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?
art festival,What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?
James Island County Park,The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?
over 100 performances,About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?
Gian Carlo Menotti,Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?
Chris Smith,"Who wrote the ""Charleston""?"
1920s,What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?
Eubie Blake,"Who created the song ""Charleston Rag""?"
the Gullah community,Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?
dock workers,Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?
1891,What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?
donations of musical instruments,What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?
Daniel J. Jenkins,What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?
Avery Institute Graduates,Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?
New Orleans,What city was Louis Armstrong from?
Theodore Roosevelt,What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?
Porgy,What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?
Porgy and Bess,"What was the name of the ""folk opera"" based on 'Porgy'?"
Folly Beach outside of Charleston,Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?
summer of 1934,When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?
19,How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?
300,How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?
Russell (Rusty) Thomas,Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?
Chief Thomas Carr,Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?
two,How many tower companies does the fire department have?
The City of Charleston Police Department,What is the largest police department of South Carolina?
27,How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?
137,How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?
Greg Mullen,Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?
2005,What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?
Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center,What is the state's first school of medicine?
Mount Pleasant,Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?
City of North Charleston,Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?
West Ashley portion,Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?
The downtown medical district,What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?
Charleston International Airport,What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?
North Charleston,The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?
12 miles (20 km),How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?
the John's Island section of the city of Charleston,Charleston Executive Airport is located where?
Charleston Air Force Base,What military base is located near the airport?
the city's Neck area,What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?
U.S. Highway 78,What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?
Meeting Street,U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street?
U.S. Highway 17,Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway?
downtown Charleston,Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston?
2005,What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?
Mount Pleasant,What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?
1929,What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?
1966,What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built?
Cooper River,The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge crosses what river?
150 years,Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?
K-8 parochial schools,The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?
150 years,How old are some of Charleston's private school?
Bishop England High School,Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education,Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?
Ashley Hall,"Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?"
College of Charleston,What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?
downtown on North Market Street,Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?
2007,What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?
The American College of the Building Arts,What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?
Trident Technical College,What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?
Spoleto,What is the name of Charleston's sister city?
Italy,In what country is Spoleto located?
Gian Carlo Menotti,Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?
Festival of Two Worlds,What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?
composer,What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
1996,What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?
"2,500 nuclear warheads",How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?
Two,"How many SSBN ""Boomer"" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?"
Naval Base,Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?
a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.,What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?
1832,What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?
federal soldiers,"After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?"
five United States Coast Guard cutters,"After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?"
the Charleston incident,The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?
in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs,A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?
The slave trade,What industry depended on the port of Charleston?
the Market Hall and Sheds,Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?
1808,What year did the legal importation of slaves end?
Black Belt,The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?
in the antebellum years,In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?
26%,What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?
postwar Republican Party,Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?
poverty,What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?
city's reconstruction,For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?
Confederacy,Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?
violet,Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?
Green Blue,Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?
orange,Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?
roughly 620–740,How many nanometres does red have?
Red Green Blue,Which colors are combined to make all other colors? 
visible light,What spectrum of light is red within?
violet,Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?
620–740 nanometres,"On the spectrum of light, where is red found?"
orange,What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?
subtractive primary colors,Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?
hemoglobin,From where does the color red in blood come from?
iron,What does hemoglobin contain?
iron oxide,What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
Rayleigh scattering,Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
anthocyanins,What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
Neolithic Period,During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?
"the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees",What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?
Spain,From where did Romans acquire Kermes?
Neolithic cave-burial,"What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?"
8th century BC,What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?
the Book of Exodus,In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?
colored twice with coccus,What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?
Kokkos,"In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?"
a tiny grain,What does Kokkos mean in english?
4th century,In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?
4000 BC,When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?
Red ochre,What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?
the rubia,What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
alizarin,What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?
ivory painter's palette,What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?
Tyrian purple,Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?
holidays,At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?
a red shawl,What is a flammeum?
Red,What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?
triumph,After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?
vermilion,What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?
the mineral cinnabar,From where did vermilion originate?
mercury,Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?
"Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain",What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?
prisoners,"Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?"
Emperor Charlemagne,Which European emperor painted their palace red?
1295,In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?
12th century,When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?
Abbe Suger,Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?
Virgin Mary,Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?
wealth,What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?
holidays,On what occasion would townspeople wear red?
rubia tinctorum,What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?
during washing,Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?
the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects,What was carmine made from?
five,How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?
fire,What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?
"metal, wood, water","Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?"
all court ceremonies,At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?
Red,In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?
906–1279,During what years did the Song dynasty occur?
three,Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?
green,What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?
eighth and ninth,What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?
nobles,Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?
Cao Xueqin,who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?
1715–1763,During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?
temples and imperial residences,In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?
Qing Dynasty,Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
Rubia,What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?
the wealthy,Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?
Polish Cochineal,The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?
Kermes vermilio,What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?
Margodes polonicus,"The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?"
Hernán Cortés,Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?
16th,In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?
1519-1521,During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?
1523,In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?
several times a year,How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?
carmine,What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?
change color,What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?
rubia tinctorum plant,What was madder lake made from?
15th,During what century did carmine start to see use?
kermes insects,What was kermes lake made from?
French Revolution,During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?
"red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap",What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?
celebrate,Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?
1792 and 1793,During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?
Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris,Who was Saint Denis?
rouge d'Adrinople,What was Turkey red called in France?
the 1740s,In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?
carmine,What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?
madder,What did turkey red get its color from?
19th,In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?
19th,In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?
Vincent van Gogh,Who painted the Night Cafe?
1888,In what year was The Night Cafe painted?
Theo,What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?
red and green reinforced each other,What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?
20th,During which century did Matisse work?
strengthened,Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?
red,What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?
blue,What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?
the central element,What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?
Harvard University,To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
1962,In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
Naphtol and Lithol,What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?
1979,In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?
ruined and had to be taken down,What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?
minerals,What was red ochre composed of?
mixing organic dyes,How were pigments like red lake created?
"insects or plants, with white chalk or alum",What was red lake composed of?
the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects,What was the source of color in Red lac?
Red lac,The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?
"red, green and blue",Which colors are part of the RGB model?
white,"What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?"
additive primary colors,The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?
the Renaissance,Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?
red and blue,What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?
"zero to 255,",Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?
"16,777,216",What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?
"255, 00, 00",What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?
"220, 20, 60",Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?
Rayleigh,What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?
scatter more strongly,What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?
removed almost completely,What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?
longer,"In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?"
1960,When was the first ruby laser invented?
1962,In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?
Red helium–neon,What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?
a 660 nm laser,What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?
671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers,What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?
the summer growing season,At which period of the year are phosphates high?
phosphate,What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?
the stem of the plant,Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?
anthocyanin pigments,What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?
greater the production of anthocyanins,What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?
pheomelanin,What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?
the lips,"There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?"
eumelanin,Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?
1510,In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?
fiery,What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?
the face,In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?
increased performance,"Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?"
tae kwon do,In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?
decreases performance,What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?
testosterone,The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?
courage,What trait do people most commonly link red with?
to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs,Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?
a red cross on a white field,What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?
St. George's Cross,What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?
a Roman soldier,Who was Saint George believed to be?
296 AD,When was Saint Valentine martyred?
a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest,Who was Saint Valentine?
14th,In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?
Islamic,In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?
Saudi Arabia,Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?
Scarlet,What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?
good fortune and prosperity,What good traits is the color red associated with in China?
4th,In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?
the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra,Who was Saint Nicholas?
Turkey,In what nation is Myra?
defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it,What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?
they would show no mercy to their enemy,What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?
the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896,Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?
if there is danger to the drivers,Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?
a red penalty card,What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?
Vienna,In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?
1968,In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?
Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968,At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?
danger and warning,Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?
daytime,At what time is red at its brightest?
to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person,In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?
People wearing red seem to be closer,What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?
to be visible from a distance in a crowd,Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?
easily found,Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?
seven heads,How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?
ten,The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?
golden,What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?
a name,What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?
the blood of the martyrs of Jesus,"Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?"
south,Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?
summer,What season is red identified with in China?
Chinese New Year,Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China?
Chairman Mao Tse-Tung,Who wrote the Little Red Book?
1966,In what year was the Little Red Book published?
Ndembu warriors,What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?
life and health,What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?
white,What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?
green and white,What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?
the Atlanta Braves,What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?
1869,When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?
communism,What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s?
Redlegs,What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s?
Boston,Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati?
red,What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?
i rossoneri,What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?
a serious infraction,What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?
the player is immediately disqualified from further play,What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?
his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration,How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?
Christ's blood,In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?
the cross of Saint George,What cross is on the British flag?
patron saint of England,"As it relates to England, who is Saint George?"
the United States Marine Corps,Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?
bad water conditions,"In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?"
the late nineteenth century,When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?
2004,In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?
one big red cross,What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?
four,How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?
the colors of the Russian flag,What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?
1870 to 1918,During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?
German nationalism,What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?
Hitler's personal design,Whose design was the Nazi flag?
1920s,In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?
attract attention,Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?
Bastille,After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?
"October 20, 1789",On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?
"July 17, 1791",On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?
Rouget de Lisle,"Who wrote the words ""Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?"""
1790,In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?
February 1848,When was the Communist Manifesto first created?
Karl Marx,Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Louis Philippe,The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?
June 1848,When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?
the French Army,Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?
the French Army,Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?
the Paris Commune,"After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?"
two months,For how long did the Paris Commune exist?
Vladimir Lenin,Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?
1921,In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?
39,How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?
vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections,"In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?"
2000,In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?
blue states,In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?
1920,In what year was the Community Party of China created?
1949,"The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?"
Mao Zedong,Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?
the Party anthem,"In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is ""The East is Red?"""
eighty million members,How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?
the Communist Party,What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?
the national flower,What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?
red,In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?
the Communist Party of China,Which group gained power in China in 1949?
1949,In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?
7 September 1940,What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?
267 days,How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?
71 times,How many times was London attacked?
Winston Churchill,Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids?
Berlin,What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians? 
57 consecutive nights,How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?
Sea port of Hull,What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?
More than one million,How many homes in London were destroyed in London?
"nearly 4,000 deaths",How many people were killed in Liverpool?
Coventry,Which city centre was destroyed?
Operation Sea Lion,What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?
"42,000",How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?
July 1943,What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?
Hitler,Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe? 
Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell,In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?
collapse of civilian will,Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?
United States Army Air Corps,What does USAAC stand for?
Democracies,What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?
night,What kind of bombing raids were most favored?
Luftwaffe,Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?
terror bombing,What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?
1942,What year did the terror bombing policy become official?
Wever,Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?
mirror imaging,What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?
independent strategic air offensives,What did the Air Academies not focus on?
the Luftwaffe,What army does the general staff belong to?
air crash,How did Wever die?
1936,What year did Wever die?
Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff,Who took over for Wever after his death?
Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek,What two men were the most important in ground support?
German air services,What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?
1930s,What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?
prescribed targets are not hit,Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?
inability to damage industries,Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?
the moment was right,In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?
Adolf Hitler,Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing? 
air bombardment,How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?
policy of moderation,What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause? 
political,What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?
to produce a stalemate,Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain? 
Hermann Göring,Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?
strangle British sea communications,What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?
aircraft,What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?
the Kriegsmarine,Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?
communications gap,What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?
misrepresent what information,What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?
1939,What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?
Wever,Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939? 
Rechlin,In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?
UK and France,Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?
Wilhelmshaven,The RAF bombed what Germany coast?
propaganda,What kind of leaflets were dropped?
civilian casualties,What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?
1940,What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?
air operations,Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain? 
to gain air superiority,Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?
English,What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority?
Royal,Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority?
poor intelligence,Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?
capture,What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?
2 to 1,Britain's  fabrication  of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?
four to five crewmen,How big was the crew of a bomber?
"10,000",How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?
Oberkommando der Luftwaffe,What does OKL stand for?
October,What month would the weather window begin to decline?
the north,If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of?
Unternehmen Seelöwe,What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion?
British naval forces,Who had exponential larger naval forces?
punishing,The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?
change in strategy,What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?
cover of darkness,What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?
Sportspalast,What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?
1940,In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast? 
London,Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?
Battle of Britain Day,What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?
bomb-load limitations,What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?
four-engined bombers,What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?
early 1938,What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?
tactics,What disagreements did the  Luftwaffe staff center around?
unclear strategy,Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?
failure before it began,What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?
limitations in weapons technology,Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?
coal,What was an important fuel in the Second World War?
Regional commissioners,Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?
delayed-action bombs,What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?
dispersed its production facilities,What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective? 
50,How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?
644,As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day? 
"3,500",How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?
Imperial Defence,"What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?"
Basil Liddell-Hart,"Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?"
psychological trauma,What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?
three to four,Psychiatrists believe in 1938  that mental trauma could reach how many millions?
Wales,"Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?"
Winston Churchill,Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country? 
London,The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?
a blackout,What trial took place on August 10 1939?
the blackout,What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?
almost six years,How long were lights not allowed on after dark?
damage civilian morale,Why did the government  and civil service not want to relocate during the war?
shelters,What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?
1940,What year did the shelter program finish?
unsafe,Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940? 
attacks by night,Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?
anti-war,What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters? 
the Communist Party's,Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact,What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?
interfere with commuter and troop travel,Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters?
by the second week,Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened how long after the orders?
"150,000 a night",In 1940 how many people were sleeping in the Underground stations?
sleep,Muffling the sound of batter made what easier in the Underground Stations?
direct hits,Why were many killed in Underground Stations?
"177,000","What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September  27, 1940?"
4%,In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?
at home,Where did 60% of populations stay?
1941,What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?
inside homes,Where could the Morrison shelters be used?
1940,What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?
"80,000",How many people were the new shelters going to hold?
Tickets,What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters?
British Red Cross and the Salvation Army,Which two groups help improve life in the shelters?
canteen,What kind of trains provided food in the shelters?
American,What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?
psychiatric crisis,With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?
weather,People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?
widespread shell shock,Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?
lack of need,Why did the psychiatric clinics close?
suicides and drunkenness,What two things declined during the attacks in Britain?
accept and deal,The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what?
beer,What drink was never rationed?
"13,000",How many people attended cricket at Lord's?
3%,What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?
89%,What was Churchill's highest rating? 
to build fighters,What were Spitfire Funds used for?
Air Raid Precautions,What is ARP?
"138,000",The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939?
Scout Association,Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?
Pioneer Corps,The Royal Army Pay Corps and what other group were in charge of salvage and clean-up?
Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence,What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938?
Samuel Hoare,Who was Home Secretary in 1938?
one million,How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941?
50 million,How many gas mask were issued before the war?
Hugh Dowding,Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?
defence of British air space,What credit did Dowding receive?
bombing at night,What strategy could the German's have used instead of day raids?
lack of reaction to the new crisis,Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings?
Dowding,Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made?
Air Staff,Who thought Dowding was stubborn and didn't like to cooperate?
attack him and his abilities,What did the Air Ministry plan to do with his failures?
Battle of Britain Day,The Air Ministry was critical of Dowding after which battle?
Dowding,"Who was summoned to the Air Ministry conference on October 17, 1940?"
waning,Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what?
sparse resources to build defences,Neglect of the RAF until 1938 caused what to happen?
Chamberlain Government,The Air Ministry and which other group decided to not make night defense a top priority?
great trepidation,People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what?
countermeasures,Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918?
"1,413",How many people were killed by bomb drops during the first World War?
"9,000",How many bombs had been dropped?
daylight fighter defences,What did the RAF put most of their resources into?
suffer the same problems,"RAF bombers had trouble flying at night, so the British believe the Germans would do what?"
night missions and their disadvantages,What did the Air Force believe they could avoid if they carried out effective day missions?
targets,Britain believe German bombers would be unable to reach and identify what?
cult of the offensive,What did the British offence become know as?
lacked the technology and equipment,"Why was the tactic of bombing German aircraft bases, factories and fuel reserves impractical?"
specialist night-fighting,Until 1940 what type of aircraft did the RAF lacked?
poorly equipped and lacking in numbers,What was wrong with the anti aircraft units?
land at night or in bad weather,What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do?
Knickebein,The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system?
two Lorenz beams,The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams?
dropping their bombs,The Germans flew along one beam until they picked up the second beam the sound telling them when to start doing what?
specially trained pathfinder crews,While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system?
66–77 MHz,What frequency did the X-Gerat system use?
180,What rate per minute did ground transmitters send?
start the bombing-clock,When the bomber crossed the first beam the bomber-aimer did what?
clock's timing,What mechanism cause the bombs to be released?
Y-Gerät,Which system was the most complex of the three?
the bomber's autopilot,Who operated the automatic beam system?
Direction-finding,What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course?
a code word,The crew could be order to drop the bomb by what?
ground controller,Who issued the code word to the bombers?
Derby,The beam was traced to what town?
30 MHz receiver,The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein? 
Knickebein,In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system?
Dr. R. V. Jones,Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto?
electrocautery machines,The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines?
medium,The German beacons used what frequency band?
Morse,What two letter identifier did the signal have?
Meacon,What system used a separate locations for a receiver and a directional aerial?
stronger on the direction finder,When a German bomber flew to close to its own beam what happened to the signal?
Blitz was over,Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?
ruses,What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?
dummy,What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers? 
Starfish,What was the name given to these dummy airfields?
diversionary,Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?
water,What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?
boiler,"Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?"
German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben,What did these flashes simulate?
deceive German bombardiers,What was the purpose of these fires?
"1,600",The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?
around 400,How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?
41,How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose?
six,How many German pilots were killed?
247,How many Air Fleet 3 attacked that night?
Farnborough,What was the name of the airfield where heavy raids took place?
13,How many Bf 109s were lost?
17,FighterCommand lost how many fighters?
six,How many pilots did Fighter Command lose?
weather was poor,What caused the delay in the effort?
Thames Estuary,On September 15 the Luftwaffe made daylight raids on what target in London?
docks and rail communications,What two targets were the Luftwaffe trying to destroy?
destroy their fighters in large numbers,What was the reason to try and draw the RAF into a battle?
Battle of Britain Day,What was this air battle called?
18,The Luftwaffe lost what percentage of its bombers sent that day?
Göring,Who thought the Luftwaffe could win?
17 September,What day did Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion?
Joseph Stalin,What was the name of the man from the Soviet Union who was doubtful of Operation Sea Lion?
RAF,Who did the Luftwaffe try to lure into battle using its bombers?
7 October,When did the OKL switch to night raids?
380,On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?
Around 200,How many people were killed?
General Frederick Alfred Pile,Who fired anti-defense rounds?
"8,326 rounds",How many rounds of anti-defense were fired?
two,How many German bombers were shot down?
10 percent,How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day?
Birmingham and Coventry,What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October?
The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester,What was targeted with 12 short tons of bombs?
Bomber Command airfields,"Which was targeted more heavily, bomber or fighter command airfields?"
200,Liverpool had how many short tons dropped on it?
to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands,What was the Luftwaffe's second primary policy?
Kesselring,Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2?
250,How many sorties a night was Luftflotte 3 doing?
mining operations against shipping,What did the Fliegerkorps X concentrate on?
"3,984 mines",By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped?
no less than 667,In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?
"1,000,000",By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?
the slightest sign of a break in morale,What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?
"Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool",What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?
"20,000",About how many civilians were injured in September and October?
Ingersoll,What was the name of the American observer?
"to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined.",The American observer said what about the damage to London?
No bridge over the Thames had been hit,How many bridges over the Thames were struck?
"one minor hit (""a nick"")",The Battersea Power Station took how many hits in two months?
prewar commercial flights.,What did German pilots use to gain knowledge of an airfield?
"12,000 ft (3,700 m)",British night air defenses were effective to what height?
"only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns",By July of 1940 how many guns were deployed in Britain?
"25,000 ft (7,600 m)",What was the practical ceiling of the effective heavy guns?
Bofors 40 mm,What type of light gun dealt with aircraft up to 6000 ft.?
falling shell fragments,What is believed to have caused many civilian casualties from anti-aircraft guns?
General Pile,Who reorganised London's defences?
one-third,The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery?
Dowding,Who relied on night fighters?
Boulton Paul Defiant,Who's four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type?
by better use of radar and searchlights,How were AA defenses improved?
airborne search lights,The bombers used what out of desperation?
Airborne Interception radar,What was considered unreliable?
Ground Control-led Interception,Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system?
the Battle of Britain,What used most of Fighter Command's resources?
Sholto Douglas,Who replaced Dowding on November 25?
six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters,What supported the GL carpet?
87 pilots,How many pilots remained in February 1941?
204 and 74,How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?
spot the fighter first,What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?
radar,What was critical in the night battles over Britain?
airborne radar,What concept eventually became successful?
the night of 22/23 July 1940,On what day did airborne radar help intercept and destroy enemy aircraft for the first time?
John Cunningham,Who was the RAF night fighter ace that used airborne radar to destroy a Ju 88 bomber?
the West Midlands,The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily?
127,How many parachute mines were dropped?
"""to conventrate""",The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use?
loss of public utilities,What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry?
a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production,What effect did the raid have strategically? 
369,How many bombers hit Birmingham?
two months,For how many months did the night raids continue for?
more than 100 tons of bombs dropped,How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack?
only 11 major and five heavy attacks,December saw how many attacks?
the evening of 29 December,On what day was London itself attacked?
Kampfgruppe 100,What group was the first to use incendiaries?
300,How many fire bombs were dropped per minute?
"28,556 killed",How many civilians were killed in the bombing?
"18,291 short tons",The Luftwaffe dropped how many short tons of bombs?
to try to disrupt trade and sea communications,Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?
four times,How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?
commercial and domestic areas,What was primarily damaged in the attacks?
Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport,What cities had large sections of them destroyed?
the docks,What was left mostly unharmed?
target civilian morale,What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine?
large-scale raids,In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point?
"use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency",What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing?
regard for the civilian population,Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what?
Beleuchtergruppe,What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?
Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields),The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets?
"""Satan""",What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas?
"2,500 kg (5,512 lb)","What was the weight of the ""Max"" bomb?"
unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack),Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks?
inaccuracy of navigation,What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks?
tactical methods and weapons dropped,How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks?
92 percent,What percentage of incendiaries were used in December?
Captured German air crews,How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted?
support the German submarine force,What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do?
attack British port facilities.,Raeder convinced Hitler to do what?
the high success rates of the U-Boat force,What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right?
British war economy,Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily?
British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland,What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine?
Directions for operations against the British War Economy,What was Hitler's Directive 23?
aerial interdiction of British imports by sea,What was a top priority of Directive 23?
Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain,What prevented the targeting of sea communications before?
bombing land-based aircraft industries,What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications?
Directive 23,What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?
control of more Luftwaffe units,What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?
Karl Dönitz,Who was Raeder's successor? 
Göring's lack of cooperation,What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?
by subduing Britain by air power alone,How did Goring expect to regain prestige?
difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production,What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23?
the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break,What was the second consideration?
"pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries",What did the OKL insist on maintaining?
if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions,When would other targets be considered available?
create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941,What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?
meteorological conditions over Britain,What was preventing escalation of air operations?
Airfields became water-logged,What happened to airfields?
18,How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?
"4,000",How many sorties were flown in March 1941?
only on moonlit nights,When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions?
Ports were easier to find,Why were ports better targets?
radio silence was observed until the bombs fell,How did the Germans confuse the British?
British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät,Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more?
western ports,What was focused in March?
breaks in morale,What did these attacks accomplish?
shortage of bombers,Why was the OKL forced to improvise?
50,How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used?
only one-third,How many German bombs hit their target?
two or three sorties,How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?
"Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly",What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?
woke up to discover the entire crew asleep.,What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?
oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets,What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission?
intensification of submarine and air attack,What did the British fear most?
Liverpool,What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America?
"39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping",The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping?
57 ships,"How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?"
one-third of overseas trade,How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on?
seven,How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow?
"40,000 people",How many people per week were losing housing?
because of its vulnerable position on the south coast,Why was Plymouth targeted the most?
aerial mines,What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs?
"Over 2,000",How many AAA shells were fired?
Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland,What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?
"9,000 incendiaries",Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?
120,How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack?
the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions,What was the result of the German attacks?
10/11 May 1941,When was the last major attack London saw?
800 tonnes,How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London?
"1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured",How many casualties were inflicted?
One-third of London's streets were impassable,What was the damage done to London's streets?
63 German fighters were sent with the bombers,What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing?
were proving highly successful.,How was the British night fighter operations faring?
"was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns",How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?
visual sighting,What did interception rely upon?
struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers,How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?
The Boulton Paul Defiant,What performed better during night fighting?
engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath,How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret?
"larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber",What benefits did attacking from below offer?
320 mph (510 km/h),What was the max speed of a Beaufighter?
"26,000 ft (7,900 m)",What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter?
six .303 in Browning machine guns,how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include?
19 November,What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar?
one- to two-percent losses,What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission?
712,How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?
"1,000 tons of bombs",How many bombs hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?
nine,On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost?
38 German bombers,How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May?
"45,000 short tons",The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz?
"58,000 long tons",The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping?
overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period,How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing?
"British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month",What was the greatest achievement of the bombings?
most took from 10–15 days,How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids?
had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot,How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?
about tactics rather than strategy,What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?
an economic-industrial analysis,What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?
"cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000",How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?
the German experience,What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives?
bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives,What did the RAF conclude?
"when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport.",What caused the most production disruption?
failed in precision attack,What did the Luftwaffe fail?
using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.,What did the experience of German's using incendiaries mean?
"Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful.",What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?
that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command.,Aviation strategists disputed over what? 
morale as a target.,What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention?
ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940,When was morale finally mentioned?
"if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.",When were industrial cities to be targeted?
without the destruction of the German economy.,Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris?
"to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale",What was the primary strategy for Bomber Command offensives?
"""a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable.""",Arthur Harris announced that Bomber Command would enable economic warfare to achieve what?
people locked in national solidarity.,What view became popular of the British people in WWII?
"in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991).",When did this popular view come to be?
aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy.,Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?
over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity.,What was the Historians' critical response to this view?
some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours,What did Calder try to expose in his book?
the need for bomb-proof shelters.,What was the communist party agitated over?
Underground railway system,What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?
that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made.,What did Morrison warn he couldn't do?
"the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests",Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids?
the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.,What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party?
British Union of Fascists (BUF),The success of the Communists helped what political group?
particularly in London,Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?
secured the best shelters via underhanded methods,What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters?
race riots,What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters?
industry dispersal may have been a factor,What was another reason for populations moving?
Over a quarter,How much of London's population left?
south Wales and Gloucester,What locations saw an increase in populations?
"88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children",How much of the population returned in four months?
1.4 million,How many evacuees were there?
"The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting",What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?
"period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings",What are some of the things included in these recordings?
"Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside",What is one of the notable recordings included?
"Herbert Morrison's famous ""Britain shall not burn"" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.",What is a second recording that is of note?
Richard Nixon,Which president signed the Act into law?
December 28,On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?
"to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost",What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?
the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),Which two federal agencies administer the Act?
1973,In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?
"central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast",What was the historical range of the whooping crane?
Unregulated hunting and habitat loss,What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?
16 birds,What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?
eight years,How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
Lacey Act of 1900,What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?
interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws,What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?
"all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants",What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?
Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940,What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?
list endangered domestic fish and wildlife,What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?
$15 million per year,The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?
the National Wildlife Refuge System,The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?
The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts,How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?
"Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species",How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?
"""Class of '67""",What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
It included only vertebrates,How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
habitat destruction,What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
"the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction",How did being listed initially impact species?
"December, 1969",When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?
by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States,How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?
"mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans",What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?
alligators and crocodiles,"What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of ""reptiles"" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?"
This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection,What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?
Dr. Russell E. Train,Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
the Council on Environmental Quality,The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?
"Dr. Gerard A. ""Jerry"" Bertrand",Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?
Dr. Earl Baysinger,Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?
the 93rd United States Congress,What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
two ways,How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?
candidate assessment program,What federal program is used to list a species?
90-day screening period,How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list
"a ""distinct population segment.""","In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of ""species""?"
"""solely""",What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?
the biological status of the species,"Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?"
Ronald Reagan,Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?
Congress rejected,What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?
"through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area",How is public notice given regarding a listing?
45 days,How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested?
Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing,Do listing notices cross international soil?
Section 4,What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?
habitat protection and recovery goals,Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?
"the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species",What does critical habitat regulation require?
seed germination and dispersal needs,What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?
require a federal permit,How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?
"land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves",What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage?
"federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that ""destroy or adversely modify"" critical habitats",What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats?
within one year,What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?
the Reagan Administration,Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?
"Hawaii, California and other western states","After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?"
primarily on rivers and coastlines,Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?
"goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species",What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?
The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed.,What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?
completion within three years,What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies?
approximately six years,What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?
Clinton (72),Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration?
"whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized",What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?
the Endangered Species Committee,"If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?"
seven,How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?
Five,How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?
at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur,What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?
"the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS",Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?
to determine if harm may occur,"During informal consultation, what is the goal?"
if the harm is believed to be likely,What prompts the need for formal consultation?
"whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery",What considerations are weighed during the consultations?
six,"How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009?"
"one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn",What were the results of those exemption petitions?
few consultations result in jeopardy opinions,Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor?
in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy.,How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded?
"non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations",Who owns the majority of critical habitat?
Habitat Conservation Plan,What program gives incentives to private landowners to protect species on their land?
only for scientific or research purposes,"Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced?"
an Incidental Take Permit (ITP),An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?
allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time,How long do ITPs last?
A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register,How is the public made aware of ITP applications?
30 to 90 days,How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications?
"San Bruno Mountain, California",What location held the first HCP?
87%,What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP?
butterflies,What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP?
Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources,What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation?
Robert D.Thornton,"Who wrote the article ""Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973."""
a major headache,"What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to, from the viewpoint of the development community?"
"The ""No Surprises"" rule",What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?
the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient.,Why is this particular rule so controversial?
The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money,"If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the ""No Surprises"" rule?"
The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures,Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short?
the private landowner and FWS,"What two groups are bound by a ""Safe Harbor"" agreement?"
"assurances that the FWS will permit future ""takes"" above a pre-determined level","In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement?"
the Clinton Administration,Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?
"A landowner can have either a ""Safe Harbor"" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both.",Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive?
Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species,How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?
"if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.",How does a CCA help protect a private landowner?
enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered,How does a CCA impact unlisted species?
the Virginia northern flying squirrel,What animal species was delisted in August 2008?
listed since 1985,How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered?
President Obama,Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf?
twenty-eight,"As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery?"
seven,"Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?"
Twenty-five,How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status?
six,How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations?
increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat,How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species?
1%,What is the success rate of the list and the Endangered Species Act initiatives?
"""Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up.""",What is the name given to the act of pre-emptive habitat destruction by landowners fearing a protected species?
"over 2,000",How many species are currently listed?
exotic pet trade,What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?
no provisions are made for in-state commerce,What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?
the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold,What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?
"in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary ""donation"" from the receiving party.",How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?
the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations,Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?
cotton-top tamarin,The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade?
over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States,What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate's classification as Endanger?
Harvard,What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center?
development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies,Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?
These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states,What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?
"Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California","What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?"
"A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license",Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?
The Secretary,"Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?"
"$500,000",Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?
vacuus,The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?
imperfect vacuum,"What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?"
space void of matter,What is a vacuum?
gaseous,What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum?
in vacuo,What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?
the ground state of matter.,The Vacuum state is considered what?
reduce air pressure by around 20%,A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?
how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum,The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?
a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter,Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?
"it would still not be ""empty""","If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?"
"no void could occur naturally,",What did Aristotle believe about a void?
whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist.,What was historically disputed about vacuums?
cannot rightly be said to exist,"What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?"
denser surrounding material continuum,Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?
14th century,In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?
Stoic physics,What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?
13th and 14th,"Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?"
a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself,What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?
rupture of the delicate alveoli,What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?
rapid decompression,What causes barotrauma?
"13 kPa (100 Torr),",What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?
hypoxia,What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?
vacuum exposure,rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?
that a vacuum does not occur in nature,What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?
Descartes,Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?
Cartesian mechanical philosophy,What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?
Paul Dirac,An infinite sea of particles with negative energy  was a model propesed by whom?
1930,What year was the Dirac sea modeled?
late 20th century,When werer virtual particles confirmed?
"1927,",What year was the uncertainty principle formed?
Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,What theorized that time and energy can be measured?
The black hole,what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?
Einstein,Who's equations  helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?
tidal forces and gravitational waves,what produces curvature in a vacuum?
black hole,What has no electric charge?
low Earth orbit,Where do most satellites operate?
solar sails,What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?
atmospheric density,why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?
Kármán line,above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?
handheld plungers in water.,Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body,Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what?
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī,who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
air's volume,what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
suction pump,What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
Bishop Etienne Tempier,Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?
14th century,When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?
God could create a vacuum if he so wished.,the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?
nature abhorred a vacuum,What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?
horror vacui,what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).,What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?
1850,What year was the Toepler Pump invented?
vacuum pump,What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?
Otto von Guericke,Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?
A number of electrical properties,What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?
aether,What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?
"""While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris",Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?
Henry Pickering,Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?
outer space,Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?
rigid indestructible material,What was ether originally thought to be made of?
amount of matter remaining in the system,What indicated the quality of a vacuum?
its absolute pressure,How is vacuum generally measured?
average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other.,What does the MFP of residual gases show?
study of fluid flows,What is particle gas dynamics?
"""Below atmospheric""",Absolute pressure  being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?
displacement of a millimeter of mercury,What is a torr equal to?
barometric scale,What is another often used options to measure vacuum?
its high density and low vapour pressure,Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?
Hydrostatic gauges,What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?
measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric,What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?
can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr,Why is the McLeod gauge special?
McLeod gauge,An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?
Thermal conductivity gauges,The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?
by running current through it,How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?
chemical composition of the gases being measured,What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?
to measure the temperature of the filament,What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?
10 torr to 10−3 torr,A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?
the pressure in the gauge,What affects the number of ions in a gauge?
mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge,What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?
Cold cathode gauges,What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr?
composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable,Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement?
hot cathode and cold cathode.,What are the two types of Ion gauges?
"sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,",density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?
of up to 3 km,What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?
after a few seconds,When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?
the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS),A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?
ebullism,What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?
tissues are elastic and porous,What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?
Some oils and greases,What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?
parallel,How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?
stainless steel or titanium,What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?
water absorption,What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?
vacuum,The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?
QED,A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?
impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons,why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?
"vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,",What is a QCD?
In QED vacuum,"When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?"
spontaneous emission,What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?
virtual particles that hop into and out of existence,what is  vacuum fluctuation?
vacuum energy,Finite energy in a QED is called what?
vacuum near an electric charge,What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?
due to space weather,`Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?
the Kármán line,What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?
number density,What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?
radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds,What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?
incandescent light bulb,What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
chemical inertness,What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
"obstruction of air,",Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing,"How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?"
electron microscopes and vacuum tubes,What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
vacuum servo,What provides power assistance for auto brakes?
engine and an external venturi,What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?
"protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments,",Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?
drive accessories,What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?
vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps,What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?
outgassing,what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?
obscure optical instruments,Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?
vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure,When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?
continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth,Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?
a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity,How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?
Because of the pressure differential,Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?
displacement pumps,"What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?"
Entrapment pumps,What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?
no vibration.,"Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?"
Momentum transfer pumps,What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?
stages,When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?
vacuum technique,"The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?"
"oil contamination, vibration",What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?
Three Kingdoms,What period followed the Han dynasty?
Qin,What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?
Liu Bang,Who founded the Han dynasty?
206 BC,When did the Former Han period begin?
220 AD,When did the Later Han period end?
AD 1911,When did the Qing dynasty fall?
commanderies,What innovation was acquired from the Qin?
Confucianism,What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?
the Rebellion of the Seven States,What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?
scholarly gentry,What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?
119 BC,In what year did the central government issue coins?
iron,What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?
Eastern Han,In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?
Zhou,A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty?
inverted,A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum?
The Xiongnu,Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?
military,What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?
111 BC,In what year was Nanyue annexed?
Xianbei,Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?
87 BC,In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?
Daoist,Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?
military officers,Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?
Xian,Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?
Cao Pi,Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?
189 AD,In what year did Emperor Ling die?
conquest,With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?
Xiang Yu,Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?
Qin Shi Huangdi,Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?
rebellion,What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?
his followers,Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?
thirteen,How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?
imperial court,Who could appoint staff to the kings?
154 BC,When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?
tax revenues,From what source did kings derive their personal income from?
Liu,The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?
Modu Chanyu,Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?
the Xiongnu,What group had a trade embargo created against them?
200 BC,In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?
heqin,What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?
silk clothes,What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?
135 BC,The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?
133 BC,In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?
agricultural,What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?
119 BC,In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?
Wei Qing,Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?
soldiers,Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?
the court,Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?
111 BC,In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?
the frontier,Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?
four,How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?
glasswares,What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?
Zhang Qian,Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?
125 BC,When did Zhang Qian end his travels?
Silk Road,Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?
Han,What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?
the Xiongnu,Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?
2 AD,When was the first national census taken in China?
"57,671,400",What was the population of China in 2 AD?
60 BC,What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?
Dian,Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?
former merchants,Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?
81 BC,When was the liquor monopoly abolished?
Modernist,Which faction did the Reformists oppose?
The Reformists,Which political faction favored budgetary reform?
68 BC,In what year did Huo Guang die?
Wang Mang,Who tried to outlaw slavery?
Gradual silt buildup,What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?
Han engineers,Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?
The Yellow River,What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?
massive floods,What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?
Luoyang,Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?
Eastern Han dynasty,What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?
Later Han dynasty,What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called?
Chang'an,Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty?
Former Han dynasty,What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?
5 August 25,On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?
The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam,Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?
Goguryeo,Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?
AD 49,In what year did Ma Yuan die?
Bi,Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?
Tarim,Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?
AD 75,When did Chen Mu die?
Ili River valley,Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?
Chen Mu,Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?
the Northern Xiongnu,Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?
Vima Kadphises,Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
Ban Chao,Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
Kushan,Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
Kushan,Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
Sogdiana,Who was allied with Kashgar?
Buddhist monks,Who translated written works into Chinese?
Gan Ying,Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
AD 146,When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
A Roman embassy,Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
Parthian,Which empire sent the Han gifts?
Empress Dowager Dou,Who was prevented from leaving their house?
Empress Deng Sui,Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
105 AD,When did Emperor He's reign end?
Empress Dowager Dou,Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
118 AD,When did the Qiang rebellion end?
Emperor An,Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?
Sun Cheng,Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?
eunuchs,Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?
Yan,Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?
forced to commit suicide,How did Liang Ji die?
treason,On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?
Palace eunuchs,Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?
economic,During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?
Imperial,Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?
168 AD,When did Dou Wu die?
the eunuchs,Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?
he was forced to commit suicide,How did Dou Wu pass away?
General Zhang Huan,Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?
the eunuchs,Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?
coup d'état,What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?
184 AD,In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?
215 AD,In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?
eight,How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?
faith,What type of healer was Zhang Jue?
Daoist,What religion did Zhang Jue practice?
He Jin,"Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?"
Empress He,Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?
He Miao,Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?
Liu Xie,Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?
the eunuchs' execution,What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?
burned,How was Luoyang destroyed?
Dong Zhuo,Who demoted Emperor Shao?
Emperor Xian,What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?
General Dong Zhuo,Who had taken control of Luoyang?
192 AD,When did Dong Zhuo die?
Cao,Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?
Cao Pi,Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?
Cao Wei,"What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?"
Sun Quan,Who was in control of the south of China?
March,In what month did Cao Cao die?
mid-to-late Eastern Han,During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?
full marquess,What rank provided its holder territorial rule?
commoner social,What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?
cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships,What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?
ordinary marquess,What rank is below that of full marquess?
The farmer,Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?
white-colored,What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?
State-registered merchants,Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?
bandits,Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?
working between a network of cities,How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?
four to five,How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?
the father's,Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?
nobles and high officials,Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?
patrilineal,What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?
Arranged marriages,What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?
marriage dowries,How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune?
noble,What type of title could be passed down?
a will,What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?
inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture,Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?
the father,Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?
Women,Which gender was exempt from performing the yearly corvee labor duties?
openly humiliated,What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in?
income-earning,What type of occupation did women commonly take part in?
their adult son,Who were women obligated to obey in their old age?
mothers,Which parental figures often avoided the common familial rules?
Confucianism,What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?
Emperor Wu,Who put an end to all erudites?
"over 30,000",How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?
Confucian,What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?
tuition payments,Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?
various gentrymen,Who had produced biographies of individuals of significant importance?
fu,What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?
Yang Xiong,Who had written the dictionary Fangyan?
Ban Biao,Which person had authored the Book of Han?
Ban Zhao,What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?
mutilation,What type of torture was acquired from Qin law?
progressively less-severe beatings,What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?
criminals were never imprisoned,What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?
death by beheading,What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?
rights,What did women commonly have less of?
staple crops,What type of crop was rice considered to be during this period?
pets,What were dogs in this era most likely to be considered?
Chinese bamboo,What type of partridge was commonly consumed?
streams and lakes,Where were turtles acquired from?
red,What was the color of the bayberries?
hollow clay tiles,What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?
hollow clay tiles,What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?
xian,What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?
two-part soul,What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?
allowing it to pivot,What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?
the emperor,Who made sacrifices to the main deities in this period?
earthquakes,What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor?
the Five Powers,What is another term that could be used to label the main deities?
three realms,How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?
locusts,What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor's ethics?
achieve immortality,What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?
salvation and good health,What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?
Daoists,What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?
immortality,What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?
Daodejing,What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?
Eastern Han,During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region?
75 AD,When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?
Buddhism,What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?
the White Horse Temple,What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?
2nd century AD,During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?
the emperor,Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government?
sometimes did reject the majority opinion,Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?
alienating his high ministers,What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?
court conference,Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?
the emperor,Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?
The Minister Coachman,Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables?
The Minister of Justice,Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?
The Minister Herald,Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see?
The Minister Steward,Who provided  the emperor with sustenance and medical aid?
The Minister of the Imperial Clan,Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire's nobles with the court?
an Administrator,What individual was typically in charge of a commandery?
"10,000",Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?
A Magistrate,What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?
Emperor Wu,What Emperor initially created the quota system?
Chiefs,"Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them?"
male,What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?
twenty-three,At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?
one year,How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?
twenty,What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?
Minister of the Guards,Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?
one paid a commutable tax,How could conscription into military service be avoided?
Northern Army,What army was based near the capital?
Southern Army,What army was considered to be the volunteer army?
five,How many regiments were in the Northern Army?
several thousand soldiers,Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?
the Qin,Where did the Han dynasty receive their coin type from?
Emperor Gaozu,Who closed the government mint?
186 BC,In what year was the decision reversing the closure of the government mint implemented?
Lü Zhi,Who released new lighter coinage that caused significant amounts of inflation because of it's weight?
175 BC,In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass?
wuzhu,What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?
Emperor Wu,Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?
Tang dynasty,During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?
3.2 g,What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?
several new currencies,What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?
landowner-cultivators,Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?
The Han government,Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?
Eastern Han,During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?
temporary,What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?
enacted reforms,What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?
117 BC,In which year did Emperor Wu monopolize several industries?
Emperor Wu,Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries?
Eastern Han,During what period did the governmental monopolies become privatized once again?
nationalized the salt and iron industries,What did Emperor Wu do to negate the influence of private entrepreneurs?
Western Han,During what era could a wealthy iron industrialist be able to rival the treasury in funds?
Liquor,What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?
81 BC,In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?
price control regulations,What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?
grain,What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?
Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization,What office did Emperor Ming create?
blast,What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?
oxygen,What element was used in the production of wrought iron?
wrought,What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?
fining,What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?
pig iron,What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?
The three-legged iron seed drill,What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows?
two oxen,How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow?
11.3 acres,How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day?
one man,How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow?
improved iron-smelting techniques,What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools?
the alternating fields system,What helped insure the safety of crops from wind?
pit field system,What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows?
rice,What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas?
alternating fields system,What system did the government recommend the usage of?
Zhao Guo,What was the name of the Grain Intendant?
Timber,What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?
Tang,What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?
907 AD,What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?
ceramic roof tiles,What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?
Timber,What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?
twenty-nine,How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era?
stone pillar-gates,What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade?
brick,What building material were tomb chambers constructed with?
rammed-earth,What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of?
drainage systems,What type of system used ceramic water pipes?
Confucian,What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?
Yang Xiong,Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?
Ding Huan,Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?
gimbals,What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?
rotary fan,What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?
Han,During which period was the odometer cart first created?
sliding metal calipers,What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?
artwork,What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?
winnowing machines,What was used to separate parts of grain?
measured journey lengths,What use did the odometer cart provide?
Waterwheels,What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?
Nanyang,What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?
Wang Chong,Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?
about the 5th century,During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?
Han,During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?
Zhang Heng,Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?
132 AD,In what year was the seismometer first invented?
eight,How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?
seismometer,What invention included an inverted pendulum?
metal ball,What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?
mathematical,What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?
Three,How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?
Gaussian elimination,What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?
Han,During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?
continued fractions,What can be used to help find the roots of equations?
the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art,In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?
as black counting rods,How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?
16th century AD,In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?
Bakhshali,What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?
red counting rods,What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?
Han,In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted?
Wang Chong,Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?
the Earth,What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?
spherical,What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?
the earth,What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?
silk,What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?
tomb,In what type of building were silken maps found?
Ma Yuan,Which individual created the very first raised relief map?
rice,What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?
The junk design,What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?
high seas,In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?
Junks,What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?
riverine transport,What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?
Han-era medical physicians,Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?
anesthesia,What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?
physician,What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?
prescribed regulated diets,How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?
208 AD,When did Hua Tuo die?
Aegean and Ionian seas,Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?
Bronze,During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented?
Constantinople,Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture?
Egypt,Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past? 
Byzantine Empire,What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea,Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?
Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas,Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?
the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.,When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?
these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century,What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?
"The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.",Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?
Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.,What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? 
The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels,What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
"word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language",What other language has this same trait ?
phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian,What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
"linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.",How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
the Dorians,"What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?"
Around 1200 BC,When did these groups make the migration ?
"the Mycenaean civilization,",What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples),Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? 
seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC,What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?
Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors,How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?
"Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth",How did they believe their forebears lived ?
The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past,What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?
Homer,Who was the author of these tales ?
"Zeus, Poseidon and Hades",What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? 
The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism,What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.,When did this event occur ?
"the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,",What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony),What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? 
Oracle of Apollo at Delphi,What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
"classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC",The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras,What is so well known about this period ?
"this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander",Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
"The Classical period is also described as the ""Golden Age"" of Greek civilization",What shiny other name is this time also called ?
"civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.",What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
Alexander,What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
"provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way",How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
Hellenistic cities,What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
"there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.",Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?
"cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.",Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state.,"With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?"
larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.,The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?
"Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.",How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?
the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation.,What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?
"Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.",What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?
decline beginning in the 3rd century BC,When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?
with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.,What encouraged the change of faith ?
The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.,What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?
Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity,What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?
Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking,What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?
"the Greeks identified as Romaioi (""Romans"")",What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?
the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans,What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?
secondary to religious considerations,Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?
"Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.",What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?
"influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,",When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. 
Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641),Who ruled Rome during this time period ?
decided to make Greek the empire's official language.,What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
"Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the ""Roman Emperor""",What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?
the Latin West started to favour the Franks,Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?
the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204,What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
empire was revived in 1261,When did the nation reestablish itself ?
"philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.",What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity,What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
second Russo-Turkish War,Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453,When did the emperor Constantine  lose rule over in 1453 ?
many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West,What did the populace do in response to the loss ?
"in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia",What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?
"men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy",Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?
levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.,What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?
religion was the defining characteristic of national groups,How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?
"was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.",What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?
The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi,What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?
"those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic",What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?
second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system,Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?
the Greek tradition of education and commerce,What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? 
the wealth of the extensive merchant class,Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?
"the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce",What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?
Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.,What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?
creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830,When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?
clause removed by 1840,Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?
a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece,How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ?
first Greek constitution of 1822,When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?
agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange,What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ?
"Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.",What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? 
considered themselves the political heirs of Rome,What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well,What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?
"Hellene"" still meant pagan",What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
Greek Enlightenment,From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
"The modern Greek state was created in 1829,",When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? 
"the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire",What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?
"instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,",What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
"Hellenes"" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,",What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?
"was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge.",From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?
"Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes",Who is this small group named for ?
The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League.,Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?
with twelve founders,How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?
Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.,what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?
the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.,What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?
"word γραῖα graia ""old woman"" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, ""to grow old"" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu","What  is the origins of the term ""old woman "" ?"
"A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, ""inhabitant of Graia/Graea,"" a town on the coast of Boeotia.",Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?
Achaeans and Danaans,What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?
pre-Dorian,What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?
redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek,What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names?
"spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos",Where was this origin of this redefinition ?
early Iron age,What was the age in 1300 BC named ?
Trojans,In Homer's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ?
Egypt,From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ?
"His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom",What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ?
Denyen,What community did the Denyen live in ?
A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt,What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ?
most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language,What is the easiest connection between the Greeks of old and those of today ?
Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC),How log did the age of darkness last for the Greeks ?
continuity of tradition to Chinese alone,Who else has a history as long standing as those of the Greeks ?
During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire,When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?
"retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion",What aspects of the Greek culture have remained steadfast throughout the years ?
"Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population",In the Rupublic of Hellenic who is the ethnic majority and what percentage of the populace do they represent ?
Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population,What's the estimated populace of Greeks on the isle of Cyprus ?
Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth,Are Greeks in danger of contributing vastly to the problem of population control ?
Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828.,Is the Greek populace on a whole increasing or decreasing in numbers ?
influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.,Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?
British Empire,Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of 
Turkish,Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?
Turkish invasion of Cyprus,Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?
the Middle East,During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?
"105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey",What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?
1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.,What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?
the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor,"How long was there a Greek influence represented in ""little"" Asia ? "
"smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,",Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?
total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue,How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?
World Council of Hellenes Abroad,Who provided the contradictory  population numbers for Greeks abroad ?
World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide,How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?
Sorbonne University,At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an 
"George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million",Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?
"the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language",What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?
"Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts.",What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?
"Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt.",How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?
The Hellenistic period,What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?
"Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state",After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules  ?
"important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad",What did they do that contributed to the Greek's success of establishment?
Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries,Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?
"Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)",What countries did they settle in ?
"from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.",How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?
beginning in the Mycenaean civilization,What is considered the start of the Grecian cultural world ?
the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity,Which devotion of time was heavily influenced by the religious followers of the  Son of God ?
genocide in the 20th century,In what centennial was the massacre of the Greeks of Ottoman descent ?
included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures.,Was there anything good that could be found from the divergence into exchange ?
Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture,Who was given the merit for the reemergence of the Greek way of life ?
"other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund),",What other dialects share a thread with the Greek language. 
the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century,What radical political changes occurred during the 19th century ?
emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage,What did these changes highlight ?
"Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state.",What became the official dialect of Greeks and what was it missing ?
"In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language",What choices in 1976 made a change to the decisions concerning the official dialect ? 
"Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects",What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?
"wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian",What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking?
Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek),What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?
"Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel.",What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?
"bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.",Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?
Christians,What is the religion of the Greek majority ?
belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church,What denominational variance do they adhere to for the most part ?
the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek,What language was the second half of the Bible originally written in ?
"Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church",This language is the official dialect of worship for the traditional sect for church worshipers of Greece ?
"Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims.",What other varieties of Christianity can be found among the Grecian people ?
"visual, literary and performing arts.",What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?
the Renaissance in Europe,What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?
the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.,What important heritage of art  from Greece was celebrated during this time ?
"In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures",What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?
"Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.","In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of Greek descent ?"
"Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do",Who was one of the old masters from the Greeks ?
soprano Maria Callas,Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?
"sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis",Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?
Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century.,Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?
"science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics",What contribution to the scientific community have the Greeks left the world ?
scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions,What school practices were kept by the Roman world after the fall of Greece ?
Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education,What has been maintained by the Greeks throughout their extended history ?
Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world,What is one the most elevated values among the Grecian society ?
first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations,At what location did education begin for the first set of people to be eligible to earn and advanced degree in a particular subject ?
the percentages for female students being higher than for male,According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ?
Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year,Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ?
the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names,Are university  educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers  in other countries ?
"John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,",Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky  scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ?
"flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white",What are the representations of the Greek reference freedom or death that are held on a cloth symbol of the nation ?
motto of the Greek War of Independence,This reference also holds significance as what the the Grecian people ?
"bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy",Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek?
ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority,Have the people of Turkey held any feeling towards the cloth symbol of the Greeks ?
Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag,Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ?
Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics,What names are used that are typically from  a father and have usually added a suffix or prefix ?
"Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending",What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ?
"many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.",What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ?
"some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons.",What does it mean to have the letters OU added to the ending of a males last name ?
"Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily",What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ?
"Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, ""we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond",What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?
map of the Old Greek Diaspora,What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world  named  ?
corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 183,When did changes of this ancient map become notable ?
Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture,Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?
the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca,What else is this particular captain known for doing ? 
Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India),Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia  ?
plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade,What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?
trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate,Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted  ? 
Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed,What was brought about by the Ottomans that caused and uplift in the classes of Greek society ?
Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world,Is the seafaring business still of any relevancy to the Greek economy ?
Greek War of Independence,What did the development of these changes lead to for the Greeks under Ottoman rulers ?
most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis,What was the last husband of Jacquelyn Kennedy known for ? 
"conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown",What dominant hair color is to believed to be prevalent among Greeks 
significant minorities having black and blonde hair,Which colors lay outside of the nor for those of Greek descent ?
14.6% blue/green,What eye color shows the least presence among those of Greek heritage ?
57.4% dark brown,What eye color is believed to be the norm among Greeks ?
Asia Minor (now Turkey),What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ?
Ottoman rule of Greece,During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it's central location ?
"history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea.",The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ?
"a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.",What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?
"By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)",After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ?
Gabriel,Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad?
22 December 609 CE,On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran?
632,In which year CE did Muhammad die?
Jibril,What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel?
70,"How many times is the word ""Quran"" used in the Quran?"
companions of Muhammad,Who first recorded Muhammad revelations?
Caliph Uthman,Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?
Uthman's codex,By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known?
Arabic,In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?
sharia,The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?
Biblical scriptures,What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?
Quran,Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?
qaraʼa,"From which Arabic verb might ""Quran"" be derived?"
qeryānā,"What Syriac word might be related to ""Quran""?"
reciting,"The words from which the name ""Quran"" might be described are related to which act?"
qaraʼa,Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?
kitāb,"Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means ""book""?"
sūrah,"Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as ""scripture""?"
wisdom,What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah?
waḥy,"What name does the Quran use for itself that means ""revelation""?"
umm al-kitāb,"Which term meaning ""the mother book"" does the Quran apply to itself?"
mus'haf,What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?
al-kitāb,What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?
the guide,What is an English translation of huda?
Cave of Hira,In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation?
Medina,Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community?
Badr,Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write?
date palm,Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran?
Quran,"When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book?"
illiterate,"What is the most common interpretation of the word ""ummi"" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?"
earlier sacred texts,"Because Mohammed was ""ummi,"" what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?"
ummi,What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?
writing and reading,What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?
Abu Bakr,Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle?
Zayd ibn Thabit,Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran?
634,In which year did Abu Bakr die?
Hafsa bint Umar,Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr?
Uthman ibn Affan,Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized?
palimpsests,What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts?
671 AD,Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?
Uthmanic,What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?
"Sana'a, Yemen",In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972?
Hijazi,What script were the Birmingham Quran fragments written in?
Arabic,Which modern script descends from the script on the Birmingham Quran fragments?
dots and chapter separators,What feature of the Birmingham Quran fragments' text make some doubt that it is older than other known versions of the Quran?
1370,How many years old were the Quran fragments discovered in Birmingham in 2015?
56:79,Which section of the Quran inspires some Muslims to ritually wash themselves before touching their copy?
buried or scattered over water,What is done with the ashes of burned copies of the Quran?
Worn-out,In what state are copies of the Quran sometime wrapped in cloth and buried?
a mosque or a Muslim cemetery,Which are the safest places to inter an older copy of the Quran?
I'jaz,What term indicates that the contents of the Quran cannot be reproduced in speech?
Day of Resurrection,Until what day is the Quran believed to be in effect?
1013,In which year did the Medieval Muslim scholar al-Baqillani die?
al-Jurjani,Which Muslim scholar studied the Quran's inimitability until his death in 1078?
sura,What is a chapter of the Quran called?
114,How many suras are in the Quran?
Meccan or Medinan,What two city-related categories divide the Quran's suras?
Bismillah,Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras?
size,What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran?
juz',What division of the Quran is used for a month-long reading?
30,How many ajzā cover the entire Quran?
two,How many ahzab are in a juz'?
rubʻ al-ahzab,What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb?
manzil,What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran?
natural,Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents?
historical,What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings?
Muhammad's,Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books?
one-third,What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology?
the final fate of the universe,What general topic is eschatology about?
earthquake,Which natural disaster features in Sura 22?
afterlife,"What topic do suras 44, 56, 75, and 101 have in common?"
signs and revelations,In what form does the Quran say God sends his messages to people?
Angels,Who intermediates between God and prophets?
42:51,Which part of the Quran describes God's use of intermediaries between himself and his prophets?
Prophets,Which humans are the messengers of God?
identical,How does the Quran describe the similarity of messages God has delivered throughout human history?
Belief,What mental state is the foundation of morality as described by the Quran?
usury and gambling,What finance-related acts are forbidden by the Quran?
salat,What is the name of the formal prayer proscribed by the Quran?
Ramadan,Which month is designated for fasting in the Quran?
charity,The Quran uses a term that also means purification for what social act?
Nidhal Guessoum,Which astrophysicist has written about the ways the Quran encourages scientific thinking?
proof,Verse 2:111 of the Quran supports which aspect of scientific thought and practice?
Ghaleb Hasan,Whose scholarship on the concept of proof in the Quran does Guessoum cite?
Muhammad Iqbal,Which philosopher believed the Quran had a rational and empirical basis like science?
750,Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran's verses?
Quran,Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text?
Mohammad Hashim Kamali,Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran?
Ziauddin Sardar,Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?
Muslim,Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion?
Abdus Salam,Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize?
67:3-4,Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet?
Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni,Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods?
metaphysics,Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion?
rhymed prose,What description of the writing in the Quran highlights its poetic aspect?
earlier Meccan suras,Which suras in the Quran are particularly rhythmic?
subject of discussion,What often changes along with the rhyming of Quranic verses?
Later,Which parts of the Quran are the least poetic?
continuity,What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?
Norman O. Brown,To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?
a literary device,How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?
Michael Sells,Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?
Self-referentiality,What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran?
Divinity,What quality does the Quran claim in the different ways in which it refers to itself?
naba',"Which term that the Quran uses for itself means ""news""?"
early Meccan suras,The Quran is more self-referential in which of its suras?
Tafsir,What is the name of the activity of explaining what Quranic verses mean?
Muhammad,Who was the first practitioner of Tafsir?
Tafsir,What is the Arabic term for Quranic exegesis?
Companions of Muhammad,Who were 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas?
classical Arabic,In which language is the Quran recited?
nāsikh,What is the Arabic term for the cancellation of one part of the Quran by another?
Tafseer e Kabir,What is the name of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's published Quran commentary?
mansūkh,What is the term for earlier portions of the Quran that may have been superseded by later parts?
Urdu,In which language is the Tafseer e Kabir written?
Esoteric,What is another term for Sufi Quranic interpretation?
zahir,What Arabic word describes the aspects of Quranic verses that Sufism tries to push beyond?
isharat,What is an Arabic term for allusions?
allusions,Sands says Sufi interpretations tend to use which literary device rather than direct explanation?
Sufi,Beloved is a term for God used by which style of Quranic interpretation?
7:143,Which Quranic verse describes Moses' encounter with God at the mountain?
longing and suffering,"In Sufi thought, what experiences bring one closer to truth?"
Qushayri,Who wrote that Moses had lost the Moses in himself along the way to his encounter with God?
Sulami,Who was an important esoteric interpreter of the Quran in the 11th century?
Truths of Exegesis,What is the English name of Sulami's major work?
Persian,In which language did Maybudi write?
Ismail Hakki Bursevi,Which Sufi commentator wrote the Spirit of Elucidation?
1273,In which year did the poet Rumi die?
zahir,What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text?
ta'wil,"What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?"
God,Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?
Salafis and Zahiris,Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran?
Persian,In which language was the Quran first translated?
Tafsir al-Tabari,Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?
Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari,Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?
Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi,Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?
Samanid,To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?
1143,In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community,Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?
Andre du Ryer,Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?
Robert of Ketton,Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?
English,In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?
tajwid,What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?
pronunciation,Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?
pause in recitation,Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?
musical and melodious,Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?
Vocalization markers,The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?
Ibn Mujāhid,Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?
8th,Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid?
ʻAsim's,Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?
Kufa,Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?
calligraphers and copyists,Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?
Kufic scripts,What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?
naskh,Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?
North Africa and Spain,Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?
Bihari,Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?
ninth century,In which century were vocalization marking added to the Quran?
mosques,Where were Quran copies kept for those who could not afford their own?
juzʼ,What are the parts of the Quran called that are 30 in total?
Ottoman,Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts?
Moses,Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran?
Sahih al-Bukhari,Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?
Syriac,Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran?
Mary,Which relative of Jesus appears more often in the Quran than the New Testament?
common divine source,What do devout Muslims believe is the reason for the overlap of events and characters in the Bible and Quran?
acceptable and unacceptable,What are the two type of ta'wil?
Unacceptable,Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?
Acceptable,The implicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil?
his companions,Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?
standardized,What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?
University of Chicago,Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?
Muhammad,The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?
seizures,What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?
two bows' length,What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?
Encyclopaedia of Islam,In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate? 
"a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician",Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?
"""to return"" or ""the returning place""",What was the original meaning of ta'wil?
a spiritual reality,What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?
hermeneutic,What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta'wil?
imams,Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?
God,"According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?"
purified,How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets?
A great power,What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?
military and economic strength,What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?
United Nations Security Council,"China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?"
diplomatic and soft power influence,What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?
the G7,"Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?"
"military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence",What do great powers usually have?
"China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States",What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?
"Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America",What are the countries in the G7?
"power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions",What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?
Europe,"The term ""great power"" was first used on which continent?"
Treaty of Chaumont,Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?
1814,What year was this treaty signed?
World War I and World War II,During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?
superpower,"What is another more modern term used in place of ""great power""?"
Treaty of Chaumont,What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?
Europe,During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?
superpower,What is another term for Great Power?
World War I and World War II,During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?
strength for war,What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power's status?
"economic, and political","Besides military, what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times?"
Kenneth Waltz,Who is the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
five,How many criteria are used to judge a great power in the neorealist theory?
A. J. P. Taylor,"Who wrote, ""The test of a great power is the test of strength for war.""?"
population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength,What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?
Kenneth Waltz,Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
"power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status",What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?
"interests, actions, or projected power",What three things do all states have in their geographic scope?
Western,Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914?
its region,What is the scope of a regional power restricted to?
actual influence,What should a great power possess?
world-powers,What were the great powers of 1914 called?
Arnold J. Toynbee,"Who stated that ""Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers""?"
"geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power",What do all states have?
great power,What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?
regional power,What type of power is restricted to its region?
political and diplomatic questions of the day,What discussion should great powers be included on?
when major political questions were addressed,"Historically, when would great powers meet?"
"political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts",What types of decisions would great powers reach?
"in a letter sent on February 13, 1814",When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?
British Foreign Secretary,What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?
if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace,What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?
only France and the United Kingdom,What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?
British Empire,"What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories?"
France,What country lost Franco-Prussian war?
European,Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics?
Otto von Bismarck,"Who stated that ""All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.?"""
relative power of these five nations fluctuated,Was the power of the 5 countries constant?
United Kingdom and Prussia,What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?
Russia and Austria-Hungary,Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?
Eight-Nation Alliance,What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?
Boxer Rebellion in China.,What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?
"treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres",What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
"United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States",Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?
Big Three,Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
"France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States",Who were the big four?
"United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan",Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?
League of Nations Council,What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?
"against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League",Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?
19 March 1920,When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?
1939,When did World War II start?
two alliances,How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?
Allies,Who were the winners of World War II?
"Germany, Italy and Japan",Who made up the Axis powers?
United Nations Security Council,The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?
nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world,What is a superpower?
William T.R. Fox,Who first used the term superpower?
"British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union",Who were the three original superpowers?
British Empire,Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?
"those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs",What are middle powers?
"United Kingdom, France, and West Germany","During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?"
1949,By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?
1971,When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council?
1960s,Since what time has military conflicts receded?
United States,What country has risen above other superpowers?
modern era (the 16th century),Since what century has there always been parity in powers?
American,Who's primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers?
military force,What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?
"France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States",What great powers have maintained peace?
United Nations and other forums,Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years?
Cuban missile crisis (1962,What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers?
"China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States",What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States?
five,How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?
"China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom",What other countries are referred to as middle powers?
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,What treaty addresses nuclear weapons?
Japan and Germany,What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?
UN Security Council,"Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?"
middle powers,"What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?"
India,Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too?
no collective agreement,Is there agreement on the status of all powers?
India,Many academics debate the status of this country as a power?
"Germany, Italy and Japan",Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?
India,What emerging power is considered a great power?
"Germany, Japan and Italy",What G7 members are among great powers?
Italy,Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?
European Union,What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?
trade and diplomacy,What other tools are used as alternative to military force?
three,How many great powers are members of Europian Union?
WTO and at G8 and G-20,What summits does EU have membership?
64,How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?
450,For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?
UK,What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?
between 1815 and 1914,What span was the Pax Britannica?
"3,618,780 sq mi","During the period from 1989 - 1996, what was the total are of the US in miles?"
"3,794,100 sq mi","According to the CIA World Factbook, what is the total area of the US in miles?"
"3,676,486 sq mi","According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, what is the total area of the US in miles?"
third or fourth largest country,"Compared to other countries, how large is the US?"
Canada,Which country is the worlds fourth largest?
China,Who may also be the third largest country?
"Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south),",Who does the US share land borders with?
Russia,Who does the US share water borders with in the northwest?
forty-eight,How many contiguous states are there?
Pacific Ocean,Which ocean does Alaska border to the south?
"Washington, District of Columbia",What is the capital city of the US?
Maryland,"Which US state donated Washington, D.C.?"
"Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands",What are the US territories overseas located in the Pacific?
Virginia,"Which US state also donated territory to Washington, D.C., but had it returned?"
four,How many Great Lakes form a border with Canada?
Lake Michigan,Which of the Great Lakes is entirely located in US territory?
Mississippi River,Which major river is located west of the Appalachian mountains?
rolling hills and productive farmland,What type of land makes up the Ohio and Tennessee valleys?
southeast United States,Which section of the US contains subtropical forests and mangrove wetlands?
The Great Plains,What area is located in between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains?
the Great Plains,In which area are a large number of the country's agricultural products grown?
a mile high,How high does elevation rise in the Great Plains?
Interior Highlands,What is the only major mountain ranged located between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?
Canada,Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at?
Mexico,Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains terminate at?
The Rocky Mountain,"In the US, which region is the highest by elevation?"
Colorado,In which state are the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains found?
Intermontane Plateaus,What is the name of the plateau that lies west of the Rocky Mountains?
the Great Basin,What is the name of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus?
salt flats,What type of flats compose the Great Basin?
Colorado Plateau,What region is centered around the Four Corners?
Cascade Range,What is the name of the range where the Intermontane plateaus end?
Sierra Nevada,Which mountain range contains Mount Whitney?
volcanic mountains,What type of mountains compose the Cascades?
Mount Whitney,What is the largest point in the Sierra Nevadas?
"14,505 ft",How tall is Mount Whitney?
Yosemite and Mount Rainier,What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions?
Central Valley,What is the name of the famous valley located in California?
Willamette Valley,What is the name of the famous valley located in Oregon?
Pacific Coast Ranges,What are the low mountain ranges that are located along the pacific coast called?
Redwoods,What are the tallest trees in the world?
crustal deformations,Why does the Appalachian Highland have the terrain it does?
Permian time,During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point?
The Appalachian Highland,What is the name of the mountaneous region along the Atlantic cost. 
forest,What originally covered the east coast of the Appalachians?
Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System,What are the two branches of the Cordilleran system?
Columbia River and Colorado River,Which two major rivers are located in the Cordilleran system?
southwest,Which region of the Appalachians is the most arid?
Laurentian Highlands,What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?
Arctic Ocean,How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?
Canadian and a United States,Which two nations are the central plains divided in?
Gulf of Mexico,Where does the Mississippi discharge?
subtropical,What is the climate like in the Southern United States?
tropical,Hawaii has what type of climate?
California,Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate?
agricultural climate,What contributed to the rise of the US as a world power?
temperate,What is the climate like in most areas of the US?
The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau,Which areas have arid regions?
15 inches,What is the precipitation average in the Intermontane plateaus?
100 °F (37.8 °C),"In the southwest, how high do temperatures get?"
July to September,During which months are portions of the US affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California?
severe thunderstorms,What type of weather do monsoons bring?
Mediterranean,What is the most prevalent type of climate nCalifornia?
October–April,During what time of the year does California receive the most rainfall?
Pacific Northwest,Which region of the US experiences rain year round?
The Cascades,Which region in the US is also one of the most snowiest places in the world?
600 inches,How many inches of snow do regions of the Cascades receive?
mountains of the western states,Which mountainous region receives the highest snowfall on Earth?
Mount Rainier,Which mountain in Washington receives the most amount of snowfall?
"1,122 inches",What is the record amount of snowfall at Mount Rainer?
1998-99,In what year did Mount Rainer receive a record amount of snowfall?
Lake Tahoe,The Sierra Nevadas are located near which lake?
northwestern Pacific coast,Which region of the US receives the most amount of rainfall?
137 inches,What is the average amount of rainfall that the Quinault rainforest in Washington receives?
Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast,Which regions in the East receives the most amount of snowfall?
Hawaii,Which state receives an average of 460 inches of rainfall per year?
Mojave Desert,What is the name of the desert that is located in the driest region in the US?
central portions of the U.S.,Where are tornadoes most common on Earth?
spring and summer,During which seasons are tornados most common?
Appalachian region and the Midwest,Which regions experience the worst flooding in the US?
Southwest,Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US?
wildfires,What type of disasters affects the western US every year?
1927,The Great Mississippi occurred during what year?
desert shrub,What fuels wildfires and causes them to spread in the west?
Nor'Easter snowstorms,What type of storms can cause most activity to stop?
El Niño,What is the name of the event that caused major flooding in the western US?
Pacific Ring of Fire,What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?
Kilauea,Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?
90%,The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth?
17th century,When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption?
1980,What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?
1982,When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?
Compact Disc,What does CD stand for?
Super Video Compact Disc,What does SVCD stand for?
sound recordings,What were CD's originally created to store?
Super Video Compact Disc,What does SVCD stand for?
1982,In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?
data storage,What was the original intended format for CDs?
2014,In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?
200 billion,How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?
2004,In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?
50%,What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?
other forms of digital storage and distribution,What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
30 billion,In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?
200 billion,How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?
other forms of digital storage,What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
Philips and Sony,Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?
a year,How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?
the cooperation between Philips and Sony,To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?
"400,000",How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?
LaserDisc,What did the CD evolve from?
unified design,What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?
1982,What year did CD players become available for purchase?
cooperation between Philips and Sony,To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?
1977,In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?
11.5 cm,What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?
1974,What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?
L. Ottens,Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?
Brussels,Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?
Heitaro Nakajima,Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?
1976,What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?
a Betamax video recorder,What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?
"Eindhoven, Netherlands",Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?
Betamax video recorder,What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?
1 March 1979,When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?
1979,In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?
1980,What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?
1987,When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?
Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi,Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?
Dire Straits,Who first sold a million copies on CD?
David Bowie,Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
1985,What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
15,How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
400 million,How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
15,How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
read-only memory,What does ROM stand for?
1990,What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?
musical format,What was the original intended format for CDs?
1983,What year was the 73rd AES Convention?
the gramophone record,What was the CDs predecessor?
gramophone record,What was the CDs predecessor?
the 2000s,When did CD sales experience their original decline?
34 percent,What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
Japan,Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
lossily-compressed,How are MP3s compressed?
2000s,When did CD sales experience their original decline?
Internet-based distribution of files,What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
hydraulic press,How are CDs mass produced?
raw polycarbonate plastic,What type of material is used to make CDs?
15 mm,What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?
two to three seconds,How long does it take to stamp out one CD?
stacking ring,What is the term for the center hole in a CD?
"usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal",What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?
UV,What type of light is used to cure CDs?
positive image of the desired CD surface,What is a glass master?
high-powered laser,How are glass masters created?
die,What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
lacquer,How is the positive image on a CD protected? 
rapid spinning,How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
jewel case,What is the priciest component of a CD?
value increased,Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?
$16.98,What did CDs retail for in 1995?
the store,Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?
30 cents,How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?
20 to 100 years,How long are CDs expected to last?
disc rot,What can cause sudden disc degradation?
permanent,Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?
Serial Copy Management System,What does SCMS stand for?
digital rights management,What does DRM stand for?
Audio Home Recording Act,What does AHRA stand for?
ReWritable Audio CD,What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?
CD-RW,"Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?"
4x speed,How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?
High Speed ReWritable CD,Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?
32x,How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?
16x to 24x,How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?
on a swing arm,Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?
780 nm,What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?
photodiode,What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?
spiral,In what pattern is data stored on a CD?
change in height between pits and lands,What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?
change from pit to land or land to pit,What type of result from a CD will return a one?
Red Book,Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?
non-return-to-zero,What type of encoding do CDs implement?
eight-to-fourteen,What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?
label side of the disc,Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?
refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing,How are scratches on a CD fixed?
fungus Geotrichum candidum,What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?
Belize,Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?
the center,Where is the start of data on a CD?
120 millimetres (4.7 in),What size CD is most frequently used?
Eighty-millimeter,What is the size of a Mini CD?
120 mm,What is the size of a Maxi Single?
Norio Ohga,Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?
the colour of its cover,Where does the Red Book get it's name from?
Compact Disc Digital Audio,What is the formal name for a CD? 
two-channel,Do CDs have a two or four channel format?
Four-channel sound,What format has never been implemented on CDs?
television set or a computer monitor,How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?
to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke,What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?
channels R through W,Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?
60 minutes,How much video can a CD-R contain?
SVCD,"Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?"
lower the video bit rate,How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?
100 minutes,What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?
100,How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?
1992,When were Photo CDs initially released?
Kodak,Who created Photo CDs?
photographic paper,What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?
Beige Book,In what book are Photo CD standards defined?
2001,When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?
Philips,Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?
in the subcode,Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?
to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power,What is the use of a transistor?
semiconductor material,What is a transistor made of?
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power,Why does a transistor increase a signal?
three,What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?
embedded in integrated circuits,Where are most transistors found?
1926,When was the first transistor created?
Julius Lilienfeld,Who invented the first transistor?
1947,When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?
1956,When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor?
list of IEEE milestones in electronics,What list is the transistor on?
1907,When was the thermionic triode invented?
amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony,What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?
Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld,Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?
Canada,Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?
1925,What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?
"November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947",At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?
germanium,What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?
William Shockley,Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?
John R. Pierce,Who came up with the term transistor?
a contraction of the term transresistance,Why was the term transistor used?
1948,In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?
Compagnie des Freins et Signaux,Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?
Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker,Who invented the point-contact transistor?
transistron,What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?
amplified use in France's telephone network,What was the transistron used for?
up to about twenty transistors,How many transistors make up a logic gate?
as many as 3 billion transistors,How many transistors make up a microprocessor?
"60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child",How many transistors were made in 2002?
over a billion,How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year?
"IC, microchips or simply chips",What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?
gain,Why is a transistor so useful?
it can act as an amplifier,What is gain?
turn current on or off in a circuit,What is an additional use of the transistor?
other circuit elements,What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?
two,How many types of transistors are there?
A small current at the base terminal,What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?
"gate, source, and drain",What are the components of a field-effect transistor?
a voltage at the gate,"In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?"
"base, collector, and emitter",What are the components of a bipolar transistor?
reduced resistance from collector to emitter,Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?
the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage,What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero?
saturation,What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter?
current is flowing from collector to emitter freely,Why is the term saturation named as such?
on,What position is the switch in when saturated?
Providing sufficient base drive current,What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?
current gain,What does the transistor provide?
the type of transistor,What determines the current ratio in transistors?
collector current,If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?
"the ""off"" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry",How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?
short circuit,What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?
open circuit,What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?
instantaneous,How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?
they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers,What gives bipolar transistors their name?
bipolar junction transistor,What was the first mass-produced transistor?
two junction diodes,What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of?
n–p–n transistor,What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors?
p–n–p transistor,What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?
three,How many terminals do BJTs have?
three,How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?
"an emitter, a base, and a collector",What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?
β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current,How can one find the amount of collector current?
greater than 100,What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?
electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals,What determines the conductivity in a FET?
the voltage applied between the gate and source,What controls the current between the drain and source?
a roughly quadratic rate,At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?
in modern devices,Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?
two,How many groups are FETs split into?
the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel,How is a JFET different from an IGFET?
junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET),What are the names of the groups of FETs
depletion mode,What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?
a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET),What is the common term for an IFGET?
depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types,How are FET's separated?
at zero bias,At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?
at zero bias,At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode?
n-channel devices,What channel corresponds with high current?
p-channel devices,What channel corresponds with low current?
bipolar junction transistor,What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?
their greater linearity and ease of manufacture,Why were BJTs so popular?
"transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers",What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?
MOSFETs,What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?
European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme,What is the Pro Electron standard?
two letters,How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?
the semiconductor type,What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme?
the intended use,What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme?
A 3-digit sequence number,What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme?
2N,What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?
a three-terminal device,what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?
"a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties",What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?
a newer variant,What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?
a p–n–p germanium switching transistor,What does the number 2N1301 indicate?
a manufacturer's prefix,What was once an indicator of the devices creator?
devices are second-sourced,What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable?
PN2222A,What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case?
PN108,What is a plastic version of a BC108?
the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT,What is the junction forward voltage?
to make the base conduct a specified current,What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?
lower,What is the ideal junction forward voltage?
"less power is required to ""drive"" the transistor",Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?
decreases,When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?
GaAs,What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?
a given bipolar n–p–n transistor,"What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?"
high-frequency applications,What is the common application of GaAs?
high-electron-mobility transistor,What does HEMT stand for?
satellite receivers,What are common applications of HEMT?
individually packaged transistors,What is a discrete transistor?
"through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount",What are the two most common types of transistor?
ball grid array (BGA),What is the newest surface-mount transistor?
surface-mount device (SMD),What is another name for the surface-mount transistor?
"solder ""balls"" on the underside in place of leads",What is a ball grid array composed of?
via a faith in some form of deity,What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
spiritual intermediaries,What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
Religious officials,Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
Tradition,What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
strictly,How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
Religious officials,Who were spiritual intermediates? 
via a faith in some form of deity,Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
spiritual intermediaries,Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
ceremony and morals,What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
Tradition,What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
modern,What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
modo,"The term ""modern"" was derived from what Latin adverb?"
The European Renaissance,What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
Italy,In what country did The European Renaissance start?
telescope and microscope,What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
Latin adverb modo,The phrase modern originated form what?
transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times,What did The European renaissance mark?
modern,What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
1420–1630),Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
Italy,In what country did The European renaissance begin?
Early Modern,What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
time of the late Enlightenment,"The 1800""s are referred to as?"
European history,"What do the terms ""Early Modern"" and  'Modern Ages"" originate from?"
in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.,"What are the terms ""Early Modern"" and ""Modern Ages"" used for i other countries?"
to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment,"What does the term ""Early Modern"" mean?"
1930s,"When was the term ""Early Modern"" implemented into the English language?"
1800,What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
European history,"Where do the terms ""Middle Ages"" and ""Modern Ages"" originate from?"
in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.,"What are the terms ""Middle Ages"" and ""Modern Ages"" used for in other countries?"
Contemporary era,In what era were there many socio-technological trends?
the Information age,The 21st century is refereed to as what?
computers,What device was used most during the The Information age?
terrorist acts,What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?
Contemporary era,In what time were there many socio-technological trends?
the Information age,What is the 21st century also known as?
computers,What device was used most during 21st century?
terrorist acts,What was considered a threat to Western civilization?
Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates,Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?
the Edo period,What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?
the early modern period,What is the Edo period also known as?
from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong,"What is time is considered the ""Modern Period"" in Korea?"
Aztec Empire,Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas.
Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates,What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere?
1600 to 1868,What time is referred to as the Edo period?
the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong,"What is the 'Early Modern period"" known as in Japan?"
Aztec Empire,Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas?
population grew,Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China.
growth of private industry,What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?
Large urban centers,What are Nanjing and Beijing?
the early Ming dynasty,Under what rule was China not isolated?
Indian Ocean,During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?
the population grew,What caused urbanization to increase in China?
all of the Indian Ocean,Where did Chinese merchants explore? 
The Qing dynasty,What was founded after the fall of the Ming?
1644–1911,The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?
the Jurchens,What were the Manchus originally known as?
Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels,Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?
former Ming general Wu Sangui,Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?
after the fall of the Ming,The Qing dynasty formed after what event?
1644–1911,During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?
Jurchens,What were the Manchus originally named?
Li Zicheng's peasant rebels,Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?
former Ming general Wu Sangui,Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?
strict class hierarchy,What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
Toyotomi Hideyoshi,Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
"The daimyo, or lords",What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
set at fixed amounts,How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.,What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
Edo society,What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
strict class hierarchy,What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
"The daimyo, or lords,",What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.,What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
set at fixed amounts,How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
Mughal Empire,Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707,"How did the ""Classic Period"" end?"
Hindu Maratha Empire,Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
south west of present-day India,Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.,What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
Mughal Empire,Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb,"What event ended the ""classic period""?"
"the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,",What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? 
south west of present-day India,Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat,What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.,What did the development of new imperialism cause?
1757,When did the commercial colonization of India begin?
Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company,What happened n the battle of Plassey?
1765,When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?
diwani,"What is the term used to describe the ""Right to collect revenue""?"
1818,In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?
the Third Anglo-Maratha War,What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?
1858,How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?
the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858,What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?
Singapore as a key trading post,What did Britain establish in 1824?
their respective governments,What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?
Thailand,What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?
colonial powers,Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?
1453,In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? 
Battle of Bosworth in 1485,When is the modern period dated in England?
Richard III,Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?
the 17th century,When did Russia experience territorial growth?
age of Cossacks.,The 17th century is also known as?
peasants of Ukraine,Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
warriors organized into military communities,Who are Cossacks?
in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania,Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
European intellectual transformation,What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
The Age of Reason,What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
Renaissance philosophy,What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
the Age of Rationalism,What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
secularization,What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
the 15th century,From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
speak well and write,What is the basic training of a humanist?
Europe and America,Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.,What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
quadrivium and scholastic logic.,What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
Latin and Greek classical texts,What did renaissance humanism reference?
scholasticism,renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?
accumulated commentaries,What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?
literary and artistic,What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
early 1690s,In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle,Moderns support the merits of whom?
modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.,What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
a transition to modern science,What did the Scientific Revolution cause?
"a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected",What s the Scientific Revolution?
several modern scientific fields.,What did Scientific Revolution form?
question all manners of things,What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
execution of the king,What happened to the king after the trial?
every other major European power.,Who else was involved in the warfare?
the Napoleonic Wars,name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.
The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte,What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
Corsica,Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
St. Helena,Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
surge of Republicanism,Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
Paris,From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy,What is Italian Unification?
in the 19th century,When did the Italian Unification occur?
1871,In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
1815,In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
World War I.,After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.,What event did the American revolution cause?
"overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy",How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?
the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation,Why did the United States form independent states?
the British,Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?
American Revolutionary War,What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?
Lexington and Concord,Where did the American Revolution start?
Declaration of Independence,"What was issued on July 4, 1776?"
independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.,What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?
member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.,What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?
gout,What was Ben Franklin disabled by? 
the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.,What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.,When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.,What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
1808 until 1829,When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.,How did the Spanish conflict begin?
the French,Who did the central Junta fall to?
king Ferdinand VII,What king died in 1833?
Cuba and Puerto Rico,"After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?"
in 1898,When did the Spanish-American war occur?
Salvador,Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? 
around 1850,When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.,The 19th century was also known as? 
separate Technical Revolution,What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
development of steam-powered ships and railways,What caused technological and economical progress?
social and economic change,What is industrialization? 
technological innovation,industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.,During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
1846,When did the modern petroleum industry start? 
the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal,What started the modern petroleum industry ?
Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner,Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
Ignacy Łukasiewicz,Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?
Bóbrka,Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
electrification to developments in materials science.,In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?
quality of life,What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?
"roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.",What did Lewis Paul invent?
the first revolution,"In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning""?"
Matthew Boulton and James Watt,Who improved the steam engine?
the creation of the first industrial research laboratory,Thomas Edison is credited with?
110 volts,How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
the world's first large-scale electrical supply network,What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
fifty-nine,How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
lower Manhattan,Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
1848,When did the European revolutions occur?
tens of thousands,How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution,What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
France,In what country did the revolutions begin?
Scientific Revolution and industrial progress,What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?
a coherent system of verifiable predictions,What is Newton Natural philosophy?
reliance on revelation and inspired truth.,What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?
yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.,"What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, "
Peter I,Under whom was Russia declared an empire?
1721,In what year was Russia declared an empire?
1682 to 1725,Through what period did Peter I rule?
Sweden,Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?
a new capital called Saint Petersburg,What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?
the period of Queen Victoria's reign,What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? 
1837 to January 1901,Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? 
a long period of prosperity for the British people,What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?
five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.,How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?
any serious international rival,What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?
Unchallenged at sea,Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?
Pax Britannica,Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
splendid isolation,What was Britain's foreign policy called?
"effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam",Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?
steamship and the telegraph,What was British imperial strength replace by?
a network of telegraph cables,What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
the second half of the 19th century,When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
458 million,How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
1788,When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
Napoleon I of France,The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?
Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.,What is the Bourbon Restoration? 
a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe,What is the July Monarchy? 
the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III,What is the second empires?
1852 to 1870,Through what period did the second empire last?
France and Prussia,What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?
final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.,What did the Prussian and German victory mark?
North German Confederation,Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?
Alsace-Lorraine,Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?
World War I.,Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?
exhibit a sphere of influence over the area,Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?
These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.,What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?
mandate to rule that region as a national colony.,What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?
hell on earth.,What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?
colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.,How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?
one-fifth,What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?
they were dividing an unknown continent.,What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?
"the mid-nineteenth century,",When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?
1880s,Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?
generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.,How did maps show Africa Before 1880?
1880s to 1914,Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
Africa’s land and resources.,What was Europe competing for? 
various colonial holdings in East Africa,What did Great Britain control?
West Africa,Where in Africa did the French have control? 
southern Africa,Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
the reign of the Meiji Emperor,What was the Meija era marked by?
modernization,How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
1860s,When did the Meija restoration begin?
Enlightened Rule,"What does ""Meija era"""
bureaucratic superstate,What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?
serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.,Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
peasant and warrior alike.,Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
French military,Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?
ketsu-eki,What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
Kyoto,Where was the military academy located?
a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery,What is the antebellum age?
1861,When did the civil was begin?
with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?
the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.,What did The Antebellum age mark?
all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.,What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?
mobilizing support for the war goals,What did Lincoln do well in the war?
The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend,Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?
the East,General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? 
feed and clothe,The south could barely do what for their souldiers?
extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class,What happened in the Glided Age/
late 19th century,In what time period did the Glided Age occur?
industrial and population expansion.,Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?
robber barons,What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?
effective tactics and aggressive practices,What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?
transportation and communication infrastructure,What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?
the corporation,What became the dominant form of business organization? 
managerial revolution,What transformed business organization in 1890?
all American anti-monopoly laws.,The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?
"an ""unreasonable"" monopoly",What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?
early 20th century,When did modern physics arise?
"a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.",What is the old Quantum  theory?
Michelson-Morley experiment,"The ""fifth element"" was disproved by what?"
an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether,What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?
the theory of natural selection.,What does Darwinism promote?
as steps toward modernization,Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?
1911,When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?
to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China,What is the May Forth Movement?
Marxist-Leninist thought,What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? 
the Cultural Revolution,During what event was Legalism abolished?
in various quarters around the 1900s.,When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?
earlier secular traditions,What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?
it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose,Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? 
a secular version of theism,What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?
as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.,Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?
his theories of special relativity and general relativity,What is Albert Einstein known for? 
mathematical treatment,What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?
the paradox of specific heats,What did Einstein discover a resolution to?
quantum field theory,What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?
"six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.",What is the federation of Australia?
matters concerning the whole nation.,What was the federal Government responsible for? 
When the Constitution of Australia came into force,When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?
civil unrest and foreign invasions.,What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? 
attempt to reform the government in various,What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? 
either imprisoned or executed outright.,What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? 
failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization,What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?
1912,When was the Republic of China established?
agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.,What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
Yuan Shikai,Who had control of the Beiyang army?
Sun Yat-sen,Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
"Beijing, Shikai",Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.,What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?
various warlords,Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?
because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.,Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? 
the Beiyang government,What were the military dominated governments known as?
around 1927,When did the warlord era end?
Four years into the 20th century,When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?
the Empire of Japan as a world power.,What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?
warm water port,What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?
over Manchuria and Korea.,Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians. 
unexpected,How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?
"the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,",What is the Edwardian era?
Second Boer War,What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?
1906,In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?
Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget,What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?
Labour and Irish Nationalist members.,Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?
"the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.",What is The Triple Entente?
1907.,When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?
the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914,What was the origin of the war?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand,Who was murdered in Austria?
"Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,",The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? 
"Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq",Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?
tensions over territory in the Balkans.,What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?
Serbia and Russia,Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?
South-eastern Europe,Where did the Balkan wars take place?
over the division of the spoils,"Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?"
1914,When did the first World War begin? 
"British Empire, France, Russia",Who led the Allied powers?
Japan and the United States,Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??
Triple Entente,What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?
four empires,How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?
along the Western Front,Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?
"a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a ""No man's land"") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.",What is the Western Front?
"On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network",What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?
More than 9 million,How many soldiers died? in World War I?
from the air.,Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?
mid-19th century's,In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?
20 years later.,How many years after world war I did world war II start?
partitioning of the Ottoman Empire,What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?
Syria and Lebanon,Who did The League of Nations grant  France mandates over?
the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.,What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about? 
a red faction revolution,What event happened in October of 1917?
the Russian Provisional Government was established.,What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?
"armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg",What happened during the red faction revolution?
"the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.",What is the Russian Revolution?
1917,When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?
huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire,What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?
the German Empire,Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?
his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II,What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by? 
Western Allies,Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?
Petrograd (St. Petersburg),Where did Soviets under the rule of the  Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?
demobilized,"In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?"
volunteer-based Red Guard,What was Bolshevik's main military force?
by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.,How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?
"as ""military specialists""",How were former Tsarist Officers utilized? 
Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.,Who was the principal fighting between?
1918 to 1920,In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?
General Pyotr Wrangel,What general was defeated in 1920?
25 October 1922,When did the major military operation end?
Far East,Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?
rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.,What did the May Fourth movement help do?
a rival military government in Guangzhou,Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.
aid,What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?
the Soviet Union,Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?
by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.,How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?
social and societal upheaval,"What is the ""Roaring Twenties"" ?"
The Jazz Age,"What is the ""Roaring Twenties"" also known as?"
North America,"Where did the ""Roaring Twenties"" begin?"
Europe,"Where did the ""Roaring Twenties""  spread to after the war?"
"an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.","what did the ""Jazz Age"" usher in? "
1923,When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?
Wall Street,Who invested in European debts?
American mass-produced goods,Europe has a large market for what?
the onset of the Great Depression,What changed worldwide property drasrically?
1929,In what year did The wall Street crash occur?
1930s or early 1940s,When did the great Depression end?
a worldwide economic downturn,What is the Great Depression?
20th century,The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?
virtually every country,Where did the depression cause negative effects?
"by half to two-thirds,",How much did international trade fall?
virtually halted in many countries,What happened to construction during the Depression?
60 percent,How far did crop prices fall?
1941,When did Americas Great Depression end?
Adolf Hitler,Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to? 
nationalist demagogues,In some world states who did the people turn to? 
the rise of Nazism,What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?
after the First World War,When was The League of Nations created?
radical change in the international order,What was the Interwar period marked by?
the League of Nations,What institution was meant to bring stability?
leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.,What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?
"bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States",Who undermined  The League Of Nations?
Japan,Who was first to invade Manchuria?
Italy invaded Abyssinia,What is the Abyssinian crisis?
one of the only free African nations at that time,What is Abyssinia?
1935/36,When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?
Italy,Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?
September 1931,When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?
ex-Qing emperor Puyi,Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?
"loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,",What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?
1940,In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify? 
neutralize the spread of Communist influence.,What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist? 
embargoes,What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?
The Second Sino-Japanese War,What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.,Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? 
strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil,What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?
Pearl Harbor,Where did Japan attack the United States?
"The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China","What countries were referred to as ""The Trusteeship Of The Powerful""?"
"December 7, 1941",When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?
"""Four Policemen""","What did The United Nations name ""The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"""
"The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China",Who were the victors of World War II? 
62 million,What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?
About 60%,What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?
The former Soviet Union and China,What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?
"16%,",What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?
23 million,How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?
"was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other ""unwanted""",What is the Holocaust?
during World War II,During what word event did the Holocaust happen? 
Nazi regime in Germany.,Who is responsible for the Holocaust? 
propaganda,How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?
before the war even started,When did the suffering of the Jews begin?
Western and Soviet spheres of influence.,What was Europe split into after World War II?
United States and the Soviet Union.,Who battled in the cold war?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization,What does the term NATO represent?
led to its democratization.,What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?
the People's Republic of China.,What did China name themselves after the war?
a factor of five,By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?
two decades,What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?
the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider,What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?
brutal dictatorships,What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?
wars,What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?
democratization,What did increased communications lead contribute to?
the Information Age,What time period did technological advances lead to?
Soviet Socialist Republics,what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?
the Warsaw Pact,"What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?"
"""containment""",The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?
rebuilding of western Europe,What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?
"the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,",What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?
1948–1949,Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?
heightened tension and relative calm.,What types of periods did the cold war see?
1950–1953),Through what time period did the Korean War last?
1959–1975,Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?
1962,When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?
1980s and the early 1990s,During what time was the cold war close to happening?
"diplomatic, military, and economic pressure",What did  the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?
severe economic stagnation,What was  the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?
introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.,What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?
1991,In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?
"in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence",What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?
to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat.,Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?
leftist dissidents,The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?
their democracies.,What did all countries restore in the 1990's 
South American countries,"Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970""s?"
"a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.",What is the space age?
the Soviet Union.,Who launched  Sputnik 1?
98.1 minutes,How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?
The Space Age,What did Sputnik 1 usher in?
500 million,How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?
excessive American cultural or military influence or control,"What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative ""51st state"" label?"
their local or national culture has become too Americanized,"Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?"
"a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state","What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the ""51st state"" in a positive way?"
"a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States","What is a positive connotation of the label ""51st state""?"
an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control,What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?
their local or national culture has become too Americanized,"If a country refers to themselves as the ""51st state"" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?"
the relationship among the states,"What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?"
the power to admit new states to the union,"Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?"
"legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments","What does the states' requirement to give ""full faith and credit"" help recognize?"
military and civil defense,What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?
guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government,"What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?"
"Article IV, Section Three",What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?
"the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments","What does the concept of ""full faith and credit"" protect?"
admit new states to the union,"Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?"
military and civil defense,What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?
Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States,What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?
54%,What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?
61%,What percentage of voters supported statehood?
"December 11, 2012",When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?
end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state,"What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?"
Puerto Rico,What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?
54%,What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?
"December 11, 2012",When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?
Since 1898,How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?
a Resident Commissioner,Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?
The 110th Congress,Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?
on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation,What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?
U.S. federal taxes,What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?
"import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes",What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?
Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.,How else can they serve the U.S.?
52,How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?
Spanish–American War,In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?
Spain,What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?
since 1917,How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?
republican,What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?
the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution,How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?
1951,When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?
1952,"When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?"
Privileges and Immunities Clause,What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?
"Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as ""Free Associated State"")",What title does the country have?
The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499),"What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?"
Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution,What is the island under jurisdiction of?
54 percent,What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?
61 percent,What percentage of voters preferred statehood?
one in four voters,What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?
the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included,What argument do those opposing statehood use?
The Hill,What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?
"The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald",What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?
"November 8, 2012",When was that article published?
U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez,What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?
"Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño",What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?
Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla,What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?
wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama,How did these politicians voice their concerns?
"the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved",What was the White House stance?
"On May 15, 2013",When was H.R. 2000 introduced?
a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state.,What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?
the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state,What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?
set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union,What would H.R. 2000 do?
James Madison,Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?
Federalist No. 43,Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?
the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District,"What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?"
Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac,"What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?"
"""No taxation without representation"", omitting the initial ""No""","What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?"
their lack of Congressional representation,What does the phrase protest?
"the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates",In what way has the phrase been spread wide?
at the beginning of his second term,When did  Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?
D.C. Statehood Party,What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?
the local Green Party affiliate,What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?
1978,When did the movement get closest to success?
New Columbia,What would be the new name of the D.C. State?
1985,When did the drive for statehood falter?
Guam,What is another likely country for statehood?
United States Virgin Islands,What is another likely country for statehood?
Radio Australia,What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?
The Philippines,What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?
Federalista Party,What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?
2004,What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?
"if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States",What is another connotation for the 51st state label?
1988,When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?
1992,When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?
1999,When did the Clarity Act go into effect?
Liberals,Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?
In the 1988 federal election,When was this campaign ran?
Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists,Who erased the border in the ad?
"""Here's where we draw the line.""",What was the slogan of this ad?
1763,When did Quebec land in British hands?
1763,When did Ontario land in British hands?
the War of 1812,During which the US invade Canada?
annexing Canada,What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?
In the late 1940s,When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?
"an independent ""responsible government""",What did the Economic Union Party support?
The movement ultimately failed,What was the result of the 1948 referendum?
can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada,"What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?"
to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor,What is a negative connotation of the term?
"just 3,846 votes",How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?
40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ),What did the other parties receive that year?
from 1903 to 1979,When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?
2001,When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?
since 1981,When did the British Honduras become Belize?
Spain,What country was Cuba a territory of?
Maine,What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?
1959,When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?
Marxist–Leninist government,What government did Castro install?
the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States,Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?
Two Stars for Peace,What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?
2003,When was Two Stars for Peace published?
Alfred de Grazia,Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?
April 1952,When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?
over 1 million,How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?
"May 15, 1972",When was Okinawa finally returned?
as a defense for Japan.,Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?
2010,When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?
Paulus Telfer,Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?
The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America,What does the 51st State Party advocate?
the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.,Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?
"Edi Rama,",Who is the mayor of Tirana?
Edi Rama,Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?
1992,When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?
Camp Bondsteel,What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?
when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany,When did the US control Greenland?
$100 million,How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?
University of Akureyri,What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?
the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.,What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?
staunchly pro-American,"What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?"
favorable American intervention in World War I,What led to the creation of an independent Poland?
a large force,"What did Poland contribute to the ""Coalition of the Willing""?"
"40,000 members",How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?
for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state,What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?
1861,When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?
July–August 1943,When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?
"the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies",What are the four categories of terra nullius?
"the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty",What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?
"prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.",What do the treaties defend against?
between Egypt and Sudan,Where is Bir Tawil located?
An antenna,What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?
radio transmitter or radio receiver,What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?
transmission,What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?
electromagnetic waves,What else can radio waves be called?
reception,When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?
transmission line,What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?
radiate away,During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?
electrons,What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?
reception,During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?
aerial,What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?
wire antenna,What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?
antennae,What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?
antenna,What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?
Guglielmo Marconi,Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?
1895,When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?
"raising the ""aerial"" wire",What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?
1.5 mi,How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?
Antennas,What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?
speed of light,How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?
mobile telephones,What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?
GPS,What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?
antennas,What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?
metal rod,What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?
dipole,What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?
horizontally,In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?
null,What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?
relatively inexpensive,Are basic antennas expensive?
dipole antenna,What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?
monopole antenna,What category do vertical antennas fall under?
large conductive surface,What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?
gain of the antenna,What are different designs aimed at increasing?
balanced line,What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?
concentration,Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?
the transmitter,Where is the power that is distributed originating from?
two or more,How many antenna would make up a phased array?
relative phase,What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?
omnidirectional or weakly directional,What are the two standard antenna types?
parallel,How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?
log-periodic dipole array,What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?
extremely wide bandwidth,What is the benefit of this formation type?
Yagi-Uda Antenna,What is a variation of this antenna type?
television reception,What is the main application of these set ups?
vertical,For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?
short vertical antenna,"If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?"
achieve directionality,Why is this specific antenna type used?
impedance matching,What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?
antenna lead-in,What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?
antenna feed,What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?
aperture antenna,What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?
microwave antenna,What can be used in place of  a standard transmission line?
metal rod,Monopole antennas consist of what element?
nondirectional antennas,What are small monopoles used as?
quarter-wave monopole,What the most common form? 
Monopoles,What has vertical polarization?
dipole antenna,What is the most widley used antenna class?
horizontal dipole,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 What radiates two lobes perpendicular to the antennas axis?                                                                                                                                       
dipoles,"Besides low gain antennas, what is also used as driven elements in complicated higher gain types of antennas?"
2.15 dBi,How much gain does a half-wave dipole have?
linear and reciprocal,What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?
ferrite,What is one material that does not have this quality?
radar,How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?
Reciprocal,What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?
performance measures,How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project?
directional characteristics,What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision?
horizontal directions,How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain?
efficiency,What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas?
Resonant antennas,Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency?
built or ordered,How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency?
particular antenna design,What factor would result in a desired feedback independence?
matching network,If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result?
polarization,What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?
tilting the axis,How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?
at lower frequencies,When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?
small,What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?
Highly directional,There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?
electrons,What particle's migration does the resonance principle rely on?
resonance principle,What is the basis for the way most antennas are developed?
reflective,What type of surface is formed by the tip of a conductor?
perpendicular,How would you place the conductor in relation to the signal you wished to obtain?
electrical component,What part of the radio signal creates voltage?
instantaneous field,What would the electric current always gravitate to?
180 degree change in phase,What is the outcome when a curren is reflected>
360 degree,What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state?
half-wave dipole,What is the most popular antenna type?
transmission line,What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?
collinear,Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?
Monopoles,What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?
folded dipole,What popular type combines more that one antenna?
f0,What frequency are antennas normally designed to be?
3f0,What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?
1⁄4,What multiple is essential for wavelengths?
harmonically,How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled?
imitate,How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?
resonant frequency,What frequency develops a current peak?
minimum reactance,How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?
lossless,What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?
impedance matching,For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?
inductance,What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?
transmission line,What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?
electrical lengthening,What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?
resonant multiples, If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?
single target signal,What is the most common application of resonant antennas?
resonant,What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?
bandwidth,For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?
inverse square law,What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?
Watts per square metre, How is the compactness of the signal measured?
higher performance,What type of project would call for more than one element used together?
feed point,What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances?
center,What part of the current is usually strongest?
standing wave pattern,What does this result in?
passive elements,Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?
Yagi-Uda array,What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?
does not contribute,Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?
directors,What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?
increasingly directional,Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?
active elements,What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output?
half-wave dipoles,What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal?
phase lengths,What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?
log-periodic,What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna?
extended conductive surface,If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?
increase,What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?
less than 1⁄10,What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?
parabolic reflector,What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?
a capacitor at the frequency of operation,What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?
small ferrite loop antenna,What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?
loop,What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?
impedance matching,"When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?"
resistive impedance,What is left after antenna tuning?
antenna terminals,Where does cancellation of any reactance seen?
parallel capacitance,What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative?
purely resistive feedpoint,What is an antenna designed to have?
resonant,What type of antenna has impedance at a specific frequency?
bandwidth,What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency?
impedance match,What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable?
directivity,What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design?
diameter,What characteristic of the conductor changes the amount of reactance?
reactance,What characteristic would be better if it were steady?
A long thin wire,What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole?
thick tubes,What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?
widens,What effect do cages have on the spectrum of usable frequencies?
cages,What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?
connecting resonant elements,How could one achieve the task of creating an antenna that can be Used over various bands?
trap's,What is an essential for dealing with directing the flow of power?
gain,What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?
power gain,What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?
power per unit surface area,What is the meaning of intensity?
isotropic,What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?
longer range,Antennas with higher gain have what positive feature?
amplifier gain,What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger?
parabolic dish,Dish network Tv takes example of what type of antenna?
Low-gain,What type of antenna would be best if placement was tricky?
proportional,What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?
no loss,what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
Aeff,Another term for the effective area is?
1,hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
relative field strength,A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?
three-dimensional graph,What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?
isotropic, A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?
nondirectional,Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?
donut,What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?
nulls,What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero? 
interfere,What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?
lobe,"If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?"
represent unwanted radiation,What is the main distinction of side lobes?
radio,What is one piece that makes up an antenna system?
standing wave,What is created by a portion of a radio waves energy reversing?
standing wave ratio,A term that refers to the highs and lows of power in electro magnetic waves is?
power transfer,Impedance matching makes an important difference in what antenna function?
Efficiency,A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals?
heat,What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna?
magnetic core losses,What can cause that reaction?
transmitter,What can cause that reaction?
100 W,What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth? 
electrical measurements,What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?
impedance matching,What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter?
loss resistance,What can increase the feedpoint impedance of a component?
resistance,The addition of Rr and Rloss equals what?
Rr / (Rr + Rloss),What equation an determine an antennas effectiveness?
total resistance,What is the single factor that can be precisely measured?
thermal noise floor,What is the median level for measuring atmospheric noise?
receiving,In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness?
man-made noise,At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency?
signal to noise ratio,What is SNR?
antenna gain,What else is also known as power gain?
transmitter,What is used to signal toward a reciever?
directive gain,Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna?
published gain,Wats divided by the antennas efficiency?
inefficient,Small and minimal frequency antennas are know to be what?
small loop antenna,What is added to to increase ability for reception?
little effect,How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things?
substantial cost,When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have?
one,How many polarizations will a antenna have when mounted vertically?
E-plane,What is another name for electric-field?
transverse wave,When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field?
polarization,Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane?
Reflections,What mostly affects polarization?
ionosphere,What reflector can change the waves polarization?
transmitter,What will you be matching with the  receiving antenna's polarization?
polarized transmissions,What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?
a skywave,What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?
Polarization,Whats predictable about an antenna's geometry?
commercial antenna,The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?
horizontal,Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?
quad antenna,What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?
imaginary plane,What are electrical fields projected on to?
radio wave,What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?
elliptical,What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?
one direction,How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?
match the polarization,What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception?
Intermediate matchings,What loses signal strength?
circularly polarized,What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations?
signal-to-noise ratio,A transmission can cause reduction in what?
Maximum power transfer,What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system?
"""tweak"" the match",Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments?
standing wave ratio,What is SWR?
50 ohms,What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry?
whip antenna,What can be shorter than 1/4 wavelength long?
capacitative reactance,What is the opposite of inductive reactance?
loading coil,What is at the base of the antenna?
feedpoint,Where is the resistance seen on the loading foil?
turns ratio,What is not adjustable when it comes to a transformer?
50 or 75,How many ohms are in are in a standard coax?
two adjustments,A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance?
balun,What is included between the transmission line and the antenna element?
matching network,A balun should be integrated into what?
traveling wave antennas,What antenna's are nonresonant?
one direction,How long are the wire antenna's that the voltage and current waves travel in the same direction?
resistor,What are undirectional traveling wave directions terminated by?
helical antenna,What antenna does not have linear polarization?
antenna's characteristic resistance,What is the resistor equal to?
dielectric constant,What is the radiation patter influenced by?
terrestrial antenna,The ground is important for what antenna?
artificial ground plane,Whats another name for the ground?
return connection,What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current?
topography,What is the net quality of the ground dependent of?
reflection,What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?
higher frequencies,What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?
ground has irregularities,When will reflections not be coherent?
n=2,What is the refractive index of the ground?
reflection,When is polarized radiation reversed?
n=1,What is the refractive index of air?
electrical conductor,"Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?"
Fresnel coefficients,Who proposed this theory?
180° out of phase,"Is the ground has a great conductor, how much of the wave will be reflected?"
electromagnetic wave,what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck?
power remaining,What depends on the polarization and waves angle?
aperture,What is the portion of something that is reached by the radio transmission called?
direction,What effects the function of signals received by an antenna?
microvolts,What is a measure of the power of an antenna?
12 pW of RF power,How much power will be delivered to the reciever if the antenna has an effective area of 12 m/2?
Q,The properties of a usable radio frequency can be called its?
Q,What is a measure of the comparison between reactance and resistance?
15,What is the largest Q that could be achieved with a slimmer band antenna?
thick,What type of element would be used to encounter less reactance?
loading coil,What can be added to allow for an antenna shorter than the needed height to produce desired results?
lower,How would the resistive impedance from this scenario compare to if the antenna was the proper height?
2.5 meters,The coil has lengthed the antenna to reach how much length electrically?
reactance,What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies?
50 cm,How big would an antenna be used to with with one m wavelengths?
changing the matching system,How could the rection of output be adressed by?
ampere, What unit is used to measure current?
reducing output,What effect occurs when the signal is reflected back into the antenna?
electrical,What sort of changes in material would a current reflect?
impedance, What must match between the transmission line and elements?
Impedance matching,What technique is used to prevent unintentional decrease in signal?
balun,How is this process usually used for transmission lines and antennas?
selectively delay,What is used to allow one to control the function of wave fronts moving through an antenna?
refractor,What changes the structuak traits of a wave on either side?
spatial characteristics,What is the main purpose of a refractor?
optical lens,A refractor can be compared to what type of viewing?
actual antenna,What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave?
antenna element,Where will the additional current be induced?
antenna's impedance,What is altered because of the proximity to the ground?
reduced power,what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance?
horizontal propagation,What is between recieving and transmitting antenna's?
polarized vertically,When is the emission at maximized recieved signal?
image at right,Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown?
lobes,What is also increased along with the antenna's height?
analog,What is another name for classical television transmissions?
multipath propagation,Buildings can create ghost images because of what?
horizontal polarization,When is ghosting reduced?
Vertically polarized analog television,What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television?
antenna arrays,Where are the indiviual array elements known?
Current circulating,What induces a feedpoint to antennas nearby?
electrical behaviour,What are the mathmatic useful towards?
proximity,What cause mutual interactions between the elements electric and magnetic fields?
open circuited,a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?
short circuited,When is the element not allowed voltage?
Parasitic,What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?
Yagi-Uda,What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?
feedpoint,Where can this solid rod be viewed?
broadcasting,What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?
cancellation,If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?
mobile phones,What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?
circular polarization.,If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?
mixed polarization,What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?
Loop antennas,What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?
circumference of a wavelength,What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?
loops small,"If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?"
low radiation resistance,Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?
direction finding,What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?
the same,Are essential properties of an antenna changed based on what fungtion they are performing
reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics,What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna?
either transmitting or receiving,Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time?
radiation pattern,What is one electrical trait of an antenna?
angiosperms,What are the most diverse group of land plants?
"350,000",How many species of flowering plants are there about?
an enclosure,What does an angiosperm produce its seeds within?
seed-producing plants,What do angiosperms have in common with gymnosperms?
angeion,"What is the Greek word for ""case"" or ""casing""?"
at least 475 million years,How long have higher plants lived on land?
"with flagellated, swimming sperm",How did early plants reproduce sexually?
spores,Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?
Charophycean green algae,What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?
the spike-moss,What is the common name for Selaginella?
abominable mystery,What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?
angiosperm,What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus?
evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved,What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers?
Middle Triassic,From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin?
relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes,What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed?
two,How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?
319 million years ago,When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?
whole genome duplication,What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?
by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant,How are duplication events studied?
Darwin,"Who coined the term ""abominable mystery""?"
about 125 million years BP,When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?
Archaefructus liaoningensis,What is the earliest known angiosperm?
pollen,What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?
250 million years ago,How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?
Gigantopterids,What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?
approximately 100 million years ago,When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record?
"great angiosperm radiation,",What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as?
40 million years ago,When did the division of the eight main groups of angiosperms occur?
dominated environments,What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous?
Cretaceous,Beech and maple had already appeared by what period?
Island genetics,What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?
speciation,What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?
inferior transitional forms,What did radical adaptations seem to have required?
highly specialized relationship with some specific animal,How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?
wasps,What are bees descended from?
distribution of seeds,What are animals also a part of?
Fruit,What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form?
seed-dispersal,What does a plant get out of forming fruit?
fragile,"What are many mutualistic relationships, thus failing to survive competition? "
flowering,What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?
Flower ontogeny,What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?
separate from (but in contact with) each other,What were plant parts like in their primitive days?
grow in a spiral pattern,How did flowers become bixsexual?
fused together,What did some plant parts do as they evolved?
"""ovary-inferior""",What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?
present day,How long has flower evolution occurred? 
formerly simple weeds,What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?
pollinated,Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature?
symbiotic companion plant relationships,Why did weeds grow with human crops?
prettiest,What feature helped flowers not get plucked?
"Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales",What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?
basal,What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?
unclear,How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?
magnoliids,What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?
Angiosperm,What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690?
primary,What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?
Carl Linnaeus,Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term?
naked ovules,What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae?
other dicotyledonous plants,What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers?
coherent,"In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?"
flowering plants,What does anthophyta mean?
Angiospermae,What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?
a clade called angiosperms,"How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?"
Magnoliidae,What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?
how the flowering plants should be arranged,What consensus is the AGP trying to reach?
classification,What internal component has undergone considerable revision?
The Cronquist system,"What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981?"
APG,Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998?
monophyletic,"What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?"
dicot,Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?
magnoliids,What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?
"about 9,000",How many species dicot species are magnoliids?
paraphyletic,Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?
"250,000 to 400,000",What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants?
"12,000",How many species of moss is there?
diverse,What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general?
402,What are the minimum number of families in the APG system?
415,How many families are in AGP III?
an open ring,What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in?
xylem and phloem,What does the cambium separate?
cambium,What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as?
increase in thickness,What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?
annual rings,What's another name for the concentric rings in trees?
flower,What is the defining feature of angiosperms?
form and elaboration,What characteristic flowers show variation in?
establishing relationships among angiosperm species,What do flowers provide the best external feature for doing?
the ovule,What is it the function of the flower to ensure fertilization of?
inflorescence,What is the name of a branch system?
only a few stamens or two carpels,What is a willow's flower comprised of?
the sporophylls,What have some structures evolved to protect?
green and leaf-like,What appearance are calyx of sepals typically?
sepals and petals,Individual members of enveloping structures are known by what terms?
humans,The features of flowers which attract pollinators also attract what other creature?
hermaphrodite,What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?
reduce or prevent self-fertilization,Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?
so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil,Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?
biochemical,What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?
different flowers,How are some male and female parts separated for some species?
two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary,What process does double fertilization refer to?
the stigma of the pistil,"What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization?"
haploid generative,What type of cell travels down the pollen tube while it's growing?
one of the synergids,Where does the pollen tube release its sperm cells?
endosperm,What serves as the embryo's food supply?
the fruit,The appearance of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of what?
embryo,What does the seed coat protect?
dissemination,What does the fruit of the flower secure?
slightly,How developed is the seed coat when it's used for dissemination?
angiosperms,On what is agriculture almost completely dependent?
Poaceae,What family of plants is most important for human sustenance?
legume,What is the more common name of the Fabaceae?
Solanaceae,"What family do potatoes, tomatoes and peppers belong to?"
Rosaceae,What family would you find cherries in?
Hyderabad (i/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana,Which city is the capital of Telangana?
250 sq mi,How many square miles does Hyderabad cover?
the Musi River,What river is Hyderabad next to?
about 6.7 million,What is the population of Hyderabad?
an average altitude of 542 metres,"At what altitude is Hyderabad, in meters?"
Established in 1591,In what year was Hyderabad established?
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah,Who is the person that established Hyderabad?
the Qutb Shahi dynasty,What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century?
Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty,Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad?
Nizams of Hyderabad,Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create?
Muhammad Quli Qutb,Which individual commissioned Chaminar?
the mid-19th century,When did Hyderabad become important culturally in India?
The Qutb Shahis and Nizams,Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center?
Mughlai culture,What culture is most represented in the food of Hyderabad?
Telugu film industry,"Hyderabad has India's second biggest film production industry, what is it called?"
pearl and diamond,What items had been historically traded in Hyderabad?
City of Pearls,What is a nickname for Hyderabad?
"Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar",What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad?
US$74 billion,What is the economic output of Hyderabad?
fifth-largest,What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India's GDP?
"""Haydar's city"" or ""lion city""",What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means?
Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib,"Hyderabad was named in honor of someone, who was it?"
Baghnagar (city of gardens).,What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as?
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah,Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad?
"""Bhagyanagar"" or ""Bhāgnagar"" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl",What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?
500 BCE,"There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad, what age are they thought to be from?"
624 CE to 1075 CE,What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region?
the 11th century,When did the Calukya empire split into four?
Warangal,What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century?
"Golkonda (Golla Konda-""shepherd's hill"")",What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty?
Sultan Alauddin Khilji,Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310?
Khilji dynasty,Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty?
the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed,What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321?
1347,When was the Behmani Sultanate established?
1325,In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate?
governor of Golkonda,What position did Sultan Quli hold?
1591,When was Hyderabad founded?
1518,In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?
Aurangabad,"In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?"
the Bahmani Sultanate,Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?
emperor,What position did Farrukhsiyar hold?
Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm),What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold?
Asif Jah I,Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar?
1724,In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I?
Hyderabad Deccan,What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to?
East India Company,Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?
Peshwa of the Maratha Empire,What was the title of Baji Rao I?
Dalwai of Mysore,What was the title of Hyder Ali?
British Indian Army,Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?
1769,In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?
1948. On 17 September,On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad?
the Telangana uprising,Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951?
Operation Polo,What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad?
Nizam VII,Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army?
26 January 1950,On what date did the constitution of India become active?
1 November 1956,On what date was Hyderabad state divided into three?
"Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh",Which three states was Hyderabad state divided into?
Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad city became the capital of what state in the mid 20th century?
30 July 2013,When was Telangana state announced?
June 2014,What date was the official formation of Telangana state?
973 mi,"How far south of Delhi, in miles, is Hyderabad?"
northern part,In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad?
650 km2,How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad?
Banjara Hills,What are the highest hills in Hyderabad?
1562,When was Hussain Sagar lake built?
26.6 °C,What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius?
tropical wet and dry climate,Köppen Aw refers to what kind of climate?
March–June,During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad?
10 °C,What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad?
May,What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad?
Nehru Zoological Park,What is the name of the largest zoo in Hyderabad?
lion and tiger,Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting?
three,How many national parks does Hyderabad have?
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park,"Two of the national parks in Hyderabad are Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, what is the third?"
Patancheru Lake,Which environmental preserve in Hyderabad is known to be a home for migratory birds?
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC),What is the entity that controls the infrastructure of Hyderabad?
150,How many municipal wards are within Hyderabad?
2007,In what year did the GHMC form?
250 sq mi,"How much area, in square miles, does the GHMC oversee?"
The Secunderabad Cantonment Board,Which board oversees military areas within Hyderabad?
Hyderabad Police,Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area?
urban planning,What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority,What does the acronym HMDA stand for?
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board,What does the acronym HMWSSB represent?
GHMC area,"Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned, what?"
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam,What dam began to provide water to Hyderabad in 2005?
rainwater harvesting,"Along with dealing with sewerage and the water supply, what is one other thing the HMWSSB regulates?"
116-kilometre-long (72 mi),How long is the pipeline from the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam which the HMWSSB operates?
Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited,Which company is responsible for electricity in Hyderabad?
Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department,Which entity is responsible for the fire stations in Hyderabad?
Jawaharnagar,Where is the site where Hyderabad's solid waste is dumped?
Integrated Solid Waste Management project,Which entity is responsible for disposing Hyderabad's solid waste?
20–50%,What percentage of the air pollution in Hyderabad comes solely from vehicles?
"1,700–3,000",How many deaths are believed to be caused in Hyderabad due to air pollution each year?
1000 ppm,What is the rating for the hardness of Hyderabad's water?
50,How many government hospitals did Hyderabad have in 2010?
"12,000",How many beds are available in all of Hyderabad's hospitals and nursing homes combined?
14 nurses,"How many nurses per 10,000 persons are there in Hyderabad?"
Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare,Which agency is in charge of health and wellness services in Hyderabad?
Private clinics,People choose to use what type of facility due to long distances and poor care at Government hospitals? 
61%,What percentage of the children in Hyderabad city had basic vaccinations in 2005?
Meerut,What is the only city that had a lower vaccination rate for children than Hyderabad in the 2005 National Family Health Survey?
1.8,What was the fertility rate of Hyderabad according to a 2005 survey?
61%,What was the child vaccination rate according to a 2005 survey of Hyderabad?
Meerut,"Only one city, according to a 2005 survey, had a lower child vaccination rate than Hyderabad, what was it?"
"35 per 1,000 live births",According to a 2005 survey what was in Hyderabad?
20%,What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight?
175 km2 (68 sq mi),What was the area of Hyderabad before the GHMC?
"6,809,970",What was the population of Hyderabad in the 2011 census?
"3,309,168",How many females were in Hyderabad for the 2011 census?
82.96%,What is the literacy rate of Hyderabad?
"18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)",What was the population density in Hyderabad in 2011?
Hyderabadi,What are the people who live in Hyderabad called?
Telugu and Urdu,"There are two main languages spoken by the people of Hyderabad, what are they?"
Hyderabadi Urdu,What is the main language of most Muslims from Hyderabad?
Hadhrami,Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad?
Dakhini,Hyderabadi is a type of what langauge?
13%,Which percentage of Hyderabad's population is below the poverty line?
1.7 million,What population of Hyderabad lived in slums in 2012?
60–80%,What is the literacy rate in the slums of Hyderabad?
175,In the slums of Hyderabad how many private schools are there?
35%,What percentage of children in Hyderabad are working hazardous jobs?
south central Hyderabad,In what region of Hyderabad is Mecca Masjid?
historic and tourist sites,South central Hyderabad is generally the home to what attractions?
North,On what side of the river is Begum Bazaar?
North of central Hyderabad,Where in Hyderabad is the Secunderabad Railway Station?
the northwest part,In what region of Hyderabad city is Jubilee Hills located?
the eastern part,Where in Hyderabad would one find defence centres?
Cyberabad,What area in Hyderabad contains the Hyderabad Airport?
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park,"Cyberabad contains a national park, what is it?"
1908,After a flood in what year did Hyderabad expand?
Musi River,"Which river flooded in 1908, preceding the expansion of Hyderabad?"
the VIIth Nizam,"The Mir Osman Ali Khan had a title, what was it?"
Best heritage city of India,What did India declare Hyderabad om 2012?
Indo-Islamic architecture,What type of heritage architecture is mainly displayed in Hyderabad?
classical Persian architecture,What influence did Qutb Shahi architecture borrow from?
the ruins of Golconda fort,What is the oldest piece of Qutb Shahi architecture in Hyderabad?
the Charminar,What iconic historic structure is in the center of old Hyderabad?
Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort,"The government of India proposed that The Charminar become a UNESCO World Heritage site, what other two monuments were suggested for the same status?"
56 m (184 ft),How high are the minarets on the Charminar?
Nizam architecture,The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture?
Neoclassical,The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture?
19th century,What century was Bella Vista Palace built?
Paigah family,Which family constructed the Basheer Bagh Palace?
Falaknuma Palace,Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence?
the largest,Where was Hyderabad ranked in 2012 as a producer of GDP in Talangana?
sixth largest,Where was Hyderabad ranked in India in 2012 in terms of deposits?
$74 billion,What was the GDP of Hyderabad in US dollars in 2011-2012?
"113,098",How many people were employed by the Andhra Pradesh government in 2006?
19%,What percentage of females in Hyderabad were employed in 2005?
Hyderabad,"In the 18th century there was one global trading hub for large diamonds, what was it?"
the late 19th century,When did railway expansion in Hyderabad occur?
Hyderabad Securities,What did the Hyderabad Stock Exchange come to be known as?
From the 1950s to the 1970s,During what era was The Defence Research and Development Organisation founded?
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE),At the end of 2014 what entity would handle the the transaction services for BSE-Mumbai?
1961,In what year was Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited established?
one third,In 2010 what percentage of India's bulk pharmaceuticals were produced in Hyderabad?
98%,What percentage of Andhra Pradesh's IT infrastructure exports originated from Cyberabad in 2013?
more than 1300,How many ITES and IT companies are located in HITEC city?
second best,What rank within India was HITEC City given by the World Bank Group in 2009?
30%,What percentage of Hyderabad's employed are employed informally?
"40–50,000",In 2007 how many street vendors did Hyderabad have?
84%,What percentage of the street vendors in Hyderabad were male in 2007?
four fifths,Of the street vendors in Hyderabad what percentage owned their own stall in 2007?
8%,In 2007 what percentage of street vendors in Hyderabad borrowed money to finance their operations?
the decline of the Mughal Empire,What event pushed Hyderabad to the top of India's cultural centres?
the fall of Delhi,What major event in India in 1857 caused migration of peformance artists into Hyderabad?
Telugu and Urdu,What are the official languages of Telangana?
Muslims,Which religious group holds the Eid ul-Fitr festival in Hyderabad?
Hindu,The festival of Diwali is a tradition of what faith?
poetic symposia,What are mushairas?
The Qutb Shahi dynasty,Which dynasty supported the Deccani Urdu literature movement?
the 15th century,When was Lazzat Un Nisa completed?
Qutb Shahi courts,At what location did Lazzat Un Nisa get compiled?
Mah Laqa Bai,Who wrote Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa?
2010,In what year did the Hyderabad Literary Festival start?
State Central Library,What is the name of the largest public library in Hyderabad?
the advancement of literature,What is one of the activities Telugu Academy is credited with encouraging?
1891,In what year was the biggest public library in Hyderabad created?
music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam,What is the Deccan region known for culturally?
courtesans,What is a tawaif?
songs based on local Folklore,What kind of music is dholak ke geet?
The state government,What entity is responsible for the Taramati Music Festival?
the Mughals and Nizams,During the rule of what two groups did dance and music from North India become popular?
theatre and drama,What type of art might one encounter at Lalithakala Thoranam?
annual exhibition of local and national consumer products,What is Numaish?
Tollywood,What is a popular name for the Telugu film industry?
second largest,Where was the Telugu film industry ranked in 2012 in India in comparison to Bollywood?
world's largest film studio,What did Guinness World Records say of Ramoji Film City was in 20015?
Deccani painting,Golconda is a type of what kind of painting?
16th century,In what century did Golconda painting develop?
luminous gold and white,What type of colors would one generally find in Golconda painting?
17th century,In what century did Hyderabad style painting develop?
"regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery",What types of scenes does Hyderabad style painting generally contain?
the 18th century,In which century did metalwork become popular in Hyderabad?
the WTO act,Under which act is the Geographical Indication tag granted?
embroidery works on textile,What is Zardozi an example of?
a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile,What is Kalamkari?
"a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti",In what style is Kalamkari made?
"rice, wheat and meat dishes",What type of foods are generally thought of as a part of Hyderabadi cuisine?
Mughlai,What is a large influence on Hyderabadi food?
a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd,What is kaddu ki kheer?
Mughlai and Arab,What types of cuisine are noted within Hyderabadi haleem?
the 1780s,When was The Deccan Times founded?
major English papers,What is The Deccan Chronicle?
major Urdu papers,What type of paper is The Siasat Daily?
around 1919,What year was the first radio station in Hyderabad formed?
starting on 3 February 1935,On what date did the first public radio station in Hyderabad begin broadcasting?
1974,When did Doordarshan begin broadcasting in Hyderabad?
Star TV,What satellite network began broadcasting to Hyderabad in July 1992?
1995,In what year did the general public first get access to the internet in Hyderabad?
1998,The first private company to offer Hyderabad internet service began offering it in what year?
the Government of India's public service broadcaster,What is Doordarshan?
Central Board of Secondary Education,What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad?
two-thirds,What percentage of students are in private schools in Hyderabad?
"English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu",Which languages are used for teaching in the schools of Hyderabad?
"a ""10+2+3"" plan",What type of educational plan does the Central Board of Secondary Education use in Hyderabad?
Indian Certificate of Secondary Education,"Students in Hyderabad may be required to acquire one of two different certificates, one is  the Secondary School Certificate, what is the other?"
13,How many universities are in Hyderabad?
six,Of the universities in Hyderabad how many are state run?
central universities,Maulana Azad National Urdu University is a type of university that represents what type of university?
The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University,"In 1982 the first long distance university was opened in India, what is it's name?"
1918,What year was Osmania University formed?
five,How many medical schools are in Hyderabad?
Unani medicine,What type of medicine is taught at The Government Nizamia Tibbi College?
Indian Heart Association,What non-profit cardiovascular educational association is headquartered in Hyderabad?
fashion design,What type of school is Raffles Millennium International?
fashion design,What type of is Wigan and Leigh College?
"Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad",What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H?
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,"There is a research institute in Hyderabad known as ICRISAT, what does the acronym represent?"
cricket,"Two of the most popular sports played in Hyderabad include association football, what is the other?"
the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship,What two world championships were held in Hyderabad in 2009?
field hockey,What sport is played at the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex?
Gachibowli,Where is the G.M.C. Balayohi Stadium located?
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium,What is the home stadium of the Hyderabad cricket association?
During British rule,At what time was Secunderabad an important sport center?
horse racing,What type of racing is the Hyderabad Race Club popular for?
Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club,What organization holds the TSD Rally?
the Nizams and the British,Under whom did the Secunderabad Club and the Nizam Club form?
Deccan derby,Which annual derby is held at the Hyderabad Race Club?
cricketers,Ghulam Ahmed and Shivlal Yadav are what kind of sportsmen?
tennis,What sport does Sania Mirza play?
Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan,Who is a notable bodybuilder from Hyderabad?
rifle shooters,Gagan Narang does what sporting activity?
badminton players,Pullela Gopichand and Saina Nehwal are known in Hyderabad for being what?
taxis and auto rickshaws,What type of transport that is not government owned is commonly used in Hyderabad?
130 million,How many people are carried each day by the bus service network in Hyderabad?
Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS),What is the light rail system in Hyderabad known as?
"160,000",How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day?
Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities,What is Setwin otherwise known as?
3.5 million,In 2012 how many vehicles were driving in Hyderabad?
15%,What percentage of the vehicles in Hyderabad were cars in 2012?
9.5%,What percentage of Hyderabad city was covered by roads in 2012?
60%,In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road?
40 km/h (25 mph),What is the maximum speed for buses in Hyderabad?
three,How many national highways form a junction in Hyderabad?
six,How many states are linked to from highways in Hyderabad?
"1,472 mi",How many miles long is NH-7?
Five,How many state highways pass through or begin in Hyderabad?
NH-163,What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam?
beachfront,What type of city is Santa Monica?
western,What part of Los Angeles County is it located in?
"Christian saint, Monica",What is Santa Monica named after?
two-thirds,Approximately how many residents of Santa Monica rent their property?
"89,736",What was the population in 2010 according to the Census Bureau?
Kecheek,What did indigenous people that lived in Santa Monica call it previously?
Tongva,What was the local population called indigenous to the Santa Monica Area?
Gaspar de Portolà,What was the first explorers name that came in contact with the natives?
"August 3, 1769",What date did the explorer reach Santa Monica?
May 4,What day is the Santa Monica Feast held on?
Asian,What ethic group grew in the 20th century?
Chinese,What other ethic minority did white american's treat poorly?
Japanese fishing,What type of Village was located on the Long Wharf?
two,How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in Santa Monica?
economic part,What role did the fishing village play in Santa Monica?
"Donald Wills Douglas, Sr",Who built a plant in Clover field?
Douglas Aircraft,What company was the structure at Clover Field for?
aerial circumnavigation of the world,What did Clover Field built airplanes attempt the first of?
1960s,The Douglas Company had facilities in Santa Monica through what decade?
Two,How Many Planes returned from the circumnavigation in 1924?
World War II,What brought on the Douglas business's company growth?
"44,000",How many people did the company employ in 1943?
Warner Brothers Studios,The company used camouflage from what designers?
RAND,What company started as a project in 1945?
defend against air attack,What was the camouflage designed to do?
1909,What year was the Sanat Monica Pier buildt?
Looff Hippodrome,What historic landmark is located on the Pier?
largest,La Monica Ballroom used to be what type of ballroom in the United States?
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium,Where were the Academy Awards held in the 1960's?
McCabe's Guitar Shop,What place is still considered a prominent acoustic performance area?
Downtown District,The Third Street Promenade is located in what part of Santa Monica?
three blocks,How large is the Third Street Promenade?
vehicles,What is Third Street access shut off from?
Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom,What two major department stores are located at the Third Street Promenade?
2010,What year did the mall reopen?
The Taste of Santa Monica,What event does the Chamber of commerce host in the fall?
sample food and drinks,What can visitors do at the Taste of Santa Monica?
Santa Monica Pier,Where is the Taste of Santa Monica held each year?
Santa Monica restaurants,Who provides the guests with these samples at the event?
The swanky Shutters,What hotel offers a trip to the famer's market to influence dinner?
310,Roughly how many days of sunshine does Santa Monica get annually? 
11a,What USDA hardiness zone is Santa Monica located in?
fog,What commonly occurs on the mornings in May?
"""May Gray""",What have locals coined the morning time in May?
5 to 10 degrees,What is the beach temperature in Fahrenheit during the summer ? 
1992 and in 1994,In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan's introduced?
Eighty-two,What percent of the city's public work's vehicles use alternate fuels?
public and private,Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors?
100%,What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels?
Redeem,What company provides the city with natural gas?
(SMURFF),What is the name of the urban runoff facility?
3.5 million,How many gallons of water does (SMURFF) treat every week?
$1.50,How much money do residents get back for participating in water conservation per square foot?
2020,Santa Monica plans on water independence by what year?
into the bay,If (SMURFF) did not collect water where would it go?
2030,What year does the city plan on having a bicycle infrastructure?
5-year and 20,The city has two bike Action Plans of how many years?
Expo Line,The city's bus system is being over hauled to work with what other program?
14 to 35%,What percentages does the city Bike transportation mode's target?
green,What type of business certification do they plan on expanding?
2.79,What was the total average family size?
48.4%,What percent of households were made of one person?
11.8%,What percent of households had someone over 65 living in it?
416,Roughly how many same-sex couples were there?
16.7%,What percent of household have children under 18?
"84,084",How many citizen's were in the year 2000 census?
"16,775",How many urban families were there?
"10,178.7",What is the population density per square mile?
2.80,From 2000 what was the average family size?
15.8%,What percent in the 2000 census had persons under the age of 18?
1929,What year was the Santa Monica junior college founded?
35,How many acres of land is the Santa Monica Junior College?
Airport,By what area is the Art institute in Santa Monica?
22-mile,There are a plethora of colleges and universities within what radius of Santa Monica?
"30,000",How many students enroll to the SMC annually?  
bike action,What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system?
November 2015,When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?
Marvin Braude,What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?
2013,When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica? 
2009,What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award?
Interstate 10,What is the name of the Santa Monica Freeway?
Santa Monica Boulevard,What road does state route 2 begin on?
seven more,How many more states aside from California does the interstate 10 run through?
"Jacksonville, Florida",What city and state does the interstate 10 end at?
Pacific Ocean,Where does the Santa Monica Freeway begin around?
1920s,Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica  Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?
1953,What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?
"March 11, 1988",Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?
was purchased,What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?
Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority,Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?
4.41%,In 2006 what percent of the population was impacted by crime?
3.74%,What percent of crime was strictly property in 2006?
property,In 2006 what was crime mostly comprised of?
computed based,How are the Santa Monica per-capita crime rates calculated?
much lower,The Santa Monica Police Department suggests that the per-capita crime rate sways in what way?
1999,In what year was there a double homicide?
Westside Clothing store,Where was this homicide perpetrated?
Culver City,What gang is mentioned in connection with this crime?
Anthony and Michael Juarez,What two people were killed inside the store?
in custody,Where is the getaway driver of the Culver city gang murder?
Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage,What is one of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica?
much of 2nd Street,What does this iconic exterior shot display?
Rocky III,What 1982 movie includes Sylvester Stallone running on the Santa Monica Beach?
The Truth About Cats & Dogs,What 1996 movie was set completely in Santa Monica?
17 Again,What movie was shot at Samohi?
video,What type of games is Santa Monica featured in?
2005,In what year did Tony hawk's American Wasteland release?
True Crime: Streets of LA,What video game features Santa Monica in 2003?
2013,Grand theft Auto V was released in what year?
Need for Speed,What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015?
1853,When was Washington University founded?
Twenty-five,How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University?
32nd,Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities?
George Washington,For whom is Washington University named?  
120,How many different countries comprise the makeup of faculty and students of Washington University?
Joseph Gibson Hoyt.,Who was the first chancellor of Washington University?
1853,When did Washington University secure its charter?
not having had a prior financial endowment,What makes Washington University unique among other American universities?
Eliot,Who was the first president of Washington University?
John O'Fallon,What local businessman help provide support for the Washington University?
Eliot Seminary,What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?
Washington Institute,What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University?
The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri,Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington?
1856,When was the name Washington University amended? 
1976,"When was the suffix ""in St. Louis"" added to Washington University?"
17th Street and Washington Avenue,Where was Washington University located? 
"October 22, 1854",When did classes first begin at Washington University?
Benton School building.,What building was first used for classes at Washington University?
"the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute",What three departments were Washington University divided?
a night school,What type of school did Washington University first function?
1867,When was did Washington University open its law school?
the president of the Board of Trustees,Who was Robert Somers Brookings?
1891,When did Washington University establish its medical school? 
1891,When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?
downtown St. Louis,Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800's. 
the 1890s,When did Washington University begin to expand west?
"Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston",What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University? 
"Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse",Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?
"""Hilltop"" campus",What nickname was given to the new campus site?
1899,When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus?
Cope & Stewardson,What firm won the Washington University national design contest?
"October 20, 1900",When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?
"Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples",What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall?
to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics,Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905?
chancellor,What role did Arthur Holly Compton serve at Washington University?
World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits,What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor?
"athletics were to be henceforth played on a ""strictly amateur"" basis with no athletic scholarships.",What declaration did Arthur Holly Compton make about athletics at Washington University?
the University of Chicago,Where did Arthur Holly Compton work before returning to Washington University?
Arthur Holly Compton,Who reestablished Washington University's football team?
1947,When did Washington University begin desegregation?
the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work,What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University? 
the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN),What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?
the NAACP,What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?
May 1952,When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division? 
1957,When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?
South 40,What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?
began to attract a more national pool of applicants,How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?
over two-thirds,What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?
"During the latter half of the 20th century,",When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?
"1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016",What years were presidential debates held at Washington University?
Washington University Athletic Complex,What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?
scheduling difficulties between the candidates,Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University?  
"October 2, 2008",When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University?
Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden,Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University?
"it would be ""improbable"" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility",What was Chancellor Wrighton's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?
"These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues",What did  Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?
2008,What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004? 
"30,117",How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013?
More than 90% of incoming freshmen,What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top %10 of their class in 2013? 
second among private universities,Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?
In 2008,When was Washington University ranked #1 for quality of life?
14%,What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007? 
sixth in the nation,What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University?
currently ranked first,What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work?
The program in occupational therapy,What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings?
18th,Where did the School of Law rank in  2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports?
2013,What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence?
St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop,Where is Washington University's north campus located?
2004,When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired? 
Angelica Uniform Factory,What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University?
Bon Appétit Management Company,Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?
Performing Arts Department,For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage? 
"Clayton, Missouri",Where is the West Campus of Washington University located?
1990,When did the university acquire the property for the West Campus?
the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store,What was previously located at the West Campus of Washington University?
"the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space",What is located in the basement level of the West Campus? 
Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT),What department located at the West Campus provides IT services?
west of St. Louis on the Meramec River,Where is Tyson Research Center located?
1963,When did Washington University acquire the property for Tyson Research Center?
a biological field station and research/education center.,What is the function of Tyson Research Center?
2010,"When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a ""living building""?"
the federal government,Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located?
three divisions,How many divisions make up Arts & Sciences at Washington University?
Barbara Schaal,Who is the Dean of Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Washington University?
"September 6, 2011",When did James Mcleod pass away?
Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences,What positions did James Mcleod hold at Washington University?
Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.,What position does Richard J. Smith hold at Washington University?
1917,When was Olin Business School founded?
the School of Commerce and Finance,What was the original name of Olin Business School? 
1988,When was Olin Business School named?
John M. Olin,After whom is Olin Business School named?
Shanghai,Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?
"more than 16,000 alumni",How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide?
1986,When was Simon Hall opened?
$213 million,What is the amount of Olin Business School's endowment as of 2004?
John E. Simon,Who provided the donation that enabled the opening  Simon Hall?
"May 2, 2014",When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated?
eight,How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?
full-time or part-time,What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University? 
Mahendra R. Gupta,Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?
40–60%,What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?
"Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work",With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs? 
3 semesters,How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?
"LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers",What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?
85 hours,How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?
"Spring, Summer, and Fall",During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?
96th percentile,Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?
18th,Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?
August,When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?
4th,"Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among ""25 Most Wired Law Schools""?"
Anheuser-Busch Hall,What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?
1891,When was the Washington University School of Medicine founded?
first,Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity?
Richard K. Wilson,Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University?
25%,How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?
St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital,What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine?
1925,When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?
Brown School or Brown,By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?
"Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences",What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company,What roles was George Warren Brown known?
Brown and Goldfarb Halls,What facilities house the  George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
Edward F. Lawlor,Who is the Brown School's current Dean? 
12 research centers.,How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? 
"children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management.",What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?
"social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development",What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?
over 450 academic journals,To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?
1881,When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?
"19th, 20th, and 21st century",From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?
2006,When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations? 
Fumihiko Maki,Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?
Steinberg Hall,What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?
seven,How many schools does Washington University have?
60%,What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?
one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation,How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?
the Danforth Campus,Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?
$537.5 million,How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?
150,How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?  
80%,What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University? 
25%,What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?
"platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn",What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?
300,How many student organizations does Washington University have on campus?
by the Washington University Student Union,How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?
$2 million,What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget?
35%,What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?
11,How many fraternities are located at Washington University?
12,How many a cappella groups does Washington University have?
The Pikers,What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?
The Greenleafs,What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?
1991,When was the oldest co-ed  a cappella group at Washington University founded?
2008,When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?
Over 50%,What percent of undergraduate students live on campus at Washington University?
"the South 40,",Where are most residence halls located at Washington University?
because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres,How did the South 40 get its name?
the South 40,Where are all freshman residence buildings at Washington University located?
co-ed,What is the gender make-up of the residence halls at Washington University?
the northwest corner of Danforth Campus,Where is the Village located at Washington University?
upperclassmen and January Scholars,What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?
groups of 4 to 24,How many students are composed in Blocs?
"Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments",What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?
students who have similar interests or academic goals,How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?
four,How many media outlets does Washington University support?
KWUR (90.3 FM),What is the official student radio station at Washington University?
Washington University Political Review,What is the name of Washington University's political publication?
WUTV,What is Washington University's closed circuit television network? 
The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine,What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?
the Bears,What is the name of the Washington University sports teams?
Division III,At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?
19,How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?
"2008, 2009",In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?
John Schael,Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?
overseas intelligence gathering,What is the CIA's main focus?
Federal Bureau of Investigation,What does FBI stand for?
CIA,What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?
The Associate Director of military affairs,What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?
"providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities",What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?
The Executive Director,Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?
four,How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?
The Directorate of Analysis,Who produces all source intelligence investigations?
three,"How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?"
six,How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?
Iraq,The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?
The Directorate of Operations,What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?
to end years of rivalry,What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?
the Defense Clandestine Service,What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?
Defense Intelligence Agency,What does DIA stand for?
Department of Defense,What is DOD short for?
1950,In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?
the Office of Training and Education,What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
the Cold War,What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
between 200 and 300,How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
George Tenet,Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
1949,What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?
$52.6 billion,How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?
the Director of Central Intelligence,Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?
$2.3 billion,What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?
drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities,"What two major things does the CIA's ""Covert action programs"" include?"
1963,What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?
Mary Margaret Graham,Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
Congress,What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
the Marshall Plan,What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
5%,What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
Secret Intelligence Service,What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
Australian Secret Intelligence Service,What does ASIS stand for?
Mossad,What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
RAW,What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
DGSE,What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
"Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom",Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?
No Foreign Nationals,What does NOFORN stand for?
USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes,What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?
Franklin D. Roosevelt,What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
British,Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
Office of Strategic Services,What does OSS stand for?
Harry S. Truman,Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
1945,In what year was the OSS dissolved?
National Security Act,Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
PL-110,"What program handled ""essential aliens"" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?"
Central Intelligence Agency Act,Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
Walter Bedell Smith,Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?
Truman,What president announced the new CIA director?
the Office of Reports and Estimates,Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?
Truman,Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
military intelligence and covert action,What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
create global political change favorable to the US,What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
the Soviet Union,What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
Hoyt Vandenberg,Who created the Office of Special Operations?
Office of Reports and Estimates,What does ORE stand for?
$15 million,What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?
the Soviet forces,Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?
1948,In what year was directive 10/2 issued?
Frank Wisner,Who was the head of the OPC?
two,Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?
the USSR,Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?
"300,000",How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?
Kim Philby,Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?
Bill Weisband,Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?
intense or damaging,What type of stimuli causes pain?
distressing,What type of feeling is pain?
"complex, subjective phenomenon",Why has defining pain been a challenge?
The International Association for the Study of Pain,What organization's definition is widely used?
a symptom,"In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?"
Pain,What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?
interfere,How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?
Psychological,Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?
end their lives,What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?
1994,What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?
5,How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?
Clifford J. Woolf and others,Who has criticized the IASP's system?
guiding research and treatment,What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?
three,How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?
Pain,What is usually temporary?
only until the noxious stimulus is removed,How long does pain tend to last?
acute,What is pain which resolves quickly called?
interval of time from onset,What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?
cancer pain,What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?
Nociceptive,Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?
according to the mode of noxious stimulation,How is nociceptive pain classified?
heat or cold,The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?
mechanical,"Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?"
polymodal,What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?
Nociceptive,What type of of pain is visceral a division of?
Visceral,What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?
Deep somatic,"Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?"
nausea and vomiting,What can visceral pain be accompanied by?
Superficial,What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?
nearly 82%,What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?
54%,What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?
phantom limb pain,What may accompany urination for amputees? 
become sensitized,What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?
65 percent,"After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?"
may relieve pain,What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?
permanently,"How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?"
hypertonic saline,What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?
relief,Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?
loss of sensation and voluntary motor control,What is paraplegia?
burning or tingling,What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?
"serious spinal cord damage,",What can cause paraplegia?
Surgical,What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?
phantom body,The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?
neurotic,"What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?"
psychological disturbance,"When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?"
chronic pain,Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?
fall,"If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?"
Self-esteem,What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?
Breakthrough,What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?
medications,How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?
cancer patients,Who is breakthrough pain common among?
opioids,What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?
Management,What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?
morphine,Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?
"little, or not at all",How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?
unpleasantness,IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?
a state described as intense pain,"What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?"
Indifference,What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?
pain,An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?
congenital insensitivity to pain,What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?
"repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles",What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain?
reduced,What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain?
SCN9A,What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli?
1644,When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?
a disturbance,What did Descartes think pain was?
emotional,What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?
Specificity,What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?
psychologists,Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?
1955,What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? 
John Paul Nafe,Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?
nerve fibers,What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?
identical,What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?
superseded by more modern theories of pain,Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?
three,How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?
urge to escape the unpleasantness,The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?
cognitive activities,What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?
dimensions,War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?
action,What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?
pain,What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?
noxious and non-noxious,What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?
"noxious, high intensity",What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?
Dozens,How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?
currents,What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?
along an A-delta or C fiber,How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?
A-delta,Which fiber is thicker?
myelin,What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?
via Lissauer's tract,How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?
sharp and is felt first,What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?
A-delta,What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?
thalamus,Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?
spinal cord fibers,What are dynamic range neurons?
the insular cortex,Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? 
somatosensory,Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices? 
Richard Dawkins,"Who wrote ""The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution""?"
drives,What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?
one whose pains are well balanced,What would be the most fit creature?
poor,What type of designer is natural selection?
risk,What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?
sex,"Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?"
Europeans,What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?
Italian,What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?
pain perception,What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?
pain thresholds,Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?
person's self-report,What is the most reliable measure of pain?
severity,What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? 
definition of pain,What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?
0 to 10,What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?
which words best describe their pain,What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?
Multidimensional Pain Inventory,What is MPI an abbreviation for?
three,How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?
their pain problems,What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?
high,What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?
their IASP five-category pain profile,What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?
observation,What become critical when a person is non-verbal? 
specific behaviors,What can be monitored as pain indicators?
withdrawn,What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?
signal,How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?
pain,Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?
because it hurts too much,Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?
dimensions,What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?
pain,What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?
a drug,An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?
illness,Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?
Cultural,What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?
prevent the individual from seeking help,How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?
death,Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?
potentially addicting drugs,What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?
do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain,What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?
a human right,What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?
a disease,What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?
China and Australia,What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?
subspecialty,"What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?"
tens of millions,"As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?"
Sugar,"What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?"
heart rate,What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?
pain-related,Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?
crying,A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?
controlling,Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?
13,How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?
credible controls for placebo and/or expectation,What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?
effects of hypnosis,What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?
Pain,What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?
little difference in the effect,What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?
herbal,What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?
benefit,Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?
vitamin D,"Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?"
political,What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?
deliberate infliction,Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?
deter,How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?
extreme,What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?
an offence,What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?
asking a question,What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?
whether they feel pain,What can't animals answer?
consciousness,What did Descartes argue animals lack?
Colorado State University,What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?
unclear,Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?
presence,What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?
pain,An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?
vertebrates,Who do specialists believe can feel pain?
plants,No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?
nociceptors,What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?
database management system,What does DBMS stand for?
"to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases",What is the purpose of a DBMS?
SQL language,What is the most popular DBMS?
according to the database model that they support,How are DBMSs classified?
"by a ""database management system"" (DBMS)",How is data accessed?
large quantities,How much data can a DBMS store?
an integrated set of computer software,A DBMS consists of what?
DBMSs,What do most database applications contain?
RAID,What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?
Hardware database accelerators,How can large quantities of data be accessed?
standard operating system,What is required for a modern DBMS to function?
thousands of human years,How long can it take to create a DBMS?
"Adabas, Oracle and DB2",Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.
spread over a large number of users,How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?
an email system,Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.
application software,How are many databases accessed?
through dedicated interfaces,How do administrators work with the DBMS?
wire protocol,What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?
Edgar F. Codd,Who created the relational model of DBMS?
by content,"Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?"
1980s,In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?
relational systems,What type of system in still prominent to this day?
SQL,What database language is the most prominent?
Interest in a standard,Why was COBOL created?
mid-1960s,When were DBMSs first used commercially?
1971,When was the standard protocol completed?
Database Task Group,What group discovered COBOL?
CODASYL approach,What was the standard protocol called?
Information Management System (IMS),What was the DBMS created by IBM called?
the Apollo program,What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?
hierarchical database,What is the classification of IMS?
The Programmer as Navigator,What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?
Codd,Who proposed using a table to store data?
A linked-list system,How is data accessed in a table?
relational,What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?
DBMS,What system assists a user in seeing a table?
without constant rewriting of links and pointers,How was the relational model able to improve over time?
one-to-many,What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?
many-to-many,What is the relationship called in a navigational model?
tabular,What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?
in a single record,How is information stored in a navigational system?
to track information about users,How is a database system frequently used?
normalized into a user table,How is information stored in a relational system?
not be placed in the database,What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system?
uniquely defining a particular record,What is a key used for?
re-linking,What technique is used to collect into one place?
"a ""key""",How is information accessed in a relational model?
by searching for this key,How is data in an optional table accessed?
require programs to loop,How does a program collect information using a navigational system?
a set-oriented language,What is used to solve the problem of looping?
SQL,What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?
tuple calculus,What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?
Codd,Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?
Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker,Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?
INGRES,What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?
1973,When was INGRES first tested?
QUEL,What computer language was used in INGRES to access data?
INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard,Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES?
a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities,What is a CAFS accelerator?
efforts were generally unsuccessful,Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?
general-purpose hardware,How are today's database systems run?
Netezza and Oracle (Exadata),Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator?
System R,What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?
1974/5,When was IBM's system released?
multi-table systems,What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?
SQL,"When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? "
"SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)",What was the name of the database product created by IBM?
C. Wayne Ratliff,Who created dBASE?
data manipulation is done by dBASE,Why was dBASE unique?
lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box,Why was dBASE successful?
managing space allocation,What is a benefit of using dBASE?
object-oriented,"In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?"
object-relational impedance mismatch,What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?
object-oriented language,How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?
object-relational mappings (ORMs),What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch?
structured document-oriented database,What kind of database is XML?
enterprise database management,Where are XML databases frequently used?
ACID-compliant transaction processing,What type of processing is used in enterprise database software?
machine-to-machine data,How is XML used in enterprise database management?
eventual consistency,What is used to offer a balance in guarantees?
the CAP theorem,"What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees?"
two,How many guarantees will most databases tolerate?
reflects the structure of the information to be held,What should a conceptual data model do?
accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled,What makes a successful data model?
definitions of the terminology used for entities,Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?
the application domain,What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?
database technology,A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?
schema,In what form is the output of a logical database design?
logical,Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS?
"performance, scalability, recovery, security",What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?
data independence,What is an important goal in in this final stage?
Physical design,What factor is reflected in performance requirements?
one,How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?
any number,How many different external views of data are there?
see database information in a more business-related way,What is the benefit of external views of data?
a level of indirection between internal and external,What does the conceptual view offer?
abstracts away details,How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?
common,What type of view does the conceptual view offer?
database engine,What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage?
storage properties and configuration setting,What do database administrators closely monitor?
physical materialization of a database,What is database storage?
several types of storage,"While working, does DBMS store information in one place?"
bits,What are huge quantities of information stored as?
who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information,What does database access limit?
"record types, specific records, data structures",What are examples of database objects?
special authorized (by the database owner) personnel,Who sets database access?
unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database,What does data security avoid?
subschemas,What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?
managing personal databases,What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?
transaction,What is a unit of work called in a database?
Each transaction has well defined boundaries,Are transactions limited?
fault tolerance,How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?
primarily economical,Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?
database related application,"In order to merge, what must the database maintain?"
conceptual and external architectural levels,What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?
vendor provides tools,How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?
ano,Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
database is found corrupted,Name a reason to take a database backward in time?
dedicated backup files,Is each database backup kept in the same file?
database administrator,Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?
desired point in time,What parameter is requiret to restore a database?
software verification,How can static analysis be useful with query languages?
sound approximation techniques,What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?
watermarking,What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?
according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data,Can query languages be adjusted?
Phoenix,What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
60,How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
Optics Valley,What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
"520,116",What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? 
"996,544",What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? 
Pima County,Which county is Tucson in?
University of Arizona,Which university is in Tucson?
108 miles (174 km),How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
60 mi (97 km),How far is Tucson from Mexico?
Optics Valley,What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
southern Arizona,"What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?"
Hohokam,What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
Santa Cruz River,Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? 
Paleo-Indians,Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
"12,000 years ago",How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
"about 12,000 years ago",How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
2100 BC,How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
1200 BC to AD 150,When was the Early Agricultural period?
the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage,What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
from AD 600 to 1450,When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
1821,What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?
Hugo O'Conor,Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?
Eusebio Francisco Kino,Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?
7,How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?
Eusebio Francisco Kino,Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?
Jesuit,What religion was Kino?
Mission San Xavier del Bac,What mission did Kino found?
1700,When did Kino found the del Bac mission?
Hugo O'Conor,Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?
"June 8, 1854",What was the date when Arizona was bought?
1861,What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?
Gila River,Arizona is south of which river?
Gadsden Purchase,What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?
1857,In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?
"June 8, 1854",When was the Gadsden Purchase?
Mexico,Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?
March 1856,When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?
August 1861,When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches,Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
"August 19, 1878",What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? 
Charles A. Shibell,What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
Deputy U.S. Marshal,What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
Frank Stilwell,Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
Wyatt Earp,What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
stagecoach robberies,What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
William Whitney Brazelton,Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
"August 19, 1878",When was Brazelton killed?
Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse,Who killed Brazelton?
Pima County Sheriff,What was Shibell's job?
Pima County,What county is Tuscon located in?
"535,000",What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?
respiratory therapy,what were veterans in need of after World War I?
Veterans Hospital,What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?
"36,818",What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?
"7,531",What was Tucson's population in 1900?
"13,913",What was Tucson's population in 1910?
"20,292",What was Tucson's population in 1920?
"36,818",What was Tucson's population in 1940?
"535,000",What was Tucson's population in 2006?
Mount Wrightson,Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?
Sonoran,Which desert is Tuscon in?
five,How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?
"4,687 ft",How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?
north,What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?
"2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level",How high is Tucson's airport?
Sonoran,What desert is Tucson in?
Rincon Mountains,What mountain range is east of Tucson?
Tortolita Mountains,What mountain range is north of Tucson?
Tucson Mountains,What mountain range is west of Tucson?
118,How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?
60,How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?
Tucson,What is the second largest city in Arizona?
32nd,Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? 
Greater Tucson Metro,What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?
"520,116",What is Tucson's city population in 2010?
"980,263",What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?
32nd largest,How does Tucson rank among US cities?
52nd largest,How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?
1 million,What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?
I-19,Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?
miles,Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?
U.S.-Mexico border,What border does I-19 come close to? 
Interstate 10,Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?
southeast to northwest,Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?
Phoenix,What is the next major town to the west on I-10?
"Las Cruces, New Mexico",What is the next major town to the east on I-10?
south,Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?
"the only Interstate highway that uses ""kilometer posts"" instead of ""mileposts""",What is unusual about I-19?
Southern Pacific,What was the Union Pacific once known as?
1900,What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?
Rio Nuevo,What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build?
At the end of the first decade of the 21st century,When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin?
a large retail and community center,What is Rio Nuevo?
17th Street,What is the southern edge of Tucson's downtown?
I-10,What is the western edge of Tucson's downtown?
6th Street,What is the northern edge of Tucson's downtown?
Josias Joesler,Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?
Central,Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?
El Con Mall,What mall is located in midtown?
Josias Joesler,Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center?
at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road,Where is Broadway Village shopping center?
just East of downtown,Where is the Lost Barrio?
in the eastern part of midtown,Where is the El Con Mall?
between downtown and the University,Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District?
Reid Park,What is Tuscon's largest Park?
Speedway Boulevard,"What was once named the ""ugliest street in America"" by Life magazine?"
James Corbett,"What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard ""the ugliest street in America?"
Arizona Daily Star,Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?
New York City,What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?
Reid Park,What is Tucson's biggest park?
Hi Corbett Field,What sports field is in Reid Park?
Reid Park Zoo,What zoo is in Reid Park?
Speedway Boulevard,"What was the ""ugliest street in America"" in the 1970s?"
"""Street of the Year""",What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?
Fourth Avenue Shopping District,Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?
Sam Hughes neighborhood,What neighborhood has historic homes?
bicycle,What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?
half,"Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?"
Third Street,Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?
half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park,How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?
Rillito River Park,Which park has a multi-use path?
Barraza-Aviation Parkway,Which bike path does Highland lead to?
Fourth Avenue Shopping District,Which shopping area is on East University?
10%,What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?
Mexican,What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?
outdoor murals,What are painted do to city policy? 
83%,What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American? 
1940,What year was South Tuscon reincorperated? 
1936,When was South Tucson first incorporated?
1940,When was South Tucson reincorporated?
1 sq mi (2.6 km2),How large is South Tucson?
83%,How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American?
10%,How much of South Tucson is Native American?
I-10,What interstate is the West side west of? 
Old Tucson Studios,What is the name of the movie set in Old West Tuscon?
Saguaro National Park West,What is the name of the national park in Old West Tuscon?
Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum,What is the museum in Old West Tuscon? 
Starr Pass,The Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa is located where?
the area west of I-10,What part of Tucson is considered the West Side?
International Wildlife Museum,What museum is in Western Tucson?
Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa,What resort is in Western Tucson?
Starr Pass,What neighborhood is the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa in?
Old Tucson Studios,What theme park is in Old West Tucson?
'A' Mountain,What else is Sentinel Peak also known as?
University of Arizona,What is the giant letter downtown in honor of?
1916,"What year did the tradition of freshmen whitewashing the ""A"" begin?"
black,"during the Iraq war, what color did anti-war activists paint the ""A""?"
city council,"Who intervened when the ""A"" was painted various colors?"
in honor of the University of Arizona,Why is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?
"On Sentinel Peak (also known as ""'A' Mountain""), just west of downtown",Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?
white,What color did college freshmen paint the A?
black,What color did Iraq War protesters paint the A?
"red, white and blue",How did City Council decide to paint the A?
Sabino Creek,What is the Foothills west of?
Catalina Foothills,Where are some of the major resorts of Tuscon?
upscale outdoor shopping mall,What is La Encantada?
Oracle Road,What is the Foothills east of?
Catalina Foothills,What community is north of Tucson's city limits?
Catalina Foothills,Where are the most expensive homes in the Tucson metro area?
River Road,What is the southern edge of the Catalina Foothills area?
La Encantada,What outdoor mall is in Catalina Foothills?
"Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort",Which big resorts are in Catalina Foothills?
thousands,How many residents live in the master-planned communities?
Oro Valley,Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?
Santa Catalina Mountains,What mountains is Oro Valley next to?
Marana,Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?
in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains,Where is Oro Valley?
Marana,Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?
Marana,Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?
Oro Valley,Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?
northwest,Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?
Casas Adobes,What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?
1948,When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?
Gabrielle Giffords,What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village?
Tohono Chul Park,What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes?
Foothills Mall,What mall is located in Casas Adobes?
1948,When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?
Casas Adobes,What was Tucson's first suburb?
near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road,Where is Tohono Chul Park?
Representative Gabrielle Giffords,Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes?
chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona,What was John Roll's job title?
Desert Palms Park,What park was developed between the 1950's and 1970's?
Saguaro National Park East,What park is in East Tuscon?
Harold Bell Wright Estates,Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author?
1975,What year was Tuscon's largest office building built?
Park Place,What shopping center is located along Broadway?
East,What part of Tucson is Saguaro National Park East in?
between the 1950s and the 1970s,When was East Tucson developed?
Swan Road,What is the boundary of East Tucson?
5151 East Broadway,What is the biggest office building in Tucson?
along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road),Where is Park Place?
Harvey Adkins,Who bought The sanitarium in 1928?
1900,What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium?
On the Road,Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?
beat generation,Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation?
February,Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?
1891,When was Fort Lowell shut down?
a sanitarium,What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900?
Harvey Adkins,Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928?
"The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius",Who renovated Fort Lowell's adobe buildings?
On the Road,In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson?
The Atterbury Wash,Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon?
Rita Ranch,Where do a lot of the families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live at?
Civano,Rita Ranch also has a planned development called what?
Lakeside Lake,What is the name of the lake in Southeast Tuscon?
Santa Rita High School,What is the name of the High School in the area of Southeast Tuscon?
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base,What Air Force base is in Tucson?
Lakeside Park,What is the alternate name of Chuck Ford Park?
Pima Community College East Campus,What community college is in southeast Tucson?
Rita Ranch,Where do many Air Force families live?
showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles,What is the goal of Civano?
25,How many miles is Catalina Highway?
Summerhaven,What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?
Ski Valley,What area has a ski lift?
snowboarding and skiing,What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?
25 miles (40 km),How long is Catalina Highway?
"cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing",What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?
Near the top of Mt. Lemmon,Where is Summerhaven?
"a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant",What is in Ski Valley?
"log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails",What is in Summerhaven?
desert,What kind of climate is Tuscon?
Alice Springs,What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?
11.8,What is the average amount of  yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?
precipitation,What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?
water,What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?
desert,What is Tucson's climate type?
11.8 inches (299.7 mm),How much rain does Tucson get each year?
net loss of water,What is evapotranspiration?
Alice Springs,Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?
11 inches (279.4 mm),What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?
1995,"What year did the ""Stupid Motorist Law"" come in effect?"
September,A monsoon can last into what month?
2000,How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions? 
July 3,What could you say is the average start for a monsoon?
humidity,What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year?
1995,"When was the ""Stupid Motorist Law"" passed?"
Arizona traffic code Title 28-910,"What is the legal name of the ""Stupid Motorist Law""?"
up to $2000,"How much can the ""Stupid Motorist Law"" charge people for being rescued?"
around July 3,When does Tucson's monsoon usually start?
through August and sometimes into September,How long does Tucson's monsoon last?
between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C),What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?
between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C),What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?
the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C),What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?
2.0 inches,"How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?"
1987,When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?
"June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995",On what two occasions was Tucson's record high?
115 °F (46 °C),What was Tucson's record high?
6 °F (−14 °C),What was Tucson's record low?
"January 7, 1913",When was Tucson's record low?
1905,What was Tucson's wettest year?
August 1955,In what month did Tucson get the most rain?
"July 29, 1958",When did Tucson get the most rain in 24 hours?
December 1971,In what month did Tucson get the most snow?
1983,In what year did Tucson get the most rain?
1953,In what year did Tucson get the least rain?
"229,762",How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?
"112,455",How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?
"520,116",How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?
"2,500.1",How many people per square mile are there in Tucson?
72.8%,How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970?
University of Arizona,What is the second-largest employer in Tucson?
Sierra Vista,Where is the US Army Intelligence Center?
Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route,What railroad route passes through Tucson?
Los Angeles ports,Where does the Sunset Route connect to the west coast?
Hughes Aircraft Co.,What was Raytheon previously called?
Sanofi-Aventis,What drug company has a major presence in Tucson?
150,How many optics-related companies are in Tucson?
design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems,What do the 'Optics Valley' companies do?
Intuit Inc.,What accounting software company has a major presence in Tucson?
2009,When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin?
a two-day period in March,When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?
"80,000",How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010?
Founder's Award,What award did the Tucson Festival of Books give to R. L. Stine?
the first Saturday and Sunday of May,When is the Tucson Folk Festival held?
El Presidio Park,Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held?
over 100,How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festival?
free,How much does the Tucson Folk Festival cost to get in?
Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association,Who runs the Tucson Folk Festival?
spring,What season is February in Tucson?
rodeo week,What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?
February,What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?
Leighton Kramer,Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?
two rodeo days off,How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?
sundown,What time of day is The Procession?
an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators,What is burned at The Procession?
Many Mouths One Stomach,What group runs The Procession?
non-profit arts organization,What kind of group runs The Procession?
non-motorized,What kind of parade is The Procession?
"Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace",What famous writers have lived in Tucson?
a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions,What is the Chax Press?
"a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops",What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?
University of Arizona,What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?
"Mayor R. N. ""Bob"" Leatherwood",Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?
"March 20, 1880",When did Tucson get a railroad?
"""ancient and honorable pueblo""",What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?
"""A. and H. Pueblo""",How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?
the President of the United States and the Pope,Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?
25,How many times has the University of Arizona men's basketball team won NCAA tournaments?
12,How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships?
8,How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team won NCAA National Championships?
Frank Busch,Who coaches the University of Arizona's swim team?
Sean Miller,Who coaches the University of Arizona men's basketball team?
"Reno, Nevada",Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to?
Tucson Padres,What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013?
awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido,Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson?
"El Paso, Texas",Where did the Padres move when the Escondido stadium fell through?
Reno Aces,What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders?
Tucson Raceway Park,Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races?
quarter horse races,What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?
Moltacqua racetrack,What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists?
Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail,What is on the former site of the Moltacqua track now?
two,How many asphalt short tracks are in Arizona?
The League of American Bicyclists,"Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?"
in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving,When does El Tour de Tucson happen?
Perimeter Bicycling,Who runs El Tour de Tucson?
"as many as 10,000",How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?
nine,How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?
Democratic,Which political party does Tucson usually support?
Republican,Which political party does Phoenix usually support?
three,How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?
Raul Grijalva,Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?
Martha McSally,Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?
September,When is Tucson's city council primary?
four-year,How long are Tucson's city council terms?
November,When is Tucson's city council general election?
"1, 2, and 4",Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor?
"3, 5, and 6",Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor?
1985,When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?
33¢ for every registered Tucson voter,What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?
64¢ per registered voter,What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?
San Francisco and New York City,What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?
200,How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?
Arizona Daily Star,What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?
The Daily Territorial,What is Tucson's daily legal paper?
10/13 Communications,Who publishes Tucson Weekly?
"Boulder, Colo.",Where is 10/13 based?
The Arizona Daily Wildcat,What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?
KVOA 4,What is Tucson's NBC station?
KGUN 9,What is Tucson's ABC station?
KMSB-TV 11,What is Tucson's Fox station?
KOLD-TV 13,What is Tucson's CBS station?
KUAT-TV 6,What is Tucson's PBS station?
Tucson Electric Power,Who runs Tucson's main power plant?
Interstate-10,What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?
coal and natural gas,What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?
1962,When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?
over 300,How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?
Agriculture (including golf courses),How is most of Tucson's water used?
69%,How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?
25%,How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?
over 300,How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year?
Arizona Department of Water Resources,What agency manages Tucson's water?
running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer,How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?
"irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses",What does Tucson use reclaimed water for?
more than 27 years,How long has Tucson's water conservation efforts been underway?
Central Arizona Project Aqueduct,What is the CAP?
more than 300 mi (480 km),How long is the CAP?
Colorado River,What water source feeds the CAP?
Avra Valley aquifer,What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?
over 80,How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?
3.9-mile,How long is the Sun Link?
Sun Tran,What is Tucson's bus system called?
"the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service",What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?
1988 and 2005,When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?
streetcar,What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?
its flat terrain and dry climate,Why is cycling popular in Tucson?
a network of seven linear parks,What is The Loop?
over 100,How many miles of trails are in The Loop?
Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee,What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?
"marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths",What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?
democratic,What kind of government does Armenia have?
Christianity,What religion did Armenia support?
Tigranes the Great,Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?
Byzantine and Sasanian,What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century?
860 BC,When was Urartu created?
Ottoman and successive Iranian empires,Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
Russian Empire,Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century?
World War I,When did the Armenian Genocide occure?
1920,When did Armenia become part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
1991,When did Armenia gain its independence?
Aram,What name did Armenia gain it's name from?
401 BC,When did Xenophon visit Armenia?
Hecataeus of Miletus,Who first referenced the Armenians?
Persians,What language does Armenias resemble most?
782 BC,When was the capital of Armenia established?
Yerevan,What is the capital of Armenia?
Yerevan,The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?
King Argishti I,Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?
King Artaxias I,Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?
Achaemenid Empire,What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?
between 95 and 66 BC,When did Armenia reach it's peak?
Tigranes the Great,Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity?
Tiridates I,Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia?
strategic location between two continents,What made Armenia so easily invadable?
Ashurbanipal,Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-627 BC?
428–636,When was the Marzpanate era?
884,When did the Principality of Armenia end?
King Ashot I Bagratuni,Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?
Dvin,Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?
Prince of Armenia,Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?
the Byzantine Empire,Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?
1071,When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?
6 January 1198,When was Cilicia founded?
conquered Armenia,What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?
Tarsus of Cilicia,Where did Roupen find refuge?
the Zakarid,Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?
Zakarid Armenia,What principality did the Zakarid family form?
Syunik and Vayots Dzor,What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?
Artsakh and Utik,What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?
early 12th century,When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?
Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire,Which empires seperated Armenia?
Ottoman,Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
"Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires",Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?
century,How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last?
"80,000 to 300,000",How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896
pushing for more rights,What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?
"""Red Sultan"" or ""Bloody Sultan.""",What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?
Hamidian massacres,What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?
Muslim,What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?
Dashnaktsutyun,What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?
"creating a ""free, independent and unified"" Armenia",What was the Dashnaks objective?
fedayi,Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?
1890s,When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?
April 1909,When did the Adana massacre take place?
"20,000–30,000",How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?
1908,When was Sultan Hamid unseated?
Young Turk Revolution,Who unseated Sultan Hamid?
1914,When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?
World War I,What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?
29 May 1915,When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?
Russian Army,Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?
Anatolia,Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?
"state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide",What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?
two phases,How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?
killing of the able-bodied male population,What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?
"deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm",What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?
Syrian desert,Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?
"600,000",How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??
Turkish authorities,Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?
between 1 and 1.5 million,What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?
Arnold J. Toynbee,Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?
24th May 1916,When was Toynbee's report put together?
Nikolai Yudenich,Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?
Andranik Ozanian,Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?
1917,When was the Bolshevik Revolution? 
"Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan",Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?
May 1918,When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?
10 August 1920,When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?
Wilsonian Armenia,What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?
President Woodrow Wilson,Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?
5 August 1920,When did Cilicia declare independence?
Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire,Who signed the Treaty of Sevres?
2 December 1920,When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?
Alexandropol,What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?
4 December,When did the Armenian republic breakdown?
Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze,Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?
1920,What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?
4 March 1922,When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?
Batumi,The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?
"sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır",What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?
Bolshevist Russia,Who annexed Armenia?
Moscow,Who provided the Armenians with supplies?
Joseph Stalin,Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?
"Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR",Which three parts make up the TSFSR?
1936,When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?
Nikita Khruschev,Who succeeded Stalin?
1967,When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?
1955,When did Vazgen acquire his position?
1953,When did Stalin pass away?
Yerevan,Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?
1988,In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?
"484,000",How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?
1923,When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?
Stalin,Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?
New Armenian Army,What does NAA stand for?
May 1990,When was the NAA formed?
the MVD,Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?
five Armenians,How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?
Sovetashen,Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?
Armenia,Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?
17 March 1991,When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?
1993,When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?
rail traffic,How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?
Azerbaijan,Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War?
a railway and air blockade,What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?
85%,What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?
1994,When did the Karabakh War end?
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe,What does OSCE stand for?
Turkey and Azerbaijan,Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?
"30,000",How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?
Karabakh Armenian forces,Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?
7,What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?
5.21,What Democracy Score does Armenia have?
Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime,What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?
"polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places",What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?
Turkey and Azerbaijan,With who does Armenia have bad relations?
closed,Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed?
1990s,When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War?
1993,When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?
Turkey,Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?
1991,When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?
Turkish business lobby,Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened?
10 October 2009,When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border?
Turkey,Who made it difficult to ratify the protocols to reopen the Armenian/Turkey border?
national parliaments,Who ratifies protocols in Armenia?
continuously added more preconditions to its ratification,How did Turkey thwart the ratification of these protocols?
Gyumri,Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?
"427,822",How many Armenians reside in the United States?
as a deterrent against Turkey,Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri?
Armenian government,Who gave Russia permission to have a military base in Gyumri?
64%,How many of Armenias inhabitants approve of becoming part of the EU?
a NATO-led international force in Kosovo,What is KFOR?
France and Greece,What are some states join Armenia in the Council of Europe?
in a few years,When can the EU expect Armenia to attempt to join it?
1991,When was the Armenian military created?
1992,When was the Ministry of Defence founded?
"The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard",What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces?
Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov,Who is in charge of the the Armenian military?
Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan,Who is in charge of the Ministry of Defence?
Collective Security Treaty Organisation,What does CSTO stand for?
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council,What does EAPC stand for?
"Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan",Who else joins Armenia in the CSTO?
October 2008,When did Armenia remove its peacekeepers from Iraq?
915,How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?
twelve,How many districts does Yerevan have?
rural,Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?
bnakavayr,What is the Armenian term for settlment?
Intel Corporation,What group is opening a research center in Armenia?
technology industry,"As opposed to an industry-based economy, what industry is Armenia moving to?"
investment and support from Armenians abroad,The Arnmenian economy depends primarily on what?
"chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile",What did Armenias industry-based economy consist of?
After,Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union?
food security needs,Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia's economy?
40%,How much of total employment did agriculture account for at the end of the 1990s?
20%,How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently?
"more than 25,000",How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake?
1988,When was the Spitak earthquake?
60%,How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993
the dram,What is the national currency of Armenia?
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict,What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?
1995,Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?
economic reforms,What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy?
precious-stone processing,What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture?
International Monetary Fund,What does IMF stand for?
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,What dos EBRD stand for?
international financial institutions,What does IFI stand for?
$1.1 billion,How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993?
5 February 2003,When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization?
15%,What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?
refugees from the Karabakh conflict,To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?
June 1994,When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law?
1997,When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation?
35%,What percent of Armenian children go to preschool?
Yerevan State University,What is Armenia's biggest University?
1933,When did the National Polytechnic University of Armenia open?
"10,000",How many students did Yerevan State University have in 1992?
"1,300",How many teachers did Yerevan State University have in 1992?
1980,When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?
1930,When was the Medical Institute formed?
1995,When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?
Mkhitar Heratsi,Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?
Mkhitar Heratsi,Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?
WHO,Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools?
1957,When was the foreign student department for Armenian diaspora created?
"India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation",Armenian students attend YMSU with foreign students from where?
One Laptopschool Per child,What does OLPC stand for?
American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan,What are the names of some of the other higher education organizations in Armenia?
Business and Law,What are some of the graduate programs available at AUA?
"the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun",What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?
Saint Mesrop Mashtots,Who created the Armenian alphabet?
Aram Khatchaturian,Who composed the Sabre Dance?
the Armenian chant,What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia?
"Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments",What is kef?
preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia,What did kef help do?
Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries,Where did the Armenians emigrate from?
Richard Hagopian,Who is the most well know kef artist?
American Big Band Jazz,What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?
the 1960s and 1970s,When did Armenian pop music become popular?
Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian,Who were some Armenian pop artists?
pianist,What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?
heavy metal,What type of band was System of a Down?
Armenian revolutionary songs,What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?
Armenian history and national heroes,What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass?
jewellery and ornamental objects,What is Obsidian used for?
"nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes",What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage?
"woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims",What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage?
arts and crafts market,What is Vernissage?
"more than 16,000",How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?
"The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum",Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on display in Yerevan?
the Middle Ages,What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?
Lake Sevan,Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia?
"chess, weightlifting and wrestling",What international sports has Armenia done well at?
Ice Hockey Federation,What does IIHF stand for?
Pan-Armenian Games,Which Games does Armenia hold?
gymnastics,What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?
two golds and two silvers,What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?
Helsinki,Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?
1992,What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?
FC Ararat Yerevan team,What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?
FC Bayern Munich,Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?
44th,What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011?
eight teams,How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have?
the Armenian government,Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?
2005,What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?
"$700,000",What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?
$9.3 million,How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?
$1.9 million,How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?
eastern and Mediterranean cuisine,What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?
quality of the ingredients,What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?
"various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits",What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes?
main ingredient as well as to sour food,What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food?
Bacteria,What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?
spheres to rods and spirals,What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?
few micrometres,When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?
present in most of its habitats,What environments can bacteria live?
symbiotic and parasitic relationships,What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?
40 million bacterial cells,What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?
million bacterial cells,How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?
by converting dissolved compounds,How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?
Mariana Trench,What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?
thrive inside rocks,Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?
ten times as many bacterial cells,What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?
the immune system,What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?
pathogenic,What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?
respiratory infections,What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?
farming,What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?
prokaryotes,What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?
nucleus,What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?
1990s,When did the scientific classification change?
Bacteria and Archaea,What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into?
4 billion years ago,When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?
most organisms were microscopic,Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?
bacterial fossils,What are Stromatolites?
archaeal/eukaryotic lineage,What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?
mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms,How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?
one-tenth the size,Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?
morphologies,What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?
0.7 mm,How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?
genus Mycoplasma,What are one of the smallest bacteria?
not well-studied,Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?
spherical,What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?
bacilli,What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?
tightly coiled,What shape Spirochaetes are?
branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section,What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?
can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients,Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?
diploids (pairs),What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?
Filamentous bacteria,What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?
Streptococcus,What well known bacteria structure chains?
clusters,What does typically Staphylococcus look like?
branched filaments,Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?
biofilms,What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?
up to half a meter in depth,How extent can biofilm be?
"microcolonies,",What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?
to enable better diffusion of nutrients,What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?
bacteria protected within biofilms,Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?
amino acids,What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?
aggregate to form fruiting bodies,Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?
more resistant,How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?
multicellular organisation,What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?
lipid,What is a cell membrane?
"barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components",What does membrane accomplish?
do not,Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?
"true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles",Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?
simple bags of cytoplasm,What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?
concentration gradients across membranes,What is crucial for biochemical reactions?
light-gathering membrane,What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?
between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space,How does electron transit occur in bacteria?
light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures,Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?
a single circular DNA chromosome,What is genetic make of bacteria?
in the cytoplasm,Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?
irregularly shaped body,How does nucleoid look?
phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria,What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?
production of proteins,What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?
"glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates",What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?
to control their buoyancy,What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?
"glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments",What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?
move up or down into water layers with different light intensities,How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?
photosynthesis,What are chromatophores used for?
cell membrane and cell wall,What composes the cell envelope?
peptidoglycan,What is most common cell wall material?
Bacterial cell walls are different,Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?
by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan,How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?
cellulose and chitin,What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?
thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids,What does gram-positive bacteria have?
polysaccharides and lipid A,Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharides,What can be endotoxins called?
differences in antibiotic susceptibility,What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?
"enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears",What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?
Ziehl-Neelsen stain,What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?
staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention.,What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?
high mycolic acid content,What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization?
Mycoplasma,What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?
fine filaments of protein,What are fimbriae?
involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells,What are fimbriae liable for?
2–10 nanometres,What is the diameter of fimbriae?
cellular appendages,What are pili?
endospores,What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?
is not a reproductive process,Is creating endospore a reproductive process?
cortex layer,What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?
Dipicolinic acid,What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?
show no detectable metabolism,Is there a metabolism in endospores?
"UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure",What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?
for millions of years,How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?
Clostridium tetani,What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?
The distribution of metabolic traits,What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?
nutritional groups,How is bacterial metabolism determined?
aerobic or anaerobic respiration,What are electron acceptors accountable for?
"the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors",What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?
organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources,How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?
cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide,When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?
Heterotrophic bacteria,What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?
autotrophic bacteria,Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?
the use of chemical substances for energy,What is chemotrophy ?
inorganic electron donors,What do lithotrophs use ?
organic compounds,What type of electron donors organotrophs use?
anaerobic organisms,In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?
chemical compounds,What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?
the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury,What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?
ethanol,What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?
can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors,How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?
Common inorganic electron donors,What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?
both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism,How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria?
oxygen,What is the main element for aerobic photorophy?
diffusion,What chemical process  helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?
in the form of relatively small molecules,How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?
endocytosis,What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?
molecular channels in cell membranes,What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?
Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce,How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?
through binary fission,How does bacteria reproduce?
divide extremely rapidly,If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?
two identical clone daughter cells,What are produced in cell division?
solid or liquid media,In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?
agar plates,What is typical solid setting?
The use of selective media,What can help to indentify specific bacteria?
agar plates,Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?
liquid growth media,Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?
high levels of nutrients,What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?
nutrients are limited,What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?
biofilms,What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment?
grow extremely rapidly,What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available?
lag phase,What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?
rapid exponential growth,What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?
nutrients,The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?
stationary phase,What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?
four phases,How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?
circular chromosome,What shape is chromosome of bacteria?
Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia,What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?
Borrelia burgdorferi,What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?
single linear chromosome,How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?
inherit identical copies of their parent's genes,What makes bacteria an asexual organism?
changes to their genetic material DNA,What can cause mutation in bacteria?
"random mutation during replication or ""stress-directed mutation""",What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?
Transduction of bacterial genes,What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?
Conjugation,What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?
conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome,How does conjugation take place?
It is seldom,Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?
numerous bacterial gene products,What does transformation of bacteria depends on?
this complex process,How simple is the process of transformation?
enter a special physiological state termed competence,What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA
between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome,How big can be the transformation level?
common,How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?
the same species,"Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?"
transfer of antibiotic resistance,What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?
gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment,What is horizontal gene transfer?
viruses that infect bacteria,What are Bacteriophages?
infect and lyse their host bacteria,What can viruses do to bacteria?
lethal pathogen,What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?
CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity,How can bacteria resist virus DNA?
single flagellum,What is monotrichous?
20 proteins,How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?
peritrichous,When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?
amphitrichous,If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?
uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane,How does flagellum function within the cell?
grouping organisms based on similarities,How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?
unclear,Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?
"lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,",What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?
different morphologies and metabolisms,What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?
emphasizes molecular systematics,What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?
"all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes","What would original term ""bacteria"" determine?"
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria,What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?
archaea and eukaryotes,What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?
three-domain system,What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?
The Gram stain,What was developed by Hans Christian  Gram?
1884,What year was the Grahm stain was developed?
purple,What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?
pink,What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?
Ziehl–Neelsen,What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria?
molecular methods,What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?
polymerase chain reaction,What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?
"identification of ""viable but nonculturable"" cells",What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?
cannot even be estimated with any certainty,Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?
bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms,Why are certain bacteria called predatory?
attach to their prey in order to digest them,Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?
invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol,What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism?
saprophages,Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from?
close spatial associations,What helps bacteria to survive?
anaerobic bacteria,What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?
butyric acid or propionic acid,What do anaerobic bacteria consume?
rhizosphere,Where do bacteria stay in soil?
converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds,What do bacteria do in soil?
provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen,How does the conversion help the vegetation?
"over 1,000 bacterial species",What is the amount of bacteria in human intestines?
through competitive exclusion,How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria?
bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms,What are the pathogenes?
may only be discovered many years after,Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?
human death and disease,What can pathogenes cause?
pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions,How pathogenes interact with it's human host?
exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease,Can all bacteria in human body  be harmful?
species of Rickettsia,Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease?
if they kill bacteria,What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?
bacteriostatic,What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth
rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations,What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?
in intensive farming to promote animal growth,Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?
sterilizing,What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?
ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds,What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?
Bacteria,What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?
used for the bioremediation,What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?
"molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry",What sciences use bacteria?
1676,When was the first time bacteria were observed?
Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,Who discovered bacteria?
using a single-lens microscope of his own design,How was he able to see bacteria?
over a century,How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?
In 1910,When was the first antibiotic discovered?
Paul Ehrlich,Who was the creator of antibiotic?
Treponema pallidum,What bacteria did he treat first?
Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen,Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?
had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize,How was his discovery aknowledged?
PWB,What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?
IPC,"What organization likes the term ""circuit card assembly"" for boards that have already been assembled?"
printed circuit assembly,"What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?"
printed wiring board,"What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components?"
CCA,What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board?
traces,"In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?"
photomask,What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?
self-adhesive tape,What were traces originally made out of?
common component footprints,Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?
copper,What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?
Panelization,What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?
a single design,Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?
assembly panels,"What type of panels can also be referred to as an ""array?'"
the plating process,What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?
bare board manufacturing panels,"Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?"
depaneling,What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?
individual circuits,What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?
lasers,What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?
space,What does the V-shaped groove method save?
circuits,What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?
additive,Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?
mask,What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?
palladium,What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?
copper,"In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?"
sensitized areas,"In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?"
traces,"In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?"
copper,What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?
etching,"After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?"
General Electric,What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?
any,What weight of plating is possible with copper?
hobbyists,"What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?"
Heat,"If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?"
long,Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?
bubble etching,What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?
spray etching,What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?
four,"If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?"
trace layers,What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?
heat,Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?
press,What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?
high-speed-steel,What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?
abrasive,What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?
coated tungsten carbide,What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?
Excellon files,"What's another name for NCD files that has an ""x"" in it?"
numerically controlled drill,"What does the ""NCD"" in ""NCD files"" mean?"
conductive,What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?
three,"What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered ""multi-layer""?"
de-smear,What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?
high reliability,What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?
resin,Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?
oxidizes,What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?
benzimidazolethiol,What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?
hot air solder levelling,What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?
solderable surface,What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?
tin-lead,What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?
organic surface protectant,What does OSP stand for?
nickel,What metal is often under the gold plating on edge connectors?
IAg,What's the abbreviation for immersion silver plating?
Cu5Sn6,Ag3Cu is one intermetallic that tin forms; what's the other one?
voids,What might the rapid diffusion of coating metal into tin solder leave in the surface coating?
Electrochemical migration,What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?
zinc,"Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?"
conducting surface paths,"In addition to ""whiskers,"" what does silver sprout around ions like halide?"
tin pest,What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it's very cold?
tension,What's present in plated surfaces that causes tin to grow metal filaments?
solder resist,"If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?"
solder mask,"What's another term used for ""solder resist""?"
liquid photoimageable solder mask,What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry?
photo-sensitive,What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure?
screen print epoxy ink,What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore?
"""shorts""","What are bare-board tests looking for besides ""opens""?"
copper,What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of?
An open,What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called?
voltage,What does a flying probe tester deliver to the contact points during testing?
CAM system,What system tells the flying probe where to go and what to do?
through-hole,Surface-mount is one type of construction used in PCB assembly; what's the other one?
through-hole,Which type of construction makes components that use more space?
surface-mount,Which of the two kinds of construction is weaker under strain?
surface-mount,"If you're building a circuit board that has a lot of components that won't be used, which construction would be better?"
Joint Test Action Group,What's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs?
temporary,Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces?
ICs,What component of the printed circuit board is appraised with boundary scan testing?
JTAG tool vendors,To whom would you go to acquire the algorithms you'd use for the Joint Test Action Group procedures?
physical test probes,What would you avoid by using the Joint Test Action Group standard?
conformal coating,"If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?"
corrosion,"The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?"
dipping,A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it?
wax,What material was first used for conformal coating?
servicing,What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating?
antistatic bags,What special protection are most PCBs shipped in?
static charge,What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB?
earthed,"What's another term for ""grounded"" in the context of PCBs?"
MCMs,Non-traditional PCBs include microwave PCBs and what other type of board?
non-traditional,What class of PCBs are even more susceptible to static than standard ones?
wave soldering machine,"If a lead wasn't soldered manually, what device was used?"
through-hole,Which type of PCB construction technique was used first?
copper traces,"In through-hole construction, what are the leads on the front attached to on the back?"
90 degrees,"For boards with two sides, to what angle are leads bent to in order to install them horizontally?"
mechanical strength,What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs?
Through-hole,Which type of construction is more expensive?
multi-layer,What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture?
mechanical stress,What force might damage a PCB if large components are surface mounted?
small-sized SMD components,What components can be surface mounted to save space?
power requirements,A component might not be able to be made any smaller because of its mechanical limitations or what other need?
mid-1990s,When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?
wire leads,What did the new components with end tabs replace?
automation,What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs?
surface mount devices,What are SMDs?
chip,Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more?
etching,What process is a trace left over from?
width,"Along with thickness, what determines the resistance of a trace?"
signal,What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace?
copper,"In a multi-layer board, what metal would a ground plane be mostly made out of?"
microwave circuits,What type of circuits use a stripline and microstrip format?
type designation,"What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio, among other things?"
Z-axis expansion coefficient,What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?
Tg,What's the abbreviation for the glass transition temperature of a laminate?
Teflon,What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?
phenolic cotton paper,"What pre-preg material is designated by ""FR-2""?"
ball grid array,To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical?
glass fiber,What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?
FR-6,What dielectric is matte glass and polyester?
woven,"Along with the non-woven class, what makes up the reinforcement type materials?"
non-woven,Which is the more expensive reinforcement type?
spatially nonhomogeneous,What type of structure do woven reinforcements have that cause them to have variation in their electrical parameters?
resin/glass,Which ratio varies because of the structure of woven reinforcements?
RF/analog,For what kind of applications are non-woven reinforcement materials better than woven ones?
glass transition temperature,What's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called?
joints,"Along with vias, what makes up the components of a board?"
mechanical overload,What will happen to the components when the temperature of resin goes above that of glass transition?
high Tg matrix,What do thick boards require to resist plating failure?
glass,"When resin stays below Tg, its thermal expansion is similar to that of copper and what other material?"
Moisture absorption,What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?
cracking,"If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?"
0.15%,What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?
4,What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?
Teflon,What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?
three ounces,"What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered ""heavy copper""?"
0.0042 inches,About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?
current,What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?
thermal strains,What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?
external heat sinks,Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?
routing of wires,What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?
a connection,What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?
crosstalk,"Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?"
cost,What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?
wires,"In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?"
Cordwood,What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?
axial-leaded components,What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?
nickel-leaded,What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?
shorting,What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?
Differential thermal expansion,What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?
Albert Hanson,Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?
linen paper,What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?
1913,What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?
a patterned mask,"In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?"
Charles Ducas,Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?
a radio set,What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?
World War II,What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?
1948,When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?
Geoffrey Dummer,Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?
Auto-Sembly,What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?
Globe Union,What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?
Harry W. Rubinstein,Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?
University of Wisconsin-Madison,Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?
ceramic,What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?
Cledo Brunetti Award,What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?
through-hole,What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?
1949,In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?
1956,What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?
U.S. Army,"Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?"
drilling holes,Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders,How many club members are there?
"Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season.",How many matches does each team play?
Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings,What days are most games played?
It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership.,Who sponsors the Premier League?
Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).,What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?
20,How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League?
August to May,When do Premier League seasons run from?
38,How many matches do each team play?
Barclays Bank,Who sponsors the Premier League?
English Premier League,What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK?
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992,What date was the Premier League formed?
BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.,Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?
The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14,How much was the deal worth?
The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights,How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?
"In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.","In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?"
20 February 1992,When was the Premier League originally formed?
1888,When was the Football League originally founded?
116,How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?
38,How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?
€2.2 billion,How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?
"The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,",Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?
broadcast in 212 territories,How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?
a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people,What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues,What is the Premier League's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank?
"the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000",What is the average game attendance for the league?
643 million,To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to?
"36,000",What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season?
Bundesliga,Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football?
212,To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?
4.7 billion,What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
the late '80s had marked a low point for English football,When was the low point for English football?
"Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife",Why was there a low point for English football?
English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.,Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980's?
"The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888",Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level?
1985,In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe?
five years,How long were the clubs banned for?
moved abroad,What did English players do after the ban?
revenues,"When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased?"
by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse,When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?
"England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals.",Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
"UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990",Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990?
(resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991,What did the removal of the ban result in?
proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster,Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums?
1990,In which year did English football's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals?
1990,In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?
1991,In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners' Cup?
January,In which month was the Taylor Report published?
1990,In which year was the Taylor Report published?
the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986,How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986?
"deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years.","In 1998, the deal was renewed for what amount over four years?"
"ten clubs threatened to leave and form a ""super league""","In 1988, how many clubs threateded to leave and form another league?"
to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.,Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league?
£44 million,What did the Football League's television agreement price rise to in 1988?
1988,When was the first year that clubs threatened to leave the Football League?
£6.3 million,What price was set for Football League television rights in 1986?
two,For how many years was the 1986 television rights contract?
four,For how many years was the 1988 television rights contract?
"At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled","In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?"
established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.,What did this agreement establish?
"The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991",When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League,Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?
giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.,Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?
17 July 1991,On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
extra income,What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?
1991,In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?
The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League.,Why did Greg Dyke of London Weekend Television meet with representatives of the biggest five English football clubs in 1990?
Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television,Why did Dyke only want the larger clubs featured on national television?
The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it,Did the five clubs think this was a good idea?
David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea,Were talks held with the Football Association to see if they were okay with this plan?
Greg Dyke,Who was the London Weekend Television's managing director?
1990,"In which year did the managing director meet with the representatives of the ""big five"" football clubs?"
England,"In which country did the managing director meet with the representatives of the ""big five"" football clubs?"
David Dein,Which Arsenal representative held talks with the Football Association about getting their backing for the new league?
weaken the Football League's position,What did the Football Association want to do through building a relationship with the new league?
"In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse",When did the First Division clubs resign from the Football League?
on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate.,When was the FA Premier League formed as a limited company?
the Premier League would operate with a single division,How many divisions did the Premier League start out with at this time?
the Football League with three,How many divisions did the Football League after the the Premier League was founded?
There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight,Was there a change in the competition format after the Premier League was formed?
27 May 1992,On which date was the FA Premier League formed legally?
Football Association,Out of which organization's headquarters did the original FA Premier League staff operate out of?
104,How old was the Football League when the break-up happened?
three,How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split?
a single division,How many divisions did the Premier League start with after the split?
The league held its first season in 1992–93,When did the Premier League hold its first season?
was originally composed of 22 clubs.,"Originally, how many clubs did the Premier League have?"
The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United.,Who scored the first ever goal for the Premier League
"Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division",Which blubs were relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991-1992 season and didn't take part in the first Premier League season?
1992–93,In which years were the first season?
22,How many clubs originally made up the league?
Brian Deane,Who scored the first goal in the Premier League?
Sheffield United,For which team was the first goal scored?
Manchester United,Against which team was the first goal scored?
"the dominance of the so-called ""Big Four"" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United",What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?
Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04,Which team had no losses in 2003-2004 and ended up winning the league?
"Kevin Keegan stated that ""Big Four"" dominance threatened the division,",Why was Kevin Keegan concerned about the league in May of 2008?
"Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League.","Since 2003-04, has any club won all of its games like Arsenal did?"
5,"In how many season from 2003 to 2009 did the ""Big Four"" take all four top places in the UEFA Champions League?"
Arsenal,"Which of the ""Big Four"" teams did not lose a single game in the 2003-04 season?"
Kevin Keegan,"Who stated that ""Big Four"" dominance was a threat to the division?"
Richard Scudamore,"Who said that all of the tussles in the Premier League made it interesting, even if only four teams dominated?"
Premier League chief executive,What was Richard Scudamore's job?
"In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005",Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?
due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs.,Why was there critcism of the elite clubs?
That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four,"Which two ""Big Four"" clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season?"
"Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the ""Big Four"" to win since 1994–95.","Since 1994-95, who was the first club out side of the ""Big Four"" to win the title"
Tottenham,"In the 2009-10 season, which team was the first to break into the ""Big Four"" since 2005?"
fourth,In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season?
Manchester City,"In 2011-12, which club was the first non-""Big Four"" team to win since 1994-95?"
two,"In 2011-12, how many ""Big Four"" clubs finished outside the top four places in the league?"
Everton,"In 2005, which was the only non-""Big Four"" team to break the top four?"
the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995,What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995.
"Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football","In 1995, who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played."
FIFA,Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced?
20,"In 1995, what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to?"
8 June 2006,On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18?
20,"In the 2007-08 season, how many teams was the Premier League left with?"
four,How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?
"Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts.",How many votes does each Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) club have on issues?
"The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 199",Who is the chairman of the FAPL and when was he appointed?
"John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance.",Why did John Quinton and Peter Leaver resign as chairman and chief excutive?
has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.,Does the Football Association say about the management of the Premier League?
member clubs,Who owns the Football Association Premier League?
one,How many votes do the member clubs of the Premier League have each?
the daily operations of the league,What do the people each club elect oversee?
Sir Dave Richards,Who is the current chairman of the Premier League?
Richard Scudamore,Who is the current CEO of the Premier League?
the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients.,Who decides on how many Premeir League representatives there are for the European Club Association?
For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association,How many representatives does the Premier League have for the European Club Association for 2012-13?
The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee,How many members does the European Club Association elect for the UEFA's Club Competitions Committee?
"Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.",Which competitions does the Club Competitions Committee have a say in?
UEFA coefficients,According to what are the number of and which clubs chosen to attend the European Club Association?
10,How many representatives did the Premier League have in the European Club Association during the 2012-13 season?
three,How many members is the European Club Association responsible for electing to the UEFA Club Competitions Committee?
During the course of a season (from August to May),When does the Premier League have its playing season?
"each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games.",How many games does each club play each season?
Teams receive three points for a win,How many points does each club receive for each win?
"Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored.",Which criteria is used to rank the clubs?
"If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank.",How is a tie for the championship handled?
20,How many clubs are currently in the Premier League?
August,Which month marks the start of a Premier League season?
May,Which month marks the start of a Premier League season?
twice,How many times does each club play every other club?
38,How many total games does each club in the Premier League play per season?
The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League,What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?
Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;,What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners?
will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round,Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking?
that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League.,If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League?
Two,How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners?
UEFA Europa League,To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?
first,The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League?
UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League,Which team did not qualifty for Champions League in 2005 but was able to particpate?
"in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place",Did the Liverpool Club place in the Champions League in 2005?
"UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers.",How many qualifiers did England have for the Champions League in 2005?
UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing.,Do defending champtions get to play in the following year's Champions League if they don't have enough wins to qualify
No association can have more than four entrants in the Champions League,How many winning teams from an association can participate in the Champions League?
Liverpool,Which team received special dispensation from the UEFA in 2005 so they could enter the Champions League?
the defending champions,Who did UEFA rule should automatically qualify for the Champions League?
the fourth-placed team,At which team's expense does the previous champion's automatic entry into the Champions League without placing in the top four come?
Chelsea,"In 2012, which team was automatically qualified for the champion's league even though they did not place in the top four?"
Tottenham Hotspur,Which team was denied entry into the Champions League in 2012 due to being bumped out of the running by the defending champion?
Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times,How many times have Premier League teams have won the Champions League since 1992-2013?
won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008),How many times has the Premier League won the World Cup (FIFA Club) during that same time period?
"they have also been runners-up twice,",How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup?
four,How many times did Premier League clubs win the Champions League between 1992 and 2013?
five,How many runners up in the Champions League were from the Premier League between 1992 and 2013?
La Liga,Which league had the most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?
Serie A,Which league had the second most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?
Bundesliga,Which league had only three Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?
"the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues",What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14?
total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10.,What are the Premier League's revenues for 2009-10?
In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category,Which award did the Premier League win in 2010?
for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry.,Why did it receive this award?
"the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues",What were the Premier League's net profits in 2013-14?
Premier League,Which league has the highest revenue in the world?
€2.48 billion,What were the total revenues of the Premier League in the 2009-10 season?
£78 million,What were the net profits of the Premier League in 2013-14?
2010,In which year was the Premier League awarded an International Trade award?
"In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League",Did Swansea qualify for the Europa Leaque in 2012-13?
Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.,When was Swansea City's home match played against Wigan Athletic?
"The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013–14,","In 2013-14, how much did the Premier League's Welsh clubs increase by?"
Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup.,How did Swansea qualify for the Europa League?
"in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season.",Which team gained promotion then but was relegated after its first season?
2011,In which year did a Welsh club participate in the Premier League for the first time?
Swansea City,Which team was promoted to the Premier League in 2011?
Liberty Stadium,In which stadium was the first Premier League match played outside of England?
20 August 2011,On which date did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?
Wigan Athletic,Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?
"in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,","Which team received permission to move to Dublin, Ireland in 1998?"
"Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result.",Are there any clubs Scotland or Ireland in the Premier League?
"Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers,",What are Scotland's two largest teams?
the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.,Why didn't they move to Dublin?
Wimbledon,Which team received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin?
1998,In which year did a Premier League team consider relocating to Ireland?
the media,Who occasionally discusses a Scottish team joining the Premier League?
The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992,Who received broadcasting rights to the Premier League in 1992?
"pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market,",Why was this a unique decision?
the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar.,What happened to the Premier League's televsion rights after this decision?
"a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game",What was the cause of this?
1992,In which year did the Premier League decide to give BSkyB broadcasting rights?
pay television,What sort of television was BSkyB that made it such a radical broadcaster to choose for the Premier League?
"other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually",Do European Leagues sell their television rights per a collective level?
a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs,What happens when European Leagues sell their televsion rights individually?
The money is divided into three parts:,How is the teleivsion revenue distributed in the Premier League?
half is divided equally between the clubs,How is half of the money distributed?
"the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this.",How is the final quarter of the money distributed?
collective basis,On what sort of basis does the Premier League sell its television rights?
individually,How does La Liga sell its broadcasting rights?
the top few clubs,Which clubs get the greatest share of broadcasting income when rights are sold individually?
half,What percentage of broadcasting revenue is divided equally by all La Liga clubs?
one quarter,What percentage of broadcasting revenue is awarded on a merit basis according to ranking at the end of the season?
The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £304 million over five seasons.,How much was the amount of first five seasons of the Sky television rights?
The league brought in £320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004–05 to 2006–07,How much many did the Premier League make from selling its internation rights during 2004-07?
Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available.,What happened to Sky's agreement in 2006.
This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company.,Why did this happen?
giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £40 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010.,What was the average income from media from 2007-2010 for the Premier League?
five,How many seasons did the first television rights contract award to Sky?
£304 million,How much was the first television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?
£670 million,How much was the second television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?
£1.024 billion,How much was the third television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?
Setanta Sports,"By being awarded television rights, which other network broke Sky's monopoly on Premier League coverage?"
The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel,Why has there been a several court cases against Sky and Premier League?
"Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim",What did the Office of Fair Trading decide regarding the claim that Sky abuses their position in 2002.
"In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court,",Who investigated the Premier League's collective selling rights in 1999?
"the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest.",What did they decide about the collective selling issue?
a cartel,What has the agreement between the Premier League and Sky been accused of being?
the Office of Fair Trading,Who investigated the agreement between the Premier League and Sky in 2002?
the UK Restrictive Practices Court,Who investigated how the Premier League sold television rights in 1999?
Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £1.782 billion.,How much money did Premier League earn regarding television rights in 2010-13?
BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013–14 through 2015–16 seasons at £246 million-a-year.,How many games did BT show in 2013-16?
The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £760 million-a-year.,Who will show 116 games for that same time period?
"The total domestic rights have raised £3.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010–11 to 2012–13 rights.",How much have the domestic televsion rights increased from 2010-12 to 2012-13?
Sky and BT paid a total of £5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018–19 season.,How much did BT and Sky pay for their rights up to the 2018-19 season?
2016,When will the BBC's weekend highlights package run out?
£1.782 billion,How much were Premier League television rights from 2010 to 2013 purchased for?
22 June 2009,When did Setanta Sports fail to meet their payments deadline?
ESPN,"When Setanta Sports could not pay their bill to the league, which network took over broadcast rights from them?"
13 June 2012,On which date was it announced that BT was awarded a broadcasting contract?
"The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme",What country is the Premier League the most distributed televised sports broadcast?
"In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In China",Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in India?
"In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013–14 season.",Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in China?
"As of the 2013–14 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN",Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in Canada?
both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season.,How many games does each of them broadcast?
Asia,On which continent other than Europe is the Premier League especially popular?
Fox Sports,Which network is the main live broadcaster of Premier League in Australia?
Foxtel,Which network in Australia offers viewers the choice of which Saturday afternoon match they watch?
STAR Sports,Which network broadcasts Premier League live in India?
Super Sports,Which Chinese broadcaster has Premier League rights?
The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports.,Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in the United States?
"with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season",What was the average viewership in the United States during the 2014-15 season?
NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015,How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015?
in a deal valued at $1 billion (£640 million).,What was the value of this extension?
through the 2021–22 season,When will this extension end?
NBC Sports,Which American broadcaster shows the Premier League currently?
118%,By what percentage has viewership in the US risen from 2012 to 2015?
"479,000",How many viewers on average watched the Premier League 2014-15 season in the US?
2015,In which year did NBC Sports secure an extension of six years with the Premier League?
$1 billion,How much was the NBC broadcasting deal with the Premier League worth in 2015?
"in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,",Why has their been distance between the Premier League and the Football League?
many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League.,Did many new teams in the Premier League have any difficulties in their initial season?
"In every season except 2001–02 and 2011–12, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League.",Was it unusual for a new team to go back to the Football League after their first season in the Premier League?
In 1997–98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.,In the 1997-98 season how many new teams had to go back to the Football League?
newly promoted teams,"Due to the disparity in television rights revenue between leagues, who struggles to avoid relegation in their Premier League first season?"
one,"In every season but 2001-02 and 2011-12, at least how many Premier League teams have been relegated?"
three,How many newly promoted clubs were relegated from the Premier League in 1997-98?
"The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of ""parachute payments"".",If a team is relegated in the Premier League what type of tv payment do they receive?
"critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,",What do critics have to say about this payment?
financial problems,What has happened to some of the clubs who weren't able to get back into the Premier League right away?
the average Football League Championship club receives £2 million,How much does a Football League club receive on average for their television revenues?
the average Premier League team receives £55 million,How does this compare an average Premier League team?
relegated,To which type of team are parachute payments distributed to in the Premier League?
£60 million,"Starting in the 2013-14 season, parachute payments are in excess of what amount of revenue?"
the gap,What is said to widen between clubs who reach the Premier League and those who do not thanks to parachute payments?
as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater,What was the result of their recommendation?
a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished,What did the Taylor Report recommend at the the Hillsborough disaster in 1989?
Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished.,How many stadiums have been closed down since Premier League started?
"The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010–11 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523.",What was the total seating capacity of stadiums in the Premier League in the 2010-11 season.
53,In how many stadiums had Premier League been played as of the 2015-16 season?
standing terraces,What did the Taylor Report recommend to abolish from all stadiums?
Nine,How many stadiums in which the Premier League has been played have been demolished as of 2016?
"16,220",What is the capacity of Bloomfield Road stadium?
"770,477",What is the combined total capacity of all stadiums in the Premier League as of 2011?
Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs.,Are attendance remittances that important to the Premier League?
"The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007–08 season.",What was the Premier Leagues standard attendance in the 2007-08 season?
"the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992–93).",What was the league's first year attendance average?
"in the 2013–14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million,",Attendance for the 2013-14 season set a new record of how much?
"34,215",What was the average attendance for all Premier League clubs during the 2009-10 season?
"13,001,616",What was the total attendance of all Premier League games during the 2009-10 season?
"13,089",By how many attendees did the average Premier League attendance increase between 1992 and 2009?
1994–95,For when did the Taylor Report set the deadline for replacing terraces with seats in stadiums?
2007–08,"During which season did the Premier League set a record average attendance of over 36,000 people?"
"Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition.",What are some of the every day tasks that a manager of a team has to deal with?
Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence,What type of licence does a manager need?
The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis,Is this licence required on a permanent basis?
examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur.,Give an example of someone who was a caretaker manager?
Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment.,What is a caretaker manager?
UEFA Pro Licence,What license are managers in the Premier League required to hold?
UEFA Pro Licence,Which licence follows completion of both the UEFA B and A licences?
12 weeks,For how long at most is an unlicenced caretaker manager allowed to control a Premier League team for?
Paul Hart,Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Portsmouth?
David Pleat,Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur?
"On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,",Which team in 1999 had a line-up for starting that was consisted of all foreign players?
"At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches",At the beginning of the Premier League how many foreign players were there for the first  round of games?
"By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total.",By the 2000-1 season what was the percentage of foreign players?
on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match,Which team in 2005 had all-foreign team players?
"By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.","In 2009, what percent of the players were English in the Premier League?"
eleven,How many of the original Premier League players in the 1992-93 season hailed from outside the UK or Ireland?
36,"By 2000-01, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?"
45,"By 2004-05, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?"
26 December 1999,On which date did Chelsea host an entirely foreign starting line-up and therefore become the first team to do so?
14 February 2005,On which date did Arsenal name a fully foreign 16-man squad for a match?
In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players,Why did the Home Office change it rules regardin work permits in 1999?
A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches,What was one of their changes?
his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years.,What was another requirement of foreign players?
"If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.",Could a club appeal a requirement?
1999,In which year did the Home Office tighten rules on granting work permits to foreign football players?
75,For what percent must a player play of the competitive A team matches for which he was available for selection in the previous two years to get a work permit from the Home OFfice?
70th place,"Over the last two years, what rank must a player's team average at least in order for them to receive a work permit from the Home Office?"
appeal,What can a club do if a player they wish to sign does not meet the Home Office's work permit requirements?
The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January.,When are the transfer windows?
"Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis.",Can players be transferred under an emergency outside the transfer windows?
"As of the 2010–11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21,",What new rule was put into practice during the 2010-11 season?
"This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted,",Why was this new rule put into effect?
Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association.,When can a player be transferred?
transfer windows,During which time can a player be transferred from one European football league to another?
two,How many transfer windows are available each year from the Football Association?
emergency,On which basis are transfers outside of transfer windows licenced?
25,What is the maximum number of players able to be registered to a Premier League team?
8,How many of a 25-member Premier League squad must be from the UK or Ireland?
The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition.,Have transfer fees been increasing over the past years?
Alan Shearer made a record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996.,What was the record breaking transfer fee in 1996?
"Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million in 2009,","In 2009, what was the transfer fee for Cristiano Ronaldo?"
"Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £85 million in 2013,",What was the transfer fee for Gareth Bale in 2013.
Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £75 million in 2014.,What was Luis Suarez's transfer fee in 2014?
Alan Shearer,Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than £3 million?
Alan Shearer,Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than £15 million?
Newcastle United,Who paid £15 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?
1996,In which year did Newcastle United pay £15 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?
£85 million,For how much did Tottenham Hotspur sell Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for in 2013?
The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season.,Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season?
Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260,Who has the record for most goals in the Premier League?
Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark,How many players have achieved 100 goals?
14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.,How many different players have won the top scorer title?
Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.,Who has the record for scoring the most goals in single season?
the top Premier League scorer,To whom is the Golden Boot award given to?
260,Who holds the record for the most goals in the Premier League?
Twenty-four,How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League?
14,How many different players have won or shared the top scorer title in the Premier League?
Thierry Henry,Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?
The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football.,What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?
Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy,Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?
"the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season",Where can the third lion be seen?
The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.,What do the ribbons on the trophy mean?
malachite,"The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver, silver gilt and which semi-precious stone?"
silver,On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot?
the green field of play,What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent?
Two,How many lions are found on the Golden Boot?
the captain of the title winning team,Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy?
509 BC,When did the Roman Republic begin?
27 BC,When did the Roman Republic end?
the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom,What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?
31 BC,When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium?
Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian,What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic?
citizens,Who elected consuls in the Roman government?
leading plebeian families,Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?
the Justinian Code,What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?
appointed magistrates,What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?
political success,What went hand and hand with military success?
inter-state factors,What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?
imperialism,What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?
restoration of the way things were,What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?
mutual self-protection,What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?
land,What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?
Second Punic War,After what war did the alliances start to solidify?
This growing coalition,What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?
southern Italian,What towns had chosen Hannibal's side?
membership (and protection),What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy?
destabilisation,What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?
Polybius,Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?
alliance-seeking,Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?
Greek,Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?
crisis management,What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?
the time of the Roman Empire,At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?
intentional empire-building,What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?
independent,What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?
the Battle of Lake Regillus,In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?
496 BC,What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?
477 BC,In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?
the Battle of Corbione,What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?
Etruscan control,Who initially had control over the Sabines?
387 BC,When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?
"15,000 troops",How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?
Rome,Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?
Brennus,What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?
two Etruscan towns,Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?
Italy,What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked?
two battles,How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War?
revolt of several of their Latin allies,What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War?
341 BC,When did The First Samnite War end?
Latins,Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius?
Pyrrhus,Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army?
negotiate,What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus?
Pyrrhus,What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from?
Seeing little hope for further gains,What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy?
275 BC,In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?
naval battles,What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?
grappling engine,What type of engine was invented by the Romans?
Xanthippus,Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?
The Romans,Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?
the Carthaginians,Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?
Hasdrubal Barca,What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?
Metaurus River,At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?
the Battle of Zama,In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at?
Scipio Africanus,Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa?
to threaten the Carthaginian capital,Why did the Romans send an army to Africa?
Treaties,What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?
punic colonies,What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?
punic cities,What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?
complete surrender,What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?
Rome,Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?
Macedonia,What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?
westward,Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?
Greek peninsula,What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?
Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet,At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?
Hannibal,Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?
"""Peace of the Greeks""",What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?
Greece,Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?
an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies,What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?
197 BC,In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?
his recent Greek conquests,What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?
Hannibal,Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?
"an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself",What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?
Seleucids,Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?
Seleucids,Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?
Philip,Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?
Sicily,Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?
in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy,Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?
the Seleucids,Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?
assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace,Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?
Battle of Magnesia,What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?
179 BC,In what year did Philip pass away?
Perseus,Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?
168 BC,In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?
by sending a stronger army,How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians?
Rome,Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War?
four client republics,How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?
148 BC,In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?
a Macedonian pretender to the throne,Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?
destabilizing,What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?
The Romans,Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?
The Jugurthine War,What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?
treachery,What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?
Jugurtha,Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?
104 BC,When did the Jugurthine War end?
the Romans,Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?
101 BC,When did the Cimbrian War end?
121 BC,In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?
The Cimbrian War,What war began in the year 113 BC?
northern Europe,Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?
with plunder,How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?
their generals,Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?
the slaves,Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?
twelve,Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?
Octavian,Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?
"150,000",How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?
91 BC,When was the beginning of the Social War?
"more than 500,000",How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?
three,How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?
"allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards",Ultimately what started the Social War?
civil wars,What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?
88 BC,In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?
very door of the city,In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place?
an army of the Marius supporters,Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate?
the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another,What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic?
Mithridates the Great,Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?
Gaius Marius,With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?
by seeking to expand his kingdom,How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?
63 BC,When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?
"80,000",How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?
Julius Caesar,Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?
would give him the dramatic military success he sought,Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?
59 BC,When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?
Pompey,What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?
two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul,What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?
53 BC,When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?
Crassus,Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?
the Battle of Carrhae,In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?
Pompey,Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?
turned over control of his armies to the state,What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?
49 BC,During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?
Pompey,Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?
Caesar,Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?
Egypt,In what country did Pompey die in?
48 BC,In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?
Caesar,Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?
senators,Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?
Mark Antony,Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?
March 44 BC,When did Julius Caesar die?
the Roman Republic was in danger,Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?
Second Triumvirate of Octavian,What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?
27 BC,In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?
Octavian,Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?
Octavian,Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?
Octavian,Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?
senators,Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?
life term,What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?
509 BC,When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus,Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?
old king,Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?
494 BC,In what year was the city in conflict with two nearby tribes?
The plebeians,Which group of people requested the ability to elect officials?
plebeian aediles,What were the assistants to the plebeian tribunes named?
the tribunes,Who used the vetoes that they had been given to prevent the appointment of magistrates?
5th century BC,During what century were reformed passed that allowed laws passed by the plebeians to have the full force of the law?
342 BC,What year were limits placed upon plebeians that prevented them from holding more than one office concurrently?
interest,What could no longer be associated with debt after laws were passed preventing it?
337 BC,What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor?
gave the tribunes a great deal of power,How did senators attempt to gain the favor of the tribunes?
the tribunate,What was considered a pathway to holding a higher office?
before 312 BCE,In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?
plebeians,Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?
only patricians,Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?
Plebiscitum Ovinium,What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?
the censor,Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?
poor,What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?
senators,Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?
the final plebeian secession,What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to?
the Lex Hortensia,What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators?
patricians,Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians?
The plebeians,Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome?
A small number,How many plebeian families had an identical standing as the old aristocratic patrician families?
more rights,What did the rebelling plebeians want before they returned to Rome?
287 BC and 133 BC,What years did no important political changes happen during?
because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy,Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?
the plebeians,What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them?
the possession of power,What was a political element that satiated the plebeians?
the senate,Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time?
long military campaigns,What had caused citizens to vacate their farms?
offered them the most,How could a candidate assure the vote of a poverty stricken plebeian?
culture of dependency,What type of culture was a side effect of the rampant poverty of the average plebeian?
commodity prices fell,What caused the bankruptcy of many farmers during this era?
landed aristocracy,Who had bought the now bankrupt farms?
tribune,To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?
Tiberius Gracchus,Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?
when he stood for reelection to the tribunate,When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered?
Marcus Octavius,Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council?
that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people,What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory?
123 BC,In what year was Gaius elected to office?
Gaius,Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?
weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces,What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?
Gaius,Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?
Capitoline Hill in Rome,What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?
Jugurtha,Who was the illegitimate offspring of the King Micipsa of Numidia?
Gaius Marius,Who was Jugurtha's rival?
107 BC,When was Gaius Marius elected to the position of consul?
aristocratic senators,Who did not agree with the election of Gaius Marius?
Marius,Which individual did the populares part have an allegiance with?
88 BC,In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus?
Lucius Cornelius Sulla,Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates?
populares,What political party did Lucius Cornelius Sulla belong to?
Sulla,Who had successfully passed a law whose sole purpose was to lessen the power of the tribunate?
Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city,What happened after Sulla returned to the conflict with Mithridates?
ten-year interval,How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?
most of Marius' supporters,Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?
78 BC,In what year did Sulla die?
83 BC,In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city?
Sulla,Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates?
Spain,Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?
Pompey,Which former lieutenant of Sulla had dismantled most of the constitution that Sulla had crafted?
70 BC,In what year was the election held that let Pompey and Crassus obtain the seat of consul?
Spartacus,Who was the instigator in the slave revolt in Italy?
71 BC,When did Pompey return to Rome after having quelled the uprising in Spain?
Around 66 BC,When did the movement that considered the use of peaceful means to solve the plight of lesser classes begin?
one former consul,How many former consuls in Rome were executed as a result of a conspiracy?
Faesulae,What town was a common site of agitation within the area?
Cicero,Who can lay claim to the destruction of Lucius Sergius Catilina's forces?
Lucius Sergius Catilina,Which individual had planned an uprising that ideally would see the death of most of the Roman senators?
59 BC,In which year would Julius Caesar hope to be elected to the position of consul?
First Triumvirate,"What was the name of the private agreement between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus?"
a future consulship,What was Crassus agree to receive in the First Triumvirate agreement?
61 BC,When did Julius Caesar return to Rome?
successes against Catiline,What provided the Roman senate with exuberance?
Bibulus,Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed?
sacrilege case,What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius?
Clodius,Who enacted a law that would increase the partial grain subsidy?
Cicero,Which individual lost his home to a fire?
Publius Clodius Pulcher,Who was elected to the tribunate in 58 BC?
Clodius,Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey?
consul,What political position were Pompey and Crassus assured they would receive in 55 BC?
childbirth,What caused the death of Julius Caesar's female offspring?
Domitius Ahenobarbus,Which individual ran for consul in 55 BC?
Crassus,Who was responsible for an expedition against the Parthian Kingdom?
52 BC,In which year did Clodius die?
Milo,Who was responsible for the death of Clodius?
Pompey,Who did the senators decide would aid them in their conflict with Caesar?
dictatorial,What type of powers were granted to Pompey by the senate?
Caesar's rapid advance,Ultimately what forced the senate to abandon Rome and flee to Greece?
Caesar,In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?
power to veto,What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?
46 BC,In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?
raised the membership of the Senate to 900,What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?
"March 15, 44 BC",On what date was Caesar killed?
senators,Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?
the monarchy,What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?
fear of retaliation,Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?
Caesar,Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?
Mark Antony,Who was soon allied with Caesar's adopted son following his death?
Battle of Actium,In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?
42 BC,In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?
he committed suicide,How did Mark Antony die?
the Second Triumvirate,What was the alliance that was formed with Marcus Lepidus named?
Rome's military,Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?
obstinate persistence,What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?
civil war,What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?
defense of an ally,What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?
Servius Tullius,Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?
"wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment",Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?
wealthiest citizens,Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation?
Greeks,From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?
Halicarnassus,Where did Dionysius hail from?
"only effective when fighting in large, open spaces",What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?
4th century BC,In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?
manipular formation,What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle?
copied from Rome's Samnite enemies,Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?
hilly terrain,What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula?
300 horsemen,How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?
richest class of equestrians,Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?
lower social classes.,What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of?
heavy infantry,"What type of infantry joined light, and the cavalry in battle?"
light infantry,Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry?
the Socii,Where did Rome receive half of their army from?
900 cavalry,How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?
"770,000 men",How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?
alae,What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?
military confederation with the other peoples,What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?
2nd century BC,During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?
greater collapse of the middle classes,What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?
huge losses incurred during various wars,What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?
property,What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?
all citizens,Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?
citizen stock,Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?
non-citizens,Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?
Gaius Marius,Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?
Marian reforms,What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?
480 infantrymen,Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?
8 men,How many troops were placed into each tent group?
cavalry troops,Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield?
cohort,What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion?
Mediterranean Sea,In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates?
as many as a thousand ships,Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities?
Caesar,Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the English Channel?
to meet several new demands,What was the driving force behind the revitalization of the Roman naval forces?
Roman navy,What aspect of the Roman military saw a decline in size after the subjugation of the Mediterranean?
the esteem and prestige of the senators,What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?
the senate,Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?
senatus consulta,What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called?
foreign policy,What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate?
the senate itself would select its members,What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress?
legal status of Roman citizenship,What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?
assemblies,Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?
optimo jure,Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?
magistrates,Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect?
concilia,What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in?
Comitia Centuriata,What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?
centuries,What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?
magistrates,Which elected official had imperium powers?
It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases,Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?
35 tribes,How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?
geographical subdivisions,How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?
the Comitia Tributa,What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?
Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes,When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?
a plebeian,Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?
People of Rome,Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate?
imperium,What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power?
authority to command a military force,What did the constitutional power of imperium grant a magistrate?
to look for omens,What would be one of the duties that a newly elected magistrate could expect to perform?
power of coercion,What power was in possession of every single magistrate in Rome?
one-year,How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?
at least two people,How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?
Provocatio,What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus?
promagistrate,What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued?
a tribune,Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?
Consuls,Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?
Praetors,Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?
two censors,Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?
18-month term,How long could an elected censor remain in office for?
quaestors,What officer primarily had duties over finance matters?
six months,How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?
Constitutional government would be dissolved,What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?
capital offense,What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as?
their sacrosanctity,What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers?
the city center,Where did the bulk of the cities populace live?
apartment blocks,What type of housing could be located in the city center?
Palatine Hill,From what local area in Rome is the word palace borrowed from?
seven,How many areas in Rome could be called hills?
European cultures,What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?
Latin,What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?
Greeks,From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?
Latin,What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?
over 25%,Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?
slave markets,Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?
Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered,Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?
law enforcement,What branch of law did Rome lack?
an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself,Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?
a toga,What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?
toga virilis,What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?
The toga pulla,What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?
Senators,Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping?
usually brightly coloured,How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic?
11 o'clock,When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?
Fingers were used,What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?
staple,What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome?
poet,What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice?
stools,What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?
Wine,What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?
An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic,What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?
all meals,During what meals was wine commonly drank?
Drinking on an empty stomach,What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?
physical training,How did Romans develop their male children as Roman citizens?
Girls,Who could be expected to obtain guidance in the art of weaving?
Oratory,What Roman art involved speeches made to the public?
around 200 BC,When did academic schooling begin in the Roman Republic?
various military conquests in the Greek East,What caused the Romans to conform several educational concepts to their own system?
Latin,What was the primary language of the Romans?
Romance languages,What type of language is French considered to be?
Vulgar Latin,What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?
pronunciation,How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin?
English,Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin?
Greek authors,Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?
poetry,What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?
Virgil,Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?
Lucretius,What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?
Aeneid,Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?
Music,What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?
Greek,What language does the word Music see it's origins in?
"developments only within the last 1,000 years",What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us?
Many private and public events were accompanied by music,Could events in the Roman Republic often include music?
urban requirements changed,What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?
Roman concrete,What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?
"even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently",Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?
The architectural style,What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?
Campus Martius,What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised?
Field of Mars,What could you also call Rome's Campus Maritus?
backgammon,What is the Roman board game Tabula a precursor to?
Latrunculi,What was Roman version of Chess called?
around 500 BC,When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? 
Greek,Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?
Proto-Indo-European pantheon,Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?
an altar,What religious element could be found in all Roman households?
each household,What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?
early December 1941,When do most people believe the Pacific War began?
7/8 December 1941,On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
7 July 1937,When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?
Empire of Japan and the Republic of China,Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?
Japan invaded Thailand,Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?
7/8 December 1941,What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?
19 September 1931,When did Japan invade Manchuria?
Japan,What nation initiated hostilities?
7 July 1937,When did Japan invade China?
World War II,What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,What events ended the war with Japan?
2 September 1945,On what date did Japan surrender?
a new liberal-democratic constitution,What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?
aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay,Where did Japan's surrender occur?
Shinto Directive,What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?
Japan,What nation were the allies against?
Germany and Italy,What nations comprised the Axis?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki,What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?
8 August 1945,When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?
2 September 1945,When did Japan surrender?
Greater East Asia War,By what name was the war with Japan referred?
Japan–China Incident,What did Japanese officials call the war?
achieving their independence from the Western powers,What was the reason Japan gave for the war?
12 December,What date was the new name of the war released?
Greater East Asia War,What name did Japan call the war?
10 December 1941,When did Japan adobt the name for the war?
independence from the Western powers,What was Japan's publicised war goal?
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?
by a cabinet decision,How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?
temporary alliance,What role did Thailand play in the war?
Wang Jingwei regime,Which group controlled Chinese costal regions?
Phayap Army,Which army invaded Burma?
Britain,Burma was formerly annexed by what country?
Axis,What states assisting Japan was Thailand a part of?
1941,What year did Thailand form an alliance with Japan?
Phayap Army,What army invaded northeastern Burma?
Manchukuo and Mengjiang,What were the Japanese puppet states?
Wang Jingwei regime,Who controlled the coast of China?
not an ally,Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?
blackmail,What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?
the same way,Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?
Thailand,"According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?"
"Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands",What nations were occupied by the Axis?
not as a former enemy,"After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?"
Japanese troops,Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?
Korea and Formosa,Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?
Collaborationist units,What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? 
Philippines,"What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?"
Vichy,What French forces assisted Japan?
Korea and Formosa,What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?
ex-colonial police,Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?
took part,Did Mexico play a part in the war?
Australia,What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?
United States,On which side of the war were the Chinese?
Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea,What colonies did the Netherlands possess?
Republic of China,What large Asian country was allied with the United States?
Commonwealth of the Philippines,What was the name of the Philippines nation?
Netherlands,What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?
Netherlands,What nation possessed west New Guinea?
Marco Polo Bridge Incident,"What incident occured on July 7, 1937?"
Soviet Union,Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?
December 1937,When did the Nanking Massacre occur?
Taierzhuang,Where was the first Nationalist victory?
condemned,How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?
7 July 1937,When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?
Marco Polo Bridge Incident,What incident started the war between China and Japan?
Nanking,What was the capital of China?
December 1937,When was Nanking captured?
Soviet Union,What nation provided material support to China?
Vichy France,Who controled Indochina in 1940?
Germany and Italy,Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?
September 1940,When did Japan invade Indochina?
little coordination,Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?
September 1940,When did Japan take over Indochina?
Vichy France,Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?
27 September,When did Japan become an Axis power?
little,How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?
three,How many nations comprised the Axis powers?
low military-industrial capacity,Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives?
"""Three Alls Policy"" (""Kill all, Burn all, Loot all"")",What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China?
mountainous terrain,What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?
Chungking,In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital?
"""Kill all, Burn all, Loot all""","What was Japan's ""Three Alls Policy""?"
1941,What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate?
Chungking,Where was the Chinese provisional capital?
mountainous terrain,What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese?
Communists,What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China?
Chiang Kai-shek,Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?
January 1941,When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?
supporting several,Did Japan support rival governments?
January 1941,When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?
puppet,What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?
Nationalist government,What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?
Sankichi Takahashi,Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?
oil reserves,Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?
1940,In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?
Admiral Sankichi Takahashi,Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?
oil reserves,What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?
1940,By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?
"""ABCD (""American-British-Chinese-Dutch"")",What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?
"stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan",What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?
denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities,Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?
to discourage Japanese militarism,Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?
as acts of aggression,How did Japan view Western embargos?
about 80%,What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?
"""ABCD line""",What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?
recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.,What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?
impossible,Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?
"defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest",What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?
impossible,What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?
Japanese hegemony in Asia,What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?
canceled,"If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?"
historical experiences,What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?
eight,How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
not officially at war,Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?
"2,403",How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
allow Japan free rein in Asia,Why did Japan attack America?
aircraft carriers,What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?
7 December,When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?
eight,How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
"2,403",How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
188,How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
at sea,Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Lend-Lease,What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?
8 December,On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?
Four days,How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?
strategic blunder,Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?
"800,000",how many members did the America First Committee have?
America First Committee,What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?
8 December,When did the United States declare war on Japan?
Four,How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?
Commander Arthur McCollum,Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?
1 January 1942,What date was the first official use of the term United Nations?
General Sir Archibald Wavell,Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942?
15 January,When did General Wavell assume control of the Southheast Asia Allied forces?
thinly,How spread out were the Allied forces in Southeastern Asia?
Bandung,Where did General Wavell command the Allied forces from?
Solomon Islands,What islands did Japan invade?
15 February 1942,When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese?
"about 130,000",How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Battle of Singapore?
25 February,When did General Wavell resign as commander of the Allied forces of Southeastern Asia?
"Commander-in-Chief, India","After Wavell resigned from ABDACOM, What post did he return to?"
March 1942,When did the Chinese attack Burma?
"7,000",How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??
Sun Li-jen,Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung?
"550,000",How many of Chiang Kai-Shek's troops were controlled by warlords?
Szechuan army,What was Chiang Kai-Shek's strongest army?
Two,How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?
Burma,Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?
Japanese Army,What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia?
Port Moresby,What was the capital of Papua?
United States,What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade?
President Franklin Roosevelt,Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia?
March 1942,When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia?
MacArthur,Who was the Supreme Commander of the South West Allied forces?
Melbourne,Where was MacArthur's headquarters moved to in March of 1942?
two,"How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?"
President Franklin D. Roosevelt,What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?
1 April 1942,When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?
Harry Hopkins,Who was President Roosevelt's key advisor?
Washington,Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located?
Portuguese Timor,Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led?
USS Lexington,What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?
Admiral Fletcher,What admiral was the USS Lexington under?
May 1942,When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?
Shōhō,What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
Lexington,What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
Aleutian Islands,"In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?"
capture of Midway,What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?
272,How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?
348,How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?
115,How many U.S. planes were land-based?
4 June,When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway?
15,How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet?
twice,How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft?
four,How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway?
munitions,What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked?
"10,000 feet",At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?
Hiryū,Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway.
Allies,Who won the Battle of Midway?
four,How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?
Owen Stanley Ranges,What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?
Second Australian Imperial Force,What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? 
Milne Bay,"In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?"
eastern tip,Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?
Mediterranean,What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?
Guadalcanal,Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend?
Henderson Field,Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces 
"""Tokyo Express""",What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field?
the multitude of ships sunk,"What was the reason for the name ""Ironbottom Sound"" of the water stretches new Guadalcanal?"
February 1943,When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field?
Yueyang,"Where were the 40th, 3rd, and 6th divisions massed at in China?"
Xinqiang River,"What is the first river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions crossed while advancing southward?"
"250,000",How many Chinese civilians were estimated to have died during the Japanese Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign?
Miluo River,"What is the river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions tried crossing to reach Changsha?"
Isamu Yokoyama,"Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November, 1943?"
South East Asia Command,"What Allied command replaced the British India Command in August, 1943?"
Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten,"Who was appointed Supreme Commander of the SEAC in October, 1943?"
General Joseph Stilwell,Who was deputy commander to Mountbatten?
Ledo Road,What was the name of the new link between India and China by land?
Japanese in Burma,The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to take on what force?
"increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew",What did the United States turn it's industry to in the two years folloing the Battle of Midway?
air attack,How were the bypassed Japanese strongholds neutralized?
submarine blockade,What blockade against Japan  was to be improved on?
strangled Japan,What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?
submarines,What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?
two percent,What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?
virtually stranded,What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?
56%,What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines?
28%,What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?
George H.W. Bush,What future U.S. president was rescued by a submarine?
reconnaissance roles,What was one of the important roles submarine played in the war?
unrestricted submarine warfare,What doctrine did Roosevelt give for submarines against Japan?
Conrad Helfrich,Who was the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?
"""Ship-a-day Helfrich""",What was the nickname given to the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?
Sagiri,What was the first Japanese warship to be sunk by submarine?
24 December 1941,When was the first Japanese warship sunk by a submarine?
Imperial Japanese Navy,What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?
guerre de course,What was commerce raiding refered to as?
long-range reconnaissance,What was the primary use of Japanese submarines?
1942 and 1943,When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia?
little,What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve?
commerce raiding,What did the US Navy rely on?
Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines,What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?
close surveillance of enemy bases,What did Admiral Nimitze rely on submarines for?
September 1943,When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected?
Japanese merchant marine code,"What was the ""maru code""?"
1944,When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect?
180,How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1942 by United States submarines?
"1,200",How many Japanese merchant ships did Allied submarines sink during the war?
eight,How many Japanese carriers were sunk during the war?
603,How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines?
Operation Ichi-Go,What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China?
Guangxi,Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?
Operation Ichi-Go,What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II?
Chinese Communist guerrillas,Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?
"about 100,000",How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?
South East Asia command,What command prepared offensives into Burma after the Allied setbacks in 1943?
Joseph Stilwell,Who led Chinese and American troops for NCAC?
Ledo Road,What road did the NCAC extend into northern Burma?
XV Corps,Who advanced aling the Arakan Province coast?
XV Corps,Who did aircraft drop supplies to isolated units until they could be relieved?
March,What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India?
Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi,Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go?
Kohima in Nagaland,Where had the Japanese advanced to?
main road to Imphal,What did the Japanese cut?
defences at Kohima,What had the Japanese failed to capture?
starved,What happened to Mutaguchi's troops?
22 June,When was the Japanese siege of Imphal broken?
"50,000",How many troops had the Japanese lost?
starvation and disease,What was the main cause of death of the Japanese troops?
Battle of Imphal,What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for?
Chindits,Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma?
Mount Song,What fortified position was captured by the Chinese Expeditionary Force?
middle of 1944,When did the Chinese invade northern Burma?
Myitkyina,"What airfield was taken by the NCAC in August, 1944?"
Saipan,What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold?
15,How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?
956,How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?
325-mile,What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters?
nine,How many carriers did Ozawa have?
17,How many of Ozawa's submarines were sunk by American destroyers?
staggered,In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets?
one,How many American warships were damaged during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot?
combat information centers,Where did the radio interception orders to U.S> Hellcat fighters come from?
Nimitz,Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers?
second,On what day did U.S> planes located Ozawa's fleet?
275,How many miles away was Ozawa's fleet located?
130,How many planes did the U.S. lose?
450,How many planes did Japan lose?
76,How many U.S. aircrews were lost?
Battle of Leyte Gulf,What is argued to be the largest naval battle in history?
23 to 26 October 1944,When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf occur?
12 October,When did Nimitz launch a carrier raid against Formosa?
Battle of Leyte Gulf,What was the largest naval battle in World War II?
Philippines,What did Nimitz favor blockading?
V. Adm. Takeo Kurita,Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?
one or more,How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?
Sho-1,What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte?
five,"How many battleships were in Kurita's ""Center Force""?"
12,"How many cruisers were in Kurita's ""Center Force""?"
13,"How many destroyers were in Kurita's ""Center Force""?"
24 October,When did Kurita's force enter the Sibuyan Sea?
two,How many battleships were in Nishimura's force?
Shima,Which Japanese admiral was a  rival of Nishimura?
22,How many miles was Shima's fleet behind Nishimura?
R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf,Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island?
six,How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have?
16:40 on 24 October,"When did the allies spot Ozawa's ""Northern Force""?"
four,"How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's ""Northern Force""?"
"1,000",How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?
17,How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
63,How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
03:00 on 25 October,When did Kurita pass through the San Bernardino Strait?
along the coast of Samar,Where did Kurit head after passing through the San Bernardino Strait?
"Taffy 1, 2 and 3",Admiral Kincaid commanded what three groups of the Seventh Fleet?
Destroyer attacks,What broke the Japanes formations under Kurita?
Three,How many of Kurita's heavy cruisers were sunk?
attack from the sea,What were the Leyte beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army secured from?
April 1945,When did Operation Ten-Go occur?
five,How many battleships did Kurita begin Operation Ten-Go with?
Yamashiro,What was the last battleship in history to engage in combat with another battleship?
Yamato,Which battleship was still capable of combat when Kurita returned to Japan?
20 October 1944,When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte?
Ormoc Bay area,Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte?
U.S. Fifth Air Force,What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese?
months,Fighting continued on Leyte for how long?
Samar,What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte.
Mindoro,"Landings were made on the beaches of what island on December 15, 1944?"
Luzon,Lingayen Gulf operations supported what landings?
General Krueger,Who led the Sixth Army?
40,Clark field was how many miles northwest of Manila?
Palawan,What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?
Palawan,What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?
Puerto Princesa,Where did the Eighth Army land?
Filipino guerrillas,Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?
Palawan,What is the western-most Philippine island?
battle of Iwo Jima,"What was ""Operation Detachment""?"
February 1945,"When did ""Operation Detachment"" occur?"
8,How many square miles is the island of Iwo Jima?
Tokyo,Iwo Jima is halfway between the Mariana Islands and what city?
three,How many airfields were on Iwo Jima?
11,How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?
underground tunnels,What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?
Kuribayashi,Who transformed the island into a fortress?
the defender,Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?
mid-June 1944,When did Iwo Jima come under bombardment?
"some 30,000","How many men landed on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945?"
Mount Suribachi,What was the name of the mountain on Iwo Jima?
"almost 2,000",How many U.S. Marines were killed by the time thhey reached the west coast of the island?
28th,What marine regiment reached the summit of Mount Suribachi?
23 February,When was the summit of Mount Suribachi reached by U.S. marines?
Navy Secretary James Forrestal,"Who said ""there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years""?"
26 March,When was the island of Iwo Jima secured by the Americans?
"1,083",How many Japanese prisoners were taken on Iwo Jima?
Rangoon,What was the capital of Burma?
Rangoon,What was the principle port of Burma?
1 May,When was Operation Dracula launched?
Fourteenth Army,What force was delayed by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon?
April,What month was a delay caused by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon?
six,How many British and Australian prisoners survived out of about 2500 around Sandakan?
Borneo,Sandakan was located in what providence?
seven,"In 1945, how many years had Japan already been at war with China?"
Battle of West Hunan,What battle did the Japanese Army begin to prepare for in March 1945?
"80,000",How many Japanese soldiers were mobilized to capture the Chinese airfields and railroads in West Hunan?
He Yingqin,Who was the Chinese commander-in-chief of the 10th and 27th Army Groups?
August 1945,When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi?
"3,000",How many B-29 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa?
240,How many squadrons of B=17 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa?
"115,000",How many Japanese troops were on Okinawa?
1 April 1945,When did the United States land forces on Okinawa?
38,How many U.S. ships were lost at Okinawa?
94,What percent of Japanese troops died on Okinawa?
Japanese surrender,"Using a total blockade and air raids, what did the US Navy hope to force?"
"117,000",How many Japanese troops defended Okinawa?
kamikaze tactics,How did the Japanese attempt to cause high Allied casualties?
General Curtis LeMay,Who was over the new U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific command?
"100,000","How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945?"
26 July 1945,When was the Potsdam Declaration issued?
General Curtis LeMay,Who oversaw Operation Starvation?
Potsdam Declaration,"What ultimatum stated that Japan would face ""prompt and utter destruction"" if it did not surrender?"
atomic bomb,"America dropped what on August 6, 1945?"
Hiroshima,What was the forst Japenese city nuked by the United States?
Operation Downfall,What was the name of the blockade and bombing of Japan planed to make them surrender?
9 August,When did American drop a nuclear bomb on Nagasaki?
Richard B. Frank,Who wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was unlikely?
9 August 1945,When did the soviet Union invade Manchukuo?
Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation,What was the last campaign of World War II?
Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation,What was the largest campaign of the Soviets against Japan?
Soviet Union,"Who gained Manchukuo, Mengjiang, and northern Korea after the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Campaign?"
9 August 1945,When did hostilities between Japan and the Soviet Union resum after six years of peace?
"""Twin Shocks""",How did the Japanese refer to the atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion?
15 August,When did Japan surrender?
"""prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler""",What was the one condition Japan wanted before accepting the Potsdam terms?
"""authority"" of the emperor ""shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers""",What was the reply to Japan about the surrender condition?
"""sacred decision""",What was it called when the Japanese Cabinet accepted the Potsdam terms?
14 August,What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?
15 August,"What day is know in the United States as ""V-J Day""?"
2 September 1945,When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?
USS Missouri,On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation?
General Douglas MacArthur,Who accepted the Japanese surrender?
"200,000",How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army?
35,"In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?"
Junichiro Koizumi,In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.
Shinzō Abe,In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves?
Korea and China,Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?
"15,000",About how many Australians were taken prisoner after the fall of Singapore and British Malaya?
1942,In what year did Japan establish a base in New Guinea?
19 February,What date was the Australian mainland first attacked?
Darwin,What mainland Australian city was attacked by the Japanese on February 19?
19,For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by Japan?
the fall line,Richmond is located at what line of the James river?
"Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.",At what intersections is the Richmond located?
Henrico and Chesterfield counties,What counties are located? around Washington.D.C?
Midlothian,What suburb is located on the southwest?
Glen Allen,What suburb is located on the north and west?
"Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288",What are the major roads in Richmond?
44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg,What is the closest historically famous city is 44 miles away?
Henrico and Chesterfield counties,What counties surround Richmond?
"Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast",Name at least two major suburbs of Richmond.
44,How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?
106,How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?
south,"Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?"
Midlothian,What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?
west,Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?
the Powhatan Confederacy,Richmond was an important city of what confederacy? 
English colonists from Jamestown,Richmond was briefly settled by whom?
"1609, and in 1610–1611",When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?
1737,When was present day Richmond founded?
Give me liberty or give me death,what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
1609,When was Richmond first settled?
1737,When was the City of Richmond founded?
"Patrick Henry's ""Give me liberty or give me death"" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church",What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond?  Where?
Confederate,What 'side' was Richmond on in the Civil War?
Thomas Jefferson,Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
English,What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?
1737,In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?
Give me liberty or give me death,What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
St. John's Church,In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?
Thomas Jefferson,Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
"law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies",What things are important to the economy of Richmond?
"The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals",What judicial branches are located in Richmond?
12 Federal Reserve Banks,"There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond.  How many are there, total?"
Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco,Name a Fortune 500 company with it's headquarters in Richmond
government,"Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?"
Fourth,What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?
13,How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?
12,How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?
Dominion Resources,"Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?"
1775,What year did Patrick Henry give his speech?
the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond,"What happened on April 18, 1780?"
Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence,What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?
to isolate the capital from British attack,What's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond?
Thomas Jefferson,Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781
First Continental Congress,What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?
Williamsburg,What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?
Benedict Arnold,What general led the troops that burned Richmond?
Sampson Mathews,Who led the militia that defended Richmond?
Thomas Jefferson,Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
the basis for the separation of church and state,What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
Thomas Jefferson,Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
Thomas Jefferson,Who designed the Richmond Capital Building?
"Capitol building, was designed by",Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau?
1788,When was the Capital building completed?
Charles-Louis Clérisseau,Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?
1788,In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?
Richmond,What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom,What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?
1782,In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
James River and Kanawha Canal,What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?
Kanawha River,To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?
Philadelphia,To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?
Box,What was Henry Brown's nickname?
industrial,What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?
17 April 1861,On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?
Confederacy,"After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?"
1862,"Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?"
Tredegar Iron Works,What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?
CSS Virginia,What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?
White House of the Confederacy,What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?
two blocks,How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?
McClellan,Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?
east,Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?
tenth,5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?
Boydton Plank,On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?
John B. Gordon,What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?
March,In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?
tobacco,What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?
Godfrey Weitzel,What general received the surrender of Richmond?
"April 2, 1865",On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?
train,By what means did Davis leave Richmond?
25,What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?
April 3,What was the date before the day Lincoln entered Richmond?
10000,How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered?
North Carolina,To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered?
Appomattox Court House,In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant?
two,How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe?
railroads,What mode of transportation took over from the canals?
triple,What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?
James Albert Bonsack,Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?
Roanoke,From what city did James Bonsack originate?
Richmond Union Passenger Railway,What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?
"85,050","When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?"
13,How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?
37.9,What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?
Wall Street of Black America,What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?
Maggie L. Walker,Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?
1965,When did the so-called downtown boom in Richmond end?
700,About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom?
Medical College of Virginia,What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University?
south,In what direction did Richmond's borders expand in 1970?
Chesterfield,People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970?
160,How many square kilometers is Richmond?
2.7,How many square miles of Richmond is water?
4.3,What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?
Piedmont,In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?
Appomattox,"Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?"
Shockoe Bottom,What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?
Monroe Ward,What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?
Church Hill,What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?
public housing projects,What is Fairfield Court?
1737,In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?
Broad,The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street?
Jackson Ward,"Along with Newtowne West, to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics?"
Monument Avenue,What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings?
Museum District,In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found?
black,What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood?
Southside,What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?
middle class,"Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?"
Hillside Court,What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?
Chesterfield,"Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?"
impoverished,What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?
Cfa,What is Richmond's Köppen climate classification?
generally cool,How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?
mountains,What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?
February,In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?
43,About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?
autumn,What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness?
once,How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually?
27,About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall?
January 30 to February 14,During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?
freezing rain or glaze,What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond?
March,What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?
July,What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?
six,"In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?"
Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane,"In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?"
Gaston,What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?
"43,627","In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?"
"1,271.3","As of 2000, how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer?"
0.1,What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander?
African American,What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000?
1.5,"In 2000, what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial?"
murder,What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?
93,"In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?"
56.1,"How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?"
120,How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?
First Presbyterian Church,What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond?
Stonewall Jackson,Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?
Gothic,What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?
"May 25, 1834",On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?
1780,In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?
Keneseth Beth Israel,"Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?"
K–12,What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?
Orthodox,What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?
Beth El and Or Atid,What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?
three,How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?
Temple #24,Where did Richmond's Nation of Islam members initially meet?
Chimbarazoo Boulevard,On what street is Masjid Bilal located?
Masjid Muhammad #24,What was Masjid Bilal previously known as?
1973,What year saw the establishment of the Islamic Center of Virginia?
Nine Mile Road,On what street can Shabaaz Restaurant be found?
"6,000",How many Indian-descended families lived in or around Richmond in 2011?
Cultural Center of India,What does CCI stand for?
Chesterfield,In what county can CCI be found?
Iron Bridge,What road is CCI near?
Hindu Center of Virginia,"Along with CCI, what is the other Hindu gathering place near Richmond?"
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit,What federal court is located in Richmond?
Genworth Financial,"Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne, what prominent corporation is present in Richmond?"
law firms,What type of business is LeClairRyan?
2001,When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur?
12,How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States?
"53,400",How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?
maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list,What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?
$350 million,What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
2007,When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?
Medical College of Virginia,What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
Departures magazine,"What periodical called Richmond ""The Next Great American Food City""?"
"Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt","According to Southern Living, what are the three best restaurants in Richmond?"
twelve,How many microbreweries exist in Richmond?
Legend Brewery,What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond?
2014,When was James River Distillery founded?
Lincoln,"What movie, which filmed in Richmond, featured Daniel Day-Lewis?"
Rob Lowe,Who notably appeared in Killing Kennedy?
AMC,On what television channel can the show Turn be seen?
Winter 2016,When will Mercy Street first be shown on television?
National Geographic Channel,What channel is Killing Kennedy on?
third,"According to MarketWatch, where did Richmond rank among cities for business?"
Boston,What did MarketWatch think was the fourth best city for business?
electric utility,What type of business is Dominion Resources?
New York City,"Prior to moving to the Richmond area, where was Altria's headquarters located?"
MeadWestvaco,What company moved to Richmond from Connecticut?
Atlanta,Where is SunTrust Bank headquartered?
San Francisco,What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in?
Altria,Who owns Philip Morris USA?
Spruance Plant,What DuPont factory is located in the Richmond area?
Overnite Transportation,What was the former name of UPS Freight?
neoclassical,What architectural style was the 1919 Broad Street Union Station constructed in?
two blocks,How far away from the Virginia Center for Architecture is the Children's Museum of Richmond?
Museum District,What district of Richmond is the Virginia Historical Society located in?
Children's Museum of Richmond,What museum is next to the Science Museum of Virginia?
Tredegar Iron Works,In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located?
Virginia State Capitol,What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near?
White House of the Confederacy,What is another name for the Davis Mansion?
Franklin,On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while?
Liverpool and Benin,Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located?
Chief Justice of the United States,What office was held by the inhabitant of the John Marshall House?
two,How many United States presidents are interred in Hollywood Cemetery?
Patrick Henry,"Who gave a speech that contained the famous saying ""Give me liberty or give me death""?"
St. John's Church,Where did Patrick Henry deliver his memorable speech?
Bojangles,What was the nickname of Bill Robinson?
Byrd,Near what park is the monument dedicated to the person traditionally regarded as discovering America?
56,How many bells are contained in the World War I Memorial Carillon?
World War II,The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial?
Jackson Ward,In what neighborhood is the monument to Bill Robinson located?
CentreStage,"What notable project was funded by Richmond's ""admissions tax""?"
country,"Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?"
house shows,"Along with busking and itinerant folk shows, what is an example of venueless art?"
Nils Westergard,"Along with Hamilton Glass and El Kamino, who is a mural artist local to Richmond?"
RVA,What periodical has attempted to attract internationally known mural artists to Richmond?
RVA Street Art Festival,What Richmond street art gathering has brought mural artists to the city?
Williamsburg,In what city did Lewis Hallam present Shakespeare's plays?
Booth,What family of actors notably performed in 19th century Richmond?
Leslie Cheek,What is Virginia Museum Theater known as today?
1970s,During what decade did the Virginia Museum most significantly work to promote theater in Richmond?
Evacuation Fire,What disaster destroyed many of the early buildings in Richmond?
25,What percentage of Richmond's buildings were burned in a single fire in 1865?
colonial,What is the name of the era from which the building housing the Edgar Allan Poe Museum dates?
1750,Prior to what year was the Patterson-Schutte House built?
Maryland,What state has the oldest capital building used continuously since it was built?
neo-classical,What architectural style was used to design the Virginia State Capitol?
White House and The Capitol,What notable federal government buildings were designed in the neoclassical style?
Egyptian Revival,What is the architectural style of the 1845 Egyptian Building?
Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau,Who were the designers of the Virginia State Capitol?
Tudor,What architectural style was used to design Branch House?
John Russell Pope,Who designed Branch House?
Union Station,What is another name for Broad Street Station?
Beaux-Arts,What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station?
Carrère and Hastings,Who designed the Commonwealth Club?
New Orleans,What United States city has the most cast iron architecture?
1890,In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?
seven times,How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?
Church Hill,"Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?"
Minoru Yamasaki,Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building?
"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill",Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building?
International,What architectural style was the Rice House designed in?
Harvard,What university was Landis Gores associated with?
W.G. Harris,Who did Landis Gores design a home for?
Powhatan,What Native American tribe at one time lived on Belle Isle?
Civil War,During what conflict was Belle Isle used as a prison?
Belle Isle,"Between Brown's Island and Belle Isle, which is bigger?"
Brown's Island,On what island does the James River Beer and Seafood Festival take place?
weekly,How often does Friday Cheers take place on Brown's Island?
Fan District,What part of Richmond is Maymont close to?
1.6,How many kilometers long is the track in Byrd Park?
two,How many monuments can be found in Byrd Park?
1926,In what year was the World War I Memorial Carillon constructed?
Forest Hill Amusement Park,What was previously located at the present location of Forest Hill Park?
Football,What sport do the Washington Redskins play?
soccer,What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?
San Francisco Giants,With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?
City Stadium,What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?
Georgia,Where did the Richmond Braves move to?
1962,When did the RIR begin to host the Capital City 400?
2009,When did the Suntrust Indy Challenge stop being run at RIR?
southwest,In what direction does one travel from Richmond to reach Southside Speedway?
oval,What is the shape of Southside Speedway?
Toughest Track in the South,"Along with ""The Action Track,"" what is a nickname of Southside Speedway?"
Berkshire Hathaway,What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch?
"120,000",How many people buy the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Sunday?
Style Weekly,What newspaper is published by Landmark Communications?
monthly,"Before switching to its current publication schedule, how often was RVA Magazine published?"
Richmond Free Press,"Along with the Voice, what is Richmond's black-oriented news publication?"
"553,950","Per Nielsen, how many homes exist in the Richmond-Petersburg DMA?"
58th,Where does the Richmind-Petersburg DMA rank in the United States?
CW,With what network is WUPV 65 affiliated?
Public Broadcasting,What type of channel is WCVW 57?
WTVR-TV 6,What Richmond-area station is affiliated with CBS?
nine,How many representatives make up the Richmond city council?
mayor,What official is in charge of Richmond's executive branch?
four,How many years does the term of a Richmond city council representative last?
Mondays,On what day of the week does the city council meet?
August,In what month does the city council not meet?
Baptist,What is A. Carl Prince's religious affiliation?
Dwight C. Jones,What is the current mayor of Richmond?
1990,In what year was the first black Baptist minister elected to the city council?
Eighth,In what district did A. Carl Prince win election to the city council?
Richmond Crusade for Voters,What political organization supported the city council candidacy of A. Carl Prince?
eight,How many high schools are there in Richmond?
"24,000",How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond?
Maggie L. Walker,For whom is the Governor's School in Richmond named?
16,Where was Richmond's Governor's School rated by Newsweek in 2012?
2010,When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors?
private,What type of university is the University of Richmond?
South University - Richmond,What is a for-profit university in Richmond?
Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond,What does BTSR stand for?
Chesterfield County,Where is John Tyler Community College located?
Virginia Commonwealth,What is Richmond's public university?
11,How many kilometers away from Richmond is Richmond International Airport?
an hour,About how long does it take to drive from Richmond International Airport to Williamsburg?
nine,How many airlines operate out of Richmond International?
13,What percentage increase in passenger traffic did Richmond International experience between 2005 and 2006?
southeast,What direction do you travel to get from Richmond to Sandston?
2910 N Boulevard,What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond?
7.5 hours,How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take?
$1,What is the lowest fare on Megabus?
$25 million,How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System?
Baltimore,What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to?
"Henrico, and Chesterfield",What counties does the GRTC link to Richmond?
Innsbrook,"Along with Short Pump, what comprises the far part of the West End?"
private vehicle,"According to a GRTC report, what is an example of what most of its riders lack?"
Greater Richmond Transit Company,What is GRTC an initialism of?
Staples Mill Road Station,What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond?
Main Street Station,What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper?
2004,In what year was Richmond's railroad station renovated?
Newport News,"Along with Williamsburg, what city's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station?"
track layout,Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg?
Dominion Virginia Power,Who is Richmond's electricity supplier?
nine,How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?
North Anna Nuclear Generating Station,"Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator?"
Chester,In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located?
natural gas,What type of power plant is Darbytown?
61,How many kilometers of sewer lines exist in Richmond?
44-million-gallon,How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin?
"62,000",How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant?
70 million gallons,How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily?
Tijuana,Which city in Mexico does San Diego border?
biotechnology development,"Aside from healthcare, which employment sector has strongly emerged in San Diego?"
United States Navy,"Of all military branches, which one has the strongest presence in San Diego?"
deep-water,What is unique about San Diego's harbors?
eighth,"Of the top 10 largest cities in the country, which place does San Diego rank?"
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo,Who claimed the San Diego Bay area for Spain in 1542?
Kumeyaay,What native people lived in the San Diego area before the Europeans arrived?
1850,In what year did San Diego become part of the United States?
200,"After the land was claimed for Spain, how many years passed before the settlement of Alta began?"
Sebastián Vizcaíno,Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602?
Catholic Saint Didacus,Who was the harbor named for?
Friar Antonio de la Ascensión,Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta?
San Salvador,What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's ship?
"Navidad, New Spain",Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast?
Franciscan friars,Who did Junipero Serra commission to found the Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769?
El Camino Real,What historic trail starting point developed at Mission San Diego?
Fort Presidio of San Diego,What was developed on a hill by the San Diego River?
"1,400",How many neophytes resided in the San Diego area in 1797?
National Historic Landmarks,What are the Presidio and Mission considered today?
Juan María Osuna,Who was elected as the Mission's first municipal magistrate?
Alta California,What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821?
its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents,Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838?
The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned,What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?
Pío Pico,"Who was in the running for the first alcalde position, but was defeated in the election?"
Commodore Robert F. Stockton,Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?
Battle of San Pasqual,What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?
The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo,What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?
Lieutenant Gray,Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?
three weeks,How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?
Treaty of Cahuenga,"What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?"
Mexican-American border,What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?
Mexican–American War of 1846–48,Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?
to include the entire bay within the United States,Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?
1850,In what year did San Diego officially become a city?
Joshua H. Bean,Who was San Diego's first mayor?
the city was bankrupt,What happened two years after San Diego elected it's first mayor?
a board of trustees,Who controlled San Diego's charter for 2 years after it was revoked by California legislature?
1931,When was San Diego's current charter adopted?
several miles away from navigable water,What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?
William Heath Davis,Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?
Alonzo Horton,Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?
the arrival of a railroad connection,What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?
New Town,What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?
Balboa Park,What park in San Diego hosted two World Fairs near the beginning of the 20th century?
Panama-California Exposition in 1915,Where did many of the San Diego Zoo's exotic animals come from?
Fiesta del Pacifico,What festival was celebrated in the 1950s in recognition of the city's Mexican and Spanish past?
"Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style.",What happened to many of the structures developed for the World Fairs?
California Pacific International Exposition,Which World Fair was hosted in San Diego in 1935?
Fort Rosecrans,What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?
Spirit of St. Louis,What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?
Camp Kearny,What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?
U.S. Navy,What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?
Consolidated Aircraft,What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?
during and after World War II,When did San Diego's population grow so rapidly that it nearly doubled?
Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night,What was the name of the attack the Japanese had planned against San Diego?
fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis),What were the Japanese originally going to drop on San Diego from their kamikaze planes?
Japan surrendered five weeks earlier,"Why didn't the Japanese launch their planned attack on September 22, 1945?"
tens of thousands of civilians,How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego?
the tuna capital of the world,What nickname was San Diego given by the tuna canning industry in the 1970s?
"more than 1,000",How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911?
rising costs and foreign competition,Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s?
Japan,Immigrants from what country were primarily hired by the fishing fleets that supported the canneries??
Portuguese Azores,From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry?
east to west,In what direction does the San Diego River run through the city?
reservoirs,What bodies of water can be found separating different developed areas of the city?
small pockets of natural open space,What is created by the many canyons and hills throughout San Diego?
San Diego River,What divides the city's northern and southern segments?
San Diego Bay,Where did the San Diego River once flow to?
Point Loma,What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula?
next to the Mexico–United States border,Where is Otay Mesa found within the city?
San Pasqual Valley,Which valley is encompassed by the most northeast portion of San Diego?
La Jolla,"What is the only coastal community in San Diego without the word ""beach"" in its name?"
El Cortez Hotel,What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?
500 feet,How tall is One America Plaza?
San Diego International Airport,What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?
Federal Aviation Administration,What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?
Union Bank of California Building,What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?
between December and March,When does San Diego receive most of its precipitation?
201 days,How many days of the year does San Diego typically experience temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit ?
Weather Channel,What ranked San Diego as having the country's best summer climate?
mild,What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Diego in the winter?
semi-arid climate,What type of climate is San Diego classified as having?
inland areas,What areas experience the most significant temperature variations?
88 °F,What is the average high temperature in El Cajon in August?
"a thick ""marine layer"" cloud cover",What frequently blankets San Diego in May and June?
50 °F (10 °C),What is the average January low temperature in downtown San Diego?
keep the air cool and damp,What effect does the springtime cloud cover have on the temperature?
2 inches (51 mm),What is the average rainfall in February along the coast?
wettest month on record,What is significant about the weather that San Diego experienced in December 1921?
May through September,What months are nearly completely dry in San Diego?
10.65 inches (271 mm),What is the average annual precipitation along San Diego's coast?
higher elevation areas,What areas of San Diego typically experienced the greatest rainfall?
Torrey pine,What trees are protected along the coast of San Diego?
chaparral,What drought-resistant shrub is San Diego known for?
low elevations,Where can one find the most sage scrub in San Diego?
The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats,How is San Diego able to offer everything from tidal marsh to canyons?
prone to wildfire,What disadvantage comes along with sage scrub habitats?
492,How many bird species have been observed in San Diego?
Christmas Bird Count,What birding event does the Audubon Society host every year?
highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list,What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Diego?
birdiest,What word describes San Diego County due to the many birds residing there?
Pacific Flyway,What flyway contributes to the diverse bird population in San Diego County?
October 2003,When did California's largest wildfire of the century take place?
"280,000 acres (1,100 km2)",How many acres were burned in the historic Cedar Fire of 2003?
poor air quality,Why did San Diego schools close during the Cedar Fire?
four years later,How many years after the Cedar Fire did additional fires destroy Rancho Santa Fe?
"more than 2,200",How many homes were destroyed in the Cedar Fire?
third-largest,"In the top five largest urban areas in California, where does San Diego rank?"
Riverside–San Bernardino,What area does Los Angeles and San Francisco merge with to form metropolitan areas larger than San Diego?
"1,307,402",What was the population of San Diego at the time of the 2010 census?
372.1,How many square miles does San Diego cover?
"2,956,746",What is the population of San Diego's urgan area?
"3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2)",What was the population density of San Diego in 2009?
Asian,What ethnicity made up 15.9.% of San Diego's population in 2009?
28.8%,"In 2009, what percentage of the population was Hispanic?"
"1,307,402",What was San Diego's population at the time of the 2010 census?
just under 7%,What was the population increase in San Diego from 2009 to 2010?
2000,"In what year was the household median income in San Diego at $45,733?"
41.6,What was the median age of non-Hispanic whites in 2008?
"$66,715",What did the average salary increase to at the time of the 2008 census?
63.1%,"Of the population of individuals 55 and older, what percentage were non-Hispanic whites in 2008?"
Hispanics,"In 2008, which racial group had the most individuals under the age of 18?"
SANDAG,What regional planning agency offers graphs and tables of census information for San Diego?
24.0%,What percentage of San Diego's population was under the age of 18 in 2000?
65 and over,Which age group accounted for 10.5% of the population in 2000?
2011,In what year was the median age of residents in San Diego 35.6?
27.1%,What percentage of the population in 2011 were millenials?
14.6%,What percentage of the population fell below the poverty line in San Diego in 2005?
fifth-best place to live in the United States,What did Money magazine rate San Diego as being in 2006?
Forbes,What magazine rated San Diego as being the country's fifth wealthiest city?
"$31,076","In 2000,  what was the median salary for females in San Diego?"
10.6%,What percentage of familes were below the poverty line in 2005?
beer tours,What type of tours attract a large number of visitors to San Diego?
San Diego Beer Week,What big event takes place in San Diego in November?
Mission San Diego de Alcala,What historical mission is a major tourist attraction in San Diego?
Balboa Park,"What popular park in San Diego is home to the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld, and countless museums?"
America's Craft Beer Capital,What nickname has the city  been given as a result of its extensive craft beer industry?
the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry,Where is San Diego's border crossing?
15-mile (24 km),How long is the border that San Diego shares with Mexico?
the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.,What is the volumte of trucks handled at the Otay Mesa crossing?
Otay Mesa,Where is the next nearest commercial crossing at the border?
two,How many border crossings does San Diego share with Mexico?
for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences,Why is San Diego known as an iHub Innovation Center?
Websense Inc,What is San Diego's largest software company?
Cricket Communications,What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network?
security,What sector does ESET fall under?
Qualcomm,What cellular  company is one of the city's largest private-sector employers?
University of California,What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology?
Boston,What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry?
140,How many contract research organizations are in San Diego?
La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley,What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies?
Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences,What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego?
Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD),What museum has a branch at the Santa Fe Depot?
Columbia district downtown,In what district can historic ship exhibits be found?
Balboa Park,Where can one find the San Diego Zoo?
San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum,Which museum houses the USS Midway aircraft carrier?
San Diego Air & Space Museum,What space-focused museum is in Balboa Park?
Jahja Ling,Who is the director of the San Diego Symphony? 
La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD,Where can one enjoy a performance directed by Christopher Ashley?
one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States,What did Opera America call the San Diego Opera at the Civic Center Plaza?
San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres,Which theater is known for hosting a variety of musicals and plays?
1898,How far back to San Diego's roots in the arts and theater sector go?
Farmers Insurance Open,What tournament used to be known as the Buick Invitational?
three times,How many times were the America's Cup yacht races hosted by the San Diego Yacht Club from 1988 to 1955?
Over-the-line,What beach sport was inveted in San Diego?
Over-the-line championships,What yacht-related event is held annually in Mission Bay?
Torrey Pines Golf Course,What golf course hosts the Farmers Insurance Open?
one,How many employees are there in San Diego for every 137 residents?
2004,In what year did the city vote to change to a strong mayor government?
Secure Communities program,"Despite being a sanctuary city, what program does San Diego county participate in?"
9,What is the number of members on the city's council?
greater than $733 million.,What is the county's payroll?
voters of the entire city,Who votes in the city's attorney and mayor?
"four-year terms,",How long is the term for council members?
Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6,Were there more Democrats or Republicans in 2007?
current mayor,Who is Kevin Faulconer?
single member districts within the city,Who elects members of city council?
Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet,What two members of city council were convicted of extortion in 2005?
no touch,What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal?
2009,In what year were Zucchet's seven out of nine counts acquitted?
21 months,How long was Inzunza's  prison sentence?
a strip club owner and his associates,Who did Inzunza and Zucche accept money from?
allegations of repeated sexual harassment,Why was Mayor Bob Filner asked to resign?
18,How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner?
house arrest and probation,What was Filner's sentence?
August 19,When did a mediation process begin between Filner and a city representative?
six weeks,How long did Filner's trial last?
San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000,What happened to the crime rate in San Diego between 1990 and 2000?
20th-safest city in America,What did Business Insider call San Diego in 2013?
ninth,In what place did Forbes rank San Diego on it's top 10 list?
0.8%,What percentage did the crime rate in San Diego drop from 2002 to 2006?
property crime,What type of crime increased between 2002 and 2006?
KFMB,"Which television station began broadcasting  on May 16, 1949?"
80.6 percent,What is San Diego's cable penetration rate?
because of its relative proximity to the larger city,Why was San Diego eligible for two VHF channels?
1952,In what year did UHF channels beging being licensed by the FCC?
KUSI 51,What independent station is in San Diego?
two,How many duopolies does the Mexico side of San Diego-Tijuana have?
XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV,What two stations are owned by Azteca?
Entravision Communications,What company owns XHDTV-TV and XHAS-TV?
XETV-TV,Which station is ran by Bay City Television?
Pirate Radio San Diego,What is another name Free Radio San Diego is known by?
106.9FM,"In addition to Free Radio San Diego, what other pirate station is in San Diego?"
Clear Channel Communications,What is the largest nationwide broadcaster in San Diego?
Spanish,Which language are some local radio stations available in?
95.7,What is the exact setting for FM News & Talk?
Interstate 8,What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles?
near the Mexican border,Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5?
Interstate 8,Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County?
Las Vegas and Salt Lake City,What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15?
over 80 percent,What percentage of San Diego's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation?
SR 94,What highway connects the I-805 with the downtown area?
at Miramar,Where does SR 94 merge with I-15?
San Diego Bay,Where does SR 75 flow primarily through?
2006,In what year was San Diego rated as the country's best densely populated city for cycling?
the grid street patterns,Why are older neighborhoods in San Diego popular with cyclists?
dry and mild climate,What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike?
"the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain",Why are average trip distances so lengthy in San Diego?
downtown and surrounding urban communities,What areas of San Diego are primarily served by the trolley?
A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley,What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018?
two,How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego?
511,What number can you dial from any phone for public transportation information in San Diego?
along the coastline,Where do the Amtrak and Coaster trains primarily run?
San Diego International Airport (SAN),What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?
17 million,How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005?
give direct access to Tijuana International Airport,What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal?
San Diego Regional Airport Authority,What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport?
Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM),What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority?
The Merge,What is the name given to the highly congested spot where Interstates 5 and 805 meet?
The South Bay Expressway,What tollway connects Otay Mesa with SR 54?
Terminal 2,Which terminal was expanded in the San Diego International Airport in 2013?
"high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) ""managed lanes""",What type of special lanes were added to Interstate 15?
37 percent,"In 2007, what percentage of the roads in San Diego were considered acceptable?"
Muslim world,Islamic World is another way to refer to what?
those who adhere to the teachings of Islam,"When speaking of religion, what does Ummah refer to?"
Islamic civilization,"When speaking about culture, what does Ummah refer to?"
Ummah,"Community, or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam?"
622,When did the Islamic Golden age start?
the Middle Ages,What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?
1492,There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?
786 to 809,What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?
Baghdad,Where was the House of Wisdom held?
glazed ceramics,What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?
Tin-opacified glazing,Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?
Basra,Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?
8th century,Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?
9th century Iraq,Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?
One Thousand and One Nights,What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?
Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables),Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?
14th century,In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?
18th century,When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?
Antoine Galland,Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?
Arabic poetry and Persian poetry,Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
Umayyad era,Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
7th century,In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history,What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
Ferdowsi,Who wrote Shahnameh?
Abubacer,What is another name for Ibn Tufail?
Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus),What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?
Ibn al-Nafis,Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?
Al-Ghazali,What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?
Hayy,Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?
1213–1288,What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?
science fiction,What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?
scientific knowledge,What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?
1671,Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?
Daniel Defoe,Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?
Edward Pococke the Younger,Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?
1708,"Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?"
The Aspiring Naturalist,What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?
in 1264 or shortly before,In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?
Dante Alighieri,Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
"Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello",Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?
17th century,In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?
episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology,What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?
980–1037,What was the life span of Ibn Sina?
450,How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?
philosophy and medicine,What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?
The Canon of Medicine,What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?
The Book of Healing,What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?
Ibn Tufail,Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?
Ibn Tufail,Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
1671,In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?
philosophical novel,What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
al-Jahiz,Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?
Alhazen,"Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?"
phenomenology and the philosophy of science,What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?
Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi,Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi,Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?
optics,Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?
Book of Optics,"Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?"
Medieval Muslim artists,Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?
Ibn al-Haytham,"Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?"
al-Khwarzimi,Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?
Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body),What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?
15th century,In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?
Ibn al-Nafis,Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?
Avicenna,Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi,Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?
astronomy,What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?
improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis,What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?
the Greeks,Who created the astrolabe?
the Copernican heliocentric model,What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?
Islamic astronomers and engineers,Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?
almonds and citrus fruit,which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?
irrigation and farming,What was the windmill used for?
Arab merchants,Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?
Hormuz,Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?
16th century,When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?
7th century,How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?
11th century,In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?
9th century,At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?
Muslim engineers,Who invented crankshafts?
Muslim engineers,Who was the inventor of water turbines?
20%,What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim?
"1,5 billion",How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?
49,In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?
hundreds,How many languages are spoken by Muslims?
Sunni and Shia,Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?
"how the life of the ummah (""faithful"") should be governed, and the role of the imam",What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?
Abu Bakr,"Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?"
father of the Prophet's favourite wife,Who was Abu Bakr?
husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah,Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?
over 97%,What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?
37%,In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?
"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?
"Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa",Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
Higher Education Commission,Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?
5-fold increase,How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?
United Arab Emirates,Where is Zayed University?
115,How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
the mosque,What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?
decorative calligraphy,What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?
forbidden,What is the definition of haram?
mosque architecture,Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?
secular architecture,Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry,Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?
God is incorporeal,What do Muslims believe of the form of God?
All but one,"How many sura's in the Quran begin with ""In the name of God?"""
prohibited,What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?
Jewish and some Christian theology,"What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?"
arabesque,What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?
pre-Islamic pagan religions,Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?
people and animals,Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?
"to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God",What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?
kufic and naskh scripts,In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
"ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns",What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?
"columns, piers and arches",What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?
691,When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?
Dome of the Rock mosque,Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?
17th century,When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
The Solar Hijri calendar,What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
SH,What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
the Shamsi Hijri calendar,What is the customary calendar of Iran?
twelve months,How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina,What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
a small minority,"How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?"
sexist and oppressive,What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive,Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
the face,In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
Armenia,Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?
78.4 million,How many people live in Iran?
"636,372 sq mi",What is Iran's land mass in square miles?
Persia,What is the unofficial name for Iran?
the Islamic Republic of Iran,What is Iran's official country name?
the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms,What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?
625 BC,When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?
Cyrus the Great,Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?
330 BC,When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?
Alexander the Great,Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?
633 AD,What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?
651 AD,What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?
Sunni Islam,What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to? 
Imperial Russia,Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?
1979 Revolution,What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?
natural gas,What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world?
Tehran,What city is Iran's capital?
through its large reserves of fossil fuels,How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?
proven oil reserves,What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?
19,How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?
3rd-century,What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?
Parthian,What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?
*ar-yo-,"What Proto-Indo-European term means ""skillful assembler?"""
the gentilic,What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?
Ērān,What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?
Greek historians,Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?
Persia,What has the West historically referred Iran as?
the 9th century BC,When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?
"the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,","After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?"
Fars Province,What is Persis known as today?
1935,When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?
New York Times,Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?
Iran,Which name is officially used politically?
Professor Ehsan Yarshater,Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
"the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC",How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
10th to 8th millennium BC,When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
the Zagros region,What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran,What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
Susa,What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?
the 4th millennium BC,How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?
Bronze Age,During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?
Elam,Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?
the 3rd millennium BC,Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?
the Assyrian Empire,Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?
between 616 BC and 605 BC,When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?
three centuries,How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?
king Cyaxares,"Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?"
728 BC,When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?
Cyrus the Great,Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?
550 BC,When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?
the Median ruler Astyages,Who triggered the Persian Revolt? 
The conquest of Media,What resulted from the Persian Revolt?
the Achaemenid Empire,What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?
the Achaemenid Empire,What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?
the Black Sea,What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?
Central Asia,The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?
ancient Egypt,The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?
the Greek city states,The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?
50 million people,How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?
44% of the world's population,The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?
Imperial Aramaic,What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?
the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus,What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?
Alexander the Great,Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?
Darius III,Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?
the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire,Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?
In the middle of the 2nd century BC,When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?
224 CE,When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?
Byzantine-Sassanid Wars,What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?
the 7th century,When did the Arabs invade Iran?
Arab Rashidun Caliphate,Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?
Jizya,What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?
Academy of Gunde Shapur,What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
the Islamic Golden Age,What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?
by the 10th and 11th centuries,When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?
scientific writing,Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?
Iran,Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?
Turkic tribes,What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?
Central Asia,Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?
mamluks (slave-warriors),The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?
999,In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?
These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership,How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?
Hulagu Khan,Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?
1370,Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?
156 years,How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?
a culture that was distinctively Iranian,The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?
"70,000 citizens",How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?
Ismail I from Ardabil,Who established the Safavid Dynasty?
Tabriz,What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?
Shia Islam,Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?
Iran,What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?
Ottoman Empire,What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?
Abbas the Great,Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?
1587–1629,When did the Safavid Empire peak?
Pashtun rebels,Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?
Soltan Hosein,Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?
Nader Shah,Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
the Sassanid Empire,Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
Caucasian territories,Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
Khorasan,Where was Nader Shan from?
1729,In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
Karim Khan,Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?
Aqa Mohammad Khan,Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?
the entire Caucasus,The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?
Battle of Krtsanisi,The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?
Russo-Persian wars,Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?
the 19th century Russo-Persian wars,What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?
the Caucasus,"What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?"
the 19th century,What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?
Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region,The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?
Between 1872 and 1905,When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?
the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?
in 1906,The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?
in 1906,The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?
official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities,"The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?"
until 1911,The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?
1921,The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?
Mohammad Ali Shah,Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?
restoring order,"In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?"
Ottoman armies,Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
1941,When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?
"his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi",Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?
the Persian Corridor,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?
the Soviet Union,Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?
the Iran crisis of 1946,What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?
1973,What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?
economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency,What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?
an economic recession,Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?
construction jobs,Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?
millions of youth who had migrated to the cities,"Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?"
1979,The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?
in a violent manner,How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?
non-Islamist,The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?
were executed,What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?
a group of students,Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979?
"November 4, 1979",When was the US Embassy in Iran seized?
Algiers Accords,ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty?
Ronald Reagan,Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation? 
52 personnel and citizens,How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure?
the Iraqi army,Who invaded Iran in 1980?
mid 1982,When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq? 
the UN,Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?
1988,When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?
"11,000–16,000",How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?
24° and 40° N,What latitudes does Iran lie between?
"1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)",What is the size of Iran?
to the south,Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?
44° and 64° E,What longitudes does Iran lie between?
the Caspian Sea,What does Iran border with to its north?
rugged mountain ranges,Iran's landscape is dominated by what geographical feature?
Mount Damavand,What is Iran's highest mountain?
"5,610 m (18,406 ft)",How tall is Mount Damavand?
Alborz Mountains,Mount Damavand is located in what range?
subtropical,Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?
Summer,During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?
680 mm (26.8 in),What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?
"1,700 mm (66.9 in)",What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?
Water scarcity,"According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?"
38 °C (100.4 °F),"In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?  "
below zero,"In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?"
less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain,The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?
135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in),What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?
large national development projects,The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects?
74 species,How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered?
Ministry of Industries and Mines,The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?
Department of Environment,The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?
Shiraz,What is the sixth most populous city of Iran?
1.4 million,What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?
Fars Province,Shiraz is the capital of what Province?
Babylonian civilization,What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?
9th century BC,Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?
the 1979 Constitution,The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document?
Supreme Leader,What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as?
The Supreme Leader,Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army?
six,The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?
The Assembly of Experts,Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader?
the Supreme Leader,"In Iran, who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader?"
The President,Who exercises exective powers in Iran?
The President,The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who?
Eight,How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?
twenty-two,The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members?
twelve jurists,How many jurists are in the Guardian Council?
The Guardian Council,Who can veto Parliament?
The Expediency Council,What Council acts as a mediator when there are disputes between the Parliament and the Guardian Council?
four-year terms,How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages?
The Guardian Council,Who is responsible for interpreting the Constitution?
The Special Clerical Court,"When crimes are committed by clerics, who handles the cases?"
the Supreme Leader,The Special Clerical Court is accountable to only which body?
one week annually,How often does the Assembly of Experts meet?
86,The Assembly of Experts has how many clerics?
The Assembly of Experts,Which body can remove the Supreme Leader at any time by constitutional right?
Since 2005,Iran's nuclear program has caused discord within the international community since when?
Israel,Which country did Iran's leadership was quoted as being a possible target of its atomic weapons?  
UN Security Council,Who imposed sanctions against Iran as a result of Iran's nuclear program?
2013,When was it estimated by the US Director of National Intelligence that Iran would be able to develop a nuclear weapon?
the Basij,What is Iran's volunteer militia force named?
"90,000",How many full-time members does the Basij have?
Up to 11 million men and women,How many members in total does the Basij have? 
military spending,In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6% of its GDP on?
$15 billion,"In 2014, Iran spent how much on weapons spending?"
The Fajr-3 (MIRV),What is Iran's most advanced missile?
foreign embargoes,"Why did Iran have to build its own military hardware, vehicles, and weapons after the 1979 Revolution?"
1979 Revolution,Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure?
liquid fuel,The Fajr-3 missile uses what type of propulsion system?
$70 billion,"By 2007, Iran's crude oil exports resulted in how much of its foreign exchange currency?"
large-scale state subsidies,What is a main cause of Iran's constant budget deficits?
2010,What year did Iran pass an economic reform plan that would replace subsidies with targeted social assistance programs?
more than $84 billion,"In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector?"
about 45%,How much of Iran's budget came from oil and natural gas reserves in 2006?
diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy,What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?
ranked 69,The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?
the bonyads,What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly? 
lagging corruption in the public sector,"What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?"
"16,000",How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in early 2012?
"36,000",How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in April 2013?
2015,What year did a nuclear and sanctions relief deal happen for Iran?
embargo,What economic sanction against Iranian crude oil has adversely affected the Iranian economy?
the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps,What would possibly prevent the even spread of relief benefits from Iran's nuclear and sanctions deal of 2015?
the most popular tourist destinations,"What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common?"
"300,000",How many tourist visas were granted in 2003?
Asian Muslims,Which group made up the majority of granted tourist visas in 2003?
ranked 68th,"In 2003, what was Iran's worldwide rank in tourism revenues?"
rated 4th,What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO?
33.6 trillion cubic metres,How much natural gas reserves does Iran have?
second largest,What is Iran ranked in the world in proved gas reserves?
"153,600,000,000 barrels",How much oil reserves does Iran have?
2nd largest,Where does Iran rank in OPEC's top oil exporting nations?
US$4 billion,How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005?
2004,When did Iran open its first wind-powered plants?
2004,When did Iran open its first geothermal plants?
"33,000 megawatts",How much did Iran's installed capacity of power increase to after it added new hydroelectric power in 2004?
75%,How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on natural gas? 
18%,How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on oil? 
Ali Javan,Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser?
Tofy Mussivand,Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?
the Fields Medal,"In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award? "
Samuel Rahbar,Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?
1960,"When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?"
Persians,What is Iran's presumed largest ethnic group?
Azerbaijanis,What is Iran's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group?
53%,Persians make up what percentage of Iran's population?
22%,Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran's population?
79%,What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language?
Sunni branch,What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?
have reserved seats,"Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?"
the Bahá'í Faith,What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?
since the 19th century,How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?
the Bahá'í Faith,Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?
the bas-reliefs of Persepolis,What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? 
c. 500 BC,How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? 
Persepolis,What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?
the Sassanid Era,In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?
1960s,What decade was significant to Iranian film?
the Golrizan Festival,What Iranian film festival in 1954 was the progenitor of future film festivals in 1969 and 1973?
25 commercial films,How many commercial films were produced yearly on average in the early 1960s in Iran?
65,How many commercial films were produced yearly on average by the end of the 1960s in Iran?
Tehran World Festival,What Iranian film festival was created in 1973?
Khosrow Sinai,Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?
Viva...,What was the name of Sinai's film that ushered in Iran's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution?
Abbas Kiarostami,Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?
Taste of Cherry,What was the name of Kiarostami's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997? 
2006,What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?
1993,When did the Internet arrive in Iran?
around 40%,What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?
Instagram,What is Iran's most popular online social network?
Over 80%,What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran? 
Digikala,What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?
Herbs,"In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits? "
plain yogurt,Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?
caviar,What delicacy is Iran famous for?
its variety of ethnic groups,Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?
Azerbaijanis,Iran has the highest population of what group in the world?
between 21.6–30%,What is the percentage range of Iran's total population is seemingly comprised of Azerbaijanis?
25%,What is the majority of organizational estimations of Azerbaijanis' percentage of Iran's population?
watermelons,What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012?
construction materials,What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
petrochemicals,What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
"apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.",How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12
home appliances,What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
The Median,The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history?
Hellenistic,A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians' art comprised of?
Sassanid art,What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia?
Islamic learning,The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning?
"Great Britain, Ireland",What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?
"North Atlantic,",Where are the British Isles located?
just under 70 million,How many people live in the British Isles?
Isle of Man,What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles?
in the Channel Islands,Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?
"2,700 million years old",What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?
"1,344 metres (4,409 ft",What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?
temperate marine,What type of climate does this area have?
European continent.,"Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?"
after 8000 BC,When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?
Pictish (northern Britain),Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?
beginning of the 1st millennium AD,When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?
Roman Empire,Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?
9th century,When did the Vikings invade Britain?
Northern Ireland,What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?
association of the word British,Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?
does not recognise or use the term,Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?
Atlantic Archipelago,What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?
its embassy in London discourages its use,Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?
writings of sea-farers,Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?
Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC),What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?
during the time of Julius Caesar,"When did the ""P"" sound of Pretannia change to the ""B"" sound of Britannia?"
native Celtic-language,What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?
Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani),What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?
little Britain (μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias),What did name did Claudius Ptolemy (Greco-Egyptian scientist) use for Ireland?
"Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona","In later writings, what did Claudius Ptolemy called the British Isles?"
Great Britain,After the Romans conqured the British Isles what became the more common name for the country?
a work by John Dee,What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?
1577,When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?
Anglo-Celtic Isles,What is another name that is used for the British Isles?
"""these islands",What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?
c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period,When did the Caledonian Orogeny occur?
mountains and hills,What formed after the craton Baltica and the terrane Avalonia collision?
craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia,What happened during the c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period?
Variscan orogeny,What formed the hills of Munster and the southern part of Wales?
northwest,In which direction have the British Isles been drifting?
Devensian,What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?
the English Channel flooded,What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?
"4,000 to 5,000 years ago",When did sea levels reach their current highth?
a single ice sheet,What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?
the Shannon,What is the longest river in Ireland?
Wales and parts of Ireland,Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?
Ben Nevis,Where is the highest point in the British Isles?
"Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m",What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?
mild and also wet,What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?
European continent,Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?
"Europe, and Great Britain",In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?
"about 8,000 years ago",When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?
"about 12,000 years ago",When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?
around 6000 BC,When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles?
medieval times,When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase?
due to a small population,Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe?
17th century,When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain?
"oak, ash, wych elm",What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland?
"wolf, bear",Which two animals became extinct in the British Isles?
red deer,Which species of deer is protected in the British Isles?
Over 200 species of bird,How many bird species does the British Isles have?
"chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow",What are three of the most common birds in the British Isles?
"salmon, trout, perch and pike",What kinds of fish are abundent in the British Isles?
"European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake",Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland?
Kerry slug,What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland?
none are native to Ireland,Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland?
"water voles, roe deer and common toads",What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain?
England,Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?
80%,What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?
Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million),What is the most populated city in Ireland?
9 million,How many people live in the area of London?
"Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)",What are two other major populated cities in England?
Scotland and Wales,Which two areas in the British Isles hasn't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years?
less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles,How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?
century-long population decline,How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland?
fifteen times the current population of the island,How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?
six groups,How many groups do these languages belong to?
"Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic",What are the three Insular Celtic languages?
"Cornish, Welsh and Breton",What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?
Shelta,Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers?
European mainland,What mainland was the British Isles once connected to?
two to four millennia,When did the British Isles area become separated from the European continent?
separating Ireland from Great Britain,When sea levels rose what occured in the British Isles area?
sea levels rose,What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age?
before the ice age ended,Did Britain become populated with people again before or after the ice came to an end?
Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group,The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language?
Hadrian's Wall,What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD?
Hiberni,"During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?"
Picts,The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation?
Britons,What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation?
Anglo-Saxons,Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire's power was diminishing?
southern Great Britain,What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles?
the Dark Ages,What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended?
golden age,What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended?
monasteries and universities,What did the Irish build during the Golden Age?
9th century,When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?
east coast of Ireland,What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?
Denmark,England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?
1066,When did the Norman Conquest occur?
Angevins,"In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?"
the Pope,Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?
Kingdoms of England and Scotland,During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?
Church of England,What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?
King Henry VIII,Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?
Crown of England,Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?
his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism,Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?
"political upheaval, religious division and war",What happened to Britain during the 17th century?
Protestant and British,Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?
revolutionary republic in England,The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?
1707,In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded?
1801,When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?
one third of the globe,How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century?
terrible condition for the working class,What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England?
Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom,What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922?
Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?
Republic of Ireland,What is another name that Ireland is also called?
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Northern Ireland is part of which country?
United Kingdom,What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?
"Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland",Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?
Scotland,Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?
parliamentary democracies,What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?
unionists and nationalists,Who shares power in Northern Ireland?
United Kingdom,Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?
the rest of Ireland,Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?
European Union (EU),The United Kingdom is part of what union?
passport-free travel between EU members states,What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?
1997,When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?
Common Travel Area,This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?
presidential elections and constitutional referendums,What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?
local and European Parliament elections,"In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?"
UK Ministry of Justice,Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?
Reciprocal arrangements,What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?
The Northern Ireland Peace Process,What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom?
choice of Irish or British citizenship or both,What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have?
Government of Ireland,The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland?
policies common across the island of Ireland,The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement?
British–Irish Council,What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?
all of the states and territories of the British Isles,Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?
25,How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?
25,How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?
Scottish Parliament,The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?
no,Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority?
issues of mutual importance,What does the British-Irish Council discuss?
investigates and collects witness evidence,What does the British-Irish Council do?
biannually,How often does the British-Irish Council meet?
Niall Blaney,Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?
"British television, newspapers and magazines",What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?
private television,What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?
The X Factor,What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?
authors resident in the UK or Ireland,Who can receive the Costa Book Award?
"croquet, bowls, pitch and putt",What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom?
association football,What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom?
four,How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom?
southern hemisphere,In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years?
each year,How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown?
1895,The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?
Tusker Tunnel,What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?
The Institute of Engineers of Ireland,Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?
£15 billion or €20 billion,What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?
2007,"In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?"
National Archaeological Museum of Athens,What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?
harpastum,What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?
kemari,"What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?"
Korea,What country is the game chuck-guk from?
Australia,What country is the game wogabaliri from?
1863,What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game?
International Federation of Association Football,Who Organizes the World Cups?
four,About how many years between World Cups?
England,What country did the Laws of the Game come from?
goalkeepers,Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?
eighth century AD,What century does football in England date back to?
FIFA,What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?
mid-19th century,In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?
England,What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?
Cambridge Rules,Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?
Trinity College,Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?
1862,In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?
1867,What year did the Sheffield FA form?
1848,What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?
goalkeeper,What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game
score goals,The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?
formation, A team players layout is a what?
defenders,Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?
team's manager,Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?
1863,What year did the Football Association form?
Freemasons' Tavern,At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?
1871,What year did the Rugby Football Union form?
eleven,How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?
The Sheffield FA,Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?
FA Cup,What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?
1872,How long has the FA Cup been contested?
William McGregor,Who founded the worlds first football league?
12,How many clubs where in the first football league?
England,What country is the home of the first football league?
International Football Association Board,What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?
1886,What year was the IFAB formed?
Paris,What city was FIFA formed?
four,How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?
four,How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?
Côte d'Ivoire,"In 2006, which team helps secure a truce during a civil war?"
Bouaké,What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007?
June 1969,When did the Football War happen?
Yugoslav Wars,Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?
1920s,"What decade is considered the ""golden age"" of women's football?"
1996,Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?
England's Football Association,Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?
UEFA,"In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?"
1991,What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?
spherical,What would you describe the shape of the football?
eleven,How many players are on each team?
a draw,What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?
the coin toss,What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?
soccer ball,What is another name for the football?
throw-in restart,When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?
offside,A ball cannot be received in what type of position?
the pitch,throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?
goalkeepers,Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?
goalkeeper,Who guards the goal?
referee,Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?
physical contact,what is allowed but restricted?
when the ball has left the field of play,"Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?"
17,How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?
International Football Association Board (IFAB),Who maintains the Laws of the Game?
flexibility,Broad terms in the laws allow for what?
FIFA,Who publishes the Laws of the Game?
goalkeeper,"Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?"
substitutes,The maximum amount of players exclude what?
seven,If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?
coach,Players are usually strategically placed by who?
eleven,What is the maximum amount of players allowed?
kit,The equipment a player wears is also called a what?
An athletic supporter and protective cup,What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?
goalkeeper,Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?
forbidden,wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?
Headgear,What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries? 
football pitch,Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?
metric,What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?
English-speaking,The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?
England,Laws were formulated in what country?
100–110 m,What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?
2008,In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?
never,When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented? 
90–120 m,What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?
64–75 m,What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?
goal line,What is the penalty area marked by?
penalty kick,a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?
16.5 m,how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend? 
goalkeeper,Only who can handle the ball with his hands?
two,How many periods are in a standard football match?
45,How long are each period in a standard football match?
halves,What are the periods in a football match called?
referee,Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?
1891,In what year did an incident help introduce added time?
knockout,Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?
15,Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?
kicks from the penalty mark,What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?
Goals scored during extra time,Which goals count to the final score of the game? 
the first goal in extra time,What is the golden goal?
France,Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?
the IFAB,Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?
Paraguay,What team did France beat in 1998?
1996,What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?
yellow card,Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?
A second,How many yellow cards lead to a red card?
booked,A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?
Non-players,Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?
dismissal,What does a red card mean?
mandatory suspensions,Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?
appeals,Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?
good,Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?
1932,Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?
1996,In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?
1984,What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics? 
Under-23,What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament? 
1900,What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics? 
European Championship,What does UEFA Stand for?
FIFA World Cup,The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?
contest the FIFA Club World Cup,What do winners of the continental competition get to do?
African Cup of Nations,What does CAF stand for?
points,What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?
round-robin,What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?
promoted to a higher division,What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?
governing bodies,Who operate league systems?
relegated to a lower division,What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?
substitutes,What is one who replaces a player during a game called?
three,What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?
individual football associations,Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?
"George I, George II, George III, and George IV",Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?
Colonial Revival,What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?
between 1714 and 1830,Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?
Neo-Georgian,What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.
House of Hanover,What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?
Greece and Rome,What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?
English vernacular architecture,What type of architecture did Georgian replace?
the exterior,Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?
property developers,During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?
"London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol",Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?
a square of garden,What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?
all over the English-speaking world,What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?
generally high,What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?
architect,What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?
pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings,How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?
the apprenticeship system,How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?
William Halfpenny,Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?
1723–1755,What years were William Halfpenny active?
English Baroque,What style did Georgian succeed?
James Gibbs,Which architect was a transitional figure?
The European Grand Tour,What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?
Vitruvius Britannicus,Which book did Colen Campbell write?
Giacomo Leoni,What Venetian spent most of his career in England?
Gothic and Chinoiserie,What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?
European Rococo,Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?
The Regency style,John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?
around 1750,Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?
William Wilkins and Robert Smirke,Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?
its proportion and balance,Georgian architecture is characterized by?
Regularity of housefronts,What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?
lack of symmetry,What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?
ancient Rome or Greece,What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?
Palladian,What revived style dominated English country house architecture?
made wide and relatively shallow,What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?
the centre,Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?
basement area,"Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?"
mezzanine floor,What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?
window tax,What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?
the 1670s,When was the sash window developed?
Corridor plans,What plans became universal inside larger houses?
the internal plan and function of the rooms,What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?
Their height,What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?
trees,What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?
domes,What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?
pediment,What often topped pilasters of columns?
geometrical or plant-based,What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?
Internal courtyards,What aspect of buildings became very rare?
Inside ornament,Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?
chimneypiece,What was the typical main focus of rooms?
Plasterwork ceilings,What type of ceilings became commonplace?
Wood-panelling,What fell out of favor during this time?
China,Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?
terraced houses,Most town people lived in what type of houses?
iron railings,"What was used to protect the ""area""?"
main reception rooms,Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?
tall and narrow,What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?
1802,What year did The Albany convert?
wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building,Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?
Edinburgh,What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?
A curving crescent,What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?
"Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood",What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?
1794,A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?
Sir John Summerson,Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?
the French Wars,What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?
Church Building Act of 1818,What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?
"maximum audibility, and visibility",What were Anglican churches internally designed for?
Non-conformist and Roman Catholic,The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?
Galleries,What were common in new churches?
monuments to the prosperous,Churches filled up with monuments to what?
Sir William Chambers,Somerset House was designed by whom?
1776,In what year was Somerset House designed?
"""architectural in intention""","Commercial projects in the late period tended to be ""architectural"" in what way?"
surveyors,What was considered a lesser class of designers?
wood with clapboards,American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?
brick or stone,What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?
"Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary",Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?
Baroque,What style did was little represented in British colonies?
palaces and churches,Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?
Hammond-Harwood House,What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?
1774,What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?
"Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy",What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?
1840,What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?
the Battle of the Styles,What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?
early Victorian period,When was the Battle of the Styles contested?
Federalist Style,What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?
Colonial Revival,What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?
United Empire Loyalists,Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?
John Ostell,What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?
The Grange,What Toronto building was built in 1817?
Neo-Georgian,The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?
Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters,Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?
Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons,Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?
1950s,Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?
as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS),How did the republic of liberia begin?
"July 26, 1847",When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence?
"February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182",When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?
"more than 15,000",How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?
the United States,What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after?
27 year,How long did william tubman rule?
1980,In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?
five years,How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?
five years,How long was the rule of the national democratic party?
the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.,What did the liberian civil war result in?
Western Sudanic Mali Empire,What empire was o the decline on 1375?
inhabitants moved to the wetter coast,What happened when regions underwent desertification?
The ethnic Kru,Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?
the Grand Cape Mount region.,Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?
a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa.,"What is ""the american colonization society""?"
1816,"When was the ""american colonization society founded""?"
people who supported abolition of slavery,"The ""american colonization society"" consisted mostly of whom"""
to get free people of color out of the South,What did slave holders want to do?
improve conditions in the United States,rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what?
establish a colony for freed African Americans.,African  Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?
"13,000",By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?
Americo-Liberians,What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as? 
indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered,Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with? 
cultural tradition,What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?
"indigenous peoples they encountered,",The americo-liberians did not identify with who?
violent confrontations.,"What were americo-liberians encounters like with tribal Africans"""
the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms.,Who raided the colonial settlements?
citizenship in their own lands,What did Americo-liberians exclude tribes from?
to educate the indigenous peoples.,Americo-Liberians set up missions and schools to do what? 
a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group,Who was responsible for the death of William R. Tolbert?
"April 12, 1980",On what date was William R. Tolbert killed?
majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.,Who was also executed on the day of William R. Tolbert's death?
the People's Redemption Council,The coup leaders later became known as?
corruption and political repression,What was the PRC criticized for ?
split into various factions fighting one another.,What eventually happened to the rebels?
The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States,Who intervened in the rebel crisis?
organized a military task force,What did the economic community monitoring group do to intervene in the crisis?
1989 to 1996,During what period did the African civil war last?
"200,000",How many liberians died in the civil war?
"a second rebel group,","What is ""Movement For democracy in Liberia""?"
Taylor,Movement For democracy in Liberia launched attacks against who?
Accra in June of that year,where did peace talks begin between Movement For democracy in Liberia and Taylor?
for crimes against humanity,Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?
Monrovia.,"Who did the rebels launch an assault on in July, 2003?"
the most free and fair in Liberian history,The 2005 elections were known as what?
a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance,Who is ellen johnson sirleaf?
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf,Who was elected the first female president of Africa?
Taylor from Nigeria,"Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom"""
Truth and Reconciliation Commission,What was created to address the causes of civil war?
fifteen,How many counties is liberia divided into?
90,How many districts are the 15 counties of liberia divided into?
Grand Bassa,What is the oldest county in liberia?
1839,When was Grand Bassa founded?
Gbarpolu,What is Liberia's newest county?
the Senate and the House of Representatives,What is the legislature composed of? 
73,How many members are in a house?
a speaker,Who is the house led by?
the 15 counties on the basis of the national census,What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among? 
two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.,What is the senate made up of?
Supreme Court,What is Liberia's highest judicial authority? 
five,How many members are in the Supreme court?
the Chief Justice of Liberia,Who is the head of the supreme court?
Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate,How are members chosen for the court?
until the age of 70,How long do members of the supreme court serve?
3.3,What was liberia's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index?
87th,What was Liberia's ranking compared to the other 176 countries?
a significant improvement since 2007,What did Liberia's score  and ranking  on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent? 
scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries,What was Liberia's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index?
89%,"In 2007, when seeking attention, selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe?"
printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar,What is the central bank of Liberia responsible for?
one of the world's poorest countries,What is Liberia considered around the world economically? 
15%,What is Liberia's employment rate?
US$496,The GDP peaked in 1980 at what amount?
foreign aid,What does Liberia's economy heavily depends on?
1979,When did the Liberian economy hit it's peak growth?
90%,By what percentage did Liberia's GDP reduced by during the civil war?
economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.,Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980?
The global financial crisis,Why was Liberia's GDP growth stalled in 2007?
one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.,In 2011 Liberia's economy was considered what?
Liberian timber exports,What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003?
were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.,Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?
in 2006,When were the timber export sanctions lifted for Liberia?
2010,When was Liberia was granted observer status with the world trade organization>
60%,Liberia's account deficit peaked at what percentage in 2008?
of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world,Liberia has the highest ratio of what?
16 billion,How much money has the US invested in Liberia since 2006?
several multibillion-dollar concession agreements,What agreement did Liberia sign n 2006?
since 1926,How long has Firestone tire and rubber company ran a rubber plantation in Liberia? 
The Kpelle,What is the largest ethnic group in liberia?
20%,What percentage of the population are the Kpelle?
mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia.,Where do the Kpelle reside?
1825,When did the decedents of the Congo and Afro-Caribbean arrive in liberia?
2.5%,Congo descendants and Afro-Caribbean make of what percentage of liberia's population?
Liberians and the Lebanese,There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups?
a significant mixed-race population,The interracial couples in Liberia result in what?
in the country,Where do Liberians of European decent live?
Black African descent.,The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship of whom?
"inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers.",What is Liberia's education system hampered by?
10 years,On average children attain how many years of education?
lax.,How intense is the enforcement of school attendance?
60.8%,What was the literacy rate in Liberia in 2010?
John F. Kennedy Medical Center,What is the name of the hospital in Monrova?
57.4 years,What is the life expectancy in Liberia?
5.9 births per woman,What was the fertility rate of women in 2012?
"990 per 100,000 births",What was the maternal mortality rate in 2010?
2%,What were the HIV infection rates in 2007?
textile arts and quilting,What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?
1857 and 1858,In what years did Liberia host national fairs? 
the most well-known Liberian quilters,Who is Martha Ann Ricks?
Queen Victoria,Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?
Liberian-made quilt,What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?
Android and iOS,Who are Windows main operating system competitors?
"built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot",What new security features does Windows 8 have?
3.0,What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?
an online store for downloading and purchasing new software,What services does the Windows Store provide?
displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles,What can be found on the Start screen?
"its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices",What about Windows 8 was well received?
being potentially confusing and difficult to learn,What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?
60 million,How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?
Steven Sinofsky,Who is Windows division president?
before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009,When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?
new application framework for Windows 8,What is jupiter?
Consumer Electronics Show,Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?
Steve Ballmer,Who is Microsofts CEO?
Blue Screen of Death,What does BSoD stand for?
"April 12, 2011",When was Milestone 1 divulged?
It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered,What was special about Milestone 1?
"April 25, 2011",When was Milestone 2 divulged?
"May 1, 2011",When was Build 7959 divulged?
"standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools",What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release?
Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend,What developer tools did the build have?
"535,000",How many downloads occured in the first 12 hours?
"January 15, 2013",When did the developer preview expire?
"March 11, 2012",When was the Developer preview initially intended to expire?
"February 29, 2012",When was the beta version of Windows 8 made available to the public?
Chaitanya Sareen,Who is the Windows Manager?
"100,000",How many things were altered after developer version release?
over one million times,How many times was the Consumer Preview downloaded in the first 24 hours?
"January 15, 2013",When was the Consumer Preview set to expire?
"May 31, 2012",When was the Release Preview revealed to consumers?
"January 15, 2013",When was the release preview set to expire?
"addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player",What were the main components of the Release preview?
8400,What was the build number of the Windows 8 Release Preview?
"May 28, 2012",When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed?
"August 1, 2012",When did Windows 8 manufacturing begin?
"October 25, 2012",When was Microsoft supposed to officially launch Windows 8?
9200,What was the final build Microsoft decided to manufacture?
"August 16, 2012",When were Software Assurance consumers allowed access to Windows 8?
a version for European markets lacking bundled media players,What version of Windows 8 is Enterprise N?
Relatively few,How many things did Microsoft alter after Release Preview?
"October 9, 2012",When was the General Availablity Cumulative Update provided?
through Windows Update,How are system improvements released through Windows 8?
File Explorer,What name did Windows Explorer change to?
$1.5–1.8 billion,How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 8?
$200 million,How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 95?
Allison Brown,What is the name of the character Microsoft used to make Windows 8 seem more personable?
October 2012,When did Microsoft begin promoting Windows 8?
34,How many pop up stores did Microsoft set up to help promote Windows 8?
"June 12, 2013",When was the first game of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals?
the iPad,Who did Windows 8 mock in their television campaign?
Windows Everywhere,What was the name of the Windows 8 advertising campaign?
"Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services",What three things did the Windows Everywhere campaign emphasize on?
hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot,What happens during Hybrid Boot mode?
faster data transfers and improved power management,What are the benefits of USB 3.0?
to facilitate sharing and communication between devices,What is the point of near field communications?
live USB versions of Windows,What is Windows to Go?
clock and notifications,What features were added to the lock screen?
a ribbon,What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?
File Explorer,What is the new name of Windows Explorer?
allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device,What does file history make possible?
"provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files",What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?
indicating the level of resource usage,What is the point of using different colors on a heat map?
a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed,What changes were made to the BSoD?
"applications, background processes and Windows processes",What are some of the process type groups Windows 8 implemented?
search the web,How can users find out more about obscure Windows 8 processes?
PINs and picture passwords,What new security features did Windows 8 provide?
touchscreens,What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at?
allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls,What options do Parental controls provide?
"""Refresh"" and ""Reset"" functions, including system recovery from USB drive",What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement?
"November 13, 2012",When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out?
uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system,How does secure boot help avert boot process infections?
"must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature",What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?
secure boot,What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices?
cloud storage service,What is SkyDrive?
"June 8, 2015",When was Facebook support turned off?
allows users to view their profile and gamerscore,What features does Xbox Live hub offer?
"Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass",What Xbox apps were bundled together?
can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices.,What service options does Windows online now offer?
a desktop program and a touch-optimized app,What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?
"a ""Compatibility View"" whitelist",What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with?
most sites by default,Where can Adobe Flash now be used?
"increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration",What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?
disable all wireless connectivity,What does airplone mode do?
Windows Store apps,Where can Carrier account management systems be found?
APNs and carrier branding,What are some connection settings in Windows 8?
the operating system,What registers the insertion of a SIM card?
Microsoft developer,Who is Jensen Harris?
"Facebook, Skype, and People service",What apps can one expect the People app to match with?
Facebook and Flickr,What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with?
apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications.,What makes Windows Store apps unique?
collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps,What are contracts?
"C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript",What programming languages does Windows Runtime work with?
"If written in some ""high-level"" languages",What makes Windows apps binary code compatible?
permitting consumption by all compatible languages,What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible?
sandboxed environment,What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security?
Windows Store,Where can Windows 8 install apps from?
sideload apps,How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?
Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices,What other devices can sideload apps?
the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8,What does immersive app stand for?
Metro-style apps,What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?
vice president of Microsoft's development software division,Who is Soma Somasegar?
"September 12, 2012",When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?
API code instead of WinRT,What code did Windows 8 change to?
New experience enabled,What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?
"able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code",What different options did the desktop version have?
Chrome and Firefox,Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?
uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface,What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?
uses a touch-optimized interface,What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?
September 2013,When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?
a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs,What is found on the Start Screen?
display constantly updated information and content,What do live tiles do?
used for basic configuration and user settings,What is the primary function of the PC Settings app? 
Control Panel,Where can advanced settings options be found?
Microsoft's Metro design language,What is the new System User interface built on?
A vertical toolbar,What is charms?
"provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button",What is the purpose of charms?
Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down,How is an active list of apps accessed?
allows one to switch between apps and Desktop,What does swiping from the left edge of the screen do?
via a tile on the Start screen,How is the traditional desktop evironment opened?
the cost of licensing the necessary decoders,Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?
upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro,What does the Pro Pack do?
the traditional Start menu,Which main feature was removed in Windows 8?
Backup and Restore,What backup element is still found on Windows 8?
"through a Control Panel applet called ""Windows 7 File Recovery""",How is Backup and Restore opened?
access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer,What does :76 Shadow Copy do?
other software,What is :74 used for? 
"to allow ""greater design flexibility"" for future products",Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets?
"a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis",What is a convertible form factor? 
attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism,How does a convertible become a tablet?
1024×768,"What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?"
three,How many Windows 8 editions are there?
"BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on",What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?
features aimed towards business environments,What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?
as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it,How would one get Windows RT?
"$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box",During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?
$119.99,What is the Windows 8 price?
$199.99,What is the Windows 8 Pro price?
"PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate",Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?
free,How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?
require an existing version of Windows to install,What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?
"specialized ""System Builder"" SKU",What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?
(OEM) SKU,What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?
original equipment manufacturer,What does OEM stand for?
purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers,What did the Personal Use License allow?
Windows 8.1,What replaced Windows 8?
"8.1 is available as ""full version software""",What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1? 
Personal Use License,What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?
a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine,What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?
32-bit and 64-bit,What architecture types does Windows 8 support?
CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation,What is 16-bit support intended for?
1978,When was x86 2nd generation created?
automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation,How does the online Windows installer know which version to install?
Windows RT,What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?
only supports applications included with the system,What apps work on Windows RT?
to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture,Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?
free software supporters,Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default?
vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot,What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?
Microsoft developer,Who is Tony Mangefeste?
"to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves",What ideology does Microsoft follow?
video game developers,Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?
"Markus ""Notch"" Persson",Who created Minecraft?
Gabe Newell,Who developed Steam?
Activision Blizzard,What company is Rob Pardo associated with?
"responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the ""curated application store approach.""",What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?
David Pierce,Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?
because it allows users to interact with dynamic information,Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?
"File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager",Which improvements were most well regarded?
Apple,Who else uses a closed distribution platform?
the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface,What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?
Adrian Kingsley-Hughes,Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?
mixed,What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?
market research firm,What is IDC?
consumers bought more mobile devices,What is the decline in PC sales attributed to?
21 percent,How much of a decrease in sales have Windows devices experienced?
Apple,"While Windows sales went down, which company experienced an increase in sales?"
7.4,What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/
43.4%,What was Androids market share in 2013?
48.2%,What was teh iOS market share in 2013?
top tier apps,What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?
July 2013,When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?
amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum,What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?
to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors,Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum? 
100 million,How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?
Android-based tablets,What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?
"May 23, 2014",When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?
"April 2, 2014",When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches?
February 2014,When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?
cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing,What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing?
May 2014,When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?
in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP,Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?
49%,What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?
Ni Guangnan,Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?
China Central Television,What does CCTV stand for?
Sina Weibo,What is the name of the Chinese social network?
Ni Guangnan,Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information?
Fudan University,Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest?
"May 14, 2013",When was Windows 8.1 introduced?
"June 26, 2013",When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?
"September 9, 2013",When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?
Bing-based unified search system,What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?
ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen,How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?
a visible Start button,What main feature was added back to the desktop?
up to four,How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?
81 mi,How wide is Swaziland in miles??
siSwati,What is the primary language spoken by the people in Swaziland?
one of the smallest,In terms of size where does Swaziland rank within Africa in terms of country size?
mid-18th century,When did the ethnic Swazis establish a kingdom?
Ngwane III,Who was the leader of the 18th century Swazi kingdom?
"$9,714",What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?
Southern African Customs Union,What is the SACU?
Swaziland's currency,What is the lilangeni?
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,What does the acronym COMESA represent?
South African rand,What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to?
king,What is the literal translation of Nkhosi?
greatly extended the area of the country,What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?
Mswati II,"In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle, who was the best?"
Emakhandzambili clans,What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?
Mswati II. KaNgwane,Where does the name Swaziland originate?
1903,In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate? 
Anglo-Boer war,What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?
1906,In what year was Swaziland given self governance? 
two-thirds of the total land,How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?
December 1921,When was Sobhuza coronated?
November 1963,When did the Swaziland constitution come to be?
liqoqo,What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council?
9 September 1964,When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created?
1967,When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur?
1973,In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?
King Sobhuza II,Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?
1982,When did King Sobhuza II die?
Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe,Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II
Mswati III,Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?
The king,Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?
the Libandla,What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?
a minority,What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?
to balance views in parliament,Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?
30 seats,How many seats are in the Senate of Swaziland?
65,How many members are there in the Swazi House of Assembly?
20 September 2013,When were the most recent elections in Swaziland?
10,How many members of the Swazi House of Assembly are chosen by the king?
the elections and boundaries commission,Which group looks over elections in Swaziland?
the early seventies,When did people begin to disputre royal hegenomy in Swaziland?
the majority,What portion of Swaziland is said to support the monarchy of Swaziland?
the constitutional draft committee,What entity took submissions about whether or not Swazi citizens wanted to change support of the monarchy?
a show of hand,How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?
at least ten,What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?
Constituency Headman,What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?
Constituency Executive Committee,"In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho? "
four,What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?
one,How many representatives does each tinkhundla elect to the Swazi House of Assembly?
a five-year term,What is a single term of a Swazi development committee?
the chiefdoms,To whom do Bucopho take the decisions and concerns?
indvuna ye nkhundla,What is the chairman of the bucopho also called?
at the inkhundla,Where is the Bucopho chairman elected?
Mozambique,What nation is to the east of Swaziland?
"17,364 km2",How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?
Republic of South Africa,"What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?"
four,How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?
the northwest,In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?
About 75%,What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?
textile manufacturing,Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?
Swazi Nation Land,"In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?"
low productivity and investment,What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?
2.8%,What has the Real growth in GDP since 2001 in Swaziland in percentage?
nearly 2 percentage points,How much lower is the Swazi Real GDP growth in comparison to other Southern African Customs Union members is Swaziland?
the late 1990s,When did the public finances in Swaziland decline?
declining revenues and increased spending,What led to Swazi budget cuts?
55%,What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages?
60% of total government revenues,What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU?
declined markedly,What has happened to debt external onus  in Swaziland in the past two decades?
less than 20%,What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006?
South Africa,Which nations economy is Swaziland most linked with?
over 90%,What quantity of imports does Swaziland get from South Africa?
70%,What percentage of exported goods from Swaziland end up in South Africa?
exports grew by over 200%,What happened to Swazi exports of textiles from 2000 to 2005?
more than 50%,Between 2000 and 2005 what percentage did Swazi sugar exports increase by?
South African Rand,What currency is Swaziland bound to?
South Africa,Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy?
as much as 70%,Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue?
Southern African Customs Union,From where does Swaziland get customs revenue?
83%,What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian?
Christianity,Which religious belief is most prevelant in Swaziland?
20%,What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic?
Ellinah Wamukoya,Who is the Anglican Bishop of Swaziland?
14,How many Jewish families are there in Swaziland?
38.8%,"Of pregnant women, how many are believed to be infected with HIV?"
80% coverage or greater,What does UNAIDS consider universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment?
Themba Dlamini,Who was the prime minister of Swaziland in 2004?
70% to 80%,What percentage of HIV/AIDS infected in Swaziland are believed to be treated?
18%,What is the rate of mortality for those with tuberculosis in Swaziland?
5-year or younger,What age attends pre-school in Swaziland?
21.6%,What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland?
neighbourhood care points,"In reference to education in Swaziland, hat is an NCP otherwise known as?"
early childhood care and education,What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system?
five,How many years does a student spend in secondary and high school in Swaziland?
three,For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school?
Examination Council of Swaziland,What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system?
Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education,What do students finishing senior secondary school get?
Cambridge International Examination,What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland?
Swaziland Christian University,"The University of Swaziland, Southern Nazarene University, offer higher learning in Swaziland, what is one other University?"
Sidvwashini,Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology?
Mbabane,What is the capital of Swaziland?
Siteki,Where in Swaziland is The Good shepherd Hospital?
College for Nursing Assistants,What nursing school does The Good Shepherd Hospital contain?
Swaziland College of Technology,Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland?
technology and business studies,What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer?
Matsapha,What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute?
Manzini Industrial and Training Centre,"There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC, what does it stand for?"
Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration,In terms of education in Swaziland what does the acronym SIMPA represent?
a government owned management and development institute,"In Swaziland, what is SIMPA?"
"Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland",In which locations is the Institute of Development Management?
"training, consultancy, and research in management",What service does the IDM provide?
1972,In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded?
training of the Sangoma,"In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa?"
a traditional diviner,What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?
the cause of sickness or even death,Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?
kubhula,How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate?
to determine the cause of the sickness,What is kushaya ematsambo used for?
Umhlanga Reed Dance.,What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture?
eight,How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
late August or early September,During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
"childless, unmarried girls",What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
to preserve girls' chastity,"As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?"
19 August 2005,Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?
"If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine",What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?
all young girls,Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?
"the old ""umchwasho"" custom",From where did the Reed Dance originate?
dancing and feasting,What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?
translatio,What Latin word does the English word translation come from?
Romance,"What languages use equivalents of the English term ""translation"" that come from the same Latin source?"
"""to lead across""",What does Latin's traducere mean in English?
Latin,Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?
"""re-language-ing""","What does the Dutch word ""vertaling"" roughly translate to?"
hardly,How much has translation changed since antiquity?
seeking equivalents,What have general been prudent about?
literal,"For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible?"
theoretical,What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?
early Christian period and the Middle Ages,When were there some extreme metaphrasers?
context itself,What have translators tried to preserve?
reproducing the original order of sememes,How do translators preserve context?
grammatical structure,What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?
passive,What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?
syntactic requirements,What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?
contact and exchange,A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?
guide to current meaning,What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?
present,"What does the French ""actuel"" mean in English?"
aktuell,"How would you convey that something is ""presently of importance"" in Swedish?"
aktualny,"To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?"
at least since Terence,How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?
comedies,What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?
artist,A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?
Cicero,Where was the concept of parallel creation found?
Samuel Johnson,Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?
earlier approaches,"When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?"
when historians view ancient or medieval records,When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians?
events,What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments?
theories and philosophies,What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition?
5th century,When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?
creation of Arabic script,What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?
politics,What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?
Greek and Persian,What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?
Arabic,What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?
centuries of close contacts and exchanges,Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions?
after the Renaissance,When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?
important sources of material,"What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans?"
techniques,What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic?
overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions,What would Western traditions eventually do?
movement to translate English and European texts,What transformed Arabic languages?
"new words, simplified syntax, and directness",What came to be valued over previous convolutions?
Educated Arabs and Turks,Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?
texts in the religious schools,What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?
Darwinism,What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?
Britain and France,What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI?
solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy,What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?
Muslim Brotherhood,A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt?
empire-builders,de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst?
retrograde currents,What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to?
German Romanticism,Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?
German,What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?
1813,"When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture ""On the Different Methods of Translation""?"
transparency,Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?
extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text,What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?
Comparison of a back-translation with the original text,What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation?
by reversing the operation,How are mathematical operations checked?
reverse-translation operations,What operations are results from not always completely reliable?
linguistic,What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity?
mathematical,What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal?
Mark Twain,Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? 
1903,When was Twain's back-translation published?
French,For what language did Twain create a back-translation?
"""Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story""",What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?
"""The Athenian and the Frog""",What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?
the original text,What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?
Polish aristocrat,Who was Jan Potocki?
French,What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?
1847,When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?
French-language,What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?
Translation,What has served as a school of writing for many authors?
monks,Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?
languages,What did translators shape in the course of their work?
bridges,What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?
source languages,Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?
crucial,What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?
Xicalango,Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?
Mexican Gulf Coast,What region did La Malinche hail from?
Spanish conquest of Mexico,What was La Malinche essential to?
lover,"In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés?"
Web-based human translation,What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?
frequent inaccuracy,What reputation does machine translations have?
human,What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?
on-demand human-translation services,"Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?"
"businesses, individuals, and enterprises",Who purchases the services of translation agencies?
context-embedded,Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?
comprehend the context of the original text,What does it take a person to be able to do?
error,What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?
reviewed and edited,How must machine translations be transformed by a human?
Asia,Where did Buddhism spread?
translation,Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?
well over a thousand years,How long did the translation effort take?
The Tangut Empire,What Empire was especially good at translation?
translate volumes,What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?
Arabs,Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?
philosophical and scientific works,What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?
Middle Ages,When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?
School of Translation,What is Schola Traductorum in English?
European,Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?
Wycliffe Bible,What was the first great English translation?
1382,When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?
end of the 15th century,When did the age of great English prose translation begin?
Le Morte Darthur,What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?
Tudor,The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?
Cosimo de' Medici,Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?
Byzantine scholar,What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?
1453,When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?
Marsilio Ficino,Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?
the exact words,"What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?"
ease of reading,What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?
omitted,"If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?"
their own style of expression,What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?
no more than had their predecessors,How much did the translators care about scholarship?
own composition,"What did James Macpherson ""translate"" from?"
accuracy and style,What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?
J.M. Cohen,"Who observed that the policy became ""the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text""?"
bawdy,"What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed ""whole"" text?"
that they were reading a foreign classic,What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?
by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes,How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?
poetry,What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?
verse,What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?
stanzaic,What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?
church hymns,What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?
Catherine Winkworth,Who translated German chorales into English?
more restrictive,How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?
little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation,Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?
assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical,What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?
by subdividing or combining notes,How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?
"audiences, singers and conductors",Who can translations of a sung text aid?
subtitles or surtitles,What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?
works in languages they do not know,What do professional and amateur singers often sing?
understand the meaning of the words they are singing.,Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
rendering of the Old Testament into Greek,What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?
3rd century BCE,When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?
seventy translators,Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?
in solitary confinement,How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?
identical,"According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?"
European,"During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?"
"religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries",Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?
Roman Catholicism and Protestantism,Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?
religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day,What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?
Martin Luther,Who translated the Bible to German?
airport,What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?
landing area,What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?
aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land,What is an airport?
air traffic control,What does ATC stand for?
traffic pattern,What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
Air safety,What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?
eight,How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?
Spanish Ferrovial consortium,What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?
Fraport,What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?
GMR Group,"Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?"
"parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads",What do landside areas include?
landside and airside,Airports are divided into what two areas?
"all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons",What do airside areas include?
terminals,Where can passengers purchase tickets?
concourses,What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?
products and services,Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?
within the departure areas,Where are most of these companies located in an airport?
clothing boutiques and restaurants,Some of these companies include what type of businesses?
higher,Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
express check-in and dedicated check-in counters,What are some services that are offered by VIP services?
First and Business class,These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?
Premium services,What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?
near railway trunk routes,"For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?"
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority,What does MBTA stand for?
"rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems",It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?
buses,It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport,What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?
Mexico City International Airport,Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
College Park Airport,What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?
1909,In what year was the College Park Airport established?
Wilbur Wright,Who established the College Park Airport?
"35,000,000",How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?
1916,In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?
for handling passenger traffic,"Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?"
Le Bourget Airport,Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?
Hounslow Heath Aerodrome,What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?
August 1919,When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?
"a paved ""apron""",What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?
latter part of the 1920s,When was the first lighting used on an airport?
1930s,When did approach lighting come into use?
1940s,When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
approach lighting,What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
slope-line approach system,"What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?"
increase in jet aircraft traffic,Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?
"9,800 ft",How far were runways extended out?
The fields,What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?
early 1960s,When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?
air traffic control,What does ATC stand for?
two,ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?
Ground Control,What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?
Ground Control,Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?
Tower Control,"When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?"
After a plane has landed,When is control turned back over to ground control?
Tower Control,Who controls aircraft on the runway?
radar,Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?
Tower Control,Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?
in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic,Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?
traffic pattern,What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?
traffic pattern,What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
so-called SLOT-times,"Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided."
"800 or 1,000 ft",Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
left-handed,Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
above ground level,What does AGL stand for?
Standard traffic patterns are left-handed,What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
a circuit,"At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?"
Clearance Delivery,What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?
commercial with long routes,Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?
visual approach slope indicator,What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?
visual approach slope indicator,What does VASI stand for?
VHF omnidirectional range,What does VOR stand for?
VHF omnidirectional range,What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?
instrument landing system,"What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?"
green lights,"On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?"
red lights,"On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?"
white lights,What indicates the edge of a runway?
pilot controlled lighting,What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?
approach lighting system,What does ALS stand for?
Hazards to aircraft,What includes debris and nesting birds?
ice and snow clearing equipment,"In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?"
airfield rubber removal,What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?
tow tractor,What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?
ground power unit,What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?
airbridge,The passengers disembark using what?
Mobile stairs,What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?
90 minutes,How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?
airbase,An airfield is also referred to as what?
airbase,What provides basing and support of military aircraft?
the UK,Where is RAF Brize Norton located?
Norway,Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?
India,Where is Pune Airport located?
1970,When was the movie Airport made?
The Terminal,What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?
2000,When was the movie Final Destination released?
all public areas,"Landside, where can filming take place?"
Departure Lounge and some outside areas,What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?
Filming,"What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?"
882,What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?
Kiev. Sviatoslav I,Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
Prince Oleg,Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
Vladimir the Great,Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
issued its first written legal code,What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
19th century,When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
1913,When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
Vasily Klyuchevsky,Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
Slavic tribes,Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
Novgorod,Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
Ladoga and Karelia regions,Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
Poliane,Which tribe resided in the south?
whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs,What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
Scandinavians,"What were the ""Rus"" accourding to the ""Normanist""?"
Slavs,What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
Ahmad ibn Fadlan,Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?
garments that only cover half of his body,What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?
Leo the Deacon,"Which historian refered to the Rus as ""Scythians""?"
Varangians and the Khazars,Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?
859,In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?
862,In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?
"Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor","What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?"
Rurik,Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?
Kiev,What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
863–66,Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?
Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage,What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?
to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.,Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?
879,When did Ruik past away?
Prince Oleg,"Who declared Kiev ""The mother of Rus citis'?"
Prince Oleg,"When Rurik past away, who took over?"
883,What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?
"abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export",Why did the Kievan state prosper?
three,How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?
money-lending system,What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?
Dnieper route,Which route was a central post in Kiev?
rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south,What led to constant problems with the Khazars?
Black Sea steppe,Which area did the Khazars rule over?
Byzantine Empire,Who were allies with the Khazars?
Persians and Arabs,Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?
turmoil,What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
Khazars,What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
build a fortress at Sarkel,What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
expansion of the Rus,What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?
Oleg,Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?
894,What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?
913,"What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?"
10th century,Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?
Pechenegs,Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?
livestock,What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?
860,In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople?
provide teachers,What had Prince Rastislav requested?
devised the Glagolitic alphabet,What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?
867,In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?
after Oleg took control over Kiev,When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?
"commercial, cultural, and military concerns",What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg?
907,When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again?
The Chronicle,What known document tells of the death of Oleg?
certain horse,What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?
Prince Igor,WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?
has the horse sequestered,What does Oleg do to his horse?
941,What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?
Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs,Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?
outfitted with Greek fire throwers,What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?
"10,000 vessels",How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?
Slavs and Pecheneg allies,Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?
945,"IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians."
944,When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?
945,When did Prince Igor past away?
963,In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?
his wife Olga,Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?
Pereyaslavets,Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?
972,What year did Sviatoslav pass away?
two centuries,How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?
980–1015,What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?
Novgorod,What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?
Scandinavia,"In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?"
988,When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?
Princess Anna,Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?
Dnieper River,What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?
Cyrillic,What language did the church write  the liturgy in?
facilitated the conversion to Christianity,What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?
the Wise,What was Yaroslav also known as?
Vladimir the Great,Who was Yaroslav's father?
1019,In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?
power was transferred to the eldest member,What did the rota system do?
rota system,What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?
Familicide,What was often deployed when trying to gain power?
Poland,What country did the fleeing Grand Prince run off to?
conflict,What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away?
Rostislav Vladimirovich,Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav's death?
city of Liubech,Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097?
decline of Constantinople,What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?
Kiev,Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?
Byzantine,What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?
Mstislav the Great,Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?
1169,When did Mstislav die?
"12th century,",When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?
The Crusades,What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus?
1204,In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople?
Teutonic Knights,What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?
became more independent,What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?
it controlled trade routes,Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?
1169,In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?
Grand Duchy of Moscow,"The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?"
Rostov,What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?
In 1299,In what year did the mongol invasion begin?
Prince Roman Mstislavich,Who united the two previously separated principalities?
"Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian",Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?
1202,In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?
Cyprian,Who became metropolitan in 1370?
Due to the expansion of trade,How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?
from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes,From what did this new princedom emerge from?
first notable form of self-government,What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?
mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites,Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?
class institutions and autonomous towns,What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?
tribute-paying peasants,What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?
change in political structure,What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?
1031,When did wages on the manors develop?
given equality,What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?
the largest contemporary European state,"Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?"
sewage system and wood paving,What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?
property and inheritance rights,What were some of the rights women had during this time period?
Macedonian dynasty,To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?
"Hungary, France and Norway",Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?
daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor,Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?
9th century,How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?
sporadic raids into the lands of Rus,What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?
968,What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?
Byzantine Empire,Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?
Michael I,"Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?"
Leontiy,Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?
1991,When was the SNES released in the US?
Japan and South Korea,Where was the SNES first released?
Super Famicom,What was the SNES called in Japan?
Super Comboy,What was the SNES called in South Korea?
1992,When was the SNES released in Australia?
PC Engine,What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
Mega Drive,What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
TurboGrafx-16,What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?
Genesis,What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?
built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound,What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?
Masayuki Uemura,Who designed both the NES and SNES?
"¥25,000",How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?
US$210,How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?
"300,000",How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run?
the Yakuza,What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms?
US$199,How much did the SNES cost in the US?
GB£150,How much did the SNES cost in the UK?
April 1992,When was the SNES released in the UK?
1993,When was the SNES released in Brazil?
Playtronic,Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil?
older gamers,What market did the Genesis target?
over a year,How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?
60%,How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?
Donkey Kong Country,What game was key to the SNES's success?
more than 20 million,How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?
five,What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?
Ultra Games,What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?
two,For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?
Sega,Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?
Acclaim,Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?
using a 40-point scale,How did Nintendo rank submitted games?
Mortal Kombat,What game first challenged Nintendo's anti-violence policy?
1992,When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades?
Genesis,Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat?
three or four-to-one,How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?
Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman,Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?
the marketing of violent video games to children,What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?
the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board,What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
the inclusion of ratings on all video games,What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed,How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?
Rare,Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?
6.1 million,How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?
SGI workstations,What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?
"detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music",How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?
November 1994,When was Donkey Kong Country released?
US$99,How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US?
Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island,What game was bundled with the SNS-101?
S-Video and RGB output,What features were removed in the SNS-101?
Super Famicom Jr.,What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101?
October 1997,When was the SNS-101 released in the US?
by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot,How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?
disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip,How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?
"hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed",What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?
60 Hz,What video frequency does NTSC use?
50 Hz,What video frequency does PAL use?
16.7% slower,How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?
a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions,What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?
predominantly gray,What color is the SNES?
Lance Barr,Who designed the North American SNES?
industrial designer,What was Barr's job?
purple,What color were the North American SNES's buttons?
gray,What color were the Japanese Super Famicom Jr.'s buttons?
top-loading,How is the SNES's slot positioned?
"composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator",What connection types did MULTI OUT support?
28,How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?
composite,What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?
Nintendo 64 and GameCube,What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?
ABS plastic,What material is the SNES case made of?
oxidization,What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow?
an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives,What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow?
with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution,How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed?
if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic,Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow?
Game Pak,What are SNES game cartridges officially called in the US?
Cassette,What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan?
117.75 Mbit,How much data space can an SNES cartridge use?
Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean,What were the largest SNES games?
2 Mbit,How much data do the smallest SNES games use?
X and Y,What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers didn't?
two,How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have?
Lance Barr,Who designed the SNES controllers?
lavender,What color are the US SNES controllers' X and Y buttons?
purple,What color are the US SNES controllers' A and B buttons?
Super Scope,What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?
Super Advantage,What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?
Mario Paint,What game used the SNES Mouse?
BatterUP,What game came with a baseball bat controller?
light gun,What type of accessory was the Super Scope?
either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems,How did Nintendo say an NES and SNES could be used on the same TV?
Game Boy,Which other game system's cartridges could be adapted to the SNES?
"palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console",What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy?
Japan,Where was the Super Game Boy 2 released?
a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games,What did the Super Game Boy 2 add?
Satellaview,What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?
the St.GIGA satellite radio station,What service did the Satellaview connect to?
"April 23, 1995",When did the Satellaview begin operation?
"June 30, 2000",When did the Satellaview end operation?
XBAND,What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?
Sony and Philips,Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES?
CD-i,What was Philips' multimedia system?
PlayStation,What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?
Mega-CD,What was Sega's CD add-on?
flagrant software piracy,What did Nintendo consider emulators?
abandonware,What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?
Retrode,What device allows backing up SNES games?
homebrew,What is the term for homemade software?
"Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad",What smartphones have SNES emulators?
Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii,What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?
"Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings",What portable game systems have SNES emulators?
GameTrailers,Which publication said Nintendo's best console ever was the SNES?
second-best,Where did GameTrailers rank the SNES among all consoles?
Don Reisinger,Which writer said the SNES was the best console ever from any company?
GamingExcellence,"Who said the SNES was ""simply the most timeless system ever created""?"
fourth best,Where did IGN rank the SNES?
substrate language,Some scholars contest that there was only one what?
hunter and fisher peoples,Who do some scholars think the Sumerian language originally belonged to?
marshland,Where did the original Sumerians live?
Arabian bifacial,What culture did the peoples who would be called Sumerian have a part in?
26th century BC,When were the earliest historical records of Sumer?
about a century,How long was there native Sumerian rule during the Third Dynasty of Ur?
approximately 2100-2000 BC,When was the Third Dynasty of Ur?
Akkadian,What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire?
Eridu,What is considered to be the world's first city?
three,How many cultures may have fused together in Eridu?
Sumerian,What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians?
"""the black-headed people""",What did the Sumerians refer to themselves as in their language?
"""place of the noble lords""",How did the Sumerians refer to their land?
geographical,"Shumer, an Akkadian word, could reference what type of name?"
southern,What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?
prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk,During what periods did the Sumerican city-states rise to power?
Sumerian written history,What is obscure until the Early Dynastic III period around the 23rd century BC?
syllabary writing system,What was developed that has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions?
rise of the Akkadian Empire,When does Classical Sumer end?
Semitic Amorite invasions,What cut short the Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC?
Ubaid,Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history?
Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf,Where could the pottery be found spread throughout?
Eridu,"During the Ubaid, where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established?"
irrigation,What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them?
Enki,Who was the chief god of Eridu?
transported along the canals and rivers,How were trade goods transported in southern Mesopotamia?
trade goods,What facilitated the rise of Sumerian cities?
"over 10,000",How many people lived in the cities?
Uruk,During which period did Sumerian cities begin using slave labor?
Artifacts,What have been found as far east as central Iran?
priest-king,"What is an ""ensi""?"
theocratic,What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?
a council of elders,Who assisted the ensi?
Uruk,What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?
"50,000",Over how many people lived in Uruk?
Enmebaragesi,Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?
Kish,What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?
Etana,What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?
increased war,What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?
Gilgamesh epic,Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?
Umma,What city-state was the rival of Lagash?
practically all of Sumer,What did Eannatum annex?
"Eannatum of Lagash,",What is one of the first empires known in history?
terror,What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?
collapsed,What happened to Eannatum's empire after his death?
proper names of the kings of Kish,Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found?
king lists,Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC?
Sargon the Great,During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak?
Sumerian,What language did scribes use over Akkadian?
about one thousand years,How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages?
3rd,Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance?
Ur-Nammu and Shulgi,Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power?
more Semitic than Sumerian,"Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region?"
Amorites,What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands?
for as long as cuneiform was utilized.,How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools?
compromised,What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands?
Soil,The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem?
dissolved salts,Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what?
wheat,What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase?
by nearly three fifths,How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity? 
The Sumerians,Who were a non-Semitic caucasoid people?
earlier inhabitants,What influences did the Sumerian language seem to retain?
uninterrupted cultural continuity,What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture?
early Ubaid period,When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia?
silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers,Why were the lands in the region the Sumerian people settled fertile?
the north,Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from?
irrigation agriculture,What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south?
the Samarra,Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture?
eight,How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s?
labor,What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize?
law,How were women protected in Sumerian society?
male,What gender dominated Sumerian culture?
Ur-Nammu,Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law?
the lu-gal,Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society?
two,How many strata existed in Sumerian society?
tablets written in cuneiform,What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer?
milestone,What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature?
Ideograms,What followed cuneiform in writing?
hundreds of thousands,How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day?
religion and law in Mesopotamia,What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? 
Afroasiatic,Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages?
belongs to no known language family,Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics?
words,"In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create?"
failed,What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups?
"""units of meaning""",What are morphemes?
two,How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?
a series of hieros gami,What does one myth see creation as being the result of?
fresh and salt water,"In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?"
the muddy ones,What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?
Ninhursag,Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?
a core pantheon,What did the Sumerian deities form?
for the purpose of serving them,Why did the gods create human beings from clay?
different cities,What could Sumerian gods be associated with?
those cities' political power,What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?
a payment of silver,How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?
Ziggurats,What were Sumerian temples known as?
purification,What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for?
the priests,Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for?
animal and vegetable sacrifices,What was the mudbrick table in the temple for?
near the temples,Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses?
confined to a gloomy world,What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?
outside the city walls in graveyards,Where were dead Sumerians buried?
Ereshkigal,What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?
her servants,Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?
oboe-like,What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?
Uruk period,When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?
enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants,What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?
donkeys,What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?
beasts of burden,What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? 
pots or vases,Where were plants also grown besides the garden?
beer,What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume?
Cereals,What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?
"wheat, barley, and mixed grain",What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew?
very important,How important was beer brewing to Sumerians?
expansive and sang with joy,What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer?
kill weeds,Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?
"from the ""Sumerian Farmer's Almanac""",How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? 
three times,"How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?"
after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu,When would farmers flood their fields?
salt-tolerant barley,"The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?"
was scarce,What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone?
into blocks and seals,How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut?
Brick,What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians?
objects that were deposited under them,What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?
tower-like,What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have?
the ziggurats,What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings?
400 CE,Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when?
by constructing and linking several arches,How did the Sumerians build their strong domes?
the arch,What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes?
Sumerian temples and palaces,Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer?
metrology,What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?
"arithmetic, geometry, and algebra",From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? 
on clay tablets,Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?
2700 – 2300 BC,When was the abacus first seen between?
use a place value numeral system,What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?
Commercial credit and agricultural consumer,What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?
one,How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans?
silver,What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples?
about two thousand years,For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent?
Rural loans,What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations?
rural,"What type of debt did ""clean slate"" decrees cancel?"
the first full year of their reign,"When did rulers typically proclaim ""clean slate"" decrees?"
to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force,Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?
lost the subsistence land or became bondservants,What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?
Enmetena and Urukagina,Who made the first known clean slate decrees?
almost constant wars,What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?
2000 years,How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?
Lagash and Umma,Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?
infantry,What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?
rectangular,What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?
mid 4th millennium BC,When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?
potter's wheel,What form did wheels initially take?
been deciphered,The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?
sets of constellations,What did the Sumerians map stars into?
five,How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?
base 10 and base 6,Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases?
sexagesimal,What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia?
military,What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented?
legal and administrative,What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day?
a city-state's primary temple,"In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?"
Ellice Islands,What is the previous name of Tuvalu?
Pacific Ocean,In which ocean is Tuvalu found?
Hawaii and Australia,Between what land areas is Tuvalu located?
"10,640","According the the 2012 census, how many people live on the Tuvalu islands?"
reef,What originally formed the Tuvalu islands?
1568,In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?
Álvaro de Mendaña,Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?
Terra Australis,What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?
Ellice Islands,What was Tuvalu named in 1819?
British protectorate,By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?
3000 years,How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?
canoe,By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?
nine islands,How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?
Eight,On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?
eight standing together,What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?
te Pusi mo te Ali,What is the creation myth of Tuvalu?
flat atolls,What does the flounder of the Tuvalu myth represent?
coconut palms,What does the eel of the Tuvalu creation myth represent?
Samoa,From what land did the people of Niutao believe they came?
Tonga,From where did the people of the island of Nanumea think they came?
Captain John Byron,What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?
circumnavigation of the globe,What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?
Niutao,Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?
Lagoon Islands,How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?
late 18th,When were chronometers available for accurate location charting? 
May 1819,When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?
Nukufetau and Funafuti,Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?
Ellice's Island,What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?
Edward Ellice,For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?
all nine islands,After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?
1862–63,In what years did Peruvian ships seek laborers in the Polynesian islands?
blackbirding,What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters?
Rev. A. W. Murray,Who was the earliest missionary to Tuvalu?
tricks,By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships?
1863,When did Murray report people missing because of Blackbirders?
1861,When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?
Elekana,What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?
Rev. A. W. Murray,What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?
Samoans,Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?
mid-19th,In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?
palagi traders,What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?
John (also known as Jack) O'Brien,Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?
Salai,Which native did O'Brien marry?
Louis Becke,What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?
Captain Davis,What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?
HMS Royalist,What was the name of Davis's ship?
agents,What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?
competing,How many traders did some islands have?
dryer,What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders? 
structural changes,What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?
resident,What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?
deal directly,How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?
1909,By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?
supercargo,What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?
1890,When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?
Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson,Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?
trading steamer,What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?
Robert Louis Stevenson,What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?
The Cruise of the Janet Nichol,What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?
Darwin's Drill,What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?
Royal Society of London,What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?
coral reefs,What formations was the Royal Society studying?
Charles Darwin,Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?
Charles Hedley,What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?
invertebrate and ethnological,What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti
a base,For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War? 
Japanese forces,What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?
Battle of the Coral Sea,What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?
2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944,From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?
Fongafale,On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?
1974,In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?
December 1974,When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?
Constitution,What document was changed to cause a change in government?
separation,What was the determination of the referendum?
British dependency,What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?
October 1978,When did Tuvalu acquire independence?
British colony of Tuvalu,What was formed in 1974?
Parliament of Tuvalu,"After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named? "
unicameral,What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?
members of parliament,"In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?"
eight,How many courts are there on Tuvalu?
High Court of Tuvalu,What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?
Law of Tuvalu,What is the High Court's right to determine?
Sir Gordon Ward,What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?
Court of Appeal of Tuvalu,To where can judgments be appealed?
Secretariat of the Pacific Community,In what group is Tuvalu involved?
Pacific Islands Forum,In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?
Commonwealth of Nations,In which British group is Tuvalu a member?
United Nations,To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?
18 February 2016,On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?
global warming,What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?
sea level rising,"In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority? "
Kyoto Protocol,What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?
binding deals,What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?
vulnerable,What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?
Alliance of Small Island States,Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?
climate change,What is the AOSIS'S main concern?
Majuro Declaration,To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?
100% renewable,What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?
Solar PV,By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?
Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency,In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate? 
South Pacific Tuna Treaty,Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?
tuna purse seine fishing,What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?
Multilateral Fisheries Treaty,Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?
fishing days,What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?
Memorandum of Understanding,What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?
Pacific Regional Trade,What does the Memorandum concern?
Economic Partnership Agreement,What does the trade agreement encompass?
European Union,With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?
Pacific island countries,To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?
ulu-aliki,What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called?
alikis,What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu?
Falekaupule,What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders?
tofuga,What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu?
pule o kaupule,With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu?
climate change refugees,What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?
humanitarian nature,By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate?
New Zealand High Court,What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable?
persecution or serious harm,What feature was missing in the climate change claims?
Refugee Convention,What document draws out the requirements of refugee status?
75,What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?
job offer,What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?
"5,000",How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?
Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program,What is the program that allows season employees work permits?
Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy,What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?
Tuvaluan,"Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu?"
Ellicean group,What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?
Polynesian,What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related?
Micronesia,To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related?
Samoan,From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits?
Princess Margaret Hospital,What is the only hospital in Tuvalu?
13,How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?
Funafuti,On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital?
midwifery,What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide?
nine or ten,How many nurses are provided to the outer islands?
Funafuti,Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?
government of Tuvalu,What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?
outside of Tuvalu,Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?
Sixth form,Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?
University of the South Pacific,In what educational institution is the program found?
10 years,What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?
11 years,How long are females required to go to school?
99.0%,What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?
"1,918",How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?
1:18,What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?
Community Training Centres,What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?
secondary education,For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?
vocational training,What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?
Adults,"Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes?"
basic,What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?
plants and trees,What were the traditional building materials on Tuvalu?
broadleaf forest,What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu?
fibre,What building material did coconut provide?
nails,What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?
dried coconut fibre,From what was rope made for tying buildings together?
shells,What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?
clothing,In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?
mats and fans,What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?
everyday life,For what  have objects having traditional design been used?
dance songs,What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?
fish,What is the stable protein  of Tuvalu?
coconut,What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?
animal,What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?
seabirds,What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?
fateles,At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?
meeting hall,What type of structure is the falekaupule?
celebrations,"Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?"
council of elders,"Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? "
decision making body,What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?
Aganu,What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?
kilikiti,What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu?
Ano,What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?
cricket,To what sport is kilikiti like?
Christian missionaries,What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?
two hard balls,With what equipment is ano played?
Tuau Lapua Lapua,What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? 
Pacific Mini Games,In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
weightlifting,In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?
Telupe Iosefa,Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
powerlifting,In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
Independence Day Sports Festival,What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?
Tuvalu Games,What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?
1998,In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games?
weightlifter,What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998?
100 metre sprints,What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics?
5.6%,What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?
1.5%, What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?
fuel and food,What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?
zero growth,What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?
large revenues,What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?
National Bank of Tuvalu,What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?
overseas,Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?
seamen,How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?
65%,What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?
agriculture and fishing.,What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?
Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute,What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?
120,What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute?
Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union,What is the only trade union on Tuvalu?
on foreign ships,On what does the Seaman'd Union represent workers?
800,How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers?
$2.2 million,How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?
Top Level Domain,What si Tuvalu's tv domain?
Verisign,What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?
ten per cent,How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?
Tuvalu Ship Registry,What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?
least developed,What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?
deferred its graduation,What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?
World Trade Organisation,What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?
funding assistance,What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?
environmental,What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?
Radio Tuvalu,What is the radio station on Tuvalu?
Funafuti,From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?
Japanese government,Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?
FM radio,What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service? 
mobile,What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?
Funafuti,Where is Tuvalu's only port?
Nukufetau,Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?
two,Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?
Nivaga III,What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?
cargo and passengers,What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?
three,How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have?
six,What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?
26 square kilometres,What is the total land area of Tuvalu?
fourth smallest,How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?
"900,000 km2",What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?
Funafuti,Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?
volcanic island chain,What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?
179°7'E and 8°30'S,What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?
607,How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?
66,How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?
El Niño and La Niña,What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?
El Niño,Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?
La Niña,What temperature effect causes drought?
rationing of fresh-water,What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?
200 to 400 mm,What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?
desalination plants,What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?
Pacific Environment Community,As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?
water tanks,What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?
fresh water,What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?
2006,In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?
Funafuti International Airport,What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?
Funafuti Lagoon,What was damaged by building of the war time air field?
fresh-water aquifer,What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction  impacted?
New Zealand Government,What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?
eight per cent,How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?
80 per cent,What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?
water temperature,What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?
foraminifera,What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?
ecosystem rehabilitation,What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?
reef restoration,What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?
Funafuti Conservation Area,What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?
rising population,What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?
pollution,What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?
European Union,What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?
plastic waste,What do imports produce on Tuvalu?
Reverse osmosis,What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?
40 m3 per day,How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?
below 30%,At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?
government,What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?
A$3.50 per m3,What is the cost of R/O produced water?
July 2012,When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?
National Water Resources Policy,What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?
50 and 100L,What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?
United Nations,What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?
Global Environment Fund,What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?
low elevation,What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?
sea level rise,To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?
4.6 metres,What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?
Niulakita,Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?
second-lowest,Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?
Cyclone Bebe,What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
three,How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? 
Cyclone Ofa,What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
Cyclone Gavin,What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili,What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft),What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?
March 2015,In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?
Nui,During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?
90%,What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam?
coconut palms,The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?
damage,What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?
Cyclone Pam,What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?
recovery,What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?
cleaning-up,For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??
sea level,What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?
5 mm,What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?
satellite,What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?
pre-1993,Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?
degree of uncertainty,What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?
resilience,What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?
reefs,What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?
faster rate,What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs? 
ocean acidification,What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?
on the islands,Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?
relocation,What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?
rising sea levels,What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population? 
2006,When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu? 
never be an option,What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?
original sin only,What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?
"Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes",What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?
"privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain",Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?
"Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.""",What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?
sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.,What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?
makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin,Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
"the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, ""free from all sin, original or personal",How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? 
"let him be anathema.""",What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?
The Council of Trent,What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus,Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother,What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
since the 4th century,When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
"1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,",When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
Saint Joachim and Saint Anne,Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
"dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime",What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?
"Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour",What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?
"Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.",According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?
"Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.",What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?
Greek theologians of Byzantium,What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
"St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the ""purification"" of Jesus and Mary",Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
the circumcision,What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Luke,Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception,What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? 
"include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as """,What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?
"in every respect holy"", ""in all things unstained"", ""super-innocent"", and ""singularly holy"" are applied to her",What phrases were used to describe Mary ?
Eve before the fall,Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?
"St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: ""As regards the mother of God,"" he says, ""I will not allow any question whatever of sin.",Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?
his argument is that all men are sinners;,What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?
Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians,Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?
"to call Mary ""prepurified""",In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?
"Emperor Justinian I,",What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?
"she was ""purified"" at the Annunciation",What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?
holier than all 'Men' born of woman,How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? 
the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East,What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?
under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne,What was the name of this festival ?
"In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans",Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?
"Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.",Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?
"out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.",According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?
"authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477",What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?
"Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses",Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?
with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477,What document made the authorization official ?
"but applied instead the adjective ""miraculous"" to her conception.",What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?
mortally sinful,What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . 
"published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria",What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867,What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Pope Pius IX,Who gave the teacher the new job ?
Mariano Spada,Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?
Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.,What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?
St Bernard of Clairvaux,Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?
St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.,Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?
How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?,What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?
conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation,What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?
instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See,Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?
that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ,What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
"to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.",What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ,What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the 
immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;,What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?
rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.,How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.,Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?
stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.,How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?
end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties,Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?
Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323,In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? 
"declared ""Doctor Angelicus"" of the Church in 1567",What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?
"papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus",What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?
Genesis 3:15,What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?
"the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's ""wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence",According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?
"in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world",Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?
Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception,What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?
"dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an ""over-elaboration""",What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?
because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.,What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?
"took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.",What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?
Mariology,What is the theological study of Mary called ?
Martin Luther,Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
Protestant Reformation,What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
"Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her",What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
"this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.",What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? 
"Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.",What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission,What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?
"The report ""Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ""",What document did this group create once it was convened ?
Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions.,What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?
"The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held",What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?
teaching about Mary in the two definitions,What did the document attempt to clarify ?
claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam.,What  religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?
"Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them.",According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?
"every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil",What does this other religion also state  happens  to everyone besides Mary and her First born child  ?
"every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,",What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?
"passage in the Qur'an, ""I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones",What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion  ?
Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam,Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?
in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate,What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?
her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam,Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?
"Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the ""touch of Satan,"" were Mary and Jesus.",What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?
Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan,What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?
The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother,What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?
Edward Gibbon,Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,What was the group of volumes titled ?
Mohametan Bible,Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?
"Your clothing is white as snow,",What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?
The Roman Missal,The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?
polyphonic settings have been composed,"What type of  melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and  unaccompanied sacred song?"
Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours,What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?
"in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God",What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ? 
moon is under her feet,What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?
a halo of twelve stars surround her head,What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?
"clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.",What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?
free,What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?
"400,325",How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? 
"115,237",How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?
32:1,What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?
National Institute for Educational Development,What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?
Namibië,What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?
southern,Where in Africa is Namibia?
21 March 1990,When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?
Atlantic Ocean,What ocean borders Namibia?
200 metres,How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?
14th century,When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?
1884,When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?
end of World War I,When did Namibia stop being a German colony?
1920,What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?
1948,When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?
South West Africa People's Organisation,What does SWAPO stand for?
1973,When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?
South-West Africa.,"When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?"
internal violence,Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?
1990,When did Namibia obtain full independence?
Orange River,Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?
southern Namibia,What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?
18th century,When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?
1880,When did the Nama-Herero war begin?
Imperial Germany,Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?
Portuguese,What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from? 
1486,When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia? 
1485,When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?
Angola,Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?
Germany,"Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?"
Namaqua,Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?
1904 to 1907,When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?
first genocide of the Twentieth Century,What was the war against the German occupiers considered?
"65,000",How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
"10,000",How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
1946,When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia? 
1915,When did South Africa occupy Namibia? 
Herero Chief's Council,Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?
1946,When was the League replaced by the United Nations?
1960s,When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?
People's Liberation Army of Namibia,Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence? 
1966,When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence? 
1988,When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?
UN peace plan,Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?
Police Zone,What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?
South West Africa,What was Namibia previously called?
12 June 1968,What date did Namibia get it's official name?
Resolution 2372 (XXII),What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?
1988,How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name? 
USA,"The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?"
United Nations Transition Assistance Group,What does UNTAG stand for?
Martti Ahtisaari,Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?
April 1989 to March 1990,When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?
Finnish,What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?
Free and Fair Elections,What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?
February 1990,When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?
Sam Nujoma,Who was the first President of Namibia?
21 March 1990,When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?
Nelson Mandela,Who swore in the first President of Namibia?
Walvis Bay,What was ceded to Namibia in 1994? 
parliamentary democracy,What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?
Multiparty democracy,What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence? 
Swapo Party,What party has won every election in Namibia?
Hifikepunye Pohamba,Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?
15-year,How long did president Same Nujoma rule?
Kalahari Desert,What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?
"5,000",How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?
half,How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?
10 percent,How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?
stable nature of precipitation,What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?
17°S to 25°S,What is the climate range for Namibia?
arid,What is the overall climate description for Namibia? 
500 mm,What is the mean rain above in Namibia?
300 and 500 mm,What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?
150 to 300 mm,What is the arid measurement in Namibia?
300 days,What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt?
the Tropic of Capricorn,What feature cuts Namibia in half?
dry,What is the winter in Namibia like?
between February and April,When is the rainiest season in Namibia?
low,What is humidity like in Namibia?
Benguela,What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?
north,What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?
Atlantic,Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?
Bergwind,What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?
sand storms,What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?
Namibia,What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa?
350 mm per annum,What is the average rainfall in Namibia?
Caprivi,Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia?
80%,How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with? 
natural resources,What does Namibia protect in it's constitution? 
Article 95,What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation?
utilisation of living natural resources,What do Namibians believe sustains them?
1993,When did Namibia receive funding from USAID?
Living in a Finite Environment,What does LIFE project stand for?
Community Based Natural Resource Management,What does CBNRM stand for?
United States Agency for International Development,What does USAID stands for?
states that aided the independence,Who does Namibia have affiliation with in their foreign policy?
Southern African,What ties does Namibia want to strengthen?
160th,Which number member is Namibia in the UN?
23 April 1990,When did Namibia join the UN?
fiftieth,Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations?
36.7%,What was the highest unemployment rate in Namibia?
Immanuel Ngatjizeko,Who is the Labour and Social Welfare Minister?
20.2%,When was the lowest unemployment rate in Namibia?
27.4%,What is Namibian's unemployment rate?
top emerging market economy in Africa,What did Bloomberg name Namibia?
13th best in the world,What rank did Bloomberg name Namibia's economy?
four,How many African countries made the list for top Emerging Markets?
half,How much of the population depends on agriculture?
five times,How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?
inequality,Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?
rural,Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?
1%,How much of Namibia's land is arable?
25%,How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?
fourth,Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium? 
gem-quality diamonds,What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?
uranium,Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?
Sport hunting,What accounts for almost 14% of total tourism in Namibia?
$19.6 million US dollars,How much economic assistance does Namibia get from tourism from hunting? 
extreme sports,What other types of sports are popular in Namibia?
Windhoek,What is the most visited city in Namibia?
coastal,What type of town is Swakopmund?
Windhoek,What is the capital of Namibia?
Hosea Kutako International Airport,What is the airport in Namibia?
Windhoek Country Club Resort,What is the most popular hotel in Windhoek?
Hilton Hotels and Resorts,"Avani Hotels and resorts is a chain resort in Windhoek, what is another?"
Namibia Tourism Board,What does NTB stand for?
"Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000",What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia?
tourism industry,What does act 21 in Namibia regulate?
tourism,What market does Act 21 promote?
sanitation,Most residential areas are insufficient in what area of Namibia?
water consumption,"Besides installation cost, why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia?"
flying toilets,What do Namibian's use as a toilet?
bush,Where do flying toilets end up after use?
major health hazard,Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what?
4.0 and 7.0%,Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?
Afrikaans,What is the language of Namibia?
German settlers,Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?
"526,004",What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?
"73,464",How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?
1991,When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?
every ten years,How often does Namibia conduct a census?
de facto method,What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census? 
"4,042",How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?
constituency boundaries,The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?
1990,"German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?"
English,"What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?"
monolingual,SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?
3%,How many Namibian's speak English?
school drop-outs,There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?
Namibian ultra marathon,What is the toughest footrace around the world?
Women's inline hockey National Team,Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?
Inline hockey,What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?
Frankie Fredericks,Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?
sprinter,What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?
Windhoeker Anzeiger,What was the first Namibian newspaper?
German,What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?
1898,When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?
1969,When was radio introduced in Namibia?
1981,When was TV introduced in Namibia?
Windhoek Observer,What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?
Namibia Economist,What is the economical magazine in Namibia?
Namib Times,What is the regional magazine in Namibia?
Namibia Sport,What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia?
Insight Namibia,What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia?
media,"Compared to neighbouring countries, what freedom does Namibia have?"
Canada,Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting?
36,Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2009?
19th,Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013?
22nd,Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2014?
52.2,What is the life expectancy in Namibia?
AIDS,What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia?
13.1%,How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV?
"210,000",How many people living in 2001 had HIV/AIDS in Namibia?
"16,000.",How many deaths were associated with HIV/AIDS in Namibia in 2003?
malaria,What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia?
14.5% greater,What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV?
50%,The risk of death by malaria raises by how much with a concurrent HIV infection?
598,How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002?
East Slavic,What language sub-family is Russian in?
"Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories",Where is Russian an official language?
"Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia",Where is Russian popular but not an official language?
three,How many living East Slavic languages are there?
10th century,When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic?
consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation,What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?
optional acute accent,What kind of accent can mark stress?
homographic words,What kind of words can acute accents distinguish?
zamok,"What word means both lock and castle, depending on its accent?"
the language used in Kievan Rus',What language does Russian descend from?
"Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn",What are Russian's closest relatives?
eastern Ukraine,Where is Surzhyk used?
Belarus,Where is Trasianka used?
Ukrainian,What was 'Little Russian'?
South Slavic Old Church Slavonic,What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?
mainly abstract and literary words,What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?
East Slavic and the Church Slavonic,What word forms are used together in some cases?
the 20th century,When did Russian language spread to the peasants?
the upper noble classes and urban population,Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?
the mid-20th century,When did the Soviets establish required education?
fricative,What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?
25.5%,How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians?
67.8%,How much of Estonia speaks Russian?
about one-third,What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak English?
58.6%,How much of Estonia's native Estonians speaks Russian?
1809,When did Finland join the Russian Empire?
1918,When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?
0.6%,What percent of Finns speak Russian?
"33,400",How many Finns speak Russian?
Five thousand,How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants?
"14,400,000",How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?
29 million,How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?
65%,What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?
38%,What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?
"minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine",What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?
Warsaw Pact,What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?
"Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba",Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?
"Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria",Which countries speak other Slavic languages?
"The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria",In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live?
13%,How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?
"21,639",How many people in Ireland speak Russian?
20%,How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Irish citizens?
27%,How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens?
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities,What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?
"15,000",How many Armenians speak Russian natively?
1 million,How many Armenians speak Russian actively?
30%,What percent of Armenia speaks Russian?
2%,What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language?
1.7 million,How many Georgians speak Russian actively?
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities,What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?
"130,000",How many Georgians speak Russian natively?
27%,What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?
1%,What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?
according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration,What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?
63%,What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?
"4,200,000",How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?
10 million,How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?
46%,What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?
Alaska,Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?
1700s,When did Russian explorers first reach North America?
1867,When did the US buy Alaska?
about 25%,What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?
Russophones,What is the term for Russian-speaking people?
1975,When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?
Apollo-Soyuz,For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?
International Mathematical Olympiad,What math competition has Russian as an official language?
cosmonauts,What are Russian astronauts called?
Russian,What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?
54.7%,What percent of all websites are in English?
5.9%,What percent of all websites are in Russian?
89.8%,What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?
79.0%,What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?
"""Northern"" and ""Southern""",What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?
"Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern",What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?
"non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar",What distinguishes Russian dialects?
pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly,What is okanye?
"post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te",What articles are similar to Bulgarian?
absence of vowel reduction,What do some Russian dialects do about vowels?
Northern Russian,What region of dialects is the Volga River area in?
unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable,What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect?
unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable,What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?
modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian),What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?
Vladimir Dal,Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?
19th,In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?
18th century,When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?
turn of the 20th century,When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?
four decades,How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?
⟨е⟩,What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become?
⟨и⟩,What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become?
⟨ф⟩,What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become?
⟨у⟩,What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become?
⟨ю⟩,What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become?
мороз,What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?
мышь,What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?
frost,What does 'moroz' mean?
"Unicode character encoding,",What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?
mouse,What does 'mysh' mean?
the Soviet government,Who created KOI8-R encoding?
Microsoft Windows,What system used CP1251 encoding?
MS-DOS and OS/2,What systems used IBM866 encoding?
ISO/IEC 8859-5,What encoding did early Macs use?
1995–2005,In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?
Russian Academy of Sciences,What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?
stress,What can optional acute accents indicate?
castle,"What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?"
this is marvelous,"What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?"
standing,"What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?"
St. Petersburg Phonological School,Who says Russian has 6 vowels?
depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized,When are Russian vowels written differently?
Moscow dialect,What dialect is standard Russian based on?
Irish,What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?
reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa,What is done to unstressed vowels?
a phoneme,What might /kʲ/ be considered?
the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant,What is palatalization?
with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge,How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?
approximately 1000 AD,When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?
about 880,When was Kievan Rus' formed?
"modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus",What countries did Kievan Rus' become?
Old East Slavic,What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?
988,When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?
the languages of Western Europe,Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?
French,What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
German,What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Leo Tolstoy,Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
French,What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
Alexander Pushkin,Who revolutionized modern Russian?
archaic grammar and vocabulary,What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?
archaic grammar and vocabulary,What was 'high style'?
became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech,What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?
1991,When did the USSR dissolve?
1990,When did the USSR make Russian the official language?
the unifying role and superior status,What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?
Ministry of Education and Science (Russia),What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?
A. L. Arefyev,"Who wrote ""Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries""?"
2012,"When was ""Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"" published?"
In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.,What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?
the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces,What is the USAF?
seven,How many uniformed services are there in the United States?
18 September 1947,When did the USAF split from the US Army?
National Security Act of 1947,What act formed the USAF?
Nuclear Deterrence Operations,What is one of the functions of the USAF?
three,How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?
Secretary of Defense,Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? 
Senate,What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? 
Chief of Staff of the Air Force,Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
Secretary of Defense,Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? 
twelve,How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? 
contribute to national security,What do these core functions of the Air Force express? 
core functions,What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? 
Assure/Dissuade/Deter,What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? 
Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD,How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? 
carry out the nuclear strike operations mission,What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? 
US national security,What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? 
the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets,What is the definition of a nuclear strike? 
deployment of nuclear strike capabilities,What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? 
President,Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?
US NDO objectives,What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? 
Continental United States,What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? 
Nuclear surety,What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? 
precise and reliable nuclear operations,What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? 
unauthorized or accidental use,What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? 
effective nuclear weapons security,What is one of the five functions of NDO support? 
Departments of Defense or Energy,What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? 
Offensive Counterair,What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? 
"offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms",What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?
air and missile threats,OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? 
suppression/destruction of enemy air defense,What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? 
Defensive Counterair,What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? 
friendly,What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?
employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks,"What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? "
ballistic,"What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?"
counter-measures,What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? 
Space superiority,What is the dominance in space of one force over another? 
"localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring",What does Space Superiority encompass? 
friendly forces,Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for? 
"land, sea, air, space",What areas does Space Superiority operate in? 
operations to ensure freedom of action in space,What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? 
operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack,What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect? 
space situational awareness,What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on? 
Air Force,Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?
computer network defense,What is the definition of CND?
"CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques",What does Cyberspace defense include?
fused all-source intelligence,What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? 
Air Force,What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? 
Cyberspace Support,What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? 
sustain assigned networks and missions,What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?
C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks,What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?
CNE and CND,What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? 
exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces,What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? 
commander in planning,Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations? 
agile combat support operations,What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses? 
"achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives",What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative? 
Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations,What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? 
development of appropriate intelligence architecture,What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? 
national and military decision makers,Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? 
"operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments",What are Special Operations? 
"achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives",What are the goals of Special Operations? 
indigenous or surrogate,What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ? 
dependence on detailed operational intelligence,What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?
operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air,What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? 
"strategic, operational, or tactical",What objectives does Airlift support? 
resolve and compassion,What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis? 
delivering forces to crisis locations,How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift? 
Health Service Support,Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? 
Aeromedical Evacuation,What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?
to and between medical treatment facilities,Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties? 
Aeromedical evacuation forces,Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions? 
Personnel Recovery,What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?
"military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel",What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission? 
deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda,What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis? 
crisis response and regional stability,What are the types of international duties of the PR mission? 
Humanitarian Assistance Operations,What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
limited,What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
"human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life",What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
host nation civil authorities or agencies,Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? 
airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors,What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? 
"develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security",What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?
cross-cultural,What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage? 
building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit,What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?
"relevant language, region, and culture",What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?
U.S. War Department,Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?
40 years later,When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? 
"68,000",How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII? 
U.S. Army Air Forces,What does the USAAF stand for? 
President Harry S Truman,Who signed the National Security Act of 1947? 
Department of Defense,What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?
three,How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?
sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft,What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?
Marine Corps,Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations? 
Captain Chuck Yeager,What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?
early 2000s,When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects? 
Winslow Wheeler,Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?
2008,When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal? 
Basic Military Training,What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?
BEAST,What is the deployment phase of BMT called? 
directing search and recovery,What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT? 
Military Training Instructors,Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT?
2007,What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?
budget constraints,Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?
"330,000",How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008?
flight hours for crew training,What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF?
Secretary of Defense,Who was Robert Gates? 
Michael Wynne,What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?
Taiwan,Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? 
General T. Michael Moseley,What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?
24 October 2008,When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?
Budget sequestration,Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?
General Mike Hostage,Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?
squadron groundings and flight time reductions,Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service? 
careers in the commercial airlines,Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? 
replace its aging fleet,What is one of the concerns of the Air Force? 
cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets,How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet? 
$208 million,How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? 
Secretary of the Air Force,Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by?
Secretary of Defense,Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to?
President,"Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council?"
Senate,Upon whom does the President call on for support in his appointments to the USAF?
Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force,Who does the senior leadership roles in the USAF include? 
Secretary of Defense,Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? 
Change in Operational Control,What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? 
USTRANSCOM,Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?
Regional Combatant Commander,Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions? 
forces,"What are ""Chopped"" units called in the USAF?"
Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force,What is the top level structure of these Chopped forces in the USAF? 
planning and execution of aerospace forces,What does the C-NAF provide support to?
JFC,Who does the C-NAFF coordinate with on ACEE missions?
judge advocate general,What kind of AFSC is a JAG?
missile launch officer,What is one of the many types of AFSC employed by the USAF? 
computer specialties,What is an example of an occupational field position in the USAF?
Explosive Ordnance Disposal,What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?
Tactical Air Control Party,What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?
rescue downed or isolated personnel,What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do?
commissioned officers,What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by?
Air Force Office of Special Investigations,What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions? 
one year of training with a preliminary school,How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?
3M0X1 (Services),What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?
Second Air Force,Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?
excess of one year,How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last? 
"enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers",What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? 
"based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval",How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided? 
based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board,How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided?
"designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars",How is a Commissioned Officer's rank shown?
Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act,Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? 
Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980,What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?
virtually guaranteed after two years,How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF? 
DOPMA,Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers? 
Promotion to major through major general,What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?
Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base,Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?
Texas,What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in? 
thirteen year,When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur?
16 year mark,The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF?
Title 10,What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?
1947,When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?
1958,When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades?
1959,When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers?
Chief Master Sergeant,What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF?
E-1 (entry level),What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?
E-9 (senior enlisted),What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?
pay grades E-7 through E-9,What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?
staff sergeants and technical sergeants,What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?
pay grade of E-4,When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?
when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5,When does NCO status occur in the USAF?
completed Airman Leadership School,What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?
Corporal,What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?
former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company,Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
1947,When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
1995,When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
pinned onto the coat,Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
various badges,What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? 
merit-based or service-based awards,What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? 
Shields of USAF Fire Protection,What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? 
at least one year,"When is the special ""pocket rocket"" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation? "
United States Air Force Academy,USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? 
Air Force Officer Training School,What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?
"Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama",Where is the OTS in the US currently located?
"concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the ""Line of the Air""",What is a line officer in the USAF? 
two,How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?
Commissioned Officer Training,What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?
"medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration",What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? 
deployed-environment operations,What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? 
Fit to Fight program,What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?
US Air Force Fitness Test,What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? 
1.5-mile,How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? 
75 points,What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? 
90%,What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? 
U.S. ground forces,What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? 
precision strikes,What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?
front of the battle,What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?
bomber aircraft,What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops? 
drop bombs,What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? 
bomber,What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? 
fighter bombers and attack aircraft,What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF? 
aerial refueling,What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?
"US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China",What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions? 
1990s,When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? 
1980s,When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? 
B-52H,What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?
30 years,How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? 
B-21,What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?
Cargo and transport,What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? 
"C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy",What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?
U.S. Special Operations Command,The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?
LC-130H,What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?
weather reconnaissance aircraft,What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? 
deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS,What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
The Eye in the Sky,What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
"to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it",What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
Electronic Warfare/Jamming,What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? 
Airborne Command Post,What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
air-to-air combat,What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?
F-16 Fighting Falcon,What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?
F-16,What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?
F-4 Phantom II,What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?
early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration,What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? 
aerial refueling aircraft,What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?
tail-mounted refueling boom,How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?
large-scale operations,When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?
KC-46A Pegasus,What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?
Robert Gates,What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?
Michael Wynne,What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?
General Norton A. Schwartz,Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?
The Washington Post,What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?
"Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.",What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
an organization in which mostly its officers fought,How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
primarily a rear echelon support force,How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
Cultural and career issues,What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?
Iraq War,During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?
large aircraft losses in training,Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?
US Army,What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?
Royal Air Force,Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? 
"""Friday Name Tags"" in flying units",What traditions does the US Air Force have? 
U.S. Army,"What organization did the US Air Force adopt ""Challenge Coins"" from?"
"welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement",What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?
"""No One Comes Close""",What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan? 
"""One From On High""",What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean? 
"""Aim high"" followed with the response, ""Fly-Fight-Win""",What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010?
"wing, group, or squadron websites","Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found?"
environmental,What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used?
longer lifetime,What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?
Light-emitting diodes,What does LED stand for?
more expensive,Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting?
traffic signals,What is a popular use for LED lighting?
British,What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?
Electroluminescence,LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?
1907,When was Electroluminescence discovered?
Oleg Losev,Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?
cat's-whisker,What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?
1957,What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
Kroemer Braunstein,Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
a GaAs diode,The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
a PbS diode,What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
audio amplifier,What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Texas,In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered? 
tunnel,What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?
1962,In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?
GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode,What was the first practical LED?
Texas Instruments (TI),The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?
General Electric Company,At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?
"Nick Holonyak, Jr.",What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?
red,What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED?
yellow,What color LED was later created in 1972?
M. George Craford,What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?
replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps,What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?
US$200 per unit,How much did the early LEDs cost?
calculators,What was one use of early LED light in products?
Hewlett Packard (HP),What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?
1970s,In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
blue,What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?
Shuji Nakamura,Who demonstrated the first blue LED?
2014 Nobel prize in physics,"What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?"
Alberto Barbieri,Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?
indium tin oxide,What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?
white,What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?
yellow light,What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?
P-N junction,What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current?
electroluminescence,What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?
the conduction band,Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence?
holes existing in the P-region,Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process?
to recombine the electrons and the holes,Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light?
2003,In what year was a new type of blue LED produced?
Cree,Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED?
four times,How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003?
350 mA,What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs?
loss of efficiency,What is a symptom of LED failure?
Sudden failures,What is rare in LED lighting?
their short service life,What was notable in early red LEDs?
higher junction temperatures,What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs?
L70 or L50,What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive?
operating temperature,LED efficacy is inversely proportional to what?
supermarket freezer,Where is LED lighting very well suited?
incandescent lamps,LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device?
frost,What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light?
Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines,What students developed the first blue-violet LED?
Stanford,The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?
1972,When was the first blue-violet LED developed?
zinc-doped gallium nitride,What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?
1980s,In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?
Shuji Nakamura,Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
Dr. Moustakas,Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
BlueRay,What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?
tablets,What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?
Physics,"What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2014?"
Millennium Technology Prize,What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention?
three,How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior blue light patent in 2015?
not less than 13 million USD,What was the fine given to the three companies?
active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN,What are cladding layers?
By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells,How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?
Aluminium gallium nitride,What does AlGaN stand for?
Green,What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?
aluminium,What substance does nitrides contain?
Ultraviolet,What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?
375–395 nm,What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?
240 nm,Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?
250–270 nm,What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?
"red, green, and blue",What colors are used to form white light?
multi-color white LEDs,"What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?"
electronic circuits,What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?
RGB LEDs,What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?
luminous efficacy,What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs?
lower color rendering,Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what?
tetrachromatic,What is one type of multi-color white LED?
dichromatic white LEDs,What type has the best luminous efficacy?
>70 lm/W,What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have?
to form light of different colors,Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of white light?
power decays exponentially with rising temperature,What problem must be solved before multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market?
substantial change in color stability,What problem results when rising temperatures decays power?
phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs),What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors?
blue,"In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used?"
Stokes,What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method?
the color of the original LED,The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what?
If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied,What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method?
the spectral distribution of the resultant light output,What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?
phosphor method,What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs?
heat loss from the Stokes shift,Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs?
3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy,What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue?
monochrome,What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods?
more efficient phosphors,What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light?
YAG phosphor,What is the most efficient yellow phosphor?
less than 10%,What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?
higher operation temperatures,What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development?
adapting better package design,What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?
near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs,White LEDs can be made by coating what?
"copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)",What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?
fluorescent lamps,What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?
blue,The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?
UV light,What light can harm human eyes or skin?
wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon,What is being used to produce white LEDs?
200-mm,What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs?
costly sapphire substrate,"By using silicon wafers, what is being avoided?"
mirror-like collector,What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?
2020,By what year will% of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers?
Quantum dots,What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?
create almost any color on the CIE diagram,Quantum Dot LEDs can do what special skill?
better color rendering,The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs allows them to do what?
two,How many types of schemes are there in Quantum Dot LED excitation?
electrical-excitation,What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation?
hole-transporting materials,What is one material used in electrical-excitation?
electrons and holes,"During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the quantum dot layer?"
near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM),A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what?
over a thousand,How many lumens can some high-power LEDs emit?
300 W/cm2,Up to how many densities have been achieved with LED power?
to allow for heat dissipation,Why must High-power LEDs be mounted on a heat sink?
the device will fail in seconds,What will happen if the heat from a high-power LED is not removed?
incandescent bulb in a flashlight,What can one high-power LED replace?
Seoul Semiconductor,What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power?
40 lm/W,What is the efficacy of an AC powered HP-LED?
2009,When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED?
more flexibility,What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs?
Acrich MJT,What did Seoul Semiconductor name their ac powered HP-LED?
Alphanumeric,What type of LEDs are available in seven-segment format?
dot-matrix,What is another format that Alphanumeric LEDs are available in?
Starburst,Which alphanumeric LED display can display all letters?
5x7,What type of pixels does a dot matrix display use?
liquid crystal displays,What has reduced the popularity of numeric LED displays?
"contain their own ""smart"" control electronics",What makes RGB LEDs different?
in a daisy chain,How are Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?
microprocessor,What object sources the data in of the first LED of a digital rgb LED?
control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others,The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED?
Christmas,What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used?
multiple LED dice,What does an LED filament consist of?
a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs,How are LED filaments used?
high,What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments?
a simple rectifier,What helps LED filaments remain low cost?
high current converter,Single die LEDs require what?
the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage,How are LEDs similar to other diodes?
use constant-current power supplies,What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?
a small change in voltage,What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?
batteries,What is a constant-voltage source?
a power converter,What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?
Class 1 LED product,How are most LEDs classified?
safe under all conditions of normal use,What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?
extremely bright LEDs,What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?
French,Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?
Class 2,What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?
arsenic,What dangerous metal can LEDs contain?
mercury,What substance does fluorescent lamps contain?
low-intensity red,Which LEDs are considered dangerous by a 2011 study?
lead,"According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most LEDs?"
low-intensity yellow LEDs,What LEDs are considered safer than any other?
One-color light,What type of light is ideal for traffic signals?
1972,In what year were luminescence standards set?
Red or yellow,What color LEDs are used when night vision is important?
astronomy observatories,What is an example of a night vision needed area?
exit signs,What is another use for one-color light?
brake lights for cars,"Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?"
their long life,Why are LED lights sought after for various applications?
0.5 second,LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?
White,What color LEDs are now starting to be used more?
thinner,What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent?
theaters,Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?
to send sound to listeners' receivers,How are LEDs used in theaters?
fiber optic,LEDs can send data over what type of cable?
very high bandwidth,What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?
US,In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?
196 pounds,How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?
30 pounds,A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?
85%,How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?
Machine vision,LEDs are often used for what type of systems?
so features of interest are easier to process,Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?
price drops,What can help make LEDs more widely used?
Barcode scanners,What is the most common example of a machine vision system?
Optical computer mice,Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found?
free space optics communications,Where are LEDs often used?
medical equipment,Where are opto-isolators found?
remote controls,What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?
allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential,What does an optoisolator do?
LED Computers,In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?
Nintendo Wii,What video game console uses infrared LEDs?
Pulse oximeters,What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?
RGB LEDs,Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED?
warm-up,"By using LEDs, scanners do not have to what?"
increase photosynthesis in plants,Grow lights use LEDs for what process?
medium-quality,What quality has LEDs been used as?
Red,What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?
Nitride-based LEDs,What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?
Zener,LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?
3 V,Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?
Birds,What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?
bee hummingbird,What is the smallest bird?
ostrich,What is the largest bird?
5 cm (2 in),What is the size of the smallest bird?
2.75 m (9 ft),What is the size of the largest bird?
birds,"What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record?"
Cretaceous period,When did true birds first appear?
Archaeopteryx,Name an example of an early stem-bird.
digestive and respiratory systems,What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?
Darwin's finches,What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Wings,Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?
corvids and parrots,Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?
by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction,How to birds produce offspring?
nest,Where are eggs usually laid?
"Songbirds, parrots",Which birds are popular as pets?
bird excrement,What is guano?
Guano,What is the name of bird excrement?
Guano,What is harvested for use as fertilizer?
120–130,How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity?
clade Crocodilia,"Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?"
Gauthier,Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?
clade Crocodilia,What is a sister group to Aves?
fossil and biological evidence,What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?
Maniraptora,What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids?
China,Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs.
flying theropods,What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs?
deinonychosaurs,What are the closest relatives of flying theropods?
deinonychosaurs,Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group?
Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx,What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found?
Archaeopteryx,What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics?
reptilian,"Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics?"
late Jurassic period,The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?
about 160 million years ago,How long ago was the late Jurassic period?
hind wings,What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?
late Jurassic period,Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?
Cretaceous Period,During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?
Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis,Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?
late Cretaceous,When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?
around 95 million years ago,How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?
enantiornithes,"What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?"
opposite birds,"Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?"
enantiornithes,What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?
end of the Mesozoic era,When did enantiornithes become extinct?
Euornithes,What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?
true birds,What does Euornithes mean?
because they include the ancestors of modern birds,"Why does Euornithes mean ""true birds?"""
fully mobile fan of tail feathers,"What may have replaced the ""hind wing"" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?"
Aves,All modern birds lie within which crown group?
Neornithes,What is another name for Aves?
Aves,The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae?
"9,800 to 10,050",What is the number range of living bird species?
Galloanserae,What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?
Galloanserae,What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?
Anseriformes,"Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?"
Galliformes,"The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?"
birds,Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals?
relationships between the orders themselves,What do scientists disagree about?
the assignment of orders is accurate,What do scientists tend to agree on?
seven,Birds live on how many continents?
tropical,Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?
980,Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?
to breed,Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?
game bird,The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?
agricultural practices created suitable new habitat,Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?
in areas to which they have been introduced by humans,Where have many birds established breeding populations?
The skeleton,What consists of very lightweight bones?
very lightweight bones,What does the skeleton consist of?
large air-filled cavities,What are pneumatic cavities?
pneumatic cavities,What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?
synsacrum,What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?
uricotelic,What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?
ostrich,Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?
cloaca,What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?
by joining cloaca,How do most birds mate?
rapid digestion,What aids birds with flight?
75%,"Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?"
directly into the lungs,Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?
a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes,What is the syrinx?
syrinx,Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?
Birds,Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?
"four-chambered, myogenic heart",The avian circulatory system is driven by what?
fibrous pericardial sac,Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system?
serous fluid,What lubricates the pericardial sac?
allows more blood to be pumped,Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass?
to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction,Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?
Blood,What moves through the arteries?
Capillaries,What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?
vasodilation,What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?
nervous system,Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size?
"possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones",What is tetrachromatic?
courtship,Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?
photo-receptive cells in,What regulates breeding activities?
nictitating membrane,What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?
pecten,What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?
Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads,Which birds have a wide visual field?
binocular vision,What kind of vision do owls have?
inner ear,Where is a bird's cochlea located?
intraspecific conflicts,What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?
Tachyeres,What is another name for steamer ducks?
screamers,What is another name for Anhimidae?
bony knob on the alular metacarpal,What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?
Feathers,What is a feature characteristic of birds?
Feathers,What feature of a bird facilitate flight?
specific tracts of skin,What is pterylae?
Plumage,What is regularly moulted?
"""non-breeding"" plumage",What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?
annual,How often does moulting occur in most species?
large birds of prey,What type of birds may moult only once every few years?
daily,How often do birds groom their feathers?
9%,What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?
The bill,What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?
anting,What is the process of removing feather parasites?
"Most birds can fly,",What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes?
Flight,What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species?
two,How many large flight muscles do birds have?
15%,Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird?
60,Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless?
generalists,What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?
specialists,What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?
Nectar feeders,What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?
kleptoparasitism,What is the term for stealing food items from other birds?
stealing food items from other birds,What is kleptoparasitism?
scavengers,A vulture is what type of bird?
wetting their belly feathers,How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young?
The pigeon family,What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks?
crop milk,What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks?
a nutritive fluid,What is crop milk?
preen gland,Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?
water or dust,What do birds bathe in?
bird encourages ants to run through their plumage,What is anting?
anting,What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?
Before migration,When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?
"2,500 km (1,600 mi)",What is the flight range of landbirds?
"4,000 km (2,500 mi)",What is the flight range of shoebirds?
bar-tailed godwit,"Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?"
Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean,Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?
44%,"In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory"
32%,"In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory"
Altitudinal migration,What is most often triggered by temperature changes?
Parrots,"Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?"
diurnal migrants,In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?
the Earth's geomagnetism,Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what?
internal clock,What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day?
Variation in plumage,"What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?"
plumage,What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?
ritualised displays,Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?
mechanical sounds,What do some birds use for auditory communication?
Calls,What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?
woodpeckers,Which birds drum territorially?
palm,Which type of birds use tools to drum?
safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency,What are the principal benefits of flocking?
bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds,What is a cost of flocking?
Defence against predators,What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?
vigilant sleep,Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?
Swifts,What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?
because it lowers the loss of body heat,Why is communal roosting common?
Perching birds,These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism.
in trees,"Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost?"
Loriculus,A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down?
Some hummingbirds,What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor?
sweat,Birds do not have what type of glands:?
Ninety-five percent,What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?
sperm storage mechanisms,What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?
infidelity,What is extra-pair copulation?
to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise,Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?
male,Which gender typically performs some form of courtship display?
song,Most courtship displays involve some type of what?
Females,Which gender generally drive partner selection?:
after the birds have paired and mated,"Generally, when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners?"
amniotic eggs,What kind of eggs to all birds lay?
calcium carbonate,All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what?
Hole and burrow nesting species,What type of birds lay white or pale eggs?
camouflaged eggs,What kind of eggs do open nesters lay?
nest,Where do birds usually lay their eggs?
cliff-nesting common guillemot,What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock?
between their body and feet,Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs?
albatross,Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground?
Incubation,What process optimises temperature for chick development?
after the last egg has been laid,When does incubation begin?
brood patches,What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds?
10 days,How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers?
over 80 days,How many days is the incubation period for kiwis?
at hatching,When does parental care end in megapodes?
frigatebird,What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care?
chick guard stage,What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest?
Corvida,Alloparenting is particulary common with what species?
Corvida,True crows belong to what group?
male parental care,What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class?
chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets,Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch?
ducks,Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age.
"just before, or soon after, they are able to fly",When do most species of chicks leave the nest?
Brood parasitism,What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood?
One hundred,How many bird species are obligate parasites?
non-obligate brood parasites,What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output?
peacock tail,What is the most famous example of sexual selection?
female choice,What is intersexual selection also known as?
intrasexual competition,What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate?
inbreeding depression,What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs?
Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings,What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding?
43%,What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young?
Cooperative breeding,What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?
Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals,What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?
because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness,Why is inbreeding avoided?
Aquatic birds,"What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?"
Forest birds,"What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?"
Birds of prey,What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?
Birds,What are often important to island ecology?
moas,"In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?"
Nesting seabirds,What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?
commensal,What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity?
Human activities,What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction?
Since birds are highly visible and common animals,Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?
poultry,What are domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs?
poultry,What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans?
76 million tons,"In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide?"
Bird hunting,What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas?
both as pets and for practical purposes,Why have birds been domesticated by humans?
Colourful birds,What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?
since at least 1 AD,How long have messenger pigeons been used?
Birds,What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?
auspex,The word auspicious is derived from which word?
mythical chullumpi bird,"What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?"
since prehistoric times,When were birds represented in early cave paintings?
Pouākai,What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?
National Audubon Society,John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?
nightingales,What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?
Over a hundred,How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times?
"1,227",How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN?
"during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands",When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur?
"Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty",What was the last Chinese dynasty?
1644 to 1912,When did the Manchu dynasty rule?
Ming,What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?
Republic of China,What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?
Qing,What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?
Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan,Who started the Manchun dynasty?
Manchuria,Where did this dynasty form?
Li Zicheng,Name a peasant rebel leader?
Beijing,Where was the ming capital?
Shanhai Pass,What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?
(1735–1796),What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?
(1850–64),When was the Taiping rebellion?
(1862–77),When was the Dungan Revolt?
20 million people,How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?
1895,When was the first Sino-Japanese War?
Xinhai Revolution,"What started on October 11, 1911?"
Puyi,Who was the last Qing emperor?
"February 12, 1912",When did he step down?
Nurhaci,Who named himself the Bright Khan?
water imagery,What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?
Hong Taiji,Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?
Mongolian,What language did the dynasties name come from originall?
"Mongolian word that means ""warrior""",What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?
China,After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state?
Middle Kingdom,What does China mean?
Han and non-Han peoples,What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China?
Han Chinese,What ethnic group make up the most people in China?
Jurchen,Who founded the Qing dynasty?
sedentary farming,What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?
Jilin and Heilongjiang,What parts of China did they come from?
farming people,Were the Manchu's nomadic?
Liaodong,Where did Nurhachi move his court to?
Jianzhou,Where did Nurhachi move his court from?
Mongol nation,Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?
Mongols,What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?
artillery,What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?
1641,When did the Manchus create their own artillery?
1637,When were the first couple Han Banners founded?
1642,When did the Han Banners grow to eight?
Chongzhen Emperor,Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?
Hong Taiji,Which leader defeated the Ming armies?
north of the Great Wall,Where did the Ming armies retreat to?
Hong Taiji,Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government?
1623,When did a Han revolt occur?
Liaodong,Where did a Han revolt occur?
one-sixth,What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?
September 1643,When did Hong Taiji die?
without a designated heir,Who was his heir?
Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon,Who were the likely heirs?
Fulin,Who became the emperor?
Li Zicheng,Who raided Beijing in 1644?
former minor Ming official,Who was Li Zicheng?
Chongzhen Emperor,Who was the last Ming leader?
Shun,What dynasty did Zicheng form?
suicide,How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?
"200,000",How big was Li Zicheng's army?
Wu Sangui,Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?
Wu Sangui,What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?
Wu and Dorgon,Who beat Li Zicheng's army?
"May 27, 1644",When did the battle take place?
seventeen years,How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?
Ming loyalists,Who did the Manchus struggle against?
October 30,When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?
"""Son of Heaven""",What was the Shunzi Emperor called?
June 6,When did Beijing fall?
75%,What percent of bannermen did the Han represent?
Han Chinese,Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?
Mongol,Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?
"Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde",Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?
southern China,"What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?"
viceroys,What was the three Han Bannermen position called?
Dorgon,Who made Beijing his capital?
Ming,Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's?
stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country,Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?
"the ""haircutting order"")",What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645?
"""To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair.""",What was the peoples description of the haircutting order?
top-knot,How did the Ming's typically wear their hair>
Jiading,What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut?
Dorgon,Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?
Emperor Yi,What was Dorgon known as after death?
1661,When did Shunzhi's death?
Hooge,Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?
twenty-four,How old was Shunzhi at his death?
Han Bannermen,Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops?
Fujian,Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur?
water,What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of?
sixty-one year,How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?
High Qing,What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?
Kangxi,Who had the longest rule of any emperor?
eight,How old was Kangxi when he took over?
Oboi,Who ruled while Kangxi was young?
Confucian,What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?
Sacred Edict of 1670,What declaration solidified Confucian values?
"Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur",Who did the Manchu appeal to?
Jesuit missionaries,What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?
Wu Sangui,Who was the most important Ming general?
Yunnan and Guizhou,What provinces did Sangui control?
Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong,Name the other two important Ming generals?
Guangdong and Fujian,Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive?
1673,When did Kexi retire?
his son,Who did Kexi thing should take over for him?
all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.,"What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?"
eight years,How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?
Wu,Who declared himself emperor?
1681,When did the Qing regain power over southern China?
other Han people,Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?
"400,000",How many Green Standard Army soldiers  were on the Qing side?
1673-1674,When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?
"900,000",How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?
crushed by the Green Standard Army,What happened to Wu's army?
Dzungars,Who did Kangxi fight?
Dzungar–Qing War,When was Galdan killed?
Outer Mongolia,Where did Kangxi lead an army?
1683,When did Taiwan fall?
Russia,What European country did Kangxi fight?
1722,When did Kangxi die?
Prince Yong,Who took Kangxi's place?
45,How old was Yongzheng when he took over?
anti-Manchu writer,Who did Yongzheng behead?
Christianity,What religion did Yongzheng ban?
collection of the land tax,What did Yongzheng crack down on?
1723,When did Yongzheng ban christianity?
Zhu Zhiliang,Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?
1725,When did Yongzheng give this title?
perform rituals,What was Zhu's job?
1727,When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written?
Russia,Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta?
territory and trading rights,What did the treaty give to the Russians?
Mongolia,What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta?
"3,400 books",How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?
"36,304 volumes",How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?
Qianlong,Who created the Siku Quanshu?
53,How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign?
potato and peanut,What crops helped the Chinese?
prosperity and internal stability,What led to overpopulation in China?
100 million,How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?
300 million,How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?
Manchuria,What was the last part of China with farmland left?
Manchuria,Where did Hans go to to find land?
"500,000 hectares",How much land did the Han cultivate?
80%,What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?
Manchuria and Inner Mongolia,Where were starving Han sent by the Qing?
tens of thousands of hectares,How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia?
"""imperial estates"" and Manchu Bannerlands",What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm?
Qianlong,Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century?
Han Chinese,What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria?
European states,Which empires grew during the 18th century?
India,What country near China did the Europeans first control?
Canton,What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?
maritime trade,What were the economies of the European empires built on?
British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company,Which two European companies traded in Canton?
"silk, tea, and ceramics",What products from China did Europeans want?
silver,What did the Chinese want in return?
imbalance of trade and the drain of silver,What were the British and French concerned about?
opium,What else did the Chinese want from the British?
Bengal,Where was opium made?
British,Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War?
1842,When did the Qing surrender to the British?
"Treaty of Nanjing,",What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?
"Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai",What 5 ports did the treaty force open?
Hong Kong Island,What island was given to the British?
The Taiping Rebellion,What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling?
Hong Xiuquan,Who led the Rebellion?
1851,When did the Rebellion start?
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom,What entity was established in Guizhou province?
Hong,Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
unsatisfied,Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing?
Qing government,Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions?
1854,When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing?
1860,Whed did the British and French invade Beijing?
Rehe,Where did the emperor go?
burnt it to the ground,What happened to the Old Summer Palace?
Convention of Beijing,What did Prince Gong sign?
Zuo Zongtang,Who put down the rebellions?
five,How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?
1861,What year did Tongzhi take power?
western military technology,What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?
Beiyang Army,What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?
Russian,Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?
1870,When was the Tientsin Massacre?
1858,When was the Cochinchina Campaign?
Indochina,Which territory did France control?
murder of French nuns,What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?
naval weakness,What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?
(1856–60),When was the Arrow War?
Gulf of Zhili,Where did the French and English land in 1860?
Edward L. Dreyer,Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?
Gapsin Coup,What coup happened in 1884?
pro-Japanese Koreans,Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?
Tensions,What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?
Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang,Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?
1895,When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?
Cixi,What was the name of Xianfeng's concubine?
Tongzhi,Who was Cixi's son?
1875,When did Tongzhi Emperor die?
Guangxu,Who took over from Tongzhi?
Summer Palace,Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?
"November 1, 1897,",When were two missionaries killed?
Shandong Province,Where were the missionaries killed?
Juye Incident,What was the murders of the missionaries called?
Hundred Days' Reform of 1898,What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans?
Kang Youwei,Name an advisor to Guangxu?
empress dowager,Who took over the policy of China?
North China,Where was there a drought?
Righteous and Harmonious Fists,What was another name for the Boxers?
1900,When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?
"A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies",Who invaded China?
Xi'an,Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?
issued an imperial edict,What did Cixi do in 1901?
"""Late Qing Reform""",What were the governments New Policies also called?
1905,When were imperial examinations halted?
1908,What year did Guangxu die?
1908,What year did Cixi die?
Prince Chun,Who ruled after Guangxu?
two,How old was Prince Chun?
1911,What year was the Republic of China created?
Yuan Shikai,Who led the Qing?
Sun Yat-sen,Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?
"Sun Yat-sen,",Who led the Republic of China?
Yuan,Who became the President?
1912,What year did the end of Imperial China occur?
"2,000 years",How long did Imperial China last for?
1932,When was Manchukuo created?
Han Chinese and Manchus,Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?
imperial examination system,Where did the Qing find their officials?
nine,How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?
Emperor,Who was the main leader of the Qing?
Manchu noblemen and Han officials,Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?
evolved into an imperial chancery,What happened to the Grand Secretariat?
imperial family and Manchu nobility,"Who controlled the ""Inner Court""?"
Forbidden City,Where was the Inner Court?
core institution of the inner court,What was the Grand Council?
square emblem,What shape of emblem signified a Han official?
circular,What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?
Manchu and a Han Chinese,Which two ethnicities made up each position in government?
Lifan Yuan,Who governed the areas of Tibet and Mongolia?
Lifan Yuan,Who administered the minority groups?
six,How many boards were there in the Qing government?
Zongli Yamen,What was the foreign service called?
Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan,Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created?
Second Opium War,What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing?
Kangxi,Which emperor followed Shunzhi?
Jiangnan region,Where were textile factories located?
"jade, ginseng, salt, furs",What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia?
18th century,What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?
13 million km2,How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?
22,How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?
1895,When did Japan take over Taiwan?
First Sino-Japanese,How did the Japanese win Taiwan?
Hubei and Hunan,What two provinces were formed from Huguang?
governor,What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?
prefectures,What were provinces broken up into?
China proper,What is another name for the main 18 provinces?
eight,How many viceroys were there in China Proper?
mid-18th century,When did Tibet become part of Qing China?
Lifan Yuan,What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet?
Xinjiang,What is another name for Chinese Turkestan?
Qianlong,Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria?
military generals,Who first ran Manchuria?
khan,What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?
Yaqub Beg,Who ruled Kashgaria?
British,Who supported Beg?
early 20th century,When did the British invade Tibet?
1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention,What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?
Nurhaci,Who created the Eight Banners?
color,How were the 8 banners recognized?
Upper Three Banners,What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?
Manchus,What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?
Lower Five Banners,What were the rest of the banners called?
along ethnic lines,How were Banner's organized?
Manchu and Mongol,Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies?
Han Bannermen,Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi?
Qianlong's reign,When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners?
"""Tartarized Chinese"" or ""Tartarified Chinese""",What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?
Taiping Rebellion,What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?
Nanjing,What city did the Qing lose in 1853?
Xiang Army,What was Zeng Guofan?
Zeng Guofan,Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?
Hunan region where it was raised,What was the Xiang Army named after?
Qi Jiguang,Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army?
repel raiding Japanese pirates,What did Qi Jiguang's private army do?
eradicate the Taiping rebels,What was the original plan for the Xiang Army?
Yongying corps,What entity became the main Qing troops?
provincial coffers,Who paid for the Yongying?
regional commanders,Who led the Yongying?
1860,When was the Second Opium War?
"25,000",How big was the French-British army?
Self-Strengthening Movement,What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?
sacked,What happened to the Summer Palace?
Japan,Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War?
Beiyang Fleet,Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?
1894,When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?
the New Army,What was the new modern army called?
General Yuan Shikai,Who became the President of the Republic of China?
population growth,What happened in early and middle Qing history?
doubled,How much did the population grow during the 18th century?
"permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn",What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century?
five,How many estates were there in Qing society?
"the good ""commoner"" people, the other ""mean"" people",What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into?
liangmin,What was the legal term for commoner?
"tea, silk and manufactures",What did China export?
silver,What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?
end of the 17th century,When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?
reduced the tax burden,What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?
rise slowly and smoothly,What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?
Western world overtook China economically,What was the Great Divergence?
300 million,What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?
peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops,What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?
"peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice",What crops were imported?
poetry and often skilled in painting,What arts were the Qing emperors good at?
Peiwen Yunfu,What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?
1716,When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?
1782,When was the Siku Quanshu finished?
Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707),Name three painters?
Shanghai School and the Lingnan School,What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?
Calligraphy and painting,Name two arts of the Four Arts?
Poetry,What was the sign of a gentleman?
women,Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?
Strange Stories,What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?
Cao Xueqin,Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?
Six Chapters of a Floating Life,What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?
Yuan Mei,Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?
recipes,What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?
appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs,What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?
pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas,Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?
Pueblos indígenas,What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?
Amerindian,"In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?"
Aborigen,What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?
Native Americans,How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?
Asia,Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?
a land bridge which connected the two continents,What was Beringia?
Beringia,How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?
"13,500 years ago",Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?
a wide range of creation myths,How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?
Indian,What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus? 
East Indies,Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?
West Indies,"Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what?"
some kind of racial or cultural unity,"What is implied by the global term of ""Indian""?"
indigenous,"Despite fitting under the umbrella label of ""Indian"", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas?"
hunter-gatherers,What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?
agricultural endowment,What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?
"farming, hunting, and gathering",What did many of the societies practice a mix of?
indigenous,"Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?"
aquaculture and agriculture,What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?
indigenous,"Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?"
Many parts of the Americas,Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?
At least a thousand,How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas?
"religion, social organization, and subsistence practices",What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day?
Western culture,What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from?
ongoing,How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?
last,When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?
falling sea levels,What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?
snowfall,A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?
Laurentide Ice Sheet,What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?
single,What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?
in isolation,Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?
"10–20,000 years",How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?
"16,500 years ago",When did the glaciers begin to melt?
Pleistocene megafauna,What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?
directly ancestral,What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?
present North American Native American,What populations is the individual closely related to?
early,What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?
ruled out,Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?
before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492,The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?
1492,When was Columbus' first voyage?
conquered or significantly influenced,"In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?"
"""Pre-Columbian""",What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?
Andes,"What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?"
pre-Columbian,Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?
Some of these civilizations,What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?
oral history and through archaeological investigations,How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival?
written records,What did European colonists destroy on their pyres?
a few documents,What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations?
many accomplishments,What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?
one of the largest cities in the world,What had the Aztec civilization constructed?
"200,000",How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?
American,Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?
thousands,How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?
lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents,What did the European colonization forever change?
between 80 and 90%,How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?
disease,What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?
"smallpox, measles, and cholera",What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?
lack of prior exposure,Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?
"the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola",Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
dominant culture,What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?
70%,What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?
no immunity to European diseases,Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?
Increasing punishment,What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?
suicidal,What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?
aborting or killing,What did Taínos women start doing to their infants?
violent poison,Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea?
Francisco Barrionuevo,Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels?
thirteen,How many years was a Taínos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range?
epidemic disease,What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?
90 to 95%,Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?
150 years,How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?
Smallpox,What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?
By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac,How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?
between 50 and 67 per cent,What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?
90 per cent,How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?
Europeans,Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?
by 1679,When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?
a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans,What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?
Spanish,What Empire brought horses to the Americas?
profound,What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?
7500 years,How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?
great success,What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?
horses,"What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?"
a large array of plant species,What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?
50–60%,What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?
artificial selection,How were new species and strains of crops developed?
wild teosinte grasses,What was the origin of maize?
agricultural,What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?
South American highlands,Where was a center of early agriculture?
single,"Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?"
area of southern Peru,Where did the potato originate?
"10,000 years ago",How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?
persistent drought,What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?
"approximately 4,000 years ago",When did the North American natives begin farming?
common,"What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?"
small-scale felling,What did technology make feasible when it came to trees?
a controlled manner,How did Archaic Indians use fire?
effects of natural fires,What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic?
Many crops,What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?
corn,What is arguably the most important crop in the world?
significant,"Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?"
cocoa,What type of bean is used to make chocolate?
indigenous Americans,Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?
Cultural practices,What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?
similar technologies and social organizations,What did people in the same reason adopt?
Mesoamerica,Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?
until the 19th century,How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?
buffalo,What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?
development of writing,What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?
the Mesoamerican region,What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
extensive text,What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
beginning in the 1st millennium BCE,When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
900 BCE,When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
spoken language of its community,What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?
Maya,What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?
syllabic,What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?
more than one thousand,How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?
some two hundred,How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?
the sixteenth century,When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?
Spanish,Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?
lawsuits and other legal matters,What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?
legal cases,What were Spanish translations at the time made for?
indigenous,What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?
monophonic,What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?
drumming,What did traditional Native American music center around?
"Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps",What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?
"rivercane, cedar, and other woods",How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?
single,How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?
pentatonic,What feature did the music of Central America have?
inseparable from,What role did music play in the religious festivities? 
large variety of percussion and wind,What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?
a jar in Guatemala,Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?
a jaguar's growl,What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?
Visual arts by indigenous peoples,What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
indigenous,"Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? "
too many artists were posing as Native Americans,Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
a state or federally recognized tribe,What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
2007,When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
"about 600,329",What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?
"113,680",How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?
Minor but important peoples,Who are the Quechua and Chorote?
The Selknam,What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?
a handful of elderly people,Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? 
62%,What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?
3.7%,What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?
66.4%,"In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?"
36,How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?
fifty,How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?
Bolivian highland peasants,Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
ethnic and class militancy,What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
dissolution of communal landholdings,What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
Indigenous revolts,What took place frequently until 1953?
March for Territory and Dignity,What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
Morales,Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
2009,When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves,What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
fight,What did the President vow he would never betray?
divided,What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
Morales,Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
2009,When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves,What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
fight,What did the President vow he would never betray?
divided,What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
0.4%,How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
Indian reservations,Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
millions,How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
67,How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
Brazil,What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
"""eater of raw meat.""",What is the term Eskimo said to mean?
Aboriginal,First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?
Hundreds,"How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?"
The Métis culture,What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?
"Various laws, treaties, and legislation",What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?
relatively peaceful,What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?
national culture,What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?
late 18th century,How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?
cultures and contributions,What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
over 600,How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?
the Rapanui,What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?
4.6%,What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?
the Mapuche,Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?
350 years,How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?
1880s,When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?
many indigenous cultures,What was Ecuador the site of?
coastal region,Where did the Valdivia culture develop?
the Caras and the Quitus,What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?
The Cañaris,What culture did the Inca fear the most?
architecture remains,What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?
96.4%,What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?
Inca,Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?
valleys of the Sierra region,Where do the Highland Quichuas live?
Highland Quichuas,The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?
Kichwa,What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?
"the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira",El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?
Cuzcatlan,What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?
Nawat,What was the language of the Pipil?
barbaric invaders,What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?
Mestizo,What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?
About five percent,How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?
about ten percent,What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?
rural westernmost areas,Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? 
indigenous people,"The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?"
indigenous civilizations,What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE,When did the Olmecs flourish?
the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs,Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
the Maya,Who lived in the Yucatan?
Tenochtitlan,Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples,What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? 
some public services and documents in their native languages,What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
bilingual primary and secondary education,What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
more than 60,"How many languages have been giving the status of ""national languages""?"
about 67% of them,How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
About 5%,What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?
frequent contact with the British,How did Creole English come about?
Miskito,What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
total power,What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
"some 10,000",How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
45%,What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?
Native Peruvian traditions,What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?
Cultural citizenship,What is not very well developed in Peru?
Amazonian,What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?
the contiguous United States,"Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as ""American Indians""?"
Alaska Natives,Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
11,How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
Polynesian,Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
geographically and culturally,How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
0.97% to 2%,What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
5.2 million,How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
1.8 million,How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
Indian reservations,Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
Haudenosaunee,What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
0.97% to 2%,What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
1.8 million,How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
5.2 million,How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
Haudenosaunee,What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
Indian reservations,Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
some indigenous heritage,What do most Venezuelans have?
around 29,How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?
groups are very small,Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?
Timoto-cuicas,Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?
agricultural techniques used,What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?
The Native American name,What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
"shared language, region, or historical relationship",How may subsets of peoples be named?
English exonyms,Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
earlier explorers and colonists,Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?
out of prejudice and fear,Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?
the ways they wish to be referred to,What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?
"obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.",What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?
United States government,"Who initially proposed using the term ""Native American"" to recognize the primacy of the native population?"
none,What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?
the Americas (mainly South America),Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?
preservation of their culture,What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?
Indian Council of South America,What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?
"Canada and the United States,",Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?
Representatives,Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?
destabilize the country,What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?
solidarity,What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?
diplomats and NGOs,What did the forum question about US interference?
plots against Bolivia and other countries,What was the forum suspicious of?
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups,What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
patrilineal line,How is Y-DNA passed along?
chance mutation,What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
mtDNA,Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
average continent-of-ancestry,What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
Amerindians,Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?
Asian population,What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?
Middle Paleolithic,When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?
2012,When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?
mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome,What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?
stages,What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
"15,000 to 20,000-year",How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
isolated since the initial colonization of the region,What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
Alaskan,"What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?"
later migrant populations,What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
2013,When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?
"24,000-year-old",How old was the young boy's remains?
Mal'ta-Buret',What culture was the boy from?
western Eurasians,What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?
14 to 38 percent,What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?
route through Beringia,What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?
similarities in ages and geographical distributions,What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?
the mtDNA phylogeny,What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?
2012,When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?
an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America,Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?
Africa and southwest corner of Asia,What 2 continents meet at Egypt?
Sinai Peninsula,What land bridge between Asian and Africa?
"1,010,408 square kilometres",How larger is Egypt?
Red Sea,What Sea borders Egypt to the east?
Sudan,What country borders Egypt to the south?
tenth millennium BC,How far back does Egypt's history date back?
"earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government",Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?
"Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European",What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?
Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx,What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?
seventh century,In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?
over 90 million,How many inhabitants does Egypt have?
third-most populous in Africa,What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?
Nile River,Majority of Egypt people live near what river?
Sahara desert,What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?
President Hosni Mubarak,What leader stepped down in 2011?
Muslim Brotherhood,What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
"tourism, agriculture, industry and services",What economic sectors does Egypt have?
"cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world",What influence does Egypt have?
Miṣr,What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
מִצְרַיִם,What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
Akkadian,What is the oldest term for Egypt?
"""border"" or ""frontier"".",What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
Nile Valley,During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?
Badarian culture,What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?
3200 BC,When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?
more than two thousand years,How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?
150 years,How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?
Hyksos,In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?
Avaris,"What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?"
Semitic Hyksos,What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?
1550–1070 BC,What year were the New Kingdom in control?
Eighteenth Dynasty,What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?
"Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II",Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?
"Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians",Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?
Achaemenid Persians,Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?
Psamtik III,What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?
Susa in Persia,From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?
"525 BC to 402 BC,",What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?
"Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia",What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Pharaohs,What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Alexandria,What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
Egyptian,What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Cleopatra VII,Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Octavian,"Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?"
suicide,How did Mark Anthony's love die?
Rome,What culture annexed Egypt?
Byzantines,Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628,What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?
ten years,How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?
Sunni Islam,What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
Muhammad Ali Pasha,Who modernized Egyptian army?
strengthening it with numbers and in skill,In what 2 ways was Army improved?
to avoid distraction of their growth,Why did military use barracks?
nationalism and pride,What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?
1869,When was Suez canal completed?
French,Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?
1875,In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?
Ismail,Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?
British Government,To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?
1923,When was new constitution drafted?
parliamentary system,What system of government was constitution based on?
Saad Zaghlul,Who was elected in 1924?
his son Fuad,Who succeeded King Farouk?
1954,How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?
1958,In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?
United Arab Republic,What was the sovereign union with Syria known?
1961,How long did the union with Syria last?
Mohamed Fawzi,Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?
three successive steps,How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?
Soviet Union i,Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?
23 May,"On what day did Nasser state ""The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"""
less than half a million,"How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?"
four million,How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s
17 million,How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s
"Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists",What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?
went from sluggish to the verge of collapse,What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?
1970,When did Nasser die?
Anwar Sadat,Who succeeded Nasser?
"United States,",Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?
surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier,What was the October War?
peace with Israel,What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?
foreign investment,What was encouraged through Infitah?
reduced taxes and import tariffs,What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?
elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs,What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?
Egyptian Bread Riots.,What occured in 1977?
"National Democratic Party,",What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?
"1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law",What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?
late 1990s,When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?
parties from using religion as a basis for political activity,What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?
Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party,What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?
democracy,What was the long term goal for Egypt?
power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring,What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?
18 January 2014,When was interim government instituted?
98.1%,What was the support by voters for referendum?
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,Who was elected President in 2014?
Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups,What group boycotted the elections?
winter months,When does most of Egypts rain fall?
Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities,Where does snow fall in Egypt?
"13 December 2013,",When was the last snow fall in Cairo?
Egypt,What is the sunniest county in the world?
2426,How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?
627,How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?
1483,How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?
"15,000",How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?
371,How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?
legislation,What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?
96.91%,What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? 
five-year terms,What tems do House of Representatives serve?
Hamdeen Sabahi,Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?
"Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials",Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?
Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya,What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?
tourism,What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?
18 January 2014,When was new constitution institutionalised?
four-year term,How long are presidential terms?
2 terms,How many terms may a president serve?
parliament,Who may impeach the president?
"religion, race, gender or geography",what may not be basis for political party?
fifth worst,Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?
84%,What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?
adultery,What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?
great strides forward,What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?
98%,How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?
44.8 years,What was life expectancy in 1960s?
72.12 years,What was the life expectancy in 2009?
noticeable decline,What direction has infant mortality rate taken?
551-600,According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?
360,"According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?"
701+ range,"According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?"
modernising research,What is the aim of new research institutes?
"discrimination at multiple levels of the government,",What do Coptic Christians face?
religious minorities,When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?
2008,When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?
capital punishment,what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?
terrorist organisation,What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?
529,In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?
Mohamed Morsi,What former president's supporters are set to be executed?
US president Barack Obama,What US president was critical of Egypt's repression of Muslim Brotherhood?
"1,212",How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013?
"lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes",What was the criticism of judge Mohammad NAgi Shatata sentence of 188 member of Muslim Brotherhood for assaulting police station?
US$1.3 billion,How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015?
Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters,What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013?
Soviet Union,Equipment from what country is being replaced?
dozens,How many factories does Egyptian military have?
Russia,"After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?"
China,In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with?
Cairo,Where is the Arab League headquarters?
Nabil el-Araby,Who is the leader of Arab League?
United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia,What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?
Israel,What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty?
still widely considered as a hostile,Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians?
mediator,What rope has Egypt played in Middle East peace efforts?
"agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism",What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on?
"Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe",Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly?
Lake Nasser,What lake reulted from completion of Aswan High Dam?
1970,What year was Aswan High Dam completed?
has been a net oil importer since 2008,Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?
"600,000 tonnes",How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?
cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis,What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?
"coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power",What is Egypts energy market based upon?
improve considerably,What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy?
stock market,What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?
decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%,What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005?
100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006,What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate?
$6 billion,How much had FDI increased to in 2006?
drastic fall,Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?
60% drop,What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?
3% drop,What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011?
limited trickle down,To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?
government,"Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?"
newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat,Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?
114 out of 177,Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013?
Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center,What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?
information technology (IT),What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?
new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement,What has stimulated IT sector?
Mediterranean and the Red Sea,Where are Egyptian beaches situated?
"3,000 km",How far do Egyptian beaches extend?
Red Sea,What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?
"Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga",What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?
"691,000 bbl/d",How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?
"2,141.05 Tcf",How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?
largest consumer,Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?
El Dabaa city,Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?
The Suez Canal,What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?
artificial sea-level waterway,Is the Suez Canal natural?
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea,What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect?
November 1869,When was Suez canal completed?
193.30 km (120.11 mi),How long is Suez canal?
24 m (79 ft),How deep is Suez canal?
205 metres (673 ft),How wide is Suez canal?
no locks,How many locks are contained in Suez Canal?
north in winter and south in summer,What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow?
Drinking water supply and sanitation,What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges?
89% to 100%,From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas?
39% to 93%,From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas?
99%,Currently how much of Egypt's population is connected to sanitary sewers?
diarrhoea,"Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition?"
among the lowest in the world,Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts's water tariffs compare?
government subsidies,"Due to low waer tariffs, what is required to maintain water treatment operation?"
Ethnic Egyptians,What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt?
"Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes",What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?
Nile Delta and Faiyum,Where are Dom clans mostly gathered?
"between 500,000 and 3 million",Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?
"Cairo, Alexandria and other cities",What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?
"70,000",How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?
"150,000",How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?
Modern Standard Arabic,What is official language of Egypt?
"Greek, Armenian and Italian",What are main laguages of immigrants?
Alexandria,"In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?"
"Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)",What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?
Christian,"Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt?"
Sharia,What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?
Anwar Sadat,Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt?
Coptic Orthodox Church,What church do 90% of Christian minority in Egypt belong?
urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria,Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?
"Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations",What do Syro-Lebanese belong to?
"Islam, Christianity, and Judaism",What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?
are not recognised by the state,What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?
2008,Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID?
Egyptian blue,What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs?
wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs,What art required adherence to rigid code?
The Cairo Opera House,What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital?
Imhotep,Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser?
Egyptians,Who was the first to develop literature?
modern styles,What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?
Zaynab,What was the first modern Egyptian novel?
1913,When was Munammad Huayn Haykal's first modern novel published?
Talaat Harb,Who financed Studio Misr?
4000 films,In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?
1936,In what year was Studio Misr founded?
three quarters,What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?
"indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western",What elements mix for Egyptian music?
Hathor,Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?
"Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez",What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?
Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir,What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?
prehistoric,What is the oldest era in Egypt?
at least 60,How many museums are found in Egypt?
"Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic",What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
"mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni",What is koshari?
Fried onions,What can be added to koshari?
mulukhiyya,What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
Fava bean,What beans are used to make falafel?
Football,What is the most popular sport in Egypt?
The Cairo Derby,"What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?"
Al Ahly,"In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?"
2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup,What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?
Ahmed Gabr,Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?
"1,066 feet down",How deep did Gabr dive?
Red Sea,In what body of water did Gabr dive?
the 3rd millennium BC,What millennium did Mosaic start?
Pebble mosaics,What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?
Byzantine,Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?
the Renaissance,When did mosaic fall out of fashion?
Sicily,The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?
Bronze age,The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?
Albania,The Beauty of Durres is in what country?
Pergamon,The famous artists Sosus was from what area?
the 3rd century BC,When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?
the 4th-century BC,"When was the famous mosaic ""The Beauty of Durres"" created?"
paintings,What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic?
the Romans,Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?
Greek,Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality?
slaves,Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what?
North Africa,Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area?
opus vermiculatum,What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?
emblemata,What were small panel mosaics known as?
opus tessellatum,What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
very fine detail,What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
cheaper than fully coloured work,Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
Nero,Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?
the Christian era,When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?
Rome,The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?
64 AD,When was the Domus Aurea constructed?
a mausoleum,The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?
Sicily,In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?
Emperor Maximian,Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?
a landslide,What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? 
64m,How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?
Piazza Vittoria in Palermo,"Where in Sicily were the ""Orpheus,"" and the ""Four Seasons"" discovered?"
gladiatorial contests,What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?
1913,When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?
30 ft,How long was the mural discovered in Libya?
1st or 2nd century AD,The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?
Pompeii,The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?
the late 4th century,Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?
Santa Pudenziana,What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?
a mausoleum,What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?
St Peter's Basilica,In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?
Constantinian,Under what period were the 4th century churches built?
Milan,Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
apse,What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?
the 5th century,The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?
Elijah,Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?
the 15th century,When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?
Ravenna,In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
425–430,What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?
the church of San Giovanni Evangelista,What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? 
fulfillment of a vow,Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?
1747,When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?
After 539,When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?
the second half of the 6th century,When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?
the Byzantine conquest,What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?
549,When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?
Berlin,Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?
almost a generation,The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?
Albania,In what country is Butrint?
prayer,What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?
Butrint,The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?
a terrestrial paradise,What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?
natural life,What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?
the eucharist,What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?
paradise and resurrection,What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?
baptism,What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?
the faithful aspiring to Christ,What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?
the Early Middle Ages,When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?
1589,When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?
iconography,What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?
1559,When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?
Taddeo Zuccari,Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?
the 7th–9th centuries,During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?
mosaics,The lateran Palace was decorated with what?
They were all destroyed later,What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?
Triclinio Leoniano,"Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?"
1607,When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?
during Justinian's reign,When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?
The portrait of a moustached man,What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?
small sekreton,What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?
Classical,Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?
5th–6th centuries,When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?
Very few,How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?
Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision),The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?
between 634 and 730,When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?
hidden behind mortar,Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?
almost all represent Saint Demetrius,What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?
gold mosaics with only one great cross,What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?
condemned as idolatry,Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?
787–797,When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?
after 740,When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?
1922,When was the Dormition church destroyed? 
Chios,Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located?
Constantine Monomachos,Who established the Nea Moni Monastery?
1043–1056,When was the Nea Moni Monastery established?
1822,When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed?
Osios Loukas,The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?
Constantine Monomachos,Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?
the Russian abbot Daniel,Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Nothing,What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Jerusalem,Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?
The 9th- and 10th-century,When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?
"prophets, saints and patriarchs",The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?
a bulging money sack,What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?
1055,When did the Empress Zoe die?
Constantine Monomachos,Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?
accidents of survival,Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?
Hagia Sophia,Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?
red,The empress Eirene had what color hair?
the Theotokos,What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?
the cathedral of Serres,The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?
1 mm or less,How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?
wax or resin,What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?
in the 12th century,The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?
private devotion,What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?
1310–14,When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? 
some vandal,Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles?
Arta,Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located?
the Despot of Epirus,Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96?
Pammakaristos,The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building?
the Chora Church in Constantinople,where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance?
three,How many mosaic panels from naos have survived?
the Hagia Sophia,The panels of naos are only capped in importance by which other location?
Theodore Metochites,Who commissioned the mosaics at naos?
Italian trecento,The panels from naos show what influence on Byzantine art. 
the 12th–13th century,When was the last period of Roman mosaic art?
Trastevere,Where is the church of Santa maria?
Christ and Mary,Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict?
in 1884,When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored?
1210,What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso?
Giotto di Bondone,Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter's church?
Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi,Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic?
St. Peter,Who did the navicella mosaic depict walking on water?
the 17th,What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed?
"""little ship""",Navicella means what in Italian?
enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule,Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?
the 12th century,when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?
Greek masters working in Sicily,Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies?
Norman kings,Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition?
Sicily,The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy?
around 1143,When was the Martorana church decorated?
Christ,Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church?
the Cappella Palatina,The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same greek masters who decorated which church?
Georgios of Antiochia,Who was the founder of the Martorana church?
Roger II,Who is receiving a crown from christ in the mosaic originally in the narthex?
The Monreale mosaics,What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy?
100 million,At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics?
King William II of Sicily,Who commissioned the Monreale mosaics between 1176 and 1186?
King William II,Who is displayed getting crowned by christ in the Monreale mosaics?
the model of the cathedral,What is the king offering Theotokos in the Monreale mosaics? 
Southern,What region of italy was part of the Norman empire?
pavement of the Otranto Cathedral,The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what?
mosaic art was widespread,The mosaics in churches of Ravello prove what?
1166,What year were the mosaic pavements installed at the Otranto Cathedral?
Only fragments,What survives from the mosaics of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral?
Venice,Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?
St Mark's Basilica,Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?
the late 11th century,When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?
local artists,The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?
1204,When was the sack of Constantinople?
Torcello,Where is the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta?
the 12th century,When were the mosaics in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta built?
Murano,Where is the Basilica of Santi Maria e Donato located?
Frederick William IV of Prussia,Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church?
the Friedenskirche of Potsdam,Where did Frederick William IV relocate the mural he purchased?
The Abbot of Monte Cassino,Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church?
1066,After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists?
greyhounds,What animal was on the only surviving mosaics created by the greeks at the rebuilt abbey?
in the Monte Cassino Museum,Where are the only remaining greek mosaic panels now kept?
façades were also decorated,What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?
from 1270–75,When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark's Basilica in Venice?
the 14th,"the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century?"
Solsternus,The Cathedral of Spoleto is signed by who?
Christ,the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca has a large golden mosaic facade depicting which figure?
scant remains,What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages?
Limoges,Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial?
the 1960s,When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered?
9th century mosaic,What was found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin?
simple colors,What common element do mosaic panels from the 11th century have?
fresco,What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?
the 17th century,When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?
Venetian craftsmen,Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?
Alba Regia,What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?
Székesfehérvár,Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?
Jerusalem,Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located?
in the Latin Chapel,"Where is the mosaic ""Ascension of Christ"" located?"
Byzantine,What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles?
"""Ascension of Christ""",What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period?
1169,"The Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?"
2003,when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery?
Romania,Where would the Bizere Monastery be located today?
between the 10th and 11th century,When were the mosaics at Bizere Monastery created?
Hungary,In what kingdom was the Bizere Monastery located?
by a mosaic replica of this last painting,How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?
1743,What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?
papal gifts,What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for?
Transfiguration,What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter's?
designs or canvases,The mosaics of St.Peter's are often based on what?
the Madaba Map,What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?
between 542 and 570,When was the the Madaba Map made?
"Madaba, Jordan",Where is the church of Saint George?
1894,When was the Madaba Map rediscovered? 
Lebanon,"The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta, and as far North as what country?"
Justinian,What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?
Mount Sinai in Egypt,Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?
the destruction of buildings,Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?
Moses,Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background? 
in 565/6,When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?
Jerusalem,Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?
near Damascus Gate,Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?
a vine with many branches,What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?
1894,When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?
mortuary chapel,What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?
Bethany,Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today?
between 333 and 390,When was the Byzantine church of the Lazarium constructed?
Palestine,The mosaic at the Byzantine church of the Lazarium most closely resembles mosaics from which area?
the 6th,A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century?
the Judean,The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?
the end of the 5th century,When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?
in 1982–85,When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?
the refectory,Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work?
Monastery of Euthymius,What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?
three,How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?
in 1990,When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?
only the floor panels,What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990?
the 5th,What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990?
exotic,The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals?
Umm ar-Rasas,Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?
in 785,When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?
1986,When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?
Jordan,The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?
Six,How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?
Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus',Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia?
Kiev,Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral?
the Hagia Sophia,What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned?
Saint Sophia Cathedral,What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned?
Constantine Monomachos,Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?
Georgia,In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?
king David IV,Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?
Demetrius I of Georgia,Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?
Christ,Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?
a 6th-century synagogue,The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?
Jews,Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?
pagan,The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?
Helios,What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?
a Jewish month,What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?
around the 4th century,When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?
only floral and geometric,What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?
in 1971–72,When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?
three,How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?
rather conservative,What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?
figurative depiction,"In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?"
in the ancient harbour area,Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?
King David as Orpheus,The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?
playing a lyre,What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?
in 508/509,When was the mosaic floor constructed?
a Samaritan synagogue,A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?
typical Jewish symbols,What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?
Greek,What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?
cultic,The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?
the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue,The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?
Muslim,Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?
tile,What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?
Roman,"In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?"
remained a flourishing art form,The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?
the Umayyad Mosque,Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?
Damascus,Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?
capital of the Arab Caliphate,What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?
"the ""Barada Panel""",What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?
a fire,What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?
floor panels,Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?
Roman country villas,What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?
the bath house of Hisham's Palace,Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?
Jordan,In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?
Umayyad mosaics,At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?
Moorish Spain,Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?
Byzantine,The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?
the Byzantine Emperor,Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?
between 965 and 970,When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?
local craftsmen,Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?
mosaic installation,The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?
the rest areas,What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?
the Museum of Natural History station,Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?
19th,Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?
street art,What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?
the French Invader,Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
8 bit video game character,What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
Rubikcubism,The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes,"How does the French Invader create ""Rubikcubism"" styled mosaics?"
Lisbon,Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?
geometric,What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?
Calçada Portuguesa,Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?
streets,What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?
two-tone stone mosaic paving,What is Portuguese pavement?
face-down to a backing paper,How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
gives the maker time to rework,Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
the indirect method,What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
murals,What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
repetitive,The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
when it is important to see the work,When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
directly controlling the final result of the work,What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
1989,When was the double indirect method invented?
Maurizio Placuzzi,Who invented the double indirect method?
sticky plastic,What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
1 in × 1 in,What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?
express text,What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?
on a shower room or bathing pool floor,Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?
in a non-overlapping fashion,How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?
high cost of labor in developed countries,Why has production automation become popular?
CAD,Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?
10 times faster,How much faster is automated creation over handmade?
a command file,How does the robot pick the tiles it places?
different look,What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?
Latin,From what language does Universitas come from?
they were self-regulating,What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
urban town life and medieval guilds,Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
"princes, prelates",Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
academic freedom,In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?
University of Bologna,What was the first university?
the Constitutio Habita,What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?
unhindered passage in the interests of education,What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?
18 September 1988,On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?
monks and nuns,Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
monastic schools,What is a scholae monasticae?
Latin Church,What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
immediate forerunners,"In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?"
early medieval period,During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
Greek,Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?
humanism,What outlook developed the creation of the university system?
to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge,Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?
city governments,What type of governments were involved in creating universities?
more than 3000 pages,Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?
Western thought,Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?
scholasticism,What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?
reason,What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
Latin,What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?
Latin,Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?
medicine,For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?
arts and theology,What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?
bachelor's degrees,What type of degree was given out at a English university?
Mediterranean universities,What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?
prince or monarch,What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?
individual teachers,From where did a degree come in a madrasa?
10th,In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?
Al-Andalus,Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?
a global context,"Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?"
Sicily,Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?
the Crusades,During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?
late 15th century to 1800,What was the time span of the Early Modern period?
about 400 years,At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?
twenty-nine,How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?
143,How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?
34,The German Empire had how many universities?
the Thirty Years' War,What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?
University of Paris,Which university is said to have started faculty governance?
the state,Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?
the nation-state.,The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?
student-controlled,How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?
masters,What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called?
a standard,The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?
specialists,What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?
University of Oxford,"Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?"
at least three,How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?
the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages,What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?
Galen and Arabic scholarship,What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?
Humanist,The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?
medicine,Niccolò Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?
Andreas Alciatus,Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?
humanist,Discovery and exposition were examples of the focus of what type of university scholar?
the humanities,A concentration on the study of the self resulted in what field of study?
Galen,What work did Vesalius push the study of?
the printing press,What spread the use of texts by Galen within universities?
without tuition fees,In multiple countries in Europe students can attend a university with what kind if financial burden?
around 2005,Until what year were public universities in nordic nation free of tuition?
foreign students,What kind of students pay fees in public universities in Denmark?
exempted from tuition fees,In terms of Universities in Denmark what is the fee status for citizens of EFA states?
increased,What happened to public grants in nordic universities that continued to allow foreign students?
college,In Ireland what word is mainly used instead of university?
Varsity,Scotland is said to frequently refer to university as what?
uni,Spain refers to a university in what other way?
varsity,The nation of Ghana shortens university to what?
19th,In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university?
two,A college teaches students for how many years in Canada?
non-degree-granting,What type of institution is a college in Canada?
four,How many years does a degree-granting university in Canada spend teaching students?
medical schools,What is McGill University in Canada an example of?
undergraduate,What type of university is St Francis Xavier in Canada?
at least one,How many vice presidents do most universities have?
a board of trustees,What kind of board does a university commonly have?
government-run higher education boards,Who controls public universities?
schools or faculties,What are the different departments of a university called?
business corporations,"Besides students, what is the source of funds of private universities?"
varies widely,How does the financial backing of universities around the world differ?
fees which students attending the university,"Outside of state funded schools, and funds coming from donors, how might a university collect funds?"
accommodation,In nations that accept students from through the world what might the university offer to a student?
intergovernmental,What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as?
"Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University","In terms of intergovernmental universities, what is EUCLID?"
sustainable development,What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations?
post-graduate,What type of school is the European University Institute?
social sciences,What type of study does the European University Institute focus on?
Irish language and Irish culture,What was a focus of the National University of Ireland during the beginning of Irish Independence?
Argentina,In what nation did the University Revolution occur?
1918,In what year did Argentina's University Revolution occur?
Reforms,What was the result of the University Revolution in Argentina?
1963,In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced?
the United Kingdom,What nation did the 1963 Robbins Report focus on?
general powers of the mind,"What should a university promote, according to the Robbins Report?"
research in balance with teaching,"Universities should maintain what, according to the Robbins Report?"
a common culture and common standards of citizenship,The Robbins Report says universities should transmit what?
19th,Ending with what century did religion play a smaller part in the curriculum of universities?
the German university model,what model of university structure was being used throughout the world at the finish of the 19th century?
science,What was the focus of universities in the 20th century?
chairman of the University Grants Committee,Who was Sir Keith Murray?
the University of Strathclyde,What university did Sir Samuel Curran contribute to the creation of?
the end of the early modern period,At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities?
mechanistic,What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period?
humanities,What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period?
the modern state,The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?
Aristotle,The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual?
limited resources,Scientists and universities were competing for what?
free,What type of education did private benefactors hope to provide to the public?
an alternative to traditional universities, Governments created universities to serve as what?
private benefactors,What type of entity created competition with government created universities?
more than 80%,What percentage of scientists from 1450–1650 in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were taught in a university?
considerable reluctance,On the part of universities what was their reaction to giving up the Aristotelian system?
University of Wittenberg,What university was Melancthon from?
legitimacy and respectability,The acceptance of new concepts and sciences by universities brought these ideas what?
Cartesian,What type of epistemology was adopted for a short period of time in European universities?
Aristotelian,What type of epistemology served as the foundation of knowledge constructions and  training scholars in universities?
autonomy,"The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science?"
a general scholar,"There was disagreement between universities and scientists over schools focusing on science, and the idea of what?"
the scientific revolution,A hierarchy of scientific disciplines came out of what?
first,Where did students after the scientific revolution put science on the scale of importance?
the scientific revolution,"The study of humanism among those studying math, astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what?"
changes in science,Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors?
princely courts,Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor?
Richard S. Westfall,Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature?
elite,The members of what class were priests in ancient Rome?
Jupiter,Which God exemplified just rule for the Romans?
509–27 BC,What was the time span of the Roman Republic?
church and state,What kind of political separation did not exist in Rome? 
Punic Wars,As a result of what war were many new temples built by victorious generals?
faith or dogma,What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?
social order,What was brought forth by religion in Rome?
household shrine,What religious feature did each Roman home have?
religious observances,What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?
Vestals,What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?
great number,How deities did the Romans have?
Greeks,What group was an influence to Roman culture?
religious,What sort  of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome's culture?
Greek,What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs?
Etruscan,What religion influenced augury for the Romans?
personal choice,What was the practice of religion to the Romans?
public religion,What was the standard practice in Roman religious life?
mysteries,What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?
conservative Romans,What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive?
morality and unity,What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them?
preserving tradition,To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability?
absorb,What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas? 
tolerance,What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman?
remote provinces,To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities?
religious heritage,What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order?
emperors,"After the Republic collapsed,  what addition was made to the religions of Rome?"
Augustus,Who was the first Roman emperor?
emperor,For whose well being were public vows made in the empire?
Imperial cult,What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?
treason,As what during the time of the Roman empire  was rejection of the state religion viewed?
Aeneas,What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?
Roman religion,Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?
Vestals,Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?
Lupercalia,What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?
Hercules,To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?
Romulus and Remus,What mythical characters were involved in the founding of Rome?
hero myth,What type of story was the Romulus and Remus tale?
Rhea Silvia,Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus?
Mars,What god was the father of Romulus and Remus?
miraculous,What type of events saved the twins of Roman myth?
religious,What type of organization did Romulus establish?
Jupiter,"According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?"
spoils taken in war,What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?
Consualia,What religious festival did Romulus found?
deified,"Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?"
religious institutions,To what were the first kings of Rome associated?
"Jupiter, Juno and Minerva",To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus  establish a temple?
Tarquinius Superbus,The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?
Capitoline,Where was the temple to the triad gods established?
"Latin League,",What organization did Servius Tullius found?
creation,What type of myth did Rome not have?
immortal gods,To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth?
Rome honoured them,What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? 
lawful,What did Rome make the myriad various cults?
Change,What was basic facet of Roman religious experience?
Jupiter,To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods?
divine authority,What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices?
Mars and Quirinus,What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice?
Greek in origin,From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come?
heritage,Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? 
commonplace,What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?
lawful Roman,To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices  pertain? 
"impressive, costly, and centralised",What were the characteristics of state religious observances?
individual,Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? 
patron,What type of deities did Roman communities have?
forty,How many religious celebrations did Rome have?
sacred days, What type of day were there more of in Rome?
seasonal,With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?
local,What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?
particular groups,"Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?"
fulfillment of religious vows,What type of festivals happened when events warranted them?
The triumph,What is an example of an event organized religious celebration?
public display,In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other?
Imperial,Under what auspices did public displays  come during the Principate?
emperors,Who paid for the most lavish of festival events?
reinterpretation,What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?
reform,What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?
Ovid,What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?
authoritative calendar,What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?
Christian,Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?
ritual,Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space?
augury,What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual?
templum,What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct?
"aedes, delubrum, or fanum",What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building?
temples,What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture?
prayer,What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion?
useless,What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was?
Prayer,What act alone had power in Roman thought?
personal expression,What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome?
correct verbal formulas,What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer?
daylight,When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? 
white,What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities?
banquet,What event was held after the sacrifice?
fertile,What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections?
officials and priests,Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice  banquet?
nighttime,When were the gods below and the dead celebrated?
"dark, fertile",What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?
burnt offering,How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled?
shared banquet,What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?
Color,What feature had importance in sacrifices?
divine agencies,What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?
gratitude,What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?
Divine,What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?
public rites,What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?
supplicating the gods,What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?
Extraordinary,What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?
every animal born,What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?
Hannibal,From whom was Rome asking for protection?
withheld,What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?
bull,What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?
entrails,What were the exta of a sacrifice?
disciplina Etrusca,How were the exta read in Roman religious practice?
exta and blood,What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods?
meat,What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans?
fire on the altar,Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed?
Human,What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome?
Human sacrifice,What act was repulsive to Romans?
buried,How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome?
Gaul,Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out?
113 BC,When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome?
First Punic War,During what war was the first gladiator munus held?
funeral blood-rite,How was the gladiatorial combat described? 
death,What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites?
as an offering,In what way was gladiatorial combat considered?
human sacrifice,How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats?
L. Junius Brutus,Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?
woolen dolls,What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?
Mother of the Lares,Who was Mania in Roman religion?
L. Junius Brutus,What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?
executions,What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?
human sacrifice,What act did Romans view as obnoxious?
enemies,To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed?
banned it,What did Rome do about human sacrifice?
murder,As what  did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice?
Hadrian,What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide?
wife,Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult?
pater familias,Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome?
Aeneas,Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?
Troy,From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult?
Palladium,What was put in the temple of Vesta?
ritualised,On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused?
Religious neglect,What form of religion was atheism considered to be? 
harmony and prosperity.,What results did proper religious practices produce?
divine anger,What could deviations from proper religious practices cause?
commitment,What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual?
state,What organization payed for the maintenance official cults?
private individuals,Who funded non-official religious cults?
own communities,What group benefited from non- official cults? 
Vestals,What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival?
censor and pontifices,What individuals had the right to regulate all cults?
separate priestly caste,What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome?
highest,What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? 
Specialists,What type of religious participants were available for consultation?
flamines,What were the earliest priesthoods? 
paterfamilias,Which member of a family functioned as priest?
rex sacrorum,Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?
civil,What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?
Republican pontifices,What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?
pontifex maximus,What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?
rex sacrorum,"By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?"
collegia,What group selected public priests in Rome?
lifetime,What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?
law,What limited an individual's access to religious offices?
costly,"Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?"
Roman citizenship,What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?
six,How many Vestals were there in Rome?
hearth,Of what was Vesta the goddess?
vital flame,Of what were the Vestals protectors?
political influence,What was the benefit of being a Vestal?
Pontifex Maximus,To whom did the Vestal answer?
chastity,What vow was required of Vestals?
essential,How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?
buried alive,What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?
devoted,What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?
religious,What was the honor granted a Vestal ?
Vesta's flame,Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?
Lares and Penates,For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?
Vestalia,What was the Vestal festival called?
mola salsa,To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?
Indirect,What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?
Vestals,What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?
seating,What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?
Livia,For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?
4th century,Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?
Theodosius I,Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?
sacred precinct,In what area did public rites take place in Rome?
augur,What person marked the religious area ritually?
sacred space,What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?
Romulus,Who designated the first boundary of Rome?
divine will,What did augers seek to understand through observances?
examination of entrails,What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?
liver,Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?
Etruscan,To which group can haruspicy to traced?
diviners,What type of private  individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?
public haruspices,What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?
Prodigies,What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?
conflict and misfortune,Of what were prodigies predictors?
divine anger,What did prodigies show the Romans?
dedicated rites,What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?
Senate,What group determined the truth of a prodigy?
Livy,What author wrote of disaster prodigies?
lesser victims,What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?
greater victims,Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?
widespread failure,Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?
Rome's victory,What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?
educated elite,From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?
archaic,What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?
afterlife,What did the ancient Romans expect after death?
gods,With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?
monumental endowments,What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?
Funeral and commemorative,What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?
sow,What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?
less well-off,What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?
Parentalia,What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? 
Ceres,What goddess was an intermediary  between the dead and the living?
Christian,What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?
Tombs,What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?
alms of food,What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?
AD 567,When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?
ritual pollution,How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?
standard pattern,How were Roman camps laid out?
defense and religious ritual,For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?
Rome,Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?
commander's headquarters,What was in the center of each Roman camp?
divine templum,What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?
religious,What type of personnel did every camp have?
senior magistrate-commander,What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?
emperor,"In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?"
Rome's official festivals,"Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?"
Empress,"What person was considered to be ""Mother of the camp''?"
devotio,What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?
Decius Mus,What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?
Roman gladiator,With what does the devotio link to military ethics?
disastrous consequences,By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?
Livy,Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?
Publius Claudius Pulcher,What general was consul in 249 BC?
sea,What type of campaign did Publius fight?
defiance of the omen,What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?
defeated,How did Publius fare in his battle?
impiety,What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?
limited,What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?
animal sacrifice,What religious act did women not perform?
Vestals,What priesthood was reserved solely for women?
Bona Dea,What Roman rites excluded men?
motherhood,With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? 
superstitio,What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?
superstition,What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?
knowledge,What was the basis of Roman religion?
more than was necessary,Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?
inappropriate,What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?
private diviners,What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?
will of the gods,What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?
foretelling the future,What action was not to be sought by state diviners?
Astrologers and magicians,What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?
death,What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?
magi,What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?
Persian priests,To what did the term magi originally refer?
Pliny the Elder,Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?
"""History of magical arts""",What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?
Apollonius of Tyana,Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?
Erichtho,What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?
Sextus Pompeius,Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?
order of gods,What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?
stereotypical witch,How was Erichtho portrayed?
Thessaly,From what country did Erichtho come?
Twelve Tables,What forbid harmful  incantations?
Chthonic,What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? 
indistinguishable,What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?
public gaze,What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?
outside the sacred boundary,Where was magic conducted in Rome?
Archaeology,What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?
defixiones,What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?
law and justice,What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?
7th century AD,Until what era did spells persist in the empire?
Christian era,What era produced a decline in the use of spells?
aristocracy,What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?
slave or free non-citizens,Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?
plebeians,What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?
Less than a quarter,How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?
the senate,What organization was Rome's official caretaker?
religious and political,The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?
patrician elite,Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?
plebeians,What group was excluded from high offices ?
Camillus,Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?
Concordia,To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?
political traditions and religious cults,What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? 
Dionysus,What cult arrived from southern Italy?
Punic crisis,During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?
Bacchus,To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?
divine hierarchy,"With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?"
pontifex maximus,What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?
cultural shift,What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?
divinely inspired,What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?
63 BC,In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?
by law,How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?
plebeian,"At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?"
neighbours,With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?
Minerva,What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?
Etruscan,In what style was the temple to Minerva built?
"Jupiter, Juno and Minerva",What gods were in the Capitoline triad?
Diana,Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?
Jupiter Latiaris,To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?
Hercules,What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?
cavalry,For what group was Castor a patron?
Sicily,From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?
Magna Mater,What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?
Bacchus,What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?
186 BC,In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?
179 BC,In what year was Diana  brought into the pomerium?
Mars,What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?
model,The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?
Euhemerus,What writer defined the development of the gods?
literate elite,"At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?"
devotion and cult.,What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?
Euhemerus' theory,What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?
divine ancestor,What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?
personal claim,What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?
Imperial cult,Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?
Venus Genetrix,What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?
Vergil,What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? 
religious and political,"By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?"
Augustus,What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?
unprecedented number,How many priesthoods was Augustus given?
"adaptive, restorative and regulatory",How were Augustus's reforms viewed?
Roman morality,As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?
Roman religious law,From what were countries in the empire free?
inclusionist policies,What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?
Autonomy and concord,What was Rome's policy towards government?
Romanised,What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults? 
centralised legal requirement,What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?
diis deabusque omnibus,What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?
domestic,What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?
traditional gods,To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?
conscription,What act  of provincials brought new gods into the military?
citizenship,What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?
Julius Caesar,What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?
divine monarchy,What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?
Augustus,To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? 
Imperial cult,By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?
integrated,For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?
divinely approved,What was the emperor's rule in Rome?
father of his country,"As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?"
traditional,"As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?"
vote in the Senate,"After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?"
traditional cults,What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion? 
treaty,What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?
63 BC,When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?
synagogues,What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?
Julius Caesar,Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?
Christianity,In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?
Christians,What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?
Emperor Nero,Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?
persecution,What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce? 
official policy,What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?
ungodly practices,How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?
Decius,Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?
Decian oath,What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?
Jews,What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?
subversives,What was the Decian decree meant to root out?
edict expired.,What happened to the decree after a year?
subversive foreign cult,What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?
assemblies,What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
Rome's traditional,To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
threat,What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
stronger,What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
treason,For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?
303 AD,In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?
legal rights,In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?
traditional gods,To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?
imprisonment,With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?
strictly enforced,How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?
imprisoned or martyred,"In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?"
powerful and influential,What were some Christian communities?
lenient,What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?
311,When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?
St. Jerome,Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?
peace of God,To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?
"""pagan"" emperors",With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?
Donatists,What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?
Constantine I,What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? 
edict of Milan,What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?
officially,How did Constantine accept Christianity?
traditional religions,"Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?"
absolute head of state,As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?
"Christian, Imperial, and ""divus""",As what was Constantine honored when he died?
First Council of Nicaea,What group did Constantine call to a meeting?
Western Empire,From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?
318,How many bishops attended the First Council?
Nicene Creed,What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?
Christian orthodoxy,What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?
Julian,What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?
Nicene Christianity,What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?
religious tolerance,What pleas were rejected by the empire?
Heretics,What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?
ritual,What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?
Julian,Who rejected the Christian religion?
361,When did Julian become Augustus?
non-Christian practices,What did Julian try to restore to the empire?
Jerusalem's temple,What building did Julian want to rebuild?
Christian control,"After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?"
pontifex maximus,What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?
Vestals,What group did Gratian seek the abolish?
Theodosius I,Which emperor briefly united the empire again?
East and West,Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?
Sacred fire,What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?
"San Bruno, California, United States",Where is Youtube headquartered? 
February 2005,When was Youtube created?
US$1.65 billion,How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?
short original videos,"Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?"
as one of Google's subsidiaries,How does youtube now operate as a business?
Hurley and Chen,What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?
San Francisco,Where did Chen live in 2005?
difficulty sharing videos,What was the original stimuli for creating the website?
the early months of 2005,When did the creators have the idea for youtube?
May 2005,when was the first beta test for the youtube site?
a Nike advertisement,What was the first video to reach a million views?
$3.5 million,How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005?
"December 15, 2005",What was the official launch date for the youtube website?
14 billion,As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?
300,"As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every  minute?"
around three quarters,How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?
800 million,How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?
15 billion,"As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?"
third,Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?
launched a new design,What did youtube do on March 31 2010? 
Shiva Rajaraman,Who was the Google product manager in 2010?
more than two billion,How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010?
more than three billion,How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011?
four billion,How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?
a new app,What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?
YouTube Kids,what was the name of the new app youtube launched?
YouTube Gaming,What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?
YouTube Red,What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?
both Android and iOS,On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?
HTML5,In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?
allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player,What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?
a page,How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?
WebM,What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?
12 hours,What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?
15 minutes,"When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?"
March 2006,When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?
unauthorized uploads,in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?
20 GB,What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?
In November 2008,When was 720p HD support added to youtube?
widescreen 16:9,What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?
1080p HD,What video format support was added in 2009?
8K resolution,What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?
4K,What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096×3072 pixels?
software engineer,Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?
3D,What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?
anaglyph,"What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?"
In May 2011,When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?
outside their website,Youtube offers users the option to watch content where?
HTML,What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?
social networking pages and blogs,What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos?
"""video response""",What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video?
"On August 27, 2013",When did youtube officially remove the response feature?
download link,YOutube does not often post a what for its videos?
through its website,Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?
a Creative Commons license,What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?
Zamzar,Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012?
the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama,Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube?
June 2007,When did youtube become available on Apple products?
September 2012,When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?
35%,What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?
H.264,What is Apple's prefered video standard?
several months,How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard?
TiVo,What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?
YouTube for TV,What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?
YouTube XL,later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV
the Roku player,Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?
October 2014,When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?
YouTube's premium subscription service,What is youtube red?
"November 12, 2014",When was youtube red originally announced?
Music Key,What was the original title of youtube red?
"October 28, 2015",When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?
"Google Play Music ""All Access""","What service was ""music key"" intended to replace?"
large production companies,"Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?"
Partner Program,What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?
$12 million,What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?
90.3%,Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?
Billboard,Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?
Chris Anderson,Who is the TED curator?
face-to-face communication,What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize? 
Salman Khan,Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?
education,What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?
schedule the protests,An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?
coordinate,An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?
tell the world,An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?
Senator Lindsey Graham,Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?
2007,What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?
to more easily engage with citizens,How has youtube helped the government?
seventh,the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?
creators' new media savvy,What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?
Iman Crosson,In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?
encourage young Americans to enroll,What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?
It Gets Better Project,What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?
fifteen,How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?
within two months,How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?
legislative action was undertaken,What was done after Amanda Todd's death?
form a national anti-bullying strategy,What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?
15 minutes,How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?
four or five hours,What is the average time an American watches TV in day?
3.7 billion,What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?
$200 million,What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?
Google,Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?
June 2006,When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC?
Shows,What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?
to create competition,"What was the intended purpose of youtube's ""shows"" section?"
In November 2009,"When did youtube launch the version of ""shows"" for the UK?"
"over 6,000 films",In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?
AdSense,What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?
45 percent,"What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on ""partner program"" channels?"
over a million,How many people are employed by the partner program?
$2.09,As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?
55 percent,How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program?
to the copyright holders,Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go?
nearly a third,In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?
Nintendo,Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?
February 2015,When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders?
have them continue running for revenue,What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders?
violate copyright laws,What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?
unauthorized,Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?
Three,How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?
view,Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?
DMCA,What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?
$1 billion,How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?
filed lawsuits,Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?
goes far beyond its legal obligations,What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?
"150,000",How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?
12 terabytes,How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?
Electronic Frontier Foundation,Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?
appeal,What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?
rejected in a summary judgment,What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?
Louis L. Stanton,Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?
videos that infringe copyright,In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?
Eric Schmidt,Who was Google's CEO in 2007?
Content ID,What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?
resolving lawsuits,Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary? 
flags the video,What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?
surprisingly resilient,What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?
unlimited,As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?
fill in a form,How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?
were modified,What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?
users,Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?
a YouTube employee,Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?
the Culture and Media Committee,Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies?
unimpressed,The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?
In July 2008,When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies?
leave comments,Most videos enable users to do what
their form,What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?
stupidity,Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity?
The Guardian,Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?
community and collaboration,Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before?
"November 6, 2013",When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?
block,The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments?
more relevant discussions,There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top?
Jawed,What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?
"20,097",How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?
blocked,youtube is completely what in some places?
long term standing ban,Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?
specific videos is blocked,What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?
"20,000",How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?
90%,What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?
block all music content,What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?
The Financial Times,Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?
to launch the enhanced music experience,Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?
Jefferson,Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?
metaphor,What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?
1879,When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?
authoritative declaration,What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?
a wall of separation between church and state,What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?
to worship freely,What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?
religious persecution,What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?
King of England,Who was persecuting the Puritans?
religious minorities,What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?
churches,What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?
worshipping God,What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?
1789,"When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?"
attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment,What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?
No one religious society,What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?
any civil right,What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?
1776,When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?
Protestants,What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?
Christians,What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?
"Article VI, Section 8",What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?
1961,When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable? 
The Flushing Remonstrance,What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?
religious persecution of any sort,What were the Remonstrance opposed to?
"December 27, 1657","When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?"
Quakers,Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?
religions,What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?
opponents,"What did an established church, even at the state level, have?"
Baptist minister,What was Issac Backus' profession?
New England,What region did Isaac Backus come from?
1773,When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?
1786,When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?
Baptist theologian,Who was Roger Williams?
"""[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world""",What phrase did Roger Williams first use?
Rhode Island,What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?
1644,When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?
Thomas Jefferson,Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
Jefferson and James Madison's,Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?
Proclamations of Thanksgiving,"What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?"
at the Capitol,Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?
four,How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
practical distinction,What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
destruction,What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? 
preachers,What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom,How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
attend religious worship each morning,What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
one Jeffersonian letter,What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
1878,When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?
Reynolds v. U.S.,What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?
Mormon polygamy,What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?
legal definition for the word religion,"What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?"
constitutional,What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
Jefferson and Madison's,What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?
a bill,What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?
Patrick Henry,Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
some denomination,What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
worshipping God,What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
some church,What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?
"Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian","Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?"
to choose their own church,What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?
"openly divine-right Catholic,",Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?
1698,When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?
Christians,What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
fervently Catholic,What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?
Scottish Catholic,What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
religious test,"What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?"
1799,When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
"""Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof""",What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?
"""establishment clause""",What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?
"""free exercise clause""",What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
"the Supreme Court's interpretations of the ""separation of church and state"" doctrine.",What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
a faith,What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
legal scholars,What is John Baker of LSU's profession?
to appease the Anti-Federalists,"Why was a more general ""religion"" used in the language of the First Amendment?"
because of the experience under the British crown,"Why was the word ""national"" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?"
Elbridge Gerry,Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?
Massachusetts,What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? 
Connecticut,Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?
Constitution only gave Congress stated powers,Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? 
establishing a national religion,What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?
religious clauses in the state constitutions,What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?
South Carolina,Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?
post-Civil War,When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?
secure rights for former slaves,What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?
incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states,What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?
due process and equal protection clauses,What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?
application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states,What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?
Everson v. Board of Education,What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
state law,What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
state governments,What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet,What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
1994,When was the case of v. Grumet?
Establishment Clause,"What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state"" became part of what jurisprudence?"
"Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145",What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?
freedom,What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
religion,What word is not defined in the Constitution?
the Danbury Baptists,Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
1947,"When was the centrality of the ""separation"" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?"
government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools,What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?
"Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1",What case was the concept relevant?
court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state,What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?
high and impregnable,How must the wall separating church and state be kept?
state law,What did the decision ultimately uphold?
transportation of students to religious schools,What was the state allowed to continue to fund?
"that the Constitution has erected a ""wall between church and state""",What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?
that wall,What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?
the present legislation,What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?
1962,When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?
"Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421",What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?
6-1,By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?
unconstitutional,Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?
governmentally composed prayers for religious services,What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?
Justice Potter Stewart,Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?
"the court's embrace of the ""wall of separation"" metaphor",What did Stewart object to?
metaphors,Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?
the Constitution,"Stewart pointed out that the phrase ""Wall of separation"" was nowhere to be found in what?"
1968,When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?
an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?
Justice Abe Fortas,Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?
views distasteful to them,What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals,What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?
1971,When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?
Pennsylvania,What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?
teachers of secular subjects,Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?
the Establishment Clause,What did the state's policy violate?
absolute,What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?
three,How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?
"""Lemon Test""",What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?
non-religious,"To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?"
religion,What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?
government with religion,Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?
three,How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?
2002,When did the three judge panel make their ruling?
the Pledge of Allegiance,What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?
procedural grounds,Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?
standing to sue,What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?
"December 20, 2005",When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?
the Ten Commandments,What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?
the cross,What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?
"May 3, 2006",When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?
secular in nature,Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?
Town of Greece v. Galloway,What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?
"May 5, 2014",When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?
5-4,What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Town of Greece,Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
sectarian prayers,What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?
separation of church and state,What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?
the textual requirements of the Constitution,What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?
constitutional limitation on religious establishment,What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?
many aspects of church and state,What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?
prevalent degree of separation of church and state,What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?
religion,Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?
1868,When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?
first amendment's application to the state government,What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?
progressivist,What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?
legal precedence,What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?
religious test,What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?
Religious,What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?
Seven,How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?
particular religious beliefs,What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?
a Supreme Being,What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?
"Article IX, Section 2",What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?
so help me God,What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?
federal First Amendment,Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?
unconstitutional and unenforceable,"Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?"
beneficial arrangements for the society,Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?
ceremonial deism,"What is the national motto ""In God We Trust"" officially known as?"
not religious in nature,What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?
Ohio,What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?
because it displayed no preference for a particular religion,Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?
mid-twentieth century,When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?
constitutional ban against aid to religious schools,What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?
religious observance,What was later banned in public education?
two,How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?
no-aid,What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?
pervasive,What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?
most Protestants (and most Jews),Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?
anti-Catholic sentiment,What diminished after 1980?
strict separationism,What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?
anything in the text of the constitution,What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?
professor,What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?
Columbia Law school,What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?
American anti-Catholicism,What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?
Blaine Amendments,What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?
J. Brent Walker,Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?
supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent,What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?
Champions of religious liberty,Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?
tap into the public till to support its parochial schools,Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?
religious bigotry,What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?
the spiritual and secular worlds,What did evangelicals want to keep apart?
an alliance of unlikely partners,What did religious freedom result from?
historian,What profession does Frank Lambert have?
The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America,What is the name of Lambert's book?
a complete separation of church and state,What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?
constitution of the United States,What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?
John F. Kennedy,Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?
the specific relation between politics and religion,"What does Bellah use the term ""civil religion' to describe?"
God,What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?
a religious dimension,What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?
flourish,What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?
Robert S. Wood,Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?
Toronto,Where is the Center for New Religions located?
a sort of civic religion,What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?
genius of religious sentiment in the United States,What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?
Christian,What type of faith is Protestantism?
Martin Luther,Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?
Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy,"Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?"
Lutheran princes,Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?
the Protestant Reformation,What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?
the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal,What do all Protestantism denominations reject?
"transubstantiation,",What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?
sola fide,What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?
the Bible,What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?
Five solae,What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?
Germany,Where did Lutheranism begin?
"John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox",Name three early Protestant reformers.
the Netherlands and parts of Germany,Where did Arminianism take hold?
King Henry VIII,Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?
Protestants,Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?
nearly forty percent,What percentage of Christians are Protestant?
all populated continents,Which continents have some form of Protestantism?
"Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches",What types of Protestantism are increasing?
the Anglican Communion,What Protestant church has members around the world?
more than 900 million,How many people are considered Protestant?
German,From what language does the term evangelical originate?
evangelisch,What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?
evangelical,What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?
"John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli",Name two contributors to Reformed churches.
the Puritans,Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?
sola scriptura,What is the term for teaching by only scripture?
four,How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?
inerrancy,What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?
the Holy Spirit,What power can help someone overcome sin?
necessity,What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?
necessity and inerrancy,Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?
ecclesiology,What is the term for how the church as a whole works?
Catholics,What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?
the Enlightenment,At what period was inerrancy debated?
the Bible,What item could be learned to gain salvation?
sola fide (by faith alone),What was Luther's main principle?
sola scriptura,What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?
Christocentric,"What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?"
sola fide (by faith alone),What is the second principle of Protestantism?
salvation,Faith can bring what eternal benefit?
the mid-to-late 16th century,When did Protestantism begin to split?
controversy over the Eucharist,What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?
transubstantiation,What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?
bread and wine,What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?
Christ,Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?
Arnold of Brescia,Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?
the early 1170s,When were the Waldensians created?
1215,In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?
Italy,Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
apostolic poverty,What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?
Jan Hus,Who started the Hussite movement?
John Wycliffe,Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?
five,How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?
the Pope,Who called the crusades against the Hussites?
burned at the stake,How did Jan Hus die?
31 October 1517,When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?
indulgences,What did the theses argue against selling?
Virgin Mary,What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/
Wittenberg,Where was All Saints' Church?
the Church and the papacy,Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?
the Pope,Who condemned the Reformation?
John Calvin,Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?
Geneva,What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?
1563,When did John Calvin die?
Calvinist,What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?
Huguenots,What was the nickname for French Protestants?
the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment,What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?
the 1550s,When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?
August 1572,When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
Henry II,Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?
Huldrych Zwingli,Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?
the German states and the Swiss Confederation,Which two areas had a long history of resentment?
the Colloquy of Marburg,What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?
Prince Philip of Hesse,What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?
its failure,What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?
Henry VIII,Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?
1534,When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement,What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
Between 1535 and 1540,In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?
King Henry,Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?
the Elizabethan Age,The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?
the Protestant churches of Europe,What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?
the Church of England,The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?
dissenters and nonconformists,What was another name for the later Puritan movement?
various Reformed denominations,What did the later Puritan movement create?
1560,When was the Scottish Reformation?
France,The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?
John Knox,Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?
Mary of Guise,Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?
1560,When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?
1524–25,When was the German Peasants' War?
the Thirty Years' War,What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?
between 25% and 40%,How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?
the Peace of Westphalia,What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
"the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities",Where was the German Peasants' War?
The First Great Awakening,What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?
The First Great Awakening,What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?
around 1790,When did the Second Great Awakening start?
Baptist and Methodist,Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?
by the late 1840s,When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?
the formation of new denominations,What did the Second Great Awakening create?
"skepticism, deism, and rationalism",What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?
the late 1850s to the early 20th century,When was the Third Great Awakening?
pietistic Protestant denominations,What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?
the worldwide missionary movement,What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?
the Social Gospel Movement,What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?
"the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements",What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?
the modern Pentecostal movement,What modern movement began in the 20th century?
Methodist and Wesleyan,What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?
the Charismatic movement,What movement did Pentecostalism create?
Los Angeles,In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?
urban,What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?
In the United States and elsewhere in the world,Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?
mainstream liberal churches,What type of churches have declined?
In the post–World War I era,When did Liberal Christianity increase?
In the post–World War II era,When did conservative churches start to increase?
those that are more exclusively evangelical,What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?
secularism,What direction has Europe moved towards?
The Enlightenment,What caused the spread of secularism?
"North America, South America and Australia",What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?
the 20th and 21st centuries,When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?
United States,What country is more religious than other developed nations?
the Magisterial Reformation,Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?
new papists,What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?
Roman Popes,What were reform movement leaders compared to?
teacher,What is another name for magister?
Anabaptism,What has been linked with pacifism?
the invisible church,What type of church do Protestants believe in?
all who profess faith in Jesus Christ,Who comprises the invisible church?
the five solas,What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?
non-denominational groups and organizations,What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?
it is the one true church,What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?
Various ecumenical,What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?
divisions,"Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?"
common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith,What beliefs do most denominations agree on?
secondary,What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?
idiosyncratic,What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?
the ecclesiastical structure with the state,What do national churches bring together?
since 2007,How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?
Tuvalu,Who has the only Reformed church?
The Church of England,Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?
Methodist,What type of church does Tonga have?
branches,What is another name for denominational families?
"Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal",What are the major branches of Protestantism?
how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation,What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?
Anabaptist,What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?
lineage,What do some branches share in common?
the whole Bible,The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?
Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups,What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?
the 28 Fundamental Beliefs,What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?
Biblical references,What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?
annihilation or eternal torment,What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?
one who baptizes again,What does the word Anabaptist describe?
their persecutors,Who named the Anabaptists?
baptism of infants,What baptism do Anabaptists reject?
Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics,Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?
Second Front Reformers,Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?
the English Church,What does Anglican mean?
1246,When did the word Anglican begin?
the Archbishop of Canterbury,Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?
80 million,How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?
full autonomy,What power does each national or regional church possess?
the Catholic Church,Who did the Church of England split from?
the Elizabethan Religious Settlement,At what time did the Church of England become independent?
Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer,Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?
Lutheranism and Calvinism,The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?
traditional,What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?
professing believers,"According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?"
Protestant,What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?
pastors and deacons,What two offices do Baptists have?
complete immersion,What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?
liberty,What is another term for soul competency?
Amsterdam,Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?
John Smyth,Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?
General Baptists,Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?
Roger Williams,Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?
Baptist missionaries,Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?
the five points of Calvinism,What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?
the Calvinist view on soteriology,What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?
the sovereignty or rule of God in all things,What is a brief description of Calvinism?
predestination and total depravity,What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?
Calvin,Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?
Lutheranism,What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?
third,How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?
The Lutheran World Federation,What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?
over 72 million people,How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?
International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference,Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.
John Wesley,Who was the inspiration for Methodism?
"workers, agricultural workers, and slaves",Who did Methodism originally attract?
Anglican priest,What was John Wesley's occupation?
approximately 80 million,How many Methodists are there in the world today?
vigorous missionary activity,How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?
its rich musical tradition,"What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?"
every human being,Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?
exercise an act of the will,What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?
"John Wesley's brother, Charles",Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?
monergism,What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?
speaking in tongues and divine healing,Give two examples of spiritual gifts.
Apostolic or Full Gospel,What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?
Apostolic,Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?
the Holy Spirit,Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?
"biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous",What three things are Pentecostals committed to?
hundreds,How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?
over 279 million,How many Pentecostals are there in the world?
Charismatic,What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?
Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity,Who can claim over 500 million members?
the global South,Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?
"""non-denominational"" or ""evangelical""",What denomination do these small groups belong to?
little,How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?
individual pastors,Who has founded these small groups of Christians?
"""Christians"" or ""born-again Christians""",What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?
"Dublin, Ireland",Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?
sola scriptura,What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?
The Brethren,"Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?"
late 1820s,When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?
Anglicanism,What denomination do the Brethren originate from?
Friends,What is another informal name for Quaker?
the priesthood of all believers,What is the Quakers unifying belief?
creeds and hierarchical structures,What have the Quakers tried to avoid?
the Religious Society of Friends,What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?
"evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative",What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?
Evangelicalism,What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?
Charismatic Movement,Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?
Pentecostals,What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?
Neo-charismatic churches,Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.
Nondenominational churches,What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?
the 18th and 19th centuries,What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?
Britain and North America,Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?
Evangelicalism,Methodism is part of what movement?
Nicolaus Zinzendorf,What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?
Dennis Bennett,What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?
1964,When was the Massey conference held?
Life in the Spirit,The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?
"Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson",Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.
New Zealand,Where was the Massey conference held?
Larry Christenson,Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?
Minnesota,In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?
Huntington Beach,Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?
Touched by the Spirit,What was published in 1974?
Richard A. Jensen,Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?
Terry Virgo,Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?
overemotional,What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?
USA,Where is Every Nations Churches located?
charismata,What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?
"Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival",Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.
Puritans,What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?
the University of Cambridge,What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?
millennialism,What movement influenced the Puritans?
Sabbatarianism,What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?
1619,When was the Synod of Dort?
Reformed,What type of theology did Puritans accept?
the 1640s,When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?
personal and group,What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?
Geneva,Where was Calvin criticized?
the Westminster Assembly,At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?
the Reformation,"What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?"
Protestant,What churches let their clergy marry?
1950,When did women join the Protestant ministry?
Protestant,What types of churches have women had leading positions?
celibate,What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?
education,What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?
eight of ten men and women,"In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?"
the Puritans,Who founded Harvard College?
1701,When was Yale founded?
Pennsylvania,What state became a hub of learning?
"Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility",What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?
luxury,What did Calvin particular reject?
economic success,What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?
Protestant,What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?
Protestant ethic thesis,What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?
Arno Tausch,Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?
Protestantism,What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?
Arno Tausch,Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?
Corvinus University of Budapest,What university is Arno Tausch from?
environmental activism,What type of engagement is considered a World Value?
Episcopalians and Presbyterians,What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?
Mainline Protestant,Affluent American families are what type of families?
Episcopalians and Presbyterians,What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?
Republican Party,What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?
"American business, law","Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?"
early experimental science,The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?
English Puritanism and German Pietism,What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?
an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology,What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?
Puritans or other Protestants,What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?
ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science,What values were thought to have a significant synergy?
doctrine of the two kingdoms,What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?
Calvin,Who added the election of laymen to church government?
1523,When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?
The Huguenots,Who added synods to church government?
reason,What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?
aristocracy and democracy,What political mixture did Calvin prefer?
separation of powers,What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?
Calvin,Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?
Hugo Grotius,Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?
Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle,What philosophers were given asylum?
the English and the American democracies,Whose democracies were created by Protestants?
self-rule and separation of powers,What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?
"Australia, New Zealand, and India","Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?"
Congregationalists,What group believed that democracy was the will of God?
Massachusetts Bay Colony,What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?
Protestants,What group initiated the right to religious freedom?
Worms,Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?
Anabaptists and Huguenots,What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?
John Smyth and Thomas Helwys,Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?
The great majority,How many American Protestants supported independence in America?
Enlightenment thinkers,What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state?
a set of Protestant Christian assumptions,What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs?
John Locke,Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness",What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable?
"Genesis 1, 26-28",What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality?
1740,When did Prussia stop torture?
1834,When did Britain end slavery?
Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf,Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?
Henry Dunant,Who founded the Red Cross?
The Geneva Convention,What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck,Who first introduced social insurance programs?
practical Christianity,What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?
"the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage",What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?
Germany,What country started programs that led to the welfare state?
the Western world,What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?
enrich,What did John Milton do for world literature?
World literature,Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?
"Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë",What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?
World,Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?
ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities,The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?
no sacramental ministerial priesthood,"What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?"
ordinances and doctrines,What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?
Eastern Orthodox,What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?
true apostolic succession,"What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?"
"Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli",Who were Magisterial reformers?
the Roman Catholic Church,What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?
"a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church","Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?"
in the early days of the Protestant Reformation,When did the idea of a hidden church begin?
the Roman Catholic Church,What church did the Reformers claim had left them?
the ruling authorities,Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?
Conciliar,The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?
the five solas,What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?
the Council of Trent,What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?
invisible,What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?
the World Council of Churches,What group has been unsuccessful in creating a unified church since 1948?
the Edinburgh Missionary Conference,What conference was held in 1910?
Orthodox,What churches have been strongly engaged in the ecumenical movement?
watering down Orthodox doctrine,What have Orthodox churches condemned the perception of?
united churches,What types of churches have had rapidly declining memberships?
baptism,"If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?"
marriage,What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?
Protestant ministers who become Catholics,Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?
re-baptized,Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?
the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church,Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?
the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification,What document was signed in 1999?
Confessional Lutherans,Who rejects the statement signed in 1999?
delegates to the World Methodist Conference,Who adopted the Joint Declaration in 2006?
the Protestant Reformation,The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement?
Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church,What two groups originally signed the Joint Declaration?
more than 900 million,How many Protestants are there in the world?
approximately 2.4 billion,What is the total population of Christians in the world?
more than one tenth,Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?
Middle East-North Africa,What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?
Sub-Saharan Africa,What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?
the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom,In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion?
12%,"In 2012, what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant?"
"Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary",In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular (but not THE most popular) religions?
17.8%,The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe's Christian population in 2010?
Czech Republic,"What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement, but now only has a small number of Protestants?"
"Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America",Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900's?
after World War II,When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century?
59%,"In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?"
79%,What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910?
Brazil,"In 2010, what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together?"
Brasília,What is Brazil's capital?
center-western,What region of Brazil is Brasilia in?
"US$36,175",What is Brasilia's GDP per capita in US dollars?
"April 21, 1960",When was Brasilia founded?
"2,556,149",What is the population of Brasilia's metro area?
31,How many administrative regions does the Federal District have?
"209,926",What is Brasilia's proper city population?
the Federal District,What does Brasilia's metro area consist of?
2014,Which World Cup did Brasilia host?
2013,Which Confederations Cup did Brasilia host?
1956,When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil?
1961,When did Kubitschek leave office?
Juscelino Kubitschek,Who ordered Brasilia be built?
5550,How many people competed to be Brasilia's urban planner?
"April 21, 1960",When was Brasilia inaugurated?
1988,When did Brazil pass a new Constitution?
"to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly",What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?
Câmara Legislativa,What is Brasilia's District Assembly called?
tropical savanna climate (Aw),What climate type does Brasilia have?
October to April,When is Brasilia's rainy season?
May to September,When is Brasilia's dry season?
28.3 °C (82.9 °F),What is the average maximum temperature in Brasilia in September?
January,Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?
Portuguese,What is Brazil's official language?
English and Spanish,What languages besides Portuguese are taught in Brasilia's schools?
six,How many international schools are in Brasilia?
August 2016,When will a new international school open in Brasilia?
British,What nationality will the new international school in Brasilia be?
Oscar Niemeyer,Who designed the Cathedral of Brasília?
concrete-framed hyperboloid,What type of structure is the Cathedral of Brasília?
31 May 1970,When was the Cathedral of Brasília dedicated?
16,How many identical columns are used in the Cathedral of Brasília?
90 t,How much do the Cathedral of Brasília's columns weigh?
presidential offices,What is in the Planalto Palace?
Palácio da Alvorada,"Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?"
Palace of the Dawn,What does 'Palácio da Alvorada' mean?
Roberto Burle Marx,Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?
modernist,What style of gardens did Marx design?
"groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces",What are 'superquadras' or superblocks?
the northern end of Lake Paranoá,Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?
extensive public areas,What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa?
"private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants",What took over Lake Paranoa's shores contrary to the plan?
"Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina",What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?
Simone de Beauvoir,Who complained that Brasilia was monotonous?
French,What nationality was de Beauvoir?
writer,What was de Beauvoir's career?
its cuisine and efficiency of transit,What is Brasilia famous for?
"government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services",What services are central to Brasilia's economy?
construction,What is Brasilia's most important non-service industry?
54.8%,How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Public Administration?
28.7%,How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Services?
0.2%,How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Agribusiness?
99.5 billion reais,What is Brasilia's GDP?
3.76%,How much of Brazil's GDP comes from Brasilia?
"software, film, video, and gemology",What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage?
Hotels Sectors North and South,Where did Brasilia place hotels?
from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine,What kinds of restaurants does Brasilia have?
"from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels",What kinds of hotels does Brasilia have?
Lake Paranoá,What lake has some hotels around it?
2008,When was 'The World In Grey' published?
Ryan J. Lucero,Who wrote 'The World In Grey'?
Don Bosco,Whose prophecy is 'The World In Grey' based on?
Don Bosco,Who is Brasilia's patron saint?
Paranoá Lake,What lake did Don Bosco predict?
Square of the Three Powers,What does 'Praça dos Três Poderes' mean?
the three federal branches around the plaza,What does the name 'Praça dos Três Poderes' come from?
Supremo Tribunal Federal,What is Brazil's Supreme Court called?
Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer,Who designed the Praça dos Três Poderes?
Congresso Nacional,What is Brazil's Congress called?
Palácio da Alvorada,Where does Brazil's president live?
simplicity and modernity,What principles of architecture was the Alvorada designed with?
"7,000 m2",How large is the Alvorada?
three,How many floors does the Alvorada have?
1958,When did Brasilia's presidential residence open?
four,How many floors does the Planalto have?
"36,000 m2",How large is the Planalto?
Palácio do Planalto,Where are the President's offices?
Oscar Niemeyer,Who designed the Planalto?
Palácio do Planalto,Where are the VP's offices?
2006,When did Brasilia's airport add a second runway?
"11,119,872",How many passengers came through Brasilia's airport in 2007?
four,How many movie theaters are in Brasilia's airport?
136,How many vendor spaces are in Brasilia's airport?
"1,200",How many parking spaces are there at Brasilia's airport?
28,How many boarding bridges does Brasilia's airport have?
2014,When did the number of boarding bridges at Brasilia's airport nearly double?
Inframerica Group,What company now runs Brasilia's airport?
the number of parking spaces,"Besides boarding bridges, what also doubled in 2014 at Brasilia's airport?"
21 million,What is Brasilia's airport's annual passenger capacity after 2014's improvements?
The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge,What is the JK Bridge a nickname for?
Lake Paranoá,What does the JK Bridge cross?
Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira,Who was the JK Bridge named for?
former president of Brazil,Who was de Oliveira?
architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde,Who designed the JK Bridge?
bus station,What is the Rodoviária?
"344,039","As of 2000, how many people lived in Ceilândia?"
"243,575","As of 2000, how many people lived in Taguatinga?"
"approximately 400,000","As of 2000, how many people lived in the Plano Piloto?"
most of the political and tourist areas,What areas does Brasilia's public transit avoid?
Rodoferroviária,What is the older interstate bus station called?
Parkshopping Mall,What mall is Brasilia's newest bus station near?
Central Station,Where did Brasilia's plan want interstate buses to stop?
the western end of the Eixo Monumental,Where is the older interstate bus station?
Saída Sul,What street is Brasilia's newest bus station on?
unpowered air sports,What type of sports are popular in Brasilia?
the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship,What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2003?
the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship,What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2005?
"strong thermal winds and great ""cloud-streets""",Why is Brasilia a good place for air sports?
developed,What type of country is Greece?
82.8%,What percentage of Greece's economy is based on service?
13.3%,How much of Greece's economy is comprised of industrial sectors?
3.9%,How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece contribute in 2015?
18 million,How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?
agricultural,What is Greece a significant producer of within the EU?
economy,Greece has the largest what in the Balkans?
Greece,What was Albania's largest foreign investor in 2013?
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,Who is Greece the most important trading partner to?
OTE,What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?
OECD,What organization was Greek a founding member?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,What does the abbreviation OECD expand to?
"advanced, high-income",What is Greece's economy classified as?
1981,When did Greece join what is now the European Union?
2001,When did Greece adopt the Euro as its currency?
1950 to 1980,What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?
2000,From what year was Greece's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average?
−3.2%,What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?
€356 billion,How much public debt did Greece have in 2011?
2015,What year did Greece fall back into recession?
Industrial Revolution,What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?
evolution of the Greek economy,What does recent research from 2006 examine?
slightly lower,What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?
shipbuilding,What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?
defaulted on its external loans,"What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?"
fourteen,How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had?
in 2008,When did Greece go into recession?
budget deficit,What did the Greek economy have the highest of at the end of 2009?
15.7%,What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009?
severe economic,What type of crisis resulted from the budget deficit and rising debt levels of Greece?
its massive budget deficit,What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of?
massive revision,What prompted the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit? 
February 2012,When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?
Hellenic Parliament,Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations?
harsher austerity measures,What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify?
accounting practices,What were the majority of the differences in the revised budget due to the temporary changing of?
3.38% of GDP,What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to?
.38%,By how much did the budget deficit of Greece exceed the 3% limit in the reference year of 1999?
Italy,What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece made?
when military material was ordered rather than received,When were expenses recorded by the new government?
OECD,Who provided a report for Greece in 2005?
0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP,What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999?
1999,What was the year of Greece's EMU membership qualification?
ESA79,What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?
the prescribed 3% limit,What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?
controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals,What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?
U.S. Banks,What banks did Greece use derivatives' deals with?
artificially reduce their reported budget deficits,What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks?
2.8 billion,"How many Euros was Greece able to ""hide"" because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?"
affected deficit values after 2001,Why aren't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?
swaps,What were credits given to European governments disguised as?
ignored statistics involving financial derivatives,Why weren't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?
Maastricht,What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps?
Greek government deficit,What was again revised in May of 2010?
120%,What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010?
rise of the country's borrowing rates,What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?
sovereign debt,What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?
€45 billion in bail-out loans,How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?
€110 billion,What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?
"the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF",What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?
industrial output,What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?
6%,What was the increase of Greece's industrial output between 2005 and 2011?
13.4%.,What did the industrial production in Greece fall by due to the financial crisis?
third,What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?
"920,000 tons",How many tons of marble does Greece produce?
merchant navy,What does Greece have the largest of in the world?
15%,Greece's navy accounts for more than what percentage of the world's total deadweight tonnage?
245 million,What is the Greek merchant navy's total dwt?
39.52%,What percentage of the entire EU's dwt does Greece alone represent?
"5,000",How many ships did Greece's navy have in the late 1970s?
22.6%,How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?
16.1%,What percentage of the world's bulk carriers are Greece's?
6%,What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping account for?
€14.1 billion,What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to in 2011?
750,How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011?
4th,"When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's global rank?"
"17,704.132 million $",What was the worth Greece's shipping services in 2011?
"Denmark, Germany and South Korea",What three countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports?
"7,076.605 million US$",What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth?
"10,712.342 million US$",What was Greece's 2011 trade surplus?
state,Who ran the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s?
OTE,What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of?
1980s,When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen?
Deutsche Telekom,What company has a 40% stake in OTE?
10%,How many shares of OTE does the Greek state own?
Internet,What does Greece lag behind other EU countries in terms of use?
more than doubled,How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet increase between 2006 and 2013?
36%,What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013?
Greece,Who has the EU's third highest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?
a broadband connection,What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece?
more than 16 million,How many millions of tourists does Greece attract each year?
18.2%,What part of Greece's GDP is accounted for by tourism?
"$1,073",What did the 2008 OECD report show the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was?
"840,000",How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were somehow related to the tourism industry?
over 19.3 million,How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?
their lists,What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of?
Thessaloniki,What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?
the country's second-largest city,What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?
best island in the world,What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011?
Mykonos,What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?
Olympic Airlines,What was Olympic Airways known as after 2003?
Olympic Air,What was Olympic Airlines relaunched as in 2009?
Aegean Airlines,"What airlines was award the ""Best regional airline in Europe"" award by Skytrax?"
"""Airline of the Year""",What does Olympic Air hold a silver ERA award for?
2011,What year did Olympic Air receive an award as Top Domestic Airline?
"2,548 km",How long is Greek's rail network estimated to run?
TrainOSE,Who runs the rail transport in Greece?
the Hellenic Railways Organization,Who is TrainOSE a subsidiary of?
standard gauge,What gauge is most of Greece's railway?
764,How many kilometers of Greece's railway is electrified?
Aghioi Theodoroi,What was Greece's largest port as measured by good transported in 2010?
17.38,How many million of tons went through Aghioi Theodoroi in 2010?
12.37 million tons,How many million tons of goods did port Eleusis transport in 2010?
164.3 million tons,How many tons of goods were transported through Greece in 2007?
fastest-growing port in the world,What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2013?
"513,319",How many TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2010?
"273,282",What amount of TEUs did Thessaloniki handle in 2010?
83.9 million,How many million of people passed through Greece's ports in 2010?
3.16 million,What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2013?
COSCO,What organization owns Pier II in Piraeus? 
Public Power Corporation,Who dominates energy production in Greece?
85.6%,How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?
lignite,What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?
20%,How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?
56%,What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?
8%,How much of Greece's energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2008?
10%,What was EU average amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?
biomass and waste recycling,Where does most of Greece's renewable energy come from?
18%,How much of Greece's energy is targeted to be from renewable sources by 2020?
Academy of Athens,Who suggested research into the possibility of a Greek nuclear power plant should begin?
oil and gas,What is Greece set to start exploring the Ionian Sea for?
Norway and the United States,What countries have expressed interest in Greece's oil and gas exploration?
summer of 2012,When were the first results of the energy explorations expected?
November 2012,When did the Deutsche Bank publish a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete?
€427 billion,What did the Deutsche Bank estimate the value of the reserves to be at?
drachma,What was the currency of Greece until 2002?
Maastricht Treaty,What did Greece sign to apply to join the eurozone?
two,How many convergence criteria were there in the treaty?
January 2002,When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place?
March 2012,When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?
14.8 percent,What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?
9 per cent and 11 per cent,What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?
28 per cent,What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?
24 per cent,What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?
prolonged massive unemployment,What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?
"Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate",Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?
Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker,Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??
Dick Armey,Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?
Dennis Hastert,Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?
Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker,Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house?
agreements on controversial issues,What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss?
Nancy Pelosi,Who is he current Minority leader?
Minority Leader,"If minority party takes control of congress, who is usually in link to become majority leader?"
Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position,Are minority leaders usually experienced?
108th Congress,In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader?
20 years,How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader?
1981,When was Robert Michel elected minority leader?
1973,John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?
Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011,Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?
Hale Boggs,What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?
John Boehner,Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?
Dennis Hastert,Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?
Speaker,Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?
Majority Leader,What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?
Majority Leader Tom DeLay,Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?
Minority Leader,Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?
minority party has one less leadership position,Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House?
Minority Leader,What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress?
Democrats,What party lost control of House in 2010 elections?
"Rule XII, clause 6",What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?
minority leader,Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?
certain federal entities.,Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?
are not well-defined,Are minority leadership roles specified closely?
Representative Bertrand Snell,What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?
He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.,What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?
tradition and custom,What defines a large part of minority leader role?
20th-century,When was the minority leader position created? 
not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader,Why was minority leader position created?
James Madison,"Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning ""Minority Leader?"""
Alexander Hamilton,Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?
it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader,In the early days who represented party leadership?
(Federalists and Democratic-Republicans),"In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?"
to represent a party comprising a distinct minority,What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?
Internal party disunity,What made identifying House leadership difficult?
at least twenty different candidates,How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?
two of these seven Congresses,From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?
"arbitrarily handed out ""choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.",Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?
Randall Ripley,Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?
"Thomas Reed,","Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?"
1871 and 1873,Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?
James Blaine,What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?
James A. Garfield,"What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?"
there is disagreement among historical analysts,Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?
strong party organization and professional politicians,What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?
establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.,What were these conditions effective for in the house?
Democrats,Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?
1994,What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?
objecting to their private bills on the floor,Why were republicans upset with Mann?
Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President,What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?
more partisan nature of the House,Is the Senate or the House more partisan?
"Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner",What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?
minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative,How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?
personality and contextual factors,What influences role of minority leader?
House rule book.,Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?
three,How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?
House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission,What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?
majority party leaders,Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?
Policy Committee,According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?
Steering Committee,According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee,According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?
Democratic Leadership Council,According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?
A party's floor leader,Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?
"contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization",How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?
"guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party",In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?
hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention,How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?
travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions,Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?
Minority leaders,Who establishes leadership PACs?
in consultation with other party colleagues,Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?
options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances,Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?
may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion,Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?
frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness,What is the purpose of Obstruction?
"motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes",How can obstruction be employed?
"""going negative"" carries risks",Is it safe to employ negative strategy?
if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public,What may be a risk negative tactic?
develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals,What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?
"may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.",How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?
218,How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?
independents and swing voters,What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?
"""talking points"" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize ""town meetings""",How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?
"issues and assess the party's public image; they create ""theme teams"" to craft party messages",What items are discussed at party retreats?
conduct surveys of party colleagues,How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?
counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House,With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?
"develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues",What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?
floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country,What speaking obligations does minority leader have?
write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements,What are the purpose of minority leader writings?
minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress,How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?
"point man"" for Republican presidents",What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?
will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party,Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?
assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party,What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?
propose Republican alternatives,What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?
political protection,What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?
offer our program as a substitute,What options do minority party have in amendment phase?
motion to recommit and get a vote on that,"If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?"
say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument,"If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?"
appointment of task forces,What is a good technique to foster party harmony?
partisan colleagues with conflicting views,What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?
way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure,What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?
The Chief Deputy Whip,Who is the chief vote counter for party?
Patrick McHenry.,Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?
Senior Chief Deputy Whip,Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?
"senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991",How long has democratic leader of whips held position?
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic,Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?
around 5 million,How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?
"Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria",Where do most emigrant Armenians live?
the Armenian Genocide,Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?
around the 6th century BC,How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?
476 BC,What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
Hecataeus of Miletus,Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
Xenophon,Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?
Persians,What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?
Mount Ararat,What mountain does Armenia surround?
the Bronze Age,What era was the Hittite Empire in?
1600–1200 BC,When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?
1300s–1190 BC,When did the Arme-Shupria rule?
1400–1000 BC,When did the Nairi rule?
Pontic Indo-European,What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?
the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands,Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?
Greek and Ancient Macedonian,What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?
in the late 6th century BC,When was Armenia established?
the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription,What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?
Orontid dynasty,During which dynasty was Armenia established?
95–65 BC,When was Armenia at its largest?
The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia,What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion?
Zoroastrianism,What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by?
AD 301,When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?
in defiance of the Sassanids,Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?
Mesrop Mashtots,Who invented the Armenian alphabet?
885 AD,When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?
Ashot I,Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?
the Bagratid Dynasty,What dynasty was Ashot I part of?
Seljuk Turks,Who invaded Armenia in 1064?
the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu,What Turkic federations ruled Armenia?
1826,When did the Russo-Persian War begin?
1828,When did the Russo-Persian War end?
Treaty of Turkmenchay,What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?
mid 16th century,When was the Peace of Amasya?
In the late 1820s,When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?
Governments of Republic of Turkey,"Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?"
diplomatic conflict,What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?
the Ottoman Empire,Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?
independent republic,What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?
late 1920,When did communists take over Armenia?
the Red Army,Who invaded Armenia in 1920?
the Transcaucasian SFSR,What part of the USSR did Armenia join?
1991,When did Armenia leave the USSR?
over four thousand years,How long have Armenians lived in the highlands?
Hayk,Who founded the first Armenian nation?
Bel of Babylon,Who did Hayk defeat?
those that are from Armenia,What does Hayastantsis mean?
3.5 million,How many native Armenians are in Armenia today?
one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem,What is the Armenian Quarter?
35,How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?
1717,When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?
Catholic,What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?
on an island near Venice,Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?
Armenians who originate from Iran,What are Parskahay?
Armenians from Lebanon,What are Lipananahay?
Western,What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?
"considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other",How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?
Eastern,What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?
451 AD,When did Armenia's church become independent?
Armenian Apostolic Church,What is Armenia's church called?
Oriental Orthodox,What type of Catholicism is Armenia's church part of?
Echmiadzin,Where was the Armenian Catholicosate located at first?
Cilicia,Where did the Armenian Catholicosate move to?
Muslim,What religion is dominant in the countries surrounding Armenia?
ethnic Armenian Muslims,What are Hamshenis?
Kirakos Virapetsi,Who became Catholicos in Etchmiadzin in 1441?
Krikor Moussapegiants,Who remained Catholicos of Cilicia?
equal rights and privileges,How do the two Catholicosates compare?
Armenian Catholic Church,Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?
Armenian Evangelical Church,What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?
Armenian Apostolic Church,Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?
Armenian Brotherhood Church,What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?
Mesrop Mashtots,Who came up with the Armenian alphabet?
400 AD,When did Armenian writing begin?
Moses of Chorene,Who was the 'father of Armenian history'?
Moses of Chorene,Who wrote 'The History of Armenia'?
Romanticists,Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to?
between the 4th and 7th century,When were early Armenian Christian churches built?
4th,In which century did Armenia become Christian?
Hrip'simé,What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?
fifth century,When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?
seventh century,When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?
Seljuk,Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century?
Haghpat and Haritchavank,What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century?
From the 9th to 11th century,When was there an Armenian architecture revival?
Bagratid Dynasty,What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?
Armenian Khachkars,What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?
1952,When did Armenia begin winning Olympic medals?
Helsinki,Where were the 1952 Olympics held?
Yerevan's FC Ararat,Which Armenian football team was the most successful?
Hrant Shahinyan,Who won Armenia's first Olympic medal?
FC Bayern Munich,What pro team has FC Ararat beaten?
Armenian folk music,What kind of music does Sayat Nova play?
"the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun",What instruments are used in Armenian folk music?
the Armenian chant,What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?
inventor of the Armenian alphabet,What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?
classical music composer,What was Aram Khatchaturian's career?
"the traditional ""kef"" style",What type of music is Richard Hagopian famous for?
Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments,What instruments does 'kef' use?
pop music combined with Armenian folk music,What type of music does Sirusho perform?
French-Armenian,What nationality is Charles Aznavour?
System of a Down,What US heavy metal band is comprised of Armenians?
Carpet-weaving,What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?
early 13th century,When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?
the village of Banants (near Gandzak),Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?
the Armenian word for carpet,What is 'gorg'?
in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh,Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?
Art historian,What is Hakobyan's career?
dragons and eagles,What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?
eagle-carpets,What are artsvagorgs?
dragon-carpets,What are vishapagorgs?
serpent-carpets,What are otsagorgs?
an Armenian-styled barbecue,What is khorovats?
Armenian flat bread,What is lavash?
a popular dessert made from filo dough,What is paklava?
a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables,What is a kabob?
a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish,What is ghapama?
millenarian restorationist Christian denomination,What are the Jehovah Witnesses?
mainstream Christianity,What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?
more than 8.2 million,How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?
Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses,Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?
"Brooklyn, New York",Where are the group elders located?
their door-to-door preaching,What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?
military service and blood transfusions,What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?
proper worship,What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?
they consider to be unscriptural doctrines,"Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?"
they consider to have pagan origins,Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?
1870,When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",Where did Russell and others form their group?
to study the Bible,What was the purpose of Russell's group?
the Gentile Times,1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?
Three Worlds,"When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?"
From 1879,When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?
Thirty,How many congregations were founded?
self-administrative,What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?
during 1879 and 1880,When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?
William Henry Conley,Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?
1909,When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?
printing and corporate offices with a house of worship,What did Russell combine at the headquarters?
Bethel,What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?
"October 31, 1916",When did Russell die?
"about 50,000 people",How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?
Joseph Franklin Rutherford,Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?
"June 1917,",When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?
legal representative,What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?
Catholic and Protestant clergy,Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? 
sedition,What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?
"Cedar Point, Ohio",Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?
a director,What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?
house-to-house preaching,What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?
preaching activity,What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?
twenty-five years,How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?
"July 26, 1931",When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?
Isaiah 43:10,What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?
locally elected elders,What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?
the Brooklyn headquarters,Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?
1932,From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?
"144,000",What was the number of the little flock set at?
a paradise restored on earth,Where would the great multitude live?
great multitude,All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?
1914,When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?
Nathan Knorr,Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?
a new translation of the Bible,What did Knorr commission?
in 1961,When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?
explicit instructions guiding Witnesses,What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?
a strict moral code,What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?
Christ's thousand-year reign,"From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?"
"more than 297,000",How many baptisms were there in 1974?
two million,How many active members were there in 1975?
after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong,Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?
its responsibility in building up hope,What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?
president,In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?
1972,When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?
1977,When did Knorr die? 
traveling overseers,"Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?"
Don A. Adams,Who has been president of the Society since 2000?
hierarchically,How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?
"God's ""visible organization""",What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?
male,What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?
seven,How many members does the Governing Body consist of?
several committees,Who does the Governing Body direct?
a body of appointed unpaid male elders,What does each congregation have?
Elders,Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct?
a traveling overseer,Who appoints new elders?
a formal clergy-laity division,What does the title of elder not signify?
confession of sins,What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ?
Baptism,What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?
previous baptisms,What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?
God,What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?
organization,Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?
favor,Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?
first-century Christianity,What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?
the Governing Body,Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses? 
through publications published by the Watch Tower Society,Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?
gradually,How does God reveal his will and purpose?
divine guidance,What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?
The entire Protestant canon,"What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?"
accurate,What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?
the Governing Body,Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?
other religious literature,What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?
criticize or contribute,What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?
Jesus,Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?
the sins of humanity,What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?
a single upright post,What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?
intercessor and high priest,Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?
1 Timothy 2:5,What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?
"a ""little flock""",Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?
a cleansed earth,"Where will God resurrected the ""other sheep"" after Armageddon?"
"144,000",Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?
God,Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?
their final test at the end of the millennium,What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?
a literal government in heaven,What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?
"144,000 ""spirit-anointed"" Christians",Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?
accomplish his original purpose for the earth,What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?
a paradise without sickness or death,What will the Earth be transformed into?
1914,When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?
1914,One of Jehovah Witnesses' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year?
false,What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be?
the United Nations,Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them?
Satan,Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon?
"a fully tested, glorified human race",What will be the end result of God's kingdom?
when he comes to bring a final judgment,When will Jesus' presence end?
ousted from heaven,What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?
invisibly,How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?
"""coming""",How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?
October 1914,On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?
three times each week,How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?
songs (hymns) and brief prayers,What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?
"""territory"" they usually reside",How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?
meetings,What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?
Kingdom Halls,Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?
their efforts to spread their beliefs,What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?
700,How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?
"start a regular ""Bible study""",What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?
show no interest in becoming members,When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?
irregular,What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?
discouraged,What is Jehovah Witnesses' view of divorce?
adultery,What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness?
adulterous,What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?
legal separation,Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?
congregation elders,Who administers formal discipline?
a judicial committee,What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice?
Disfellowshipping,What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses' judicial committee can render?
wicked,What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as?
keeps the congregation free from immoral influence,What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does?
can only be one truth from God,Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?
"""separate from the world.""",What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?
represents true Christianity,What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?
danger,What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?
"""the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants""","What does Jehovah Witnesses define the ""world"" to mean?"
Christ,Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?
neutral,What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?
voting,What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?
they consider to honor people other than Jesus,Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?
Satan's control over the world,What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?
associated with the military,What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?
their arrest and imprisonment,"What may a Jehovah Witnesses' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in, in some countries?"
a worldwide brotherhood,"What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as, which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties?"
Sociologist,What profession is Ronald Lawson?
intellectual and organizational isolation,What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses' apocalyptic message?
"Acts 15:28, 29",What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?
willing acceptance of a blood transfusion,"What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?"
non-blood alternatives,What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?
information,What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?
blood plasma fractions,What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion? 
major blood components,What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit?
allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept,What can Jehovah's Witnesses' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS?
Hospital Liaison Committees,What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah's Witnesses establish?
individual Jehovah's Witnesses,"The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals, medical professionals and who?"
publishers,What term do Jehovah's Witnesses use for members actively involved in preaching?
8.2 million,How many publishers did the Jehovah's Witnesses have as of August 2015?
"118,016",How many congregations did the Jehovah's Witnesses have in 2015?
1.93 billion,"Over how many hours had Jehovah's Witnesses spent preaching and in ""Bible study"" activity in 2015?"
1.5% per year,What do Jehovah's Witnesses their worldwide growth rate to be?
those who submit reports for their personal ministry,Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?
active,Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?
low,What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?
37%,Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?
Sociologist,What is the profession of James A. Beckford?
1975,When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?
Totalizing,What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?
absolutism,What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?
world indifference,What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?
high school graduation,Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?
reading,"Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?"
Jehovah's Witnesses,What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? 
politics,"Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?"
a graduate degree,What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?
Political and religious animosity,What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?
doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military,Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?
"10,000","Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?"
purple triangles,What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?
"China, Vietnam and some Islamic states",What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?
authorities and other religions,Who were Jehovah's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s?
"Whalen, Harrison and Schnell",What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity?
evidence of the truth of their struggle,What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world?
controversy,What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?
jail,What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?
reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties,"What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?"
federal and state,What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?
patriotic rituals and military service,What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?
medical treatment,What do patients have the right to refuse?
Canada,Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?
the Governing Body,Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
dissent,What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?
expelled and shunned,What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?
"part of ""God's organization""",Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?
Satan the Devil,Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?
Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four,What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?
Alan Rogerson,Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian? 
disparaging individual decision-making,How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?
"""intellectual dominance""",What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?
mind control,What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?
Sociologist,What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?
"""not always very democratic""",What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
"""part of the power structure rather than subject to it.""",How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?
informed choice,"Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?"
dignified exit,Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?
the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world,What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?
religious bias,What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?
greater accuracy,BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?
"literal, conservative",The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?
Jehovah,What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?
Jehovah's Witnesses,Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?
world events,What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?
to declare his will,What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?
advance knowledge about Armageddon,What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?
"""beyond doubt""",What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?
biblical chronology,What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?
that it is a false prophet,What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject?
the end of time,What have Jehovah's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation?
around 140 years ago,How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah's Witnesses movement?
sociologist,What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as?
sexual abuse,What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?
Jehovah's,Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?
pedophiles,Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?
children,What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?
children from parents,Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?
abuse allegations,What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized? 
not one,"Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?"
"to protect its ""crime-free"" reputation",Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?
negligent,What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?
"as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff",How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?
Ike,What was Eisenhower's nickname?
David,What was the middle name of Dwight Eisenhower?
1953,In what year did Eisenhower's presidency begin?
Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe,"During the Second World War, what was the highest position (not rank) Eisenhower achieved?"
Operation Torch,What was the name of the North African invasion Eisenhower oversaw?
keep pressure on the Soviet Union,"Along with reducing the federal deficit, what was Eisenhower's main policy priority as president?"
nuclear weapons,What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War?
Iran,"Along with Guatemala, what country's government did Eisenhower order overthrown?"
France,What country did Eisenhower neglect to assist in their military action in Vietnam?
1955,In what year was the Formosa Resolution passed?
British and French,"Along with Israel, what countries' armies invaded Egypt in 1956?"
1957,In what year did the Soviets launch humanity's first artificial satellite?
NASA,What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite?
"January 17, 1961",On what date did Eisenhower deliver his presidential farewell address?
Lebanon,"Where did Eisenhower send 15,000 military personnel in 1958?"
McCarthyism,Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?
executive privilege,What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?
Nixon,Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?
moderate,What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,What does DARPA stand for?
Bible,What book did Eisenhower's parents read every day?
River Brethren,What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower's mother initially belong to?
Jehovah's Witnesses,What is another name for the International Bible Students Association?
West Point,What university did Eisenhower attend?
Presbyterian,What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?
1909,In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school?
Abilene,What high school did Eisenhower go to?
Edgar,What was the name of Eisenhower's brother?
freshman,In what year of high school did Eisenhower suffer a groin infection?
freshman,What high school year did Eisenhower have to repeat?
night supervisor,What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?
Belle Springs Creamery,Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?
Joseph L. Bristow,Who was Eisenhower's senator?
beyond the age limit,Why couldn't Eisenhower attend Annapolis?
1911,In what year did Eisenhower matriculate to West Point?
Icky,What was Doud Eisenhower's nickname?
scarlet fever,What killed Icky Eisenhower?
Denver,In what city was John Eisenhower born?
brigadier general,What was John Eisenhower's final rank in the military?
Nixon,David Eisenhower married the child of what US President?
golf,What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy?
black,What color were Eisenhower's winter golf balls?
Clifford Roberts,Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower?
investment broker,What was Clifford Roberts by profession?
1948,When did Eisenhower join Augusta National?
oil painting,What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?
Tin Lizzie,What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?
landscapes,What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower?
Thomas E. Stephens,Who notably painted a picture of Mamie Eisenhower?
Wendy Beckett,"Who called Eisenhower's art ""simple and earnest""?"
Angels in the Outfield,What was Eisenhower's favorite film?
Zane Grey,Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?
Western,What genre did Zane Grey write in?
Abilene,Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker?
contract bridge,"At West Point, what game did Eisenhower play six nights a week for five months?"
Ft. Leavenworth,What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?
65th Engineers,What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?
Lieutenant Colonel,To what rank was Eisenhower brevetted after being transferred to the tank corps?
Pickett's Charge,What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt?
Maryland,In what state was Camp Meade located?
week,How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?
Distinguished Service Medal,What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?
Montgomery,What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?
tanks,What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?
1922,When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?
Sereno E. Brett,"Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?"
supportive role for the infantry,What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks?
he relented,What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics?
executive officer,What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?
Panama Canal Zone,Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?
On War,What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?
1925–26,During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?
245,How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?
Pershing,Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?
Agriculture,"During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?"
1928,In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College?
Assistant Secretary of War,What was the office held by George Mosely?
Major,What was Eisenhower's rank in 1933?
Great Depression,What event made war planning difficult in this period?
Army Chief of Staff,What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?
Bonus March,What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?
veterans,What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?
lieutenant colonel,What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?
Manuel L. Quezon,Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?
Quezon City,What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?
pilot's,What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?
declined,How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?
15th Infantry,What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?
Fort Lewis,At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?
Kenyon Joyce,"In the spring of 1941, who commanded IX Corps?"
San Antonio,In what city was the 3rd Army based in June of 1941?
Louisiana Maneuvers,What event contributed to Eisenhower receiving a promotion to brigadier general?
General Staff in,To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?
Leonard T. Gerow,Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?
Operations Division,What body replaced the War Plans Division?
Assistant Chief of Staff,What was Eisenhower's title in the Operations Division?
George C. Marshall,Who was the Chief of Staff who promoted Eisenhower?
Henry H. Arnold,"As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?"
London,To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?
"Commanding General, European Theater of Operations","What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?"
James E. Chaney,Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?
lieutenant general,"To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?"
Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations,What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?
Operation Torch,What was the code name of the North African campaign?
Rock of Gibraltar,At what location was the North African campaign planned?
200,How many years before Eisenhower's command had a non-Briton commanded Gibraltar?
Tunisia,What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?
François Darlan,Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?
Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle,Who killed François Darlan?
Henri Giraud,Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?
December 24,On what day did Darlan die?
Generalfeldmarschall,What was Rommel's rank?
Lloyd Fredendall,Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?
Bernard Montgomery,Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?
February 1943,When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?
NATOUSA,What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?
Sicily,What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?
Operation Avalanche,What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?
2 to 1,What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy?
19,How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy?
Mussolini,"Until he was deposed, who was the leader of Italy?"
Marshall,"Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?"
Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force,What did SHAEF stand for?
Roosevelt,Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?
Operation Overlord,What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
June 1944,When did Operation Overlord take place?
Ernest J. King,Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?
civilian casualties,What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?
slapped a subordinate,What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?
covert and sabotage operations,What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?
de Gaulle,Who was the leader of French forces in this period?
"June 6, 1944",When did the Normandy invasion occur?
month,How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?
"May 8, 1945",When did the war in Europe end?
every,How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit?
if the invasion failed,After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered?
21st Army Group,What unit did Montgomery command?
Bradley,What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?
south,What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?
Devers,Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?
Antwerp,What supply port was opened late in 1944?
Field Marshal,What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?
"December 20, 1944",On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?
Churchill,"Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?"
Zhukov,What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?
General,What rank was held by de Gaulle?
December 1944,When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?
Berlin,What German city did the British wish to conquer?
Stalin,"Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?"
Soviet,What nation's military conquered Berlin?
"May 7, 1945",What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?
Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone,What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?
IG Farben Building,In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?
Frankfurt am Main,In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?
"Britain, France and the Soviet Union","Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?"
Geneva Convention,What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?
Marshall,Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?
millions,About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?
Truman,What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?
opposed,What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?
Warsaw,What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?
June 1943,When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?
Grand High Supreme King of the Universe,"Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?"
Army Chief of Staff,What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?
MacArthur,What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?
Potsdam Conference,At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?
New Hampshire,What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?
66,How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?
too old,Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?
Thomas E. Dewey,Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?
President of Columbia University,What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
New York City,Where is Columbia University located?
Crusade in Europe,What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
Ivy League,What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
Department of the Treasury,What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
Council on Foreign Relations,"While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?"
biographer,What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?
professional,"Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?"
economic,What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?
Secretary of Defense,What position was held by James Forrestal?
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,What position did Eisenhower informally hold?
Augusta National Golf Club,"After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?"
Columbia Associates,What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?
July 1949,When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?
American Assembly,"Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?"
Leonard McCollum,What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?
liberal,What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?
New Jersey,What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?
Texas,From where did H.J. Porter hale?
December 1950,When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?
Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?
"May 31, 1952",On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?
President of the United States,What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?
"January 20, 1953",When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?
Truman,Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?
Democratic,Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?
Robert A. Taft,Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?
Senator,What was Taft's political office?
Henry Cabot Lodge,Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?
South,"In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?"
corruption,"Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?"
K1C2,What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?
peaceful means,How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?
Wisconsin,What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?
Korea,Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?
a secret trust,"During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?"
NATO,What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?
19th,In what century was Eisenhower born?
James Buchanan,Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?
did not have prior elected office,"What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?"
never,How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?
64,How old was Truman in 1948?
Joseph M. Dodge,Who was Eisenhower's budget director?
Herbert Brownell,"Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?"
Oveta Culp Hobby,What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?
John Foster Dulles,"Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?"
Eight millionaires and a plumber,What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
Korean,What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?
pre-inaugural,What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?
Russia,Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?
foreign,What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
progressive conservative,How did Eisenhower describe his political views?
ten million,How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?
Social Security,What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?
"Department of Health, Education and Welfare",What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?
integration,What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
right,What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
1954,In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?
"moderate, progressive",What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?
Republicans,"Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?"
one,"Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?"
1955,In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?
February 1956,When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?
Robert B. Anderson,Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?
Adlai Stevenson,Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy,What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?
autobahn,What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?
June 1956,When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?
economic growth,"Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?"
issuance of bonds to finance the project,Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?
Yalta,What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?
beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch,Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?
Joseph Stalin,What world leader died in March of 1953?
Chance for Peace,What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?
Stephen Ambrose,Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
conventional forces,What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?
New Look,What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?
1953,When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?
Project Solarium,"Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?"
refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections,Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?
London,In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?
Eisenhower,Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?
Austria,"In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?"
Open Skies,What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
Mexico,What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?
Southeast Asia,The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?
1954,In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?
West Germany,What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
Vietnam,"According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?"
Dulles,Who was the director of the CIA?
Operation Ajax,What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?
Pbsuccess,What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?
Lockheed,What company made the U-2?
John F. Kennedy,Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?
Lockheed C-121 Constellation,What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?
Eastern Airlines Flight 8610,What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?
Air Force One,What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?
Columbine II,What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?
1953,In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?
Soviet launch of Sputnik,What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?
illegal,What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?
Project Genetrix,"Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?"
NASA,What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?
American scientists,With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?
Kaesong sanctuary,Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?
use nuclear force,What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?
National Security Council,"Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?"
death of Stalin,What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
Strategic Air Command,What was SAC an abbreviation of?
1950,The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?
July,In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?
Syngman Rhee,Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?
Secretary Dulles,What American official notably opposed the armistice?
Ambrose,Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?
French,"Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?"
Suez Crisis,What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?
Gamal Abdel Nasser,Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?
Soviet,Who invaded Hungary in 1956?
1965,What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?
First Indochina War,What war was being fought by France in 1953?
Iron Mike,What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
Matthew Ridgway,Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
China,Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
massive,How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
non-combat personnel,"Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?"
napalm,What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?
May 1954,When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs,"Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?"
allied participation and congressional approval,What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization,What is SEATO?
New Zealand and Australia,"Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?"
defense of Vietnam against communism,What was the purpose of SEATO?
Communists,What group did France split Vietnam with?
Chinese,Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?
Free Vietnam,What was South Vietnam called in 1955?
J. Lawton Collins,Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?
February 1955,When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?
Ngo Dinh Diem,Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?
Republic of Vietnam,"Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?"
ten,How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?
New York City,Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?
900,How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?
John Foster Dulles,Who was Secretary of State in 1957?
there were no better alternatives,"According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?"
"May 1, 1960",When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?
East–West summit conference,What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?
Captain,What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?
Paris,Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?
weather research aircraft,What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?
Turkey,Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?
oxygen equipment,"According to the cover story, what did the ""weather research"" pilot have trouble with?"
trial,What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?
spy-plane,What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?
Nikita Khrushchev,"Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?"
apologize,What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?
Berlin,"Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?"
stupid U-2 business,What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?
1960,In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?
Truman,Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?
1948,When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?
February 1953,When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?
military spending,What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?
District of Columbia,In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?
school children,Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?
Civil Rights Act of 1957,What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?
1960,In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?
Civil Rights Commission,What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?
Justice,"Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?"
Arkansas,What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
101st Airborne Division,What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
Arkansas National Guard,What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
Orval Faubus,Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
nine,How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
1953,In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
he refused,What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
facilitate relations with Congress,Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
Atomic Energy Commission,What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
H-bombs,What was the AEC working on at this time?
J. Robert Oppenheimer,What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance,What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
issue subpoenas to White House personnel,What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?
executive privilege,What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?
Executive,Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?
Democrats,Who won a Senate majority in 1954?
Sam Rayburn,"After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?"
Lyndon B. Johnson,Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?
Texas,What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?
Joe Martin,Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?
worked too much through subordinates,What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?
reverse of what he has desired,"As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?"
Republicans of consequence,Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?
Republicans,What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
Democrat,What party did Brennan belong to?
Warren,Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
liberal,What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
law-and-order conservatives,"Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?"
West Point,Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?
two or three packs,How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?
March 1949,When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?
Columbia,Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?
Paul Dudley White,Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?
left ventricular aneurysm,What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?
cabinet meeting,Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?
right hand,What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?
chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine,What is Crohn's disease?
bowel obstruction,"Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?"
heart attack,What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
cholecystitis,For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?
gallbladder,"What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?"
1969,In what year did Eisenhower die?
seven,How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?
Richard Nixon,Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?
John F. Kennedy,Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?
70,How old was Eisenhower in 1960?
Kennedy,Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?
Kennedy,Who won the US presidential election of 1960?
"January 17, 1961",On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
military–industrial,"In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?"
Cold,What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?
atheistic,What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?
Oval Office,From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
Gettysburg,What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?
Dauphin,What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?
National Park Service,Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?
dime-store New Dealer,What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?
Barry Goldwater,Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?
78,How old was Eisenhower when he died?
Walter Reed Army Medical Center,At what facility did Eisenhower die?
congestive heart failure,What was Eisenhower's cause of death?
"March 28, 1969",What was Eisenhower's date of death?
Episcopal,What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?
April 2,"When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?"
$80,What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?
Eisenhower Presidential Library,At what location was Eisenhower buried?
green,What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?
1979,When did Mamie Eisenhower die?
golf,"In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?"
McCarthyism,What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?
Little Rock,Where was Central High school located?
vigorous young successor,How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?
Soviet Union,What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?
United States Army,From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
Lyndon Johnson,Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?
Jimmy Carter,"Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?"
President's Private Secretary,What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?
"9,858",How many appreciation medals were minted?
Philadelphia,In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
September 1958 through October 1960,During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
D.D.E.,What were Eisenhower's initials?
"1,451",How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways,What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?
Austria,"Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?"
Interstate 290,What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?
1993,"When were ""Eisenhower Interstate System"" signs first posted along highways?"
Chicago,What major city is Interstate 290 close to?
17th,At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?
192,How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?
cut down,What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?
ice storm,What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?
1956,In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?
five,How many boroughs are in NYC?
northernmost,Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?
"1,438,159",What is the Bronx's population?
42 square miles (109 km2),How large is the Bronx?
"Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland",What is unique about the Bronx's location?
Jonas Bronck,Who is the Bronx named for?
created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony,What did Bronck do?
1639,When did Bronck settle in the New York area?
Lenape,What native tribe lived in the New York area?
Latin music and hip hop,What types of music the Bronx famous for?
one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States,How poor is part of the Bronx?
"Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club",What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?
the late 1960s and the 1970s,When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?
arson,What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?
1600,When was Jonas Bronck born?
spring of 1639,When did Bronck reach the New York area?
"Småland, Sweden",Where did Bronck emigrate from?
the Dutch West India Company,What entity did Bronck get his land from?
500 acres,How much land did Bronck eventually own?
The County of Bronx,What is the Bronx's county name?
Borough of the Bronx,What is the Bronx's borough name?
1874,When was the Bronx created?
1898,When was the Bronx added to?
Westchester,What county was the Bronx split off from?
1759,When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
tolls were resented,Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
between New England and New York,What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
1693,When was Kingsbridge built?
Frederick Philipse,Who owned Kingsbridge?
12,How many counties did New York originally have?
"Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham",Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?
1846,When was West Farms created?
1855,When was Morrisania created?
1873,When was the town of Kingsbridge created?
1873,When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?
1873,When did New York City annex West Farms?
1873,When did New York City annex Morrisania?
1895,When did New York City annex part of Pelham?
1895,When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?
1900–29,When was the Bronx's boom period?
"200,000",What was the Bronx's population in 1900?
1.3 million,What was the Bronx's population in 1929?
1950–85,When did the Bronx's income declined?
starting in the late 1980s,When did the Bronx's economy regrow?
"592,185",How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?
"54,000",How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?
Extensions of the New York City Subway,What led to the Bronx's population growth?
"Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans",What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?
43.9%,How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?
a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas,What is redlining?
rent control laws,What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?
fire-fighting,What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?
arson,What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?
it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area,Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?
South Bronx,Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?
"""Ten-Year Housing Plan""",What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?
"about 1,000",How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?
Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx,Who built the Nehemiah Homes?
Nos Quedamos,Who led the Melrose Commons project?
149,How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?
All America City,What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?
the National Civic League,Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?
pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings,How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?
"33,687",How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
$4.8 billion,How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
Kingsbridge National Ice Center,What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?
Kingsbridge Armory,What was the largest armory in the world?
the Mott Haven waterfront,Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?
US$350–500 million,How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?
"2,000,000 square feet",How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?
"Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs",What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?
Bergen County,What county is Tenafly in?
New Jersey,What state is Alpine in?
Manhattan,What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?
Queens,What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?
"in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School",Where is the Bronx's highest point?
southeastern,What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?
"Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck",What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?
Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island,What is Rodman's Neck between?
75 square miles,How long is the Bronx's shoreline?
1888,When did NYC buy land for its parks?
28,How many types of trees are in Crotona Park?
3.3-acre,How large is Crotona Park's lake?
in the 1890s,When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?
the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county,What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve?
Castle Hill Point,What is Screvin's Neck also called?
East River,In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?
Pelham Bay Park,What is NYC's largest park?
along the Westchester-Bronx border,Where is Pelham Bay Park?
western,What parts of the Bronx have more hills?
Riverdale and Fieldston.,What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?
Van Cortlandt Park,What is NYC's 4th-largest park?
along the Westchester-Bronx border,Where is Van Cortlandt Park?
a wide boulevard,What is the Grand Concourse?
The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places,Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?
by the 2000s,When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bronx area?
The Bronx River,Which river is the eastern edge of the South Bronx?
Yankee Stadium,Which stadium is in the South Bronx?
east to west,Which direction does the Cross Bronx Expressway run through the South Bronx?
The Hub,What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?
The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District,What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?
"East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues",Which streets demarcate The Hub BID?
"""the Broadway of the Bronx""",What is The Hub's nickname?
bow-tie,What shape is The Hub?
17 acres,How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?
$500 million,How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?
six,How many floors does the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage have?
"2,600",How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage hold?
northernmost part of upper Manhattan,What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx's streets similar to?
132nd,What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?
the Northside,What was the Bronx called in the mid-19th century?
the mid-19th century,When was the Bronx added to NYC?
53.5%,How much of the Bronx's population is Hispanic?
10.9%,How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic White?
30.1%,How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Black?
3.4%,How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Asian?
1.2%,How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic multiracial?
46.29%,How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home?
44.02%,How much of the Bronx speaks English at home?
2.48%,How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home?
0.91%,How much of the Bronx speaks French at home?
0.50%,How much of the Bronx speaks Chinese at home?
22.9%,How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?
12.1%,How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980?
34.4%,How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 2009?
"320,640",How many white people live in the Bronx?
"168,570",How many non-Hispanic white people live in the Bronx?
35.4%,How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?
30.8%,How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?
"Over 61,000","How many Bronx residents called themselves ""Sub-Saharan African"" in 2009?"
4.4%,"What percent of Bronx residents called themselves ""Sub-Saharan African"" in 2009?"
"430,600",How many people in the Bronx are black (not including Hispanic)?
52.0%,What percent of the Bronx is Hispanic and Latino Americans?
23.2%,What percent of the Bronx is Puerto Rican?
5.2%,What percent of the Bronx is Mexican?
0.7%,What percent of the Bronx is Cuban?
3.6%,What percent of the Bronx is Asian?
"over 41,800",How many multiracial people live in the Bronx?
0.5%,What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage?
3.0%,What percent of the Bronx is multiracial?
0.1%,What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage?
0.2%,What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage?
1964,"When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?"
Fourteenth,Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?
1898,When were Borough Presidents created?
1989,When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?
"Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough",Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?
"March 1, 2009",When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?
2001,When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?
2005,When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?
"Rubén Díaz, Jr.",Who succeeded Carrion Jr.?
"April 21, 2009",When was Diaz Jr. elected?
61.2%,"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?"
37.8%,"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?"
54.4%,"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?"
8.2%,"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?"
20.8%,"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?"
Al Smith,Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?
42.6%,How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?
42.6%,How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?
7.3%,How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Benson get?
55%,How much of the Bronx's vote in 1948 did Truman get?
Fiorello La Guardia,Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914?
Rudolph Giuliani,Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997?
Michael Bloomberg,Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 2005?
Socialist,What party was Hillquit?
over 31%,How much of the Bronx vote did Hillquit get in 1917?
"nearly 280,000",How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?
"333,100",How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?
the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations,Which religious organizations run private schools in the Bronx?
The New York City Department of Education,Which entity runs the Bronx's public noncharter schools?
62.3%,"What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?"
14.6%,"What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree, as of 2000?"
68.8%,"What percent of the Brooklyn population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?"
82.6%,"What percent of the Staten Island population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?"
49.4%,"What percent of the Manhattan population has a university degree, as of 2000?"
"Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School",Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?
The Bronx,Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?
The Bronx,Where is the High School for Violin and Dance?
The Bronx,Where is the School for Excellence?
The Bronx,Where is the DeWitt Clinton High School?
1990s,When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?
"John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools",Which Bronx schools have been closed or made smaller?
large middle schools,What type of schools is NYC now working on shrinking?
2006,When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?
"""From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale""",What PBS documentary covered the Bronx's music history?
1520 Sedgwick Avenue,Where did DJ Kool Herc hold parties?
City Lore,Who produced 'From Mambo To Hip Hop'?
just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway,Where is 1520 Sedgwick?
"Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent",Who were the Herculoids?
The Bronx,What is 'The Boogie Down'?
the Bronx,Where is Big Pun from?
"funk, disco and soul",What types of music did hip hop emerge from?
KRS-One,Who started BDP?
1923,When did the first Yankee Stadium open?
on 161st Street and River Avenue,Where was the first Yankee Stadium?
27,How many times have the Yankees won the World Series?
"Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera",Which historic great players have played at Yankee Stadium?
Major League Baseball,What league are the NY Yankees in?
Latin America and Africa,Where are many of the Bronx's playwrights from?
130,How many seats does the Pregones' new theater have?
Latin American work,What does the Pregones specialize in?
2005,When did the Pregones' new theater open?
on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx,Where is the Pregones' new theater?
20th century and contemporary art,What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?
"11,000 square feet",How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?
1971,When did the Bronx Museum of the Arts open?
more than 800,How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?
Arquitectonica,Who designed the Bronx Museum of the Arts' 2006 expansion?
1838,When was the Lorelei Fountain written about?
Düsseldorf,Where was Heinrich Heine born?
1797,When was Heine born?
1856,When did Heine die?
German-American,What ethnicity is Carl Schurz?
1917,When did Herter die?
1846,When was Herter born?
sculptor,What was Herter's career?
"164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park",Where was Herter's Heine memorial placed in 1899?
161st Street and the Concourse,Where was Herter's Heine memorial moved in 1999?
C. B. J. Snyder,Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?
Fort Schuyler,Where is the NY Maritime College?
a former public school,What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?
the Harlem River,What is 'Scullers' Row'?
Bronx River,Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?
national issues,What does the Inner City Press now focus on?
Bernard Stein,Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?
for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues,Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?
1998,When did Stein win a Pulitzer?
the Bronx High School of Science,Where did Stein graduate from?
News 12 The Bronx,What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run?
Bronx Community College,Where is the official city TV station broadcast from?
Herbert H. Lehman College,What is the Bronx's only 4-year CUNY college?
1946,When was 'From This Day Forward' released?
Highbridge,Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?
1956,When was 'The Catered Affair' released?
working class Bronx life,What did 'The Catered Affair' explore?
an Italian-American Bronx community,What was 'Summer of Sam' about?
the South Bronx,Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?
1974,"When was the phrase ""The Bronx is burning"" first widespread?"
BBC,"Who made a documentary called ""The Bronx is burning""?"
New York Times,"Who published an editorial called ""The Bronx is burning""?"
Edwin Pagan,Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'?
1979,When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
1974,When was 'The Wanderers' published?
1993,When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
1979,When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
1974,When was 'The Wanderers' published?
1979,When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
1979,When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
1993,When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
1981,When was 'Fort Apache' released?
2005,When was 'Fuga dal Bronx' released?
Italian,What origin was 'Escape 2000'?
1989,When was 'True Love' released?
comedy,What genre was 'True Love'?
Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard,Who starred in 'True Love'?
1990,"When did ""Awakenings"" come out?"
Oliver Sacks,Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?
neurologist,What is Sacks' career?
1985,When was 'A Kind of Alaska' performed?
Harold Pinter,Who wrote 'A Kind of Alaska'?
1948,When was 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' published?
about half,How much of 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' is set in the Bronx?
Herman Wouk,Who wrote 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder'?
2007,When was 'The Grand Concourse' published?
Jacob M. Appel,Who wrote 'The Grand Concourse'?
Tom Wolfe,Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?
1987,When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?
Sherman McCoy,Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?
white,What race was Sherman McCoy?
off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx,Where did McCoy get lost?
human beings,What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
freedom and progress,What is a common tenant of humanism?
intellectual movements, What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? 
secularism,These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
science,Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
philanthropy,What was humanism once considered the same as?
Gellius,Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?
Italian Renaissance,In which period did Gellius gain fame?
Cicero,Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?
speech,What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?
supernatural, At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?
supernatural,Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?
18th-century Enlightenment,What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?
Religious Humanism,What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
1808, In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?
Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer,Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?
Georg Voigt,Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?
Italy,What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?
French Enlightenment,During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated?
idolatry of humanity,What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time?
liberal reformers and radicals,Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics?
Ernest Renan,"Who felt that humanism would surely be a major ""religion"" today?"
centred on humankind,What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?
Karl Marx,What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?
Greek philosophers,Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?
linguistic and cultural disciplines,Where did the learned believers place their focus?
Gathas of Zarathustra,Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?
"1,000 BCE – 600 BCE",When was this writing penned?
afterlife,When was this writing penned?
Voltaire,What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?
Yellow Emperor,Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?
Duke of Zhou,What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?
Book of History,What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?
Wu of Zhou,Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?
6th century BCE,When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?
Silver Rule of Confucianism,What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?
Ji Liang,Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?
Zuo Zhuan,Where could you read this information?
Thales of Miletus,Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?
Athens,Where did this type of thinking next travel to?
Democritus,Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms?
Epicurus,Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females?
Middle Ages and the Early Modern period,When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?
Petrarch,Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?
Cicero,The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?
age of Darkness,The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?
the Jewish Kabbalah, What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?
Renaissance Church authorities,Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?
era of universal agreement,Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?
"Florence, Venice, and Rome",What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?
Latin literary texts,How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?
Patristic literature,What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?
philology,If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?
Byzantine Empire,What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?
Greek manuscripts,What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?
1517,When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?
Erasmus,When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?
Lefèvre d'Étaples, Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?
the Bible,What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?
P. Terentius Afer, What author had a great impact in Rome?
Terence,Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?
the Greeks,From where did this school of thought emerge?
Seneca,Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later
universalism,What was the name of the main belief Terence offered
A. C. Crombie,Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?
technical writings, Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?
Renaissance humanists,What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? 
"16th century,", When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?
Leonardo da Vinci,Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?
Juan Luis Vives,Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?
universities,Where did this initiate?
Aristotelian,What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?
Early humanists,Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?
secular,What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?
Renaissance,During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?
Gherardo,Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?
Harriet Martineau,What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?
atheistic,What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?
religion of humanity,What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings?
altruism,What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?
F.C.S. Schiller,What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?
1929,When was the first public group for Humanist founded?
Charles Francis Potter,Who created this group?
1930,When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism?
Abraham Maslow,Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?
psychological perspective,What is human phycology?
20th century,In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?
psychoanalysis,They introduced it in response to what?
Western Unitarian Conference,What groups thoughts did he seek to include?
"Raymond B. Bragg,",Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?
15,How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented>
Humanist Manifesto,What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others?
cultural and educational reform,What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>
late fifteenth century,When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?
Naples,Where was one main concentration of Humanism?
umanisti,What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?
narrow pedantry,What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?
women,What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?
humanities,What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?
pervasive cultural mode,Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?
capacity of people,What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?
human flourishing,What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?
making life better,What is human flourishing?
purely good,What doesnt conetemporary humanism  believe about human nature?
religious rituals,What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?
19th and early 20th centuries,When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?
Jacques Hébert,Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?
1793,During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?
Ezra Pound,Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?
sentimental,What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?
Timothy Laurie,Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?
Kate Soper,Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?
1997,In what year was the book humanism published?
20th century,In what century was the horrific wars?
humanism,What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?
Tony Davies,Who wrote the book humanism?
Seneca,Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?
ancient manuscripts,What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?
Saint Augustine,Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?
Church fathers,Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?
The Age of Reason,What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?
18th-century,Which century was the first writing from?
Feuerbach,Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?
German,What was the origin of the second writing?
molten,The initial state of earth was what?
a solid crust,What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?
about 10% of the Earth's mass,How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?
Outgassing and volcanic activity,What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?
comets,Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?
molten,Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?
water began accumulating,What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?
Mars,What size of object may have created the moon?
Condensing,When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?
"4,000 to 2,500 million years ago",During what time period was the Archean era?
Archean,During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?
crustal material,It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?
cratonisation and continent formation,What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?
erosion and subsequent tectonic events,What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?
metamorphized deep-water sediments,"What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?"
Greenstone,What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?
volcanic island arcs,From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?
deep-sea sediments,"Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?"
sutured protocontinents,What is a greenstone belt?
"2,500 to 541 million years ago",During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?
Archean,What era came before the Proterozoic era?
shallow epicontinental seas,In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?
rapid continental accretion,What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?
Rodinia,What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?
541 to 252 million years ago,During what period was the Paleozoic era?
six,How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?
geologic periods,The Permian is an example of what?
breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia,After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?
Pangaea,What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?
541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.,At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?
Pannotia,What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?
Gondwana,What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?
Panthalassa,What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?
independent continents,"Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?"
485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.,How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?
the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction,Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?
Gondwana,What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician?
Iapetus Ocean,Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician?
Avalonia,What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia?
stable greenhouse conditions,What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?
the Hirnantian faunal stage,What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?
brachiopods,Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?
0.5 to 1.5 million years,How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?
ice caps,What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?
443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.,When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?
less extensive,"Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?"
a rise in sea levels,What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?
Euramerica,Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?
Panthalassa,Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?
419 to 359 Ma.,During what time period was the Devonian era?
Euramerica (or Laurussia),Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?
Old Red Sandstone,Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?
Panthalassa,What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?
the northern Appalachian Mountains,Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?
A global drop,What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?
Carboniferous,During which period were epicontinental seas created?
lush coal swamps,What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?
a major marine extinction,What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?
Mississippian Period,The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?
mountain building,What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?
Laurussia,What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?
the Alleghenian orogeny,What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?
the Ouachita Mountains,The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?
the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys,Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?
Pangaea,What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?
Panthalassa,What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?
Paleo-Tethys Ocean,"There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?"
Cimmeria,The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?
the Mesozoic Era,During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?
Panthalassa,"Which ocean name is translated to mean ""all the sea?"""
subduction of oceanic plates,What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?
Pangaea was rifting,What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?
Newark Supergroup,Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?
terrestrial vertebrates,What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?
201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.,During what years was the Jurassic period?
Pangaea,Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?
Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula,The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?
Cretaceous Period,At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?
lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen,Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?
Pangaea,The current continents were formerly known as what continent?
Sevier and Laramide,Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?
Gondwana,South America was formerly which continent?
raising eustatic sea levels,The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?
Gondwana,Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?
one-third,During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?
Phanerozoic,What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?
Phanerozoic,The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?
North America,Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?
India,Where are the Deccan Traps?
66 million years,How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event,Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?
Cenozoic Era,What geologic period are we in currently?
Mesozoic,At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?
the Himalayas,The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?
three,How many continents did Laurasia break into?
North America,In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?
the Rocky Mountains,What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?
Neogene,In which period did North and South america join?
Tethys,Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?
56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago,During what years did the Eocene period take place?
Antarctica,Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?
around 45 Ma,How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?
40 million years,Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?
keeping global temperatures high,The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?
Eocene,during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?
Tethys Sea,"In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?"
Tethys Sea,The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?
huge lakes,What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?
the Himalayan orogeny,Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?
ice cap,What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?
the Alps,The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?
Oligocene,During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?
Antarctica,In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current,Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?
the Andes,The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?
Asia,Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?
The Tethys Seaway,When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?
19 and 12 Ma,Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?
Messinian salinity crisis,Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?
the Isthmus of Panama,What is the link between North and South America called?
Pliocene,In which period did North and South America become linked?
Africa,The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?
the Quaternary Period,What period came after the Pliocene?
marsupial faunas,The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?
"about 10,000 years ago",How long ago did the last glacial period end?
Holocene,During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?
35 metres (115 ft),By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?
Pleistocene,Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?
Tyrrell Sea,What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?
"enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder",What does the state want a police force to do?
military units charged with civil policing,What are gendarmerie?
military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors,What are police usually separate from?
through taxes,How are police usually paid?
late 18th and early 19th centuries,When were police used to protect the class system?
public sector,What kind of service are police?
corruption,What problem do many police forces have?
through taxes,How are police usually paid?
public sector,What kind of service are police?
late 18th and early 19th centuries,When were police used to protect the class system?
corruption,What problem do many police forces have?
Chu and Jin,Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?
Spring,What period was the Chu kingdom in?
Autumn,What period was the Jin kingdom in?
Korea and Japan,Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?
prefects,What did ancient China call its police?
War of the Castilian Succession,What war ended in 1479?
Ferdinand and Isabella,Who formed Spain's first national police force?
Santa Hermandad,"What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?"
Holy Brotherhood,What does Santa Hermandad mean?
1835,When did Spain suppress local police units?
The Marshal of France and the Constable of France,Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?
Great Officers of the Crown of France,How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?
the Marshalcy,What was the Marshal's force called?
the Constabulary,"What was the Constable's force called, in English?"
Connétablie,"What was the Constable's force called, in French?"
The Marshal of France and the Constable of France,Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?
Great Officers of the Crown of France,How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?
the Marshalcy,What was the Marshal's force called?
the Constabulary,"What was the Constable's force called, in English?"
Connétablie,"What was the Constable's force called, in French?"
1667,In what year did Paris get a police force?
King Louis XIV,Who created Paris's police force?
Paris,What was the largest European city in 1667?
lieutenant general of police,"What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?"
lieutenant général de police,"What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?"
Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie,Who was Paris's first head of police?
44,How many commissioners worked under Reynie?
16,How many policing districts was Paris divided into?
October 1699,When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?
1709,When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?
in the 18th century,When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?
Britannica 1911,Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?
English,What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?
1798,When were the Marine Police created in the UK?
the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714,What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?
Patrick Colquhoun,Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?
docks,Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
1797,When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
"£500,000",How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?
"""the greatest degree of perfection""",How did Colquhoun praise the French police?
50,What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?
"33,000",How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?
"11,000",How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?
28 July 180,When was the Thames River Police made a public service?
"£122,000",How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?
stipendiary system,How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?
Henry and John Fielding,Who started the Bow Street detectives?
Robert Peel,Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?
"full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees",How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?
full-time,What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?
Glasgow Police Act,Which law established Glasgow's police?
1800,When was Glasgow's police force established?
Irish Constabulary Act,Which law established Ireland's police?
1822,When was Ireland's police force established?
Royal Irish Constabulary,What was Ireland's police force called?
Peel,Who was the 'father of modern policing'?
Jeremy Bentham,Whose philosophy influenced Peel?
neutral,What political position did Bentham think police should have?
as an official paid profession,How did Peel standardize police?
in a civilian fashion,How did Peel organize police?
1829,When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?
the judicial system,What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?
France,Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?
the authority of the monarch,What part of the government did French police work under?
1566,When did Rio get its first police investigator?
most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions,How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?
"July 9, 1775",When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
Brazil,Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?
French,Who invaded Portugal in 1808?
1729,When did Canada get its first police?
Royal Newfoundland Constabulary,What was Canada's first police force?
1834,When was the Toronto police created?
1838,When was the Montreal police created?
1873,When were the first Mounties created?
poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses,What were the Old West's local police options?
The Army,Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?
Army,Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?
Pinkerton National Detective Agency,Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?
German and French,Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?
1705,When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?
Traité de la Police,What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?
Nicolas Delamare,Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?
Political economist and civil servant,What was von Hornigk's career?
mercantilist theory,Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?
procuring abundance,How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?
Foucault,Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?
"because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.",Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?
Edwin Chadwick,Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?
1829,When was 'Preventive Police' published?
London Review,Where was 'Preventive Police' published?
prevention,What did Chadwick say police should be focused on?
a deterrent of punishment,What was the alternative to prevention?
patrol duties,What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?
on patrol,Where do some think the most important police work happens?
prevent crime by their presence,How do patrol officers affect crime?
1993,When did Nadelmann write about global policing?
1995,When did Sheptycki write about global policing?
"international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing",What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?
2002,When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?
anarchist agitators and other political radicals,What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?
Prussian,Which police force monitored Karl Marx?
Interpol,What international police agency was created before WW2?
post–Cold War,In what era did cross-border policing increase?
the English Channel region,Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?
2002,When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?
1968,When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?
1992,When was the Schengen Treaty signed?
formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union,What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?
outside of Europe,Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?
Alain,Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?
Intelligence-led,What kind of policing has become common practice?
make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic,What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?
"the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity",What paradox did Sheptycki point out?
in United Nations peacekeeping,Where has transnational policing become more important?
Goldsmith and Sheptycki,Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?
"weak, failed or failing states",What kind of countries get assistance with policing?
With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark,What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?
there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions,What concern did Hills raise about police models?
"Lloyd, et al.",Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?
this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement,Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?
22%,How accountable is Interpol?
Interpol,What is the least-accountable IGO?
"""less than lethal"" or ""less-lethal""",What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?
"batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons",What are common less-lethal weapons?
The use of firearms or deadly force,What is supposed to be the last resort for police?
allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians,"What is South Africa's ""shoot-to-kill"" policy?"
Brazil,Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?
radio,How do modern police often communicate?
carried both on the person and installed in vehicles,Where do police have radios?
"to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly",Why do police use radios?
criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds,What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?
"updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis",What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?
primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence,When do police often use unmarked cars?
for traffic law enforcement,What use of unmarked cars is controversial?
it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers,Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?
1996,When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?
they allow for more open interaction with the public,Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol?
their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot,How do bicycles help catch some suspects?
Motorcycles,What do police use to control motorcyclist events?
August Vollmer,Who was O.W. Wilson a student of?
August Vollmer,Who introduced education requirements for US police?
to reduce their vulnerability to corruption,Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?
"Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department",Where did Wilson reduce police corruption?
an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries,How did Wilson recruit more qualified police?
safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest,What does Miranda provide?
self-incrimination,What does the 5th Amendment protect against?
Fifth,Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?
1968,When was the Terry v. Ohio case?
investigatory stop and arrest,Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into?
what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed,What is an investigatory stop's search limited to?
constables,What is the legal status of UK police officers?
authorize a search of a suspect's house,What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do?
authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours,What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?
arrest,What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's?
To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law,Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?
the realization of the private right,What could be impeded without police interference?
establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper,How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?
five waters,What does Punjab mean?
four,How many provinces does Pakistan have?
"205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)",How large is Punjab?
91.379.615,What is Punjab's population?
Lahore,What is Punjab's biggest city?
the alluvial plain of the Indus River,What plain is Punjab in?
"the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers",What are the Indus River's tributaries?
39.2%,How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?
70%,How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?
wheat and cotton,What crops does Punjab grow?
second largest,How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces?
Balochistan,What is Pakistan's largest province?
"79,284",How many square miles is Punjab?
Punjab and Rajasthan,"What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab, Pakistan?"
Sindh,What Pakistani province is south of Punjab?
Punjab,Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces?
Islamabad,What is Pakistan's capital?
five,"How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan?"
Sutlej,What is the easternmost river in Punjab?
Nearly 60%,How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab?
48,How many departments does the Punjab administration have?
a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary,Who heads each government department?
the Chief Minister,Who do the Provincial Ministers report to?
the Chief Secretary of Punjab,Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to?
usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant,What rank is the Chief Secretary?
Panchanada,What was Punjab formerly known as?
the Indus Valley Civilization,What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?
more than 4000 years ago,When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Harrapa,What was the major Indus city in Punjab?
the Lahore-Multan railroad,What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?
"Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans",Who has invaded Punjab?
son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram,Who founded Taxila?
Takshashila University,What is said to be the world's oldest university?
great Vedic thinker and politician,Who was Chanakya?
the Maurya Empire,What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?
"Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan",Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?
northeasterly,From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?
"riches in gold, gems and pearls",What wealth did Alexander hope to find?
mountaineers,Who were the Aspii?
the people of Multan,Who were the Cathians?
Muslim,What religion did Punjab become?
dargahs,What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?
Muhammad bin Qasim,Who led the Umayyad army?
Sindh and Southern Punjab,Where did the Umayyads conquer?
Raja Dahir,Who did the Umayyads defeat?
the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire,Who was Raghunath Rao?
Lahore and Attock,Who did Rao conquer in 1758?
1761,When was the Third Battle of Panipat?
Maratha,Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?
Ahmad Shah Abdali,Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?
mid-fifteenth century,When did Sikhism begin?
Mughal empire,In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?
December 1826,When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?
1831,When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?
the professional Sikh Army,Who won at Balakot?
summer of 1839,When did Ranjit Singh die?
political chaos,What did Ranjit Singh's death cause?
1849,When was part of Punjab annexed into British India?
1849,When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
the Sikh Empire,What was the last territory added to British India?
1965 and 1971,When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab?
Pakistan's nuclear program,What is Kahuta an important location for?
Sargodha and Rawalpindi,Where does Punjab have major military bases?
2004,When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks?
Sikh pilgrims,Who visits Nankana Sahib?
by May,When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?
since the early 1970s,When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?
51 °C,How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?
54 °C,What was the record heat spike in Multan?
June 1993,When was the record heat spike in Multan?
Punjabi,What is Punjab's major language?
in a Shahmukhi script,How is Punjabi written?
Punjabis,What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?
89%,What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?
south Punjab,Where is Saraiki usually spoken?
the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab,Who elects the Chief Minister?
2009,In what year did Sharif become CM?
11 May 2013,When was Sharif re-elected CM?
unicameral,What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly?
371,How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly?
quadrupled,How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?
54.7%,How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?
59%,How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?
largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan,What manpower does Punjab provide?
6%,How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?
coastline,What geographic feature does Punjab not have?
surgical instruments,What medical product does Punjab manufacture?
bicycles and rickshaws,What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?
90%,How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?
69%,How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?
tropical wet and dry,What kind of climate does Punjab have?
the British,Who built Punjab's irrigation system?
Wheat and cotton,What are Punjab's largest crops?
"rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo",What are Punjab's secondary crops?
the Hindu calendar,What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?
electricity,What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012?
20–22 hours a day,How long were cities without electricity in June 2012?
"Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District",Where were there riots in June 2012?
"Fesco, Gepco and Mepco",Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters?
Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran,What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?
1320 AD,When did Rukn-e-Alam die?
1150 AD,When did Gardezi die?
sixteenth century,When was Ahangar's tomb built?
blue,What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?
fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints,What are urs?
the death anniversary of the saint,When are urs held?
folk,What genre of music is played at urs?
Lahore,Where is Buksh's shrine?
Multan,Where is Zakria's shrine?
The national horse and cattle show,What is Punjab's biggest festival?
Lahore,Where is the national horse and cattle show held?
"sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions",What happens at the national horse and cattle show?
Jahangir's Tomb,What famous tomb is in Lahore?
Nankana Sahib,Where was Nanak born?
Guru Nanak,Who was the first Sikh Guru?
"Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro",What famous hill stations are in Punjab?
Badshahi Mosque,What famous mosque is in Punjab?
"Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah",Who are some well-known Punjab poets?
folk singers,What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?
Malika-i-Mauseequi,Who is the 'Queen of Music'?
from 1930 until 1979,When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?
Ghazals and folk songs,What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?
"the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons",What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?
"Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi",Who sings about the joy of living?
Love,What does Heer Ranjha sing about?
Ghazals and folk songs,What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?
relatively few,"Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?"
Infectious disease,Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?
ability of that pathogen to damage the host,What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?
cause damage,What can a host's immune system do to a host?
host defenses,What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?
satisfy Koch's postulates,What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?
patients and not in healthy controls,What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?
patients who contract the agent also develop the disease,What is Koch's second postulate?
because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual,Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?
Treponema pallidum,What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? 
when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person,When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? 
infectious disease,What is a contagious disease a subset of?
especially infective or easily transmitted,What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?
medical,Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?
"specialized connotation of the word ""contagious""",What is not always respected in popular use?
"when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies.",When does infection begin?
humans,What group is not easily infected?
"weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic",What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?
Individuals who have a suppressed immune system,What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?
intracellular,What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?
nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound,What does wound colonization refer to?
replicating,What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?
extrinsic organisms,What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
only a matter of circumstance,What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?
anaerobic bacteria,What species colonizes the mammalian colon?
Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization,Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?
symptoms and signs,What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?
infection,What is increased pain an indicator of?
absence of pain,What does not rule out infection?
damage,Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host?
toxins,What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?
paralyzes muscles,What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?
staphylococcus,What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?
less than 5%,What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?
body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection,Why do persistent infections occur?
the infectious organism,What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?
by infecting different cells of the body,How can some viruses main a persistent infection?
Some viruses,What never leave the body when acquired?
in nerves,Where does the herpes virus hide?
an infectious agent either directly or indirectly,What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? 
clinical,Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?
without knowledge of the specific causative agent,How are minor infectious diseases treated?
all known infectious agents,What can be identified given sufficient effort?
greatly outweighed by the cost,Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?
by medical history and physical examination,How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?
detailed identification,What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?
microscopic features,What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?
its genotype,What can organisms be directly identified by?
"X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR",What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?
Microbiological,What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?
growth,What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?
nutrient agar,What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on?
a colony,What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate?
"a ""plaque""",What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called?
some microbes,What are live animals required by?
animals,What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?
embryonated,What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?
use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent,What is Xenodiagnosis?
the causative agent,What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?
diagnosis of infectious disease,What is microscopy used for?
microscopic examination,What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?
light microscope,What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?
when used in combination with antibody based techniques.,When is microscopy exquisitely specific?
bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen,What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? 
a number of basic dyes,What do almost all cells readily stain with?
electrostatic attraction,Why do cells easily stain with dyes?
negatively charged,What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?
a dye,What is Geimsa stain?
Two,How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?
enzymes,What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?
RNA replicases,What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?
red blood cells,What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?
humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase,Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?
Serological,"What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?"
bind specifically to an antigen,What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?
a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent,What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?
a chain of events,What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?
S. pyogenes,"What is the causative agent of ""strep throat""?"
Complex serological techniques,What are immunoassays?
electro - magnetic or particle radiation,What type of signal do immunoassays produce?
unknowns can be compared to that of standards,What allows quantitation of the target antigen?
generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent,Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?
polymerase chain reaction,What does the acronym PCR expand to?
PCR,What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?
virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified,What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?
grow within the human body,What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?
infectious agents,What are primers derived from the genomes of?
ability to detect any infectious agent,What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? 
cost and application,What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?
clostridial diseases,What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?
significant proliferation of the infectious agent,PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?
AZT,What is used in the treatment of AIDS?
monitoring the composition of patient blood samples,How was the course of AIDS followed?
resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk,What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?
geographical origins of the virus,What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?
Molecular diagnostics,What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?
infections from being passed from one person to another,What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?
Frequent hand washing,What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?
prevention,Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?
prevention,Why is it important to cook foods well?
avoiding,What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?
prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases,Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?
"virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness",What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?
Ebola,What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?
victims experience only internal hemorrhaging,Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?
travel long distances,What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?
transmission rate of infectious diseases,Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?
extensive interactions,What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?
focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps,What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?
needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users,What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?
2001,When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?
immunity,What is resistance to infection known technically as?
following a disease,When may immunity be acquired?
primary pathogens,What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?
a measure of protection,What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?
immunity,Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?
genetic variants,What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?
Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b,What is the brand name Pegasys for?
sustained virological response,What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?
anti-infective,What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?
Several,How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?
severity and the type of infection,What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?
with intravenous antibiotics,How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?
slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria,How do antibiotics work?
"HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria",What are the top three killer diseases?
fourfold,How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?
"pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus",What are some popular childhood diseases?
Children,Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?
lower respiratory infections,What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?
field of Infectious Disease,What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?
Epidemiology,Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?
primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists,Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?
lung physician,What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?
infectious diseases specialist,Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?
pathogen load in an area and human behavior,What have a number of studies found a correlation between?
decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area,What is higher pathogen load associated with?
pathogen transmission,What does avoidance of other groups reduce?
Higher pathogen load,What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?
high pathogen load preventing economic development.,What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?
paleopathologists,What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?
occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms,What do paleopathologists study?
Signs of infection,What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?
Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis,What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?
being bitten during a fight,How did tyrannosaurs become infected?
Hunting,What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?
food,Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?
poaching,What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?
"illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species",What is poaching?
prey,What is the species which is hunted referred to as?
Hunting,What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?
2010s,When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?
poaching,"Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?"
game or prey,Hunted species are usually referred to as what?
mammals and birds,What animals are usually hunted?
Hunting,What is it called to kill or trap an animal?
mammals and birds,What species are usually hunted?
"food, recreation, to remove predators",Why do humans hunt?
2010s,When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?
game or prey,Species hunted are referred to as what? 
holocene megafauna,What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?
Younger Dryas impact event,What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with?
extinction of the Australian megafauna,"What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia?"
prior to human occupation,When was Australian's megafauna widespread?
hunting,What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?
smaller herbivores,What replaced the holocene megafauna?
Younger Dryas impact event,What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction? 
humans,What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna?
were hunters,What is undisputed about early humans?
earlier Australopithecines,Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?
hunting,Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?
hunting,What became a theme of stories and myths?
dance and animal sacrifice,Hunting allowed what type of rituals?
humans were hunters,What is undisputed about earlier humans?
stories and myths,What did hunting become a theme of?
hunting hypothesis,Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis? 
Hunter-gathering,What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?
some tribal societies,"Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?"
paleolithic hunting-gathering,Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?
the Hadza of Tanzania,Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?
European Age of Discovery,Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?
"Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia",What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?
Hadza of Tanzania,Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?
Archaeologist,What is Louis Binford's profession?
that early hominids and early humans were hunters,What idea did Binford take issue with?
scavengers,What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters?
idea of confrontational scavenging,What idea did Blumenschine propose?
challenging and scaring off,What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?
Louis Binford,Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters?
hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers,Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals?
confrontational scavenging,What did Robert Blumenschine propose?
archaeologists and paleoanthropologists,Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom?
challenging and scaring off,Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?
hunting,What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?
"protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather",What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?
clothing,What was the leather from hunting used for?
hunting weapons,Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?
marginal climates,Where is hunting still vital?
human food supply,Hunt was a significant contributor to what?
marginal climates,Where is hunting still vital?
unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture,Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?
"make kayaks, clothing, and footwear",How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?
hunters,What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs?
big game,What are the kings portrayed as hunting?
by deities,How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented?
hunting restrictions,What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of?
disrespect of prey,What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against?
lions,Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot?
Taboos,What is often related to hunting?
cultural and psychological,Deities represent what importance?
Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon,What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting?
the upper class,Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
food and furs,What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
Robin Hood,What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
"they ""hunt the King's deer",What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
the upper class,Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
democratically in hunting for all,What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
food and furs,What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
Robin Hood,What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
"they ""hunt the King's deer",What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
democratically in hunting for all,What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
upper class,In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?
food and furs,What was the game in feudal territory was used as?
professional huntsmen,Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?
Robin Hood,The importance of can be seen in what legends?
all,Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?
acceptable,What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being?
Mrigavyadha,What is one of the names of the god Shiva?
"""the deer hunter""",What is the translation of Mrigavyadha?
animal instincts,What does Shiva destroy in human beings?
hunt in the dark,What talent does Dasharatha have?
Hindu,What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation?
hunting,Godly figures have engaged in what activity?
deer hunter,Mrigavyadha means what?
human beings,Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who?
died,What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?
Roman Catholic Church clerics,Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?
Corpus Juris Canonici,Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?
Pope Innocent III,What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?
not all hunting is illicit,What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?
clamorosa,What type of hunting is unlawful?
Roman Catholic Church clerics,Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?
Corpus Juris Canonici,What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?
Pope Innocent III,Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?
mildly,How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?
Council of Trent,Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?
between lawful and unlawful hunting,What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?
all hunting,What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?
"Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere",Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?
not too severe,What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?
bishop,Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?
Benedict XIV,Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?
prohibit all hunting to the clerics,"What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?"
strong hunting culture,What does New Zealand have?
bats,What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand?
to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource,Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?
no natural predators,Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand?
pests,What do government agencies view the animals as?
New Zealand,What country has a strong hunting culture?
bats,What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand?
islands,What is New Zealand made up of?
acclimatisation societies,Game animals were introduced here by whom?
their population exploded,What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced?
regal sport,What was hunting regarded as in British India?
big-game hunters,"What does the Indian word ""shikaris"" mean in English?"
shikaris,What did British officers maintain whole corps of?
because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques,Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting?
an elephant,What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?
British India,Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport?
Bengal tigers,What is hunted from the back of an elephant?
shikaris,Who did British officers maintain?
master of the hunt,Who were the shikaris headed by?
because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques,Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited?
Regional social,What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?
Bishnoi,What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?
Wildlife Protection Act of 1972,What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?
the Chief Wildlife Warden,Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?
government,Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?
Bishnoi,Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?
India's Wildlife Protection Act,What bans the killing of all wild animals?
1972,What year was this protection act put into place?
Chief Wildlife Warden,Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?
becomes government property,What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?
fox hunting,What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?
on horseback with hounds,How do the English hunt foxes?
birds,"In England, what is hunted when ""shooting"" is called for?"
form of vermin control to protect livestock,Why were foxes originally hunted?
"on foot without hounds, using stealth",How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?
fox,What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?
United Kingdom,Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?
fox hunting,In Victorian times a popular social activity was?
Deer stalking,What is carried out on foot without hounds?
to pursue,Hounds were used for what purpose?
game,What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?
thirty-five million,About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?
elaborate,What kind of affairs can shoots be?
"""beaters""",Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?
open season for grouse,What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?
thirty-five million,About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?
beaters,Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?
12 August,When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?
Game Act 1831,What is the UK definition of game is governed by?
help load shotguns,Why are assistants used?
state,What law primarily regulates hunting?
environmental,What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?
Regulations,What varies widely from state to state?
protected species and unprotected species,What do some states make a distinction between?
a hunting license,What do hunters of protected species require in all states?
by state law,How is hunting regulated?
United States environmental law,Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?
Hunters of protected species,What hunters require a hunting license in all states?
hunting safety course,What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?
"a ""tag"" for each animal harvested",What is required when hunting big game?
the hunting license,Tags are purchased in addition to what?
number of tags issued,What is typically limited to an individual?
Tags,A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to?
duck,What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl?
tag,When hunting big game what is typically required?
Tags,What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number?
by lottery,How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?
duck stamp,What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl?
Fish and Wildlife Service,Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?
"game category, area within the state, and time period",How is gun usage typically regulated?
Regulations for big-game hunting,What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?
safety reasons,Why is the use of rifles often banned?
environmental concerns,Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?
limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons,Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?
safety reasons,Why are the use of rifles banned?
by game category,How is gun useage regulated?
minimum caliber,What is specified in big-game hunting?
any particular class or culture,What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with?
seventy-eight percent,What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006?
just six percent,What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?
twelve percent,What percentage of Midwesterners hunted?
ten percent,How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?
seventy-eight percent,What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?
six percent,What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?
five percent,South Easterners hunted at what rate?
twelve percent,Midwesterners hunted at what rate?
1996–2006,What years did hunting decline?
19th century,When do hunting regulations date from in the US?
conservationists and sportsmen,What do some modern hunters see themselves as?
Local hunting clubs and national organizations,What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?
a specific hunting interest,Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?
lobbying,What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?
conservationists and sportsmen,What do modern hunters see themselves as?
Local hunting clubs,Who provides hunter education?
lobbying the federal government and state government,What do hunting groups also participate in?
19th,What century is U.S. regulations dates from?
$200 million,How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?
over $700 million,How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?
"5,200,000 acres",How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?
management of game animals,What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?
to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting,What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?
state agencies,Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?
wildlife management programs,What do the taxes support?
$700 million,How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?
"5,200,000 acres",What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?
hunting,Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?
selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests,What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?
selective control of pests,What does varmint hunting achieve? 
"crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.",What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?
Louisiana,Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?
initiated a bounty program,What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?
Varmint hunting,What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.
wolves,What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?
nutria,What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?
bounty program,What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?
2005,When was internet hunting introduced?
using remotely controlled guns,How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt?
hunters,Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting?
principles of fair chase,What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?
an important element of hunting tradition,What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?
Internet hunting,What allows people to hunt over the internet?
2005,When was this type of hunting introduced?
hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns,How is this type of hunting done?
fair chase,What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate?
National Rifle Association (NRA),Who spoke on this violation?
"12,000",Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years?
Trinidad and Tobago,Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game?
poached wild game,What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for?
high,What is hunting pressure from?
hunting of small to medium-sized wild game,What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have?
hounds,What animal aids in the hunting?
red brocket deer,What population has extirpated?
very small fees,What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license?
managing populations,What does hunting give resource managers an important tool?
"combination habitat and food availability,",What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by?
same end,What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?
managing populations,How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?
threaten the well-being of other species,What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat?
by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established,How can hunting actually increase the population of predators?
mortality,What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?
(re)introducing predators,"What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting?"
Hunting,What is an important tool in managing populations?
combination habitat and food availability,What is carrying capacity determined by?
predators,What can it increase the population of?
trophy,What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for?
sign of prowess,What was the head of an animal displayed as?
s typically discarded,What happened to the rest of the animal?
such waste,What did some churches disapprove of?
Nordic,What countries frowned upon this hunting?
a trophy,What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?
the head or pelt of an animal,What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?
Nordic,"In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?"
food supplies,What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement? 
"Africa, India and other places",What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?
19th,What century was game hunted as a trophy?
Nordic,What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?
food supplies,What did North America primarily hunt for?
safari method,What sport of hunting is in Africa?
Africa,What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?
conservation,What does hunting create economic incentives for?
expenditures,What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?
scientific,What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?
creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas,Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?
photographic,Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?
less than 3%,"How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?"
minimal,What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?
trophy hunting,What is of major importance in Africa?
economic incentives for conservation,What does trophy hunting create in Africa?
less than 3%,How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?
hunting,What do a variety of industries benefit from?
Tanzania,Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist?
tented camps,Where does the average safari hunter stay in?
anti-poaching,Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities? 
hunting,What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from?
Tanzania,In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does?
luxury,What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek?
in tented camps,Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night?
remote areas,Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?
fifty to one hundred times,How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist?
luxury accommodation,What does the photo tourist seek?
tented camps,Where does a safari hunter usually stay?
Safari hunters,What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities?
the United States,Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?
equipment or speciality tourism,What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?
assist hunters,"""There's an app for that!"",  what have been different technologies been created to do?"
"economic, social, and cultural",What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?
over $20.5 billion,How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?
significant financial impact,What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?
different technologies,What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?
iPhone applications,One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?
over $20.5 billion,How much did hunters spend in 2001?
preservation of wildlife habitat,What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?
"the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals",What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?
extinction,"What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?"
primarily for commercial sale or sport.,Why have poachers killed endangered animals?
to endangerment or extinction,How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?
contributed heavily,How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?
excessive hunting,What contributes to endangerment?
endangerment,What have poachers contributed to hunting?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt,Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?
16 March 1934,When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?
an annual stamp purchase,What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?
the purchase or lease of wetland habitat,What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?
one third,How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act,What act was signed in 1934?
Franklin D. Roosevelt,What President signed this act?
annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen,What is the requirement of the act?
wildlife artwork,What do the stamps depict?
one third,What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.
$670 million,How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?
"5,200,000 acres",How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?
hunt migratory birds,What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?
hunters,Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?
Migratory Bird Conservation Commission,Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?
$670 million,How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?
"5,200,000 acres",How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?
license to hunt migratory birds,What do the Duck Stamps serve as?
eighty-seven,What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?
Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC),Who manages distribution of funds?
The Arabian oryx,What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?
the species' striking appearance,Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?
1972,When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?
use of automobiles and high-powered rifles,How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?
Arabian oryx,"What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from ""extinct in the wild"" to ""vulnerable""?"
Arabian oryx,What is a species of large antelope?
much of the desert areas of the Middle East,What did the large antelope species once inhabit?
automobiles and high-powered rifles,What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.
1972,When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?
conservation efforts,What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?
a large bovid,What type of creature is the American bison?
western North America,What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?
rot,What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?
several million,What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?
near-threatened,What is the current status of bison?
market hunters,What did large herds of bison attract?
western,What part of North America did the bison live?
for their hides,Why were the bison killed?
leaving the rest to rot,What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?
near-threatened,What do bison still remain?
a precipitous wildlife decline,Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?
antelope,What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?
hippopotamus,What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?
"poaching, drought and habitat loss",What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?
Uganda,What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?
ban trophy hunting,What Botswana was resently forced to do?
antelope,What animal declined across Botswana?
hippopotamus,What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?
elephant,What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?
poaching,What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? 
Nepal,What country is Kathmandu the capital of?
Sub-Metropolitan City,What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?
tri-city,"Along with ""KTM,"" what is another nickname of Kathmandu?"
"975,453",How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?
49.45,How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?
2000,About how long has Kathmandu existed?
inscriptions,What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?
Hinduism,What is Kathmandu's majority religion?
Nepali,What do most Kathmandu residents speak?
English,What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?
wood,What does काष्ठ mean in English?
covered shelter,What is the English translation of Mandap?
Maru Satal,What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?
King Laxmi Narsingh Malla,Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?
25 April 2015,On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?
Kasthamandap Mahanagar,What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?
Kantipur,How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?
Lakshmi,Who is also called Kanti?
pur,How do you say place in Sanskrit?
great city,What is the English translation of Mahanagar?
lake,"According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?"
snakes,What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?
Bodhisatwa Manjusri,Who was the founder of Manjupattan?
demon,What type of creature was Banasur?
Krishna,Who was Banasur's murderer?
Yalamber,Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?
northern,What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?
Sino-Tibetan,Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?
southern half,Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?
Buddhist,What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?
Licchavis,Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?
Koliyas,Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?
Newar,What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?
Virudhaka,Who killed the Shakyas?
Dakshin Koligram,"Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?"
Dakshin Koligram,Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?
Gunakamadeva,Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?
Manjushri,Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?
eight,How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?
India and Tibet,Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?
Malla,Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?
Turk Muslims,"Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?"
third,What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?
Kailashkut Bhawan,"Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?"
Abhaya Malla,What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?
four,How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?
"Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur","In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?"
"India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe",What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?
Haramekhala,What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?
1381,When does Amarkosh date to?
Gorkha Kingdom,Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?
Kirtipur,What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?
nine,How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?
Great Britain,What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?
nine,How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?
Bagmati,What river is south of Kathmandu?
northwestern,What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?
"4,600",About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?
19.56,How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?
south,Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?
eight,How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?
Nagarjuna hill,Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?
"4,900–9,800",How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?
three,How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?
municipalities,"What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?"
1,How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?
"20,000",About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?
villages,What is another term for VDCs?
50.2,"What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?"
humid subtropical climate,"Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?"
Cwa,What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?
"2,100–3,300",How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?
Five,How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?
cool,What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?
65,About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?
January 10,On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?
June to August,In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?
2003,In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?
Buddhism,What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?
India and China,Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?
agriculture,"Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?"
one third,Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?
$2200,What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?
6.5billion,What is the GDP of Kathmandu?
21,What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?
9%,What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?
1950,Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?
Raxaul,What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?
1956,When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?
tourism,What is the most significant industry in Nepal?
Hindu,"Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?"
"6,179",How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?
end of the Maoist insurgency,What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?
Himalayas,What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?
Thamel,What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?
Jhamsikhel,What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?
Jhochhen Tol,What is the traditional name for Freak Street?
hippies,What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?
four,How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?
three-star,What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?
five-star,De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?
casinos,What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?
five,How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?
City Core,What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?
civic administration,What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?
20,How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?
4,How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?
Barun Yantra Karyalaya,What is Kathmandu's fire department called?
1937,What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?
1944,When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?
seven,How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?
raising public awareness about fire and improving safety,What is the mission of FAN?
"427,045",What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?
"1,319,597",About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?
85,How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?
"20,300",How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?
18.5,What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris?
Khas Brahmins,What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu?
Hinduism and Buddhism,What are Kathmandu's primary religions?
service,What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers?
Nepal Bhasa,"Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language?"
Hindu,What religion does Changunarayan belong to?
stupas,What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?
466.9,How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?
239.34,"In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?"
2006,When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?
Kirtipur,Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?
Licchavi,What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?
50,How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?
April 2015,When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?
four,How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu?
Taleju,What is Durga called in Nepali?
until she menstruates,How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju?
Matina Shakya,Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008?
Maoist,What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?
5th century,When was the Pashupatinath Temple built?
Hindu,What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve?
Lord Shiva,What is another name for Pashupati?
Lord Pashupatinath,"Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god?"
Mughal invaders,Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?
Hindus,What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers?
South,In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate?
Malla,What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to?
Adi Shankaracharya,Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple?
Unified India,What is another term for Bharatam?
Buddhist,To what religion is Boudhanath holy?
Khāsti,What do the Newars call Boudhanath?
Bauddha or Bodhnāth,What is Boudhanath called in Nepali?
7,How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles?
1979,When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site?
Dhyani Buddha Amitabha,Who is pictured on the stupa's base?
smallpox,What is Ajima the deity of?
monasteries,What are gompas?
Tibetan Buddhist,Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?
om mani padme hum,What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?
northwestern,In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?
Buddhist,What faith does Swayambhu belong to?
Hindus,"Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?"
four,In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?
gajur,"In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?"
stone,"Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance?"
icons,What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley?
1950,In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?
Mother Goddesses,What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?
wealth,What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?
Ashoka,"By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?"
900,When did the Licchavi period end?
classical,What is another name for the Licchavi period?
Natural History Museum of Nepal,"Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu?"
5th century,From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums?
Hinduism,"Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal?"
Monument Zones,What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO?
seven,How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley?
western,In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?
Swayambhunath,What stupa is close to the National Museum?
Bhimsen Thapa,Who built the building that contains the National Museum?
1928,When was the National Museum founded?
the stone house of arms and ammunition,What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?
1955,When did Tribhuvan die?
1920,What was the birth year of King Mahendra?
three,How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace?
Birendra,Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?
medieval,During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed?
north-central,Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?
1970,In what year was Narayanhity constructed?
Birenda Bir Bikram Shah,Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?
74,How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?
Vishnu,What god is Narayana?
modern history of the Kathmandu Valley,What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to?
Carl Pruscha,Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum?
1971,In what year was the Taragaon Museum built?
Boudhnath,What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum?
hostel,What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum?
modern,Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art?
two,How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?
Thangkas,What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?
Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre,What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?
Paubhas,What do the Nepalese call Thangkas?
Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds,Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery?
medieval,The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period?
J,What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace?
Babar Mahal,Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found?
Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery,In which of Nepal's art galleries can one take an art class?
"70,000",How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library?
Nepal Bhasa,"Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language?"
Ministry of Education,What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library?
"45,000",How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain?
Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana,Who did the Kaiser Library's books previously belong to?
Kanti Path,Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu?
1982,What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group?
Kathmandu International Theater Festival,What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre?
Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee,Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square?
beef,What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu?
water buffalo,What animal does buff come from?
Newars,What people are particularly known for eating buff?
Kirat,What cuisine notably makes use of pork?
Momo or Chowmein,What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast?
one,How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955?
Pizza Hut and KFC,What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?
fried,How is the egg in American chop suey prepared?
expatriates,"Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants?"
Tibetan,"Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants?"
tea,"What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea?"
extremely weak,How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu?
rice,What is used to make thwon?
alcohol serving eateries,What are bhattis?
millet or barley,What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba?
Malla,To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to?
Newars,"Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals?"
west,In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from?
horse,What does Ghode mean?
north,"In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale?"
Buddhists,"In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred?"
cremated,What is done with Hindus after they die?
buried,What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death?
first son,"In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?"
three,"Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati?"
7th,In what century was Bhrikuti said to live?
1306,When did Araniko die?
Buddhism,What religion did Araniko help to evangelize?
108,How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu?
fifty,Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?
animistic,What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum?
Kirat people,Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith?
Kirats,Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times?
worship of Ajima,What is another name for ancestor worship?
Gyaneshwar,Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found?
300,Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?
"Shantinagar, Baneshwor",Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal?
4.2,About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam?
170,About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?
Tribhuwan,Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college?
Maharajgunj,In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found?
1978,When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine?
Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences,What does KUSMS stand for?
National Academy of Medical Sciences,What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS?
Football,"Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth?"
All Nepal Football Association,What body oversees soccer in Nepal?
"25,000",How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?
Tripureshwor,In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located?
Chinese,Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?
"17,182","As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal?"
hilly terrain,Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft?
BP,What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?
west,In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel?
Araniko,"If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used?"
Tribhuvan International Airport,What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel?
6,"Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport?"
22,How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights?
Amsterdam,From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu?
Turkish Airlines,Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul?
Oregon,In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship?
Rangoon,What was Yangon previously known as?
Minsk,With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship?
1975,In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship?
Kathmandu Metropolitan City,What is KMC an initialism of?